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CBD-Infused Coffee: What It Is, How It Works, and Potential Benefits
There's a lot of buzz these days about CBD-infused products, including coffee. Some even claim that CBD-infused coffee can combat anxiety and alleviate pain. This article explores the potential benefits of this current trend.
CBD-infused coffee seems like a growing trend these days. Makers of these products claim there are several benefits, including alleviating minor inflammation and pain, and promoting feelings of alertness while remaining calm and focused.
Some say that CBD-infused coffee is a natural therapy that can combat health issues, including anxiety, depression, chronic pain, cancer, diabetes, and heart problems.
This article takes a look at CBD-infused coffee, including explanations of cannabidiol itself, the potential benefits of taking CBD, and what science has to say.
While scientists are still studying CBD-infused coffee, we've provided as much information as possible so you can decide if CBD-infused coffee is right for you.
It's important to keep in mind that this article is not intended as medical advice. Before adding CBD to your diet, consult with your doctor or a healthcare professional.
What Is CBD?
CBD – Cannabidiol – is the sibling chemical of well-known THC.
"For those who don't know, THC is the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis," said Dr. Jean Talleyrand, founder and Chief Medical Officer of MediCann in Oakland, a patient-physician referral service in California, and co-founder and Chief Medical Officer of the Clinical Endocannabinoid System Consortium, a non-profit research organization, in San Diego, California.
The enzymes responsible for the production of THC and CBD come from the same genetic code, Dr. Tallyrand explained.
"Cannabis plants – this includes hemp – are either genetically programmed to produce THC or CBD," he said. "There are some plants that produce both. That's because the code is co-dominant."
CBD is an incredible single-molecule sourced from industrial hemp and packed with vitamins, omegas and essential fatty acids that are known to have beneficial impacts on the skin, hair, and overall body, noted Julie Winter, COO and Co-Founder of CBD For Life, a collection of CBD-infused skincare and pain management products.
"It is being called the new 'super beauty ingredient' and has been proven to synergize naturally with the body's endocannabinoid system creating ideal overall health," Winter said.
What's the Biggest Myth About CBD?
Many people still assume CBD will make you feel "high" and is illegal, Winter noted.
"However CBD is legal in all 50 states," she said. "Our goal is to educate as many consumers as possible so that they are aware of the amazing healing properties of CBD."
Winter added that CBD is derived from the hemp plant, not the marijuana plant, and does not contain THC.
"Therefore, CBD itself does not produce any psychoactive effects," she said. "Both compounds interact with your body's endocannabinoid system but they have very different effects."
Similar to THC, CBD is a phytocannabinoid, the class of active ingredients in cannabis – and unlike THC, CBD does not produce a "high," Dr. Tallyrand agreed.
"It does, however, reduce anxiety and some associate a pleasant feeling with it," he said.
Dr. Tallyrand has heard some patients call CBD the "medical" part of the cannabis plant, and THC the "recreational" part.
"The truth is that both CBD and THC act on the endocannabinoid system, only in different ways," he said. "Thus, they both have medical potential."
How Does CBD Work in the Body?
CBD and THC act on the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) in different ways, Dr. Talleyrand noted.
He explained that THC attaches to CB1 and CB2 receptors and directly activates both receptors.
"I like to describe it as like putting fuel in an engine," Dr. Tallyrand said. "On the other hand, CBD is more like putting oil in an engine. It seems to reduce the friction of an overworked engine – i.e. the ECS."
CBD does not attach to the CB1 receptor. The CB1 receptor activation is what causes the "high."
"CBD acts by attaching to other receptors – the 5HT (serotonin) receptor and the TRPV (pain) receptor among others," Dr. Tallyrand explained. "That is likely why CBD works well on anxiety and pain."
What Science Has to Say About CBD
Cannabis sativa L. preparations have been used in medicine for millennia, according to the study, "Cannabinoids in health and disease," published by the National Institutes of Health.
The therapeutic value of cannabinoids "is too high to be put aside," the study indicated. Numerous diseases are being treated – or have the potential to be treated – by cannabinoid agonists/antagonists/cannabinoid-related compounds, including the following:
- Anorexia
- Emesis (vomiting)
- Pain
- Inflammation
- Multiple sclerosis
- Neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease)
- Epilepsy
- Glaucoma
- Osteoporosis
- Schizophrenia
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Cancer
- Obesity
Studies on cannabinoid anticonvulsant activity began in 1975, when CBD, and four CBD derivatives, (CBD-aldehyde-diacetate, 6-oxo-CBD-diacetate, 6-hydroxy-CBD-triacetate, and 9-hydroxy-CBD-triacetate) were shown to protect against maximal electroshock convulsions in mice.
Additionally, CBD was found to be an effective anticonvulsant with specificity more comparable to drugs clinically effective in major, but not in minor, seizures.
"Furthermore, it appears that CBD enhances the anticonvulsant effects of drugs in major seizures and reduces their effects in minor seizures," according to the study. "Hence, CBD was suggested as a drug for the treatment of children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy."
In another study, patients suffering from secondary generalized epilepsy with temporal focus treated with CBD remained "almost free of convulsive crises throughout the experiment," while other patients demonstrated partial improvement in their clinical condition.
Additionally, CBD has been shown to elicit antipanic effects through the activation of receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray, which is a critical area for the modulation of emotional reactivity to stress, according to the study, "Cannabinoid-related agents in the treatment of anxiety disorders: current knowledge and future perspectives."
Is CBD-Infused Coffee a Growing Trend?
CBD itself is the growing trend, Dr. Tallyrand noted, and it is being considered for everything from water, soft drinks, coffee and health tonics to medical capsules, oil-based tinctures, topical lotions, and shampoo.
"Its popularity makes sense to me," he said. "To continue the metaphor, we all seem to be living with over-worked engines. Inflammation and anxiety have their negative consequences. My hypothesis is that a large number of people have over-worked internal engines (the ECS) that could use oil, CBD oil. The caffeine in coffee may provoke anxiety. CBD seems a natural pairing."
Benefits of CBD-Infused Coffee
There are plenty of health benefits from taking CBD, according to Kickback, which manufactures CBD cold brew coffee and other products. These benefits include, but are not limited to:
- Anxiety relief
- Anti-seizure
- Neuroprotective
- Anti-acne
According to makers of Sträva Craft Coffee in Denver, Colorado, batches infused with healthy full-spectrum organic hemp oil provides balance to the coffee's natural caffeine, "and, for many people, alleviates the jitters."
The company explains that hemp oil contains naturally occurring phytocannabinoids, including CBD, and is widely consumed for its wellness properties as a mild analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiemetic, to name a few.
CBD has been shown anecdotally to help relieve many physical and mental ailments, according to SteepFuze, which was founded in 2014 by Devin Jamroz while he was mending herniating discs from a snowboarding accident.
"People often treat CBD like a daily vitamin in their wellness regimen for homeostasis and balance – or another tool for athletic training or injury recovery," according to the company's website. "As money for research becomes more available…more and more peer-reviewed studies report that CBD acts as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and antiemetic."
While Dr. Tallyrand has never discussed CBD and coffee with a patient, "I suspect, depending on the potency of both the caffeine and the CBD, they might counteract each other."
Caffeine is a stimulant, he noted, and CBD at higher doses makes some patients drowsy.
"However, they both reduce anxiety through dopamine and serotonin mechanisms," Dr. Tallyrand said. "Knowing the dosage is critical to knowing the effect."
CBD Dose in Coffee
One to two cups of coffee per day seems to be harmless, Dr. Tallyrand said, and CBD doses up to 1000 mg or more per day have been "tolerated without serious adverse effects."
"I usually recommend dosing CBD 2 to 3 times per day," he said. "However, it seems to take at least a week of regular daily dosing to settle into a predictable effect. That means the effect on the first few days may change after a week."
Every manufacturer of CBD-infused coffee has specific instructions about how to use their products, so be sure to read and follow the instructions before consumption.
Is CBD-Infused Coffee Safe?
When asked if there are any possible side effects from drinking coffee infused with CBD, Dr. Tallyrand said yes, "as there are side effects to drinking coffee."
"Caffeine does cause a transient increase in blood pressure," he said. "It also causes palpitations, anxiety, and headaches. Most know the traditional side effects of caffeine. CBD, on the other hand, also causes headaches as well as dizziness and drowsiness in dose-dependent fashion."
To date, "there is no evidence of recreational use of CBD or any public health-related problems associated with the use of pure CBD," according to a CBD Critical Review Report conducted by the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence conducted in the summer of 2018.
The report noted that several countries have modified their national controls to accommodate CBD as a medicinal product; and that CBD exhibits "no effects indicative of any abuse or dependence potential" in humans.
CBD has been demonstrated as an effective treatment of epilepsy in several clinical trials, and "there is also preliminary evidence that CBD may be a useful treatment for a number of other medical conditions."
The report also noted that there is an unsanctioned medical use of CBD based products with oils, supplements, gums, and high concentration extract available online for the treatment of many ailments.
"CBD is generally well-tolerated with a good safety profile," the report indicated. "Reported adverse effects may be as a result of drug-drug interactions between CBD and patients' existing medications."
Realistic Expectations for CBD-Infused Coffee
Expect varying results and side effects, Dr. Tallyrand advised.
"We are uncertain as to the optimum dose of CBD," he said. "Likely that dose will change depending on your goal. Are you trying to reduce anxiety, reduce pain or induce sleep? As well, different formulations of CBD coffee may have different effects."
Finally, one person's metabolism of CBD may be more sensitive than another.
"I suggest starting at a small dose, from 5 to 20 mg and increasing to the desired symptom relief," Dr. Tallyrand recommended. "An effective dose for the average adult might reach up to 200 mg or more."
Where to Buy CBD-Infused Coffee
If you're thinking about buying CBD to add to your coffee, CBD is generally found at medical cannabis dispensaries; however, newer laws may allow it to be sold online or any retail store, Dr. Tallyrand said.
"I recommend purchasing CBD in capsule or tincture form," he advised. "In those forms, a consumer is more likely to get an accurate and predictable dose."
Keep in mind that the following products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Online shops sell CBD-infused coffee, including the following:
Green Roads World
Green Roads World sells CBD decaf coffee for $54.99, which equates to 16 servings. The beans are sourced from Villamaría, a small village in the Caldas Mountains of Colombia. After decaffeination, Excelso Colombian Supremo beans are infused with hemp-derived CBD by a licensed compounding pharmacist and then vacuum-sealed.
Green Roads also sells regular CBD coffee for $39.99, which also contains 16 servings. This is an African-based roast, bold coffee soaked in Broad-Spectrum CBD.
Kickback Cold Brew
All Kickback beverages contain 20mg of water-soluble, organically extracted CBD. Their products are vegan, gluten-free and lab tested. One product called "Coffee Date" is a CBD-infused cold brew blended with Mediterranean dates and organic coconut milk. The cost is $99 for a 12 pack of 11 fluid ounce bottles on the company's website.
SteepFuze makes CBD infused coffee and teas, and its CBD coffee has been featured on ABC News. Located in Colorado, the company partners with specialty coffee roasters and tea importers to craft whole bean coffees and loose leaf teas infused with full-spectrum CBD extract derived from Certified Organic hemp grown outdoors in Colorado.
A 12-ounce bag of coffee that contains 360 mg of CBD costs $48.95 for both regular and decaffeinated. Smaller bags can also be purchased – for instance, a 3-ounce bag with 90 mg of CBD costs $19.95.
Strava Craft Coffee
Located in Denver, Colorado, Sträva Craft Coffee makes CDB infused coffees including a "Restore" blend in a 12-ounce bag containing 120 mg of CBD that costs $34.95. There's also an "Elevate" blend with 240 mg of CBD per 12-ounce bag that costs $54.95.
The cost is less if you purchase coffee with fewer mg of CBD. For instance, a 12-ounce bag containing 30 mg of CBD costs $19.95.
Bottom Line
The Endocannabinoid System is a relatively new discovery, Dr. Tallyrand noted.
"As scientists, we have a lot of work ahead of us in understanding its function and how to best take advantage," he said.
CBD is popular and rightly so, he emphasized, because it has anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-cancer properties that may aid a significant number of medical conditions.
Currently, it is also being marketed as a dietary supplement or beverage.
"I am as excited about CBD as the next person," Dr. Tallyrand said. "However, I suggest we approach CBD with caution and appropriate surveillance for adverse effects. We want to make sure that we optimize its beneficial effects while avoiding negative outcomes."
» See Also:
- Do CBD-Infused Creams, Oils and Other Products Really Work?
- CBD Oil in Beauty Products: Your Comprehensive Guide


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A loose lambswool knit with a fluffy texture. Slightly oversized, the jumper has a bold monochrome stripe.
Lambswool / Loose-knit with fluffy texture / Slightly oversized / Stripe design / Ribbed trims
Our boxy knitwear takes us back to the mohair jumper of the punks: fluffy, oversized and unravelling. Ours swaps classic mohair for fluffy, brushed lambswool and a bold monochrome stripe.
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Last week, loanDepot announced the closing of its $150 million capital transaction. The online lender revealed it plans to use the funds to continue investments in technology and product development.
Sharing details about the transaction, Anthony Hsieh, chairman and CEO at loanDepot, stated:
"Capital investment in consumer lending and in the mortgage industry is very tight and highly selective. Investors are interested in category leaders with scale who succeed in all credit cycles. This deal confirms the strength of our business model and the positive momentum of our brand. It also signals the competitive advantage loanDepot has in accessing capital in today's market as we pursue our long-term growth strategy."
The lender also reported that it is heading into the second half of the year with 2016's second quarter funds securing nearly $10 billion in home, person, and home equity loans. Hsieh commented:
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He then added:
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Hubert Moore Exterminator, LLC is a licensed, registered and insured pest control company
that has been providing its services at commercial and residential locations in New York City, Queens, and Nassau County since 1970. We are a second-generation, family-owned company. Availability to our customers and responding to their pest control problems in a timely manner are foundational principles to Hubert Moore Exterminator, LLC. We service commercial stores such as Zabars, Lifethyme Natural Market, and Solina Bakery. Other clients include residential locations managed by ABC Realty, Metro Management, and Brown, Harris, and Stevens Realty.
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Put your home or business in our capable hands. Call us today for more information.
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Copyright 2019 © Hubert Moore Exterminator LLC. All rights reserved.


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Kiowa Creek Coaches, LLC
- Serving:
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Because we know that each event is special, we offer custom horse-drawn coaches for the specific need of your particular occasion. With a variety of carriage selections to choose from, we guarantee to make your dream ride a success.
Fine Carriages for Weddings and Events. Make your special day even more memorable. Arrive in a fine wedding carriage pulled by a Show Quality Percheron, mane and tail braided with the Brides wedding colors. The Bride will arrive in style to be handed off a finely appointed horse-drawn carriage by the Father of the Bride. At the conclusion of the ceremony, the Bride, Groom, Maid of Honor and the Best Man will leave in this same carriage, decorated with a Just Married sign. Driver is always formally attired. Additional carriages or wagons can be in attendance for other members of the wedding party, developing an elegant procession.
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Terraforming Mars Acrylic Token Set
Product Description
|NOTE: These tokens are included with our Terraforming Mars Organizer (ORG070). There is no need to purchase both products.
Upgrade your copy of Terraforming Mars by replacing your white cubes with these themed acrylic tokens.
Our tokens are designed to replace the generation, oxygen and heat markers.
This is a third-party accessory designed by The Broken Token. All product names are trademarks of their respective owners, which are in no way associated or affiliated with The Broken Token.
These tokens require basic assembly.
Craig S.
Awesome replacement pieces, by a bit over sized base.
9/19/2017 9:00:00 pm
I actually purchased two of these. The first set had bases that were too small for a couple of the acrylic inserts, and actually cracked & broke as I attempted to put them together. So I ordered a second set to replace the broken ones, only to get three bases that had slots that were too big for some of the inserts. Luckily I was able to add some plastic glue to them to hold together. If the second set would have been more snug, then the additional star would have been given. But overall; a great product.
Great addition to TFM
1/7/2018 9:00:00 pm
These pieces enhance the TFM game experience, replacing the non-descript white cubes. For just $5.00 they blend in perfectly with the theme of the game, and improving the aesthetic. Worth more than the price!
Beautiful tokens
10/28/2017 9:00:00 pm
These pieces really are a nice bonus to the game. Just two small issues: The paper backing on them can be hard to get off, especially inside the "O" on the oxygen one. They also are not universally snug inside their bases, making it difficult to move them without accidentally disassembling them. But, these are two small things, and they still are very nice additions.
Nice tokens
6/19/2017 9:00:00 pm
those 3 tokens are nice and give a plus to the gameboard instead of the 3 initial blank die. I recommend them for people that want deeper immersion into this very good game
Nice addition, Fresh look!
10/31/2017 9:00:00 pm
MUCH better than the games original white cubes. Nice design for each objective market. Not sure if each standee is supposed to sit snug in each base. 2 out of 3 where too loose and would just fall out. Ended up just gluing them in place.
work well
3/5/2018 9:00:00 pm
these work well, but I wish they would make a white one for Venus next, that was what I bought these for was to use the blue one for Venus next.
Michael Haven
Mars needs better markers
8/30/2018 9:00:00 pm
This game really needs something better than white cubes for these markers - so my family decided we needed to upgrade them. These acrylic tokens look great on our game board and are sized perfectly for the game.
5/28/2019 9:25 am
I love these! They were a stocking-stuffer for my wife, who loves TM.


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The discovery of graphene in 2004 has led to a surge of activities focused on the theoretical and experimental studies of materials hosting linearly dispersive quasiparticles during the last decade. Rapid expansion in the list of materials having similar properties to graphene has led to the emergence of a new class of materials known as the Dirac materials. The low energy quasiparticles in this class of materials are described by a Dirac-like equation in contrast to the Schrödinger equation which governs the low energy dynamics in any conventional materials such as metals. The Dirac fermions, as we call these low-energy quasiparticles, in a wide range of materials ranging from the d-wave superconductors, graphene to the surface states of topological insulators share the common property. The particles move around as if they have lost their mass. This feature results in a completely new set of physical effects consisting of various transport and thermodynamic quantities, that are absent in conventional metals.
This thesis is devoted to studying the properties of bosonic analogs of the commonly known Dirac materials where the quasiparticle are fermionic. In chapter one, we discuss the microscopic origin of the Dirac equation in several fermionic and bosonic systems. We observe identical features of the Dirac materials with quasiparticles of either statistics when the interparticle interaction is absent. Dirac materials with both types of quasiparticles possess the nodal excitations that are described by an effective Dirac-like equation. The possible physical effects due to the linear dispersions in fermionic and bosonic Dirac materials are also outlined.
In chapter two, we propose a system of superconducting grains arranged in honeycomb lattice as a realization for Bosonic Dirac Materials (BDM). The underlying microscopic dynamics, which give rise to the emergence of Dirac structure in the spectrum of the collective phase oscillations, is discussed in detail. Similarities and differences of BDM systems to the conventional Dirac materials with fermionic quasiparticles are also mentioned. Chapter three is dedicated to the detailed analysis of the interaction effects on the stability and renormalization of the conical Dirac band structure. We find that the type of interaction dictates the possible fate of renormalized Dirac cone in both fermionic and bosonic Dirac materials. We study interaction effects in four different individual systems : (a) Dirac fermions in graphene interacting via Coulomb interactions, (b) Dirac fermions subjected to an onsite Hubbard repulsion, (c) Coulomb repulsion in charged Cooper pairs in honeycomb lattice and (d) Dirac magnons interacting via Heisenberg exchange interaction. The possibility of interaction induced gap opening at the Dirac nodal point described is also discussed in these cases.
Chapter four mainly concerns the study of a related topic of the synthetic gauge fields. We discuss the possibility of Landau quantization in neutral particles. Possible experimental evidence in toroidal cold atomic traps is also mentioned. A connection to Landau levels in case of magnons is also described. We finally conclude our thesis in chapter five and discuss the possible future directions that can be taken as an extension for our works in interacting Dirac materials.
Larkin-Ovchinnikov superconducting state has spontaneous modulation of Cooper pair density, while Fulde-Ferrell state has a spontaneous modulation in the phase of the order parameter. We report that a quasi-two-dimensional Dirac metal, under certain conditions has principally different inhomogeneous superconducting states that by contrast have spontaneous modulation in a submanifold of a multiple-symmetries-breaking order parameter. The first state we find can be viewed as a nematic superconductor where the nematicity vector spontaneously breaks rotational and translational symmetries due to spatial modulation. The other demonstrated state is a chiral superconductor with spontaneously broken time-reversal and translational symmetries. It is characterized by an order parameter, which forms a lattice pattern of alternating chiralities.
The chiral anomaly in Weyl semimetals states that the left- and right-handed Weyl fermions, constituting the low energy description, are not individually conserved, resulting, for example, in a negative magnetoresistance in such materials. Recent experiments see strong indications of such an anomalous resistance response; however, with a response that at strong fields is more sharply peaked for parallel magnetic and electric fields than expected from simple theoretical considerations. Here, we uncover a mechanism, arising from the interplay between the angle-dependent Landau-level structure and long-range scalar disorder, that has the same phenomenology. In particular, we analytically show, and numerically confirm, that the internode scattering time decreases exponentially with the angle between the magnetic field and the Weyl node separation in the large field limit, while it is insensitive to this angle at weak magnetic fields. Since, in the simplest approximation, the internode scattering time is proportional to the anomaly-related conductivity, this feature may be related to the experimental observations of a sharply peaked magnetoresistance.
The existence and topological classification of lower-dimensional Fermi surfaces is often tied to the crystal symmetries of the underlying lattice systems. Artificially engineered lattices, such as heterostructures and other superlattices, provide promising avenues to realize desired crystal symmetries that protect lower-dimensional Fermi surfaces, such as nodal lines. In this work, we investigate a Weyl semimetal subjected to spatially periodic onsite potential, giving rise to several phases, including a nodal-line semimetal phase. In contrast to proposals that purely focus on lattice symmetries, the emergence of the nodal line in this setup does not require small spin-orbit coupling, but rather relies on its presence. We show that the stability of the nodal line is understood from reflection symmetry and a combination of a fractional lattice translation and charge-conjugation symmetry. Depending on the choice of parameters, this model exhibits drumhead surface states that are exponentially localized at the surface, or weakly localized surface states that decay into the bulk at all energies.
Condensed matter systems realizing Weyl fermions exhibit striking phenomenology derived from their topologically protected surface states as well as chiral anomalies induced by electromagnetic fields. More recently, inhomogeneous strain or magnetization were predicted to result in chiral electric E-5 and magnetic B-5 fields, which modify and enrich the chiral anomaly with additional terms. In this Rapid Communication, we develop a lattice-based approach to describe the chiral anomaly, which involves Landau and pseudo-Landau levels and treats all anomalous terms on equal footing, while naturally incorporating Fermi arcs. We exemplify its potential by physically interpreting the largely overlooked role of Fermi arcs in the covariant (Fermi level) contribution to the anomaly and revisiting the factor of 1/3 difference between the covariant and consistent (complete band) contributions to the E-5 . B-5 term in the anomaly. Our framework provides a versatile tool for the analysis of anomalies in realistic lattice models as well as a source of simple physical intuition for understanding strained and magnetized inhomogeneous Weyl semimetals.
The Earth's solid core is mostly composed of iron. However, despite being central to our understanding of core properties, the stable phase of iron under inner-core conditions remains uncertain. The two leading candidates are hexagonal close-packed and body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal structures, but the dynamic and thermodynamic stability of bcc iron under inner-core conditions has been challenged. Here we demonstrate the stability of the bcc phase of iron under conditions consistent with the centre of the core using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the bcc phase is stabilized at high temperatures by a diffusion mechanism that arises due to the dynamical instability of the phase at lower temperatures. On the basis of our simulations, we reinterpret experimental data as support for the stability of bcc iron under inner-core conditions. We suggest that the diffusion of iron atoms in solid state may explain both the anisotropy and the low shear modulus of the inner core.
The Earth's solid inner core is a highly attenuating medium. It consists mainly of iron. The high attenuation of sound wave propagation in the inner core is at odds with the widely accepted paradigm of hexagonal close-packed phase stability under inner core conditions, because sound waves propagate through the hexagonal iron without energy dissipation. Here we show by first-principles molecular dynamics that the body-centered cubic phase of iron, recently demonstrated to be thermodynamically stable under the inner core conditions, is considerably less elastic than the hexagonal phase. Being a crystalline phase, the body-centered cubic phase of iron possesses the viscosity close to that of a liquid iron. The high attenuation of sound in the inner core is due to the unique diffusion characteristic of the body-centered cubic phase. The low viscosity of iron in the inner core enables the convection and resolves a number of controversies.
One of the defining features of spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry (BTRS) is the existence of domain walls, the detection of which would be strong evidence for such systems. There is keen interest in BTRS currently, in part, due to recent muon spin rotation experiments, which have pointed towards Ba1-xKxFe2As2 exhibiting a remarkable case of s-wave superconductivity with spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry. A key question, however, is how to differentiate between the different theoretical models which describe such a state. Two particularly popular choices of model are s + is and s + id superconducting states. In this paper, we obtain solutions for domain walls in s + is and s + id systems, including the effects of lattice anisotropies. We show that, in general, both models exhibit spontaneous magnetic fields that extend along the entire length of the domain wall. We demonstrate the qualitative difference between the magnetic signatures of s + is and s + id domain walls and propose a procedure to extract the superconducting pairing symmetry from the magnetic-field response of domain walls.
We study interacting fermions in one dimension subject to random, uncorrelated onsite disorder, a paradigmatic model of many-body localization (MBL). This model realizes an interaction-driven quantum phase transition between an ergodic and a many-body localized phase, with the transition occurring in the many-body eigenstates. We propose a single-particle framework to characterize these phases by the eigenstates (the natural orbitals) and the eigenvalues (the occupation spectrum) of the one-particle density matrix (OPDM) in individual many-body eigenstates. As a main result, we find that the natural orbitals are localized in the MBL phase, but delocalized in the ergodic phase. This qualitative change in these single-particle states is a many-body effect, since without interactions the single-particle energy eigenstates are all localized. The occupation spectrum in the ergodic phase is thermal in agreement with the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, while in the MBL phase the occupations preserve a discontinuity at an emergent Fermi edge. This suggests that the MBL eigenstates are weakly dressed Slater determinants, with the eigenstates of the underlying Anderson problem as reference states. We discuss the statistical properties of the natural orbitals and of the occupation spectrum in the two phases and as the transition is approached. Our results are consistent with the existing picture of emergent integrability and localized integrals of motion, or quasiparticles, in the MBL phase. We emphasize the close analogy of the MBL phase to a zero-temperature Fermi liquid: in the studied model, the MBL phase is adiabatically connected to the Anderson insulator and the occupation-spectrum discontinuity directly indicates the presence of quasiparticles localized in real space. Finally, we show that the same picture emerges for interacting fermions in the presence of an experimentally-relevant bichromatic lattice and thereby demonstrate that our findings are not limited to a specific model.
Spin-orbit interaction (SOI) plays a key role in creating Majorana zero modes in semiconductor nanowires proximity coupled to a superconductor. We track the evolution of the induced superconducting gap in InSb nanowires coupled to a NbTiN superconductor in a large range of magnetic field strengths and orientations. Based on realistic simulations of our devices, we reveal SOI with a strength of 0.15-0.35 eV angstrom. Our approach identifies the direction of the spin-orbit field, which is strongly affected by the superconductor geometry and electrostatic gates.
Transport properties of helical Dirac fermions in disordered quantum wires are investigated in the large energy limit. In the quasiballistic regime, the conductance and the Fano factor are sensitive to disorder only when the Fermi energy is close to an opening of a transverse mode. In the limit of a large number of transverse modes, transport properties are insensitive to the geometry of the nanowire or the nature and strength of the disorder but, instead, are dominated by the properties of the interface between the ohmic contact and the nanowire. In the case of a heavily doped Dirac metallic contact, the conductance is proportional to the energy with an average transmission T = pi/4 and a Fano factor of F similar or equal to 0.13. Those results can be generalized to a much broader class of contacts, the exact values of T and F depending on the model used for the contacts. The energy dependence of Aharonov-Bohm oscillations is determined, revealing a damped oscillatory behavior and phase shifts due to the one-dimensional subband quantization and which are not the signature of the nontrivial topology.
The magnetically frustrated spin ice family of materials is host to numerous exotic phenomena such as magnetic monopole excitations and macroscopic residual entropy extending to low temperature. A finite-temperature ordering transition in the absence of applied fields has not been experimentally observed in the classical spin ice materials Dy2Ti2O7 and Ho2Ti2O7. Such a transition could be induced by the application of pressure, and in this work we consider the effects of uniaxial pressure on classical spin ice systems. Theoretically, we find that the pressure-induced ordering transition in Dy2Ti2O7 is strongly affected by the dipolar interaction. We also report measurements of the neutron structure factor of Ho2Ti2O7 under pressure and compare the experimental results to the predictions of our theoretical model.
We calculate the charge current generated by a temperature bias between the two ends of a tubular nanowire. We show that in the presence of a transversal magnetic field the current can change sign; i.e., electrons can either flow from the hot to the cold reservoir, or in the opposite direction, when the temperature bias increases. This behavior occurs when the magnetic field is sufficiently strong, such that Landau and snaking states are created, and the energy dispersion is nonmonotonic with respect to the longitudinal wave vector. The sign reversal can survive in the presence of impurities. We predict this result for core-shell nanowires, for uniform nanowires with surface states due to the Fermi level pinning, and for topological insulator nanowires.
We prove orthogonality and compute explicitly the (quadratic) norms for super-Jack polynomials SP lambda((z1, horizontal ellipsis ,zn),(w1, horizontal ellipsis ,wm);theta) with respect to a natural positive semi-definite, but degenerate, Hermitian product ⟨center dot,center dot⟩n,m,theta '. In case m=0 (or n=0), our product reduces to Macdonald's well-known inner product ⟨center dot,center dot⟩n,theta ', and we recover his corresponding orthogonality results for the Jack polynomials P lambda((z1, horizontal ellipsis ,zn);theta). From our main results, we readily infer that the kernel of ⟨center dot,center dot⟩n,m,theta ' is spanned by the super-Jack polynomials indexed by a partition lambda not containing the mxn rectangle (mn). As an application, we provide a Hilbert space interpretation of the deformed trigonometric Calogero-Moser-Sutherland operators of type A(n-1,m-1).
We analyze the coupling of elastic lattice deformations to the magnon degrees of freedom of magnon Dirac materials. For a honeycomb ferromagnet we find that, as happens in the case of graphene, elastic gauge fields appear coupled to the magnon pseudospinors. For deformations that induce constant pseudomagnetic fields, the spectrum around the Dirac nodes splits into pseudo-Landau levels. We show that when a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is considered, a topological gap opens in the system and a Chern-Simons effective action for the elastic degrees of freedom is generated. Such a term encodes a phonon Hall viscosity response, entirely generated by quantum fluctuations of magnons living in the vicinity of the Dirac points. The magnon Hall viscosity vanishes at zero temperature, and grows as temperature is raised and the states around the Dirac points are increasingly populated.
We study the anomalous Nernst and thermal Hall effects in a linearized low-energy model of a tilted Weyl semimetal, with two Weyl nodes separated in momentum space. For inversion symmetric tilt, we give analytic expressions in two opposite limits: For a small tilt, corresponding to a type-I Weyl semimetal, the Nernst conductivity is finite and independent of the Fermi level; for a large tilt, corresponding to a type-II Weyl semimetal, it acquires a contribution depending logarithmically on the Fermi energy. This result is in a sharp contrast to the nontilted case, where the Nernst response is known to be zero in the linear model. The thermal Hall conductivity similarly acquires Fermi surface contributions, which add to the Fermi level-independent, zero-tilt result, and is suppressed as one over the tilt parameter at half filling in the type-II phase. In the case of inversion-breaking tilt, with the tilting vector of equal modulus in the two Weyl cones, all Fermi surface contributions to both anomalous responses cancel out, resulting in zero Nernst conductivity. We discuss two possible experimental setups, representing open and closed thermoelectric circuits.
We show that, within a linear approximation of BCS theory, a weak homogeneous magnetic field lowers the critical temperature by an explicit constant times the field strength, up to higher order terms. This provides a rigorous derivation and generalization of results obtained in the physics literature fromWHH theory of the upper critical magnetic field. A new ingredient in our proof is a rigorous phase approximation to control the effects of the magnetic field.
A coupled atomistic spin and lattice dynamics approach is developed which merges the dynamics of these two degrees of freedom into a single set of coupled equations of motion. The underlying microscopic model comprises local exchange interactions between the electron spin and magnetic moment and the local couplings between the electronic charge and lattice displacements. An effective action for the spin and lattice variables is constructed in which the interactions among the spin and lattice components are determined by the underlying electronic structure. In this way, expressions are obtained for the electronically mediated couplings between the spin and lattice degrees of freedom, besides the well known interatomic force constants and spin-spin interactions. These former susceptibilities provide an atomistic ab initio description for the coupled spin and lattice dynamics. It is important to notice that this theory is strictly bilinear in the spin and lattice variables and provides a minimal model for the coupled dynamics of these subsystems and that the two subsystems are treated on the same footing. Questions concerning time-reversal and inversion symmetry are rigorously addressed and it is shown how these aspects are absorbed in the tensor structure of the interaction fields. By means of these results regarding the spin-lattice coupling, simple explanations of ionic dimerization in double-antiferromagnetic materials, as well as charge density waves induced by a nonuniform spin structure, are given. In the final parts, coupled equations of motion for the combined spin and lattice dynamics are constructed, which subsequently can be reduced to a form which is analogous to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations for spin dynamics and a damped driven mechanical oscillator for the ionic motion. It is important to notice, however, that these equations comprise contributions that couple these descriptions into one unified formulation. Finally, Kubo-like expressions for the discussed exchanges in terms of integrals over the electronic structure and, moreover, analogous expressions for the damping within and between the subsystems are provided. The proposed formalism and types of couplings enable a step forward in the microscopic first principles modeling of coupled spin and lattice quantities in a consistent format.
Properties of H2O and CO2 fluid and their mixtures under extreme pressures and temperatures are poorly known yet critically important in a number of applications. Several hundreds of first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) runs have been performed to obtain the pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) data on supercritical H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 mixtures. The pressure-temperature (P-T) range are from 0.5 GPa to 104 GPa (48.5 GPa for CO2) and from 600 K to 4000 K. Based on these data, we evaluate several existing equations of state (EOS) for the fluid H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 mixture. The results show that the EOS for H2O from Belonoshko et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 381-387; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 3191-3208; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 3611-3626; Comput. Geosci. 18, 1267-1269] not only can be used in the studied P-T range but also is accurate enough to be used for prediction of P-V-T data. In addition, IAPWS-95 EOS for H2O shows excellent extrapolation behavior beyond 1.0 GPa and 1273 K. However, for the case of CO2, none of the existing EOS produces data in agreement with the FPMD results. We created new EOS for CO2. The precision of the new EOS is tested by comparison to the calculated P-V-T data, fugacity coefficient of the CO2 fluid derived from high P-T experimental data as well as to the (very scarce) experimental volumetric data in the high P-T range. On the basis of our FPMD data we created a new EOS for H2O-CO2 mixture. The new EOS for the mixture is in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Purification is a tool that allows to represent mixed quantum states as pure states on enlarged Hilbert spaces. A purification of a given state is not unique and its entanglement strongly depends on the particular choice made. Moreover, in one-dimensional systems, the amount of entanglement is linked to how efficiently the purified state can be represented using matrix-product states (MPS). We introduce an MPS based method that allows to find the minimally entangled representation by iteratively minimizing the second Renyi entropy. First, we consider the thermofield double purification and show that its entanglement can be strongly reduced especially at low temperatures. Second, we show that a slowdown of the entanglement growth following a quench of an infinite temperature state is possible.
The Organic Materials Database (OMDB) is an open database hosting about 22 000 electronic band structures, density of states, and other properties for stable and previously synthesized three-dimensional organic crystals. The web interface of the OMDB offers various search tools for the identification of novel functional materials such as band structure pattern matching and density of states similarity search. In this work, the OMDB is extended to include magnetic excitation properties. For inelastic neutron scattering, we focus on the dynamic structure factor S(q, omega) which contains information on the excitation modes of the material. We introduce a new dataset containing atomic magnetic moments and Heisenberg exchange parameters for which we calculate the spin wave spectra and dynamic structure factor with linear spin wave theory and atomistic spin dynamics. We thus develop the materials informatics tools to identify novel functional organic and metalorganic magnets.
We present a computationally efficient and general first-principles based method for spin-lattice simulations for solids and clusters. The method is based on a coupling of atomistic spin dynamics and molecular dynamics simulations, expressed through a spin-lattice Hamiltonian, where the bilinear magnetic term is expanded up to second order in displacement. The effect of first-order spin-lattice coupling on the magnon and phonon dispersion in bcc Fe is reported as an example, and we observe good agreement with previous simulations. We also illustrate the coupled spin-lattice dynamics method on a more conceptual level, by exploring dissipation-free spin and lattice motion of small magnetic clusters (a dimer, trimer, and tetramer). The method discussed here opens the door for a quantitative description and understanding of the microscopic origin of many fundamental phenomena of contemporary interest, such as ultrafast demagnetization, magnetocalorics, and spincaloritronics.
We address the breakdown of the bulk-boundary correspondence observed in non-Hermitian systems, where open and periodic systems can have distinct phase diagrams. The correspondence can be completely restored by considering the Hamiltonian's singular-value decomposition instead of its eigendecomposition. This leads to a natural topological description in terms of a flattened singular decomposition. This description is equivalent to the usual approach for Hermitian systems and coincides with a recent proposal for the classification of non-Hermitian systems. We generalize the notion of the entanglement spectrum to non-Hermitian systems, and show that the edge physics is indeed completely captured by the periodic bulk Hamiltonian. We exemplify our approach by considering the chiral non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heger and Chern insulator models. Our work advocates a different perspective on topological non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, paving the way to a better understanding of their entanglement structure.
We numerically study the formation of entanglement clusters across the many-body localization transition. We observe a crossover from strong many-body entanglement in the ergodic phase to weak local correlations in the localized phase, with continuous clusters throughout the phase diagram. Critical states close to the transition have a structure compatible with fractal or multiscale-entangled states, characterized by entanglement at multiple levels: small strongly entangled clusters are weakly entangled together to form larger clusters. The critical point therefore features subthermal entanglement and a power-law distributed cluster size. Upon entering the localized phase, the power-law distribution seems to persist with a varying power that crosses over into a stretched exponent before eventually becoming exponential deep in the localized phase. These results are in agreement with some of the recently proposed phenomenological renormalization-group schemes characterizing the many-body localized critical point, and serve to constrain other such schemes.
Bipartite fluctuations can provide interesting information about entanglement properties and correlations in many-body quantum systems. We address such fluctuations in relation with the topology of Dirac and Weyl quantum systems, in situations where the relevant particle number is not conserved, leading to additional volume laws scaling with the quantum Fisher information. In the case of the p + ip superconductor, we build a relation between charge fluctuations and the associated winding numbers of Dirac cones in the low-energy sector. Topological aspects of the Hamiltonian in the vicinity of these points induce long-range entanglement in real space. We specifically extract analytical expressions for the corner contributions to bipartite fluctuations. We highlight their differences and similarities with the corner functions of the entanglement entropy which characterize the underlying conformal field theory. We provide a detailed analysis of such fluctuation properties, including the role of gap anisotropy, and discuss higher-dimensional Weyl analogs.
We study the properties of the entanglement spectrum in gapped non-interacting non-Hermitian systems, and its relation to the topological properties of the system Hamiltonian. Two different families of entanglement Hamiltonians can be defined in non-Hermitian systems, depending on whether we consider only right (or equivalently only left) eigenstates or a combination of both left and right eigenstates. We show that their entanglement spectra can still be computed efficiently, as in the Hermitian limit. We discuss how symmetries of the Hamiltonian map into symmetries of the entanglement spectrum depending on the choice of the many-body state. Through several examples in one and two dimensions, we show that the biorthogonal entanglement Hamiltonian directly inherits the topological properties of the Hamiltonian for line gapped phases, with characteristic singular and energy zero modes. The right (left) density matrix carries distinct information on the topological properties of the many-body right (left) eigenstates themselves. In purely point gapped phases, when the energy bands are not separable, the relation between the entanglement Hamiltonian and the system Hamiltonian breaks down.
Entanglement has developed into an essential concept for the characterization of phases and phase transitions in ground states of quantum many-body systems. In this work we use the logarithmic negativity to study the spatial entanglement structure in the transverse-field Ising chain both in the ground state and at nonzero temperatures. Specifically, we investigate the entanglement between two disjoint blocks as a function of their separation, which can be viewed as the entanglement analog of a spatial correlation function. We find sharp entanglement thresholds at a critical distance beyond which the logarithmic negativity vanishes exactly and thus the two blocks become unentangled, which holds even in the presence of long-ranged quantum correlations, i.e., at the system's quantum critical point. Using time-evolving block decimation, we explore this feature as a function of temperature and size of the two blocks and present a simple model to describe our numerical observations.
We study longitudinal transport in Weyl semimetal nanowires, both in the absence and in the presence of a magnetic flux threading the nanowires. We identify two qualitatively different regimes of transport with respect to the chemical potential in the nanowires. In the "surface regime," for low doping, most of the conductance occurs through the Fermi arc surface states, and it rises in steps of one quantum of conductance as a function of the chemical potential; furthermore, with varying flux the conductance changes in steps of one quantum of conductance with characteristic Fabry-Perot interference oscillations. In the "bulk-surface regime," for highly doped samples, the dominant contribution to the conductance is quadratic in the chemical potential, and mostly conditioned by the bulk states; the flux dependence shows clearly that both the surface and the bulk states contribute. The two aforementioned regimes prove that the contribution of Fermi arc surface states is salient and, therefore, crucial for understanding transport properties of finite-size Weyl semimetal systems. Last but not least, we demonstrate that both regimes are robust to disorder.
In the present work we examine the statics and dynamics of multiple parallel dark soliton stripes in a two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate. Our principal goal is to study the effect of the interaction between the stripes on the transverse instability of the individual stripes. The cases of two-, three-, and four-stripe states are studied in detail. We use a recently developed adiabatic invariant formulation to derive a quasianalytical prediction for the stripe equilibrium position and for the Bogoliubov-de Gennes spectrum of excitations of stationary stripes. We subsequently test our predictions against numerical simulations of the full two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We find that the number of unstable eigenmodes increases as the number of stripes increases due to (unstable) relative motions between the stripes. Their corresponding growth rates do not significantly change, although for large chemical potentials, the larger the stripe number, the larger the maximal instability growth rate. The instability induced dynamics of multiple stripe states and their decay into vortices are also investigated.


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● The Growth Delusion: Wealth, Poverty, and the Well-Being of Nations
By David Pilling
Review via Kirkus Reviews
"Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell," the environmental curmudgeon Edward Abbey was fond of saying. One suspects that Financial Times associate editor Pilling would endorse the view, though he puts things less stridently in this studied look at economic growth and its measures and mismeasures. "Economics," he writes, "can present a distorted view of the world." True enough, especially because a sine qua non of modern economics is gross domestic product, a calculation of all the things that happen in an economy. But as the author memorably notes, GDP is morally indifferent: it "likes pollution," because money is spent to clean up environmental messes, and "likes crime because it is fond of large police forces and repairing broken windows." War and catastrophe? No problem, from a GDP point of view. Pilling examines some of the ways that renegade economists have proposed to consider the true health of an economy, with all the externalities of economic activity taken into account, from various equations to happiness rankings to the Genuine Progress Index, one of the more interesting "measures of economic welfare."
Continue reading
Book Bits | 3 February 2018
● The Growth Delusion: Wealth, Poverty, and the Well-Being of Nations


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Synthesis of 3-(Substituted-aryl)-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolium-5-olates As Potential Hypotensive Agents
Defense Date
Document Type
Degree Name
Master of Science
Pharmaceutical Sciences
First Advisor
L. B. Kier
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a major cause of illness and death in the United States today.1,2 An estimated thirty-six million people suffer from this disease.3 Prolonged hypertension and its attendant strain on various organs may cause heart failure, brain stroke or kidney damage.4 Usually, a pressure of 140/90 mm Hg is taken to be the dividing line between normotension and hypertension.5,6
The hypertensive condition is generally characterized as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension.1 A specific cause can be identified in secondary hypertensive patients, such as, pheochromocytoma or adrenal tumor. These causes can typically be corrected by surgery. Essential hypertension occurs in about 90% of the hypertensive population. The etiology of essential hypertension is unknown.1,3,6 The increase in diastolic pressure in primary hypertension may take on either a gradual (benign) or accelerated (malignant) course. The prognosis of gradual hypertension is more favorable than that of the accelerated. Blood pressure in the essential hypertensive patient can almost always be controlled by drug therapy.
It is currently accepted that in most hypertensive cases the primary abnormality is due to a high peripheral resistance.7 Numerous biological feedback mechanisms interact in trying to return the body to the normotensive state.8 Some factors involved in the maintenance of homeostasis are central and peripheral sympathetic activity, renal pressor and depressor mechanisms, antidiuretic hormone, sodium balance, baroreceptors, small blood vessel resistance, blood volume and viscosity.1,4,7
Scanned, with permission from the author, from the original print version, which resides in University Archives.
© The Author
Is Part Of
VCU University Archives
Is Part Of
VCU Theses and Dissertations
Date of Submission


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The way to move
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I didn't know 88-Keys until the day we met. Or I should say, I didn't directly know him. He and I came from the same era; the same corner of the universe. We both grew up in the realm of misfits and renegades who would remake New York City in the mid-90s. My thing was skateboarding and Keys was in hip-hop and those two worlds first collided on the streets of Manhattan. Meaning, we had crossover friends aplenty and probably bobbed our heads at all the same shows.
The 88-Keys story is one you begin to recognize if you watch other episodes of my show, The Masters: a person with such certainty of purpose that rather than success seeming like a pleasant surprise borne out of a lucky break, it feels more like an iron-clad inevitability. The man knew what he was about at a young age and he followed it relentlessly. If he hadn't met Q-Tip as a teenager, it would have been someone else. If he wasn't producing for Talib Kweli and Mos Def, he would have had other rappers clamoring to rhyme over his beats.
Still… you've gotta envy his origin story.
"As I was making a beat one day," 88-Keys said, "Q-Tip walks in with the Large Professor. Large Professor starts freestyling — as soon as he walks in the door — to my beat and he calls me 88-Keys in his freestyle. Right then, I thought 'if I ever make it, that's gonna be my name.'"
The rest, they say, is history.
Going into this interview, there were two things I needed to hear about. The first being 88-Keys famous friendship with Kanye West — which he shares the history of here (including the fact that 88-Keys pronounced the soon-to-be megastar's name "cayenne"). The second? The massive Polo by Ralph Lauren collection that 88-Keys has been cultivating and wearing exclusively for more than a decade now. It's a fascinating obsession to witness as Key brings us right inside his closet, where he keeps entire Polo lines, ordered by season.
Check the interview and stay tuned for more episodes of The Masters on Uproxx. If you've got a style icon from that era that you want to see me talk to, let us know in the comments!


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Size: 7 x 8cm


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This week, to attain, maintain or regain my sense of wellbeing…
…I will practicing being my own unconditionally loving parent. When I find myself falling into self-critic mode, I will say comforting things to myself. I will encourage myself on. I will have compassion for what I am going through. I will praise my strengths and remember my victories. I will attend to my self-care needs and make sure I am alright. I might imagine my ideal kind of loving parent in advance so that I am prepared with the kinds of things I might say to myself if I get distressed.
This week, I take care of myself the way I want to be taken care of by others.
Once I am comfortable saying caring and encouraging things to myself in everyday moments, I will add this strategy to my Personal Coping Kete as a way of soothing distress. When I encounter stress or distress I will think about how I would want my ideal loving parent to respond to me and I will respond to myself that way.


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(Sample) Chapter 24:
Why do some patients benefit from medications while others do not?
We all differ in how we respond to medications, even if they are taken as prescribed. For the most effective prescription drugs, not everyone will have a favorable response. Those not gaining full benefit from a medication are known as "partial-responders" or "non-responders." Why is it that people respond differently to the same medication?
Do expectations play a role?
Expectations matter. It has been shown that patients with higher expectations or hopes for a positive treatment effect are more likely to have a positive response. One example comes from a study in patients with sore throats, where two groups were randomly selected and treated. Half of the patients were given a prescription for an antibiotic with enthusiasm and encouragement, and the other half were given neutral or factual information with the prescription. The results of this research project were clear: Those patients given the positive, enthusiastic information responded better to the antibiotic.
This theory may extend to popular herbal remedies and supplements, as their reported positive effects could be due to the positive attitude among employees in stores selling such products. This effect is related to the discussion of placebos (inactive sugar pills), which is discussed in Chapter 27. Are there medical reasons for differences in response?
There are several medical reasons for different treatment responses. An important one to rule out is incorrect diagnosis. The same symptom(s) may involve many different underlying conditions, which may require different medications.
Patients who take their medications as prescribed are more likely to benefit than those who skip doses or otherwise fail to take their medications as prescribed.
The stage or phase of your condition may also be important. Some medications are most effective when taken during the early phase of a disease or condition, while others are more effective for the advanced stages of disease. Not surprisingly, medication doses could be another factor. The best, most effective dose for most medications varies a lot among patients, even if ages and body sizes are similar. Why? Due to differences in rates of absorption (uptake) of the medication into your blood stream and how fast the medication is metabolized (broken down) and removed (eliminated) from your body, the responses differ. In addition, you may be more sensitive to a drug than someone else. A growing body of evidence suggests that individual responses to medications are genetically determined. Today, there are genetic tests that can help predict whether certain drugs for the treatment of special forms of cancer will be effective. Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is approved for use in the 30 percent of women with breast cancer who have a particular variant of the so-called HER-2 gene.
To whom do clinical trial results apply?
The results of a clinical trial designed to determine the health benefits and potential harm of a medication apply strictly to the group of participants in that trial. A group benefit is what regulatory agencies require for approval of a new medication. Clinicians caring for patients are left to make a judgment call about whether the findings in a clinical trial apply to other groups of subjects or to individual patients. "At its best a trial shows what can be accomplished with a medicine under careful observation and certain restricted conditions. The same results will not invariably or necessarily be observed when the medicine passes into general practice." (Austin Bradford Hill) As discussed in Chapter 48, pre-approval trials have several limitations. In addition to often being small and of short duration, the trial participants are highly selected and typically differ from future users. Older and sicker patient sare excluded, and they are the group most likely to suffer adverse medication effects.
As a result, physicians in clinical practice often have difficulty determining if the trial results apply to certain patients. They would consider many factors, including the setting of the trial; patient selection and characteristics; and treatment outcomes, including reported adverse drug effects. As a result, they may underuse effective medications. While benefits are often easier to generalize, determining safety can be a challenge.
Can treatment effect vary within a patient?
In patients with certain chronic conditions, the benefit of a medication may decrease over time, and an initial good effect may weaken. This development of tolerance (see Chapter 31) has been observed in some patients receiving long-term treatment for asthma and Parkinson's disease. Another example of varying treatment benefit has been observed in migraine patients. Their symptoms of severe headache are typically episodic(they come and go), and treatment with a class of drugs called triptans should be started at the first sign of an attack in order to be most effective. Clinical studies have shown that triptan treatment provides symptom relief in about 70 percent of migraine attacks. Initially, this was interpreted as meaning that 70 of every 100 migraine patients benefitted, while 30 did not. A closer review of the findings revealed the results of triptans use was varied. Among patients who had multiple attacks, some always experienced symptom relief with triptans, others got relief only some of the time, and a few did not respond at all. One explanation is that treatment benefit depends on how soon after the onset of an attack the medication is taken, as well as the severity of the attack.
Key messages
No medication is effective in all patients with a given condition.
Effectiveness may be associated with the stage of a disease.
Genetic factors may also influence the response to treatment.
Whether the drug is taken as prescribed influences the benefit.
Lack of benefit may be due to an incorrect diagnosis.
Copyright © 2010, Potata, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Magnesium 500mg
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Magnesium is an essential mineral for supporting bone and teeth health as it plays an important role in maintaining bone mineralization. It helps in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body. Magnesium is also involved in muscle contractions, nerve impulses, energy metabolism, and protein formation.
Helps maintain growth and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth.
Supports cardiovascular health.
Helps maintain insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes.
Supports normal muscle contraction and relaxation.
Helps maintain normal blood pressure.
Helps shorten the duration of migraine.
Suitable for
Growth and development of bones and teeth.
Nerve and muscular pain.
Insulin resistance.
People suffering from migraine.
Cautions & Interactions
If symptoms persist consult your healthcare professional.
Use only as directed and always read the label.
Direction for Use
For adults only.
Take 1 tablet daily as a dietary supplement with water preferable after the meal.
Which symptoms indicate magnesium deficiency?
Due to numerous function of magnesium in the body magnesium deficiency cause several symptoms of deficiency including irritability, tiredness, inner restlessness, cold feet, headache, lack of energy, muscle cramps, and nausea and vomiting.
Can I get magnesium from food?
Yes, many foods contain magnesium. Foods that are rich in fiber are generally rich in magnesium. Dietary sources of magnesium include legumes, whole grains, vegetables (especially broccoli, squash, and leafy green vegetables), seeds, and nuts (especially almonds). Other sources include dairy products, meats, chocolate, and coffee.
In how much time I will get results?
Within a month of use, you will start getting results.
Is magnesium supplementation important to heart health?
The heart is a very large muscle. Calcium causes muscles to contract and magnesium causes them to relax. Magnesium is a natural calcium channel blocker (regulating the proper amount of calcium that the body needs) and is also a natural statin which lowers bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol. Magnesium is a key supplement for heart health.
How does magnesium relate to high blood pressure or hypertension?
Studies have shown that diet deficient in magnesium will produce hypertension. Increased levels of minerals such as potassium and magnesium in the diet have a suppressive effect on calcium-regulating hormones which can help lower blood pressure.
Where can I buy Nutrifactor's Magnesium 500mg?
It is available at all leading chain pharmacies across Pakistan. You can also get home delivery by placing the order online.
Is it registered?
Our all products are DRAP (Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan) approved and manufactured under Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs), ensuring that they are manufactured to high standards of Potency, Purity, Efficacy, and Safety.


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Fresh Press
5 x 7 Invite & Envelope
Are you looking to step up your cute Christmas party invitations game? Look no further: Polka Dot Design's website has you covered. These Caribou Invitations by Fresh Press will not be overlooked in the mailbox. Send an invitation that's not going to get lost in the sea of Christmas cards. The invite features a print of a hand-drawn reindeer at the top of the invite. A subtle red border frames the card's illustration and sample text. This design is also featured on address labels. Get both to have a matching stationery set. It will make sending out the invites simple and faster as well. Feature your inspired Christmas party wording on the blank white background provided on the invite. Be sure to include a date, time, location, and R.S.V.P. information somewhere easily spotted on your cards. Order these cute invites today, and get ready to host a festive holiday party. You are sure to be the talk of the town when these invites arrive in the mail.


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Taken in Vienna on 3. Feb. 2007 with a Nikon Coolpix S7C – Somewhat doctored in Adobe Photoshop Lightroom beta. 😉
~ by Ralph F on February 4, 2007.
Posted in Austria, Photograph, Photography, Photoshop, Vienna
That is verrrry cool!
Naughty Heather said this on February 17, 2007 at 4:34 pm | Reply
Thank you, ma'am, much appreciated!
Jersey Guy said this on February 18, 2007 at 11:57 am | Reply
ihr könnt gerne auch eure Kommentare in Deutsch schreiben.
|Ancil on Purple Flower
|Jersey Guy on Purple Flower
|Ancil on Purple Flower
|Meredith on Frozen Fence
|Ingrid Lila on Peony


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Want to revamp your home? There are a number of simple projects you can take on which will transform your property, find out more here.
Kevin Westhead from Oxford Decorating Ltd explains: "At this time of year we tend to do a lot of interior work and decoration. There are plenty of easy redecorating or maintenance tasks you can do to boost your property."
According to the Halifax Home Improvement Survey, simple redecorating was the most popular kind of home improvement carried out. Even better, the survey found that painting or decorating your house can, on average, add over £2,000 to the value of your home – handy if you are planning on moving in the future.
So here are some simple home improvements ideas:
Paint and redecorate your home
Repainting is a low cost, easy way to rejuvenate your home. As well as painting the walls and exterior, why not repaint skirting boards, window frames or old furniture? This can really tie a room together and breathe new life into even the oldest of fixtures and fittings. Before you paint you may need to carry out some plastering maintenance to ensure surfaces are smooth. If you prefer new wallpaper, the old stuff will need to be stripped out beforehand.
Improve your home's energy efficiency
If you have a boiler over 10 years old, you could cut your fuel bills by up to a third by replacing it with a new efficient model, says the Energy Saving Trust. However, there's no point sorting your boiler if your home isn't insulated, as Alex Hunt from Bright Green Homes in Brighton explains: "The best way to increase your home's energy efficiency is to insulate." To cut your bills and carbon footprint further, look at draught proofing your home by plugging gaps around doors, windows and letterboxes. According to Alan Onslow from the Draught Proofing Advisory Association, this is one of the easiest home improvements you can make.
Lay new flooring
Replacing old flooring can make a huge difference to your property, especially if you go for something completely different. Choose from carpets, wood flooring, stone, laminate, or even natural materials like bamboo or seagrass. Make sure you think about what's practical for your home; if you have young children for example, carpet is safer than hard wood and for the bathroom, something easy to clean and hard-wearing like linoleum is a good choice.
Revamp your windows and doors
New windows or doors can update your home and keep the heat in. Tom Rawcliffe, from Dee Windows in Chester, points out that: "New double glazed windows will save you money on your energy bills, provide security and make your home more attractive." If you can't afford completely new windows or doors then repainting or staining old ones is a good alternative; "Painting your front door can boost the overall look of your home and is necessary for maintenance," explains Kevin.
Check your electrics
It's always worth making sure your electrics are in good condition. An annual electrical survey will make sure you're safe from electrical fires and shocks, providing you with valuable peace of mind. If you're planning on selling your home than an electrical survey is essential so buyers can check the condition of your property. Always hire a qualified electrician for any household electrical work for safety and legal purposes.
Increase your home security
Improvements which secure your home are always worth carrying out. Simple things like ensuring you have a working smoke detector, burglar alarm and effective locks are essential, but you could step up your security even more. "Now that the price of CCTV cameras has reduced, a lot more homeowners are installing them for security," says Alvin Lewis, of CSG Fire and Security in Bournemouth. An intercom system is another way in which you can add security as well as convenience, as Karen Scott from Videoquest in Middlesex, emphasises: "With video intercoms you never have to answer the door to a stranger."
Sort out your garden
If you have a front or back garden, then making sure they are tidy and well maintained is a simple way to keep your home looking its best. Mow lawns, get a tree surgeon in or fix fencing – this will improve the look of your home no end.
De-clutter and maintain your home
"Small things like tidying up or sorting out the driveway can really make a difference," Kevin says. "These things are also important to maintain and protect your home." Be sure to carry out regular external and internal maintenance like repainting, staining, checking for broken roof tiles and clearing your gutter. To create extra space try simply cleaning and de-cluttering, recycling things you don't use or storing them away in the loft.


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Motto: It takes a village, working together to build a strong community. However, it is not about how much you do, but how much love you put into what you do that matters.
SPSA Home and School Association is a committee of parent lead groups whose goal is to bridge the gap between the home and school environment in support of SPSA Academy's mission in promoting Gospel values, inspiring a love of learning and upholding academic excellence in a nurturing community.
The purpose of the Home and School Association is to:
The responsibilities of Home and School Association are to:
SPSA Home & School Association is always looking for increased parent involvement and the opportunity to learn from new ideas and talents.
"The Titanic was built by professionals. The Ark was built by volunteers." – Barbara Bush
We are all working parents, so we understand how valuable your time is and how it can be difficult to find. However, as our children's first teachers the best way we can show them God's presence, is through Love and Service. Please keep an eye on the academy's calendar, newsletters, social media, and text alerts for board meetings and event information.
Parent Groups:
"Some people give time, some money, some their skills and connections…but everyone has something to give." – Barbara Bush
For information regarding the H&S Association, please contact them at email@example.com


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Safety has always been a part of Scania's DNA. The new generation of trucks has undergone five years of advanced crash testing, with technologies and equipment never before used for heavy vehicles.
A total of some 40 trucks had to give up their lives during the development phase of the new truck generation. Every single crash test is planned for over a year, takes six to eight weeks to prepare for – and is over in half a second.
To prepare for these brief but important moments, a large number of sensors and other test equipment is rigged in and around the test vehicle and crash test dummy. Because the crash process goes so incredibly fast, dozens of high-speed cameras are used so that the crash can be studied in detail.
"We test the truck's crash safety in a number of different ways," says Dan Loftén, who is responsible for all crash tests on Scania's new trucks. "We drive it into different obstacles: poles, passenger cars, concrete railings and a variety of different barriers. The most advanced and risky crash tests are conducted outdoors with loaded semi trailers driven by a robot. We use this method to conduct things like rollover accidents."
One of all these tests, with the working title 'trailer back', aims to calibrate the sensor that deploys the truck's airbags. At a crash facility at Helmond in the Netherlands, Scania's crash test team is preparing for a collision where one corner of the new truck will be driven straight into a trailer in front of it.
"Driving into a trailer in front of you is one of the most serious accidents that you can encounter as a truck driver," says Loftén. "With the new generation of trucks, we have made a major investment in improving safety in these types of accidents."
Sofia Sandin, the engineer leading one of the crash tests, explains, "For the best results, we work with scenarios that are as much like real-life as possible and with data that's of an extremely high quality."
Sandin ensures that all the sensors and measuring equipment in and around the truck are working properly ahead of the controlled crash. The data from the test will be used in the calibration of the truck's safety system. Alongside her in the building is the result of yesterday's test – a new truck that's now ready for the scrapyard.


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248-476-5454 | 31690 Grand River Ave
Infiniti Repairs
Infiniti Repairs, Farmington, MI
King's Garage Can Meet All Your Intinifi Repair and Maintenance Needs
King's Garage in Farmington, MI can perform the maintenance and repairs necessary for you to stay comfortable and confident in your Infiniti. Infiniti has found a unique way of combining performance, styling and luxury into a package that doesn't compromise reliability. With many models riding on platforms that are also under many Nissan vehicles, the relationship between Nissan and Infiniti remains strong. Infiniti vehicles embrace bold styling and supple, comfortable interiors that give their owners comfort and confidence.
Thanks to great engineering, Infiniti vehicles generally face few problems overall. Each model tends to have its quirks, but one common problem is wear to interior fit and finish over time. Regular use of your vehicle will put expected wear and tear on the parts.
At King's Garage, located in Farmington, MI, 48336, our staff technicians combine knowledge and experience in order to quickly and accurately diagnose and repair your Infiniti luxury vehicle. Our staff will deal with even the smallest issues, whether they are interior, exterior or under-the-hood problems. If you want your Infiniti to be in good hands, be sure to bring it to King's Garage. You can schedule an appointment today.
Repairing And Maintaining Your Luxury Infiniti Vehicle
Bringing your Infiniti to us, King's Garage, means you will be back on the road before you know it, with your car repaired and fluids topped off. Our staff at King's Garage prides itself on courteous and friendly customer service. We are waiting to service all your Infiniti needs. You can call us at 248-476-5454 to schedule an appointment, or stop by our service center. Our friendly staff is waiting.
Sue P.
By far the BEST service repair shop! Finding an honest repair shop is hard to find now a days believe me because I have experienced this. This shop is honest and they stand behind their work. I will not go to any other repair shop.