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By Carlos F. Amábile-Cuevas
The presence of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, and antibiotic resistant micro organism within the setting (i.e., outdoor of medical settings, comparable to antibiotic-treated sufferers or antibiotic-impregnated destinations, reminiscent of hospitals) is a reason for growing to be around the globe situation, because it unearths the wide impression of antibiotic abuse and different human-related pressures upon microbes. additionally, the aptitude scientific and environmental impression of the presence of antibiotic resistance open air the most obvious scientific settings is generally unknown, yet should be all at once huge, as resistance in scientific stipulations might be visible as a truly small "tip of the iceberg". the sector of detecting and measuring resistance within the surroundings has swiftly developed from often anecdotal reviews on the finish of the Nineteen Nineties, to a scientific seek of organisms and genes in a wide selection of settings, from historic permafrost to migratory birds. This publication will overview the on hand facts and hypotheses on the place this resistance is coming from and for the way lengthy it's been there; what are the selective and upkeep pressures concerned, and the way is resistance spreading; what are the identified and attainable characteristics which are being chosen and unfold in addition to antibiotic resistance ones; what are the laboratory and in-silico concepts to appear into this factor, and their merits and disadvantages.
Read or Download Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment PDF
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Transformation requires the uptake of free DNA by competent bacteria. Only a few bacterial genera are known to achieve competence naturally, some times as a response to quorum signaling. The DNA uptake machinery recognize sequences from related species as substrate, hence limiting the origin of DNA to be uptaken to such related species. Free DNA can come from dead bacteria (as in the original experiment by Griffith in the 1920's); or by the secretion of DNA by some bacteria. It is assumed that such free DNA must be released very close, in time and distance, to competent bacteria, or else the DNA is degraded.
Coli. DNA uptake is, in some of the well-characterized models of transformation, very sequence-specific, leaving little room for the acquisition of genetic information from distantly-related bacteria. In N. gonorrhoeae, for instance, DNA binding leading to uptake only happens when a 10-base sequence, frequently found in the chromosome of related bacteria, is present (Hamilton and Dillard, 2006); and uptaken DNA is single-stranded (and one strand is preferentially uptaken, as was reported in the only paper known to this author using the "Watson'' and "Crick'' strands denomination (Duffin and Seifert, 2012)).
To some authors, finding a resistance gene in an unknown, non-culturable bacterial species in the soil or water of a remote location, indicates the clear risk of such determinant to eventually appear in a human pathogen in a clinical scenario. To others, it is a demonstration of the reach of human-related pollution of the environment, since high prevalence of resistance can only be explained by such determinants traveling from areas where antibiotic abuse is rife. Yet for others, it is a simple reminder that resistance has always been there.


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Addiction and how it effects Relationships
When you are in a relationship with an addict you may realize they have a problem long before they do. The deceptive nature of addiction is that the person with the problem is often the last to see what's really going on. You can imagine that this might make for some rather strained discussions (arguments) in a relationship. Trying to convince someone to change or seek help when they don't believe they have a problem is often met with resistance and defensiveness. None of us really like to be told we are wrong or that we need outside help. Addiction plays tricks on the brain and can make that person willing to believe using friends, random strangers etc...before seriously considering they may need to change. People who are in relationships with addicts may find themselves one of the only people who really sees the problem. The addict may be able to hide it from friends and co-workers for quite a while and many people may tell you how lucky you are to have such a wonderful spouse/relationship. Of course they may be a wonderful person and the person who loves them knows that, but addiction will begin to cover all those wonderful qualities up as they may become more entrenched not only in their using and protecting their using but also defending their using. You can imagine that using and protecting and defending can take a lot of time and emotional energy. The person in the relationship may find themselves receiving less affection and attention and may question their worth. If you are in a relationship with an addict you may feel isolated. Reach out and attend Ala-Non or read about addiction. Join an online support group, or speak to someone who you believe is capable of truly listening without jumping in to tell you what to do. I add that caution about being careful who you choose to talk to because many well meaning people may believe they are helping when they tell you what to do. That's great when you want to learn a craft, but not so helpful when you are trying to make sense of your life. There is a lot of support out there. If your spouse/significant other does not believe they have an addiction then seek relationship counseling. Maybe in counseling you will be able to talk to each other about this issue in a way that allows them to hear your concerns. This just touches on the surface of a very complex issue. If you have questions or comments please do not hesitate to contact me.
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Winter 99 Table of Contents
Versión Español de este artículo (Spanish Version)
Reprinted with permission from VI Connection, Fall 1998, Region XIII Educational Service Center
We were unclear on whether or not we are supposed to write VI specific IEPs for students we designate as "consult"; so we contacted TEA for clarification. Because the term "consult" is not clearly defined across the state (or between any 2 teachers, for that matter!) it is best to clearly state on the ARD paperwork summary section what is meant whenever you use the term. Examples of consultative services wording might be "VI consult services will consist of:
- Developing a tactual symbols system using input from the student's educational team;
- Meeting with team members once every 6 weeks to update progress on objectives (use when you've written an integrated IEP);
- Participating with education team in setting up routines and collecting student progress data once every month;
- Observing once a month to determine the extent to which the student uses adaptive skills already learned;
- Meeting with classroom teachers once every 6 weeks to discuss ways to increase the student's use of adaptive techniques;
- Obtaining feedback from classroom teachers once a month to check on the student's study skills, social skills, etc.; or
- Working once every 4 weeks with the student on cooking skills, and communicating with the family on daily living skill needs, acquisition or progress."
These are just some ideas. The range of what you can do within the consulting model is limitless. Just remember to specify what it is you plan to do, and try to assign a time frame to it. Note: ESC-XIII advocates the concept of writing an "integrated" IEP in concert with the parents and other professionals who work with your student, rather than a "stand alone" IEP for students with multiple impairments and multiple service delivery professionals. An integrated IEP is one in which the team has assessed and selected objectives which develop skills across disciplines.
If you have a "consult only" student who receives NO OTHER SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICE but VI, you MUST write an IEP goal. Notice I said "an". One is sufficient. Since these tend to be those high academic low vision kids, the goal might look like one of these examples:
Example 1
Goal 1: The student will master 5th grade course work as measured by classroom criterion referenced tests, while addressing these specific identified educational needs, using modified techniques to access print and classroom learning materials.
- Objective 1.1: The student will use a monocular to read information on the overhead and chalkboard well enough to complete daily assignments in 3 classes by the third report card period.
- Objective 1.2: The student will use a laptop computer to complete one daily assignment in 4 classes by the second 6-weeks report card period.
Example 2
Goal 1: The student will participate in a Circle of Friends meeting monthly.
- Objective 1.1: The student will organize a minimum of three meeting dates for up to a semester on a calendar.
- Objective 1.2: The student will plan an activity or topic for discussion for 2 meetings during the first semester.
Example 3
Goal 1: The student will prepare a variety of up to 5 after-school snacks by the end of the first semester.
- Objective 1.1.: The student will prepare 2 snacks weekly using a microwave oven by the end of the second 6 weeks grading period. (e.g., popcorn, nachos)
Again, these are just some ideas of goals for the consult student who has no other IEP. By the way, I hope you detect my effort to make both my goals and objectives measurable. This is a new requirement of IDEA-B, and we should probably get ready to have our IEP paperwork scrutinized on this regard.
For those of you whose directors require an IEP even if you don't work directly with the student, you should still give a description of your consultative services in the summary section of the ARD (see above). An example of an IEP in these situations might be:
Goal 1: The student will respond to visual cues within two routines during the first semester.
- Objective 1.1: The student will show recognition of a spoon approaching his mouth (e.g. open his mouth, turn his head) during a lunch or snack routine once a day for 10 consecutive days by the end of the first semester.
- Objective 1.2: The student will indicate a choice in a play routine by reaching for a desired toy presented in his left visual field once a day for 14 consecutive days by the end of the third grading period.
If you have an IEP like this, remember that you will be responsible for updating it. To do this, you will need to design some sort of checklist to be used by the school personnel to keep track of how the student is doing. You would describe your consultation on the ARD paperwork in terms of modeling appropriate practices to enhance vision utilization and organizing and reviewing data collection with other personnel.


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Westmont Chamber of Commerce & Tourist Bureau
Community / Business Associations
location on Google Maps.
in new tab.
on social media.
The Westmont Chamber of Commerce & Tourism Bureau is a voluntary organization of business and professional people dedicated to improving the economic environment of Westmont. By fostering the development of business growth and prosperity, the entire community enjoys an enhanced quality of life. The Chamber represents members based in, or doing business in, Westmont.
Our member businesses range from one person companies to those employing hundreds.
We are managed by a proactive, professional staff and governed by a dedicated volunteer Board of Directors.
Committees established by the Board work to support the interests of members and to offer members opportunities to become engaged in the business community.
The Chamber is primarily financed through membership dues, with yearly investment based on the number of employees in a business.
Chamber membership provides many benefits that can help jumpstart a new business, connect with new clients & customers for existing businesses and stay informed about local economic developments and opportunities that can help with your business decisions.


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Swedish Massage Carlstadt NJ
For a licensed and insured massage therapist in Bergen County NJ that is able to handle whatever form of special therapeutic massage you desire, be sure to go to Harmony Within Massage Therapy. To assist you in avoiding the stress that comes with finding a parking space, we provide private parking along with free parking along the side streets. You're going to find that a candle lit atmosphere is going to bathe you in relaxation instantly when you walk into our massage studio. With massage therapists ensuring your relaxation during each session and pristine therapy rooms, there is no need to go anyplace else for quality therapeutic massage in Carlstadt NJ or the rest of Bergen County NJ.
Massage Therapy Carlstadt NJ
For expectant mothers we offer quality prone pre-natal massage in Bergen County NJ among our broad selection of services. Studies show that therapeutic massage has the ability to reduce the tension that a lot of expecting mothers often experience when performed by a trained and licensed professional. To help with joint pain, swelling, headaches, backaches, and leg cramps, Swedish massage therapy could be the perfect solution. Our massage therapists take care so their pregnant clients are positioned for their relaxation and to keep the developing baby safe throughout the massage therapy session. By calling Harmony Within Massage Therapy for prone pre-natal massage in Carlstadt NJ you'll be able to experience the improved sleep and general sense of wellness that so many others have experienced.
Therapeutic Massage Carlstadt NJ
Whether you want to loosen up before a major competition or need relieve soreness following a workout or a race, Harmony Within Massage Therapy has different choices for advanced sports massage therapy in Carlstadt NJ. Athletes that participate in pre and post event therapeutic massage, as indicated by studies, can expect decreased risk of injury, reduced recovery time and greater degrees of endurance in comparison with those that don't. Active Release Techniques are a way that one of our skilled massage therapists is able to help you with shin splints, overexertion or knee pain. According to the massage therapist's assessment she will choose the treatment which will suit your requirements best, as this kind of massage is in fact a partnership between you as well as the therapist. She's going to guide you through a series of movements which will relieve discomfort and relax your muscles through this release. Trigger point therapy in Carlstadt NJ is another option for advanced sports massage, eliminating pain radiating throughout your body by releasing tightness in muscles.
Acupuncturist Bergen County NJ
Harmony Within Massage Therapy is here to serve as a qualified acupuncturist in Bergen County NJ in addition to providing traditional massage therapy services. Acupuncture has been unlocking people's body's true healing potential for more than three thousand years. To make this possible, acupuncture is geared towards making is possible for the natural healing energies of your body to flow more freely. This means that acupuncture is capable of addressing a broad variety of conditions, such as allergies, boosting your immune system, or chronic aches and pains. Are you interested in learning more about what acupuncture in Carlstadt NJ can do for you? Contact us today at Harmony Within Massage Therapy.
Micro-Current Carlstadt NJ
If you're in need of a micro-current facial in Bergen County NJ, Harmony Within is committed to supplying services for your overall wellness. Offering a broad array of services, we're capable of tailoring customize our sessions to meet your individual needs. We're capable of offering services that are able to remove contaminates, brighten your skin, reduce visible pores, and even improve signs of aging like wrinkles. If you've been thinking about micro-current facial treatment in Carlstadt NJ, find out more by getting in touch with Harmony Within Massage Therapy today.
Massage Therapist Bergen County NJ
Massage can also be used for both headache therapy and migraine therapy in Northern NJ. To release the tense muscles which are triggering your headaches, Craniosacral massage therapy is a type of therapy the massage therapist may use which involves touching areas of tension lightly. Based upon your situation, another alternative for migraine and headache therapy in Bergen County NJ is trigger point therapy.
Massage Northern NJ
One of the reasons that Harmony Within Massage Therapy is a top choice when you are searching for a massage therapist in Bergen County NJ is the fact that we supply such a wide array of types of massage. A few examples of the kinds of service we supply include:
Trigger Pont Therapy
Sports Massage
Headache Therapy
Pre-Natal Massage
Structural Integration
Polarity Therapy
Massage Carlstadt NJ
To find out more regarding our other services for massage therapy in Bergen County NJ, contact Harmony Within Massage today!


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"All this endless thinking, it's very overrated."
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Correct me if I'm wrong, but wasn't that improvement in the Pac12 done while coaching for the spread team...not against them? I don't watch Pac12 so, how many of them run a spread/rpo offense? Something that should be considered, I would think. Also, do goons ever look at anything besides the logo on the helmet? TG has based many of his rebuttals lately. I realize that's how most goons begin their fandom so, it's to be expected.
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215 | How to use Histograms in HP Tuners
When we're reflashing a factory ECU we most often can't make our tuning changes live like we can with an aftermarket standalone ECU. One of the key aspects of being able to tune a factory ECU properly and in a time efficient manner is by using a data logger or scanner software package. In this webinar we'll look at the histogram feature in the VCM Scanner software and explain how it can be used to help us with multiple tuning tasks.
Hey guys it's Andre from High Performance Academy, welcome along to anther one of our webinars and today we're going to be talking about the topic of histograms. Specifically we're going to be looking at how we can use the histogram functions in the HP Tuners VCM scanner software in order to speed up the process of reflashing vehicles. Now at the end of our webinar as usual, we will be having a question and answer session, so if there's anything that I talk about today in this webinar that you'd like me to elaborate on or anything just generally related to the topic we're discussing, please feel free to ask your questions in the comments, the team will transfer those through to me and we'll deal with those at the end. First of all, I want to get into what is a histogram or more to the point, why we need histograms. And really this comes down to some of the limitations when it comes to reflashing a vehicle as opposed to live tuning using an aftermarket standalone ECU.
Now in most instances but certainly not all, when it comes to reflashing we aren't able to make our tuning changes live in real time. Most of the time what we need to do is gather some data, then we need to shut off the engine, analyse that data, decide on what changes need to be made and then apply those changes to the map before reloading that map into the ECU by the process of reflashing. So this on face value can seem like quite a time consuming process. And particularly for those who are coming across from the aftermarket standalone tuning world, particularly given the complexity of a factory ECU, it can seem quite daunting. There's a huge amount of parameters that may need to be adjusted and when we can't make live tuning changes, it can seem on face value that there's absolutely no way we're going to be able to tune the engine properly.
Or at best we're going to end up spending absolutely hours and hours on the dyno to get everything fine tuned. So this is where histograms come in. And I'll cover off what is a histogram. So basically it is a 2D or a 3D table that we can develop in the VCM scanner software and it allows us to gather a huge amount of data while the engine is running. We can then process that data and it allows us to very quickly make wholesale changes to a large area of a particular table that we're interested in tuning.
This for example may be our mass air flow sensor calibration table, perhaps we're looking at optimising our ignition timing tables, or we could be looking at optimising our speed density tables if we're running a speed density configuration. Really doesn't matter, we've got a lot of flexibility in developing those histograms so that we can scan the correct parameter on the correct axes so that we can use that data to very quickly dial in our tune. This will be used, as you'll see during the demonstration, in conjunction with a function called the paste special function, where we can basically take the output from our histogram and then apply those changes, obviously if they're in the correct format, in terms of a percentage error for example, directly into the table that we then want to adjust. One really important aspect, and I'm going to be sort of diving into this in a bit more detail as we go through the webinar, is that the histograms are a case of if we put garbage into the histogram, we're going to get garbage out. So we need to really understand how to develop the histograms for a start, and we need to understand some of the implications around how we run the car and how we drive the car in order to get some clean data that we can use to rely on and then modify our tables to suit.
Alright so what we'll do is we'll jump in and we'll have a quick look at a histogram here, so let's head across to my laptop screen. What we'll do is we'll just get our car up and running and at the moment we're sitting here at idle. So for those who have followed any of our webinars before, you'll have seen me spend quite a lot of time on the chart logger where we're logging individual parameters or PIDs versus time. We can see how those are responding versus time. Useful to a point, particularly if you're looking at the results for example of a single ramp run, we can see at each point through the ramp run, exactly what was happening and we can pinpoint areas that we may need to make modifications.
Particularly for example if we've done a single ramp run and we're looking at a parameter such as our knock retard where we've got a little bit of knock activity we can pinpoint where that happened. Likewise of course if we're looking at our measured air fuel ratio, we can see if we're too rich or too lean. That's fine for a ramp run but that doesn't really help us fill in the rest of our tables and particularly for our ignition tables for example, we've got a large three dimensional table, let's just actually head back over and we'll have a quick look at that, we'll head across to our spark tables in our VCM editor. And we're going to be basically making most of our changes here in our base high octane table. I'll open that up and we've got a three dimensional table so we've got our spark or cylinder air mass on our vertical axis and we've got our engine RPM on the horizontal axis.
So for example, the ramp run that I just talked about, we might be starting somewhere down here around about 0.64 to 0.68 grams per cylinder, and we might sort of come down to around about 0.8, 0.84 grams per cylinder before dropping back. So what we can see here is particularly during a ramp run, we're really only accessing a very narrow area of this spark table. Doesn't really give us a lot of insight into the rest of those areas, particularly the cruise and the transient areas, and that's where using our histograms can help us. So we'll head back across to our VCM scanner software. What we'll do is we'll get our chart logger out of the way for the moment and we'll have a look at our histograms, or graphs as they're called here.
So we're going to have a look at a few of these histograms and just see how they're set up. For example here at the moment we are on our spark advance histogram. What we'll do is we'll come down to, actually no we'll stay on our spark advance and we'll just see how we can actually get data. So at the moment we can see we're sitting at idle so it's showing us the current areas we are accessing so you can see basically while the time I've been operating or talking here, we've been at about 0.16 grams per cylinder and we've been moving between about 400 and 600 RPM. So what we'll do is we'll just get ourselves up and running here and just do a little bit of steady state driving.
And you can see basically as I change my RPM and my throttle position, we can see that we move into different areas of that table. Just to really highlight this, I'll just stop the scanner and restart it. And so at the moment we're sitting at 1600 RPM using very very light throttle and we can see we're sitting at about 0.2 to 0.24 grams per cylinder. So to fill this table in, what I can do is use a variation on my throttle position and then a variation on our engine RPM. We can do this using our dyno.
So for example if I now just gently apply a little bit more throttle, what we're going to see is as the throttle opens, the air flow into the engine increases and we can see that we drop down in that table. It's actually just locked up the torque converter as well so we've seen our RPM change. So what I'll do now is I'll just increase the set point on our dyno and we can see that our RPM increases. So just by moving the throttle, let's give us a little bit more RPM, come up to 1800, and we can move quite accurately around this table or this histogram. So I'll just close that down there.
So that's a fairly basic histogram that we've just looked at there. Basically what it's doing is looking at the actual ignition advance angle that's being delivered to the engine. And that's quite valuable thought because while we've got our spark advance tables, our base and our low octane table, high octane and low octane tables, there are also a range of modifiers that will apply corrections to the final spark that is being delivered to the engine. So using this histogram, we can see for a particular operating point in our engine exactly what the timing was that was being delivered to the engine. So one thing I will also mention here, if we head back across to my laptop screen here, we've got the ability to show a couple of points here.
At the moment I've got A, which is average values, highlighted. So that will show, as its name implies, the average value of the numbers that have been logged into a particular cell while we've been running. To the left of that we can see we can either show the maximum values or the minimum values. The other one that we will be wanting to look at here, particularly when we are scanning some data is the count, or the number of hits a partcular cell has seen. So if I click on that, what it's showing us here is the number of times data was scanned into a particular cell.
So this is important because particularly if we just flash past a cell, we might only get one or two hits of data into that cell, we can't really rely on that data, it's not necessarily going to be particularly valid. So for example here, when I was starting this demonstration, I was sitting for a fairly decent period of time at about 0.24 grams per cylinder. So we can see that we've got 622 hits in that particular cell. On the other hand we can see here as I backed off the throttle, at 1800 RPM and 0.24 grams per cylinder, we only got five hits in that particular cell. So it's important because again this comes down to garbage in, garbage out, if we don't have good solid data, a good decent number of hits in a particular cell to get a valid average, this can be really misleading to our data.
So that's a brief look there at our histograms, don't worry we're going to be coming back and having a more thorough look into those shortly. But now that we know what they are, it's probably worth talking about what can they be used for. So essentially we're going to be using these for anything where we really need to be able to gather a reasonably large amount of data to help us tune a table that is going to be difficult if we can't do it live. So a couple of examples of that would be our mass air flow sensor scaling, our mass air flow sensor calibration. Now if we jump back across to our VCM editor software, and we'll close down our spark table here for a moment, we'll go back across to air flow and if we look at our mass air flow calibration, click on that, this is our 2D table of air flow, frequency out of our mass air flow sensor, so this is that input that the engine control module receives, versus our actual air flow in grams per second.
So this is really the basis of tuning a factory engine management system that uses a mass air flow sensor. If this isn't correct then everything is going to basically be really difficult for us. So this is one of the first places we come to tune. If we look at it graphically, we can see that we've got a curve that basically has a normal exponential shape to it, it's relatively smooth, which is exactly what we would expect. Now there are a lot of data points in this particular table though.
So it can be difficult for us to fill this in if we aren't going to be using the input from a histogram. So again we'll have a look at how we can do that really shortly. Likewise, if you are performing a speed density tune, this is one of the areas where I know a lot of people new to reflashing really do struggle. Where you've removed the mass air flow sensor, you've got a speed density patch applied or maybe using the virtual volumetric efficiency subsystem in the GM ECU. So let's just have a look at what that looks like.
If we click on edit and we go to virtual VE, we can see we've got what looks like now a fairly traditional VE table that we'd expect to see in an aftermarket ECU. We've now got manifold absolute pressure on our vertical axis. And we've got engine RPM on our horizontal axis. The numbers in this table are probably not something that most aftermarket ECU tuners would be familiar with. This is GM VE so it doesn't really line up with the numbers we'd normally expect to see when we're talking about VE, probably numbers in the 80% to maybe 110% efficiency range.
But the process is exactly the same, in so much as if we double one of the numbers in this table, we're going to end up introducing double the amount of fuel. But of course when we are forced to tune a speed density table like this, with the technique of reflashing, we can't tune each individual cell live so this is really where it becomes very powerful. To be able to drive the car on the dyno or potentially out on the road or the racetrack, gather a huge amount of data using a histogram and we can basically fill in or access a huge number of these cells very very quickly and then apply those changes to the table. The other aspect we can, we've just looked at is ignition timing. Now I looked at ignition timing there which shows us the actual ignition timing being delivered to the engine.
However another aspect that really goes hand in hand with that, if we go back to our scanner software here, we've got our spark advance histogram. Directly below that we've got our spark retard histogram. And this is a really powerful way of analysing a huge amount of data. Particularly if you take the car out on the road and you go through a drive cycle, quite often you may end up with some light detonation or knock that's occurring in some of the transient or light throttle areas that are difficult to map on the dyno. And even in this particular graph here, this histogram here, we can see that we do have a really small amount of knock activity that has been logged here.
So essentially what this does is it logs any knock retard activity that's occurring and it logs it into the current cell where that knock activity happened. So it makes it really easy when we've gathered a huge amount of data to quickly highlight any areas in the ignition tables that might need some work. And this is pretty minor, I'm not really going to be too worried about this but for example if we're getting maybe knock retard of two to three degrees in this area, maybe if we're under a little bit more load, we can straight away see that we were in the 0.40 to 0.44 grams per cylinder air flow and we were at 1400 to 1600 RPM. So what we can do is head back across to our editor, we'll close down our virtual VE table, go back to our spark high octane table, and we were, in this particular region here. So it allows us to then highlight the particular cells that we were operating in and let's say we might want to take one degree out of that particular set of cells.
So it makes it quick rather than trying to individually tune every single cell. There are other areas where we can use histograms as well to our advantage. One would be tuning the base running air flow for our idle speed control for example where we can set up a two dimensional table of our engine coolant temperature versus base running air flow. Start the car and allow it to come up, warm up to operating temperature, and that histogram will then fill in with the air flow numbers which we can then copy, once the table's complete, out into our actual base running air flow tables in our VCM editor. So a really quick way of basically fine tuning a huge number of our parameters.
Now I just want to talk a little bit about setting up the ECU. Because I did mention that if we've got garbage data going into one of these tables, we're going to end up getting garbage out the other end and it's not going to help so us we do need to understand a few aspects that will help us get the best quality results. And of course a lot of this comes down to what you're trying to do. So for example, one of the common areas that we would use this is for helping us rescale a mass air flow sensor as we've already talked about. Now if you want to do this and you are using data from a wideband air fuel ratio sensor that's input into the VCM scanner software, one of the keys is that you want to make sure that the engine control module is placed into open loop control mode.
So basically if it's running in closed loop, it's going to be taking feedback from the narrowband sensors to correct any error. So of course with our wideband sensor, we're not going to measure any error because the ECU's doing a lot of the heavy lifting in the background, correcting any error that may be there. So we need to place the ECU into open loop mode. Likewise with the GM engine control modules, we have the speed density subsystem, the virtual VE system working in the background. So if we want to focus on just tuning our mass air flow sensor calibration, we want to disable the virtual VE and make sure that the engine control module is forced to only use the mass air flow sensor while we are performing that calibration.
The complete reverse is of course accurate there if we are doing the speed density subsystem as well, we need to disable the mass air flow sensor. Otherwise we're not getting a true representation of what the engine control module thinks is occurring. Now I'm not going to go into too much detail on those two aspects there, but if you are interested in learning more, we do cover this in detail in the practical reflash course. There is a worked example that covers the speed density and virtual VE subsystems, and we go through the exact process of disabling and re-enabling those two subsystems to get the best result. The other aspect that's really easy to overlook is how we drive the car when we are gathering this data.
And what we want to do is make sure that when we are driving the car, that we don't give any abrupt throttle inputs, this can really easily influence the sort of results we're getting because we'll have transient enrichment coming in. Likewise if the engine is heavily heat soaked, this is going to influence our results. And this is a mistake I see a lot of people make if they are road tuning. What they'll be doing is gathering some data out on the road, then they'll stop on the side of the road, normally they'll leave the engine running, the car, the engine bay will become quite heavily heat soaked, maybe they'll make some changes, flash that into the ECU, then start the car up again and drive off. Now the problem is that for the next few minutes, you're going to find that the heat soak in the engine bay is going to actually impact on the engine's operation.
And this is going to give you some results that might not be quite entirely accurate. So it's always a good idea, if you are road tuning in particular, before you start gathering data, to drive the car for a few minutes, monitor your intake air temperature, monitor your engine coolant temperature, and allow those to get down to normal operating values before you actually start gathering data. That's going to give you the best chance possible of getting good results. The other aspect, which we're going to demonstrate a couple of these here, is when we are gathering data, we want to be a little bit sensible and look for any outliers in the data that we're getting. And if we're seeing a fairly consistent trend in the data then all of a sudden, we've got a big jump and then we're back to our normal trend of data, that's probably going to indicate that something might not be right there and we might want to go back and revisit that.
So what we'll do, we'll head across to our scanner and let's have a look at the process of gathering some data to optimise our mass air flow sensor. So for a start, let's just have a look, we're going to be using our EQ error MAF table here, our histogram. And let's just have a quick look, we'll right click and we're going to go into graphs layout and I just want to go down to our EQ error MAF graph and see how that's set up. Don't worry too much because we're actually going to create one of these from scratch really shortly. So I'll click on that, and what we've got is our label here.
So this is just a name for that particular histogram. I've called it EQ error equivalence ratio error MAF. So just a name that I understand. This is going to log in the parameter equivalence ratio error so that I can help use that to calibrate my mass air flow sensor table. So parameter, this is the next thing that's important.
So this is the actual parameter that is going to be logged into our histogram. So this is the value that's going to populate our histogram. And we can change this by clicking on it, not going to at the moment, again we'll see how this works shortly. But the parameter that I've chosen there is a built in MAF channel called the equivalence ratio or EQ error. And in real rough terms, all this does is it looks at the commanded equivalence ratio or commanded lambda value and then looks at the measured lambda value from our wideband and basically creates an error as a percentage, and that's what's going to fill in our table.
We can see that the unit there is of course percent. And we are logging this to two decimal places just so we've got a little bit of precision in this. Moving down, I also like to add some shading or colouring to the values and this is just helpful when you're sitting on the dyno or even out on the road or the racetrack because at a glance you can see the colour of the particular values that are being logged, you can see what is predominantly filling up our histogram. And for example here, you've got a high value of ten. So what that would mean is that we've got a 10% error where the air fuel ratio is leaner than our target.
So obviously that can potentially be a little bit dangerous, so I've coloured that red just to give me a little bit of a warning. On the other hand, if our air fuel ratio is richer than our target, we've got a green colour with a value of minus 10, you can adjust these to suit your own personal preferences. Now this is the bit where it gets quite powerful. We can see here we've got the ability to choose a parameter for our column axis. So in this case, this is only a two dimensional table, otherwise below that we've got the ability to set up a row axis as well, again you'll see that in action really shortly.
So of course what we want to do is choose the same parameter as the table that we're filling in, let's head back across to our VCM editor. We'll go back to our air flow and we want to again click on our MAF calibration. So we can see that the input to the ECU here that we need to help us calibrate this table is mass air flow frequency in hertz. We'll head back across to our scanner and you can see that's exactly what we've got here, mass air flow sensor frequuency and that is in hertz. And then just to really be helpful, what we can also do is select the values, so that's what we've got here, all of these numbers that are separated by a space and those are the same break points as our table.
So what this means is for example here, we can see that we've got a break point here at 2100 hertz and if we head back across to our editor we can see that we've got exactly that same break point. So the break points match, and why that's important is that then we can apply the error directly from our histogram straight into this table. So makes it really really quick and easy. Alright so let's get ourselves up and running here and we'll actually have a look at gathering some data here. So I'll just get us running.
And what I'm basically doing is starting by using really light throttle input here, and we'll just move across a little bit so we're in the middle of the screen. So we can see that at the moment we're operating at about 4000, 4200 hertz. We can see that the numbers in this here are really close to zero. And you might be thinking that that's because I've done an amazing job with the calibration but just to be completely open here because we're just doing this as a quick demonstration, I'll just point out we can see that our short term and long term fuel trims are still active. So I'm cheating a little bit here, doesn't matter, I'm just really showing you the premise of the system but it is important to understand here that if we really wanted to get data here that was going to be useful to us, of course we would need to disable those short term and long term fuel trims.
So we were actually seeing the true error. Alright so what we're trying to do when we are gathering data in this way is we want to be really smooth with our throttle input as I mentioned and what we want to do is start from basically as low down in the frequency as we can get. So I've gone into fourth gear here and I'll just close down the throttle a little bit, we can get down to about 3500 hertz. And you can see here we actually have got a little bit of error but what we want to do when we're accessing any of these cells, is we want to stay in this cell until the number in the cell is relatively consistent. And particularly when you're just starting out and there might be some quite big errors, you're going to find that when you first move into a new cell, there might initially be quite a few seconds that it takes for the number in that cell to sort of even out.
So that's really important, again comes down to if you're just flashing through a cell and it's not getting enough time to really get a good number of hits in that cell, you're not going to get good data. So come down to 3500 hertz or so there, so what I'm going to do now is just use a combination of increasing my throttle position and then also increasing the set point on the dyno to allow engine speed to increase and we're just smoothly moving through here, increasing our mass air flow sensor frequency. So we've just stepped up to 4500 hertz there. And you can see as I moved into that cell the number moved around a little bit. It's equalised pretty well there at about 0.9 to 1%, so we'll move up to 4650 hertz.
Again I'm just allowing the number to stabilise. And so on and so forth, we're just going to keep stepping up through these cells, allowing each one individually to stabilise. So the other point that's worth making there is particularly when you are using histograms to calibrate your mass air flow sensor, in the GM engine control module, we've got two modes of operation, we've got closed loop and then we've got power enrichment. So power enrichment is when essentially the driver is commanding maximum power from the engine. And we change our target air fuel ratio.
So in closed loop mode, which is where we are running right now, the air fuel ratio target is always going to be 14.7:1 or lambda one. We can confirm that just by pulling our graph up here. We can see down the bottom we've got our commanded lambda, lambda one, we've got our measured lambda in yellow there, and you can see that's tracking quite nicely on our target. However what we're going to find is that as we go past our power enrichment throttle setting, we're going to change our air fuel ratio target to whatever we've got in our power enrichment table. So we're just going to do that, we'll just come up here, happens somewhere around about 6500, 7000 hertz.
So we'll just get this data because I want to show you what happens. Still in closed loop mode. Somewhere it'll change, OK, alright I'm just going to stop that and we're going to back off and have a look at our results. OK so first of all I'll just bring our graphs up here. And we can see if we look at our air fuel ratio target or commanded lambda versus measured lambda, we can see the point where we transition from closed loop to power enrichment.
So closed loop there, we're at lambda one, as soon as we go into power enrichment our lambda target changes from lambda one, in this case to 0.85. And this is a case of what I really want you to watch out for in terms of garbage in garbage out. The engine control module instantly changes that lambda target from lambda one to 0.85 and of course the engine can't track that, the fuelling will change but there's going to be some delay, some latency in actually getting onto that target, which is exactly what we can see has happened here. We can see that our yellow measured air fuel ratio trace takes a couple of tenths of a second to actually follow and get onto our new target. So of course during this period here where we first transition into power enrichment, we're going to end up with a lean error because our measured air fuel ratio is simply leaner than our target.
Now that's not very real though and it doesn't actually matter to us. And what that can do is actually influence our results if we don't notice that. So we can see in that particular cell that I've just highlighted there, 7000 hertz, you can see that currently it's showing an error of 3%. That's actually not too bad. Often it can be 10% or 12% instantaneously.
But that can really throw us because if we'd stayed there at 7000 hertz, what we would have found is that the number would have then equalised out. We've probably come back to right on our target because as we saw there, everything actually tracked really nicely. So long story short here, particularly when I am using the scanner, the histograms, to fill in our mass air flow sensor calibration, I generally do it in two ways. I'll do some steady state tuning where I'm filling in as much of the low frequency area of this table as I can access before we transition into power enrichment. And I'll use that data and apply that to our table and then once I've done that, I'll also do some ramp runs where we are operating fully in power enrichment and I'll use that data to fill in the higher frequency ranges.
So that's important to understand. So coming back to this data though, let's have a quick look at what we've got here, because there are a few aspects that we do need to consider. So first of all let's go back and we'll have a look at our count and we'll see how many hits we had. So we can see for example where I was talking quite a lot at a stationary throttle, we can see that we've got about 2200 hits. We know we've got anything near that sort of number, we can be pretty comfortable that the data's going to be solid.
Generally I like to see somewhere around about 200 hits or 200 counts in a particular cell to really rely on the data. Up here at 7000 where I quickly shut down our scanner, we can see that we've only got 26 hits. So again just shows you there, that data I would not be too confident in relying on it. Again we've got a few stragglers here that only got a few hits as well. So particularly, if we go back to the average number, particularly if you've got a number in one of these cells that doesn't really follow, and again because I'm using closed loop, there isn't a huge amount of variation here but for example we see here that 4650 and 4800 hertz, we've got about 0.95, 0.97, then we've got this particular cell here, 4950 hertz, I drop down to 0.29.
And then we actually come back up. Now these numbers, I honestly wouldn't be worried about but if we're seeing a more exaggerated change from one cell to the next, maybe we were seeing numbers of 2% and 3%, all of a sudden we've got one single cell at -7% and then in the next cell adjacent we're back to 2% to 3%. That for me straight away is an alarm bell, I'm going to come back and revisit that cell, see if there's something that I did funny around that cell that's actually influenced and got us those results. So it's not a case of just gathering the data and blindly applying it. What we really need to do is have a look at the data, analyse it and make sure that it all makes sense.
Now the other aspect here is obviously we weren't able to gather any data below about 3500 hertz here. We can gather some data at idle but what we want to do here is again apply a little bit of common sense. What we're looking for is trends in our data so that we can apply that down in these lower areas that we weren't able to get to, so down below 3500 hertz. What I'm going to basically be doing is looking for trends that I can apply and extrapolate out. And of course there may be individual cells that you aren't able to access and you can't get access to so that's how you're going to need to do that as well.
So once you've gathered your data, what can you do with it? How can you use the data? Well there's a couple of ways. One is to manually make adjustments based on the data that you've got. Particularly if you've got really poor quality data with a lot of outliers or numbers that really don't make sense, I'd be very cautious about automatically using that data and instead I would manually use it and I would smooth it out. So how I mean we're going to do this, for example here in our data let's look at from 4350 hertz to 4800 hertz, we are around about, let's call it 1% too lean. So what we could do is take that data, 4350 to 4800, we'll find those same cells, so 4350 to 4800.
So what we can do then is highlight those cells here and all we want to do is simply multiply this by 1.01 which adds 1%. So that will basically allow us to look for trends and manually apply them into our mass air flow sensor calibration table. Now particularly if you've got data, as I've said, with a lot of outliers, then that's definitely the way you're going to want to do this. This data however, other than our little error at 7000 which we purposefully included, we've actually got some pretty solid data there, it all looks quite good. Of course it should because we are running in closed loop mode.
So what we can do here is highlight that entire table, right click and what we want to do is select copy. Now if we head back across to our editor, what we can do now is right click, and if we come down we'll find this paste special function. So this allows us to apply the error straight into our table. So for example if we come down here to multiply by percent, it's basically going to do exactly what I just did manually, it's going to apply that percentage error, in the case we just looked at I applied a 1% error. This of course is going to apply exactly what's in the data.
So we'll do that now, and we can see the areas that have been adjusted there. So that applies that particular error into our table. Now the problem with doing this is of course if we don't have good solid data, this is going to end up potentially causing us a problem. And the other aspect as well is it's not going to make any changes in the areas that we didn't scan data. So if you're going to use the paste special function, you do need to usually do a little bit of hand blending.
For example make adjustments to the lower frequency areas where we didn't gather any data. So particularly for your first round of modifications when your mass air flow sensor calibration is potentially a long way out, it's a good idea to use the multiply by percent. Sometimes we can find, because this is an iterative process, sometimes we can find as we make further adjustments, as we get closer, using the multiply by percent can sometimes end up going a little bit too far. So often we are better, once we've made our first round of modifications, using the multiply by 0.5%. So basically it just makes exactly what you'd think there, a smaller change of half of the error and applies that into the mass air flow sensor calibration.
Alright I think we've talked about how we apply those changes. Of course if you are making changes into maybe an ignition table, maybe a speed density table, whatever, you are going to be able to do exactly the same thing. Either make those changes manually or apply that paste special functionality. We're going to go into a quick demonstration now of how we can actually set up a custom histogram. And we'll then go into some questions and answers so this is just a good time to remind you, if you do have any questions, please ask those in the comments and we'll deal with those shortly.
So what we're going to do is just pretend we're setting up a speed density table and we're going to see how we can set up a histogram that's going to help us with tuning that speed density table. So we'll head back across to our scanner, we're going to right click and we're going to click graphs layout. So what we're going to want to do here is start up or set up a new graph. So we'll use the add graph icon there. We'll click on that, and now we've got a new table which we can see has been added down the bottom here.
So we can give that a name, let's say EQ, EQ error SD for speed density. Now we need to click on the parameter that we want to fill in there. So we'll click on that. There's a few ways we can negotiate through or navigate through this list of parameters that we've got available. We can scroll down and select what we want or we can simply start typing and the available parameters will fill in automatically.
And in this case what we're actually wanting to do is go down to our maths channels and we're going to use our maths for lambda and air fuel ratio. And we want to use our EQ ratio error. So again that's just that math channel, that gives us the difference between our measured air fuel ratio and our target. Of course we're going to fill that out to two decimal places as well. I'm going to basically replicate the shading that I've already shown you.
So plus 10 we're going to be red because we know that we are lean. And at minus 10 we're going to be green because it's not ideal but at least we know that we're safe because we're rich. Right so that's set up our new histogram but of course we need to add some axes. And this is where the power of this system comes in. So let's head back across and just for our example here we're going to use our virtual volumetric efficiency system.
And we can see we've got our axes of manifold pressure on our vertical axis and we've got engine RPM on our horizontal. So what we can do is right click and let's start with our vertical axis. So our row axes there, what we want to do is copy labels. So we'll come back across to our scanner, and what we want to do for our row axes, I've done it around the wrong way but that's fine. What we want to do is use our manifold pressure as our axes and then we can click on our values, control V and that will copy in those axes.
We're then going to do exactly the same, right click and this time we're going to copy our column axes labels, we're going to come back across and we're going to click our parameter, we're going to use engine RPM and we are then going to right click and we can paste those in there. So that's set up our little SD histogram, we'll close that down and we'll be able to see that is now available. So that's actually got that data that we just scanned in before but let's just get ourselves up and running now and we'll scan some more data in. Hopefully I'm going to be able to show you how important it is to be smooth with our throttle inputs. So at the moment we're at idle, I've just pulled the car into gear, and we can see that it's not very dramatic there because we are running again in closed loop and obviously the engine is reasonably well tuned.
But we can see as we transition through, we've got these green areas which aren't very realistic. If we come back and we look at our counts, you can see we've only got just a couple of hits in those cells so again we wouldn't want to rely on that data. So what we're going to do here, when we're filling this in, again we've got exactly the same scenario to consider that at a certain manfold pressure we are going to transition from closed loop mode, targeting lambda one to our power enrichment target. So we want to stay again below that for exactly the same reason. But just to demonstrate this we will go through and see what happens.
So we're at 2200 RPM now. Another thing that's important here is when we are using the dyno, we'll see our RPM, our actual RPM value there, we want to watch that because particularly with an automatic transmission, we're going to find that as we apply more load, sometimes we're going to get up a little bit more slip in our torque converter and this may require us to change our set point on our dyno just to make sure that we stay in that same column. Actually this one's pretty good, our torque converter isn't slipping and we're staying basically in the middle of that set of cells. And obviously just like tuning an aftermarket standalone engine management system, if we want to get good solid data we want to be as close to the centre of the cells we are tuning as we possibly can. So we'll just keep coming up here until we end up moving into open loop mode.
So let's just watch that. And I'm doing this a little bit faster than I normally would but we'll see what happens when we transition into open loop. I've just shut that off and we'll back off again. So we can see again that's happened up around about 92, 93 kPa and we can see again we've got that instantaneous little error there. Just talking about those outliers.
So this again the number's aren't dramatic, I honestly wouldn't be worried about this but it does show just because of the colouring, the sort of idea. So we can see here at 52.5 kPa we've got this little glitch which is minus 0.5%, again absolutely nothing to worry about, given the magnitude. But these are the sort of things we're looking for where there's an inconsistency in the trends that we are seeing and likewise here we've jumped up to 1.4%, 1.6% trim as we've gone into our power enrichment due to that error that we've already talked about. Alright we will move into questions. If you do have any questions on this, please ask those and we'll get into them in a second.
And it looks like we've got no questions. OK that makes it nice and easy for me. Obviously I explained everything perfectly. Remember for our HPA members if you do have any questions that crop up after this webinar's aired, if you're watching this in our archive, then please feel free to create a discussion topic in our forum and I'll be happy to answer those questions there. It really is an incredibly powerful way of speeding up the tuning process.
And analysing a huge amount of data in a very short amount of time. Thanks for joining us everyone, hopefully we'll see you again shortly, cheers.


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Fight like a man, bite like a zombie, and get used to change.
As Always, Good Luck and Have Fun.
How to Play:
WASD = Walk
Mouse = Attack
Shoot zombies with your zombie-reversal gun (watch your ammo!) to turn them human again. If you are turned into a zombie, use the jaws targeting system to attack as many humans as possible. You can change from zombie to human or back up to 5 times before your body dies from the stress of change. Collect power-ups to help you and avoid Zomb-dogs and drain covers, which will kill you in any form. (If you are human, your gun will only stun the Zomb-dog, giving you time to run away.) You get a bonus for converting more than 10 zombies/humans in one form in a row.


text:
Insects and other foods the trout should be eating:
1. BWOs (Eastern)
2. Green Sedges (Caddisflies)
3. Cinnamon Caddis (Mostly Abrams Creek)
4. Cream Cahills
5. Little Yellow Stoneflies (Little Summer Stones)
6. Sulphurs
7. Slate Drakes
8. Little Green Stoneflies
Most available/ Other types of food:
10. Sculpin, Minnows (Streamers)
11. Inch Worm (moth larva)
12. Beetles
13. Grasshoppers
14. Ants
Fishing Low Water Levels
There's two main factors you have to consider when you are fishing low water levels in the
park. One is the fact the
trout tend to be more cautious and easy to spook
and the
other is the fact
low water means slow water
Few anglers consider the fact
the slower moving water allows the trout more
opportunity to examine your fly.
In higher, faster moving water they only get a split
second glimpse of your fly in most cases but in slower flowing water, they get a much better
view of it. This not only makes the appearance of the fly more important, it also makes the
presentation of the fly more important. In order to deal with this effectively, it's very important
for you to understand just how a trout sees your fly.
, I will go over some points about
how the trout can see you, the angler.
, I will go over how the trout views your fly.
We all have strong tendencies to consider things from a human perspective meaning we
envision the trout seeing the fly as we think we would see it. The facts are trout don't view
things the same way would do.
How the trout see you:
Trout have a much larger area of peripheral vision than humans. Humans have a much
larger area of binocular vision that trout. While trout can see almost all the way around their
body, humans can't. Some birds can see all the way around themselves without moving their
eyes. We have large blind zone behind us. A trout only has about a 30 degree angle of area
directly behind them that they cannot see. The have a 330 degree area of peripheral vision.
We see an area of about 200 degrees of peripheral vision, meaning we cannot see an area
behind us of 160 degrees. Within a 120 degree zone of vision, we can see most things
clearly because our binocular vision represents 120 degrees of it. Only 60 degrees of the
total is peripheral vision, or thirty degrees on each side of a line straight ahead.
Trout can detect movement of objects within about a 330 degree area. The small 30 degree
area they cannot see at all is called the trout's blind zone. If the trout is not swaying its head
back and forth, an angler in the blind zone isn't visible to the trout. That's one reason it's
important to approach the trout fishing in an upstream direction. Thirty degrees is a small
area. Trout in a stream ahead of you, but to your left or right a few feet of directly ahead of
you, most likely can see you. They can't see you clearly but they can detect your movement
very easily. If they are swaying their head much, looking for insects drifting downstream,
although you may appear as just a big blob, you movements are visible and noticeable to the
trout. In this regard and only in this regard, it's almost impossible to slip up behind a trout
without them being aware of it; however, there's another big factor involved.
Trout see everything above the surface of the water through a circular window that's directly
overhead of their eyes. Everything else above the surface is seen by the trout as a mirrored
image of the bottom and structure in the water. In other words, they cannot view anything
outside of that circular window of vision that's above the surface. The diameter of this window
is 2.26 times the depth of the trout. The deeper the fish, the larger the window. This window
doesn't give them a clear vision of anything seen within it. Objects outside the water that
appear near the edge of this circular window are distorted. They are much shorter and wider
than they would be in clear focus. Objects directly overhead in the center of the window are
in focus and not distorted. If the surface of the water is riffled, or rough, the window is still
there, but the view the trout's gets of objects outside the water are blurred by the tiny waves
of rough water. If an angler appears near the edge of the window, his or her movements are
blurred and greatly distorted. The bottom line to this is a trout cannot see things above the
surface of the water as clearly through a surface disturbed by ripples of water, or tiny waves,
as they can through a perfectly calm surface. Trout holding in riffles cannot see you as
clearly as trout holding in water with a smooth surface.
There's yet another big factor that affects the trout's vision of an angler. This one is very
important to anglers because it provides them a way to get close to trout without being seen.
When light waves strike the surface of water below a ten degrees angle above the horizon,
about eighty-five percent of them skip or bounce off the water. This is called glare. Although
this reflected light or glare, doesn't get to the trout's eyes and doesn't affect the trout's
vision, it does bother anglers that are outside looking in the water. This is why polarized
sunglasses help you see under the water more clearly. They cut this glare. Although I
mentioned it with regard to your view of objects in the water, It also has a huge effect on the
trout's view of objects outside of the water through their small window of vision.
An object outside of the water that's below a ten degrees angle (ten degrees above the
horizontal or 180 degrees) appears very dim and not well lit like other objects within the
trout's window of vision and is hardly noticeable to the trout. In other words, an angler that's
below this ten degrees angle is not visible to the trout.
If an angler is thirty feet from the fish's window of vision, this ten degrees angle will be five
feet, three and one-half inches above the surface of the water. If a person standing level with
the water is only five feet tall, he or she isn't visible to a trout. In other words, if you want to
get close to a fish, you can certainly do so by staying below this ten degrees angle. You can
kneel down to do this or you can get even closer by crawling up close to the fish. Few
anglers are going to get on their bellies and crawl up to a fish. There's also few places where
the water is almost level with the bank. In other words, the higher the angler is on a bank, the
more difficult it is to stay below this ten degree angle.
If you're wading, only the part of your body that's above the water counts in regard to the
window of vision. This means you can get much closer to the fish wading, provided you don't
spook it otherwise. At fifteen feet from the fish, this distance becomes two feet, seven and
three-quarters inches. A five-foot tall person wading in waist deep water, fifteen feet away
from a trout would be hidden from the its view.
Keep in mind I'm only pointing this out to give you a rough idea of how the trout sees things
outside of the water. I'm sure you have determined that the lower you stay, the closer you
can get, something most all anglers know, but few know why and few know how to determine
the limits of the areas the trout can see you or yet better described, detect your movement.
Now, I'm sure your thinking that getting below this ten degree angle isn't very practical. You
are right but there's another important factor to it. For example, an angler that's thirty feet
from a trout holding near the surface, located at a twenty to thirty degree angle above the
horizon, would appear very short and fat to the trout. As mentioned above, this is because
objects near the edge of the window of vision are greatly distorted. Never the less, the fish
could see the flattened out image of the angler. Although the angler may look like a big toad
frog to the trout, If the angler (toad frog) suddenly moved, it would most likely spook the
trout. But again, if the water is rough or riffled, the fat and short appearing angler would
been seen by the trout as a very blurred image. The angler's movements couldn't be
distinguished from the movements of the edge of the window of vision caused by the rough
water. The bottom line to this is that if the water is rough, you can get even closer to a trout
without it detecting your presence. The lower you are and the rougher the water is, the
closer you can get without being detected.
There's even more factors involved, such as the amount of available light, how well you
blend in with the background, movements you make like casting, sound and ripples of the
water made wading, etc.
There's one thing for certain. If you are going to fish the streams of Great Smoky Mountains
anytime soon, meaning while the water levels are low, you better understand this or you will
find yourself "spooking" instead of "catching".
Tomorrow, I will go over facts that affect how a trout sees your fly.
Flies You Need
Flies You Need
Copyright 2012 James Marsh


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The theme for this week's Mental Health Awareness Week is stress. Research has indicated that stress is a key factor leading to mental health issues and so this is a perfect opportunity to explore what can improve mental wellbeing, whilst also acknowledging that this is[…]Read more
Tag: Diversity and Inclusion
Clifford Chance adopt UN Standards of Conduct for LGBTI
Clifford Chance is proud to be an early adopter of the United Nations' (UN) Standards of Conduct for Business to promote equality for lesbian, gay, bi, trans and intersex people in the workplace and beyond. The standards, which build on the earlier UN Guiding Principles[…]Read more
Marriage equality and legal name and sex change for transgender people to be guaranteed by 20 countries in the Americas by Cindy Regidor and Herman M. Duarte
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights released an Advisory Opinion on Gender Identity, Equality and Non-Discrimination Against Same Sex Couples claiming that marriage equality and the right to officially change transgender people's name and sex must be provided by all member states which have recognized the[…]Read more
Year in Review: Charlotte Proudman Looks Back on 2017
This has been another momentous year for feminism and the legal profession in the UK. The last 12 months has been a time of both progress and regression for the feminist movement. Feminists have been working for decades to challenge gender injustice and inequality that[…]Read more
Women @ the Chancery Bar: Getting in and Getting On
Last month, the Chancery Bar Association invited female aspiring barristers to attend its 'Women @ The Chancery Bar' event, with the goal of encouraging talented women to shelve misconceptions and apply. We heard from a number of female juniors and silks on their positive experiences[…]Read more


text: m3owbox #1 Posted April 24, 2019 When I pull up the cruise planner and try to schedule excursions it doesn't have an option to pay later it only has one to link my credit card. Is there an option to pay later? I am used to paying later, on the cruise (Ive only cruised Disney). Also when can I book dining, drink packages and cruise activities? 0 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Once common around arable farms, where it could get winter food from spilled grain and stubble fields, the Tree Sparrow is now something of a rarity that few people see in the county. Changing methods in farming, combined with notorious natural fluctuations, have caused a 95% fall in numbers nationally since 1970.
In Cumbria there are now only a small number of resident populations. For example, in South Cumbria there is a small breeding population in the Gleaston/Dendron area, another on the Cartmel Peninsula and one or two round Kendal. It is perhaps a little more numerous on the Solway Plain and in the Eden Valley.
Unlike its cousin, the larger and more urban House Sparrow, both sexes have similar plumage. They look a little more "dapper" than the House Sparrow. The all brown head contrasts well with the white cheek patch that extends all round the nape – the distinctive black smudge on the white cheek make this species instantly recognisable…if you can find the species in the first place. The male House Sparrow (on the right) has a less strikingly white cheek patch, no black blotch and the head is a lighter brown with a grey crown of course.
Although the name correctly suggests a tree nesting species, the Tree Sparrow will also use holes in buildings and nest-boxes. Several pairs nest in the old walls of Gleaston Water Mill (and a few more in the old Castle nearby). There has probably been a mill here since the mid-1300's and one is tempted to imagine dozens of these birds feeding on the spilled grain that has been brought along rutted lanes by cart. The present mill is Georgian, built from local limestone, sandstone and slate, and has been lovingly restored by the present owners. In May you can sit in the sun with a cup of coffee from the cafe and watch as the Tree Sparrows take insects and caterpillars into their tiny nesting holes. This is a working water mill that is well worth a visit, even if you have seen Tree Sparrows elsewhere! Nesting in the same wall is a pair of Kestrels, which can be watched by remote camera, as can a hive of honey bees.
In 2008 the RSPB set up the Cumbria Tree Sparrow project, an extension of one currently operating in Lancashire and Cheshire. The aim is to increase the number and range of Tree Sparrows by providing nest boxes and advice to landowners.


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Nova Scotia Mikmaw Summer Games
The Nova Scotia Mi'kmaw Summer Games Initiative was established to bring Mi'kmaw communities within the Atlantic Canada Region together to compete at a higher level of sports, show case and share Mi'kmaw culture and traditions. The games are a premier multi-faceted sporting event which includes a number of sporting categories including team, individual, traditional, and leisure. As the 2019 Host, we wish to showcase our beautiful community to promote tourism and the hospitality industry. We are anticipating approximately 2500 Athletes with addition to spectators. Our organization is preparing for the 2019 Nova Scotia Mi'kmaw Summer Games as our community of We'koqma'q First Nation is Host, August 18th-25th, 2019. We've built a Host committee within the process and currently meet on a regular basis. It is our Job to assure that our games are hosted to the full potential and we succeed with a legacy that our 2020 NSMSG host would carry. The success from our past games has helped expand through athletes, spectators, events and the tourist industry.
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A community that cares and grows together
Our Space Inc. is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer committed to having a diverse work force. Members of minority groups and persons with disabilities are strongly encouraged to apply.
Note: On the second page of the form you will be given the opportunity to attach a resume or curriculum vitae.
List most recent at the top
Provide the names of 3 people with whom you have been professionally associated:
By my signature:1) I authorize you to contact references and past employers listed in this application.2) I acknowledge that all statements and information on this form and relating to my application for this training and/or position are true to the best of my knowledge and I realize that any falsehood or misrepresentation later disclosed will be sufficient grounds for loss of employment.
Your support and donation will allow us to continue to offer exceptional support services for adults on their journey of recovery and provide hope for those living with mental illness.


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Sussex Safer Roads are sending out FREE car air fresheners and stickers. Just fill in the short form to claim some for yourself.
Click 'GET FREEBIE' and then choose 'sticker/air freshener request' in the drop-down menu. You can then add your contact information to the form, as well as details on which freebie you'd like to receive.
Please allow up to 6 weeks for delivery.


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Chris Pruitt Auto Sales is dedicated to providing the ultimate automobile buying experience. This enables Chris Pruitt Auto Sales to pass along huge savings on the highest quality vehicles of your choice. In addition, we offer a full array of financing and warranty options to meet your needs.
At our website, you can take advantage of several Internet technologies in the comfort of your home including getting pre-approved, seeing all of our inventory, and messaging our salesmen directly. Remember, if you need to talk to us, we are only a phone call or text away. Our departments, Sales, Services, and the Business office, are available to help you with all your automobile needs. Feel free to come by the store at any time to meet us in person. We invite you to take a tour of our facility and enjoy a pressure free car buying experience.
Do not forget to ask us how you can earn extra money with our "Refer a Friend" program.
See a vehicle you HAVE to have? Come in for a test drive. We want to make sure you love your vehicle! We will put some gas in it and you can take it for a drive!
Customer service is our top priority and we strive to make each customer feel important. If there is anything that we can do to make your next visit better, please let us know. Someone will be in contact with you as soon as we can!
4696 South Muskogee Ave Tahlequah, OK 74464


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It's the team event you've been training for your whole life (or at least since your first-year literature seminar): the BBF's annual Literary Pub Trivia! Join us at 6pm on Thursday, July 27 at Trident Booksellers and Café for this year's edition. Our host for the evening is the charming and satin-voiced Jack Lepiarz of 90.9 WBUR, who will be serving up questions on all things bookish, from Aesop's Fables to Zadie Smith. Put together a team (6 people max!) or meet some fellow trivia-minded ragamuffins on our Dickensian Orphans team. Food and drinks will be available for purchase from the tasty menu at Trident. Prizes for the top scoring teams (plus the best team name) will be donated by the BBF, area booksellers, and other partners, but the real reward is bragging rights until we do this again next year!
Certain books were "banned in Boston" at least as far back as 1651, when one William Pynchon wrote a book criticizing Puritanism.


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E'ssential Health and Wellness is proud to introduce a unique pregnancy exercise program for the mother-to-be. This program will assist you through all stages of pregnancy. This safe and effective DVD incorporates three major components of wellness: stretching and relaxation, strength and cardiovascular conditioning. You can now exercise in the comfort of your own home.
Have fun with it! We wish you a happy and healthy pregnancy!
In search of 1000 participants assessing the benefits of exercise during pregnancy
Two ways to participate
- Purchase your Total Conditioning DVD with the survey at the motherhood center. Use the DVD weekly throughout your pregnancy and fill out the survey within 2 months post-delivery and email to firstname.lastname@example.com
- Fill out the survey, no need to exercise or use the DVD, within 2 months post-delivery and email to email@example.com
As a thank you for your participation, you will be entered in a drawing for a gift card. Please consult with your physicians before embarking in this exercise program.


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Fairtrade Community of the Month!
We have been awarded Fairtrade Community of the month by the Fairtrade Foundation. Search for us on Twitter @stockportft
Email firstname.lastname@example.com For more information
We have been awarded Fairtrade Community of the month by the Fairtrade Foundation. Search for us on Twitter @stockportft
Go to our Events page to see some photos of the Fair on 23rd November
Our November newsletter has been published – follow the link below to read all about the upcoming Christmas fair and other interesting articles.
We are pleased to announce that the Fairtrade Foundation has granted us Fairtrade Borough status for another two years. Congratulations to all involved who work so hard to promote Fair Trade across the Borough
The Fairtrade Foundation has responded to the article https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Media-Centre/News/July-2019/Fairtrade-response-to-Guardian-Long-Read-Is-Fairtrade-Finished
See the Long Read in the Guardian for an interesting article on the future of Fairtrade https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jul/23/fairtrade-ethical-certification-supermarkets-sainsburys
Click here to read our latest newsletter with lots of interesting articles.
Our next Fairtrade Fair will take place on Saturday 23rd November 2019 at the Guildhall, Stockport.
We are supporting a student at MMU who is conducting a survey on Fairtrade shopping habits. To take part please follow the link https://mmu.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_1FzpDsnQPoInLOB
Click here to read our Autumn newsletter with lots of news about our Fairtrade Fair and what we did for Fairtrade Fortnight this year.


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8:16am PT by Hilary Lewis
Stephen Colbert Congratulates Jimmy Fallon and Seth Meyers, Debuts 'Tonight Show' Selfie (Video)
The Colbert Report was a rerun on Monday, but Stephen Colbert still made an appearance on late night, showing up on the first night of Jimmy Fallon's Tonight Show as the last of a series of stars who bet Fallon $100 that he'd never host the legendary program.
But while others just gave Fallon some cash, Colbert dumped coins all over Fallon and his desk and then took a selfie before shouting, "Welcome to 11:30, bitch!"
On Tuesday's Colbert Report, the host continued congratulating his NBC competition and debuted the infamous selfie.
PHOTOS: Hollywood Stars Join Jimmy Fallon For His 'Tonight Show' Debut
"Ladies and gentlemen, before we begin, I want to begin by welcoming my friend Jimmy Fallon to the 11:30 time slot," Colbert said, "and the brotherhood of shows that includes me, David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel and the repeat of Shahs of Sunset on Bravo. We all get together on weekends and Reza braids Dave's hair."
Colbert then urged viewers to be sure to watch Fallon's show -- on Fridays, when The Colbert Report is coincidentally off.
He also reminisced about his appearance on Monday's Tonight Show, debuting the actual selfie that he took during the taping, which he also tweeted Tuesday night.
Congrats to @jimmyfallon - Today, the Tonight Show; Tomorrow, the Today Show! #watchtcolbert #tivofallon pic.twitter.com/JpKNweMd8w
— Stephen Colbert (@StephenAtHome) February 19, 2014
"Jimmy was so happy I was there," Colbert said of the photo in which Fallon is seen rolling his eyes. "There's Jimmy, thanking God that I'm there."
"So congratulations, Jimmy, welcome to 11:30," Colbert added. "I'm sure it's a relief to escape the barren … 12:30 death slot."
With that, Colbert congratulated Fallon's 12:30 replacement, Seth Meyers, who starts his edition of Late Night on Monday.
"You're gonna be great," Colbert said.
Watch the full clip from The Colbert Report below.
Hilary firstname.lastname@example.com hilarylewis


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We Sell, Install, Service, and Maintain Business Phone Systems
Our clients look to us for the tools they need to operate their business. In this day of rapidly evolving communication technologies, even a basic phone system can seem a dauntingly complex technological system.
Whether you need service on an existing phone system, or an entirely new communications system for multiple offices, IP Solutions has the answer.
Because our expertise includes complete data network solutions, you can be confident we will provide you with a communications system that will integrate with your existing or future IT infrastructure.
2017 IP Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Site Designed by Green Lantern Digital Design
IP Solutions is a leading Indiana-based provider of networking, technology, and communications services.
Located in Mishawaka, Indiana, we serve South Bend, Elkhart, Warsaw, Michigan City, Niles, St. Joseph, and Benton Harbor, Michigan.
IP Solutions provides network design, network support, network security, managed network services, PC Support, Server Support, web hosting, off-site data storage solutions, hosted Microsoft exchange solutions, wireless networking, business telephone systems, Voice Mail Systems and Solutions, VoIP (voice over IP), and CCTV / video surveillance systems.


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Warning on new Target grids for C&C cages
I have 2 young piggies 2 days ago. I put them in a wire cage 30cmx20cm. I've realized that it's too small. I read in this forum about wire grid. I tend to build a much more larger cage inside my house. All people here seems to know where to find wire grid in USA. But how about in Indonesia? What store sell it? Can I buy it online? Would someone tell me please...
Not sure about grids there but do you have home improvement stores? You can usually find shelving units as an alternative.
I was disappointed today to see that Fred Meyer has raised the price of their grids. It's now $30 for a 4 cube box. Add $20 plus some for the coroplast and you are now paying over $50 for a C&C Cage.
I believe the main reason my adopters make their C&C cages are because it's been cheaper. They would prefer the store bought cages but I won't adopt to them if they don't have a C&C or equivalent.
I miss the $15 Target boxes.
I believe the main reason my adopters make their C&C cages are because it's been cheaper. They would prefer the store bought cages but I won't adopt to them if they don't have a C&C or equivalent.
I miss the $15 Target boxes.
Lisam--do you have a Kmart near you? Their grids are the correct size and are around $20.
- Catie Cavy
- Supporter 2011-2020
Yes, plus KMart gives you 6 cubes for the $20.00, not 4.
My husband and I have decided to finally switch to a C&C cage, but I'm unsure of where to go for the grids. I live in the Salt Lake area, if that helps anyone know what advice to give. What are the grids at KMart called? I tried to search their store online, but couldn't find anything. If you know of where I can get coroplast in the area, too, that would be awesome!
- Supporter in '08
I know the box has the word "Stor" on it, I'm not sure if that's the name though. If you go to a Kmart they'll either be with the storage containers or with the bathroom storage and racks. Weird but I've seen them both places at different times.
I believe bed, bath, and beyond has them, correct?
Do you have those in Salt Lake?
Do you have those in Salt Lake?
- mmeadow
- Supporter 2004-2020
Here is a link to the Kmart cubes, with item number and everything. Check out the guinea pig-centric comments!
Ooh, sweet! Thanks! I'll be near a KMart tomorrow, so I'll look for it. I love how none of the reviews are from people using the cubes for storage, lol.
Found them! I'm so excited to give my boys a nicer place to live. Now I just need to find that elusive coroplast. :)
Thanks to everyone who mentioned KMart for properly sized grids. I have never posted on the forums, but I have been reading for a few months and the information you all provide is excellent. My local KMart is going out of business so I found a box of 6 cubes for about $18. Now to find coroplast or something just as good for a cage floor. :)
I'm thinking about it. It's just my local KMart going out. My parents have one down the road from them, so if I happen to miss getting another box here, I can pick one up when I go to see them. :)
I have rarely seen grids with 1 cm spacing. It would be small enough to be babyproofed. I know Texcavy used to have some from pictures I saw. You could PM her to see if she has a picture she can email you.


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The Best Carpet Store For Your Remodel
Learning about carpeting is always an interesting experience, because there are a lot of options that you need to look at and work with as a part of whatever you may be trying to do or accomplish. How can you be certain that, no matter what you are deciding on, that you're actually going to discover options for carpet columbia md that can assist you with all of your needs and whatever else that you may be trying to explore?
Finding answers for your questions is never easy and, because of that, you have to be vigilant in how you want to try and get the job done for the future. There is so much that you need to learn about and, on top of that, you want to talk to the right people so that you can figure out exactly what it is that you need to accomplish as part of the process at hand. You can connect with certain people when you start looking at what is out there and, as a part of everything else, you're going to see what you can do as well.
Check out everything that you can find and be sure to talk to the right people so that you actually get ahead instead of getting more frustrating with your carpeting project. As you start to find the answers that make sense and what you want to do with them, you are also going to discover that it can be quite helpful to start taking the necessary steps to get it all done as well. Check out exactly what you want to do and find an answer that makes the most sense for your budget and your time, too. You'll find great carpets and be happy with the results you get.


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Why A Health Buddy Is All You Need
The Active & Wholesome Way of life Program is a great way to try a brand new health exercise or sport, uncover one in every of our great parks or sporting services and meet new people. In example, historically by the late nineteenth. Century, every day scheduled work had develop into a norm for most individuals, so the largest meal of the day tended to happen within the night when all relations could re-collect and relate the actions of the day. This was more of a social necessity somewhat than a dietary requirement – in that the human physique really wants very little food to sleep on.
Even when you do not know Bauer by name, likelihood is you'll recognize her. The registered dietitian has made lots of of appearances on In the present day as the show's nutrition and well being skilled. Last yr she released a new cookbook, From Junk Meals to Pleasure Meals , based mostly off a recurring segment the place Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb challenge her to make more healthy versions of their favourite comfort foods, from mint chocolate chip ice cream to buffalo wings.
We've all been there. Despite exercising and watching what you eat, the elastic in your workout shorts seems to be as tight as your hamstrings. "Ninety-five p.c of the lively people I work with need to lose some weight," says Cassie Dimmick, M.S., R.D., a sports dietitian and running coach in Springfield, Missouri. Getting bodily exercise does not should involve hours on the gym. As an alternative, there are a lot of methods you can make small adjustments all through the day to make your life less sedentary and get your body shifting.
Don't deny yourself meals if you're craving it, however strive to not over indulge either. … Read More..Read More →


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3Q offer an extensive range of industrial process pumps from leading brand and manufacturers such as Sterling, Flowserve and Bredel.
For further information please contact our sales team who will be able to help you further with any pump related enquiry.
We provide a wide range of pumps from the following manufacturers:
Sterling, Verder, KSB, Mono, Sandpiper, Wilden, Flowserve, Iwaki, Lowara, SPX, Kecol, Bredel and many more.


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If they are all, am I not without excuse?
For what can be known about God is plain to them because God has shown it to them. For His invisible attributes, namely, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse. For although they knew God, they did … More If they are all, am I not without excuse?


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Becca Aaronson Davis is the Director of Product at Chalkbeat, a national education news network. Previously she spent seven years at The Texas Tribune, where she led the Tribune's website redesign as its first-ever product manager. After covering health care from 2012-2014, she co-founded the Tribune's data visuals team and went on to design, built and manage several award-winning investigative projects. She has a bachelor's degree in cultural theory from Scripps College in Claremont, Calif.
Website: https://chalkbeat.org/
- Thursday, 11:00 am - [RSVP] J-School Supplemental: Product Management
- Friday, 10:00 am - Table Talks: Product Design and Development
- See the full schedule →


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# of tickets by Subject line
I was wondering if it was possible to be able to report by the contents of the subject line. I have recently received a request to get a count of how many 1-5 star Google Play Reviews we have received. As I have not set up a field or tag to monitor this, I was looking for a way to count the number of tickets by what's in the subject. For example, can I create a metric that counts how many tickets include ★☆☆☆☆ in the subject.
2 Comments
Hi Eric,
I was cheerfully taking this Screenshot:
When I realized... You're asking for a metric because I bet your tickets are in Closed status....
Eek, not sure what metric you could create for that but I'm here for moral support!
Have a look at this example of matching text in metrics.
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