text:
One of the primary objectives of sustainable manufacturing is to minimize energy consumption in its manufacturing processes. A strategy of energy saving is to adapt new materials or new processes; but its implementation requires radical changes of the manufacturing system and usually a heavy initial investment. The other strategy is to optimize existing manufacturing processes from the perspective of energy saving. However, an explicit relational model between machining parameters and energy cost is required; while most of the works in this field treat the manufacturing processes as black or gray boxes. In this paper, analytical energy modeling for the explicit relations of machining parameters and energy consumption is investigated, and the modeling method is based on the kinematic and dynamic behaviors of chosen machine tools. The developed model is applied to optimize the machine setup for energy saving. A new parallel kinematic machine Exechon is used to demonstrate the procedure of energy modeling. The simulation results indicate that the optimization can result in 67% energy saving for the specific drilling operation of the given machine tool. This approach can be extended and applied to other machines to establish their energy models for sustainable manufacturing.
The successful design and application of a large and complex manufacturing system relies not only on the maturity of its fundamental design, but also on the technologies for seamless integration and coordination of system components, since a large manufacturing or logistic system often adopts a decentralised control architecture to manage its complexity. System components are usually distributed; their behaviours are enacted locally and autonomously. The control objective at the system-level is achieved by the executions of the sub-objectives at the component level, subjected to the condition that the controls of the sub-systems have to be coordinated via effective communication. In developing algorithms for communication and coordination of a networked distributed system, algorithm verification is complicated and trivial, due to the invisible information system. In this chapter, we propose to use the conventional simulation tool, Deneb/QUEST, for modelling and visualisation of the coordinating behaviours. Its vivid graphical environment can be a great assistance in accelerating software debugging and verification and in reducing the time for software development. General architecture of a networked distribute system is introduced, the system components are analysed, and the correspondences between these components and QUEST elements are established. A case study for the verification of ring extrema determination (RED) algorithm is used as an example to illustrate the general procedure and the feasibility of the proposed approach.
In this paper, a new collaborative robot with omni-wheels has been proposed and its dynamic control has been developed and validated. Collaborative robots (Cobots) have been introduced to guide and assist human operators to move heavy objects in a given trajectory. Most of the existing cobots use steering wheels; typical drawbacks of using steering wheels include the difficulties to (i) follow a trajectory with a curvature larger than that of the base platform, (ii) mount encoders on steering wheels due to self-spinning of the wheels, and (iii) quarantine dynamic control performance since it is purely kinematic control. The new collaborative robot is proposed to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings. The methodologies for its dynamic control are focused and the simulation has been conducted to validate the control performance of the system.
For adhesive tapes, the strain before fracture often exceeds 500%. Although the maximum stresses are quite modest the high strains to fracture result in impressive fracture energy. Due to hydrostatic stress the fracture process often starts by nucleation of microscopic cracks inside the layer. The final crack path is usually close to one of the adherends.
Repeated experiments are performed both with DCB-specimens and butt-joints. The used adhesive tape is an acrylic foam tape with a thickness of 1.1 mm and a width of 19 mm. The geometry of the specimen is adapted to the properties of the soft layer. For the DCB-specimen this implies that the length of the specimen is about 1 m. The evaluated cohesive laws from the DCB- specimens give a fracture energy of 2 kN/m and a maximum stress about 0.5 MPa. For the butt-joints, the evaluated cohesive law corresponds well to the results from the DCB-experiments. However, the strain to fracture is slightly smaller. The stress in these specimens is distributed over a larger area and a nucleated crack rapidly crosses the load bearing area and fails the joint prematurely. For both kinds of experiments the evaluated cohesive laws show a small linear part. After this part there is an almost linear strain-hardening phase until fracture.
The use of MgO-paste as bone cement was tested on titanium cylinders implanted into rat tibia. The evaluation of bone healingwas made with the retention force (pull-out) test, light microscopy and ESEM/ EDX. Preimplantation of the MgO-paste into drillperforations of rat tibia increased the retention of the titanium implant 6-fold. The error was expressed as the 95% confidenceinterval of means (n=10 bones in each group). The observed difference between 3.46+/-0.71 N/mm2 for Ti-cylinders implantedwith MgO-paste and 0.56+/-0.26 N/mm2 for Ti-cylinders implanted directly into the bone, is statistically significant (p<0.01).The increase of retention force, caused by MgO is parallel to an increased thickness of the compact bone surrounding the implantand closer contact between bone and implant.Histological examination of the implant-related bone showed that the MgO-induced bone growth is mediated by the formation ofa bone-inducing matrix. The matrix contains organic substance, most likely proteins.
The stress-deformation relation i.e. cohesive law representing the fracture process in an almost incompressible adhesive tape is measured using the double cantilever beam specimen. As in many ductile materials, the fracture process of the tape involves nucleation, growth and coalesce of cavities. This process is studied carefully by exploiting the transparency of the used materials and the inherent stability of the specimen configuration. Utilising the path independence of the J -integral, the cohesive law is measured. The law is compared to the results of butt-joint tests. The law contains two stress peaks—the first is associated with nucleation of cavities at a stress level conforming to predictions of void nucleation in rubber elasticity. The second stress peak is associated with fracture of stretched walls between fully-grown cavities. After this second peak, a macroscopic crack is formed. The tape suffers at this stage an engineering strain of about 800%. A numerical analysis with the determined cohesive law recreates the global specimen behaviour.
High-quality simulation methods demand accurate material models. In simulations an adhesive can be represented by a cohesive layer. A cohesive layer model utilizes a cohesive law to represent the homogenized mechanical behaviour of a layer with a thickness. In the current paper we use three experimental methods to measure the cohesive law in shear using the ENF-specimen; one of the methods is novel and is also useful for evaluation of experiments with the ELS-specimen. Two sets of experiments are performed, one with elastic substrates and one with plastically deforming substrates. Each experiment is evaluated using all three methods. The evaluation shows that all methods provide reasonable data; the results are similar if the substrates are elastic. With smaller specimens, the substrates deform plastically and one of the methods is identified as the most accurate.
An experimental method is developed to identify a suitable model of in-elastic behaviour of an adhesive layer. Two prototype models are considered: an elastic-plastic model where the in-elasticity is considered due to permanent straining of the adhesive and an elastic-damage model where the in-elasticity is due to a reduction in elastic stiffness. Simulations show that the evaluated property is sensitive to the choice of model. In the experimental study of an engineering epoxy adhesive, the elastic-damage model fits the experiments. The study also reveals that plasticity and damage accumulated at the crack tip influences the evaluated fracture properties.
Time independent inelasticity is often modelled as due to plasticity and/or damage. The difference is manifested at reversed loading; plasticity reveals itself by a remaining strain in the unloaded state while damage is revealed by a decrease in the elastic stiffness during unloading. With thin adhesive layers, the deformation is inhomogeneously distributed along the layer. Large deformations occur at the ends of the layer. In the more central parts, the layer is virtually undeformed. This makes a direct measurement of the unloading properties virtually impossible. In the present paper, novel experiments are performed in order to evaluate the inelastic properties of epoxy adhesives. The load is first increased to a level corresponding to 50, 60, 70 or 80% of the fracture energy. The load is then reversed. The first step creates a zone of inelastically deformed adhesive at the start of the layer. During a final loading phase, the properties of this zone are analysed. Major differences due to the loading direction are observed. Some comparisons with simulation models are performed.
Constitutive data are needed at extreme strains to increase the understanding of fracture processes. Ordinary tensile tests ends prematurely due to localization and large amounts of elastic energy stored in the specimens prior to fracture. A novel method is proposed to perform tensile tests using a double cantilever beam specimen. To verify the method a large specimen is developed and tested. Similar results are achieved with the present method as with more standardized methods giving confidence in the method. The specimen should be possible to minimise to provide data with small specimens.
Confined layers may fracture in shear. This occurs, for example in adhesive joints and composite materials. A common mechanism for shear fracture is the formation of shear hackles associated with an expansion of the layer. This makes shear toughness and strength depend on the constraint of the expansion. By constraining the expansion using external loading in experiments, the expansion is reduced but not totally inhibited. The experiments are evaluated using the path independent properties of the J-integral. It is shown that the shear toughness increases for the more constrained case. Thus, from a strength analysis perspective, ignoring the expansion leads to a conservative estimate of the fracture properties. Extrapolation of the evaluated properties to totally inhibited expansions gives the traction separation relation and the fracture toughness for a layer in simple shear.
A perfect experiment is only sensitive to the properties to be analysed. However, evaluation of experimental results is always based on assumptions. Depending on the assumptions, the derived results are more or less correct. In this paper a method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics is compared to a method based on the path independence of the J-integral and the assumptions of the existence of a cohesive zone. Contrary to the other methods, the J-integral method only rests on the assumption that the material of the specimen has a strain energy density that not explicitly depends on the position in the direction of crack propagation. That is, the conditions for J to be path independent. Evaluation of simulated experiments gives the exact value of the fracture energy. The alternative method is based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. Contrary to the conventional methods we use an expression where the crack length is eliminated in favour of the flexibility of the specimen.
Influences of assumptions are studied both experimentally and numerically. Differences in stiffness are achieved by changing the type of adhesive and the layer thickness. Two different adhesives are studied. One is a modern crash resistant epoxy adhesive, SikaPower-498. This is a relatively stiff and tough adhesive. The other adhesive is a soft and extremely tough polyurethane based adhesive, Sikaflex-UHM. Two layer thicknesses are tested; 1.0 mm for the epoxy and 3.0 mm for the polyurethane based adhesive. The results show that the two methods give similar results for the thinner and stiffer epoxy adhesive but differences are recorded for the soft polyurethane based adhesive. This analysis gives a better understanding of the evaluation methods and their limitations and possibilities to extract cohesive laws.
In this paper we present a framework for digital human modelling using discrete mechanics and optimal control. Discrete mechanics is particularly well suited for modelling the dynamics of constrained mechanical systems, which is almost always the case when considering complex human models interacting with the environment. We demonstrate that, by using recently developed recursive dynamics algorithms, we are able to efficiently use discrete mechanics in direct optimal control methods to plan for complex motions. Besides a proper mechanical model, an appropriate objective function is paramount to achieve realistic motions as a solution to an optimal control problem. Hence, several different objective functions, such as for example minimum time or minimum applied torque over the joints, are compared, and the resulting motions are analyzed and evaluated. To further improve the model, we include basic muscular models for the muscles of the shoulder, arm and wrist, and examine how this affects the motions.
Effective simulation of manual assembly operations considering ergonomic load and clearance demands requires detailed modeling of human body kinematics and motions, as well as a tight coupling to powerful algorithms for collision-free path planning. The focus in this paper is a unified solution that automatically creates assembly motions for manikins taking kinematic constraints, balance, contact forces, collision avoidance and comfort into account. The manikin used in this work has 162 degrees of freedom - six exterior fictitious joints determine the position of the lower lumbar and the remaining ones are interior joints. The inverse kinematic problem leads to an underdetermined system allowing us to pick a solution that maximizes a scalar valued comfort function. The comfort function offers a generic way to give preference to certain poses while avoiding others, typically by considering joint limits, forces and moments on joints, and magnitude of contact forces. In order to avoid collisions, poses close to collision are penalized. The method is implemented and demonstrated on two challenging assembly operations taken from the automotive industry.
Simulating manual assembly operations considering ergonomic load and clearance demands requires detailed modeling of human body kinematics and motions, as well as a tight coupling to powerful algorithms for collision-free path planning. The focus in this paper is kinematics including balance and contact forces, and ergonomically preferable motions in free space. A typical manikin has more than 100 degrees of freedom. To describe operations and facilitate motion generation, the manikin is equipped with coordinate frames attached to end-effectors like hands and feet. The inverse kinematic problem is to find joint values such that the position and orientation of hands and feet matches certain target frames during an assembly motion. This inverse problem leads to an underdetermined system of equations since the number of joints exceeds the end-effectors' constraints. Due to this redundancy there exist a set of solutions, allowing us to consider ergonomics aspects and maximizing comfort when choosing one solution.The most common approach to handle both forward and inverse kinematics is building a hierarchy of joints and links where one root must be defined. A popular place to define the root is in a body part, e.g. in a foot. This leads to a two-step procedure; (i) one level determining when to re-root when moving the root part, (ii) then the Penrose pseudoinverse is used to match the end-effectors' constraints.In this paper we propose using a fixed exterior root by introducing six additional parameters positioning the lower lumbar - three rotations and three translations. This makes it possible to reposition the manikin without a series of re-rooting operations. Another important aspect is to keep the manikin, affected by internal and external forces and moments, in balance. However, by utilizing the exterior root and its added degrees of freedom it is possible to solve the balance, positioning, contact force and comfort problems simultaneously in a unified way. A manikin was implemented, and two test cases demonstrate the applicability of the presented method.
Modern manufacturing systems seem to be shifting from mass production to mass customisation, which means that systems must be able to manage changes in customer demands and requirements, new technology as well as environmental demands. This in turn leads to an increase in product variants that need to be assembled. To handle this issue, well designed and presented information is vital for assembly workers to perform effective and accurate assembly tasks. In this thesis the main focus has been to find factors that affect human performance in manual assembly. A literature review was made on the subject of manufacturing and usability as well as basic cognitive abilities used to utilise information, such as memory. This investigation identified applicable factors for assessing human cognitive performance within the research field of manufacturing. The thesis further investigates how some of these factors are handled in manual assembly, using case studies as well as observational studies. The results show that how material and information are presented to the assembler needs to be considered in order to have a positive effect on the assembly operation. In addition, a full factorial experimental study was conducted to investigate different ways of presenting material and information at the workstation while using mixed assembly mode with product variants. The material presentation factor involved the use of a material rack compared to using an unstructured kit as well as a structured kit and the information presentation factor involved using a text and number instruction compared to a photograph instruction. The results showed that using a kit is favourable compared to the traditional material rack, especially when using a structured kit combined with photographic instruction. Furthermore, the use of unstructured kits can lead to better productivity and reduced perceived workload, compared to a material rack. Although they are perhaps not as good as using a structured kit, they most likely bring a lower cost, such as man-hour consumption and space requirements. However, the number of components in an unstructured kit needs to be considered in order to keep it on a manageable level. As a conclusion, several scenarios were developed in order to understand how different assembly settings can be used in order to improve human performance at the assembly workstation.
Current product and production development tends to become more complex where principal design decisions are made in very early development phases when product data only exist in virtual formats. To support this virtual product realisation process there exist a number of tools and technologies. Considering ergonomics and human factors in an increasingly complex process with often complex tools requires competent people able to handle multidisciplinary development challenges in a proactive manner. To answer the need for educational programs to cover these issues the School of Engineering Science at University of Skövde has developed a new master (second cycle) program Virtual Ergonomics and Design. The aim with the program is to give students and future product and production developers, necessary knowledge and skills to effectively use virtual tools for analysis, development, and verification of ergonomics and integrate ergonomics and user aspects into the product realisation process. This is achieved through a number of courses that partly forms a core within the subject Virtual product realisation but also provides in-depth knowledge in ergonomics. Students will in a possible future role as design or production engineers have a great influence on ergonomics in manufacturing departments but also better perception of ergonomics, higher motivation and knowledge of support tools and methods for ergonomics integration.
The higher level of product variation in the automotive industry leads to an increasing workload for the assembler that has to search, fetch and assemble all the variants. This puts high demands on the information that is given to the assembler to fulfil the assembly task. This paper describes the impact of information overload and sources, and their influence on the assembler. Through observations conducted in the Swedish automotive industry, the study has shown that the assembly personnel perceive the kit as structured information and that structured kits are able to present distinct information at a certain place to the assembler, which in turn reduces the searching, resulting in decreased cognitive workload.
In manual assembly, a strategy to meet the goal of efficient production is the increased use of kitting as a material supply principle. Even though kitting is already implemented in industry, there are still uncertainties regarding the effects of introducing kits, particularly from a human factors perspective.
This paper presents initial steps in the development of a method to be used for the evaluation of kitting. This from an information source point of view and for studying effects related to productivity and quality. The methodology is projected to act as a foundation for how to carry out a subsequent comprehensive case study. The purpose of the case study is to explore how kitting affects the cognitive workload compared to the ordinary material rack combined with part numbers used in the current manufacturing industry. This is done by measuring productivity; time spent on assembling a product, and quality; number of assembly errors. One step in the methodology development process, which is described in this paper, was to conduct a pilot study, primarily to test the methodology related to the selection of measurement parameters, as well as for getting experiences from running the methodology with real test subjects.
This paper concerns the handling of information in assembly work environments. Several studies involving both literature reviews, case studies andobservations were conducted to find factors that affect human performance in manual assembly. The main experiment with 36 subjects used a mixed method design with a quantitative study, including time and errors as dependant measures,a qualitative study, including workload ratings, and a questionnaire. The experiment involved the assembly of a pedal car and the components werepresented using structured kits, unstructured kits and material racks. Assembly information was presented as text & component numbers or photographs, and situations with and without component variation were considered. Among theresults it was found that assembly times and workload ratings were lower when using a kit, whereas using a material rack resulted in perceived decreased workflow and increased stress and frustration. Assembly times and workload ratings were lower when using photographs, whereas using text and numbers increased mental workload.
This paper presents an experimental study aimed at investigating interaction effects affecting personnel in manual assembly. The main experiment with 36 subjects used a mixed method design which included a quantitative study, including time and errors as dependent measures, and a qualitative study, including workload ratings and a questionnaire. The overall task in the experiment was to assemble components on a pedal car. The main factors involved were assembly information (text & component numbers or photographs), material presentation (using structured kits, unstructured kits and material racks) and component variation (situations with and without component variation). It was found that performance, measured in assembly time, was best when combining photographs with no component variants and when using an unstructured kit.
This study investigate different ways of presenting material and information at workstations while using mixed assembly mode with product variants. The experimental set up annotated an assembly line involving 36 subjects. The material presentation factor involved the use of a material rack compared to using an unstructured kit as well as a structured kit. The information presentation factor involved using a text and number instruction compared to a photograph instruction, and situations with and without component variation were considered. Results show that assembly times and workload ratings were lower when using a kit, whereas using a material rack resulted in perceived decreased workflow and increased stress and frustration. Moreover, assembly times and workload ratings were lower when using photographs, whereas using text and numbers increased mental workload. The results could be useful when planning work places and production systems in order to obtain a better workflow and an increased human performance.
Contemporary product and production development is typically carried out with the support of computer tools where the design of products and workstations are originated and evaluated within virtual environments. Ergonomics addresses factors important to consider in the product and production development process to ensure a good fit between humans and the items being designed. Digital human modelling (DHM) tools enable simulations and analyses of ergonomics in virtual environments. Anthropometry is central when using DHM tools for product and production development to ensure that the design fits the intended proportion of the targeted population from a physical perspective. Several methods have been prescribed to consider the anthropometric diversity that exists within human populations. Still many DHM based simulations in product and production development processes are done with approaches that are poor in representing anthropometric diversity. Hence, there is a need for better tools and methods that would support DHM tool users to more effectively and efficiently consider anthropometric diversity in the design process.
In this thesis current methods for anthropometric diversity considerations have been reviewed and new methods and functionality have been developed and implemented in a DHM tool. Mathematical models have been developed to consider three specific parts important to the consideration of anthropometric diversity: generation of suitable test cases, prediction of missing anthropometric data and implementation of more diverse anthropometric variables such as strength and flexibility. Results show that the proposed methods are accurate and advantageous compared to approaches often used in industry today. The mathematical models for generation of suitable test cases and prediction of missing anthropometric data have been implemented in an anthropometric software module. The module has undergone usability testing with industry DHM tools users. The developed anthropometric module is shown to answer to relevant needs of DHM tool users and fit into the work processes related to DHM simulations and ergonomics analyses utilised in industry today.
Ergonomics and Human Factors address factors important to consider in the product and production development process. This is done through a User Centred Design process where focus is put on human-machine interactions. Digital human modelling (DHM) tools provide and facilitate rapid simulations, visualisations and analyses of the human-machine interactions in a virtual environment. Anthropometry, the study of human measurements, is central in DHM simulations due to the necessity of ensuring intended accommodation levels. Several methods have been described to consider the anthropometric diversity that exists within human populations. Still, many simulations are done with few human models, so called manikins, in industry today due to the time consuming processes when working with many manikins in current DHM tools. Hence, there is a need for better tools and methods. To increase the understanding among DHM users there is also a need to illustrate differences in results when using different approaches, and to evaluate the validity of the assumptions that methods for anthropometric diversity consideration are based upon.
In this thesis current methods for anthropometric diversity considerations have been reviewed and the differences in evaluation results when utilizing different approaches have been analysed. New methods and functionality have been developed and implemented in DHM tools and the possibilities to include more physical characteristics and in turn consider more aspects of human diversity have been explored. Results shows that the proposed methods are advantageous compared to approaches often used in industry today and will, if used, increase the consideration of anthropometric diversity when using DHM tools for the design of products and workplaces.
Digital human modelling (DHM) systems can be used to simulate production processes and analyse the human-machine interaction, particularly at early design stages. The human-machine interaction is affected and limited by factors or characteristics belonging to the human user and the machine or product but also the surrounding environment. DHM systems consider in most cases only physical user capabilities and with focus on consideration of body size related anthropometric diversity. However, the human-machine interaction is not only affected by the size and proportions of a user but for example also the user´s muscle strength and range of motion (ROM). This paper describes a study where diversity in strength and ROM, together with diversity in body size, is implemented in the process of creating data for a group of human arm models. A literature study was done to investigate the diversity of strength and ROM and the correlation between such measurements and body size data. The results from the literature study showed that there is little correlation between body size, strength and ROM. The study also showed that there are few published studies where body size, strength and ROM have been tested at the same time. From the literature study, generic correlation coefficients between body size, strength and ROM were synthesized. Using these correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis, data for a group of 14 female arm models with varying body size, strength and ROM were calculated. The results show that it is possible to introduce additional variables such as strength and ROM, but also that data of the correlation between body size and other types of anthropometric measurements are scarce. New measurement studies are important to decrease the uncertainties when predicting correlation coefficients between body size, strength and ROM variables.
In digital human modelling (DHM) systems consideration of anthropometry is central. Important functionality in DHM tools is the regression model, i.e. the possibility to predict a complete set of measurements based on a number of defined independent anthropometric variables. The accuracy of a regression model is measured by how well the model predicts dependent variables based on independent variables, i.e. known key anthropometric measurements. In literature, existing regression models often use stature and/or body weight as independent variables in so-called flat regressions models which can produce estimations with large errors when there are low correlations between the independent and dependent variables. This paper suggests a conditional regression model that utilise all known measurements as independent variables when predicting each unknown dependent variable. The conditional regression model is compared to a flat regression model, using stature and weight as independent variables, and a hierarchical regression model that uses geometric and statistical relationships between body measurements to create specific linear regression equations in a hierarchical structure. The accuracy of the models is assessed by evaluating the coefficient of determination, R2 and the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). The results from the study show that using a conditional regression model that makes use of all known variables to predict the values of unknown measurements is advantageous compared to the flat and hierarchical regression models. Both the conditional linear regression model and the hierarchical regression model have the advantage that when more measurements are included the models will give a better prediction of the unknown measurements compared to the flat regression model based on stature and weight. A conditional linear regression model has the additional advantage that any measurement can be used as independent variable. This gives the possibility to only include measurements that have a direct connection to the design dimensions being sought. Utilising the conditional regression model would create digital manikins with enhanced accuracy that would produce more realistic and accurate simulations and evaluations when using DHM tools for the design of products and workplaces.
This paper describes and evaluates the boundary case methodology for the simultaneous consideration of variance for a number of selected anthropometric variables. The methodology includes the calculation of key dimension values for extreme but likely anthropometric measurement combinations. This data can be applied when utilising digital human modelling (DHM) tools for proactive design work and entered as input data when representative manikins are defined. The mathematical procedure is clearly described and exemplified to demonstrate how to use the methodology in design work. The outcome of the method is illustrated and compared using several different cases where the number of measurements is varied and where principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the number of dimensions in one case. The paper demonstrates that the proposed boundary case method is advantageous compared to approaches based on the use of univariate percentile data in design.
This paper describes a study where diverse anthropometric data is included in the process of generating data for a group of virtual test persons. Data on body size, strength and ROM were either collected on an individual level or predicted and synthesized and then used in cluster analyses to generate six unique virtual test persons. Results show that the method is able to generate detailed virtual test persons which enables more realistic and accurate simulations, as strength and ROM data is included into the motion prediction algorithms used to generate motions.
This paper presents and evaluates an adaptive linear regression model for the prediction of unknown anthropometric data based on a flexible set of known predictive data. The method is based on conditional regression and includes use of principal component analysis to reduce effects of multicollinearity between the predictive variables. Results from the study show that the proposed adaptive regression model produces more accurate predictions compared to a flat regression model based on stature and weight, and also compared to a hierarchical regression model, that uses geometric and statistical relationships between body measurements to create specific linear regression equations in a hierarchical structure. An additional evaluation shows that the accuracy of the adaptive regression model increases logarithmically with the sample size. Apart from the sample size, the accuracy of the regression model is affected by the number of, and on which measurements that are, variables in the predictive dataset.
This paper presents the development of an adaptive linear regression model for synthesizing of missing anthropometric population data based on a flexible set of known predictive data. The method is based on a conditional regression model and includes use of principal component analysis, to reduce effects of multicollinearity between selected predictive measurements, and incorporation of a stochastic component, using the partial correlation coefficients between predicted measurements. In addition, skewness of the distributions of the dependent variables is considered when incorporating the stochastic components. Results from the study show that the proposed regression models for synthesizing population data give valid results with small errors of the compared percentile values. However, higher accuracy was not achieved when the number of measurements used as independent variables was increased compared to using only stature and weight as independent variables. This indicates problems with multicollinearity that principal component regression were not able to overcome. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation values together with correlation coefficients is sufficient to perform the conditional regression procedure. However, to incorporate a stochastic component when using principal component regression requires raw data on an individual level.
Relevance to industry
When developing products, workplaces or systems, it is of great importance to consider the anthropometric diversity of the intended users. The proposed regression model offers a procedure that gives valid results, maintains the correlation between the measurements that are predicted and is adaptable regarding which, and number of, predictive measurements that are selected.
This paper presents the development of a software module and a graphical user interface which aims to support the definition of anthropometry of manikins in a digital human modelling (DHM) tool. The module is developed from user interviews and literature studies, as well as mathematical methods for anthropometric diversity consideration. The module has functionality to create both single manikins and manikin families, where it is possible to combine or analyse different population datasets simultaneously. The developed module and its interface have been evaluated via focus group interviews and usability tests by DHM tool users. Results from the studies show that the developed module and its interface has relevant functionality, fits well into industrial work processes, and is easy to use. The study also identifies possibilities to further increase usability.
This paper describes a study where diversity in body size, strength and joint range of motion, together with diversity in other capability measurements, is included in the process of generating data for a group of test cases using cluster analysis. Descriptive statistics and correlation data was acquired for 15 variables for different age groups and both sexes. Based on this data, a population of 10,000 individuals was synthesised using correlated random numbers. The synthesised data was used in cluster analyses where three different clustering algorithms were applied and evaluated; hierarchical clustering, k-means clustering and Gaussian mixture distribution clustering. Results from the study show that the three clustering algorithms produce groups of test cases with different characteristics, where the hierarchical and k-means algorithm give the most diverse results and where the Gaussian mixture distribution gives results that are in between the first two.
This paper identifies and describes product development activities where ergonomics issues could be considered and illustrates how that could be done through a number of different approaches. The study is divided into two parts where an interview study is done to identify where in a product development process consideration of ergonomics issues are or could be done. The second part of the study includes an observation, motion capture and simulation study of current manufacturing operations to evaluate and compare three different assessment approaches; observational based ergonomics evaluation, usages of motion capture data and DHM simulation and evaluation. The results shows the importance of consideration of ergonomics in early development phases and that the ergonomics assessment process is integrated in the overall product and production development process.
The recent interest in greater vehicular autonomy for factory and warehouse automation has stimulated research in conflict-free routing: a challenging network routing problem in which vehicles may not pass each other. Motivated by a real-world case study, we consider one such application: truck movements in a tightly constrained warehouse. We propose an extension of an existing conflict-free routing algorithm to consider multiple stopping points per route. A high level metaheuristic is applied to determine the route construction and assignment of vehicles to routes.
Information is an important part of the manual assembly process. Information provides the user with the means to fulfil assembly tasks so that the right quality as well as high productivity are accomplished. This thesis addresses issues connected to information and information use in a modern manual assembly environment, and how these issues affect human operators, quality and productivity. The overall objectives of the research were to gain further knowledge on how attention affects the internal reject rate, to investigate these phenomena in industrial and laboratory environments and finally to propose a suitable evaluation method to be utilised at the design stage of an information system.
Studies were performed with the purpose of investigating how the assembly personnel were affected by the information and how it affected quality and productivity. The studies were performed in an assembly plant and in the laboratory. Quantitative data collection included 10 days and nights of production where the information impact on quality was investigated. Connected to this study was a qualitative survey performed among 171 persons from the assembly personnel. The laboratory study took place during three days, approximately eight hours each day. It involved 30 persons, all experienced assembly workers from the reference assembly plant. The focus of this study was how information affected the personnel and thereby the productivity.
The findings revealed that information affected the quality rates and productivity and that this can be linked to how the information is presented as well as when the information is presented. It was possible to link these findings to the outcome of a successful information search process, and to conclude that a use of an evaluation method or work process during the product lifecycle could have made it possible to avoid some of the problems connected to the information presentation. This is the basis for a proposed pragmatic evaluation method. The method was tested as a support system during the design of a prototype user interface to be used at the pilot plant.
The major contribution of this research is the connection between attention and quality as well as the connection between attention and productivity. Knowledge regarding the importance of presenting the information at the right time must also be regarded as an important and proven contribution.
Lean analyses and following corrections of workstations are typically performed reactively, i.e. solving problems that already exist. However, there are benefits of enhanced proactivity related to the consideration of lean and human factors, as this would reduce the need for updating workstations. The approach presented here utilises a company specific, reactive lean evaluation methodology, but applied proactively, in the workstation design phase. Results gave that many assessment items in fact can be proactively addressed. This way, ergonomic and lean workstations that support quality, performance and wellbeing for a diversity of workers, can be built right the first time.
Modern manufacturing information systems allow fast distribution of, and access to, information. One of the main purposes with an information system within manual assembly is to improve product quality, i.e. to ensure that assembly errors are as few as possible. Not only must an information system contain the right information, it must also provide it at the right time and in the right place. The paper highlights some of the concerns related to the design and use of information systems in manual assembly. The paper describes a study that focuses on the correlation between active information seeking behaviour and assembly errors. The results are founded on both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study indicates that by using simplified information carriers, with certain characteristics, the assembly personnel more easily could interpret the information, could to a higher degree be prompted (triggered) about product variants and could also be able to prepare physically and mentally for approaching products arriving along the assembly line. These conditions had positive influence on quality, i.e. gave a reduction of assembly errors.
Effects of temperature and strain rate on the cohesive relation for an engineering epoxy adhesive are studied experimentally. Two parameters of the cohesive laws are given special attention: the fracture energy and the peak stress. Temperature experiments are performed in peel mode using the double cantilever beam specimen. The temperature varies from −40 to + 80°C. The temperature experiments show monotonically decreasing peak stress with increasing temperature from about 50 MPa at −40°C to about 10 MPa at + 80°C. The fracture energy is shown to be relatively insensitive to the variation in temperature. Strain rate experiments are performed in peel mode using the double cantilever beam specimen and in shear mode, using the end notch flexure specimen. The strain rates vary; for peel loading from about 10−4 to 10 s−1 and for shear loading from 10−3 to 1 s−1. In the peel mode, the fracture energy increases slightly with increasing strain rate; in shear mode, the fracture energy decreases. The peak stresses in the peel and shear mode both increase with increasing strain rate. In peel mode, only minor effects of plasticity are expected while in shear mode, the adhesive experiences large dissipation through plasticity. Rate dependent plasticity, may explain the differences in influence of strain rate on fracture energy between the peel mode and the shear mode.
A specimen is developed for real-like low velocity impact testing of bi-material joint configurations. Six different joint configurations are analysed. Two engineering adhesives are evaluated with and without discrete mechanical fasteners, i.e. adhesive and hybrid joints. Experiments and simulations are performed. The simulations are performed using adhesive cohesive finite elements. Simulations show good agreement with experiments in impact energy and overall deformation mode. The histories of applied load vs. load-point deflection show reasonably good correlation. The results show that the impact energy consumption depends on the joint integrity. A threshold value for the fracture energy of the adhesive seems to exist. Beneath this value, adhesive and discrete fastener work together increasing the impact energy capacity. Above this value the discrete fastener has a negative effect, and may be regarded as a stress concentration.
Cohesive laws are determined for different layer thicknesses of an engineering adhesive. The shape of the cohesive law depends on the adhesive layer thickness. Of the two parameters of the cohesive law—the fracture energy and thestrength—the fracture energy is more sensitive to thickness variation than the strength. The fracture energy in peel mode (Mode I) increases monotonically as the thickness is increased from 0.1 to about 1.0 mm. At an adhesive thickness of 1.5 mm, the fracture energy is slightly lower than for a 1.0 mm adhesive thickness, indicating a maximum between 1.0 and 1.5 mm. In shear mode (Mode II), the thickness dependence is not as strong, but an increasing trend in fracture energy with increasing adhesive thickness is evident. A slight decrease in strength with increasing adhesive thickness is found in both loading modes.
Att beräkna limfogars hållfasthet är inte helt enkelt, vilket beror på spänningskoncentrationens inflytande vid limfogens kanter.
Materialmekanik vid Högskolan i Skövde har specialiserat sig på hållfasthetssimulering av limfogar genom kohesiv modellering.
Anthropometric data are often described in terms of percentiles and too often digital human models are synthesised from such data using a single percentile value for all body dimensions. The poor correlation between body dimensions means that products may be evaluated against models of humans that do not exist. Alternative digital approaches try to minimise this difficulty using pre-defined families of manikins to represent human diversity, whereas in the real world carefully selected real people take part in 'fitting trials'. HADRIAN is a digital human modeling system which uses discrete data sets for individuals rather than statistical populations. A task description language is used to execute the evaluative capabilities of the underlying SAMMIE human modelling system as though a 'real' fitting trial was being conducted. The approach is described with a focus on the elderly and disabled and their potential exclusion from public transport systems.
In general, profitability and efficiency have been the main interest for organization. However, the increasing concerns for the environment from government, regulators, customers and other stakeholders has forced companies to seek for alternatives to achieve green objectives. The difficulties faced by organizations are lack of awareness and guideline in implementing green practices in their daily operation. Under constrained resources, employers are reluctant to spend money on something unclear. During the last decade, lean manufacturing seems to be visible trend in most of the manufacturing industries in Malaysia. As lean tends to emphasize on waste reduction, it provides similarity between lean and green. Therefore, it is a better atmosphere to deploy green practices and tools under existing lean manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to present a review on the synergies between green and lean and identifying the determinants that affecting both lean and green manufacturing for Malaysian manufacturers. The determinant obtained are financial benefit, incentive, legislation, stakeholder, management commitment, technology, environmental awareness and brand image or competitiveness. Besides, the authors identified and suggested future research directions on developing an integrated lean-green model for daily operation. This study aims to assist researchers to identify the opportunities and challenges on lean-green model and this review is useful for manufacturers and government in developing manufacturing policies and guideline.
Distribution has become a key factor in today's logistics system due to companies' desires to achieve considerable economies of scale in production, achieved by focused factories, as well as customers' demands for shorter lead-times and customer adapted products. The purpose of this research is to investigate if the in-transit distribution strategy may offer companies a competitive advantage and may be used as a complement to the centralised distribution strategy and/or the decentralised distribution strategy. This study shows that the in-transit distribution strategy can give major competitive advantages by offering rather short lead-times for customers without having to store products locally in warehouses. This, in turn, gives lower warehousing costs, lower tied-up capital, a less interrupted manufacturing, and steady and continuous production volumes. In order to be successful with this strategy, it takes good planning, working closely with customers, good market knowledge, and an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that is able to support the strategy sufficiently. Among these factors, low variation in demand as well as manufacturing output is required, and furthermore distribution lead time needs to be predictable.


text:
New Product Launch: Dogs on Phones
Regular price
Based on my grandfather, Bernard is one of the original fomosapiens. He's been on his phone for over a year since August 2016.
Bernard is made of porcelain, finished with glaze. He is NOT dishwasher-safe and can be used as a pencil holder, succulent or cactus planter.
Shipping within US only.
Pens do not come with product.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The new Honda Fit is ready to take you places. If you are looking for a new crossover that is both stylish and efficient, then you need to get behind the wheel of the new 2019 Honda Fit SUV. The New Fit comes with a surplus of features that are designed to make your drive more efficient. These intelligent features will include the:
The Hudson Honda, located just outside New York City in West New York, NJ, is now fully stocked on the new 2019 Honda Fit crossover. If you are looking for a Honda crossover that is known for its efficiency and style, then you need to check out the new 2019 Honda Fit. When you visit with us at Hudson Honda, you will work with a team of highly trained experts, tasked with finding you the right Honda sedan, truck or SUV that meets your daily needs. Visit us at Hudson Honda and schedule a test drive of the new 2019 Honda Fit crossover.
If you are looking for a new crossover that is fit into everything you need, then you need the new Honda Fit. The new Fit comes with exceptional features that keep you in the long haul. These features will include:
60/40 Split Magic Seats
An Extra 52 Cubic Feet of Space
Four Different Storage Modes
The new 2019 Honda Fit has been redesigned to include some of Honda's latest and most impressive safety features. These safety features, which consist of the Collision Mitigation Braking System, designed to slam your Fit's brakes in an otherwise unavoidable collision. Plus, The Road Departure Mitigation System, which has been designed to alert you if you are about to leave the road. Finally, the Honda Adaptive Cruise Control system which helps you maintain a set following distance while on the highway. If these safety features sound like what your family needs, then looking into upgrading to the new 2019 Honda Fit by trading in your current car at Hudson Honda. You can even use our online Trade-in Calculator to learn the market value of your current vehicle for more information.
If you are in the market for a new 2019 Honda truck, crossover or sedan, then you need to view our massive online inventory over at our Hudson Honda website. Our website allows you to filter through our stock of new and used vehicles, so you can find the car that best works with your lifestyle. And while you are on our site, explore your finance options with our online pre-approved credit application. Fill out this application to learn about your finance options without ever leaving your bedroom.
If you are interested in the new 2019 Honda Fit, or any other Honda vehicle, contact our sales team today to set up a test drive or to have your questions answered. We can't wait to hear from you.


text: Glitchkill comics youtubeseris casting call Jul 23, 2009 15:03:42 GMT -5 Quote Select PostDeselect PostLink to PostMemberGive GiftBack to Top Post by «~ash~» on Jul 23, 2009 15:03:42 GMT -5 well i know i said that the series would be off the ground THIS Summer but i kinda realized i cant narrate everybody at once, so i am letting anybody who can record an characters voice to talk in their voice. submit your entris (a sampel recording of what u will sound like) here and if whoever you are trying to be approves than you will bee in the show. enjoy


text:
What are the quickest helpmates, which is where both sides help administer checkmate to one side, delivered by the rook, knight, bishop, and pawn? Said piece has to deliver the checkmate on the final move.
Note, This is asking for 4 separate answers to be clear, all rolled into one. It does not matter how the mate is achieved, just so long as said piece/pawn asked for does the actual mating. The queen is already known: Fool's Mate.


text:
These are our sea view rooms, perfect synthesis of comfort, hospitality and service, ideal for couples traveling. Like all our rooms, they have white walls and internal partitions that are characteristic of our structure.
Average size of the rooms: from 16 sqm
Balcony or private terrace / sea view
Double bed or two separate beds (on request)
NB: Third bed not available.
- Air conditioning
- 32 "LED flat-screen
- TV Satellite channels
- Free Wi-Fi
- Telephone
- Tea / coffee maker
- Mini bar Fridge
- Hair dryer
- Hair straightener
- Vanity Mirror
- Bath Products
- Bathtub or shower
- Safety deposit box
Photo Gallery
Our Seaview Standard rooms are all different from each other, each has its own peculiarity but overall they can be considered similar and polyvalent.
Are you still thinking on it?
Our 30 rooms, all different from each other, are embellished with typically Mediterranean furnishings that make them elegant and blend perfectly with the maritime atmosphere typical of the place.
All rooms are equipped with a wide range of services and amenities, many available on request in the hotel lobby. All information will always be at your fingertips thanks to the Guest Directory present in each room. The structure, in the hotel lobby, also features a Business Corner with computer and multifunction printer with Internet access, available 24 hours a day for all customers.
Our rooms are equipped with beds (90 × 195) Waterlilly Line, as well as for the pillows, Myform Oxigen Line, the Made in Italy per excellence.
For some years now, the Art Hotel Pasitea has decided, by virtue of the initiative "Let's save the planet", to replace the usual "disposable" courtesy line with a refined family line "Neroli", from the fragrances of the flowers and citrus fruits.
More detailes to "Terms and conditions".
I was in this hotel unfortunately only for one night but I hope in the future to come back. The rooms are beautiful and welcoming, complete with all comforts. The view on Positano is spectacular. I found the staff very courteous and this made me feel immediately at ease. Highly recommended! – Arianna-bk


text:
MEMPHIS, Tenn. -- The biggest storyline coming into Saturday's Autozone Liberty Bowl was the relationship between the two head coaches, Bill Snyder and Bret Bielema. Afterward, it was all about Alex Collins.
The Arkansas running back rushed for 185 yards and three touchdowns to lead the Razorbacks past Kansas State 45-23.
In what was a scary moment late in the first half, Arkansas wide receiver Dominique Reed had to be carted off the field after he sustained an apparent head/neck injury. After the game Bielema said Reed was fine, but had been "knocked out."
What this win means for Arkansas: As an Arkansas fan, you can look at this season in two ways. One, the Razorbacks finished strong, winning six of their final seven games, including Saturday's bowl win. But there's always the what if? What if they didn't lose early to Toledo and Texas Tech? What if they hung on to second-half leads against Texas A&M, Alabama and Mississippi State? Regardless, just like last year, the bowl win will give this team momentum heading into 2016. It's clear Bielema has Arkansas moving in the right direction.
What this loss means for Kansas State: Give Snyder and this Wildcats team credit. They battled. Despite a former junior college wide receiver starting at quarterback -- Kody Cook played pretty well by the way -- they scored points and kept the game close until the fourth quarter. They were just outmatched at the end of the day. The 77-year-old Snyder intends to return in 2016, and that means Kansas State will once again be competitive.
Player of the game: OK, you already know this one. What a day for Collins. The junior has yet to declare early for the NFL, but it might be a foregone conclusion after Saturday. Just have NFL scouts go look at his touchdown run early in the fourth quarter. He broke five tackles as he powered through the Kansas State defense on a 14-yard touchdown run. With the score, Collins set the Arkansas single-season record with 20 touchdowns on the year. He also moved into second all-time with 3,703 career rushing yards.
Unsung hero: Collins stole the show, but Arkansas tight end Jeremy Sprinkle did his part in the victory. Playing second fiddle to Hunter Henry all season, Sprinkle has never gotten the credit he probably deserves. But the junior tight end finished with four catches for 81 yards and a touchdown and proved that if Henry opts to leave early for the NFL, the Razorbacks will be just fine at the tight end position next season.
Top play: There's open, and then there's Winston Dimel on this play. The Kansas State fullback must have been hiding behind his offensive lineman prior to the snap because when he slipped out to run a route, nobody on Arkansas picked him up. He was almost surprised with how open he was, but he caught the pass and took it in for a 48-yard touchdown, his second of the day.


text:
Shipping can be arranged in one of the following ways:
1. Hellmann Worldwide Logistics
Through our local shipping agents (listed below by country)
2. UK Distributor
Through a UK distributor
3. Independent
You can make arrangements independently, please note you will be responsible for all costs, taxes and duties
We have partnered with Hellmann Beverage Logistics to make the entry process as easy as possible. For an additional £53 per entry for wine, no/low alcohol or vermouth, or £80 for spirits, entrants will be able to ship their products to the IWSC from selected offices of our partner. This price covers all duty.
Please use the drop down menu above to find your local participating Hellmann office and make sure you have checked our entry and shipping deadlines.
In order to qualify for this
If you have any questions about the group shipping offer, please contact email@example.com.
Not using group shipping?
Please deliver three samples of each wine or sake, or two bottles of each spirit or vermouth entry directly or via an independent courier to the relevant address below.
Delivery address for wine, sake and vermouth - IWSC c/o Sensible Wine Services, Unit 10 Dana Trading Estate, Transfesa Road, Paddock Wood, Tonbridge, TN12 6UT, UK.
Delivery address for spirits - The International Wine and Spirit Competition Cellars, Building 17, Dunsfold Park, Stovolds Hill, Cranleigh, Surrey, GU6 8TB, UK.
Shipping wine to South Africa?
- All South Africa entries for 2020 must be sent to Vineyard Hotel, Colinton Road, Newlands, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa. Deliveries need to be made to the venue between 16-17 July 2020.
- Please clearly mark all boxes as IWSC Competition, Vineyard Hotel Conference Centre.
- However, we will also have a panel in the UK tasting wines from South Africa, to judge wines that are already in the UK.
Bottle collection
Save on shipping costs by giving your samples to us in person. We will be collecting bottles at a number of key trade events around the globe, throughout the year. Upcoming events include Wine Paris and Prowein. This costs £26 for wine, no/low alcohol and vermouth and £60 for spirits.
Get in touch with our team for more information.


text:
Wednesday, July 22, 2020
You are cordially invited to join Scott and Kimberly Hahn and the St. Paul Center team for a special complimentary reception and open house on Wednesday, July 22, 2020.
Drinks and hors d'oeuvres will be served as we welcome our dear friends and supporters from across the country and celebrate another year of blessings and accomplishments at the Center.
Please join us after the evening session of the Applied Biblical Studies Conference on July 22. Tour the headquarters of the St. Paul Center on the campus of Franciscan University and meet our staff and other St. Paul Center supporters.
We hope you can join us as we celebrate old friends, new initiatives, and exciting achievements at the St. Paul Center.
Event Schedule:
9:15 p.m.–11:30 p.m. – Drinks and hors d' oeuvres
St. Paul Center
1468 Parkview Circle
Steubenville, OH 43952
Date: Wednesday, July 22, 2020
Time: 9:15 p.m.–11:30 p.m.
Place: St. Paul Center
1468 Parkview Circle
Steubenville, OH 43952


text:
Some are easy, some are hard, but hopefully most are interesting and a little bit fun. Some are tricky that require a little bit of head scratching. Welcome to the world of puzzles! Realize the fun of complexity and make a way out of it.
The event will test the analytical thinking skills of the participants. Their ability to approach a problem as well as to solve it are also be assessed. Presence of mind, lateral and abstract thinking of participants will also be taken into consideration.
The puzzles included in this event are Sudoku, Kakuro, word puzzle, number puzzles, riddles, maze, four pics one word, sudoku cube etc.
Puzzlemania will be held in two rounds for 3 days (Day 1, 2 and 3).
● Level 1 will be conducted for the first two days in both, morning and evening shifts,
with each shift of 90 minutes. Level 1 will be an elimination round and its cutoff will depend upon the performance
of the participants.
No of players: 2
Things needed: Completed sudoku and pen/pencil
How it works
Let us imagine a sudoku map as a collection of 9 TicTacToe maps.
In TicTacToe, we use X and O s, here we use shapes( preferably squares and circles)
Different way of giving points.
The game begins here
Player 1: Makes a outline of square in any number in the map except at the centre of 9 squares( as we all know , centre place is so advantageous)
Player 2: Makes a circular outline in any unit.
Then the next player should shade, a number in their shape , with a rule as follows
Where x is his old number and n is his choices for the new number.
This goes on and on,with players making squares and circular shades.
3 continuous units = 1point
Common unit that completes 2 rows=2 points
differently if you fill 5 units with your shape in a 3x3 square =1 point.
Points add up.
Winner is the one who reaches 13 points.
It is not a group event.
In Level 1, question papers will be distributed and participants should finish it within the limit. Time taken to complete will be noted for judging purpose in case if there is any tie.
Participants that clear level 1 should attend level 2 that would be conducted in LH.
Cut off for level 1 will be decided based on the performance of participants.
Finally in level 2, top 10 will be given certificates and top 3 will be given prizes/ goodies.
For deciding the winner in level 2, marks of level 1 will not be considered.
Event manager's decision is final.
1) What is Puzzlemania?
It is a puzzle game which focuses on assessing the analytical and problem-solving skills of the Participants. The types of puzzles involved will be Sudoku, Kakuro, word puzzle Number puzzles, riddles, etc.
2) When will the event happen?
Please check the schedule for Venue and timings. For further queries contact the event manager.
3) What do I need to bring for the event?
Bring a pen/ pencil for writing your answers on the paper. NIT Trichy students need to give their Roll No. and others should have their Pragyan'17 ID with.
4) Is this a team event?
No. This is NOT a team event. Individual participation is required. If anyone is caught doing any malpractice, his/her participation will be cancelled.
5) How to register for Puzzlemania?
On‐spot registration will be done, no prior preregistration required.
6) What is the event format?
It will be held in two rounds. In the first round, question papers will be distributed at desk and participants have to submit it back in time. Those qualifying will be called for the second round and instructions regarding that will be given.
7) What is Sudokube and how it will be included in PuzzleMania?
Sudokube is a variation of Rubik's Cube in which the faces have numbers one to nine on the sides instead of colors. The aim is to solve Sudoku puzzles on one or more of the sides. It will be included in Level 2 Only. Cubes will be provided and 20 minutes are allotted for solving and returning it. The faster solution will be given preference. There is no partial marking.
Some links to help you along the way:
Sandhya: 9003129395
Lakshmi: 7871156695
Rishabh gaur: 7740808969
Email us at email@example.com


text:
Successful Pfizer opposition against 'Styriagra' mark affirmed
TM oppositions against Pfizer suspended amid negotiations
no_limit_pictures / iStockphoto.com
Medical technology company Biocompatibles UK last week withdrew its oppositions to two trademarks applied for by Pfizer, four months after settlement negotiations.
You need a subscription to continue reading this content.
Start a subscription today to access the LSIPR website.
To access the full archive, digital magazines and special reports you will need to take out a paid subscription.
News stories up to a week old and feature articles on the day of publication are accessible with a BASIC FREE ACCOUNT.
We are offering a two week, full free trial to LSIPR – register and select FREE TRIAL to begin access to the full LSIPR archive and read the latest news and features.
Register here for free content, or subscribe for access to archive.
If you have already subscribed please login.
If you have any technical issues please email tech support.
For access to the complete website, archive, and to receive print publications, choose '12 MONTH SUBSCRIPTION'. For a free, two-week trial with full access, select 'TWO WEEK FREE TRIAL'; and for basic access to the latest news on the website and weekly email news alerts choose the 'BASIC FREE ACCOUNT' registration.
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, TTAB, trademark opposition, Pfizer, medical technology,


text:
Is the cattle cycle dead?
Is the cattle cycle dead?
By ALLAN TINKER
At a cattle marketing and livestock meeting last Wednesday at the Sheridan County Court-house Community Room, the question was asked, "Is the cattle cycle dead?"
The answer was basically that it had been hammered by unusual situations but should return to a more balanced cycle again, in a few more years.
With floods, drought, weather, world catastrophes, political and economic ups and downs, the cycle has not been predictable to any degree.
The seasonal cycle of cattle calving and gestation periods have remained stable, but relatively little else. North Dakota is rebuilding herds while Texas has been selling cows "like mad," said Tom Petry, livestock economist from NDSU. The nation's cowherd is down in number with prices higher for longer. "It is really how much beef we produce, not the actual number of cattle," added Petry.
The pounds of production per cow has increased dramatically since the 1950s but actual cow numbers have fluctuated due to the afore-mentioned inputs into the markets.


text:
medical team Doctor is saved to your
medical team Saving a doctor is currently down.
Please try again later.
Dr. Alfred Coppola, MD
Orthopedic Surgery
Mercy Orthopedic, Spine & Hand Center
Get to Know Dr. Alfred Coppola, MD
Accepting Patients
42 Years
Care Philosophy
- University of California Irvine Medical Center 1983
- University of California, Irvine 1979
- University of Southern California School of Medicine 1978
Affiliations and Memberships
- California Orthopaedic Association - Member
Insurances Carriers Accepted
- Accepts most major Health Plans. Please contact our office for details.
- Aetna
- Beech Street (Multiplan)
- Blue Cross Blue Shield
- Blue Cross Blue Shield of California
- Blue Shield of California
- ChoiceCare Network
- Cigna
- First Health (Coventry Health Care)
- GEMCare
- Health Net
- HealthSmart
- Medi-Cal
- Medicare
- MultiPlan
- QualCare
- UnitedHealthCare
Dr. Alfred Coppola, MD's Experience
Orthopedic Surgery
Board Certifications
- Orthopedic Surgery American Board of Medical Specialties
Procedures Performed
- ACL Surgery
- Arm Surgery
- Arthroscopic Joint Surgery
- Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery
- Carpal Tunnel Release
- Dressing and-or Debridement of Wound, Infection, or Burn (incl. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy)
- Elbow Fracture and Dislocation Treatment
- Elbow Fracture and-or Dislocation Treatment, Closed
- Elbow Fracture and-or Dislocation Treatment, Open
- Epidural Block, Facet Blocks
- Excision of Femur or Knee
- Excision of Scapula, Clavicle, Rib, or Sternum
- Excision of Tarsal or Metatarsal
- Foot and Ankle Fracture and Dislocation Treatment
- Foot and Ankle Fracture Treatment, Closed
- Foot and Ankle Fracture Treatment, Open
- Fracture and-or Dislocation Treatment
- Fracture Care
- Hand and Wrist Fracture and Dislocation Treatment
- Hand and Wrist Fracture Treatment, Closed
- Hand and Wrist Fracture Treatment, Open
- Hip Fracture and Dislocation Treatment
- Hip Fracture and-or Dislocation Treatment, Closed
- Hip Fracture and-or Dislocation Treatment, Open
- Hip Replacement
- Hip Replacement Revision
- Hip Resurfacing
- Joint Drainage
- Knee and Leg Fracture and Dislocation Treatment
- Knee and Lower Leg Fracture Treatment, Closed
- Knee and Lower Leg Fracture Treatment, Open
- Knee Arthroscopy
- Knee Replacement
- Knee Replacement Revision
- Knee Surgery
- Myofascial Trigger Point Injection
- Neuroplasty
- Orthopedic Surgical Procedures
- Resection or Ablation of Bone Tumor, Partial or Complete Resection of Bone, Debridement of Bone
- Rotator Cuff Surgery
- Separated Femoral Epiphysis Treatment
- Shoulder Dislocation Treatment
- Shoulder Fracture and Dislocation Treatment
- Shoulder Fracture Treatment
- Spinal Nerve Block
- Steroid Injection
- Synovial Biopsy
- Trigger Finger Release
- Trigger Point Injection
- Viscosupplementation With Hyaluronate
Conditions Treated
- Achilles Tendinitis
- Adhesive Capsulitis
- Ankle Fracture
- Ankle Sprain and Achilles Tendon Sprain or Rupture
- Ankle Sprains and Strains
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Ankylosing Vertebral Hyperostosis
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) or Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Tear
- Arthritis
- Arthritis of the Elbow
- Ataxia
- Autoimmune Diseases
- Back Disorders
- Back Injuries
- Back Pain
- Baker's Cyst
- Bone Disorders
- Brachial Plexus Palsy
- Broken Arm
- Bunion
- Bursitis
- Cancer
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Cervical Spine Myelopathy
- Chondrocalcinosis
- Chronic Neck Pain
- Chronic Pelvic Pain
- Clavicle Fracture
- Coccygeal Pain
- Coccyx or Sacrum Fracture
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
- Complications of Joint Prosthesis
- De Quervain's Disease
- Degenerative Disc Disease
- Difficulty With Walking
- Dupuytren's Contracture
- Elbow Bursitis
- Elbow Injuries
- Enthesopathy of Hip (incl. Trochanteric Bursitis)
- Enthesopathy of Knee (incl. Bursitis of Knee)
- Femur Fracture
- Foot Conditions
- Foot Fracture
- Foot Sprain
- Fracture
- Fracture of Hand (incl. Fingers)
- Gait Abnormality
- Ganglion Cyst
- Glenoid Labrum Tear
- Gout
- Hammer Toe
- Hand Conditions
- Hand Fracture
- Heel Spur
- Herniated Disc
- Hip Fracture
- Hip Pointer Injuries
- Hip Sprain
- Internal Derangement of Knee
- Intervertebral Disc Disease
- Joint Pain
- Knee Dislocation
- Knee Disorders
- Knee Fracture
- Knee Injuries
- Knee Sprain
- Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis (Tennis and Golf Elbow)
- Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Sprain
- Leg Fracture Above Knee (incl. Hip)
- Leg Fracture Below Knee (incl. Ankle)
- Limb Pain
- Low Back Pain
- Lumbar Spine Fracture
- Lupus
- Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Sprain
- Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
- Myelopathy
- Nerve Root Injury and Plexus Disorders (incl. Pinched Nerve)
- Non-Traumatic Rupture of Achilles Tendon
- Non-Unions and Malunions of Fractures
- Osgood Schlatter Disease
- Osteoarthritis
- Osteoarthritis of Ankle and Foot
- Osteoarthritis of Hand or Wrist
- Osteoarthritis of Hands
- Osteoarthritis of Hip
- Osteoarthritis of Hip and Thigh
- Osteoarthritis of Knee
- Osteoarthritis of Shoulder
- Osteoarthritis of Spine
- Osteochondritis Dissecans
- Osteopenia
- Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome or Knee Pain
- Pathological Spine Fracture
- Pelvic Fracture
- Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy
- Peripheral Nerve Disorders
- Plantar Fasciitis
- Pseudoarthrosis
- Pyogenic Arthritis
- Radiculopathy (Not Due to Disc Displacement)
- Reiter's Syndrome (Reactive Arthritis)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rib Fracture
- Rotator Cuff Tear
- Runner's Knee
- Sacrum Disorders
- Scapular Fracture
- Sciatica (Not Due to Disc Displacement)
- Scoliosis
- Shoulder Dislocation
- Shoulder Disorders
- Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
- Shoulder Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis
- Sjögren's Syndrome
- Spinal Stenosis
- Spine Deformities
- Spine Disorders
- Spine Fractures, Traumatic
- Spondylitis
- Spondylolisthesis
- Spondylosis
- Sprains and Strains (incl. Muscle Tear)
- Systemic Chondromalacia
- Systemic Sclerosis
- Tibia and Fibula Fractures
- Trigger Finger
Awards and Recognitions
- Recognized Doctor
In My Own Words
Dr. Coppola began practicing in Bakersfield in 1983. He completed his undergraduate degree at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) and his medical degree at the University of Southern California before returning to UCI as a resident. Dr. Coppola's specialties include arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder and knee, anterior hip replacement, and total joint replacements of the hip and knee. Dr. Coppola believes in using minimally invasive techniques whenever possible. He also treats a variety of sports related injuries and fracture care. He is board-certified in orthopedic surgery and has been a fellow of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery since 1986. He is past president of the Kern County Medical Society and past chief of staff of Mercy Hospitals. Dr. Coppola has held many leadership positions in community health organizations, including serving on the community board of directors for Mercy Hospitals. Dr. Coppola enjoys fly-fishing in the Sierras and off-roading in his spare time.
Dr. Alfred Coppola, MD's Locations
Accepting New Patients
Mercy Orthopedic, Spine & Hand Center
300 Old River Rd Ste 200, Bakersfield, CA 93311


text:
Free American Vintage Travel Posters
Travel agency is a large support to an person for organizing out the holiday. Even so, most of the travel agencies are delighted for serving all kinds of travel, but several of them have specialization in either leisure travel or organization travel solutions. Stroll in to a typical travel agency and you see stack of papers on the shelf with all tour itineraries, some may possibly even be outdated. Carbonelli Travel solutions contain inventive packages for corporate travel, honeymoons, groups, cruises and land tours. Appropriate co-ordination with all involved people is the significant concern for a travel agency Greece to form a smooth network method.
You can uncover open positions for work at house travel agents by seeking into some of the internet sites the following. Travelers ought to not really feel let down when they actually visit the suggested locations and take a poor impression about the organizing agency. If you are preparing on traveling in the United States or abroad, it is a great notion to get travel insurance coverage to cover the cost of your trip in case something goes wrong. Travel agencies come and go like any other businesses.
These can consist of the sale of in-house insurance coverage , travel guide books , and public transport timetables , car rentals , and the solutions of an on-site bureau de change , dealing in the most popular vacation currencies. Even so, some student travel agencies offer you access to youth-specific rates. The excellent point is, all of the information you need to have to show oneself about the business is widely accessible to you on-line – you can even take classes at your neighborhood college or trade school that are particularly tailored to aid you excel like a perform at residence travel agent.
Initial, the airlines decided they did not need travel agents any longer and they pulled the plug on agent commissions. Apart than that, it has its presence in the country's actual estate, trading, aviation, monetary services and energy sectors. You might need to have a resume to attempt to get most of the function at property travel agent positions, so taking a class or two ahead of time on traveling and marketing and advertising will absolutely look excellent on your application and drastically increase your likelihood of becoming hired like a function at hoe travel agent for those who have no preceding experience in the field.
The ideal recommendation is to book via a travel agency who can set up the transfers effectively ahead of time. Just before the very 1st popular way to travel is through trains and vehicles or cruises that is why numerous wealthy folks decided to have this sort of getaway preparations that is why until in the present time. Never ever the less, those who go to Vaishno Devi Shrine, Katra Bus reservation from Jammu City or Srinagar City can be done online by a traveler by way of most of the well-liked travel agencies, though a traveler …
Company JetBlue From American Express Perfect For JetBlue Flyers
America is the home to a lot of outstanding airlines and no matter whether you are seeking a leisure trip or a luxurious enterprise getaway, there are dozens of possibilities to choose from as per your budget that will take you to any component of the globe without having any hassle. German airliners constructed by Junkers , Dornier , and Fokker had been amongst the most sophisticated in the globe at the time. When traveling from a significant airport such as New York's JFK, Atlanta, London Heathrow or Paris's Charles de Gaulle, give oneself further time as these airports are quite busy and crowded. This flight would be flying out from Singapore and transiting only after in Hong Kong, from exactly where you will fly direct non-stop to Toronto. Although the French aeronautical sector in between the wars failed to secure a dominant position in international sales, asides from a short period of influence following the Great War, it was still sufficient so that France could largely rely on its internal production for airliners.
A historically high level of government intervention in the airline market can be noticed as portion of a wider political consensus on strategic types of transport, such as highways and railways , both of which obtain public funding in most components of the globe. Airbus also characteristics contemporary electronic cockpits that were frequent across their aircraft to enable pilots to fly multiple models with minimal cross-instruction. The next big enhance for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the Boeing 747 , McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , and Lockheed L-1011 inaugurated widebody ("jumbo jet") service, which is nonetheless the standard in international travel.
For instance, governments usually intervene to halt airline labor actions to safeguard the cost-free flow of folks, communications, and goods among distinct regions with out compromising security. CATA has estimated that the scheme will cost domestic airlines about USD120m in the course of 2012, ramping up to more than triple that figure by 2020 as China's domestic sector grows. Cabin baggage is products which passengers can bring on plane and location on seat, below the seat or next to them. An airline is a company that offers air transport solutions for traveling passengers and freight Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and might form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements Normally, airline firms are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body.
Bilateral agreements are based on the " freedoms of the air ", a group of generalized targeted traffic rights ranging from the freedom to overfly a country to the freedom to offer domestic flights inside a nation (a really hardly ever granted right known as cabotage ). Most agreements permit airlines to fly from their property country to designated airports in the other country: some also extend the freedom to offer continuing service to a third nation, or to an additional destination in the other country even though carrying passengers from …
American Airlines Cargo
Flying from Singapore to Toronto, Canada, is 1 of the longest air routes out of Singapore. Bilateral agreements are based on the " freedoms of the air ", a group of generalized site visitors rights ranging from the freedom to overfly a nation to the freedom to supply domestic flights inside a country (a very seldom granted right recognized as cabotage ). Most agreements permit airlines to fly from their house nation to designated airports in the other nation: some also extend the freedom to give continuing service to a third country, or to one more location in the other nation whilst carrying passengers from overseas.
Additional solutions had been opened up to Calcutta , Rangoon , Singapore , Brisbane and Hong Kong passengers departed London on 14 March 1936 following the establishment of a branch from Penang to Hong Kong. PAL restarted service on March 15, 1941, with a single Beech Model 18 NPC-54 aircraft, which began its day-to-day services among Manila (from Nielson Field ) and Baguio , later to expand with bigger aircraft such as the DC-3 and Vickers Viscount. The shift towards 'budget' airlines on shorter routes has been significant.
The scheme gives for penalties in the occasion that airlines fail to comply, which includes fines of up to EUR100 for every single tonne of carbon dioxide emitted without the payment of a permit, and sooner or later an EU-wide ban on the offending airline. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919. At the exact same time, Juan Trippe began a crusade to produce an air network that would hyperlink America to the world, and he achieved this objective through his airline, Pan American Planet Airways , with a fleet of flying boats that linked Los Angeles to Shanghai and Boston to London Pan Am and Northwest Airways (which started flights to Canada in the 1920s) have been the only U.S. airlines to go international ahead of the 1940s.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has estimated that the cost to the whole aviation market globally could be USD1.6bn annually, at a time when the industry's profitability has been dented by the international financial crisis. Southwest Airlines , JetBlue , AirTran Airways , Skybus Airlines and other low-price carriers began to represent a significant challenge to the so-known as "legacy airlines", as did their low-cost counterparts in numerous other countries. In October 1945, the American Export Airlines became the 1st airline to provide typical commercial flights among North America and Europe.
Major airlines dominated their routes via aggressive pricing and further capacity offerings, often swamping new commence-ups. Airlines are necessary to right away start buying emissions allowances, but are only expected to remit the sums in 2013 meaning that European repercussions to China's boycott may not materialise till next year, when on April 30, 2013, airlines will be required to calculate their annual emissions and buy polluting rights for 2012. Most …


text:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been keeping an eye on the drug overdose statistics, drug addiction statistics, and drug deaths per year in the United States and its outlying territories. In 2015, there were 52,898 deaths from drug overdoses, and 64,070 deaths occurred in 2016. These account for the total number of deaths from drug overdoses, but many different drugs are to blame.
What Drugs Cause Overdose?
Some drugs are more dangerous than others. Here are some of the most common drugs that cause death from an overdose:
1. Heroin Overdose Deaths
Heroin is the most lethal drug in the United States. It was the fifth most fatal drug in 2010 with 3,020 deaths. That number went up to 10,863 in just four years. Since 2014, it has been steadily growing each year with 13,219 deaths in 2015 and 15,446 in 2016. A person suffering from a heroin overdose will experience a systemwide shutdown, causing lethal respiratory depression. It will slow and then stop the heart. The risk is highest for first-time users and those relapsing, due to their low tolerance.
2. Cocaine Overdose Deaths
Cocaine has the second highest deaths, with 10,619 in 2016. In 2010, cocaine was the third most lethal drug by causing 4,312 deaths, but has gone up since. In 2014 there were 5,856 deaths, and in 2015, 6,986 deaths. Someone who is experiencing a cocaine overdose has a heart that is overworking, dangerously increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Cocaine users take repeated doses over a short amount of time to maintain their high, which contributes to overdosing.
3. Oxycodone Overdose Deaths
Oxycodone is a highly addictive drug, which causes people to increase intake as they chase the effect. It is an opioid prescribed for pain, but people often abuse it for the heroin-like high it produces. When an overdose occurs, the person will have lethargic behavior, strange breathing patterns, and a lowered heart rate. In 2014, there were 5,417 deaths from oxycodone, which went up slightly from four years earlier. In 2010, oxycodone was the most lethal drug, with 5,256 deaths. In 2015, there were about 33,000 deaths from opioids, specifically oxycodone, methadone, and hydrocodone.
4. Alprazolam Overdose Deaths
Alprazolam is known by the brand Xanax; drinking alcohol with Xanax can cause overdoses. Physicians prescribe alprazolam to treat anxiety and panic attacks. Drowsiness and coma are overdose symptoms, caused by nervous system depression. Alprazolam is the fourth most lethal drug with 4,217 deaths in 2014; it has maintained that standing since 2010 when there were 3,677 deaths.
5. Fentanyl Overdose Deaths
Fentanyl was the eighth most lethal drug in 2010 with 1,645 deaths. In four years, however, that number jumped up to fifth place, with 4,200 deaths. Fentanyl is more potent than heroin and the amount of fentanyl equal to three grains of sugar can kill a man. Mexican drug cartels distribute most of the illegal fentanyl. Doctors prescribe this drug to help cancer patients manage breakthrough pain after they develop a tolerance to other strong opioid pain medications. Fentanyl overdose causes lower blood pressure, a slowed heart rate, excessive drowsiness, and death.
6. Morphine Overdose Deaths
Morphine has maintained its standing as the sixth most lethal drug in the country. In 2010, there were 2,941 deaths from morphine and in 2014 there were 4,022 deaths. Morphine manages pain but is easily and regularly abused. Morphine causes breathing to become slow and shallow, and eventually stop during an overdose.
7. Methamphetamine Overdose Deaths
Methamphetamine, known more commonly as meth, use has increased in four short years. It was the 10th most dangerous drug in 2010, with 1,388 deaths; it then increased to seventh place in 2014, with 3,728 deaths. Meth is popular because it is cheap to make, and its use has reached epidemic levels in many parts of the country. Someone suffering from a meth overdose will have an increased heart rate and body temperature because meth is a stimulant. It can result in heart attacks and high blood pressure.
8. Methadone Overdose Deaths
Physicians often prescribe methadone to help people going through heroin withdrawal. It is easily abused and very addictive. Someone going through methadone overdose will have slowed breathing, lowered heart rate, severe drowsiness, and muscle weakness. About 1,000 people a day are hospitalized for opioid abuse. Methadone deaths have decreased from the second most common drug overdose death in 2010 with 4,408 deaths to eighth place in 2014, when dropped to 3,495. There was only a slight decrease in 2015 to 3,276 deaths and 3,314 in 2016.
9. Hydrocodone Overdose Deaths
Hydrocodone has decreased slightly from being the seventh most lethal drug in 2010 to ninth most lethal in 2014. There were 2,844 deaths in 2010 and 3,274 deaths from hydrocodone in 2014. Hydrocodone is a pain medication with a high potential for physical dependency. Hydrocodone overdose manifests in a weak pulse, low blood pressure, and trouble breathing
10. Diazepam Overdose Deaths
Diazepam is the 10th most lethal drug in the United States, causing 1,729 deaths in 2014. In 2010, it was the ninth most lethal with 1,448 deaths. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that treats anxiety and alcohol withdrawal. Someone who is going through diazepam overdose will experience confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, and eventually, unresponsiveness.
Preventing Overdose Deaths
Drug overdose is a problem of epidemic proportion in this country. The best way to avoid overdose is to seek help when you are struggling with addiction and know what drugs can cause death from overdoses. The sooner you get help, the safer, healthier, and happier you will be. Visit Fight Addiction Now! for resources on detox, treatment, and recovery from drug or alcohol addiction.


text:
What Can Facebook Marketing Do For Your Business?
How much do you know about online marketing? Does what you do know apply to Facebook marketing? Have you not really delved into social media that much? Whether you're a rookie or an expert, the following advice will help your Facebook marketing campaign.
Never let spam overrun your page. Employ filters that can keep tabs on your page even if you're not logged in. Page administrators can add keywords into the tool that will help keep things filtered.
Look at Facebook as a great way to post content. It isn't just informal chit-chat, it can be a large content format. Treat Facebook in that way. Write content for Facebook like you would for any other blog, then point your other online presences at your Facebook page. You'll find that Facebook tends to drive a lot of traffic!
Increase your Facebook marketing interface's efficiency by using customized tabs. These tabs allow you to organize the information on your Facebook page for your visitors in a way that improves your business. When you run a contest, put it on its own tab, for instance.
Build a solid fan base on Facebook to succeed with your marketing. This means that you shouldn't waste time really marketing services, products or offering promotions until at least 5,000 followers are achieved. After you hit that many people you should see your conversion rates start to rise.
Make sure to put your current audience in the forefront of your priorities. Many people focus on getting new fans and "likes", causing them to forget the fans they have already. Respect and reward your audience as much as you can. This can help your brand earn real engagement, so do not forget about your champions!
Always respond to comments as well as posts that are posted on your Facebook wall. Respond to those who have taken the time to contact you. You should consider a Facebook post like an email or a telephone call.
You might have trouble when you first start marketing your business through Facebook. A good starting point is the addition of a Facebook button on your site. This way your customers can easily flit from one medium to the other without you having to be too "in their face" with promotion. When your business gets "likes" on Facebook, it will be easy to update fans on what is happening with the business.
Make sure people can "Share" content on your Facebook page. If your page has valuable content, your audience will want to share that with others. Facebook lives on sharing and interacting with others. If you work hard and give people something that they find valuable, you may get the favor returned in the form of them sharing your content with people that they know.
Those people that have just gotten into marketing may find it hard to get into the swing of things, but the above article should have helped with that. But, the above advice needs to be used properly. Watch your business grow through your marketing efforts.


text:
Sitch Radio Network
Your Situation (sitch), on the
Sitch Radio Network
Live & On-Demand Internet Radio
Start your business podcast or passion project today with as little or as much assistance as you need.
- Are looking to increase awareness for your podcast?
Maybe you are looking to have a podcast but you don't know where to start?
Sitch Radio offers services to meet your podcasting needs.
Live Internet Radio - Broadcast your show live on the Sitch Radio Network and distribute the recording accross multiple podcast on demand players.
Dedicated Page - Your very own Sitch Radio Network Page, displaying your show title, social media links, and Your own show player.
Edited Copy - We will edit your episode and provide you with a digital file of your episode to upload on your own media server.
Social Media Campaign - We create and distribute posts to our social media accounts promoting your show.
Best of all, you retain the rights to your show
What do You need?
Have an idea for your show, then Contact us and let's discuss your vision. Sitch Radio offers services to meet your podcasting needs.
Choose what services you would like, some customers transcribe, others just provide a description, "Show Notes" for your audience.