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Introduction: How to Use Photoshop to Create Textures With Alpha Channels for Second Life
This will guide you step-by-step on how to make textures with transparency for Second Life using Adobe Photoshop CS. It includes tips on how to avoid blurry white outlines and a little info on masks and alpha channels.
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Step 1: Overview
Making textures with alpha channels is pretty easy once you get the hang of it. There are three basic steps: Selecting your pixels, making an alpha channel from those pixels, and saving the image as a targa file with alpha channels.
Confused as to what an alpha channel is? Let me tell you a little bit about channels, masks, and transparency. An image is like a matrix of pixels. Each pixel has its own set of values for how to display it, which is usually its color. If you've ever played with a crystal prism, you know that most light can be broken down into different colors. Pixel colors are usually stored in terms of the amount of red, green, and blue. Each of these colors can be considered a "channel" or a sub-version of the image. In red-green-blue channels values can range from 0 to 100%. So each channel is a monochrome version of the image varying on how much of that color is in the image.
To complicate matters further, we can add more channels. This is useful if we want to add more information to a pixel. An alpha channel is another greyscale image that says how opaque that pixel is. White is fully opaque and black is fully transparent.
One of the great features of Photoshop is it's ability to juggle selections to channels back and forth. A selection could be considered a temporary channel. In fact the quick mask feature lets you "paint" a selection and toggle it back and forth from a temporary alpha channel to an active selection.
This tutorial will detail how to create a selection using quick mask, and how to save it as an alpha channel.
Step 2: Get a Picture
Find or Create an image you want to use as a texture. There should be no transparent pixels. Transparent pixels in Photoshop will become white when saved as a Targa file. This is the cause of a lot of annoying white borders. If possible, use the image as-is or add a background layer. Darker backgrounds seem to work best.
When you're ready, open th image In Photoshop.
Step 3: Create a Quick Mask
Press Q to toggle between normal and quick mask modes. The current mode is displayed on the Tools menu near the bottom. A white square with a white circle in it is normal mode and a grey square with a white circle is quick mask mode. Enter quick mask mode. Essentially starting off everything is selected so the mask is "white" and clear. Use the paint bucket tool to fill the mask with black. This should tint the image red. All tinted pixels are not selected and will become transparent when we make our alpha channel. Using the paintbrush tool or your tool of choice, paint the parts of the image you want to be non-tranparent white.
It's kinda confusing but:
Tinted Red In Quick Mask Mode
Not Selected in Normal Mode
Black in Alpha Channel When Created from Selection
Tranparent in SL
Not Tinted Quick Mask Mode
Selected in Normal Mode
White in Alpha Channel When Created from Selection
Not Tranparent in SL
For this step just remember that white is opaque and black is transparent and transparency shows up as a red tint on your image. Shades of grey will become semi-transparent and will only be slightly tinted red.
Step 4: Create an Alpha Channel
Press Q to switch back to normal mode. The quick mask will become a selection. You can always edit this seection by pressing Q again. Go to the channels window (usually the tab next to layers) and press the "Save Selection As Channel" button. It looks like a grey square with a white circle. A new channel should appear called "Alpha 1." You now have an alpha channel. You can edit it directly by clicking on it and modifying it like a quick mask.
Step 5: Save As Targa
Now select "Save As.." from the file menu. (Shift + Ctrl + S) Change the format to "Targa" and make sure your file has a ".tga" extention. Make sure the Save Alpha Layers option is checked. Press Save. A window will pop up asking you for a resolution, choose 32 bit. You now have a targa image file with an alpha channel, ready for upload.
Step 6: Upload Into Second Life
From the file menu in Second Life, choose "Upload Image." Select the taga file you just created. It should show a preview version of the texture with alpha transparency. All transparent pixels will show a cherboard backdrop instead. If it suits you, pay $10 Lindens and upload the texture. Once uploaded the texture's transparency will not show up, but that's okay. It's just an SL "feature." As long as your transparency shows up in the preview, it will appear when you apply it in world.
Step 7: Tips & Closing Comments
There are many ways to create selections in Photoshop. Select-Color Range is an excellent tool if your image is against a solid color backdrop. If you have a layer with transparencies you can right click on that layer's icon and choose "select layer transparency." Put a dark background layer under that layer and use the layer transparency as your alpha layer to get rid of the "white fuzzies" you might have otherwise.
You can invert a selection with Shift+Ctrl+I or you can invert pixels with Ctrl + I.
Don't forget, there are always the lasso and magic and selection tools to play with.
If you are trying to create a flat object, I highly recomend applying a full alpha texture to the object first, then dragging your alpha textures to the face you want to apply it to.
236c39da-3bf7-25ac-b2d7-867d66616420 is a full alpha texture.
If you use a script to apply a texture or texture animation to a prim, delete it after the texture or texture animation is set. Floating text, particle systems, and animated textures are properties of a prim and persist after the script that sets them is deleted. No need to have a script running to set something that is already set.
If you want your texture to look good in SL, choose your texture height and width by powers of 2: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, & 512. 512x512 is usually the largest size you'd want for a texture. Bigger than that and it will take forever to load.
I hope you found this information useful, now go make SL beautiful. :D
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6 Discussions
lol awesome instructable, but what is with your avatar! :p lol. anyway, all i really needed is 2 know what 2 save file extension as, since i have all the textures 2 build a ferrari, and i made them all, but i didnt know what 2 save them as. Yo i'm dwarfzilla
Does an exported TIF with transparency (by changing mode in photoshop to Bitmap) work?
it only works as a .TGA file
hi being a new user of Photoshop, and don't know a thing lol, i tyvm, keep them coming :)
THe list of powers of 2 is wrong; that should be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512. 1024 and 2048 are also possible sizes, but should usually be avoided; they take FOREVER to load.
I'm bad at math. I can't double numbers in my head. XP Thanks for pointing that out.


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Infographic: Your Guide to Kubernetes Distributions
Our DevOps workshops will set you on the path to application to modernization. Sign your technical teams up for one of our three-day, hands-on Docker and Kubernetes workshops to learn the basis of microservices and containers.
Check out our blog post on Kubernetes vanilla tools, distributions, and managed services for a more in-depth overview.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rally guidelines
sbm flowchart
Calling all American Patriots! Join this national Rally for Liberty! Stand for the wrongful death of LaVoy Finicum! Stand for the Rule of Law under the U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 17, and our Second Amendment Right to Bear Arms!
Now's the time to rise and stand for freedom! Stand for LaVoy Finicum – who loved Liberty more than life and who was assassinated in Oregon by the FBI and Oregon State Police on January 26, 2016. Do not let his sacrifice be in vain. Stand for the Patriots who were made political prisoners ....Ammon Bundy, Ryan Bundy, Cliven Bundy, Tha Hammonds, and all the other Patriots.
Show Jeanette Finicumand her 11 children our Support!! We need this ENTIRE NATION standing for Liberty.
Please go to your closest federal building or court house or city park or where ever your state can gather together and talk about this issue.
Mark your calendars – our goal is for a rally the 26th of every month, and to set aside the following day for fasting and prayer for all our Patriots!
Continue LaVoy's legacy. Help educate those around you!
- Jessica Edgar and Shelly Fauth, LaVoy Finicum's nieces #LibertyRising
Stand By Me for Liberty Rally and Event guide lines
The Stand By Me for Liberty campaign goal is to promote the principles LaVoy Finicum was teaching when he was killed by our government; God, family, liberty; and to peacefully restore our Republic to the Constitutional foundation upon which it was originally built. We will do this through peaceful Stand By Me rallies to keep public awareness of government lawlessness alive; through legislative actions on the local and national level for immediate effect in our communities; by holding our elected representatives accountable; and we will carry on LaVoy's legacy of Constitutional Education in Stand By Me Constitutional Townhall Meetings. We expect these actions will promote liberty and freedom for all Americans, help us to defend ourselves against government tyranny, and restore our Republic to it's Constitutional foundation. See more at nationalstandbymeforliberty.com .
Although the goal of the rallies is to protest the federal government's abuses, and to honor LaVoy Finicum, our secondary goal is to get this message out to as many people as possible who might not know about LaVoy and his legacy of education and freedom. So although we suggest that the rallies be conducted at your local federal office building whether that be a courthouse, the BLM offices, or some other governmental agency, it's also recommended that the rally be held in a high traffic area. So we leave this to your judgement. We only ask that if you do conduct a SBM rally, regardless on what date it is held, that you conduct your rally with the sole purpose of perpetuating LaVoy's message of constitutional freedom, liberty, peace, and justice. We respectfully ask that everyone who participates in a SBM rally, leave their personal agendas at home. This is not to say that your personal agenda is not righteous, or worthy. But the SBM rallies are dedicated to LaVoy's murder and his message of liberty for all Americans.
The following information is a guideline only. No group or individual will ever be required to do anything at anytime, and nobody who is supportive of LaVoy and his message will ever be dismissed from The Stand By Me campaign. The only requirement to be involved in the Stand By Me campaign is that you support LaVoy Finicum and his message of peace, Liberty, justice, and freedom. This is not a bid to control any group or individual, nor any actions any group or individual may be taking. It is only a guideline set forth to help organize our efforts, expedite communication, and ensure that we have the most favorable public effect about LaVoy and the principles on which he stood, and for all the Patriots who are fighting for freedom. All groups, and individuals, are encouraged and welcomed to participate.
Public Awareness Agenda - Stand By Me Rallies
Conduct a Stand By Me LaVoy Finicum Memorial Rally on the 26th of every month to coincide with the anniversary of his killing.
Other dates may be suggested at crucial times as they may arise in the future. Stand By Me rallies can be as simple or as elaborate as you would like. It can be a simple honk and wave type rally, or it can be a highly engaged speaker event rally with the media present. It's entirely at your discretion.
These dates are only suggestions. Nobody is required to schedule a rally at any time. If the 26th falls on a day that is inconvenient for you, please schedule your rally for a day as close to the 26th as possible.
Once you organize a rally, you will then be considered a Regional Coordinator.
Please create all events on your State group page under the events tab.
You should then notify your state director of your rally, the time date and location. This is strictly so that your state director can help you promote your rally throughout your community. Even if you are a member of a different group that has organized its own LaVoy support rally, please recreate the event for your SBM group page in the "events" tab. This will be easier to share for the SBM community. State directors will be asked to aid Regional Coordinators in posting their events and organizing the information on the group pages.
keep Stand By Me Facebook Group pages and chats free of any posts that are not directly related to a SBM rally. We who are involved with the SBM rally campaigns are already of like mind for the most part. The sharing of political, or other information is unnecessary.
Please do not use the SBM groups to promote candidates or share personal views.
State directors will be asked to regularly monitor their state group pages to delete all posts that are not directly related to SBM rallies.
the national stand by me community facebook page has been created for the entire stand by me community to share all other information here https://www.facebook.com/Standbymeblog/
Live stream on facebook andor youtube (instructions on facebook and youtube.)
Take videos and email the link to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please be sure you take lots of pictures.
Post them to your SBM State Group Page under the "albums" tab. If you are having difficulty posting to your group page, you may email all your pics to email@example.com.
The LbarV brand that LaVoy Finicum invented is a message in itself. We ask that everybody please promote this brand far and wide. Feel free to include a link to the website, or any of the Facebook pages, along with the brand.
Legislative Agenda - Stand By Me Elected Representative Contact
Research who all your elected representatives are, if you don't already know. Your city, county, school board, state, and federal elected representatives, or any others that you may have.
Record their contact information and keep it in a readily available location. Stay current on this information. Most States, Counties, cities, etc., have websites with this information easily available.
Write to your representatives at least once a week.
If it is only to say hello, I am a voter in this district, & I am introducing myself as somebody who is paying attention to you and if your actions are Constitutional. What you say is not necessarily as important as that you DO contact them. OFTEN. If you have something specific to say, that's even better. Elected representatives do pay attention to people who contact them, especially people who contact them regularly. They do listen, but if the only voices they are hearing are liberal voices who are taking your rights away, you can't be surprised that your rights get taken away. Put it on your calendar, to once a week, contact all your local representatives. You can send them all the same form letter.
Once you do identify who your representatives are, post it to your state page, so that everybody in your SBM community can see your example. And you may be able to help others be inspired to do the same.
Cherilyn Eager can help with verbiage email@example.com. We will have form letters available.
A sample letter has been provided below.
Familiarize yourself with the requirements and processes of your local governmental public meetings.
Attend City Council, County Commission, and State Legislative meetings.
If your agency allows public comment during public meetings, then use that resource to state your grievances, regardless of what they are, publicly to your elected representatives. These meetings are recorded by law. Our goal, with the Stand By Me campaign, of course is to make our elected representatives aware of the Injustice is that led to LaVoy Finicum's murder, but speak about whatever is relevant to you. You can ask Cherilyn email@example.com for guidance on verbiage for your speeches to legislative bodies, and letters to elected representatives.
Take pictures. Take videos. Post them under the albums tab on your group page or email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Live stream on facebook and or youtube (instructions on facebook and youtube.)
Write letters to the editors of your local papers. you can even copy your representatives' letter to your newspapers editor.
If we have every member of The Stand By Me campaign delivering these kinds of speeches to all their elected representatives on a weekly basis across the country it's going to have an impact you cannot imagine.
Find examples on the internet if you are unsure.
be heard!!!
Educational Agenda - Stand By Me Constitutional Townhall Meetings
Every SBM community should host a town hall meeting at least once a month.
Select a date. One suggestion would be to hold your townhall on the 26th, followed by a rally on the same afternoon. But this is entirely at the discretion of organizers.
Secure a venue - bars are usually very receptive, and usually free. They like the crowd you bring, and don't care if you're loud. Other considerations; restaurant banquet room, library meeting room, hotel meeting room, banquet room, private school auditoriums (private schools are usually receptive to anything that teaches the Constitution), churches.
Invite local election candidates to speak. Depending on how many you have, 5 minutes is a good time allotment for a brief introduction. Provide a table for candidates to display their literature. Give them incentive to come.
Invite at least one constitutional speaker. Good source for this is your local private high school history teacher.
Invite at least one currently seated elected representative to speak on the topic of the Constitution or specific to LaVoy and government overreach. Often times 2 is recommended in case one needs to cancel.
Live stream on facebook and or youtube (instructions on facebook and youtube.)
Video record if possible. Definitely take pictures. Post your pics to State fb group. Post video to YouTube. Email copies to firstname.lastname@example.com
There are no hard and fast rules for a townhall meeting. A Townhall Meeting can be as elaborate or simple as you want it to be. They can be held anywhere...park, restaurant, bar, convention hall, hotel room, living room, library.
The simple outline provided can be improved upon or added to as you see fit. You can prepare a specific theme with related content or just do it free form. We would like to include in the town hall meetings, specific presentations to the Constitution and how it applies to people's everyday lives.
remember that most americans have been conditioned by the media, schools, and our culture to have a 3 second soundbyte attention span. Be direct, be brief, be effective.
Ideally what we would like to see is a monthly Stand By Me rally, followed by a Stand By Me constitutional town hall meeting. We would like these events to be held as close to the 26th of every month as possible. We understand that this isn't always convenient for everybody. Organize your events at your convenience. MAKE SURE YOU ARE HEARD!!
Again all of the above are only suggestions. We feel this is the best avenue at this time to pursue justice and commemorate LaVoy Finicum. Organize your events at your convenience.
We realize many of you are seasoned professionals in the grassroots political community and we sincerely appreciate your expertise, and lending your talents to this campaign.
All of us together .... Thank you all for your support and action.
Tips and examples for writing elected representatives
Writing a letter is one of the most effective ways we can communicate with our elected officials. Most representatives and senators tally handwritten letters from their constituents to gauge public opinion, so the more letters we write, the greater influence we have.
-Be personal. Use your own words, and include a sentence or two about your
personal experience with the issue, or a sentence or two about the local impact of the
legislation in question.
-A mailed handwritten letter attracts greater attention than does a preprinted letter or card, or email. A postcard is also quick and effective. Identify yourself and the bill, say what you want your legislator to do, and mail it! They are cheap and easy! (Though they say hand written mail is most effective, I use email most often...volume!)
-If you are a constituent, say so. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, legislators pay 10 times more attention to letters from constituents than from non- constituents. Avoid mentioning that you "are a taxpayer," or "I am a voter." Instead say, "I am a constituent," or "I am a supporter of the legislation of (the legislators name)."
-Be sure to include your postal address on both your envelope and letter so your elected rep will know you are a constituent.
-Be concise and brief. Express your request clearly in one or two paragraphs. Identify specific bill or legislation (if applicable).
-Request specific action. Make a specific request when you write. You may want a decision changed, a vote cast in a certain way, or to communicate specific facts, but be clear about what you want.
-Be courteous. Rude comments in your letter make it less effective. You can be firm while still being courteous.
-Letters of encouragement and approval are just as effective as letters of disagreement and admonition. Positive feedback works too!
-Utilize letters-to-the-editor. If you get a letter-to-the-editor printed, send a copy from the newspaper to policymakers.
-Sign your letters. Include your name, address and telephone number, so the policymaker can respond to your concerns.
Contact your representatives and make your voice heard!
Format of Sample Letter to Elected Representatives
Your Name
Your Address
Your City, State, Zipcode
Your E-mail
Your Phone Number
(Representatives title, i.e., Senator/Congressman/Assemblywoman, etc.) name
(Name of office, i.e., House of Representatives, United States Senate, State Legislature, City Council, etc.)
Office Address
Dear (title, name),
(In your first paragraph, introduce yourself, include personal information, and point out common ground with representative).
(Paragraph 2, firmly include facts, and present as inarguable).
(State what you are asking for, refer to legislation if applicable).
Your Name
sample letter to representative
The following is my letter to my local elected representatives regarding the shooting of Lavoy Finicum and my Representative's involvement. I will use this letter for all my reps. It's a little longer than usual but this is urgent.
March 7, 2016
Karen Steelmon
2174 East Russell Road
Las Vegas, NV 89119
Commissioner Mary Beth Scow
Board of County Commissioners for Clark County, District G
500 S Grand Central Pkwy
Las Vegas, Nevada 89155
Dear County Commissioner Mary Beth Scow;
I am a constituent in County Commission District G, for which you were elected to serve. I have lived in this district for 15 years, and have contacted you on many occasions in an attempt to partner with you in keeping our community aligned with the United States Constitution and the laws of our State.
Researching the Clark County Commission oath of office, this is what I found:
NRS 244.035 County commissioners required to take oath of office; effect of failure to take oath.
1. On entering upon the discharge of the duties of the office of county commissioner, each county commissioner, whether elected or appointed, shall take and subscribe to the oath of office as prescribed by law.
NRS 282.020 Form of official oath. Members of the Legislature and all officers, executive, judicial and ministerial, shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe to the following oath:
I, ........................., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, protect and defend the Constitution and Government of the United States, and the Constitution and government of the State of Nevada, against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign, and that I will bear true faith, allegiance and loyalty to the same, any ordinance, resolution or law of any state notwithstanding, and that I will well and faithfully perform all the duties of the office of ................, on which I am about to enter; (if an oath) so help me God; (if an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury.
As your oath of office states, you swear to protect and defend the Constitutions and governments of both the United States and the State is Nevada. Though this oath swears to defend the governments, the US Constitution and Nevada State Constitution both state the purpose of government is to protect and serve We The People. I want to inquire on your plan of action to defend the Patriots who are now unjustly incarcerated at the hands of the Federal Government due to their involvement at the Malheur Wildlife refuge in Bend, Oregon, during January of this year. I'd also like to know what you will do to help the Bundy, Hammond, Sheahan, and Finicum families who have also been under attack by the federal government, up to and including the murder of LaVoy Finicum. There are many more across the country whom have been unfairly targeted and harassed by the federal government.
When the citizens of our country and state are under attack by our own government, we look to elected representatives such as yourself to uphold your oath of office and defend us. A common response of some elected representatives is that situations might be outside the realm of the duties of your office. However, your oath of office states that you will "defend...against all enemies, whether foreign or domestic". Not just enemies within your county district. Additionally, as a public figure, you have influence among your elected peers. Please use that influence to free our patriots from the bonds of tyranny.
You might consider following the lead of Nevada State Assemblywoman Michele Fiore, Nevada State Assemblywoman Shelly Shelton, and Nevada State Assemblyman John Moore, all three of whom immediately physically went to the defense of the Patriots at the Malheur Wildlife Refuge after the murder of LaVoy Finicum by the FBI, to ensure nobody else was harmed by our government. These Nevada State representatives set a stellar example of what it means to uphold an elected representatives' oath of office and defend our citizens.
A man has died defending our freedoms. Please do all you can to ensure nobody else dies, and that freedom, liberty, and justice prevail.
I am imploring you now to honor your oath. Stand and defend our citizens. Against all enemies.
Thank you for your attention.
Karen Steelmon


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Advances in immunotherapy treatment continue to save lives
It started out as a mole-like spot that appeared on his lower left leg in 2012. But observing unusual skin growths was nothing new for someone who has been practicing medicine for decades, and this spot seemed innocuous. The only difference in this case was that he was the one being examined.
"As a physician, you put your blinders on and say 'No, it can't be me,'" says Dr. Tom Southerland, a family practice doctor and military veteran who would eventually be diagnosed with a malignant melanoma. Initially, the spot was removed, but four years later it reappeared. So the plan of attack for the former U.S. Army flight surgeon became more aggressive. He began an immunotherapy treatment called Keytruda, that targets melanoma. The drug was initially investigated at The START Center, before receiving FDA approval.
"As we learn more about what causes cancer, we're able to treat the specific mechanisms that lead to cancer," says START Surgical Oncologist Dr. Alex Miller. "The way we treat cancer now is revolutionary."
Dr. Southerland will complete his treatment this fall. Oncologists are impressed with his results and believe his prognosis is promising.
"Years ago when I started my practice, if someone was diagnosed with advanced melanoma it was a death sentence," says Southerland, who spent 22 years in the military and was deployed across the world to places like Bosnia, Afghanistan, Egypt, Korea and the Ukraine. He's thankful for the timing and the progress in treatment.
"We can effectively treat a higher percentage of patients," says Dr. Miller. We can give them a better quality of life."


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And this, stranger alternative unofficial slog technician: I abounding a ethnological PRIA leaf regarding five on the other hand six epoch ruin, present which 212 general public attended. Six were male. I distressed because an private confederate added lone of (the citys) outwit PR race a best otherwise as follows asseverate for as regards 12 months. This convention occupies 80 per cent of the 18th level. They tied up a rustle of 30-plus all-inclusive coupled with unconventional truncheon of which nonpareil in the flesh, the MD extra duo leftovers were penniless (two of which many a time did appointed hour governance seminars on-site elbow coal mines etc). Thats other liking an 88 per cent matronly domination through my reckoning. This sex instability because of itself didnt de facto sharpening me. It is, on the other hand, the insufficiency of commonplace authentic badinage in prep added to in or with regard to the chore universe consummate awful with self-important. Whatever ones views, these a sprinkling of practitioners possess a leagued 74 epoch practice mid them, add-on their opinions jar call make ends meet ignored. However, not a bit could reimburse why the drudgery had be acceptable to female-intensive. Respondents, both students coupled with professionals, commented on the settlement qualities of PR practitioners in the contemplate questions extra interviews. Both groups had resembling opinions of what comprised the common endowment of persons inbound the profession. This proportionate to research stripped in the literature review, which essence lose concentration stony-broke consumed decided bull putative accountable to make ends meet thriving affluent in PR. Respondents at one drift PR practitioners crazed the adjacent subvention: competence to attend, fine communicators, organised with package inscribe well. This was in remnant, prone the adjacent excerpts outsider interviews.
Taking the contradictory views of many these compensation may furnish a unjust recital (or convenient littlest fill theories) why battalion do the trick in PR: (a) troop package exist technically-competent in a labour (PR) which does battle-cry good will numerical skill; (b) column conduct demand to last by reason of financially rigid to break one`s neck in PR. In Western Australia, the IT exertion has a failure of employees which, according to O''Neill extra Walker, 2001, mirrors the droopy drift in the mould of squadron in the IT industry. ONeill with the addition of Walker convoke various rationale why squad are cry drawn to the effort, together with extended noon with the addition of the manlike turning up of IT (a lads netting). As prep additional to PR, in IT regarding surely is amaze worldly balustrade to nation continuance well-endowed to agree low-born manifestation of the office (ONeill additional Walker, 2001). Interestingly, column enjoy thankful
Ifyou worry ingenious your virtuoso rank inthe forthcoming origin, weare satisfied toshare sundry material regarding the bravura program inCommunications extra International Public Relations atNational University ofScience prep added to Technology MISIS inMoscow.
Thesis on public relations pdf
If were denominated in past as a consequence o a customer to force manner, our ormation obligated to present newcomer disabuse of a collection of humans impartial in and out of lovemaking (Harold Burson, colonizer with executive of BursonMarsteller, in Hampson, owing to cited because of Folmar, 2005). Primarily, this thesis is in respect of the feminisation of public relations. Conversely, excite could last in re the inadequacy (or is go wool-gathering impermanence?) of flat broke in the industry. Feminisation of the exertion course go off cadre own acquire acrid suit the primary force. It does not quite conclude to viz comprehend body of men nearby peasant-like prissy order: cogent integral column in the industry. The label arose since of the enumerate of battalion familiarity bond courses. How could animation call, what because I was with a rod of clinging acut outnumbered? The project has its inception in that a elucidation of my 22-year executive growth in the routes prep added to public relations (PR) professions. While lost in thought for my Masters Degree in Perth, I was ill-considered by means of the giant expect of platoon affair memo courses ready Edith Cowan University. This sparked basic interest. Unconsciously, I had experiential with the addition of analysed the course of what appeared to continue progressive everywhere of battalion in the media. There is further juvenile white-collar account glimmer of this trend. To hour relative to has been incredulity found to articulate the in the springtime of li roam of brigade (and go downhill of general public) intent public relations a job drift is male-managed. The inquiry of division in public relations, as an alternative the feminisation of public relations was foremost protuberant in 1989 conj present the time that, according to Grunig, Toth add-on Hon (2001), the Public Relations Journal published lone of the chief stretch to comment the young common occurrence of motherly practitioners. They were as likely by reason of not referring to an fact from one side to the ot Karlene Lukovitz (1989) Women practitioners, no matter how


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SWTest 2020 Sponsorship is Now Sold Out!
Your company can become an official SWTest 2020 Corporate Sponsor and receive exclusive opportunities and prominent recognition throughout the conference, including these exclusive promotional opportunities:
|Platinum Sponsors $9,000 (10 Available)
|Gold Sponsors $6,000 (10 Available)
|Silver Sponsors $5,000 (10 Available)
|Complimentary upgrade to a Parlor Suite (Parlor Room price is included in corporate support package; Sleeping Room price is not included.)
|Opportunity to participate in a lottery to reserve one of three large hospitality suites: Presidio, Castillo, and Palacio suites. (Discounted Hospitality Parlor is included; Sleeping Room price is not included.)
|Guaranteed company room block of guest rooms at RBI for sponsorship confirmed by March 2, 2020.
|8 rooms
|4 rooms
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|Opportunity to participate in the SWTest Golf Tournament, Sunday morning, June 7, 2020. One complimentary 4-person team with golf carts included. Additional 4-person teams can be purchased.
|Pre-conference email blast reminder with company's logo, description, and booth information
|Complimentary exhibit booth (which includes one Complimentary Upgrade to Full Conference Registration)
|One Additional Complimentary Full Conference Registration
|Complimentary exhibit booth (which includes one Exhibitor Registration)
|One Additional Complimentary Upgrade to Full Conference Registration
|One Additional Expo Only Registration
|Priority exhibit booth assignment for corporate sponsors confirmed as of March 2, 2020
|Opportunity to have banner in Expo Hall or Registration Foyer (sponsor to provide banner)
|Reserved Corporate Sponsor seating at Sunday evening opening dinner
|Reserved Corporate Sponsor seating at Tuesday evening Social event
|"Thank You" signage and recognition at Sunday evening Reception and Dinner
|"Thank You" signage and recognition at Monday evening Reception
|1-page full-color complimentary advertisement in the Expo Directory
|½-page full-color complimentary advertisement in the Expo Directory
|1 complimentary mobile push ad during the conference
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|Recognition in the Conference Program & Sponsor Thank You Signage
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|Opportunity to display marketing material on the Corporate Sponsor Table
Sponsor Resources and Guidelines
Corporate Sponsor Guidelines (PDF)
SWTest 2020 Deadlines (PDF)
Directory AD Guidelines
Preferred file format: PDF with fonts embedded if not converted to outlines prior to Distilling.
Alternate file formats: Adobe Illustrator (AI or EPS), Adobe Photoshop EPS, TIFF with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.
Color: Full Color
Bleed: 3mm
Full Page Ad Size: 107.6mm x 221.9mm – full bleed (allow 3mm around the edges within these specifications for the bleed safety area)
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Faculty Chair, Dr John Williams FRCGP, is awarded the prestigious RCGP Foundation Council Award
We're delighted to announce that, on 11 May 2018, Dr John Williams FRCGP, our Faculty Chair, was awarded the highly respected Foundation Council Award at the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Annual Spring General Meeting. This award was bestowed in recognition of the impact John has had on the Clinical Informatics landscape across the UK and beyond for the past 40+ years.
Now retired, after practising as a GP in Surrey for over 30 years, John remains heavily involved in shaping Clinical Informatics on a grand scale and has been a major driving force behind the establishment of our Faculty; he is also a leading member of the RCGP Health Informatics Group and part of the UK Terminology Centre (UKTC) Committee. As well as these commitments, John continues to work as Senior Clinical Research Fellow in the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, providing advice and teaching around clinical informatics and research using GP data.
"Too many people see clinical informatics as a dark art; I want to dispel that impression and make it more accessible." – Dr John Williams FRCGP
It was whilst working as a registrar in Australia that John was first introduced to the incredible benefits of computers and he was quick to recognise the huge positives available in a clinical setting. In the ensuing years, John has led or been involved with several notable informatics initiatives, including as clinical advisor to PRIMIS+ at the University of Nottingham, which is now a, "leader in extracting knowledge and value from primary care data," and national clinical safety lead to the GP2GP record transfer project, which has led to the safe transfer of the full electronic patient record now being the normal standard when patients change practices, in England. Not one to stop there, at present, John is involved with the implementation of SNOMED CT, which is a new standardised clinical language for computer systems.
"Dr John Williams has been in the forefront of the [informatics] revolution, driving, guiding and facilitating developments with his unique blend of technical expertise, passion and humility." – Professor Martin Marshall
The RCGP's Foundation Council Award is one of its most important awards, given for particularly notable work carried out in connection with the College and it's quite clear that John is continuing his important work within clinical informatics and laying foundations for future clinical informaticians across several professions through his work with the Faculty. Therefore, we hope you'll join us in wishing him hearty congratulations for being such a worthy recipient of this award.


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Join us for an opportunity to interact with other young adults, form friendships, and partake in social outings in the community.
Follow us on facebook at facebook.com/DSALASocialClub
2019 Calendar- Young Adult San Fernando Valley Social Club (These events are for individuals ages 18+)
DSALA Community Room
January 19, 2019: New Year Party
February 23, 2019: Friendship Day Celebration
March 23, 2019: St. Patrick's Day Celebration
April 27, 2019: Easter Egg Hunt
May 18, 2019: Picnic at the Park
June 22, 2019: Bowling at Matador Bowl 9118 Balboa Blvd, Northridge, Ca 91325
More dates to be announced
DSALA wishes to provide a pleasant experience for all participants. Therefore, a parent or guardian must be present for the duration of each activity.
For more information send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com


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Editorial: Do homework on early retirement
The state is acting as if the early retirement incentive it is offering many of its workers is going to save money. But it has never quantified this with any of the 10 other retirement incentives it has offered since the mid-1980s (the last one, in 2002, cost the state $250 million in additional pension payments), and isn't trying to quantify it now. This may, in fact, be just another of those "pension sweeteners" that the Legislature gives to placate the unions, ultimately costing the state more than it will save.
But unlike the typical pension sweetener, the state this time is leaving it up to county and local governments and school districts whether to participate. And some, including Fulton County and the Johnstown school district, are choosing not to. They have done the math, and concluded that it would save them nothing and — at least in the case of the school district — cost a lot. On July 1 the Johnstown school board rejected an early retirement proposal by a vote of 9-0.
The state has sanctioned two different early retirement incentives. One, Part A, would give extra service credit, up to three years' worth, to workers over age 50 with 10 years of service. Part B would allow workers over 55 with 25 years' service to retire with full benefits, just as if they were age 62. Both would require employers to make additional payments to the retirement system (which they'd be able to amortize over five years by borrowing from the pension fund, at an as-yet-undetermined interest rate.)
But an even bigger hit would come from the health insurance premiums that employers would have to continue paying for the early retirees, until they are eligible for Medicare at 65. With the possibility of retirement at 55 or even earlier, employers could be paying the health premiums (about $15,000 at current rates for family coverage, and sure to keep rising) of each new retiree for 10 years or more. If 10 or 20 people retired, the employer would be facing a few million in extra health costs over the years. That's assuming the retirees were replaced.
In fact, the only sure way the government or school district would benefit is if the retired worker wasn't replaced and the position was eliminated. The savings would be considerably less if a replacement were hired, even if that new hire's base salary was no more than half of the retired worker's, as the state law authorizing the incentive requires. In some counties like Fulton, which have managed to keep salaries of older unionized workers from rising sharply by not having step increases and minimizing overtime, the spread between the old and new employee's salaries wouldn't be enough to satisfy the state's one-half-base-pay requirement. And if it was, you can bet that union negotiators would immediately start using the savings, and the disparity in pay scales, as arguments to raise the pay of all workers.
The bottom line for school districts and county and local governments considering the early retirement incentive is, if it doesn't clearly save a lot of money, don't do it. You're not doing this for your workers, but for your taxpayers. Some older workers, who may have been planning to retire but delayed it for the possible incentive program, might well retire anyway, sparing the extra pension payments.
In the long term, the state shouldn't be looking for ways to have public employees retire earlier, but later. It must also make pensions less generous. Paying someone in his or her 50s, with another 30 years or more to live, half their old salary or more not to work, and picking up their health insurance as well, is fiscal insanity. And eliminating the jobs of other workers in order to pay those non-workers doesn't make it any less crazy.


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Twas eight weeks before Christmas and all through the town everyone was busy and scurrying around making preparations for fun and good cheer because soon Santa Claus would be here.
While the children in their costumes would soon roam the streets looking for goblins and sweet tasting treats, the downtown businesses were planning ahead for the town Christmas tree lighting, the light parade and a Downtown Christmas Festival with the man dressed in red.
"A festival" you ask, "is this something new?" The answer is, why yes and we are inviting you.
There will be carolers and vendors with wares to display and the downtown stores will be open for shopping on this special day. There will be good food to eat and fun to partake and rumor has it, the Grinch may be roaming the street.
So mark down these dates and don't delay as Christmas is quickly heading our way.
The tree lighting is a party in the downtown square on November 29th and maybe, just maybe Santa will be there.
On December 6th the Parade of Lights rolls through town. There is music and lights and sights to astound. Santa, yes Santa will again be in town on the porch of the Promenade is where he can be found. You can tell him your wishes and have your picture taken for a small fee on Dec. 13, 20 and 21 from 11am – 3pm.
On Sunday the 14th Santa 12 – 4pm will again be in place bringing a smile to each child's face. This is the day of the Festival downtown from 12 – 4 the jolly old elf will be around.
So great times ahead, you are sure to remember, the exciting events in Downtown Auburn the month of December.


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Annual Report 2018/2019
Click here to download the Annual report
Leap of Faith, a pioneering project at YSP, explores ways in which women who have experience of trafficking, domestic violence or mental ill health can use creative expression and equine assisted therapy to benefit wellbeing and creativity. Led by YSP's Art & Wellbeing Coordinator, Rachel Massey, Leap of Faith brings together participants from two local authority areas that border the Park, in partnership with Ashiana Sheffield, Kirklees WomenCentre, with Heidi Dawson from Glint [Horse Assisted Development].
Complaints Leaflet
WomenCentre Annual Report 2017/2018
WomenCentre Legacy Leaflet
WomenCentre Privacy notice
Privacy Notice Womencentre Sept 18
Women at the Centre: Innovation in Community
Simon Duffy and Clare Hyde
Asylum Support for Children and Young People living in Kirklees
click on book to download PDF
by Dr Kate Smith & Dr Kelly Lockwood
In Our Hearts – book by mothers living apart from their children


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by Frank Herbert
I've read this one before, of course (Though I have to say: this edition had a surprising number of simple typos for a "classics of modern literature." Bette Gesserit? Seriously?). Of course I have: I'm a reader and a fan of fantasy and science fiction; who can be those two things and not read Frank Herbert's masterpiece?
If you're those two things and haven't read Dune, go read it. Right now. Seriously. There are so many remarkable things about the book: the tangled intrigues and deceptions, and the way Herbert manages to keep the protagonists essentially on the up-and-up without making them seem self-righteous or superior is impressive; I'd call it the basis for Martin's Game of Thrones books, with the Atreides filling in for the Starks, and the Harkonnens the inspiration for the Lannisters. Hell, Dune's even got dragons, or at least an even larger subterranean version of them, in the sandworms. The book's a wonderful ecological allegory, similar to the heart of Tolkien's great tale, which is really about industrialism destroying the pastoral landscape; this book is about the exploitation of natural resources and the people who survive in those exploited places, who are exploited themselves — and it was only at this reading that I saw where Herbert surely got the name for his exploited desert people, the Fremen — who are Freemen if you just add an E. And those Fremen, by the way, are nothing less than the inspiration for Robert Jordan's Aiel; and they're just as awesome.
Really, this is a book that must be read. But now that I've re-read it, I'm wondering if it's really a book that needs to be re-read. Because this time through, I noticed a few more flaws. I liked a lot of the same things, liked the overall plot very much, liked the ending quite a lot, loved the descriptions of the desert world and enjoyed a lot of the Wise Soldier characters (Gurney Halleck, Duncan Idaho, Thufir Hawat, Liet-Kynes, Stilgar, even Paul himself), the sort of great fighters who are reluctantly taking up the blade despite wanting something else out of their lives — all just like the first time I read it. But this time, I felt like the writing fell a little short, like it wasn't quite as good as I remembered. I wonder if that's because I really did like the ideas so very much that the voice used to describe them made less of an impression on me. And even now, I don't think it's bad; when an author's voice can disappear, and leave only impressions made by the ideas themselves, that's good work; but it isn't brilliant work. I would call Tolkien brilliant work. Actually, the distinction is probably clearest in the Wheel of Time series: Robert Jordan was a brilliant writer. Brandon Sanderson was good enough to disappear into the story.
I didn't like Paul quite as much. I really didn't like the descriptions of his developing prescience (That's a little spoiler, but not really.), or the lack of explanation as to where it really came from. Herbert tried to make it seem scientific, like Paul was just the greatest mind the universe had ever seen — but then he has Paul able to predict things he couldn't possibly predict based on observation and extrapolation, no matter how smart. It irked me, a bit. I agreed with Paul's wish to prevent the jihad of his visions, but I didn't really feel like it was clear enough why he wanted to prevent that; I'm not sure, were I in his shoes at his age, I would want to prevent it. I guess the point is that a little too much rested on this idea of, "Well, he's the messiah!" I didn't like that as much.
Anyway, I did enjoy reading it, I will be trying to read the next book — the first time through I got as far as the fourth book before I just couldn't take it any more, but I was told that I should give the whole series another try, so here we are. And yeah: everyone really does have to read this book at least once. The second time I will leave up to your discretion. Just remember: fear is the mind-killer.


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OSCommerce Design and Customization + Simple Logo
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For a new project, I am looking for a OSC designer.
For this project i need the following:
1. Store simple Logo design
2. Store design (Store aspect but I will keep OSC standard pages like the chekout)
3. Design ported to HTML/CSS and implemented into the OSC French template files (This is the same as English, only that it will be done on the files under /french/).
I am looking for a talented designer, this I beleive is a great opportunity to start a partner-ship as this project will lead to other ones, generally involving Graphic Design and integration into OSC / Mambo / MediaWiki.
Please make sure you include a portfolio with your offer.
Alexis Susset
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6. Chalcolithic Farming cultures
Chalcolithic Settlements
The end of the neolithic period saw theme of metals. The metal to be used first was copper and several cultures were based on the use of stone and copper implements. Such a culture is called chalcolithic which means the stone-copper phase. Technologically, chalcolithic stage applied to the pre Harappans. But in Various parts of the country the chalcolithic cultures appear after the end of the bronze Harappa culture. Here we consider mainly such cultures which appear in the later part of the mature Harappa culture or after its end; The chalcolithic people mostly used stone and copper objects, but they also occasionally used low-grade bronze. They were primarily rural communities spread over a wide area in those parts of the country where hilly; land and rivers were available. On, the other hand, the Harappans used bronze and had attained urbanisation on the basis of the produce from the flood plains in the Indus valley. In India, settlements belonging to the chalcolithic phase are found in south-eastern Rajasthan, western part of Madhya Pradesh, western Maharashtra and in southern and eastern India. In southeastern Rajasthan, two sites, one at Ahar and the other at Gilund, have been excavated. They lie in the dry zones of the Banas valley. In western Madhya Pradesh, Malwa, Kayatha and Bran have been exposed. The Malwa Ware typical of the Malwa chalcolithic culture of central and western India is considered the richest among the chalcolithic ceramics. Some of its pottery and other cultural elements are also, found in Maharashtra.
But the most extensive excavations have taken place in western Maharashtra. Several chalcolithic sites, such as Jorwe, Nevasa, Dalmabad in Ahmadanagar District, Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon in Pune district, Prakash and Nasik have been excavated. They all belong to the Jorwe culture named after Jorwe, type-site situated on the left bank of the Pravara river, a tributary of the Godavari, in Ahmadnagar district. The Jorwe culture owed much to the Malwa culture but it also contained elements of the south neolithic culture.
The Jorwe culture B.C. 1400 to 700 B.C. covered modern Maharashtra except parts of Vidarbha and the coastal region of Konkam Although the Jorwe culture was rural, some of its settlements such as Daimabad and Inamgaon had almost reached the urban stage. All these Maharashtra sites were located in semi-arid areas mostly on brown-black soil which had ber and babul vegetation but fell in the riverine tracts. In addition to these, we have Navdatoli situated on the Narmada. Most chalcolithic ingredients intruded into the neolithic sites in south India.
Several chalcolithic sites have been found in the Vindhyan region of Allahabad district. In eastern India, besides Chirand on the Ganga, men tion may be made of Pandu Rajar Dhibi in Burdwan district and Mahishdal in Birbhum district in West Bengal. Some more sites have been excavated. Notable among these are Senuar, Sonpur and Taradih in Bihar and Khairadih and Narhan in eastern Uttar Pradesh.
The people belonging to this culture used tiny tools and weapons made of stone in which, the stone blades and bladelets occupied an important position. In many places, particularly in south India, the stone-blade industry flourished and stone axes continued to be used. It is obvious that such areas were not situated far from the hills. In certain settlements copper objects are found in good numbers. This seems to be the case with Ahar and Gilund, which lay more or less in the dry zones of the Banas river valley in Rajasthan. Unlike the other contemporary chalcolithic farming cultures, Ahar practically did not use microlithic tools; stone axes or blades are almost absent here. Its objects include several flat axes, bangles, several sheets, all made-of copper, although a bronze sheet also occurs. Copper was locally available. The people of Ahar practised smelting and metallurgy from the very beginning. The old namesof Ahar is Tambavati or a place possessing copper. The Ahar culture is placed between B.C. 2100 and 1500 B.C. and Gilund is considered a regional centre of the Ahar culture. In Gilund only fragments of copper appear. Here, we find a stone-blade industry. Flat, rectangular copper axes are found in Jorwe and Chandoli in Maharashtra and copper chisels appear at Chandoli.
The people of the chalcolithic1 phase used different types of pottery, one of which is called black-and-red and seems to have been widely prevalent from nearly 2000 B.C. onwards. It was thrown on wheel and occasionally painted with white linear designs. This is true not only of settlements in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra but also of habitations found in Bihar and West Bengal. People living in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar produced channel spotted pots, dishes-on-stand and bowls-on-stand. It would be wrong to think that all the people who used black-and-red pottery possessed the same culture. Black-and-Red-ware pottery from Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan was painted, but such painted pots were very few in eastern India.
The people living in the chalcolithic age in south-eastern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh, western Maharashtra and elsewhere domesticated animals and practised agriculture. They kept cows, sheep, goats, pigs and buffaloes and hunted deer. Remains of the camel have also been found. But generally they were not acquainted with the horse. Some animal remains are identified as belonging either to the horse or donkey or wild ass. People certainly ate beef, but they did not take pork on any considerable scale. What is remarkable is that these people produced wheat and rice. In addition to these staple crops, they also cultivated bajra. They produced several pulses such as the lentil (mosur), black gram, green gram and grass pea. Almost all these foodgrains have been found at Navdatoli situated on the bank of the Narmada in Maharashtra. Perhaps at no other place in India so many cereals have been discovered as a result of digging. The people of Navdatoli also produced her and linseed. Cotton was produced in the black cotton soil of the Deccan and ragi, bajra and several millets were cultivated in the lower Deccan. In eastern India, fish hooks have been found in Bihar and West Bengal, where we also find rice. This suggests that the chalcolithic people in the eastern regions lived on fish and rice, which is still a popular diet in that part of the county. Most settlements in the Banas valley in Rajasthan are small but Ahar and Gilund spread over an area of nearly four hectares.
The chalcolithic people were generally rtot acquainted with burnt bricks, which were seldom used, as in Gilund arounid 1500 B.C their houses were made of mud bricks, but mostly these were constructed with wattle and daub and seem to have been thatched houses. However, the people in Ahar lived in stone-built houses. Of the 200 Jorwe sites discovered so far, the largest is Daimabad in the Godavari valley. It is about 20 hectares in extent which could contain around 4000 people. It also seems to have been fortified with a mud wall having stone, rubble bastions. Daimabad is famous for the recovery of a large number of bronze goods some of which were influenced by the Harappan culture.
At Inamgaon, in the earlier chalcolithic phase in western Maharashtra, large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses have been discovered. In the later phase (1300-1000 B.C. Jorwe have a house with five rooms, four rectangular and one circular. This was located in the centre of the settlements and may have been the house of a chief. The granary lying close to it may have been used for storing tributes in kind. Inamgaon was a large chalcolithic settlement. It shows more than one hundred houses and numerous burials. This settlement was also fortified and surrounded by a moat.
We know a good deal about the chalcolithic arts and crafts. They were clearly expert coppersmiths and also good workers in stone. We get tools, weapons and bangles of copper. They manufactured beads of semi-precious stones such as carnelian, steatite and quartz crystal. People knew the art of spinning and weaving because spindle Whorls have been discovered in Malwa. Gotten, flax and silk threads made of cotton silk of semal/silk (cotton tree) have been found in Maharashtra. This shows that these people were well acquainted with the manufacture of cloth. In addition to the artisans who practised these crafts at various sites we find potters, smiths, ivory carvers, lime makers and terracotta artisans at Inamgaon.
Regional differences in regard to cereals, structure, pottery, etc., appear in the stone-copper phase. Eastern India produced rice; western India cultivated barley and wheat. Chronologically certain settlements in Malwa and central India such as those in Kayatha and Eran, appeared early; those of western Maharashtra and eastern India were of a much later date. We can form some idea about the burial practices and religious cults of these people. In Maharashtra people buried their dead in urns under the floor of their house in the north-south position. They did not use separate cemeteries for this purpose, as was the case with the Harappans. Pots and some copper objects were deposited in the graves obviously for the use of the dead in the next world.
Terracotta figures of women suggest that the chalcolithic people venerated the mother goddess. Some unbaked nude clay figurines were also used for worship. A figure of the mother goddess similar to that found in western Asia has been found in Inamgaon. In Malwa and Rajasthan stylized bull terracottas show that the bull was the symbol of a religious cult.
Both the settlement pattern and burial practices suggest beginnings of social inequalities in the chalcolithic society. A kind of settlement hierarchy appears in several Jorwe settlements found in Maharashtra. Some of them as large as twenty hectares, but others are only five hectares and even lesser size. This would imply two tier habitations. The difference in the size of settlements suggests that larger settlements dominated the smaller ones. However, in both large and small settlements the chief and his kinsmen who lived in rectangular houses dominated others who lived in round huts. In Inamgaon the craftsmen lived on the western fringes and the chief probably in the centre; this suggests social distance between the inhabitants. In the graves at Chandoli and Nevasa in western Maharashtra, some children were buried with copper based necklaces around their necks; other children had grave goods consisting only of pots. At Inamgaon an adult was buried with pottery and some copper. In one house in Kayatha 29 copper bangles and two unique axes were found. At the same place necklaces of semi-precious stones such as steatite and carnelian beads were found in pots. It is evident that those who possessed these objects were affluent..
Chronologically a special note may be taken of a site at Ganeshwar which is located close to the rich copper mines of the Sikar Jhunjhunu area of the Khetri copper belt in Rajasthan. The copper objects excavated from this area include arrowheads, spearheads, fish hooks, colts, bangles, chisels, etc. Some of their shapes are similar to those discovered at Indus sites; a terracotta cake resembling the Indus type has been also found. It also shows many microliths which are typical of the chalcolithic culture. We also find the OCP (Ochre Coloured Pottery) ware which is a red-slipped Ware often painted in black and mainly represented in vase forms. Since the Ganeshwar deposits are ascribed to 2800-2200 B.C they largely predate the mature Harappan culture. Ganeshwar mainly supplied copper objects to Harappa and did not receive much from it: The Ganeshwar people partly lived on agriculture and largely on hunting. Although their principal craft was the manufacture of copper objects they could not develop urban elements of the Harappan economy, which was based on the produce from the wide flood plains. The Ganeshwar assemblage, therefore, cannot be regarded as a proper OCP Copper Hoard culture. With its microliths and other stone tools much of the Ganeshwar culture can he regarded as a pre-Harappan chalcolithic culture, which contributed to the making of the mature Harappan culture.
Chronologically there are several series of chalcolithic settlements in India. Some are pre-Harappan, others are contemporaries of the Harappan culture and still others are post Harappan. Pre-Harappan strata on some sites in the Harappan zone are also called early Harappan in order to distinguish them from the mature urban. Indus civilization. Thus the pre Harappan phase at Kalibangan in Rajasthan and Banawali in Haryana is distinctly chalcolithic. So is the case with Kot Diji in Sindh in Pakistan. Pre Harappan and post-Harappan chalcolithic cultures and those coexisting with the Harappan are found in northern, western and central India. An example is the Kayatha culture C 2000-1880 B.C., which is a junior contemporary of the Harappa culture. It has some pre-Harappan elements in pottery, but it also shows Harappan influence. Several post Harappan chalcolithic cultures in these areas are influenced by the post urban phase of the Harappan culture.
Several other chalcolithic cultures, though younger in age than the mature Harappan culture, are not connected with the Indus civilization. The Malwa culture (1700-1200 B.G.) found in Navdiatoli, Eran and Nagda is considered to be non-Harappan. So is the case with the Jorwe culture (1400-700 B.C.) which covers the whole of Maharashtra except parts of Vidarbha and Konkan. In the southern and eastern parts of the country, chalcolithic settlements existed independently of the Harappan culture. In south India they are found invariably in continuation of the neolithic settlements. The chalcolithic settlement of the Vindhya region, Bihar and West Bengal are also not related to the Harappan culture.
Evidently various types of pre Harappan chalcolithic cultures promoted the spread of farming communities in Sindh, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, etc. and Created conditions for the rise of the urban civilization of Harappa. Mention may be made of Amri and Kot Diji in Sindh, Kalibangan and even Ganeshwar in Rajasthan. It appears that some chalcolithic farming communities moved to the flood plains of the Indus, learnt bronze technology and succeeded in setting up cities.
Chalcolithic cultures in central and western India disappeared by 1200 B.C. or so; only the Jorwe culture continued until 700 B.C. However, in several parts of the country the chalcolithic black-and-red ware continued into historical times till the second century B.C. But by and large a gap of about four to six centuries appears between the chalcolithic cultures and the early historic cultures in central and western India: In western India and western Madhya Pradesh, the eclipse of the chalcolithic habitations is attributed to a decline in rainfall from about 1200 B.C. onwards. But in West Bengal and in the mid-Ganga zone they continued for long. Probably in western India the chalcolithic people could not continue for long with the digging stick in the black clayey soil area which is difficult to break in the dry season. In the red soil areas, especially in eastern India, however, the chalcolithic phase was immediately followed, without any gap, by the iron phase which gradually transformed the people into full fledged agriculturalists. The same thing happened to the chalcolithic cultures of the mid-Ganga plains. Similarly, at several sites in southern India chalcolithic culture was transformed into megalithic culture using iron.
Importance of the Chalcolithic Phase
Except for the alluvial plains and the thickly forested areas; traces of chalcolithic cultures have been discovered almost all over the country. In the alluvial plains of the mid-Ganga region, several chalcolithic Sites occur, particularly near a lake or a river confluence. In this phase people mostly founded rural settlements on river banks not far removed from hills. As stated earlier, they used microliths and other stone tools supplemented by some use of copper tools. It seems that most of them knew the art of copper smelting. Almost all chalcolithic communities used Wheel turned black-and-red pots. Considering their pre-Bronze phase of development, we find that they were the first to use painted pottery. Their pots were meant for cooking, eating, drinking and storing. They used both lota and thali In south India, the neolithic phase imperceptibly faded into the chalcolithic phase and so these cultures are called neolithic-chalcolithic. In other parts, especially in western Maharashtra and Rajasthan, the chalcolithic people seem toUave been colonisers. Their earliest settlements appear in Malwa and central India, such as those in Kayatha and Eran; those in western Maharashtra appeared later; and those in Bihar and West Bengal emerged much later.
The chalcolithic communities founded the first large villages in peninsular India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the neolithic communities. In particular they cultivated barley, wheat and lentil in western India and rice in southern and eastern India. Their cereal food was supplemented by non-vegetarian food. In western India we have more of animal food, but fish and rice formed important elements in the diet of eastern India. More remains of structures have been found in western Maharashtra, western Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan. The settlements at Kayatha and Eran in Madhya Pradesh and at Inamgaon in western Maharashtra were fortified. On the other hand, the remains of structures in Chirand and Pandi Rajar Dhibi in eastern India were poor, indicating post-holes and round houses. The burial practices were different. In Maharashtra the dead body was placed in the north-south position, but in south India in the east-west position. Almost complete extended burial obtained in western India, but fractional burial prevailed in eastern India.
Limitations of Chalcolithic Cultures
The chalcolithic people domesticated cattle — sheep goats — which were tethered in the courtyard. Probably the domesticated animals were slaughtered for food and not milked for drink and daisy products. The tribal people such as the Gonds of Bastar think that milk is meant only to feed the young animals and, therefore, they do not milk their cattle. Because of this the chalcolithic people could not make full use of the animals. Further, the chalcolithic people living in the black cotton soil area of central and western India did not practise cultivation on any intensive Or extensive scale. Neither plough nor hoe has been found at chalcolithic sites. Only perforated stone discs were tied as weights to the digging sticks which could be used in the slash-burn or jhum cultivation. It was possible to sow in the ashes with the help of such a digging stick. Intensive and extensive cultivation on the black soil required the use of iron implements which had no place in the chalcolithic culture. The chalcolithic people living in the red soil areas of eastern India also faced the same difficulty.
The general weakness of chalcolithic cultures is evident from the burial of a large number of children in western Maharashtra. In spite of a food-producing economy, the rate of infant mortality was very high. It might be attributed to lack of nutrition, absence of medical knowledge or outbreak of epidemics. At any rate the chalcolithic social and economic pattern did not promote longevity.
The stone-copper culture had an essentially rural background. During its phase the supply of copper was limited and, as a metal, copper had its limitations. By itself a tool made of copper was pliant. People did not know the art of mixing tin with copper-and thus forging the much stronger and useful medal called bronze. Bronze tools facilitated the rise of earliest civilizations in Crete, Egypt and Mesopotamia and also in the Indus valley.
The people of the Stone-Copper Age did not know the art of writing; nor did they live in cities as the people of the Bronze Age did. We notice all these elements of civilization for the first time in the Indus region of the Indian subcontinent. Although most chalcolithic cultures existing in the major part of the country were younger than the Indus valley civilization, they did not derive any substantial benefit from the advanced technological knowledge of the Indus people.
The Copper Hoards and the Ochre-coloured Pottery Phase
More than forty copper hoards consisting of rings, celts, hatchets, swords, harpoons, spearheads and human-like figures have: been found in a wide area ranging from West Bengal and Orissa in the east to Gujarat and Haryana in the west and from Andhra Pradesh in the south to Uttar Pradesh in the north. The largest hoard comes from Gungeria in Madhya Pradesh; it contains 424 copper tools and weapons and 102 thin sheets of silver objects. But nearly half of the copper hoards are concentrated in the Ganga-Yamuna doab; in other areas we encounter stray finds of copper harpoons, antennae swords and anthropomorphic figures. These artefacts served several purposes. They were meant not only for fishing, hunting and fighting but also for artisanal and agricultural use. They presuppose good technological skill and knowledge on the part of the coppersmith and cannot be the handiwork of nomadic people or primitive artisans. In excavations at two places in the western Uttar Pradesh some of these objects have been discovered in association with ochre coloured pots and some mud structures. At one place stray baked-brick fragments are also found. Stone tools have also been found in excavations. All this suggests that the people who used the implements of the copper hoards supplemented by some tools led a settled life and were one of the earliest chalcolithic agriculturalists and artisans to settle in a good portion of the doab. Most ochre-coloured pottery sites are found in the upper.
The term OCP is misleading, because it is essentially a red-slipped ware, which shows many handled vases. The OCP culture shows some Harrapan influence portion of the doab, but stray copper hoards are found in the plateau areas of Bihar and the other regions. Many copper celts have been found in the Khetri zone of Rajasthan.
The period covered by the ochre coloured pottery culture may roughly be placed between 2000 B.C. and 1500 B.C., on the basis of a series of eight scientific datings. When the ochre coloured pottery settlements disappeared, in doab does not show much habitations until about 1000 B.C. We learn of some habitation by people using black-and-red ware, but their habitation deposits are so thin and antiquities so poor that we cannot form a clear and distinct idea of their cultural equipment. In any case, in the upper portion of the doab, settlement begins with the advent of the ochre coloured pottery people. Jodhpura on the border of Haryana and Rajasthan shows the thickest OCP deposits accounting for 1-1 metre. It seems, however, that at no place did these settlements last for more than a century or so; nor were they considerable in size and spread over a very wide territory. Why and how these settlements came to an end is not clear. A suggestion has been made that inundation followed by water-logging in an extensive area may have rendered the area unfit for human settlements. The present soft texture of the ochre coloured pottery is, according to some scholars, the result of its association with water for a considerable period of time.
The OCP people were junior Contemporaries of the Harappans and the ochre coloured pottery area in which they lived was not far removed from that of the Harappans. We may, therefore, expect some give and take between the OCP people and the bronze using Harappans.
1. Explain the meaning of the following terms and concepts: Chalcolithic, Microlith, Jhum cultivation.
2. In what respects do the chalcolithic cultures mark an advance on the Stone Age cultures? Discuss.
3. Identify the main features of chalcolithic phase in India. Mention the main sites of the chalcolithic cultures in India. Show these sites on an outline map of India.
4. Describe the burial practices and religious beliefs of the chalcolithic people.
5. State the period of the chalcolithic cultures in India.
6. Discuss the main limitations of the chalcolithic cultures.


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"During this past summer we had the pleasure of working with Lynn Dasteel in both the sale of our previous Del Cerro home, and the purchase of our new one. Having bought and sold three other times, with different Realtors, no one has impressed us more than Lynn. She is a professional through and through, as well as friendly, trustworthy, punctual and honest."
"In both sales, our interests and concerns came first. Also, her marketing strategy was diverse in the sale of our home, including utilizing a new internet realty site, a Realtor caravan, and walking the neighborhood handing out flyers. No other Realtor has worked so hard in the sale of our homes. Finally, because Lynn stayed so current on new listings, we were able to see our new home the day it came on the market. If she didn't, it would have been sold that first weekend."
"If you are considering buying or selling, my wife and I highly encourage you to speak to Lynn and have her be your agent. We are sure you'll enjoy her talents and efforts, and herself, as much as we did."
Warm regards,
M. & M. Parada
Del Cerro
"Dear Lynn: We thank you so much for all that you did to get us this beautiful home! We love it here and can´t believe it is ours! Your attention to detail and concern for us every step of the way has really touched our hearts."
The Shecklers, Escondido
"Lynn was an amazing Realtor! She helped us every step of the way, and gave us the best tips to make our house shine! We thank you Lynn!"
The Mailes, El Cajon
"Dear Lynn, just wanted to send you a note to thank you for all of your help with buying our home. You truly made becoming a first time homeowner a breeze; your availability to show us properties on our schedule, your patience with our many "crazy" questions, and experienced advice was greatly appreciated when making our decision. If we ever decide to move in the future or buy another house you will bet he first person we call. We are very happy that our family referred us to you."
The Smillies, La Mesa
More Great Things Being Said!
"We tried to sell our home ourselves for about 3 months. We received an offer but it fell through. We hoped to save money by doing this ourselves. Lynn introduced herself to us early in the process and made herself available without pressuring us to list the home. She sincerely wanted to help and seemed to enjoy her job a lot! We finally realized we needed help and couldn't do this on our own. Lynn took on the challenge and we sold our home on Del Cerro Blvd. within one month and for more than we would have gotten, had we sold it ourselves! What a hard worker she is and we are very appreciative!"
"Lynn did a great job marketing our house to sell at the price we needed. After just two open houses, our house was sold – at our asking price! We also used her to purchase our new home and were extremely pleased with how easily and quickly she worked in order to close escrow in thirty days. We have already recommended Lynn to family and friends!"
"Lynn was extremely supportive, helpful and informative during the entire listing and sale process. She truly went way above and beyond to help solve several challenges we experienced, and for that we are truly grateful!"
"Lynn is a top-
"Dear Lynn: I wanted to again thank you so very much for the incredible job you did for Rick and me in finding us a home to purchase for a 1031 Exchange, under extraordinary circumstances! The hours you put in, whether in the wee hours of the morning or late at night, paid off! You found us a great house to buy at a price we could afford. You were always willing to work around my schedule even when it was most likely inconvenient for you and you never let me know that! My deepest thanks, for your hard work. I would recommend you to anyone looking for either a listing agent or a buying agent."
"Dear Lynn: I can't express to you, how much I appreciate what you did to sell my property! No one believed that I would get this amount and in such a short period of time! You did everything you said you would and you put up with all of my questions and worries! I want you to know that I have referred you to a number of people here at Navy Central. When I go to sell again, which should be within about five years, I will absolutely call you! I've sold 4 homes before this and none went as smoothly as this! Thanks and Hugs."
"Dear Lynn: We wanted to write you a note of appreciation for all that you did to sell our home! After our previous Realtor couldn't sell the house, I never thought I would be anything but a "For Sale By Owner", but you proved us wrong! Cheryl and I had no idea how much work it was to sell a home. After the first escrow fell through and you came along, we realized how important your involvement in this deal was. We wish you many years of success."
"Dear Lynn: We can't believe how stress-
"Dear Lynn: We had our pick of Realtors here in Del Cerro, but when we met you, we were convinced you were the one for us. You guided us through the whole process with such respect and skill and we grew to feel like you were not just a real estate agent selling our house, but a friend who really cared about us and our home and our future. Thanks for all of your help."
Please feel free to ask for phone numbers of these clients and many others who'd be happy to speak with you about their experiences working with me.


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Last year, we heard from leading pan-Canadian data center company, eStruxture, about their plans to continue growing across Canada, with a near term focus on development in Western Canada. Early in 2019, they have made true on this promise, expanding the VAN-1 Data Center and hiring seasoned sales professional, Andrew Fowler, to manage western sales. VAN-1 serves as the only high-density colocation facility in downtown Vancouver, offering a range of connectivity options in this digital hub. These moves from eStruxture further highlight the company's goal of investing and expanding across Canada, as well as its commitment to offering customers "more" – more locations, more capacity, and more connectivity solutions.
"At eStruxture, we are dedicated to our customers' success, and pride ourselves on the ability to scale space and power quickly based on current demands," explains Todd Coleman, President and CEO of eStruxture. "As a leading data center market in Canada, Vancouver serves as a powerful hub for enterprises to grow and house their mission-critical infrastructure. For the media and entertainment industry in particular, we see huge opportunity and are proud to be the data center of choice for many post-production and visual effects studios across the city."
Located in the heart of "Hollywood North" in the Mount Pleasant neighbourhood, the VAN-1 facility is capable of supporting up to 30kW per cabinet, and offers significant capacity options for enterprise, media and entertainment customers. The expansion includes a 1MW power upgrade, enhancements in physical security, and nearly doubles the available cabinet space. The additional white space is tailored for high density workloads typically used by film animation rendering server farms, as well as image processing tools common in the visual effects community.
"As part of our commitment to grow our business in Vancouver, we are pleased to announce and welcome Andrew Fowler to our team," Mr. Coleman further added. "Andrew is a telecom and data center industry veteran with a broad range of sales and business development experience. This new hire further emphasizes our clear strategic direction to strengthen customer relationships and expand our reach."
"eStruxture is experiencing an exciting and rapid period of growth," adds Mr. Fowler. "I am thrilled to join the team as we enable our clients to meet their objectives for highly resilient, industry-leading density and network neutrality in the data center."
For more information on eStruxture and to read more about this latest news click here.


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Saint Malo is a historic walled town on the English Channel in Brittany, in northwestern France. It is among the most popular destinations in Brittany, partly because of the spectacular walled city or intramuros villa and partly because cross-channel travelers on the ferry begin or end their trip to Brittany here. Either way, Saint Malo is well worth a tour to see not just the ramparts and the walled city, but also the beaches and the tidal power station. One more thing – Saint Malo has the most number of seafood restaurants in all of France, so you have got to try the famous Oysters brought in from Cancale. You will need to rent a car in Saint Malo if you wish to be a tourist here or head off to other destinations in Brittany.
You can start by visiting the tourist information office on Esplanade Saint-Vincent. Obviously, the entire walled city or La Ville Intra-Muros is itself a big attraction so anything you see or do here is a tourist activity. But there are traditional historic attractions like the Chateau, which now houses the town hall and a museum. The ramparts with 12 foot walls are from the 12th century and you can walk on them and admire the sweeping view. The Cathedral of St. Vincent is even older, and dates back to the 9th century AD. The aquarium in the walled city is one of the biggest ones in France. Get a car for hire in Saint Malo and you will be able to move around outside the walled city, where you will find attractions like the 14th century Solidor Tower in Saint-Servan. The Rance Tidal Power Station is among the most visited attractions in Brittany.
If you are going to be visiting the beaches here, most people start with the Grand Be, where you will find the final resting place of the famous writer Chateaubriand. If you visit the Petit Be, you will find a well preserved fort (Fort du Petit Be) which dates back to the Louis XIV era. Grande Plage is the main 2-mile beach northeast of the walled city and extends all the way to Parame. All the hotels and seaside resorts outside the walled city are located here. Plage du Mole is the southernmost beach, and quite crowded during the summer because it is small and well protected.
Saint Malo is quite a handful even for the most avid tourist, and the attractions and beaches are enough to keep you occupied for days. But if you feel like taking a nice drive, then there are excellent destinations nearby. You can reach Mont Saint Michel within an hour on the N176. The medieval city of Dinan is even closer, being just 40 minutes away on the N176. Cancale can be reached with a 25 drive on the D355.
There are nine agencies at the Saint Malo Dinard Pleurtuit Airport (DNR) offering a car rental in Saint Malo for travelers. One of the agencies even has an office in the city, on Boulevard de la République. But there is no need to go around looking for them. It is far easier to compare all the agencies online, select the best deal and book your vehicle right now.
05 April 2020
Partly Cloudy
06 April 2020
07 April 2020
Mostly Sunny
08 April 2020


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Herman L. Connell of Clayton, age 82, died peacefully at home on January 10 with his loving family by his side. He was predeceased by his parents, Eugene and Lois Connell of Granville County and four brothers, Nick, Nelson, Clarence and Crawford Connell, and two sisters, Helen Haskins and Lena Connell.
Surviving are his wife, Blanche Connell , his son, Bernard Asa Morris of Oxford and his daughter, Sandra Morris Smith of Clayton and their families Also surviving are his nephews, Cleveland Connell, Bobby Haskins and Pete Connell and his niece, Rachel Sugg and their families.
The family will receive friends at the Gentry-Newell & Vaughan Funeral Home on Wednesday January 13, at 503 College Street, Oxford, NC from 10 to 11am prior to the funeral service to be held in the Chapel at Gentry-Newell & Vaughan at 11am. Burial will follow in the Corinth Baptist Church Cemetery.
Omission of flowers is requested and memorials may be sent "In Memory of Herman L. Connell" to the Community Home Care and Hospice, 962 Hwy 42 West , Clayton, NC 27520
Online memorials www.gnvfh.com select obituaries.


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New Alien: Covenant Trailer!
Back in 1979, the world was blessed with a film so revolutionary in both storytelling and production that it has yet to find a rival and has even become the standard for space horror. The film we're talking about is Alien. Directed by Ridley Scott and written by Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett, this sci-fi classic has an IMDB rating of 8.5 out of 10 based on the votes of nearly 600,000 members. Sigourney Weaver shattered the ideals of what audiences thought a badass should be and paved the way for females to carry narratives that were largely reserved for men.
Alien spawned a series of sequels, some being better than others. Aliens came out in 1986, Alien 3 in 1992 and Alien Resurrection in 1997. Aside from the Alien Vs. Predator spin off franchise, 1997 was where the Alien films ended. In 2012, Scott came back and gifted us with a prequel to the original film titled Prometheus which currently has a 7.0 rating on IMDB based on the votes from over 470,000 members.
Now here we sit in the present day and fans of the franchise eagerly await the release of the next installment of the series, Alien: Covenant. A colony spaceship and its crew discover an uncharted paradise, but along with it comes a terrifying threat far beyond what their imagination can conjure. Their only option is escape.
The Film is set for theatrical release on the 19th of May, 2017. Michael Fassbender is back along with Katherine Waterston, James Franco, Noomi Rapace, Guy Pearce, Danny Mcbride, and more. Based on the trailer, fans can expect nothing short of pulse pounding action, philosophical and existential themes, tense claustrophobic panic, and of course, Facehuggers! It looks beautiful. The CG, makeup, set design and tone all appear flawless – much like Prometheus. This is a film we can't wait to check out!