text:
Many women are willing to pay dearly to get the maximum facial treatments. So far from the various effects of aging. However, what about the condition of the vagina? If maximum care was also taken to the vagina?
Did you know that with age, not only the facial skin will be aging, the vaginal environment will experience aging.
"In fact, the aging process in the vaginal area has been started since women entered the 20s. Normally already be a reduction in the fat layer on the outer labia, then followed by perbuahan in the vagina. When approaching menopause, the lines in the vagina will thinning, blood pressure rises, and the muscles in the pelvis will be weakened, "said Boyle.
Therefore, the trend of vaginal rejuvenation or often called vaginal rejuvenation began to bloom much wanta. No wonder, if the number of women who perform vaginal rejuvenation is increasing every year.
vaginal health is necessary, diligent care for your vagina.


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Seiichi Uchikawa missed two exhibition games over the weekend. He did not participate in practices at YafuOku Dome today and was instead at a hospital in Fukuoka, where he was diagnosed with mild fasciitis in his left calf.
Source: Nikkan Sports 3/5/2018, Sanspo 3/5/2018
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dissertations and Theses @ UNI
Dissertation (UNI Access Only)
College students--Middle West--Attitudes; Well-being--Age factors--Middle West; Happiness--Middle West--Public opinion;
The purpose of this study was to explore college youth perspectives of wellbeing and happiness and gain insight into whether or not their perceptions and definitions of the two constructs are reflective of existing traditional academic definitions. Specifically, this study examined to what extent college youth perceive overlap between the two constructs and what similarities/differences might exist in their definitions of wellbeing and happiness, in relation to existing definitions. As one generation views wellbeing and happiness, another generation may have a different perspective. Hence, youth perspectives are a vital consideration in any discussion of wellbeing and happiness.
Definitions and perceptions of wellbeing and happiness continue to change and evolve. Generally, the terms wellbeing and happiness are inter-connected with each other and defined inter-changeably. When not used interchangeably, happiness is often identified as an element of wellbeing and reflection of life satisfaction. Researchers (Diener, 1984; Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013; Shin 2015), observe that wellbeing and happiness can be perceived as a positive life construct, which reflects positive affect, life satisfaction, and the absence of negative affect. Although there is no universal consensus on definitions of wellbeing and happiness, the literature provides a general framework for defining these terms. What seems to be lacking in current research investigations is a comparison of youth definitions and perspectives of wellbeing and happiness in relation to existing traditional definitions and concepts.
Gall, Gall and Borg (1996), acknowledge that neither a qualitative nor a quantitative approach provides a greater truth than the other does. Consequently, this study embraced a descriptive, non-experimental, mixed methods approach, comprising both qualitative and quantitative approach to data collection and analysis. In order to obtain a stratum of youth perspectives and definitions of wellbeing and happiness, the principal investigator targeted a cross section of youth enrolled in various colleges across campus at a small Midwestern university. A representative sample of 411 participants were surveyed. The recruitment was opened to all students present in classes on the day of distribution. Results indicated that youth perceive a relationship between wellbeing and happiness and that their definitions of the two constructs are reflective of traditional academic definitions, to varying degrees.
A sample t-test and condensed wellbeing and happiness questionnaire (Bradley & Lewis, 1990; Hills & Argyle, 2002; Riazi, Bradley, Barendse & Ishii, 2006; Shrestha, Creighton-Smith, Flack & Jn Baptiste, 2016) were used to score and compare college youth perceptions of their wellbeing and happiness. College youth scores for each variable (wellbeing and happiness), as well as the aggregated score of both constructs, were reported, with only a small percentage of the participants reporting scores lower than the mid-point of the total possible score for each variable. This signified that both wellbeing and happiness scores were statistically significant among college youth. Additionally, correlations were computed based on the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient to examine whether college youth perceive any relationship between the two constructs, wellbeing and happiness. Based on results, wellbeing and happiness were positively and strongly associated.
Year of Submission
Degree Name
Doctor of Education
School of Kinesiology, Allied Health, and Human Services
First Advisor
Christopher R. Edginton, Chair
Date Original
Object Description
1 PDF file (xii, 167 pages)
©2017 Theodora Jn-Baptiste
File Format
Recommended Citation
Jn-Baptiste, Theodora, "Perceptions of wellbeing and happiness: Exploring and examining perspectives of college youth" (2018). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 542.


text:
Spring 2019
Information sessions have not yet been scheduled for 2019.
Please contact Graduate Studies at 434.544.8383 or email@example.com to make an appointment.
Please join us on one of these dates for an opportunity to learn about the graduate programs offered at University of Lynchburg, as well as financial aid and scholarship opportunities. The application fee will be waived for those participants who complete an application during these times.
At the regular sessions, a formal presentation will be made followed by small group discussions with program directors and/or program faculty. Reservations are strongly recommended for these sessions.
For additional information, contact the Graduate Studies office at email@example.com or 434.544.8383.
Check the Doctor of Physical Therapy and the Physician Assistant Medicine web pages for details regarding program-specific information sessions held throughout the academic year.


text:
How to Prune Snapdragons
Plant snapdragons in full sun for the most prolific blooms. Shade encourages green growth at the expense of flowers.
Snapdragons are prone to plant disease. Be sure they are planted to get good air circulation to minimize wet foliage. Choose disease-resistant plants to minimize fungus problems.
The snapdragon is a flowering plant named for its dragon-face blossom. Check out its namesake by placing your fingers gently on each side of a snapdragon blossom. Squeeze carefully so that the upper and lower blossom lips open and snap like a dragon mouth. Snapdragons are showy with flower clusters from solid brilliant colors to tricolor blooms. Heights range from 6 to 48 inches, making the snapdragon suitable for most flower gardens. With light pruning, the snapdragon provides a wealth of colorful blossoms on a sturdy plant.
Prune young plants early in the season. The snapdragon is a leggy plant if it grows unchecked. This makes the slender-stemmed plant vulnerable to wind and rain damage. The plant is a cool season favorite, and pruning makes it more resistant to the vagaries of seasonal weather.
When the young plant is about 6 inches tall, pinch or cut stem tips to spur growth of secondary and side stems. This branching out helps the plant grow as a bushy, fuller plant.
Continue pruning during the flowering season. The snapdragon has a long blooming season. The plant continues producing new flowers if old flowers are removed. Deadhead the flowers by pinching off or cutting spent blossoms. Cut back to the greenery so the growing plant shifts its energy to producing more blooms rather than feeding old blossoms.
Many snapdragons have one main central stem and smaller stems at their base. Consider pruning these varieties and others during the growing season by cutting the full-flowering stem by half to two-thirds its length or down to the next main flowering stems. This gives you prime-cut flowers for bouquets or table arrangements while boosting new plant growth.
When the mature plant is well into its spring flowering and shows signs of languishing, prune by shearing it back to about 6 inches tall. Add fertilizer, and water the plants well. It will often bounce back and reward you by reblooming in late summer or autumn.
Finish pruning at season end in autumn. Snapdragons are a perennial in very mild climates but rarely survive a hard freeze. Cut back severely, and mulch well if you expect the plant to survive and grow back after winter.
In harder climates, cut to ground level except for a few seeding stalks. Mulch and let the plant self-seed for the next season.
Related Articles
- Plant snapdragons in full sun for the most prolific blooms. Shade encourages green growth at the expense of flowers.
- Snapdragons are prone to plant disease. Be sure they are planted to get good air circulation to minimize wet foliage.
- Choose disease-resistant plants to minimize fungus problems.
Things Needed
- Pruning shears
- Fertilizer
- Water
- Mulch


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10 Luxury 2020 Chevy Silverado Engines – Chevrolet, colloquially Called Chevy and Officially the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company, is the American Auto Branch of the American Maker General Motors (GM). Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors creator William C. Durant began the company on November 3, 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company. Durant utilized the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors having an reverse osmosis occurring on May 2, 1918 and propelled himself back into the GM presidency. Right after Durant's second ousting at 1919, Alfred Sloan, along with his maxim"a car for every purse and purpose", would pick the Chevrolet brand to turn into the amount leader at the General Motors family, attempting to sell main-stream cars to compete together with Henry Ford's Model T in 1919 and over-taking Ford because the bestselling car within the United States from 1929.
2020 Chevrolet Silverado 2020 Chevrolet Silverado 1500, Source : autoblogs.club
Chevrolet-branded autos have been sold generally in most automotive markets globally, " In Oceania," Chevrolet is represented with its own Australian subsidiary, Holden, with returned to the region at 2018 following having a 50-year shortage together with all the launching of the Camaro and also Silverado pickup truck. In 2005, Chevrolet has been relaunched in Europe, chiefly attempting to sell vehicles assembled by GM Daewoo of South Korea using all the tag line"Daewoo was grown up enough to eventually become Chevrolet", " a move wrapped generally Motors' attempt to construct a international new around Chevrolet. With the re introduction of Chevrolet into Europe," GM intended Chevrolet for a mainstream value brand, whereas GM's conventional European standard-bearers," Opel of Germany, and also Vauxhall of all United Kingdom would be transferred upmarket. However, GM reversed that movement in late 2013, declaring that the newest will be withdrawn from Europe, together with the exclusion of the Camaro and Corvette at 2016. Chevrolet motor vehicles will probably continue to be promoted in the CIS nations, for example Russia. After standard Motors completely obtained GM Daewoo from 2011 to produce GM Korea, the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand name had been discontinued in its indigenous South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet.
2020 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2020 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 the Best Car Club, Source : thebestcarreview.club
2020 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2020 Chevrolet Silverado Price and Release Date Car Release 2019, Source : thebestcar.club
2020 Chevrolet Silverado 2020 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2020 Chevrolet Specs Silverado 2019, Source : autoblogs.club
2020 Chevy Silverado 2020 Gmc Terrain 2020 Gmc Sierra 1500 2017 Jaguar Xf R Sport 2, Source : thebestcarreview.club
In North America, Chevrolet sells and produces a wide range of vehicles, from sub compact vehicles to medium-duty commercial vans. As a result of prominence and name recognition of Chevrolet as one of General Motors' global marques, Chevrolet, Chevy or Chev can be used occasionally being a synonym for General Motors or its own products, one example being the GM LS1 motor, commonly known from the title or a variant of its progenitor, the Chevrolet small-block motor.


text:
Aberdeen city leaders, residents push to improve student safety, cite need for more resource officers
Aberdeen city leaders say they are working to find the money to hire a school resource officer for Aberdeen Middle School, following recent incidents in which the police had to respond to the school.
Cruise missile-spotting balloon rises over Maryland
In the coming days a speck is expected to rise on the Baltimore skyline: It's a giant balloon that the Army will be floating high above Middle River to scan the skies for cruise missiles.
William A. Reinke, international health expert
Dr. William A. Reinke, a statistician who helped develop the department of international health at what is now the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health where he was professor for 50 years, died Oct. 4 at the Broadmead retirement community in Cockeysville of lymphoma. He was 86.
HCC board briefed on 3-D printing, ends two programs
As additive manufacturing, also known as 3-D printing, becomes more commonly used among manufacturers, Harford Community College faculty and staff members are developing methods of educating students about the process.
Familiar names vie for open Senate seat in Harford
The competition to fill the Harford County state Senate seat held by retiring Nancy Jacobs pits Republican Bob Cassilly, a former mayor of Bel Air and former county councilman, against Democratic Del. Mary-Dulany James.
Old Aberdeen Proving Ground map tells stories
So, we continue on with this map that covers 11 feet of wall space in the APG exhibit area. The map covers area from Poole's Island of 280 acres, on the left, with the names of Charles Homer and C.C. Wills ad F. T. Homer. Then there is Carrolls Island of 1,212 acres.
Aberdeen council agrees to buy Moose Lodge; military museum a possibility, mayor says
Aberdeen Mayor Mike Bennett said the city's former Moose Lodge, whose purchase the City Council approved Monday night, could potentially be used as a new military museum.
22nd Chemical Battalion, in place since WWII, could leave Aberdeen
One longtime Army unit remaining at Aberdeen Proving Ground could be shipping out for good within a year or two, further reducing the dwindling ranks of soldiers on post.
The first years of Aberdeen Proving Ground
We are reminded that there wasn't always an APG. But in just a few short years, APG will be celebrating its 100th anniversary!
George E. Hauver, APG physicist
George Edgar Hauver, a retired Aberdeen Proving Ground scientist and amateur photographer who was a first-place winner in photo contests, died of dementia complications Sept. 17 at Bloom Assisted Living in Hilton Head, S.C. The former Bel Air resident was 87.
Richard E. Kleinfelder, construction manager
Richard E. Kleinfelder, a retired construction manger who earlier had been in heavy equipment sales, died Saturday at Stella Maris Hospice of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. He was 66.
Remembering Old Baltimore when it was near Aberdeen
We wonder, how many of us remember that before Baltimore on the Patapsco existed, there was a Baltimore Town right her in our part of Harford County, the Aberdeen Proving Ground to be exact. Old Baltimore was actually the county seat of Baltimore County for a few years, when Harford County was part of Baltimore County
Samuel E. Jackson Jr., psychologist
Samuel E. Jackson Jr., a retired research psychologist who was a longtime active member of Kappa Alpha Psi, an historically black fraternity, died Sept. 1 at Howard County General Hospital of heart failure. He was 80.
Juveniles reported smoking 'purple' drugs in Edgewood; rings stolen in Forest Hill [Harford Police Blotter]
The Harford County Sheriff's Office and Maryland State Police report:
Surrounding areas to study land use relationship with Aberdeen Proving Ground
Jurisdictions surrounding Aberdeen Proving Ground are in the early stages of preparing a study of potential land uses and their compatibility with the existing and potential future missions at the large Harford County military installation.
A Spesutie Island mystery solved in 1976
The riddle of the Spesutie Island "mystery monument" was finally solved, and the solution filled an important gap in the history of the area in 1976. Katherine Taylor, born in Perryman, refuted the false conjecture that the edifice constructed of assorted stones was the marker for the gravesite of a favorite hunting dog
Live explosive device found in vacant Jarrettsville home disposed of safely
A military grenade that had been fashioned into an improvised explosive device was found in a vacant, foreclosed home in Jarrettsville on Wednesday and later disposed of safely, the Office of the State Fire Marshal said.
Robert I. Callahan, radio and TV broadcaster
Robert I. "Bob" Callahan, a veteran Baltimore broadcaster who worked in both radio and television and in early June was honored with a star on Maryland Public Television's Walk of Fame, died Aug. 28 at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Miami, Fla. He was 76.
Reviews planned Wednesday for Winters Run G.C. houses
Plans to subdivide a portion of Winters Run Golf Course for a cluster of five houses off Tollgate Road in Bel Air will be reviewed by the Harford County Development Advisory Committee Wednesday morning.
'Lot going on' at Aberdeen Proving Ground, CECOM commander says
Army Maj. Gen. Bruce Crawford says he regularly sees people come up and thank soldiers and he wants to make sure that continues.
New Harford teachers get ready at William Paca/Old Post Road
Lindsey Pritchett is a product of Harford County, having attended elementary, middle and high school in Harford, as well as college, and now she is starting her teaching career in her home county.
Mission accomplished [Editorial]
The destruction of Syria's chemical weapons stocks has made the whole world a safer place
Maryland sees one of nation's largest job declines in July
Maryland's unemployment rate shot up in July when employers cut 9,000 jobs — one of the largest losses in the country, the federal government said Monday.
Aberdeen Proving Ground team completes destruction of Syrian chemical weapons
A team of scientists from Aberdeen Proving Ground has completed the historic mission of destroying the most dangerous of Syria's declared chemical weapons stocks, Pentagon officials said Monday.
Seven people displaced after coffee maker causes fire in Edgewood
A fire in Edgewood displaced seven people Monday morning and caused $50,000 in damage, according to a report by the Office of the State Fire Marshal.
Greene laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery
Maj. Gen. Harold J. Greene, who was shot to death last week as he visited Afghanistan's national military academy in Kabul, was laid to rest Thursday at Arlington National Cemetery.
Army and Constellation exploring alternative energy, conservation at APG
Officials with the Army's Test and Evaluation Command at Aberdeen Proving Ground and energy supplier Constellation Retail recently signed three-year agreement to explore alternative energy sources for the Harford County Army post as leaders across the military and federal government look for ways to reduce the amount of energy used at their facilities.
Aberdeen residents consider library's future
Aberdeen residents and community leaders have plenty of ideas for what the city's future library might look like, and they offered them up during a public forum Monday on the branch's possible redesign.
Good times at the BBQ bash in Bel Air
Although this year's Maryland State BBQ Bash was the 13th consecutive bash in Bel Air, the event was anything but unlucky for Erika Quesenbery, the newest executive director of the Bel Air Downtown Alliance.
Fight for civil rights played out along U.S. 40 in Maryland
The 220 miles that make up U.S. 40 in Maryland was an epicenter of historical clashes in the state with resistance culminating with a Freedom Ride less than three months after Kennedy issued his plea. On Dec. 16, 1961, as many as 700 blacks and whites descended upon dozens of still-segregated restaurants along the highway.
Aberdeen Proving Ground needs to be able to stand on its merits [Editorial]
The prospect of Harford County's economy losing in excess of 4,000 military and defense contracting jobs associated with various activities at Aberdeen Proving Ground is as unsavory a scenario that could be visited on the local economy.
Death of U.S. general in Kabul hits home at Aberdeen Proving Ground
Maj. Gen. Harold J. Greene had served more than three decades in uniform without a combat tour when he got the assignment last year: He was wanted in Kabul to help train the Afghan National Security Forces.
Md. National Guard making final deployment to Afghanistan
General killed in Afghanistan was 'source of inspiration' while serving at Aberdeen Proving Ground
Maj. Gen. Harold Greene, believed to be the highest-ranking U.S. official to die in Afghanistan since 2001, spent about four years leading two major organizations at Aberdeen Proving Ground.
Train derails in Belcamp; 2 killed in Bel Air fire; new islands eyed [50 years ago]
As taken from the pages of The Aegis dated Thursday, Aug. 6, 1964:
Harford residents urged to get informed about potential job cuts at Aberdeen Proving Ground
While potential cuts of up to nearly 4,300 military and civilian jobs at Aberdeen Proving Ground are far from a done deal, Harford County leaders stressed the need Monday evening for local residents to get an early start on letting the Army know about the impact any such cuts will have on the region's largest employer and on their community.
Wedded: Ashley Boarman and Doug Jagoda
This couple's love grew as they explored Baltimore together
Don't have a week? Take a day trip to a local beach
Thanks to the Chesapeake Bay, most places in Baltimore are within two hours of a beach.
New Northeastern Maryland Additive Manufacturing Innovation Authority gets down to work
The new regional organization that will foster the hoped for growth of private sector additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, in Harford and Cecil counties has hired an executive director with considerable background in using the technology.
Harford leaders fear up to 4,300 jobs could be lost at Aberdeen Proving Ground
Aberdeen Proving Ground could possibly lose up to 4,300 jobs, as a recent Army assessment put stark numbers on what had been a more vague threat, and Harford County is mobilizing to prevent it.
Important articles found in old newspaper files
In the files of "Harford Democrat and Aberdeen Enterprise" newspapers at the Aberdeen Room Museum, we found important articles concerning changes in the lives of many of our local citizens over the years
Aberdeen Proving Ground CECOM commanding general promoted
Brig. Gen. Bruce T. Crawford, commanding general of the U.S. Army Communications-Electronics Command and Aberdeen Proving Ground's senior mission commander, was promoted to major general during a ceremony Monday.
Ex-Harford library board chairperson honored for her service
Members of the Harford County Board of Library Trustees, which has a couple of new members, had an opportunity to get acquainted face-to-face Thursday evening.
BGE gas pipeline under construction in Harford
Workers with BGE are in the midst of building a new four-mile pipeline in the north-central part of Harford County in order to meet growing demand for natural gas in Harford.
Exelon breaks ground on two new generating units at Perryman Station
Exelon Generation broke ground today (Monday) on two new power-generating units at its Perryman generating station, calling it an expanded focus on natural gas and clean energy.
Residential development in Harford will never be what it once was [Editorial]
The boomtown days when the Route 24 corridor sprouted thousands of houses a year are very much in the rear view mirror.
Harford County still waiting on a base-driven boom in Aberdeen
Inside Aberdeen Proving Ground, an estimated 21,000 people report to work on any given day, conducting research in massive new federal buildings. But outside the base, gleaming new offices completed in anticipation of economic spillover stand empty, a reminder of growth that has remained tightly contained.
Donations to the Aberdeen Room continue
Historic items continue to be found by thoughtful visitors to the Aberdeen Room archives and museum. Volunteers themselves find very valuable ones for display and records for the archival files
Children evacuated safely as fire damages home in Joppa Thursday
Three building fires were reported Wednesday and Thursday in Harford County, the most recent in a home in Joppa where seven children were safely evacuated, fire officials said.
Missing Md. guard airman found dead
A member of the Maryland Air National Guard who went missing on Monday has been found dead near the Gunpowder River, officials said.


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I'm looking for ideas to handle postponed components of target terms.
E.g. the German 'Beachten Sie zur Montage' is translated with 'Neem voor de montage in acht' where the bold part is the postponed component. I'd like to be able to insert it at a later position in the target segment.
Your ideas are welcome.
I assume you mean in an automated fashion, right, rather than just selecting it and using Transpose selection to the right to move it to the right?
Thanks for pointing out that my posting was clear enough. No, I mean:
Aha, hmm.
One question. Which is less/more work:
1. Place the text cursor at the intended insertion point for the remaining part (usually at the end of the segment) and I press F4 (or another key) to have the remaining part inserted.
2. Select 'spiked bit', and press KBS for Transpose selection to the right until it falls into the right place?
I'm sure it could somehow be done with a very complicated macro, or Igor could implement something, but would it be worth the trouble?
>would it be worth the trouble?
For me, it would. For others, maybe not.
I'm thinking of this solution:
You might solve it via the segment pattern as follows:
1. Add to the TM or glossary the following pattern:
{1} Sie zur Montage.
Neem voor de montage {1}.
2. Add the entry to your glossary or TM:
Beachten=in acht
Then, CafeTran will translate it as you wish.
Note: if you add a pattern via an external tool, precede the pattern with the ? character. You don't need to do it if you add it with CafeTran.


text:
Easter Ham
Nigella may have had made the Coke Ham famous but our Cherry Coke Ham with Cuban rice & beans with pineapple salsa is a whole new level. [READ MORE]
Nigella may have had made the Coke Ham famous but our Cherry Coke Ham with Cuban rice & beans with pineapple salsa is a whole new level. [READ MORE]
Savoury pancakes topped with garlic spinach, herbs and salty halloumi cheese, topped with mint yoghurt sauce. Perfect for Pancake Day or mid-week dinner. [READ MORE]
A brilliant BBQ option for vegetarians! Even meat eaters devour these mushroom and halloumi burgers. Recipe easily scaled to meet your needs. [READ MORE]
Southern Fried Chicken is perfect for Sunday Lunch with leftovers for easy mid-week meals. Make Spicy Fried Chicken by just adding a bit more cayenne to the spice mix. Perfect for fried chicken dippers and fried chicken burgers. [READ MORE]
TexMex Black Bean Stuffed Peppers made with Fat Man Chilli sauce. These vegetarian stuffed peppers freeze well. Make extra to for an easy mid-week meals. [READ MORE]
Our yogurt marinade includes lemon juice and herbs for juicy, flavourful BBQ Chicken. Easy recipe that never fails to impress. Use for BBQ lamb chops, too. 🙂 [READ MORE]
An American 'Full Yankee' is equivalent to the 'Full English Breakfast'. 2 eggs, 2 bacon, hashbrowns plus either 2 toast or 2 buttermilk pancakes. [READ MORE]
This simple recipe is perfect for after work. Toss it all in the oven and let it bake while doing homework, sorting laundry or sipping a glass of wine. It is also a great way [READ MORE]
Make a batch of Spicy Black Beans on Sunday and you have a whole week of quick and easy TexMex dinners. Taquitos, tostadas, tacos, burritos and enchiladas. [READ MORE]
The 80s classic Taco Salad is big on flavour. Use 2 portions of the meat mix on Taco Tuesday then add Doritos and everything else for Taco Salad Wednesday. [READ MORE]
copyright AmericanRecipes.co.uk


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Australia : Public Service Association protests disability services privatisation
Public Service Association members have rallied against the privatisation of public disability services.
Concerns voiced: Ageing, Disability and Home Care Public Service Association Mid-North Coast delegate Nick Gluckstern-Hill and
union members rally against the pending privatisation of public disability services. Photo: Ivan Sajko
DISABILITY sector workers took 24-hour strike action in protest of the pending privatisation of public disability services.
The Public Service Association members rallied at the Town Green on February 14.
The rally was in protest of the pending transfer of state government-run disability services to the non-government sector by June 30, 2018.
The gathering heard fears about lack of choice, ramifications for high functioning clients with complex and challenging behaviours, as well as concerns surrounding workers' entitlements.
Ageing, Disability and Home Care Public Service Association Mid-North Coast delegate Nick Gluckstern-Hill said people had the choice of a government-run disability service or a private provider but that would no longer be the case.
Government-run disability services span eight group homes, two centre-based respite services and dozens of community support teams on the Mid-North Coast.
"Parents have chosen ADHC because it provides certainty and continuity of service," he said.
The union delegate said ADHC workers had built rapport and trust with clients and their families over many years.
Mr Gluckstern-Hill said families had entrusted the ADHC government workers to care for their children.
He said the government talked about a two-year employment guarantee but the union advised members that the guarantee was not what it seemed.
"The fight is not over, as much as some people might think it is," he said about the campaign.
Disability Services Minister Ray Williams criticised the strike action.
"The PSA are protesting the transfer of disability services to the non-government sector," he said.
"This has been public knowledge since the historic signing of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) Heads of Agreement in 2012 by former Prime Minister Julia Gillard and former NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell."
Mr Williams said the transfer of these services was an important part of enabling the long-term success of the NDIS, as it would allow participants to have their choice of services within a diverse market.
"We have protected workers' leave and superannuation entitlements through legislation, as well as recognising their continuity of service," he said.
"Additionally, we are providing ongoing workers with a two-year employment guarantee from the date of transfer, and a transfer payment of up to eight weeks pay.
"Temporary workers have a six month employment guarantee."
Meanwhile, the union advises people with concerns about the government's decision to contact their local MP.


text:
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The weekly message from Deep Water Church in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Loving each other isn't just a nice idea, it's a clear command from God. Why is it important and what does it look like?
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 35.8MB - Duration: 31:17 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
The importance of confession
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 22.71MB - Duration: 19:50 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
This week we talk about another next step - sharing our faith
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 34.24MB - Duration: 29:55 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
We've been saved, and we're free. What do we do now?
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 35.33MB - Duration: 30:52 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
This week, Dr. Steven Lennox, from Kingswood University is with us. Dr. Lennox shares what it means to have a generous faith according to the New Testament, one that gives out of a realization that everything we have belongs to God.
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 41.24MB - Duration: 36:02 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
How do we serve Jesus and each other as together we seek to help people become passionate followers of Jesus christ?
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 47.62MB - Duration: 41:37 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
Celebrate Recovery takes over our gathering!
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 28.23MB - Duration: 24:40 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)
Part 2
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 36.65MB - Duration: 1:20:04 m (64 kbps 44100 Hz)
Part 1
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 29.75MB - Duration: 1:04:59 m (64 kbps 44100 Hz)
This series looks at the last things Jesus taught his disciples before his arrest and crucifixion.
Filetype: MP3 - Size: 31.66MB - Duration: 27:40 m (160 kbps 44100 Hz)


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When Your Ex Stops Following the Parenting Plan
Trusting an ex-spouse to follow the terms of a parenting plan is one of the harder aspects of shared child custody. While most parents truly make an effort to abide by the provisions in good faith, others take advantage of the requisite trust to abuse their authority and take impermissible acts, such as taking extra parenting time or making educational decisions without consulting the other parent.
Parents should primarily seek to work out disagreements between each other, both for a quicker resolution and for the child's sake; however, a parent willing to take unilateral action solely for his or her own benefit, and often to the detriment of the other parent, should not be allowed to proceed without comment and consequences. The more a parent is allowed to disregard the terms of a parenting plan, the more likely the other parent's rights will be eroded over time and the parent/child relationship damaged.
One example of the lengths a parent must sometimes go to stop abuse of parental authority by another parent is illustrated in the recent story of a Bloomington mother who will soon be reunited with her son after eight months. An arrest warrant was issued for the father after he failed to appear in Court five consecutive times to justify his removal of the boy to Boston and his refusal to return.
Consider the following options a parent denied parenting time or experiencing other violations of the parenting plan may use to reestablish the status quo or remedy the situation.
What is Considered a Violation?
Most parenting plans are quite detailed with provisions covering everything from after school activities to processes for consenting to medical treatment. As a result, occasional lapses from the protocol outlined in the parenting plan will occur, as well as requests for deviations due to special events or unusual circumstances. However, parents should be thoroughly aware of the terms governing custody, but also be willing to make reasonable allowances for change to facilitate effective parenting.
The line toward violation is crossed, though, when a parent repeatedly and systematically fails to follow the parenting schedule and thereby deprives the other parent of his or her rightful time with the child. Further, if a parent makes key life decisions for the child without consulting the other parent — a common requirement in most parenting plans — such an act also violates this legally enforceable agreement, especially if the other parent believes the decision was not in the child's best interests.
Legal Options
Two options are typically available to parents seeking to address violations or abuse of the parenting plan: petitioning to enforce terms of the existing plan or requesting a Court to hold the non-compliant parent in civil contempt. (Criminal options also exist, but will not be explored in this forum.) In either case, a parent alleging a violation will need specific details and dates about each violation; therefore, good record keeping is key, as well as evidence that a good faith effort was made to resolve the dispute.
If the Court believes violations occurred, it can order a number of option including:
- Specific drop-off and pickup times and locations;
- Require the non-compliant parent to pay for a parenting course;
- Make up the parenting time;
- Civil contempt; and/or
- Reimbursement for expenses related to the violations.
Civil contempt is a punishment for willful violations of a Court order that can bring fines, jail time, suspension of driver's license and probation. Thus, this finding is significant, and the threat alone motivates many parents into compliance. However, following through with a petition for this remedy may be necessary if the non-compliant parent refuses to amend his or her behavior, discuss concerns or put the needs of the child first.
Get Help
Enforcing a parenting plan is no small matter, and if you are facing an ex-spouse who does not want to follow the rules, discuss your situation with dedicated Mt. Prospect family law attorney Nicholas W. Richardson. He understands the damage violations can cause, and will work to get you the time with your child you deserve. Contact the law firm for a free initial consultation.


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Metformin is commonly used as the first line of medication for the treatment of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, metformin-induced changes in the gut microbiota have been reported; however, the relationship between metformin treatment and the gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, the composition of the gut microbiota was investigated using a mouse model of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity with and without metformin treatment. As expected, metformin treatment improved markers of metabolic disorders, including serum glucose levels, body weight, and total cholesterol levels. Moreover, Akkermansia muciniphila (12.44% ± 5.26%) and Clostridium cocleatum (0.10% ± 0.09%) abundances increased significantly after metformin treatment of mice on the HFD. The relative abundance of A. muciniphila in the fecal microbiota was also found to increase in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium supplemented with metformin in vitro. In addition to the changes in the microbiota associated with metformin treatment, when other influences were controlled for, a total of 18 KEGG metabolic pathways (including those for sphingolipid and fatty acid metabolism) were significantly upregulated in the gut microbiota during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiota and their metabolic pathways are influenced by metformin treatment.
Metformin is a common antidiabetic agent in the biguanide class and is known to suppress glucose production in the liver, increase insulin sensitivity, and enhance peripheral glucose uptake in hepatic and skeletal muscle (1). The metformin-induced increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in energy balance and glucose metabolism; the cellular AMP/ATP ratio is maintained by increasing ATP consumption and decreasing ATP production, which is associated with AMPK activation (2, 3). Recent studies also reported that metformin regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and improves hyperglycemia independently of the AMPK pathway (4), which suggests that metformin-induced improvement of metabolic disorders is associated with the energy state of the body.
The gut microbiota is known to play an important role in harvesting energy from food, metabolic processes, and immune modulation. The composition of the gut microbiota is significantly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic syndromes (5–7). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is also associated with other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (8), cardiovascular disease (9), and autism (10). Recently, metformin-induced changes in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila were shown to be associated with metabolic improvement (11). Another study reported that treatment with A. muciniphila, which was identified from enterotype gut microbiota, improved metabolic disorders (12). However, other gut microbiota and metabolic pathways related to metformin treatment remain uncharacterized. In addition, the effect of diet and metformin treatment on the gut microbiota (including Akkermansia spp.) has not been examined. Therefore, we investigated metformin-induced changes in the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota in mouse models of obesity with mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD) and a normal diet (ND).
Animal model.Age-matched male and female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Orientbio Inc., South Korea. To induce metabolic disorders (obesity and T2D), 6-week-old mice were fed an HFD (60% lipid; Harlan Laboratories Inc.) for 28 weeks. Metformin (300 mg/kg of body weight 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride; Sigma-Aldrich) was administered every day during the HFD for 10 weeks (HFD-Met group). As negative controls, groups of mice receiving HFD without metformin treatment (HFD group), a dietary change from an HFD to an ND (5% lipid; Zeigler Bros., Inc.) (HFD-ND group), an ND without metformin treatment (ND group), and metformin treatment on an ND (ND-Met group) were included in all procedures. All experimental protocols in this study were approved by the Seoul National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (SNU-111208).
Metabolic measurements for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.Body weight, food intake, and glucose levels were measured every week. Serum glucose levels were measured using an Accu-Chek Performa system (Roche) after starvation for 12 h. To estimate glucose tolerance, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed. Mice were administered 2 g glucose/kg body weight orally in phosphate-buffered saline, and glucose levels were measured 30, 60, and 120 min after oral administration. Levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using an EnzyChrom HDL and low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein assay kit (BioAssay System). Serum insulin was analyzed by a commercial company (Komabiotech, Seoul, South Korea) using flow cytometry (Luminex).
Tissue preparation for histological analysis.The liver, pancreas, and small intestine were dissected from both male and female mice. Epididymal and parametrial fat pads were removed from male and female mice, respectively, and subjected to subsequent analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, pancreas, and jejunum tissues was performed by pathologists for pathological analysis of steatosis and inflammation (Reference Biolabs, Seoul, South Korea). Extended steatosis was diagnosed pathologically and given a score of from 0 to 3, as follows: 0 for no involvement, 1 for mild involvement, 2 for moderate involvement, and 3 for severe involvement (13). In addition, immunohistochemistry for analysis of the mucosa of the small intestine was performed by a commercial company (Reference Biolabs, Seoul, South Korea) using anti-MUC5AC antibody (LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc.).
Metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers for the evaluation of metabolic disorders.Hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase alpha 1 (AMPKα1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) levels were determined. In addition, the levels of adiponectin, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in fat pads were analyzed. The pattern of expression of the MUC2 and MUC5 genes in the ileum was analyzed. Tissues (∼100 mg) were homogenized completely prior to RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted using an Easy-Spin total RNA extraction kit (iNtRON, Sungnam, South Korea), and cDNA synthesis was performed using a high-capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. To quantify the levels of mRNA for metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, a QuantiTect SYBR green PCR kit (Qiagen) and 7300 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) were used. GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was used as the internal control.
Next-generation sequencing of gut microbiota and the bioinformatics pipeline.Total DNA was extracted from frozen feces using a QIAamp DNA stool minikit (Qiagen) and a QIAcube system (Qiagen). For each sample, 16S rRNA genes were amplified using the 27F/534R primer set targeting the V1-V3 region (for 27F, forward primer 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′; for 534R, a reverse primer containing a unique 10-nucleotide bar code for tagging each PCR product designated NNNNNNNNNN, 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAGNNNNNNNNNNATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG-3′ [boldface nucleotides are specific sequences of 27F/534R primers]) (14). The amplified PCR products were purified using a QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). Bacterial 16S rRNA pyrosequencing was performed by a commercial company (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea) using a GS-FLX system (Roche). To analyze the 16S rRNA sequence, quality filtering, including determination of the sequence length (>200 bp), end trimming, and determination of the number of ambiguous bases and the minimum quality score, was performed. Sequences were then assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97% identity), followed by the selection of representative sequences using the QIIME software package (Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology) (15). We next examined the alpha and beta diversity and performed a UniFrac analysis and a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Linear discriminant analysis of the effect size (LEfSe) was used to estimate taxonomic abundance and characterize differences between groups (16). The UniFrac distance between categorized samples was visualized using Cytoscape software (v2.8.3). In addition, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) was performed to identify functional genes in the sampled microbial community on the basis of the data in the KEGG pathway database (17).
Cultivation of A. muciniphila in BHI with metformin.Stool samples from the HFD-Met group were inoculated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth supplemented with 0.1 M metformin and phenformin and incubated in an anaerobic chamber. At 3 and 6 h postincubation, total DNA was extracted using an Easy-Spin total DNA extraction kit (iNtRON, Sungnam, South Korea). Quantification of A. muciniphila and total bacteria was performed using SYBR quantitative PCR (qPCR) and TaqMan qPCR, respectively (18, 19).
Statistical analysis.All parameters were expressed as the average and standard deviation of each group. To quantify metabolic and inflammatory biomarker levels, qPCR was performed in triplicate. The 2−ΔΔCT relative quantification method, where CT is the threshold cycle and where ΔΔCT is equal to (CT, target − CT, GAPDH)group 1 − (CT, target − CT, GAPDH)group 2, was used to assess the level of biomarker gene expression compared to the level of GAPDH expression as an internal control. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's post hoc test, with P values of <0.05 considered to indicate significance. On the basis of the relative abundance analysis using LEfSe and on the basis of the results of the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests, a P value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance, and the threshold on the logarithmic linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score was 3.0 to 4.0. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to identify correlations between metabolic/inflammatory biomarkers and bacterial abundance.
Metabolic biomarker levels after a dietary change or metformin treatment.Figure 1 shows the changes in body weight and glucose, TC, and HDL levels due to diet and metformin treatment. The body weight of mice on an HFD increased significantly over 28 weeks compared with the body weight of mice on an ND. As expected, body weight significantly decreased after a dietary change from an HFD to an ND after 18 weeks (Fig. 1A). In contrast, body weight remained constant after metformin treatment, despite continuation of the high-fat diet (Fig. 1A). The serum glucose level significantly increased in both male (P < 0.001) and female (P = 0.001) mice on an HFD, and the serum glucose level decreased after either a dietary change to an ND (P = 0.032) or metformin treatment (P = 0.016), especially in female mice (Fig. 1B). Impaired glucose tolerance, which is known to be a risk factor for T2D, was measured by OGTTs and was found to decrease significantly after a dietary change from an HFD to an ND in both male (P = 0.036) and female (P = 0.008) mice but was unaffected by metformin treatment (Fig. 1B). In addition, the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), estimated on the basis of glucose and insulin levels, showed a trend to reduced insulin resistance after a change from an HFD to an ND or metformin treatment, but these changes were not statistically significant (Fig. 1C). In addition, the homeostatic model assessment-beta cell function (HOMA-β) did not show significant differences after either a change from an HFD to an ND or metformin treatment in mice. TC levels decreased significantly after a dietary change from an HFD to an ND in both male (P < 0.001) and female (P < 0.001) mice. The effects of metformin treatment on the TC level differed depending on the gender of the mice. The TC level significantly decreased in female mice (P = 0.023) but not male mice (P = 0.875). HDL levels also significantly decreased after a change from an HFD to an ND in both male (P < 0.001) and female (P = 0.001) mice and decreased after metformin treatment in both male (P = 0.055) and female (P = 0.055) mice. Metformin treatment had no effect on the metabolic biomarker levels in the ND group.
Effects of diet and metformin treatment on patterns of metabolic and inflammatory biomarker expression.Figure 2 shows the relative levels of expression of various metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in the liver and fat pads. The effects of metformin treatment and an HFD on liver tissue in mice differed according to gender. A dietary change from an HFD to an ND significantly reduced the levels of AMPKα1 (P < 0.001), PPARα (P = 0.003), and GLUT2 (P = 0.024) expression and increased those of G6Pase expression (P = 0.003) in female mice. In contrast, a dietary change from an HFD to an ND significantly reduced the level of G6Pase expression (P = 0.001) in male mice. Metformin treatment of mice on the HFD significantly decreased the levels of expression of both AMPKα1 (P = 0.003) and GLUT2 (P = 0.013) and increased the levels of expression of PPARα (P = 0.010) in female mice. In contrast, metformin treatment and an HFD significantly reduced G6Pase expression (P < 0.001) in male mice.
In fat pads, a dietary change from an HFD to an ND significantly reduced the levels of MCP-1 (P < 0.001), TNF-α (P < 0.001), and IL-6 (P < 0.001) expression and increased the level of adiponectin expression (P < 0.001), as shown in Fig. 2B. Metformin treatment of mice on an HFD significantly reduced the level of TNF-α expression (P < 0.001) in female mice and increased the level of MCP-1 expression (P < 0.001) in male mice.
Mucin expression and histological changes in the small intestine and liver due to metformin treatment.Mucin levels were estimated on the basis of MUC2 and MUC5 expression in the small intestine. Expression of the genes for both proteins increased significantly after metformin treatment in female mice (for MUC2, P = 0.003; for MUC5, P = 0.010) but not in male mice (for MUC2, P = 0.110; for MUC5, P = 0.884) (Fig. 3A). These results are consistent with the histological data. Thickened intestinal mucosa was confirmed by immunohistochemical assays using an anti-MUC5AC antibody (Fig. 3B).
The weights of the livers of the mice in the HFD-ND and HFD-Met groups differed significantly from the weights of the livers of the mice in the HFD group for both male mice (for the HFD-ND group, P = 0.036; for the HFD-Met group, P = 0.036) and female mice (for the HFD-ND group, P = 0.095; for the HFD-Met group, P = 0.095) (Fig. 3C). Severe steatosis of the liver in the HFD group was recovered by either a dietary change to an ND or metformin treatment (Fig. 3D). There was no difference in the inflammation scores between the HFD-ND and HFD-Met groups (data not shown).
Characterization of gut microbiota.To characterize the composition of the gut microbiota, a total of 302,689 sequences were generated from 40 stool samples. Among them, 238,522 sequences were obtained after quality filtering, with an average of 5,963 ± 1,127 sequences being recovered per sample. Figure 4 shows differences in microbial diversity among the HFD, HFD-ND, and HFD-Met groups. The alpha diversities of the gut microbiota of these three groups decreased significantly in the order HFD group, HFD-ND group, and HFD-Met group (Fig. 4A). Unlike the HFD group, metformin treatment had no significant effect on the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in the ND group (Fig. 4A). PCoA based on phylogenetic analysis indicated clustering of the gut microbiota within groups. PCoA of both unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances showed a clear separation of the HFD, HFD-Met, and HFD-ND groups, while no separation between the ND and ND-Met groups was observed (Fig. 4B). Furthermore, the UniFrac distance of the bacterial communities between the HFD and HFD-Met groups was considerably higher than that of the bacterial communities between the ND and ND-Met groups. In contrast, the distance between the bacterial communities of the HFD-Met and ND-Met groups was considerably higher than that between the bacterial communities of the HFD-ND and ND groups (Fig. 4C).
Relative abundance of the gut microbiota after metformin treatment.The composition of the phylum Bacteroidetes in the HFD group (43.79% ± 22.35%) was significantly lower than that in the ND group (79.40% ± 10.00%) (Fig. 4D). In contrast, the composition of the phylum Firmicutes was significantly higher in the HFD group (50.73% ± 19.20%) (Fig. 4D). When metformin was administered to the HFD group, the composition of the phylum Bacteroidetes increased to 77.45% ± 8.73%, which was similar to that in the ND group (Fig. 4D). Additionally, the composition of the phylum Verrucomicrobia (12.44% ± 5.26%) in the HFD-Met group significantly increased, unlike the effect of a dietary change from an HFD to an ND (Fig. 4D). In the HFD-Met group, the abundances of the families Bacteroidaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Clostridiales family XIII, incertae sedis, as well as A. muciniphila and Clostridium cocleatum changed significantly compared with those in the HFD and HFD-ND groups (Fig. 4E). Metformin treatment also affected the composition of the gut microbiota in mice fed an ND. The families Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Verrucomicrobiaceae, as well as Alistipes spp., Akkermansia spp., and Clostridium spp., were more abundant in the ND-Met group than the ND group (Fig. 4F).
Differences in the gut microbiota between male and female mice were also examined. In the HFD group, the phylum Bacteroidetes was more abundant in female mice than male mice (Fig. 5A). In addition, the phylum Tenericutes was abundant in males of the HFD-ND group and Parabacteroides spp. were abundant in females of the ND group (Fig. 5C and D). In the HFD-Met group, Coprobacillus spp. were more abundant in males, while Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., and members of the family Lactobacillaceae and the class Bacteroidia were more abundant in female mice (Fig. 5B). No significant difference between male and female mice in the ND-Met group was observed.
Changes in the metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota during metformin treatment.A total of 245 KEGG pathways were generated using the composition of the gut microbiota based on PICRUSt. PCoA plots clearly showed clustering of five groups according to diet and metformin treatment (Fig. 6A). Thirty KEGG pathways were significantly upregulated in the HFD-Met group compared with their levels of regulation in the HFD group. Among them, we excluded KEGG pathways related to a dietary change only (HFD-ND) and metformin treatment on a normal diet (ND-Met). Therefore, a total of 18 KEGG pathways were exclusively associated with the specific effects of metformin in mice receiving an HFD (Fig. 6B; see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Statistically significant KEGG pathways for each group were additionally identified using LEfSe (Fig. 6C). After metformin treatment on an HFD, metabolic pathways, such as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and propanoate metabolism, were enriched significantly.
Correlations between metabolic biomarkers and bacterial abundance.A. muciniphila was negatively correlated with serum glucose levels (Fig. 7). Clostridium orbiscindens showed a negative correlation with body weight and PPARα and GLUT2 levels and a positive correlation with TNF-α, MUC2, and MUC5 levels (Fig. 7). PPARα and GLUT2 levels were negatively correlated with Blautia producta and Allobaculum sp. strain ID4. Clostridium cocleatum was positively correlated with AMPKα1 and TC levels (Fig. 7).
A. muciniphila enrichment by metformin or phenformin treatment in vitro.The composition of A. muciniphila in six pooled stool samples from mice in the HFD-Met group was 14.3% ± 2.6%. At 3 and 6 h postinoculation into BHI broth, the proportions of A. muciniphila were 3.0% ± 0.5% and 3.8% ± 1.8%, respectively. In contrast, the proportion of A. muciniphila in BHI broth supplemented with 0.1 M metformin significantly increased (8.8% ± 3.7% and 6.6% ± 2.8% at 3 and 6 h postinoculation, respectively) (Fig. 8). Furthermore, when BHI was supplemented with 0.1 M phenformin (another member of the biguanide class), A. muciniphila was further enriched (19.1% ± 4.6% and 14.7% ± 2.1% at 3 and 6 h postinoculation, respectively) (Fig. 8).
Recent studies reported an association between the abundance of A. muciniphila, obesity, and T2D (11, 12), and changes in the abundance of A. muciniphila during metformin treatment were observed in a mouse model (11). The results of these studies were limited to an association between the gut microbiota and glucose homeostasis for a short period of time, and the association between metabolic improvement and metformin treatment due to changes in the gut microbiota remains unclear. Our results are consistent with the results of these previous studies. Additionally, we found an enrichment effect of metformin on the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro, which is consistent with the results obtained with an in vivo mouse model. Therefore, metformin appears to act as a growth factor for Akkermansia spp.
The patterns of expression of metabolic biomarkers and correlations with the composition of the gut microbiota could increase our understanding of the association between the gut microbiota and metabolic improvement. Activation of AMPK by metformin treatment is known to be the primary mechanism of improving hyperglycemia (20). Increases in cytosolic AMP by metformin were suggested to be a mechanism of AMPK activation (21). Interestingly, metabolic improvement by metformin treatment without the activation of AMPK was observed in this study (Fig. 2A). In a recent report, the effect of metformin on hepatic gluconeogenesis was determined in an AMPK-deficient mouse model (4). However, antagonism of hepatic glucagon by metformin was proposed to be another target for T2D improvement in a recent study (22). Moreover, hepatic PPARα, GLUT2, and AMPKα1 levels decreased significantly (Fig. 2A). Only the TNF-α level in the fat pad decreased during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD. A significant correlation between A. muciniphila and glucose levels was observed during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD (Fig. 7). Both PPARα and GLUT2 levels were negatively correlated with B. producta, Allobaculum sp. ID4, and C. orbiscindens, while the TNF-α level was positively correlated with C. orbiscindens during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD (Fig. 7). These results suggest that OTUs of the gut microbiota are strongly associated with specific metabolic and immunological biomarkers.
Gastrointestinal mucins produced by goblet cells protect the underlying epithelium from pathogens. Recently, the degradation of mucin was reported in mice on an HFD (12) and may be associated with metabolic disorders. Mucin is degraded by specific intestinal bacteria, which may comprise 1% of the colonic microbiota (23). Among them, the effect of A. muciniphila on metabolic improvement has recently been discussed. In addition, the increase in A. muciniphila abundance was associated with mucus thickness (12). In this study, the abundance of A. muciniphila increased during metformin treatment of male and female mice on an HFD. However, a significant increase in mucin gene expression and thickened intestinal mucosa were observed only in females (Fig. 3A and B). The effect of mucin on metabolic improvement may differ by gender, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Further studies are required to explore gender differences in the role of mucin in metabolic improvement.
Bacterial diversity significantly decreased during metformin treatment and after a dietary change to an ND; metformin had a more significant effect than dietary change. The alpha diversity indicated that decreases in bacterial diversity during metformin treatment were observed only in mice on an HFD, and metformin treatment had no effect on mice fed an ND (Fig. 4A). The effects of metformin on bacterial diversity were consistent on the basis of both weighted and unweighted beta diversities and UniFrac distances (Fig. 4B and C). Therefore, metformin treatment may decrease the overall bacterial diversity, and the specific composition of the microbiota was strongly associated with metabolic improvement during metformin treatment.
The relative abundance of C. cocleatum in the HFD-Met group was 0.1% and increased significantly during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD, similar to the findings for A. muciniphila (Fig. 4E). It has been reported that C. cocleatum levels are decreased in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBD) (24). However, the association between C. cocleatum and metabolic syndromes (such as obesity and T2D) has not been explored. Clostridium spp. are known to degrade some animal mucin (25). Recently, an increase in Clostridium spp. was reported during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD (11). Although the relative abundance of C. cocleatum was minor compared to that of A. muciniphila, C. cocleatum may be associated with metabolic improvement during metformin treatment.
The effects of metformin treatment on metabolic biomarker expression in both liver and fat pads differed by gender (Fig. 2). In addition, differences in the gut microbiota were observed between male and female mice (Fig. 5). In previous studies, metformin treatment differentially affected body weight according to gender, and metabolic hormones—such as leptin and adiponectin—were differentially affected by metformin treatment (26, 27). The effect of the gut microbiota on metabolic disease according to gender has not been reported to date. Recently, the vaginal microbiota was shown to differ significantly on the basis of menopausal status (14), which suggests that hormones in females were highly associated with the composition of the human vaginal microbiota. It may be suggested that human gut microbiota could likewise be impacted by human hormone levels. Moreover, female hormones are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and are known to exert a protective effect against metabolic disorders (28, 29). Therefore, differences in the gut microbiota between male and female mice during metformin treatment might be caused by differences in hormone levels, which might be associated with metabolic phenotypes.
We further predicted that the significant metabolic pathways would show differences in expression during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD, based on the bacterial abundances determined using PICRUSt. The HFD, HFD-ND, and HFD-Met groups were clearly clustered by predicted KEGG pathways and bacterial diversity (Fig. 6A). Therefore, we expected that the significant metabolic phenotypes during metformin treatment might be caused by different metabolic functions of the gut microbiota. In this study, 18 specific metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota were significantly increased by metformin alone, when other influences were controlled for (Fig. 6C). The increased metabolic activities of sphingolipid and fatty acid metabolism are closely associated with metabolic syndromes and may be important for the metabolic improvement induced by metformin treatment. This may be because specific sphingolipid signaling pathways influence the major biological processes, including insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and the immune response (30–32). In addition, Everard et al. have shown that the expression of lipogenic genes—such as fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1)—is upregulated by A. muciniphila treatment of mice on an HFD (12). Thus, the abundance of A. muciniphila may be associated with lipid metabolism by the gut microbiota.
The amelioration effect of metformin on the abundance of A. muciniphila was demonstrated using in vitro growth assays in BHI medium supplemented with metformin. Metformin or phenformin administration increased the abundance of A. muciniphila (Fig. 8). Interestingly, A. muciniphila was not detected in ND mice, and its level was slightly increased in mice on an HFD. However, after metformin treatment in mice on an HFD, the abundance of A. muciniphila increased by ∼18-fold (12.44%) compared with that in mice in the HFD group (0.68%). Therefore, the effect of A. muciniphila on metabolic disorders and improvement may be dose dependent.
In conclusion, the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota changed significantly during metformin treatment of mice on an HFD, and the changes were correlated with the levels of various metabolic biomarkers. Furthermore, specific pathways associated with lipid metabolism (including sphingolipid and fatty acid metabolism) may play a key role in the metabolic improvement induced by metformin treatment. We suggest that the specific composition of the gut microbiota during metformin treatment has therapeutic effects on metabolic diseases, including obesity and T2D.
This study was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the South Korea government (MEST) (2012-0008692).
- Received 24 April 2014.
- Accepted 15 July 2014.
- Accepted manuscript posted online 18 July 2014.
Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01357-14.
- Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.


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9 Creative Uses for Tree Stumps
Transform That Unsightly Tree Stump in Your Yard into a Beautiful Lawn Ornament
Wondering how you can use that old tree stump that's been languishing in your yard for as long as you can remember? Wouldn't it be nice to find some use of something that is as unpleasant-looking as a stump?
Lucky for you there are better ways to make use of old tree stumps and prevent them from being a tripping hazard or an unwanted lawn ornament you have to live with, like scar tissue from an appendectomy.
Here are several creative tree stump ideas that may inspire you to do something about that nasty old stump in your own backyard:
Creative Tree Stump Ideas for DIY Homeowners
- Transform that tree stump into a beautiful planter. Tree stumps don't have to look dead and ugly in your yard. With a little creativity and imagination, you can put life into that stump by using it as a planter in your garden. You can search the Internet for a step-by-step guide on how to make a planter out of an old tree stump.
- Tiled mosaic tree stump table and seat. Do you have a knee-high tree stump in your yard that you want to make use of? Well, a lawn table or seat that's adorned with colored tiles and glass to create mosaic art is really not a bad idea. You can choose different color glass or tiles and create whatever pattern you wish. Show off your artistic side and have fun with it.
- An old tree stump turned into a nice pot stand. This is the easiest way to use a tree stump. If you're too lazy or pressed for time to create a decent planter, just find any potted plant in your garden and place it on top of the stump. But if you really want to be creative, place some hooks around the side of the stump and use hanging plants to give that thing some color and life.
- Transform your tree stump into a nice picnic table. If the stump is tall enough or wide enough, it can be easily transformed into a nice lawn table for picnics and other outdoor activities. If the diameter of the stump is not wide enough, you can use it as a base for a wider and more appropriate round table to compliment your garden or your patio.
- An aged moss tree stump as an artistic garden décor. If the tree stump is in a damp, dark, and humid location, you can promote moss growth to cover the stump entirely, giving it a nice ancient look that will serve as a conversation piece in your garden. Healthy green moss looks way better than dead decaying wood, don't you agree?
- Turn your tree stump into a cute little bird bath. Just when you thought there's nothing more you can do to make that old tree stump in your garden a little bearable visually, here's a creative idea you could try. Place a huge clam shell or a clay saucer on top of the stump. Add clean water and a nice bird figurine, and voila! You have yourself a beautiful garden ornament that also works as a bird bath.
- Transform that tree stump into decorative art. Want to express yourself in an artistic fashion? With some paint and your imagination, you can turn that ugly tree stump into an expression of your artistic persona. Choose colors that will represent you, designs that are captivating and engaging to you, and patterns that show off your talent as an artist. And before you know it, you will have a nice conversation piece right in the middle of your garden.
- A board game out of a tree stump for the kids to enjoy. Why buy an entire chess set when you can easily transform a tree stump into a chess and checkers board? Take a break from video games and teach your kids how to enjoy board games like chess, checkers, or even backgammon. And they will definitely get a kick out of playing tic-tac-toe on a tree stump.
- Tree stumps used as garden lamps. This particular idea may require a bit of woodworking, carpentry, and electrical expertise. Use these materials to turn a tree stump into a useful garden lamp. There are online sources you can use as a guide for this.
More info:
- http://payment.americanarborists.net/services/integrated-plant-and-turf-healthcare/
- http://payment.americanarborists.net/services/tree-drought-plan/
Pixabay.com photo 1 by tookapic
Pixabay.com photo 2 by HOerwin56
Pixabay.com photo 4 by Cairomoon


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|This is a winning silhouette on all body shapes, bias cut with a raw bias trim. Elasticated waist this is an easy piece to wear. Lined for a more comfortable wear, transparency is no issue on this sherbet piece. It is fabulous and floaty and will have you twirling around.
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Send More Emails, Make More Money
Todo lo conocido es finito, especialmente en publicidad. Mad Men emite su último episodio. Por una vez, dan ganas de apagar televisión cuando acaban los anuncios. El producto está vendido, quizás tan solo humo. Bye Bye Birdie.
Send too many emails to subscribers and risk cheesing them off and losing their business. That's a truism in direct marketing, but it may not be entirely true, according to a study of more than 600,000 email account holders by Return Path. The email analytics company found that the people who complain the most also read the most emails and buy the most stuff, and these "primary accounts" say five emails a week from a single marketer is okay with them.
"At a lot of companies, there would be a fight over sending people five emails a week, but when we factored in the amount of emails people were receiving, you can get up to five until you see a marked increase in complaints," said Tom Sather, senior director of research at Return Path.
That was especially true for primary accounts, who comprised only 24% of email recipients, but who accounted for 83% of opens. "Secondary accounts" made up 65% of users but only 16% of reads. They also registered 49% of complaints, but that's far less on a per capita basis than the smaller field of primary subscribers who accounted for 50% of gripes.
When it came to the question of sending more emails, however, the groups behaved similarly: The more they got, the more they opened. Return Path fed the data from the study into its ROI calculator and found that primary subscribers who received three emails a week instead of two would open 43% more emails in aggregate, and return a similar lift in revenue. The increase was 33% for secondary accounts who received an average of 1.4 emails a week instead of 1.05.
The clarion call to email marketers, says Return Path, is to by all means send more emails, but to take more care in determining how many to send to secondary accounts. "With the secondary group, you have to measure the value of the types of emails you're sending them," Sather said. "You may want to look at their activity beyond mere click-through. What are they looking at on your website when they get there?"
Marketers also may want to move beyond the usual limited time deals and abandoned cart emails and send more content-rich messages, Sather


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The pace and scale of transformation in the east Australian gas market over the past five years has put gas - both its availability and its pricing - firmly on the country's political agenda.
From 2028, our forecast indicates that there won't be adequate supply to meet both LNG contracts and domestic demand. More gas will need to be developed and commercialised, or LNG imported, to meet the needs of both markets.
We have released a NEW insight on the Australia east coast gas market outlook, which offers a comprehensive overview of the dynamics shaping the gas market, including the drivers of domestic gas demand, how gas flows will change and price dynamics.
Watch this pre-recorded webinar to understand some of the underlying research behind this report. Nicholas Browne, Director - Asian Gas and LNG Research and Chris Meredith, Senior Research Analyst - Australasian Upstream, answers the following questions:
- Is the Australia Energy Market Operator's (AEMO) gas demand outlook for the east coast a robust planning assumption?
- Is the east coast Australian market running short of gas?
- What is the opportunity for new domestic gas production to fill the gap?
- Can existing infrastructure cope with changing gas flows?
- Is there a role for LNG imports?
Click here to play the webinar. We are happy to answer your questions on this report and any other related Gas and LNG matters. Fill in the form and our team will be in touch with you.


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TV: Broadcast Media Advertising
Although the internet age emphasizes digital and social media marketing, print advertising continues to play a large role in attracting new customers and keeping current ones. We create customized, highly impactful ads that stand out from the clutter on the page utilizing strong messaging, eye-catching photos and unique designs.
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Results that speak for themselves. Check out some of our marketing and advertising clients to see how we've helped solve problems through strategic, data-driven campaigns and solutions.
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As Paul Pogba will tell you it's never a good idea to get on the wrong side of Jose Mourinho.
The £89million midfielder had to start the midweek Champions League game on the bench after falling out with his boss.
And now it looks like another of Man United's French contingent could be suffering the wrath of the manager.
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According to reports in France, Anthony Martial has not been offered a contract extension and the talks over a new deal have broken down.
There it is, stage two in Mourinho's plan to dismantle United's squad.
Martial has started just one of United's last four games and there has been talk all season that Mourinho does not totally trust the French winger.
RMCSport's Mohamed Bouhfasi has reported that the contract talks have stalled and there has been no offer since Martial's representatives last met the club in December.
According to the reports Martial has also held off on buying a house in Manchester with his future up in the air.
It all leads to Arsenal making a ridiculously low bid for the 22-year-old in the summer before he goes to PSG.
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With the attacking talents that Mourinho has at his disposal at Old Trafford, with Martial, Pogba, Alexis Sanchez and Romelu Lukaku, the Red Devils should be playing much more entertaining football this season.
But with the 'Boring One' in charge the stars have been shackled as they carry out directions to shut games down.
If United let Martial slip through their grip by not tying him down to a new contract they could rue the decision for years.