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Progress in the classical field of EHL has for decades been paralyzed by the assumption that shear thinning should be indistinguishable from the shear dependence of the viscosity of a liquid heated by viscous dissipation and that the parameters of this simple shear dependence can be obtained from the shape of a friction curve. In the last few years, by abandoning this assumption and employing real viscosity measured with viscometers, there has been revolutionary progress in predicting film thickness and friction. Now, Spikes and Jie conclude that the previous assumption has as much merit as the use of viscosity measured in viscometers. This suggestion may be popular among those who wish to ignore viscometer measurements in favor of extracting properties from friction curves. However, within the subject article, there are numerous misstatements of fact and misrepresentations by omission, and the recent progress using real viscosity is not acknowledged. The debate has degenerated into a friction curve fitting competition which is not helpful. The great progress of the last few years would not have been possible using the concepts and methods espoused in this article
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The correct information is given below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Tribology Letters is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Reducing friction is of utmost importance to improve efficiency and lifetime of many products used in our daily lives. Thin hard coatings like diamond-like carbon (DLC) have been shown to reduce friction in full-film-lubricated contacts. In this work, it is shown that contrarily to common belief, the friction reduction stems mainly from a thermal phenomenon and not only a chemical/surface interaction one. It is shown that a few micrometer-thin DLC coating can significantly influence the thermal behavior in a lubricated mechanical system. The presented simulations, validated by experiments, show that applying a thin DLC coating to metal surfaces creates an insulating effect that due to the increased liquid lubricant film temperature at the center of the contact, locally reduces lubricant viscosity and thus friction. The results of the investigation show that the addition of thin insulating layers could lead to substantial performance increases in many applications. On a component level, the contact friction coefficient in some common machine components like gears, rolling element bearings, and cam followers can potentially be reduced by more than 40 %. This will most likely open up the way to new families of coatings with a focus on thermal properties that may be both cheaper and more suitable in certain applications than DLC coatings
High hardness, high elastic modulus, low friction characteristics, high wear and corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, and thermal stability are factors that make diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings the subject of many studies. For the same reasons they also seem suitable for use in, amongst others, machine components and cutting tools. While most studies in the literature focus on the influence of coatings on wear and friction in boundary lubrication and pure sliding contacts, few studies can be found concerning rolling and sliding elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) friction, especially in the mixed and full film regime. In this article tests are carried out in a Wedeven Associates Machine tribotester where an uncoated ball and disc pair is compared to the case of coated ball against uncoated disc, coated disc against uncoated ball, and coated disc against coated ball. The tests are conducted at two different temperatures and over a broad range of slide-to-roll ratios and entrainment speeds. The results are presented as friction maps as introduced in previous work (Björling et al. in J Eng Tribol 225(7):671, 2011). Furthermore a numerical simulation model is developed to investigate if there is a possibility that the hard, thin DLC coating is affecting the friction coefficient in an EHL contact due to thermal effects caused by the different thermal properties of the coating compared to the substrate. The experimental results show a reduction in friction coefficient in the full film regime when DLC-coated surfaces are used. The biggest reduction is found when both surfaces are coated, followed by the case when either ball or disc is coated. The thermal simulation model shows a substantial increase of the lubricant film temperature compared to uncoated surfaces when both surfaces are coated with DLC. The reduction in friction coefficient when coating either only the ball or the disc are almost the same, lower than when coating both the surfaces but still higher than the uncoated case. The findings above indicate that it is reasonable to conclude that thermal effects are a likely cause for the decrease in coefficient of friction when operating under full film conditions, and in the mixed lubrication regime when DLC-coated surfaces are used
The application of surface coatings has been shown to reduce friction in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), not only in the mixed and boundary regime when asperity interactions occur, but also in the full film regime. Several studies suggest that the full film friction reduction is due to a violation of the no-slip boundary condition and thus slip is taking place between the solid and the liquid. Another hypothesis proposes that the full film friction reduction is due to the low thermal conductivity of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. In this work, two DLC coatings with the same composition, but different thicknesses, are investigated with uncoated steel specimens as a reference, all with the same surface roughness. Friction tests in a ball-on-disk machine show that both coatings reduce friction compared to the uncoated reference case in full film EHL. The thicker coating is significantly more effective at reducing friction than the thinner one at a maximum friction reduction of 41 % compared to 29 % for the thinner coating. Moreover, contact angle measurements, surface energy measurements, and spreading parameter calculations show no statistically significant differences between the two coatings, suggesting that the friction reduction capabilities of coatings in full film EHL cannot be described by solid-liquid interactions alone. The difference in friction reduction between the specimens in this work is mainly attributed to different thermal properties.
Low friction is one of the most important parameters for the development of machine components and machines with high efficiency. Many of the common machine components of today such as gears, rolling element bearings and cam-followers are defined by their non-conformal contacts leading to high-contact pressures, typically 1–4 GPa. The lubrication of such contacts is usually called elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings and glycerol have individually been shown to produce low friction in boundary, mixed and full film lubrication. A few studies have been conducted using both glycerol and DLC-coated surfaces to achieve even lower friction in pure sliding boundary-lubricated contacts. However, the literature is lacking studies of how the combination of glycerol and DLC performs in non-conformal rolling/sliding contacts where many common machine components operate. Such a study is presented in this article where a ball-on-disc test rig is used to investigate the performance of the combination of DLC and glycerol at pressures up to 1.95 GPa at various entrainment speeds and slide-to-roll ratios. The investigation shows that the DLC-glycerol combination provides very low friction values, in some cases, below the superlubricity threshold of 0.01, possibly shown for the first time at such high pressure in a non-conformal rolling/sliding contact. The low friction mechanism in full film lubrication is a combination of the low pressure-viscosity and high temperature-viscosity sensitivity of glycerol in combination with thermal insulation of the DLC coating and is presented as thermally assisted liquid superlubricity.
Press hardening is widely utilized to form ultra-high-strength steels characterized by a high strength-to-weight ratio for automotive components. Press hardening processes include heating boron–manganese steels to austenite phase, forming the steels at a high temperature, and cooling the formed blanks until the martensite phase is reached . However, press hardening processes lead to severe contact conditions between the blank and the tools including contact pressure, relative sliding, and high temperatures, which result in tool wear and increased maintenance cost. The contact conditions that occur in the stamping tool are difficult to study on site. Additionally, simplified tests, such as pin on disc and ball on disc, are insufficient to reproduce press hardening conditions in laboratory environments . The aim of this study includes developing a tribological test with press hardening conditions in which tool steel pins continuously slide on fresh and hot boron–manganese steel strips. The test programme mimics press hardening conditions with respect to sliding distance, sliding velocity, contact pressure, and surface temperature that were studied based on finite element (FE) simulations of a press hardening experiment. Furthermore, a FE simulation of the tribological test is established and it provides contact temperature in the pin tip with a high accuracy. A tribological test is used to study friction and mass loss with variational pressures and velocities that represented typically variational contact conditions in the press hardening. The tribological test is also used to obtain correlations between the tribological behaviours and process parameters in press hardening including pressure and sliding velocity.
Severe adhesion, also referred to as galling, is a critical problem in press hardening, especially in stamping tools used for hot forming of Al–Si-coated ultra-high strength steel. Galling is known to develop rapidly on the tool surface and it negatively affects the quality of the formed products. Earlier research on this topic has focused on the galling initiation. However, studies on the galling development during extended sliding and the corresponding quantitative measurement still lack depth. In the present study, a tribological test is established to study the galling development under press hardening conditions. The tribological test set-up aims to simulate extended sliding between the Al–Si-coated boron steels and the tool die material. The contact conditions in the interface are studied by a numerical model of the tribological test. The friction coefficients and material transfer are discussed taking into account the variation of the different test conditions. Using the results from the tribological tests, the galling simulation is performed in the numerical model. A geometry-updated sample based on the galling (transferred material build-up) height is simulated and the consequent pressure fluctuation is obtained in the numerical model. This contributes to the explanation of the severe transferred material accumulation during the test.
Components made of sintered bronze are often used in tribological systems. Examples of applications are self lubricated bearings, wet clutches and brakes and synchromesh components for manual gearboxes. The bronze material in these applications is often porous and permeable. However, the required level of permeability i.e., the ability for a fluid to flow inside the material varies widely for different applications. This implies the need to investigate if the permeability can influence the properties of a tribological system. Various studies have been performed in order to investigate the permeability of different materials but a possible relationship between permeability and boundary lubrication performance has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this article this relationship has been investigated in a pin-on-disk apparatus for test specimens with a permeability that is well-defined. Materials with three different permeabilities were investigated together with non-permeable test specimens. The results indicate that permeability has a small influence on the friction coefficient when the tribological system is operating with good lubrication of the contact. The function of the tribological system when working under starved conditions is also investigated and a very clear relationship between permeability and the ability to cope up with starved running conditions is shown. This is explained in terms of the varying ability of the materials' to store lubricant in pores. Non-porous test specimens were also tested as a comparison with the permeable test specimens in the investigation with starved running conditions . The results show that a material with high permeability works much better under starved running conditions than that with low permeability.
The sliding wear behaviour of several compositions of Fe-, Co- and Ni-based metallic glasses have been studied while rubbing against AISI 52100 bearing steel under reciprocating-sliding conditions. The wear resistances of Fe-based metallic glasses and Ni-based metallic glass (MBF 50) have been found to be superior to that of the mating AISI 52100 bearing steel. The examination of worn surfaces indicates that the superior wear resistance of metallic glasses is not merely owing to their high hardness but it is determined by phenomena of material transfer vis-à-vis the mating material and the formation of protective oxide layers on the metallic-glass surface during sliding.
In most applied monitoring investigations using acoustic emission, measurements are carried out relatively, even though that limits the use of the extracted information. The authors believe acoustic emission monitoring can be improved by instead using absolute measurements. However, knowledge about absolute measurement in boundary restricted systems is limited. This article evaluates a method for absolute calibration of acoustic emission transducers and evaluates its performance in a boundary restricted system. Absolute measured signals of Hertzian contact excited elastic waves in boundary restricted systems were studied with respect to contact time and excitation energy. Good agreement is shown between measured and calculated signals. For contact times short enough to avoid interaction between elastic waves and initiating forces, the signals contain both resonances and zero frequencies, whereas for longer contact times the signals exclusively contained resonances. For both cases, a Green's function model and measured signals showed good agreement.
Elastic waves are widely used for condition monitoring of rolling element bearings through vibration or acoustic emission measurements . While vibration signals are understood to a high degree due to many scientific investigations as well as a long history of usage in the field, acoustic emission signals of rolling element bearings are poorly understood. Therefore, this investigation presents simulation studies and measurements of a single elasto-hydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contact. In this investigation the EHL contact is a ball bouncing on a lubricated plate. The simulation based on Green's function and the measurements based on a accelerometer to some extent agree. A shift of zero frequencies towards higher frequencies when compared to Hertzian reference measurements was determined for an infinite plate setup. Taking boundary restrictions into account, elastic waves of a Hertzian contact and an EHL contact only differ by a damping of higher resonances which is most likely caused by the EHL film.
Running-in is an important process for elasto-hydrodynamic lubricated contacts, which affect both service life and operating performance. However, the possibilities of monitoring running-in are still poor. Therefore, the properties of electrical contact impedance as a monitoring tool were studied by using an in-house made ball on disc apparatus. The contact impedance was monitored during run-in experiments with different initial surface roughness of the discs, different slide-to-roll ratios and with pure or additive containing paraffinic oil. The relationship between surface roughness parameters, contact resistance and contact capacitance was investigated. While the contact resistance seems to be affected by the parameter Rz, the contact capacitance seems more dependent on Rq. In addition, the experiments showed that surface active additives do not necessarily need to influence the contact impedance.
Boron compounds are widely used in a range of tribological applications such as friction modifiers, antioxidants, antiwear additives, and in many cases as environmentally friendly lubricants. The chemical nature and structure of boron compounds provide multifunctionality. They are used as (1) solid lubricants such as boric acid and hexagonal boron nitride, (2) liquid lubricants such as ionic liquids, (3) lubricant additives such as borate derivatives of various organic and inorganic compounds, and (4) coatings such as cubic boron nitride and different metal borides. Boron is also one of the most favorable elements for coatings and thin films in biotribological and biomedical applications. This review outlines the growing role of boron in lubrication over the past several decades, summarizesthe main findings, and identifies future challenges related to boron chemistry.
Boron-based lubricant additives have recently received significant attention, because of their wear-reducing and frictional properties and low pollution. At the same time, dithiocarbamate complexes with different metals have a long history of being used as multifunctional additives to lubricants. In this study, novel, environmentally friendly additives containing alkylborate and dithiocarbamate groups with alkyl or methylbenzyl substitutes in one molecule were studied. Tribological tests were performed with the additives admixed in a mineral oil using steel-on-steel contacts in a four-ball tribometer. Borate derivatives of different dithiocarbamate ligands were synthesized by several step reactions to investigate tribochemical properties of boron, sulfur, and nitrogen combined in one selected compound. Viscous liquid products were characterized by multinuclear 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR spectroscopy. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of the tribofilms were investigated using an optical profiler and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). It was found that some of these novel compounds provide better antiwear performance and similar frictional properties compared with a commercially available ZnDTP package. Traces of sulfur in the tribofilms formed with both 0.2 and 1.0 wt% of alkylborate–dithiocarbamate compounds in a mineral oil were detected with EDS.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles were coated with consecutive plasma deposited siliceous and methacrylate coatings. Secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), phosphonium cation and phosphate anion ionic liquid (IL), and IL with phosphonium cation and dithiophosphate anion were mixed with the functionalized nanoparticles. Tribological studies were carried out for seven separate formulations including base oil, oils with only additives, and oils with additives and functionalized PTFE particles. Results indicate strong synergistic interactions of ZDDP and ILs with functionalized nanoparticles providing enhanced friction and wear performance. Chemical analysis of the tribofilms using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy indicates functionalized PTFE nanoparticles interact synergistically with ZDDP and ILs to form silicon- and fluorine-doped tribofilms resulting in superior tribological performance.
Achieving non-corrosive and green ionic liquids is a big challenge for the tribologist. A kind of biomaterials-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) was synthesized in this paper. Rapeseed oil, group 1 mineral oil and one commercially available fully formulated gear oil were as used reference to study the property of the synthesized PILs. The copper strip standard corrosion test was employed to study the anti-corrosion property. The boundary lubrication and elastohydrodynamic lubrication performance of the lubricants was studied on an Optimol SRV-III oscillating friction and wear tester, and a WAM (model 11) ball-on-disk test rig, respectively. The lubricating mechanism of the synthesized PILs was also discussed in this paper
The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricants has received increasing attention in recent years. The use of ILs, however, is limited by the corrosion problem and their potential toxic property. Here we present the results of our initial study on the tribological properties of carbon fiber (CF)-filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites, which have an excellent chemical resistance property, lubricated by choline chloride ILs. The difference between choline chloride ILs and water and hydraulic oil as lubricants was studied at the same time, as was the effect of the anion on the lubricating property of choline chloride ILs. The worn surface and transfer film of CF/PTFE composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate that the lubricating property of choline chloride ILs is much better than that of water and hydraulic oil. The friction coefficient and wear rate of CF/PTFE composites lubricated with ILs were approximately 60 and 50 % lower than those under the dry friction condition. Among the three kinds of ILs tested, the best tribological properties of the CF/PTFE composites were found for those sliding in the mixture of 1,2-propanediol and choline chloride. The worn surface and transfer film of CF/PTFE composites were also much smoother than those under the dry friction, water lubrication, and hydraulic oil lubrication conditions.
Synthetic lubricants and additives have seen many major improvements in recent years. However, very littleis known about the performance peculiarities of these new lubricants in actual machines. To fill this gap, anew full-scale hydro-dynamic journal bearing test rig has been constructed to evaluate the behavior ofconventional and new bearing designs, synthetic lubricants and variations in operating parameters. This testrig's bearing has diameter 180 mm with measuring capabilities including continuous film thickness and filmpressure as well as temperature. The new machine was used to compare a number of synthetic lubricants tomineral based lubricants, finding that performance of the synthetic lubricants was superior to their mineralbased counterparts of much higher viscosity grade. These tests showed that high viscosity index (VI) syntheticlubricants had higher viscosity in the region of maximum pressure and lower viscosity elsewhere in the bearingthan similar mineral based lubricants. This reduction in viscosity in low pressure zones was found to producea measurable reduction in friction and power loss in the bearing system. This paper provides comparativeperformance results of several formulations of current and future turbine oils from measurements of losses,oil film thickness, and temperature under a range of operating parameters. Lubricants tested include ISOVG68 and VG32 mineral based turbine oils (VG68 and VG32), ISO VG32 synthetic ester based oil (SE32),two ISO VG22 synthetic ester based oils (SE22 and SV22), and ISO VG15 synthetic ester based oil (SE15).It was found that SE32 and VG68 provided similar performance at lower speeds while SV22 provided similarperformance to VG68 at the highest speed. Likewise, SE22 and SV22 provided similar performance toVG32 at low speeds while SE15 provided similar performance to VG32 at medium to higher speeds.Generally, the results demonstrate the potential for replacing mineral based lubricants with high performancesynthetic lubricants of significantly lower viscosity grade without sacrificing bearing safety.
Nanoparticles based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) are considered to hold great promise as boundary lubricating additive/material for improving friction and wear of engineering functional surfaces. However, TMD nanoparticles cannot provide a comprehensive surface protection against oxidation, corrosion or sludge control. Therefore, the current lubricant developments may still have to depend on conventional additives such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), and it is essential to understand the interaction of nanoparticles with such additives in order to explore how these nanoparticles could be commercially employed in fully formulated lubricants. This paper examines the tribological properties of three different nanoparticles: inorganic fullerene-like MoS2, rhenium-doped MoS2 and MoS2 nanotubes in steel and steel with preformed ZDDP tribofilm surfaces using a pin-on-disc-type tribometer under reciprocating sliding conditions. The resulting tribofilms have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results show that although the nanoparticles are able to reduce friction in all cases, the resulting tribofilm composition and morphology, and their lubricating mechanisms are significantly different. The MoS2 nanoparticles and nanotubes show good synergism with ZDDP, and tribofilms formed from nanoparticles exhibit improved friction and wear properties compared to that typically formed from ZDDP.
The assessment of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricants in several tribological systems has shown their ability to provide remarkable reduced friction and protection against wear, whether they are used as additives or in the neat form. However, their corrosion and limited solubility in non-polar hydrocarbon oils represent the bottleneck-limiting factors for the use of ILs as lubricants. Therefore, in order to tackle these problems, mixtures of alkylborane-imidazole complexes with one halogen-free IL as additive were used in this study. The knowledge of the additive-surface interactions and hence the understanding of tribological properties are an important issue for lubricant formulations and were also investigated in this work. Thus, combination effects between two ionic liquid additives, a halogenated and a halogen-free one, were evaluated by a ball-on-disc-type tribometer under boundary lubrication conditions. Effective friction reduction and anti-wear properties have been demonstrated in tribological investigations when adding between 0.7 and 3.4 wt% of the halogen-free IL into base fluid composed of alkylborane-imidazole complexes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the steel specimens were conducted to study the correlation between tribological properties and chemical surface composition of the boundary films formed on the rubbing surface. This work suggests potential applications for using halogen-free ILs as additives for synthetic ionic liquid lubricants
Headchecks are a common type of damage in heavily loaded curved freight tracks. This paper deals with synthetic ester formulations' ability to prevent damage caused by headchecks through mild tribochemical wear. An experimental study pertaining to wear and friction of two rail steels lubricated by two synthetic ester base fluids, TMP-oleate and TMP-C8-C10, has been carried out. Six different free fatty acids were used in this study to act as performance additives. Three of the fatty acids were mono-acids with different, straight, carbon chain lengths (stearic acid C18, decanoic acid C10 and octanoic acid C8), one was a mono-unsaturated straight-chain fatty acid (oleic acid C18:1) while two were dibasic acids with intermediate carbon chain length (C9 and C10). Each fatty acid was blended with either ester, one at a time. The tests were carried out by using a high frequency reciprocating friction and wear test machine. In these tests, the gage face/wheel flange contact was simulated, and all tests were conducted in the boundary lubrication regime. An initial contact pressure of 316 MPa and a maximum sliding speed of 0.11 m/s were employed during the tests. The tests showed a wide range of wear rates, as well as different surface features depending on the interactions between synthetic esters, fatty acids and steel. The use of stearic and azaleic acid in lubricating rail steels results in very smooth surfaces with significant differences in their wear rates.
The flow of lubricating greases in an elbow channel has been modeled and validated with velocity profiles from flow visualizations using micro-particle image velocimetry. The elbow geometry induces a nonsymmetric distribution of shear stress throughout its cross section, as well as varying shear rates through the transition from the elbow inlet to the outlet. The flow has been modeled both for higher flow rates and for creep flow. The influence of the grease rheology and flow conditions to wall slip, shear banding and an observed stick–slip type of motion observed for low flow rates are presented. The effect on the flow of the applied pressure is also modeled showing that the flow is sensitive to the pressure in the angular ( ϕ ) direction of the elbow. For high pressures, it is shown that the flow is reversed adjacent to the elbow walls.
Grease flow in grease lubricated systems can often be qualified as free-surface flow. It occurs for example in rolling bearings after the churning phase or on open gears. Here only a fraction of the bearing or gearbox volume is filled with grease. Part of the grease is flowing in relatively thin layers induced by centrifugal forces caused by rotation of the various components. In this paper a model problem is investigated in the form of a free-surface flow of grease on a rotating disc. Experiments have been performed where the onset of flow and remaining grease have been studied varying the surface roughness, temperature and the centrifugal forces. The experiments have been coupled to analytical models describing the flow and temperature distribution in the grease. It was found that the impact of surface roughness could be neglected. The flow is determined by the centrifugal forces and rheology of the grease. Temperature effects the rheology but also the oil separation creating low shear strength/low viscosity layers at the surface.
Grease lubrication is traditionally used in a great variety of mechanical systems such as rolling bearings, seals, and gears where it has been shown more advantageous than oil, mainly due to its consistency allowing the grease to stay inside the system and not leak out. Knowledge of the flow dynamics of grease is important for the understanding and prediction of grease distribution for optimum lubrication and for the migration of wear and contaminant particles. Free-surface effects play an important role in rolling bearings and open gears as the configuration normally is filled with about 30 % grease to avoid heavy churning. In this study, an analytical model of the stationary uniform flow on a rotating disc is developed and validated with experiments. The model results in the velocity profile for the flow in the thin fully yielded viscous layer in connection to the surface as well as an expression for the plug flow region on top of the viscous layer. Furthermore, the depth-averaged velocity is derived as is the shear stress value on the plate. From the latter, follows a condition for the grease to start moving and in turn yielding an expression for the viscous layer thickness as a function of the grease yield stress value, grease density, angular velocity, and radial position. In addition, an expression of the layer thickness containing the ratio between the flow rate and the layer width which in turn can account for effects not included in the model such as wall slip and surface adhesion and thus add another degree of freedom into the model. Experiments with two different greases having NLGI grade 1 and 2, respectively, shows it is possible to obtain a good fit with the analytically obtained thickness using the rheological parameters for actual greases.
In this paper, numerical simulations of lubricating grease flow in the grease pocket of a double restriction seal geometry using computational fluid dynamics are presented. The grease is treated as a single-phase Herschel–Bulkley fluid with different rheological properties corresponding to NLGI grade 00, 1 and 2. The numerical code and rheology model have been validated with a semi-analytical solution based on flow measurements using microparticle image velocimetry. The flow has been modelled for low and high rotational speeds driving the flow, and elevated temperatures. Also, the evolution of contaminant particles in the grease pocket is investigated. It was found that the flow and velocity distribution in the pocket—and consequently the contaminant particle concentration evolution, is characterized by the shear thinning rheology of the grease. With higher shear rates in the grease and higher temperatures, the grease approaches a more Newtonian type of behaviour leading to a reduced yield and shear thinning characteristics directly affecting the grease ability to transport contaminant particles.
Water-lubricated polymer is attracting more and more interest from the industry. Adding nanoparticles is considered to be an effective way to improve the tribological performance. In this work, water-lubricated Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)-steel contacts were employed as the objects of study. A careful comparative study was made by investigating the effect of adding graphene oxide (GO) into water or into PEEK. Results show that adding GO into water can significantly reduce the wear and friction coefficient of pure PEEK, which is much more effective than adding GO into PEEK. Under the lubrication of GO aqueous dispersion, the wear of PEEK remains very low even under a harsh condition where the pressure reaches 50 MPa and the linear sliding speed is 0.7 m/s. Neat PEEK and GO/PEEK composites in pure water exhibit serious wear under this harsh condition. The excellent lubricating properties of GO aqueous dispersion are attributed to GO nanosheets entering into solid contacts, which can not only form a protective layer on steel counterpart repairing the worn surface, but also strongly adhere to the PEEK matrix resulting in an in situ-formed GO coating and prevent the scratch by steel counterpart.
Polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) are a type of synthetic lubricants widely used as compressor lubricants, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and metal working fluids. The PAGs with typical molecular structure can dissolve in water, which makes it a candidate for the base stock of water-based lubricants. Till now, most of the investigations on the water-based lubrication have focussed on the additives. In this work, the potential of PAGs aqueous solutions to replace water as base stocks has been investigated. Four types of PAGs with different molecular weight and their aqueous solutions with different concentrations were studied to reveal their elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) behavior. It has been found that the PAGs solutions can form EHL film like traditional oils. The film-forming capability depends on the viscosity, the pressure-viscosity coefficient, and the molecular weight of PAGs. The results indicate that the PAGs aqueous solution can be employed as base stocks of water-based lubricant
Previous studies have revealed that friction behave in unexpected ways as pressure increase in a lubricating film. It has been determined that it is not a viscosity-related but rather originating directly from molecular structure. This study strives to elucidate the importance of understanding the properties that govern friction, when undertaking simulation of elastohydrodynamic events. A thorough investigation of the maximum transferable shear stress in the film for a paraffinic mineral oil has been undertaken. A previously stated theory of decreasing friction coefficient with increasing pressure is further substantiated by the current measurements. Classical thermodynamics, in the shape of transient "hot-wire" measurements, have been used to study macro-molecular changes (as function of pressure). The instance of global relaxation correlates nicely to measurements


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E! Continues Kardashian Saga With 'Khloe & Lamar'
E! will be keeping up with Khloé Kardashian and her Los Angeles Laker husband, Lamar Odom, in a series set to begin filming early in '11.
In Khloé & Lamar (working title), the outspoken Kardashian sister and the NBA star will invite cameras into their home, where Khloé's brother Robert Kardashian has become a semi-permanent houseguest.
The green light came from Lisa Berger, EVP of Entertainment Programming at Comcast-owned E!
"Khloé and Lamar are such a dynamic couple that we just knew we had to give them their own series," Berger said in a release. "They are fascinating individuals in their own right, and together the duo is a powerhouse. They are funny, dramatic, opinionated, and we intend to capture all this, along with the unvarnished reality of their lives together and apart, since each is constantly followed by their own celebrity spotlight."

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Bones Swiss Bearings
The New Bones Swiss L2 bearings feature a new shield that reduces drag and increases the overall speed of the bearing. The Bones Swiss L2's have a new redesigned inner race and two new labyrinth shields to keep the dirt out longer, but still allow easy maintenance when necessary.
The only difference you will notice is that the L2 Swiss will last several times longer than the original Bones Swiss bearings between cleanings.
* Set of 8 bearings
* 4 bearing spacers
* Instructions
* Sticker


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Ultraviolet and infrared conical emissions were observed during the filamentation in air of powerful femtosecond laser pulses produced by a portable terawatt laser system. The broadband spectrum was measured from up to and covered the complete optical transmission window of the atmosphere. The angularly resolved spectrum showed some X-wave structure across the frequency range analyzed. However, we demonstrated that the strong conical emission observed in the mid- and far-infrared is mainly owing to the four-wave mixing between the pump pulse and its blueshifted conical emission.
© 2008 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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Opt. Express 24(13) 14857-14870 (2016)
Yutaka Nomura, Hideto Shirai, Kenta Ishii, Noriaki Tsurumachi, Alexander A. Voronin, Aleksei M. Zheltikov, and Takao Fuji
Opt. Express 20(22) 24741-24747 (2012)


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The Story Of Doctor Dolittle By Hugh Lofting
John Dolittle, MD, is a respected physician and quiet bachelor living with his spinster sister in the small English village of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh. His love of animals grows over the years and his household menagerie eventually scares off his human clientele, leading to loss of wealth. But after learning the secret of speaking to all animals from his parrot Polynesia, he takes up veterinary practice.
His fortunes rise and fall again after a crocodile takes up residence, leading to his sister leaving in disgust with the intention of getting married, but his fame in the animal kingdom spreads throughout the world. He is conscripted into voyaging to Africa to cure a monkey epidemic just as he faces bankruptcy. He has to borrow supplies and a ship, and sails with a crew of his favourite animals, but is shipwrecked upon arriving to Africa. On the way to the monkey kingdom, his band is arrested by the king of Jolliginki, a victim of European exploitation who wants no white men traveling in his country.


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June 6th, 2019 by WCBC Radio
National Highway in the area of Klines Restaurant is currently closed as the result of a vehicle accident. More details as they become available.
© 2020, Cumberland Broadcasting Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
FCC AM Public File FCC FM Public File
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Bollywood thespian Dilip Kumar's biography, which was earlier scheduled to be released on his 91st birthday, will now come out early next year, said his wife and yesteryear's actor Saira Banu.
The biography, written by author Uday Tara Nayar, a close family friend of Kumar, is ready and is likely to be released in January or the beginning of February in the new year. Dilip Kumar turned 91 Wednesday.


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- This event has passed.
Harry Mitchell Group: Don't Stop Here Album Launch
Thursday 05 April 7.00pm
Harry Mitchell is releasing his second album with some of Australia's best and most in demand jazz musicians.
Harry Mitchell – Piano
Jamie Oehlers – Saxophone
Jeremy Thomson – Guitar
Karl Florisson – Double Bass
Daniel Susnjar – Drums
After selling out his last two shows off the back of winning a Bell award for Young Australian jazz musician of the year as well as WAM song of the year, this gig is sure to be one to check out. Come and see what the newest in Australian/Perth jazz has to offer.
"Harry seems to be playing and composing with advanced maturity way beyond his years. Each piece has an utterly contemporary narrative defined by the talents of each band member and built on the tradition of post hard bop."
- Peter Wockner – Jazzandbeyond.com
Harry Mitchell is one of these luminary artists who can't help making their presence felt. He's been doing exactly that, since he started playing jazz piano (at 13), getting the chance to perform with the 'who-is-who' of Australian Jazz, not to mention icons such as Hank Marvin and a certain drummer called Charlie Watts. In the meantime, he has been evolving as a composer, creating music that bursts with energy and fervor.
-Nik Fotakis – Australianjazz.net
You can listen to a preview from the album here.
Visit Harry Mitchell Group: Don't Stop Here Album Launch on:
General Admission refers to patrons who have not purchased a membership.
Jazz Standard / Student applies to patrons who have purchased a Jazz Standard Membership and show this card on entry or to students who show their student card on entry.
Duke Duchess applies to those who have purchased a Duke/Duchess membership and show this card on entry.
Table restricted view refers to a few table places which have sight line issues across the grand piano, but allow seated table entry.
More detail about memberships can be found here.


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Enrika Olivarez
Texas A&M University
Level: Student Teacher
Certification Area: EC-6 Bilingual Education
What People Are Saying
Small grouping allows me to give students the attention they deserve in a classroom with 20 other students and give them the feedback in order to enhance their learning. -- Enrika Olivarez
She monitored comprehension with high level thinking questions she had prepared in advance. She learned to collect and interpret data to improve student academic performance.
Enrika demonstrated passion and genuine concern and appreciation of the students. One of my students wrote her a letter that says: "Ms. Olivarez, you are the best teacher I ever had." -- Cooperating Teacher
She also had all students fully engaged by teaching content in short time increments to stay within students' attention span. Enrika further provided students with different learning modalities (hands on, audio, and visual), one-on-one instruction, small group instruction, whole group instruction and partner work. -- Assistant Lecturer


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This heavy-duty grinder lets you choose how you want your grounds, from ultra fine to extra coarse. And it uses a one-touch bar and automatic timer, so you won't be stuck pressing a button until it's done.
Removable grind chamber. 18-position grind selector with slide dial. 8 oz. bean hopper is removable. Holds enough ground coffee to make 32 cups. One-touch power bar. Powerful motor. Comes with scoop and cleaning brush. Electric timer shuts machine off when grind cycle is complete. Great for standard coffee beans, espresso and preparing French Press.
May not actually be a burr grinder, but a gravity-fed blade grinder. Very loud.
This grinder has the capacity to grind enough beans for 2 pots of coffee, but the markings inside the bowl make it practical for smaller portions, too.
Grinds up to 3.2 oz. of beans at a time. Grinds enough for up to 18 cups. Measurement markings inside bowl make it easy to grind the exact quantity of beans you need. Built-in safety interlock. Stainless steel blades. Removable stainless steel bowl is dishwasher-safe. Easy to clean out. Easy to control fineness.
The design allows grounds to easily fall out onto your counter when removing the lid.
A great choice for a small family or an individual who just wants a few cups of fresh coffee.
Stainless-steel bowl and blades. 2.5 oz. capacity. Grinds enough for a full 12-cup pot of coffee. Measurement markings on the lid. Small enough to store on the counter. Easy to clean. Good value.
Does not grind beans very finely.
A true conical burr grinder that gives you a consistent grind, up to a half-pound at a time.
Gives you a full flavor, consistent grind without heating bean. Programmable hopper has half-pound capacity. Offers settings to select beans for between 1 and 14 cups of coffee. 18 position grind selector. Removable grind chamber. Automatically stops grinding when done. Attractive and produces an even grind.
Difficult to pull the bin out without spilling the grounds. Will not grind if everything isn't lined up perfectly, but this is for safety reasons.
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[ ee-zet-beg-ee-vich ]
/ ˌi zɛtˈbɛg i vɪtʃ /
Alija [ah-lee-juh] /ɑˈli dʒə/,1925–2003, Bosnian politician: president of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1990–96.
Fend Off Sciolism With This Word Of The Day Quiz
Are you the Cinderella of this week's quiz? Test your memory on the words and definitions from March 23–29.
Question 1 of 7
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020
Example sentences from the Web for izetbegovic
Finally, speaking slowly, Izetbegovic said, "It is not a just peace."
How could we convince Izetbegovic that he was now at the decisive moment?
Izetbegovic, Silajdzic, and Sacirbey sat in the room waiting for us.
When the meeting was finished, Izetbegovic and Silajdzic asked to keep the charts.
Izetbegovic did not acknowledge the importance of the offer, but focused solely on its defects.
British Dictionary definitions for izetbegovic
/ (ˌɪzətˈbɛɡəvɪtʃ) /
Alija (ˈæljə). 1925–2003, Bosnia and Herzegovinian politician: president (1992–2000), he led the country to independence and during the subsequent civil war
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012


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Legal Disclaimer
The information and other content provided in this blog are provided as general information and discussion about medicine, health and related subjects. The words and other content provided in this blog, and in any linked materials, are not intended and should not be construed as medical advice, nor is the information a substitute for professional medical expertise or treatment. If the reader or any other person has a medical concern, he or she should consult with an appropriately-licensed physician or other health care worker.
Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this blog or in any linked materials. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately.


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by Jason Forrest
Sept. 30, 2011, presented Sandra Sedillo-McGlothlin with a run-toward-the-roar moment she will never forget.
The co-founder of Empire Roofing had been an integral part in building the Fort Worth-based company into one of the biggest and most profitable of its kind in the country. Since its foundation in 1982, when Sedillo-McGlothlin and her husband, Ronnie McGlothlin, founded the company from their kitchen table (the McGlothlins divorced 10 years ago but still run the company together), Empire Roofing grew to a $160 million company today with 700 employees spread across five states from $150,000.
All that resolve she'd helped build over three decades was tested on that dark day in September when Sedillo-McGlothlin was delivered the worst news of her career. A van carrying 11 Empire Roofing employees from a job site in Memphis slammed into an abandoned sweeper truck. Three died on-site, and a fourth died in the hospital a month later. Everyone in the van was injured.
Suddenly they were planning funerals and comforting bereaved loved ones, a reality they couldn't have imagined even a day earlier.
"It took years and years for me to not cry about it every single time I thought about it," Sedillo-McGlothlin says.
Knowing that the entire company was looking toward Empire's leadership to see how they'd handle the situation, they opted to run toward it as opposed to running away from it. Empire Roofing went so far as to insist that two of the families sue the company to recoup their losses when their insurance companies denied their claims.
By running toward the roar of that moment, Sedillo-McGlothlin and her leadership team were able to rally the company and come out the other side stronger than they'd ever been. They took care of the families and their employees and turned that disaster into a moment of growth.
"They are our family," Sedillo-McGlothlin says. "They are such a big part of us. Without them, we wouldn't have our company. They had given a lot to us, and we just owed it to them to give back."
Sometimes the safest place to be is the one that feels the scariest. Lions - with their intimidating teeth and deafening roars - are designed to provoke fear. But the real danger lies with the smaller, quieter lionesses. In the animal kingdom, the lion's job is to roar and send prey scattering away from the startling noise - right into the path of the waiting lionesses, the true hunters. If gazelles knew to run toward the frightening sound, they would have a better chance of survival. The roar doesn't represent the real danger.
Likewise, humans sometimes have an instinctive desire to shy away from pursuits that look and sound scary. But often, running toward those challenges and conflicts is the best (or only) way to grow and meet our goals. In business, those who run from the deafening noise never reach their full potential, while those who turn and face the fear thrive.
That moment in 2011 wasn't Sedillo-McGlothlin's only run-toward-the-roar moment. Like any entrepreneur, she's encountered them at nearly every step of her company's meteoric growth.
For the first 15 years of the company's lifespan, Sedillo-McGlothlin and her husband lived on about $1,000 per week for their entire household income when they could've drawn much more into their paycheck. Living on thinner margins allowed them to inject that money back into their company so they could continue growing it from the bottom up, even if it had its struggles at the time. It also allowed them to navigate the tough, uncertain early years when they'd sometimes go six months at a time without getting paid for a job.
That allowed them to go from eight employees often making decisions crowded around a single table to the 700 they have now scattered across the country. Such is the speed of the growth that Empire Roofing also plans to open up locations in two additional states by the end of this year.
Another moment was her divorce after 25 years in the business together.
"That was hard for our children and for our whole business, wondering, what's going to happen? What's going to happen to me?" Sedillo-McGlothlin said. "Is the business going to stay? Are both of them going to stay here and work and take care of it like they've always taken care of it?"
They took the process slowly, made sure their employees and clients were comfortable and then made the decision public. Today, the two are still part of a three-team executive group that also includes director of sales Matthew Kelley, and she says their leadership group is as strong as ever.
"It worked out just fine," Sedillo-McGlothlin said. "And we've been working together for another 10 years."
As Empire Roofing continues to grow, there will no doubt be more run-toward-the-roar moments in its future. Judging by her past, that's just fine with Sedillo-McGlothlin.
Jason Forrest is CEO of Forrest Performance Group, a global leader and designer of sales, management and corporate training programs. The company has made the Inc. 5000 list of fastest-growing U.S. companies two years in a row. Forrest grew up under the influence of his father, a business owner and professional salesman, and mother, a persuasive speaking professor. He writes this column for each issue of Fort Worth INC.


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Nothing imbues more credibility into an action as support from the Communists...
Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW) has announced plans for "Winter Soldier: Iraq and Afghanistan," from March 13 to 16. The event "will assemble the largest gathering of U.S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan in history, as well as Iraqi and Afghan survivors," IVAW says, "to offer first-hand, eyewitness accounts to tell the truth about these occupations—their impact on the troops, their families," the United States "and the people of Iraq and Afghanistan."
IVAW wants as many people as possible to attend the event. It is planning to provide live broadcasting of the sessions for those who cannot hear the testimony firsthand. "We have been inspired by the tremendous support the movement has shown us," IVAW says. "We believe the success of Winter Soldier will ultimately depend on the support of our allies and the hard work of our members."
Workers World spoke with IVAW National Board members Camilo Mejia and Margaret Stevens about the event and other aspects of the organization's work.
Stevens told WW last August that Mejia's political statement at the IVAW convention "was that we need to look at the root of the problem—not just the war but the capitalist system. People responded positively to this."
Yeah all the capitalist pigs feeding at the trough of the poor huddled masses. The only thing missing was citations about American hedgemony, blood for oil, quest for imperialism, blah blah blah.
Just another reason to discount any single statement that comes out of this so-called "truth to power" movement on the Left. Hey IVAW - your red roots are showing... again.


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Grief Counselor
Anna Syke, MS. ED., LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
In 54467 - Nearby to Nekoosa.
Dealing with grief and loss can be some of the most painful and difficult experiences that individuals will ever go through in life. You can be assisted in releasing the pain you carry by having a trusting, compassionate and experienced counselor support you during this difficult time. I offer both traditional and holistic counseling for grief and loss. Holistic counseling helps individuals heal on several different levels, the emotional, mental, physical and spiritual. Alternative healing methods that I offer, such as Reiki, emotion code and several other therapies, assist clients in letting go of their grief more quickly and easily. Clients will move beyond their pain and discover strength....
Try Online Therapy
Find an Online Therapist
Location: Nekoosa, Wisconsin
Nekoosa, Wisconsin
Still searching? We want you to know we have GREAT therapists for you to speak with who practice online therapy. There are many licensed therapists on Theravive who practice online. Working with an E-Counselor from Theravive is real therapy, not a quick gimmick or a chat app, but actual counseling governed by ethics and regulatory bodies. Search our online therapists who provide professional counseling services over Skype, Email and/or Phone. All therapists on Theravive are licensed and registered professionals.
Compassionate Bereavement Services in Nekoosa, WI.
Thank you for visiting our Wisconsin search of licensed grief specialists in Nekoosa. Moving through grief after loss is difficult. Therapy helps through listening, by having someone there with you who understands the stages and process of grieving. You can find help for grief in Nekoosa right now, please contact a provider above, you can email 24/7.
Nekoosa is located in Wood County, Wisconsin. It has a land area of 3.38 square miles and a water area of 0.00 square miles.  The population of Nekoosa is 2,474 people with 1,028 households and a median annual income of $41,855. .
Therapy Affordability Meter for Nekoosa, WI
Will need to budget
Mental health treatment and therapy in Nekoosa is sometimes a struggle to afford for families and individuals without proper insurance coverage. Finances for many in Nekoosa are not able to cover long term weekly counseling sessions without a budgetary plan in place. The good news is that therapists are often willing to work with you if accessibility is an issue. Low cost therapy and sliding scales are just some of the options that therapists can offer. Insurance may cover your sessions as well. Talk to your counselor to learn more. Low cost counseling and affordable therapy are also sometimes offered by listed city and university level clinics, check with your local Nekoosa public health department.


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Love and Above was founded by Veronica Marziale and Stefania Baccarella in the summer of 2016. Veronica integrated her skills in design and artistic talent to create bracelets, and Stefania collaborated with friends and family to promote sales.
In July of 2016, the project began to take off as interest in bracelets increased quickly. Through creating and promoting Wish bracelets, Veronica and Stefania were able to generate a donation of $40,000 in their first 9 months of operation, benefitting Jordana Fiorini's DIPG research fund at SickKids Foundation.
To date, over 4000 Wish bracelets have been made, with 50% of proceeds benefitting Canadian charities. Love & Above has donated upwards of $50,000 to local charities and families in need through the sales of their socially conscious products. Veronica and Stefania continue to branch out in support of other worthy initiatives.
Stefania completed her Honours Bachelor of Applied Science in Family & Community Social Services and Social Service Worker diploma at the University of Guelph-Humber. She is currently obtaining her Master's Degree in Social Work at the University of Toronto. Stefania currently works as an inclusive recreation specialist for children with special needs, but hopes to one-day work as a clinical social worker. She has always enjoyed being creative through the performing arts, and improvisational acting. Stefania is driven in working with people to create positive community outcomes through Love and Above.
I met Stef sometime, way back in high school when I was spending way too much time painting murals and not enough time doing Math homework. Although we rarely hung around the same crowds back then, our friendship grew after attending several of her mothers "Mom Parties" while chatting around a table of sliced bread and her dad's homemade sausage until the early hours of the morning. What bonds people better than bread and sausage other than many midnight trips to Walmart, failed attempts at going to the gym and SEVERAL McFlurry runs. I always know how to test her social worker skills by presenting her with something that's bothering me, just like she definitely tests my skills when she has to bake, which might I add she hates doing. There isn't a big enough word to describe Stef's sparkly personality and is probably one of the only people on this planet that can make me CRY of laughter. With her there is never a dull moment, especially not on Snapchat. I hope that one day I can be the executive producer of her reality TV show, where the opening song is Stefania singing an Elvis Crespo song, because lets face it she never misses a lyric. You're a 10/10 girl, don't ever quit.
Veronica received her Bachelor of Design at Ryerson University in Fashion. She currently works as a junior designer in a bridal company in Toronto. Veronica enjoys working on various creative projects such as graphic design, clothing and accessory design, party planning, drawing and painting. She also enjoys using her creativity in the kitchen and spends many weekend afternoons feeding and entertaining friends and family. A true creative genius, Veronica brought her style and compassion together to help create Love and Above.
Vero is my best friend, toughest critic, creative director and source of any and all good eats. Whether she is helping me create the perfect winged eyeliner or describing how hard she would kick a guy in his family jewels for me, she is an essential part of my life. Some interesting facts about Vero are that she hates burgundy, is obsessed with Japanese culture, spends more time than she probably should trying to learn Swedish and that she ALWAYS has chocolate on hand. ALWAYS. Vero is a genuinely GOOD person who created Love and Above as an outlet for her creativity and a way to support amazing charitable initiatives throughout Canada. If that's not someone you want directing your life, I don't know who is.


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The Gold Boho Crystal Tiara is a majestic blue bridal hair accessory for the bride looking for a more natural bohemian style. The gold metal crown is decorated with sapphire and aqua crystals that will make the hair glisten in the sun.
- Length: 17cm (6.69in)
- Height: 6.5cm (2.55cm)
Shipping: Please allow us a few days to package up your tiara for shipping.
- It may take about 10-25 days for delivery due to high demand!
- This item ships from our international warehouse.
- Shipping updates and tracking information provided throughout the process.
(For more details, see the Shipping & Returns tab.)
World Class Customer Support!
If you have any issues with your order, we are available by email (email@example.com), Contact Form or Messenger at anytime, and you can expect a response within 24 hours.
We currently only ship to the USA, Canada and Australia. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations.
Please allow 10 - 29 days for shipping due to high demand. Shipping time may vary depending on the product purchased as some items are custom made to your needs or may come from different shipping centers (some warehouses are international).
You are guaranteed a full refund if you do not receive your order and a full or if the item is not as described or in the condition expected.
ReturnsOur Return Policy lasts 60 days. If 60 days have gone by since the date of purchase, unfortunately we can't offer you a refund or exchange.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it.
If you need to exchange or return something, simply login to your account, view the order using the 'Complete Orders' link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item. You are also welcome to reach out to support for assistance at firstname.lastname@example.com do not send your purchase back to the manufacturer.
For all returns, please send your item to:
Something Blue Returns
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Osprey, Florida US 34229
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper; however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).


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Bird of paradise small black marks on leaves
My bird of paradise has just started to develop these little black marks can anyone help me with what may be causing this and how I can help it?
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
This appears to be normal markings on the leaf. If you see this spreading along the tips, or the edges of the leaves, then this would be a cause for concern. What you are seeing here is completely normal.
Here is an article to refresh you on the care of these: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/bop/
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If you don't have an account sign up for an account now.


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HIT Active Stable® – concept
Horses are gregarious animals whose basic needs are geared towards life in the steppes, where most of their daily ritual revolves around feeding and covering long distances.
- Startseite
- Inlineskating-Artikel
Active stable planning and consulting
The HIT Active Stable consultants develop individual husbandry concepts in close cooperation with the customers, in which all needs of the horses, the horse owners and the stable operators are met.
Automated feeders and feeding racks
The key to health and wellbeing is horse-appropriate feeding. Besides good quality feed, horses need regular meals spread evenly throughout the day.
Horse arena and trail footing
Access to a horse-friendly arena without mud provides the ideal basis for horses to get ample exercise and practice their natural behaviour, namely playing and rolling.
Resting area design
Soft, dry and easily formable – this is how horse-friendly resting areas should be, which is precisely why horses love standing and lying on HIT equestrian beds.
Strategic consulting, talks and seminars
Am I satisfied with my life? Is my job fun and fulfilling as well as being financially successful? If you can answer these questions with a clear "yes" you can carry on with your work as usual. If, however, there is any degree of uncertainty, then read on!
The horse scene in a period of transition
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ceramic bearings 105mm wheels SIZE 7.5 Inline Speed Skate by Trurev
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aggressive skates USD Carbon Free PB boot-only
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Rollerblade Solo Black Widow 9.5 M Inlineskating-Artikel
CCM Jetspeed 280R Inline Roller Hockey Skates Inlineskating-Artikel
USD Carbon Free Team Grey 11US 10UK 45EU aggressive inline skates
Inline Speed Skates TruRev w/ 105mm or 110mm wheels Size 10.5 Inlineskating-Artikel
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USD UFS Throne EVO 2014 complete setup aggressive skates
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Today's horse scene is in a period of great transition. The old, traditional methods of keeping horses are being increasingly called into question, or are subject to legal restraints or even bans. This has prompted a change of direction among many responsible horse owners, who are looking for meaningful ways of improving their own horse husbandry. They are on the lookout for viable concepts which allow them to create species-appropriate husbandry conditions which also comply with the laws, cause less work and are both affordable and cost-efficient. The HIT Active Stable is the perfect answer to the horse owners prayers for a change of direction! It meets all the necessary requirements to create species-appropriate and sustainable husbandry conditions. In a HIT Active Stable, the horses live in a group and get continual exercise in the structured runs and on the circular trails.
They receive their feed automatically and spread throughout the day. The labour requirement in a HIT Active Stable is greatly reduced and the working times are also considerably more flexible in comparison with traditional husbandry. Over the last few years hundreds of outstanding HIT Active Stables have been planned and implemented true to the saying: "putting our heart and soul into people and horses".
The ever-growing number of very satisfied Active Stall operators and horse owners clearly illustrates the quality and excellence of the HIT Active Stable. There are also numerous wonderful flagship projects, which are paving the way towards the future trend of 100% group husbandry.
Turn your equestrian business into a flagship project too!


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When is the last time you took a moment to stop and think about what you're thankful for?
Or, how often do you take the time to actually sit and write it down? If you asked me this question two years ago, I would probably have said never. And guess what? Two years ago, I was insecure. I was overweight. I was unhealthy. I was living the life I "thought" I should be living, rather than the life I wanted to be living. Anyone else ever feel this way?
Here's the peculiar part of this picture: At that time, I didn't realize how unhappy I actually was. I had great friends and family. I was at a college I loved. I was about to move to the city of my dreams and work in the industry I had worked my ass off to get into. That sounds like happiness, right?
Since I graduated college, I've learned more than ever that just because you're not unhappy doesn't mean you're truly living your best life. Sure, that may seem daunting, but in my opinion, it's exciting. Think about it this way: Whether you consider yourself to be happy or unhappy, there's always room for growth. You can always be happier. Healthier. Stronger. In my opinion, happiness is a choice, and a huge part of how I found mine is such a simple yet highly underrated practice: gratitude.
Now, you may be thinking, "Practice? Gratitude is a noun, not a verb. It's a thing, it's not something you do." This was my hesitation at first as well. How can something as small as gratitude be practiced regularly, like brushing your teeth or going to the gym?
I came across the concept of practicing gratitude and making it part of my everyday routine after reading an incredible book called The Secret. The Secret is a book that focuses on energy—both good and bad—and how it can affect your life in ways you could have never imagined. In the book, the author Rhonda Byrne explains the law of attraction. We've all heard about karma and the concept of, "what goes around comes around," but the law of attraction is less about your actions and more about your perspective. Think more, "you are your thoughts" rather than "you are your actions."
In the book, Byrne explains that a great way to use the law of attraction is through gratitude. It's simple: The more you consciously say, think, and feel excited about the things that you have to be grateful for, the more they will manifest in your life. Whether it be an emotional thing like friendship and love or physical things like a house, job, or car, by practicing gratitude each day, the law of attraction can bring you…well…anything you want.
Sounds crazy and kind of, "living in never-never land" ish, I know. But then I started doing my research. Ever heard of how Jim Carrey became who he is today? He used gratitude, a positive outlook, and the law of attraction to make himself a millionaire. He tells the full story during an interview on Oprah. Once you find his story, it's easy to fall down a rabbit-hole of countless others just like it. Needless to say, I did just that, and that was enough for me to become fully invested in the concept and practice it as much as I could.
After finishing The Secret I frantically began my search for things that would keep me in the right mindset. Calendar markers, vision boards, and brand new notebooks filled my search history. It wasn't long before I had a vision board in my tiny New York Apartment in Nolita, a rock that I carried around with me to constantly remind me to be thankful, and a journal I wrote in every morning and night. My gratitude journal is The Five Minute Journal, and this journal, along with my other law-of-attraction rituals, have undoubtedly changed my life.
Let me use my Five Minute Journal as an example of how. This journal is designed to help you practice gratitude daily by taking five minutes to write down what you're thankful every morning and night. Here's how it's laid out:
First, the journal presents you with an inspirational quote or challenge. (This quote has become more of a daily reminder than an inspiration for me.) It's so easy to get caught up in the day to day and forget why you are even doing what the hell you're doing; we all need a little reminder every once in a while.
Then, the journal prompts you to list three things you are grateful for. After that, it asks you to write down three things that would make the day great. If you're writing down what would make the day great, you're more likely to do anything to make them all happen, right? That's where the magic happens. By doing this you're setting yourself up for success first thing in the morning.
The next part of the morning journaling is my favorite: it tells you to write your daily affirmations. If you're unfamiliar with what this means, here are some helpful prompts. Finish these sentences:
I am…
I have…
By saying things like, "I have the best job in the world," or, "I'm healthy, happy, and strong," it's manifesting these things and making them a reality. Whether or not you actually have what you believe to be the best job in the world, by writing down that you do every day, you are taking it out of the future and bringing it into the present. You're making it real. You're using the law of attraction.
At the end of the day, the journal gives you two prompts: "3 Amazing things that happened today…" and "How could I have made today even better?"
The first allows you to sit back and recognize the beauty that is life, even if you've had the worst day EVER. I've gotten dumped, laid off, and sick as hell, and on days like these, this prompt saved my mental state from slipping into a slippery slope of, "whoa is me." Because even on days where shit hits the fan and life happens, there's always something to be thankful for; even if it is something as small as "I had a great cup of tea," or "my commute was three minutes shorter than usual."
By asking you to reflect on the day and put your life in perspective, the second prompt is setting you up for success BEFORE you even wake up the next day. How badass is that?
Something I want to stress here is that I'm human, and some days are definitely better than others. Sometimes, I wake up late and forget to write in my journal. Sometimes, sad things happen and I just want to cry about them and not only focus on the good. It's important to feel your feelings and recognize that life is not perfect, and through pain comes growth. However, it's also important to realize that no matter what happens, happiness is a choice and there is ALWAYS something that makes life worth living. I write more about feeling your feelings and how to do so in a functional way in this post.
In a nutshell, gratitude is all about perspective. If there's anything I'd like for you to take away from this post, it's that you get to decide how you are going to receive and react to everything that happens in your life, and you also get to decide what your future looks like. Yes, some things are out of our control. However, by practicing gratitude on a regular basis, you will always feel happy because you will constantly be reminded about how everything that has happened to you has made you better; and you will constantly be reminded that the world is literally at your fingertips. You can have it all.
All you have to do is step back, be thankful for what you have, and allow the universe to shower you with anything you desire.
In good health,


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Peter McCombie MW
Tasting: Marlborough Pinot Noir
Savoury and fruity, lovely perfumes; quite fine, silky smooth with firm backbone. Stylish if a little demanding.
Christine Parkinson
Tasting: Marlborough Pinot Noir
Invitingly fruity and perfumed aromas. Sour plum, Morello cherry, vanilla and autumn leaves on palate, with fresh, zesty acidity. Slightly lean, but with fairly relaxed, silky tannins. Would be better with food.
Joanna Simon
Tasting: Marlborough Pinot Noir
Very deep colour. Full, ripe, open nose – sweet cherries with a touch of spice. Pure, rounded palate, silky, with fresh red cherry fruit, intensity, but balance and elegance.
Wine name: Hãhã
Wine classification:
Wine alcohol content: 13.5%
Wine colour: Red
Wine vintage: 2011
Wine style: Red, medium-bodied


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A Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) has 17 characters, it always ends with 6 numbers
and it is shown on the title documents for the vehicle, as well as on the car itself.
On The Car
• Inside the door
• Dashboard
• Under the hood
Check The Papers
• Title documents
• Insurance policy
• Service records
If you do not have access to the car you are interested in or the papers, try to call the seller and tell him you need the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
Don't have a VIN number at hand? No problem!
Create an account today, purchase a report package and come back again anytime!


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Skype was due to be one of the big tech IPOs of the year, however, they have announced that they will not be floating on the stock exchange.
Instead it is increasingly likely that Microsoft will be purchasing Skype. In fact, the latest news in is that Skype have agreed to a $8.5 billion deal from Microsoft.
Yesterday Skype served official notice to the stock market that it will not be going ahead with an IPO, i.e. it does not plan to float on the stock market.
Skype is currently privately owned by a group of investment funds and eBay. It announced in August 2010 that it was planning to float on the stock markets.
This will prove to be the biggest takeover that Microsoft has been involved in its 36 years of operating.
Skype was the first VOIP and Internet video conference calling software to prove to be very popular. Voice over internet, text messages and video calling are all free on Skype, you just need a computer with an Internet connection. It is estimated that there are around 170 million regular Skype users worldwide.
Microsoft is planning to integrate Skype into its Outlook email system in a similar way in which Google has its own free video/chat system, Google Talk, built into its Gmail service.
Skype is also likely to be available on Microsoft mobile phones and also built into the XBox games consoles. However, mobile operators generally do not allow customers to use their 3G services for Skype calls.


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Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that destroys the beta cells from your pancreas, leaving you without insulin.
There is also secondary diabetes, which can be caused by an illness or injury that wipes out your beta cells, rather than your own immune system.
The Role of Insulin in Your Body
Insulin is what cells use to fuel themselves. It's the hormone that helps to move glucose (sugar) into the tissues.
Because the beta cells are damaged, there is no insulin to move glucose into the body's tissues, which causes a buildup of sugar in your blood, leaving your cells to starve.
High blood sugar can lead to a host of issues:
- Dehydration – The body gets rid of extra sugar in the blood through urine. The more sugar you have in your blood, the more you pee, the more water you lose.
- Weight Loss – Glucose takes calories with it when you urinate. Dehydration can also contribute to weight loss through loss of water weight.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) – When your body cannot get enough sugar, it breaks down fat instead, releasing chemicals called ketones. Sugar is also released to help out, but since there is no insulin, everything builds up in the blood, and can be life-threatening if not treated immediately.
- Body damage – High glucose levels can cause harm to nerves and small blood vessels, affecting the heart, eyes, and kidneys. Arteries may also harden, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke.
Who Is Affected?
Roughly 1 in 20 people with diabetes have type 1, and it is more common among white people than African-Americans. It usually starts before age 20, which is why it is also known as juvenile diabetes.
The Causes
Researchers are unaware of all of the causes of type 1 diabetes, but genetics is a factor.
Type 1 diabetes can occur with autoimmune disorders or can be the result of a virus or other illness that causes the immune system to attack the pancreas. Autoantibodies are present in these cases.
The Symptoms
Symptoms can be subtle, or severe, but are usually:
- Dry mouth
- Extreme thirst
- Increased hunger
- Stomach pains
- Nausea and vomiting
- Urinating often
- Fatigue
- Blurry vision
- Heavy breathing
- Unexplained weight loss
- Frequent inflections of the urinary tract, vagina, or skin
If any of the following occur, go to your nearest emergency provider:
- Stomach pain
- Breath that smells fruity
- Rapid breathing
- Shaking and confusion
- Loss of consciousness
The Diagnosis Process
A blood sugar test or urinalysis is performed by a doctor to determine the body's glucose levels.
There is no prevention.
The Treatment
Keeping your blood sugar at levels your doctor recommends is the key to living a long, healthy life.
Type 1 diabetics must use insulin injections to keep their blood sugar in check.
Doctors will mention three things when speaking with you about insulin:
- Onset – the length of time before insulin reaches your bloodstream and lowers your blood sugar
- Peak time – the point at which insulin is doing the most work to lower blood sugar
- Duration – how long the insulin will work after the peak time
There are four types of insulin currently available:
|15 minutes
|1 hour
|2-4 hours
|Short-acting (regular)
|30 minutes
|2-3 hours
|3-6 hours
|2-4 hours
|4-12 hours
|12-18 hours
|several hours
|~5 hours
|24 hours
Your healthcare provider may start you with two different types of insulin and two shots a day, but that can go up to three or four shots a day.
There are a few different ways to get your insulin: through a vial and needle, a prefilled pen, an inhaler, or an insulin pump. The pump is attached to your body and delivers the insulin through a small tube. Talk to your doctor about which option is best for you.
Change in Lifestyle
Maintaining an active life is important in treating type 1 diabetes, but needs to be balanced with your insulin dosage and what foods you are eating.
Continually checking your blood sugar around and during activities will help you to monitor how different activities affect you. If your test is too low, have a snack. If it is too high, check for ketones. If that test is negative, go ahead with your planned activity.
Understand the roles that macronutrients (carbs, proteins, and fats) play in your diet, and then design a meal plan that keeps your blood sugar levels where they should be.
Why Do I Need Treatment?
Without treatment, serious or life-threatening problems occur, such as:
- Retinopathy – An eye problem that affects about 4 in 5 adults who have had type 1 diabetes for more than 15 years.
- Kidney damage – A condition called nephropathy, present in 20 to 30 percent of people with type 1 diabetes, shows up around 15 to 25 years after diabetes onset.
- Poor blood circulation and nerve damage – Hardened arteries and damaged nerves can lead to a loss of sensation, especially in the feet, which raises your chances of injury and prolong some injuries, such as wounds. You could even end up losing a limb.
For the most up to date and most accurate information we highly recommend you consult your healthcare provider.
Reviewed by Dr. Zuraima Corona Rodriguez


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By Kristin Hiller
ST. CLOUD, MINN. — Cohen Financial has arranged a $6.5 million loan for the acquisition of a 71,000-square-foot retail property in St. Cloud in central Minnesota. Cash Wise Foods anchors the property. Dan Rosenberg and Matt Terpstra of Cohen Financial arranged the fixed-rate loan with Goldman Sachs Commercial Mortgage Capital. Midland Atlantic Properties was the borrower.
Source: REBusinessOnline.com


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Usually dispatched within 24 hours
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The Hobbit MONOPOLY captures the magic of this epic fantasy and allows you to experience the first movie instalment in your own home. Begin your own property building empire and collect sets of your favourite Dwarves or own a precious collection of baddies, including Gollum, if you dare! Including six exclusive bespoke tokens, it's time to begin your own adventure with The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and MONOPOLY.
3 Reviews
Where reviews refer to foods or cosmetic products, results may vary from person to person. Customer reviews are independent and do not represent the views of The Hut Group.
I am a huge fan of the Hobbit and when I saw this Monopoly game, I just had to have it. It was so easy to buy from IWOOT. My ordered was filled very quickly, and it came all the way from England to Australia and arrived in pristine condition. I am very happy with the company and the packaging. I will be buying from them again.
I purchased this for my son as a Christmas gift as I start early, so I haven't actually opened it yet he is mad on Monopoly and lord of the rings so I know he will love it.
I did purchase this limited edition for a Christmas gift as I start early so I haven't actually opened it yet, my son is mad on Monopoly and lord of the rings so I know he will love it!


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1 out of 10
35 minutes
At the school
Open file
"So, what do you think of the snow?" Report Response
"Tell me about your research" Report Response
"Do you know what the first college to be completely networked was? (Apparently Dartmouth!)" Report Response
"None" Report Response
"Read SDN, read my application" Report Response
"Friendliness of admissions staff, students. The opportunity for clerkships all over the country." Report Response
"Not enough student interaction. No opportunity to sit in on a class." Report Response
"Nothing, it was a very pleasant day." Report Response
"The day was well planned and everyone I met was extremely friendly and happy about the school. The medical center is very nice and completely wireless (internet access). Both physicians I interviewed with had attended Dartmouth Medical School and had returned after years of being away. That gave me a good feeling about the school, to know that people had experienced something else (both went to Harvard) and decided to return to Dartmouth. Overall the interviews are VERY relaxed, actually I didn't get a chance to talk as much as I would have liked as the interviewers both really enjoyed talking about the school. Although Dartmouth is definitely rural, there are many opportunities to go away. In fact, they required that you take at least one clerkship away from the school and that can be in places as far as Key West or as close as Concord, NH. " Report Response
Browse all Questions & Responses


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When you've been looking for a roofer in Bergen County NJ or Rockland County NY, Leaf Free Home Improvements is the one company you're going to need. We take every project seriously and take considerable pride in the reputation we've earned as a leading choice for all your roofing requirements. We do a variety of home improvements, but among our primary specialties is roofing. Particularly during the winter months, it's important to be sure your roof is in leading condition to prevent water damage. Whether you require completely new roofing in Nyack NY from a trusted roof installation service, or just some minor repairs, Leaf Free Home Improvements is the company to contact.
Residential Roofing Nyack NY
Many homeowners find that they need to call a roof contractor in Bergen County NJ or Rockland County NY for roofing repair for various reasons, from heavy snow loads to fallen tree limbs. It may be extremely rough on roofs during the winter time. If you are finding leaks, you can depend on us for effective roof leaks repair service which is both and effective. You should never wait when you notice water marks on your ceilings that might be from a leaky roof, and instead need to get in touch with us as quickly as possible. By resolving the issue sooner as opposed to later, you are able to prevent future damage that may potentially be even more costly. Our roofing contractors will prepare a thorough assessment and report on the status of your roof, so you are able to approve of any planned work prior to work beginning. This way we can make certain everyone is on the same page before repairs are done, and there will never be any need to worry about hidden prices. When you are experiencing roof leaks in Nyack NY and need a trusted contractor for roofing repair, don't hesitate to get in touch with Leaf Free Home Improvements.
Roof Contractor Rockland County NY
Leaf Free Home Improvements offers a large variety of services as a commercial roofing company in Rockland County NY together with what we offer in terms of residential roofing. The following are several examples of some of the essential commercial roofing services we supply:
– Commercial Roof Replacements Contractor
– Commercial Siding
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And much more!
Flat Roof Contractor Rockland County NY
We employ flat roof contractors who can perform installation and repair services for flat roofs and low slope roofing for those that need an experienced contractor for a flat roof installation in Rockland County NY. There are certain advantages to flat roofs, but appropriate installation and maintenance is required. At Leaf Free Home Improvements we handle installation and repair services for 150 roofs on a yearly basis. This means that we've got the experience necessary to get the job done.
Leaffree Gutters Nyack NY
A new gutter guards system in Rockland County NY is something else you can count on us for at Leaf Free Home Improvements. This is a service which is capable of ensuring that your home and roof are protected even further from water damage and debris. A lot of homeowners fail to consider how important their gutters are when it comes to protecting their home. Water damage is capable of having a substantial negative impact on your house's foundation and structure. By having us perform installation of a new gutter guards system in Nyack NY you'll be able to make sure your house is protected efficiently and effectively.
Roofing Company Nyack NY
No matter what your needs are from a roof contractor in Rockland County NY, make Leaf Free Home Improvements your first call.


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What Do I Need to Do to Get Rid of Dialysis2016-02-22 01:27
Dialysis has been thought as the life-saving treatment, while to some extent, it cannot achieve what you want to. Therefore, quite a number of dialysis patients want to know what do they need to get rid of the treatment. Now, you will see the alternative treatments!
Actually, the treatment plan and medicine should be given according to his detailed condition, so you can email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or leave a message below directly and we will provide the individualized treatment plan based on your illness conditions.
Here are some necessary advice for dialysis patients.
1. Protect residual renal function
2. Repair damaged kidney cells
3. Enhance kidneys cells' self-handling ability
4. Improve renal function from the root
In order to achieve the goals, patients should not only have friendly-kidney Diet Plan, but also should take the joint medical therapies for improving renal function. If you want to know dietary suggestions, you can chat with our Online Doctor! Now, I prefer telling you more effective treatments, which can help you reduce frequent dialysis from the root.
Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy
It is a therapy used in external way. The herbal medicine, the main materials of the treatment, are refined into powder and then it is collected into medicated bags. And then, the two medicated bags were put on patients' lower back for 30-40 minutes. By connecting osmotic machine and two medicated bags, the effective substances in herbal medicines can come out and then penetrate inside kidney lesions directly through skin.
Under the condition, the medicines can help dilate blood vessels, and promote blood circulation, so that the damaged kidneys can get enough clear blood and oxygen to function for your body. Besides, the active ingredients of the medicines can fight against inflammation, prevent coagulation, degrade extracellular matrix as well as supply necessary nutrients. In the way, your kidneys will work better and better, then, frequent dialysis will be reduced or even be avoided gradually.
In addition, combining with Blood Pollution Therapy, the curative effects will be more obvious and effective. To know more details, please remember to contact us!
Our Treatment EffectMouse over the picture, it can be magnified.
You can take a look at this patient's report. His creatinine was 1028 and urea level was 39.7 on 2018-12-11; creatinine level was reduced to 331 and urea was 16.1 on 2019-1-5. After about 25 days' treatment in our hospital, his creatinine level was reduced by 697, and urea was reduced by 23.6. Hope his condition gets better and better.
Our Treatment effect
Proteinuria is a common symptom of kidney diseaseMouse over the picture, it can be magnified.
It can make your urine foamy. Although it does not make you feel uncomfortable, it can impair your renal function and make your kidney disease worse. Conventional treatment such as steroids and immunosuppressants can hardly make it negative. In our hospital, systemic Chinese medicine treatment can help you turn it negative. Look at this picture, bubbles in urine become less and less with our treatment going on.
Kidney Disease
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