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メイン Blank: Architecture, Apartheid and After
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i 4 <* blank_____ Architecture, apartheid and after Hilton Jüdin and Ivan Vladislavic NAi Publishers, Rotterdam i Schoeman "Fort ende Thuijn': The years mdiay Brcmner Crime and the emerging landscape of post-apartheid Johannesburg Joachim Schönfeldl Silence! Mark Lewis Armed responses David Bunn Whited sepulchres: On the reluctance of monuments Tony Morphei Personal traits: The work of Eaton and B> Moshekwa Langa Falstaff silverman 'Ons bou vir die Bank': Nationalism, architecture and Volkskas Bank David Goldblatt Offices I' ciive chipkin The great apartheid building boom: The transformation of Johar Alan Mabin ReCOnstrUCtil Deborah Posei Does size matter? The apartheid state's powers of penetration Roger Fisher The native heart: The architecture of the University of Pretoria campus Marlene van Niekerk 'Take your body where it has never been before' jodi Bieber Carletonville Oavid Dewar SettU Daniel Herwiu Modernism at the margins Derek |apha The social Programme Iitch colonization Chiis Ledochowski Rural in urban Samu Mofokeng Appropriated spaces Rayda Becker Homesteads and headrests Njabuio Ndebeie Game lodges and leisure colonialists n in Durban Gary Minkiey 'Corpses behind screens': Native space in the city AbdouMaiiq Simone Globalization and the identity of African urban practices ibinson (Im)mobilizing space - dreaming of change Lizeka Mda City Quarters: Civic Spine. Faraday Station. KwaMayiMayi and Ponte City ThembaHadebe Inner City kjrg in the 1960s i«an viadisiavic Street addresses, Johannesburg idthe making of urban planning in 20th-century South Africa Stephen Hobbs Erasing roadmarkings, Cnrs. Bezuidenhout and Jeppe Streets Mark Swiliing Rival futures: Struggle visions. post-apartheid choices rojeie Towards an architecture of empowerment |o RactWfe House Martienssen Hannah te Roui Undisciplined practices: Architecture in the context of freedom Achmat Oangor Apartheid and the death of South African cities hngandself-reliance Angela Buckland Steinkopf commu; nity centre shamii jeppie Interiors, District Six, c. 1950 RaisMayet 'My porzie, my zla, my koesta' Zweiethu Miheihwa Environmental portraits ti,change and planning in South Africa since 1994 Owen Crankshaw/Susan Pameii Interpreting the 1994 African township landscape > South African Modern Movement Steven Robins Bodies out of place: Crossroads and GregMarinovich The Dead Zone- The confined space of political conflict, Tokoza township landscapes of exclusion This book is not simply a catalogue for an exhibition. It teils a Story about the architecture of South Africa, a country where architecture and urban planning are inextricably connected with politics and culture. Everybody knows something about apartheid, but here in Europe we know little of its direct consequences for the urban environment, and we are unfamiliar with the built manifestation of its political Programme. Before we started work on this project I studied everything that had been published about architecture in South Africa. The results of my initial research were discouraging, because I found that there was very little literature extant. The few articles that I did find were about specific buildings. and were primarily concerned with their built form. Düring the half Century of apartheid, South Africa was subject to an academic and cultural boycolt. In the country itself there were few critics or historians of architecture to examine the complex relationship between architecture and politics. There was no critical analysis of these issues except within the architecture profession itself: there was no public forum for discussion or debate about architecture. And within the universities. the discussions were predominantly of a technical or Professional nature. This Situation is to a large degree the same today. On my first trip to South Africa I was concerned about this lack of critical awareness and wondered how it would even be possible to begin on such a project. It became clear to me that if we were to proceed. the project would not be like the exhibition projects that we are accustomed to; it would be an enormous and complex task involving research, analysis and detailed examination. It would be an incredible logistical challenge as well as a daring and innovative venture. It was also obvious to me that this project could only be seriously and responsibly realized with the close collaboration of a South African curator. After many meetings with potential candidates we kept encountering conceptual or pragmatic differences that marred the success of our quest. I was ready to give up. However, my final meeting was different. In fact, in my initial discussions with Hilton Jüdin, a youngarchitectand philosopher, we both had the intenseand immediate sense that we were already involved in the project. This was just the beginning. Back in the Netherlands, after a number of meetings with various government ministries, it became clear that there was considerable interest in increasing contact with South Africa, especially in the cultural and social realm. This interest was determined in part by the strong historical connection between the two countries over the last three centuries. This relationship not only includes a close interweaving of language, culture and religion, but also encompasses the strong anti-apartheid movement in the Netherlands: solidarity and boycott, a sense of guilt and pride, and dialogue and reflection have all characterized relations between the two countries at different points in history. Thanks to the generous Support of the government of the Netherlands and other institutions we have been able to complete an extensive and wide-ranging project and produce this book as well as the exhibition. This Support made it possible for more than sixty people from South Africa to work with us on this project over the last year and a half: four researchers, ten photographers, six film makers, and more than thirty writers from different disciplines. Because there is no archive for architecture in South Africa, this team had to bring together material which had previously been dispersed, and sometimes even hidden, from all over the country, Without the strong personal engagement ol all these people it would have been impossible to complete such an enormous and pressing task. I hope that this book and the exhibition will initiale a process of study and debate in a country where architecture is emerging as a critical component in the construction of a new nation from the remnants of the past. Kristin Feireiss Director Netherlands Architecture Institute Directions This book had its origins in a conceptual map. The map itself was an attempt to organize the vast and relatively unexplored field of architecture in South Africa. An attempt was made to represent key architectural concepts in geographical terms, in the context of apartheid and thereafter. In this map, affinities were represented as proximity, tendencies by direction and intensities by accumulation. The map showed the major conceptual positions as landmarks. as well as some minor features. The edges of the map indicated Connections between points at the top and bottom and on the left and right. The essays in the book, both written and photographic, developed in response to the map. Each of the writers, photographers and artists was given the map in order to gain an overview of the terrain. The diverse disciplines and interesls of the contributors ensured that much of the terrain was covered. Essays were positioned on the map according to their main focus. In addition to the conceptual landmarks, the map now included the contributors, who were positioned in relation to the landmarks and one another. A grid was superimposed on the map, and the blocks marked horizontally by numbers and vertically by letters, as in a conventional key plan. Each contribution in the book could now be designated according to a set of Coordinates. The contributions were placed in the book according to their alphanumerical location on the grid. reading from Al to J13. The map became a map of contents. Any essay discovered in the map of contents could now be located in the body of the text according to these Coordinates. Apart from revealing the specific location of a particular essay in the main body of the text, the map of contents revealed intensities of interest and common preoccupations through the accumulations of contributions around particular points. A secondary mapping, the Positions A to Z, was developed as a combinalion of legend, glossary and guide. This alphabetical listing glosses some of the key concepts and themes of the book through commentary and quotation, and it develops some sequences of readings, pursuing these themes through various contributions. At the end of some of the entries you will find cross-references to other terms in the Positions, or Coordinates that will guide you to various works in the book. The frontmatter of the book consists of three main interconnected sections: a map of contents. a list of contributors and the Positions A to Z. Each of these can be used to locate the essays. The main body of the text, printed on white paper, contains the essays, arranged alphanumerically according to their position on the map. At the end of each essay you will find directions to essays in a similar area. The backmatter consists of three sections: endnotes. the sources of the visual material, and an index, supplementary to the Positions A to Z, listing the names of people and buildings, as well as a selection of places and institutions. • K arelSch oem an securrty— L^ager » Lindsay B rem ner FORTI Fl CjATION • Joachim Schönfeldt M ark Lewis . . David Bunn voortjrekkermonumeftt nationalisiert 4- p re ie rva tio n i------ •------------- i----------- -— • T onyM o rp h et • M oshekwa Langa Afrikaner .inda Silverm an identification David Goldblatt • Jen nifer Robinson 1960s Clive Chipkin Roger Fisher • M phethi M orojele . M arle n e van N iekerk BUI lain Low • corrugäted iron urdoration er • Jodi Blieb ieber ö Ule MAS International tendenc Southern Quest modernis I 51 i COR Owen D e rekja p h a « 12 11 10 9 8 13 th iR O ft 1 1 S E D rn > R U R A L burials U R B A N IN Rayda Becker . :chui c h e s »dit io n dorpe GK n chowski ZCC • Santu Mofokeng ÄND IX > S missio n S t a t i o n * _________ ,rJ Njabulo Ndebele • re s e r v e s Homelands A frica n Abdo uMaliq Simone • f IP o l i c y • GaryM inkley ontier • LizekaMda Th emba Hadebe • IN 1 /A S rO N s • Ivan VLadislavic I N F O R M / IL Stephisn Hobbs • h o u sib /ico n • Mark Swilling • Jo Ractliffje jfl.IT Y |«gand • Hannah le Roux HI NG «ntry • AchmatDiingor • Angela Buckland ■ lp p Areas Ac t. N ist riet Six . Sham ille F o r c e d K e m Bv al s rön se g re ga tio n . RafsMayet MED I S 1 0 N ^ Zwe^ u Mthethwa tlr »QPCi VON n, iU m l r 30t u SIN G .ikihaw/Su san Parnell • f f i sys lern r p ----- VIOLE NCE d a ily l o catio n s 8 9 t aum a koza Greg Marin ovich • 10 11 burn . Steven Robins 12 13 Biographie: B ll Homesteads and headrests Rayda Becker is Senior Curator of the Gertmde Posel Gallery. University of the Witwatersrand. After beginning her career as a teacher in the United Kingdom during the 1960s, she moved to the History of Art and Fine Arts Department al the University of South Africa in 1973 and was promoted to Associate Professor. She is currently completing her Zeitung, Reportage, Elle. De Volkskrant, the New York Times and the LA Times. I was chosen to participate in the World Press masterdass held in the Netherlands. I have won two awards in the World Press Photographie competition and four in the South African press awards held in 1998. The joint exhibitions I have participated in include the 1995 Johannesburg Biennale, Colours at the House of World Cultures in Berlin, Under F8 Steinkopf community centre Angie Buckland wasbornin Pretoria in 1962 and grew up in various cities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. She began hertertiary education studying Fine Arts at the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg. majoringin painting, and then studied photography their headrests. Recent publications are on Southern African the Tropics at Cardiff University and the recent World Press exhibition. I received a grant from full-time at Natal Technikon, where she obtained a Higher Diploma. She was awarded an overseas scholarship and completed a Masters degree at Birmingham Polytechnic. She worked as an art buyer for an advertising agency in topics and indude Ku veleka vukosi... To bear children is wealth the National Arts Council in 1998 to pursue an independent Photo London before settling in Durban. For the past ten years she has and The Arts of the Hlengwe/ graphie project. Tsonga Peoples of Zimbabwe. She has delivered papers in Bristol and New York and at local been working as a freelance photographer, and is a part-time Lecturer B2 Crime and the emerging Ph.D. at the University of the Witwatersrand on the Tsonga and Conferences, acted as a judge for Vita Craft Now (1997) and is a member of the advisory panel for crafts for the National Arts Council. In her tenureas curator she has organized and coordinated over landscape of post-apartheid Johannesburg Lindsay Bremner is an archited. Professor of Architecture and fifty exhibitions and curated six of her own. induding Convention. Head of Department at the University of the Witwatersrand. She holds a B.Arch. from the Context. Change; Planes. Trains and Other Vehides; African Textiles: and most recently Clothing and Identity. University of Cape Town and an M.Arch.from the University of the Witwatersrand. She was a member of the Johannesburg Metropolitan G4 Carletonville Council after the 1994 elections. where she chaired both the Housingand Urbanization Jodi Bieber In 19911completed an intermediate course atthe Market Theatre photography workshop while still working as a media planner in an advertising agency. I freelanced forthe Star for three years leading up to the 1994 elections, which I also covered. Since 19961have been freelancing for local and international magazines and have published in Marie Claire, London Independent, Gec. Süddeutsche his recent work has focused on Contemporary South African cultural studies, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between texts, visual images and landscapes. His published work indudes studies of literary modernism, the history of game reserves, landscape studies, and inlerdisciplinary art historical studies. He also frequently collaborates with his partner |ane Taylor: they were co-editors of the interdisciplinary journal Social Dynamics, co-edited the volumes From South Africa and Displacements: South African in the Fine Arts Department at the Natal Technikon. She has Works on Paper 1984-1994 (1998). and have co-curated art exhib itions. At present, he is completing abookentitled Land Acts: Modernity. Representation, anc the Makingof South African participated in various Photo Space. graphie exhibitions. and also promotes the culture of photo graphy through the Durban Centre for Photography. A number of her E4 The great apartheid building boom: The transformation of photographs are held in public Johannesburg in the1960s and private collections. CliveChipkin wasbornin C4 Whited sepulchres: On the reluctance of monuments David Bunn is a Professor in the Department of English at the University of the Western Cape. After completing an under- Committee and the Planning. Urbanization and Environmental Management Committee. In this capacity. she instigated and was involved in a number of major graduate degree at Rhodes University. he was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study at Northwestern University. where projects to redress the legacy of apartheid planning in Johannes burg. such as the Baralink project linking Johannesburg and Soweto. and the Constitutional Court competition. She has published extensively on architecture and planning in South Africa. and Johannesburg in particular. he received his Masters and Ph.D. Based at the University of the Western Cape since 1984. he has also taught widely in the United States, and has been a Visiting Professor in the English Depart ment at Northwestern and in the Anthropology Department at the University of Chicago. Much of Johannesburg in 1929. The Uni versity of the Witwatersrand (1954). the old London County Council (1956/7) and CIAM (1956) were important influences. as were the fragrances of India and East Africa. He opened an overworked and underpaid practice at 302 Hollandia House in Johannesburg in 1958. His buildings ränge from the University Gate flats (i960) to a whole series of industrial and social amenity buildings in Vanderbijlpark (1984-98). He coauthored the Architects Against Apartheid manifesto which disturbed the profession in 1986 and taught in an architectural enrichment Programme from 1987 to 1995. Since his first publication in the South African Architectural D4 Offices small rural towns in particular past five years he has served on some fifty essays and mono- infused his writing with the the statutory South African graphs. He is the co-author of 'outsider' theme, as commentators Council for Town and Regional Parktown: 1892-1972 (1972). and have called it. Politically active Planners. He was a member of the Randfontein in 1930 and became theauthorof the book Johannes- from an early age, he was 'banned' Presidential Commission of interested in photography while burg Style: Architecture & Society Inquiry into Delft (1995), the Commission that investigated the at Krugersdorp High School. He 1880s 1960s (1993) and the essay for five years (1973-8) by the apartheid government. These 'Preparing for apartheid' in were silent but productive years; powers and duties of the Cape since 1962. His Professional work for magazines, corporations, and Record in 1958, he has published David Goldblatt was born in has worked as a photographer Ardiitecture of the Transvaal unable to socialize, attend Metropolitan Council (1996). and (forthcoming). meetings or indulge in the things the Committee of Review into the institutions in South Africa and writers love to distract themselves Vredehoek Fiats (1997). He abroad has supporled a series of with, he wrote endlessly. He has currently serves on the Panel of critical explorations of South published three novels, Waiting Assessors to the Land Claims African society in the medium of for Leila (1982). The Z-Town Trilogy Court, and on the National photography. These have been (1990). which appeared in Dutch Development and Planning exhibited in South Africa. Britain. H8 Interpreting the 1994 African township landscape translation. and Kafka s Curse Commission, which is preparing a Germany. the Netherlands, Lecturer in the Sociology (1997). which won the Herman Green Paper on the planning Australia and the United States. Department at the University of Charles Bosman Award. He has System in South Africa. They have been published in Cape Town. Before joiningthe also published three poetry university, he held research collections. numerous short Stories, Owen Crankshaw isa Senior book form as On the Mines (1973). Some Afrikaners Photographed (1975). In Boksburg (1982). Life- positions at the Human Sciences plays and film scripts. He works as E2 The nativeheart: The Research Council and the Centre a rural development specialist for architecture of the University times: Under Apartheid (1986). for Policy Studies. Düring that a major non-governmental of Pretoria campus The Transported of KwaNdebele time he also taught courses at the development Organization. Roger Fisher is a Senior Africa: The Structure of Things University of the Witwatersrand (1989) and most recently South Lecturer in the School of Archi Then (1998). In 1989 Goldblatt mics. His research interest lies in G6 Settlements, change and tecture at the University of founded the Market Theatre the relationship between racial planning in South Africa since 1994 Pretoria. He compiled the book photography workshop with the A Visual Lexicon of the South object of teaching photographic and the London School of Econo and dass divisions in South skills to young people, particu- DavidDewar wasbornin African Dwelling, a bilingual book Race. Class and the Changing Bulawayo in 1945. He studied at guide to the architectural larly those disadvantaged by Division of Labour under Apartheid the University of Cape Town. terminology of South African apartheid. Goldblatt's prints are (1997). His research has also been where he received a BA Honours, domestic architecture. and co- in a number of collections in published in journals in Britain a Masters in Urban and Regional edited Die Afrikaanse woning: South Africa. Europe. Australia (African Affairs, Journal of Southern Planning (with distinction) and a Herdrukke uit Die Boerevrou and the United States. Prints African Studies, International Ph.D. He first began teaching at (1989) and Architecture of the from his most recent book have Journal of Urban and Regional the same university and has Transvaal (1998). He received been shown at the Museum of Research) and in South Africa subsequently been Director of both a Masters and a Ph.D. in Modern Art in New York, the (South African Sociological Review, the School of Architecture and architecture from the University Netherlands Architecture Urban Forum, South African Planning, and Dean of the Faculty of Pretoria, where he now Institute in Rotterdam and the Geographical Journal and South of Fine Art and Architecture. He lectures in design, conslruction South African National Gallery African Labour Bulletin). currently holds the BPSA Chair in and the history of architecture. in Cape Town. Africa. He recently completed a F10 Apartheid and the death of South African cities AchmatDangor wasbornin Urban Planningand is Headof He has spent the last year the postgraduate City and developing a core curriculum for Regional Planning Programme. architecture and landscape archi He has authored or co-authored tecture. and revising the Profes seven books, including South sional degrees for both. He writes D9 Inner City Themba Hadebe I was born in African Cilies: A Manifesto for regularly for the local architectural Johannesburg in 1948. He lived a Change (1991). His publications press, has served on several later moved to Tokoza. When I nomadic life in the years after cover a ränge of topics, including panels for the Awards of Merit of was in Standard 5 a cousin gave completing high school. and Soweto in 1969, but my family urban structure. regional the Institute of South African me his camera. There was a sojourns in Cape Town, Port development, housing policy and Architects. and writes on matters demand for pictures at school and Elizabeth, Grahamstown, the informal economic sector. a of education and architectural I was soon selling them. I bought Kimberley, Victoria West and a book examining the inter history for local journals. He acts myself a 35 mm camera and the small place called Buurmansdrift relationship between urban as Advisortothe Northern shooting business became very greatly influenced his attitude structure and economic Gauteng Region of the National serious. One afternoon I was on towards life and literature. The development is in press. For the Monuments Council. my way home when I came across some guys chasing a cow. I rushed to get my camera and ran back to the scene. The police had been called in to shoot the cow, but they missed and fatally injured a girl. In the trial the police denied having shot at the cow and the girl's father asked me for the piclures as evidence. I had hopes of going to Rhodes University to study photojournalism but because of financial limitations and exam results it wasn't to be. In 19911started a course at the Market Theatre photography workshop with the hope of pursuing press photography. It was difficult for me to get home at night because Tokoza had become dangerous. and so I slept at the Station until I could catch a five o'clocktaxi home. I started working at the workshop and got a permanent post as an administrator. In 1994 I began work at the Mail & Guardian as a trainee photographer. The following year margins of global modernity. Herwitz is an associate editor of the Encyclopaedia of Aesthetics (forthcoming) and is on the Board of the Cambridge Series in Aesthetics. He has lectured widely in universities and museums throughout the United States. Europe and Latin America. He is currently at work on a collection of essays about art, culture and (iberalism. tentatively titled Inaugurations and Emlings: A Philosopher between America and South Africa and Conservation planning. He is the co-author of The Landscape and Architecture of Montagu and Mission Settle ments in South Africa. and of a number of journal articles and many of the South African entries in the Encyclopaedia of Vernacular Architecture. He is on the editorial advisory board of the Tradilional Dwellings and Settlements Review and is a member of the panel of referees of the South African Architect. produced with the Mayibuye Centre and District Six Museum in Cape Town. This exhibition of official archive documents and video testimonies examining the Segregation of urban spaces continues to be conducted in stages around the country. In addition to making exhibitions the practice is currently working on a number of houses and developing the Living Landscape Project. a group of archaeological Information sites located around the town of Clanwilliam. Alrica. G10 Interiors. District Six, c. 1950 D2 Falstaff E10 Erasingroadmarkings.Cnrs. Shamiljeppie teachesinthe Bezuidenhout and |eppe Streets History Department at the University of Cape Town. He Stephen Hobbs has been the Manager of the Market Theatre Gallery and Rembrandt van Rijn Art Gallery for the past four received his doctorate in history from Princeton University in 1996. having worked on the subject of conquest and space in the Sudan in the I9th Century. Moshekwa Langa livesand works in Amsterdam. He atlended the Waldorf High School near Pretoria and subsequently took up correspondence studies in botany. landscape architecture and sociology. He has been a contributing producer on The Works, a weekly television years. Düringthis time he has curated several projectsand is currently working towards a In 1998 he will bebased at St. Anthonys College. Oxford, beginningto be exhibited. public art project in Rotterdam. His other activities have included part-time teaching at the South African School of Film. Television where he will continue and complete his research and writing on the Sudan. He has also written on the history of Cape H3 Modernismatthemargins and Dramatic Art in Johannesburg. He has had two solo exhibitions since graduating with Town and especially on the city's populär cultures and issues of identity. He is currently working a BA Honours in Fine Art from on a project entitled District Six and Beyond for Cape Town's District Six Museum, of which he exhibited in numerous exhib itions and several biennales, including the Säo Paulo and wasafoundingtrustee. Havana editions. His current projects are True Confessions: My life as a Disco Queen, and a publication, How I lived my life as a spinster. the true story I joined the Star, where I am now a senior photographer. I have received a numberof Fujifilm Press Awards and my work is Daniel Herwitz was born in Boston in 1955. He has lived in Durban since 1996, having arrived from Los Angeles, where he taught philosophy and film in various universities. He is Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Natal. Durban. He has published widely in the fields of avant-garde and post colonial aesthetics and art history. His first book, Husain (1987) won a National Book Award in India. His other books are Making Theory/Constructing Art: On the Authority of the Avant-Garde and The Tapestry of Modern Indian Art, which explores the formation of a lively modern art movement at the the University of the Witwatersrand in 1993. He is currently working towards his third solo exhibition scheduled for Cape Town in 1999. editor H6 The social Programme of the South African Modern Movement Hilton Jüdin is an independent curatorand partner in Cohen&judin Derekjapha isanarchitectand Associate Professor in the School Architects in Cape Town. He completed his studies in archi tecture and philosophy at Cornell of Architecture and Planning at the University of Cape Town. where he is also currently the Dean of the Faculty of Fine Art and Architecture. Research interests include lgth-century vernacular building and Settle ment at the Cape, the history of mission Settlements in South University, and returned to South Africa in 1991. In 1994 he initiated an extensive research and exhib ition projectf setting apart), which was produced with the History Workshop of the University of the Witwatersrand and the Newtown Film and Video School in Johannes burg. In 1995 the project was Programme devoted to art and culture. for the South African Broadcasting Corporation. He has participated in discussion and dialogue on various projects. induding the space between my teeth. His work has been of a woman in love. A12 Rural in urban Chris Ledochowski was born in Pretoria in 1956. After attending school at Waterford Kamhlaba in Swaziland he was enlisted for military Service. He then studied at the Michaelis School of Fine Art at the University of Cape Town. majoring in photography. In the early 1980s he joined the Afrapix photographic collective. C2 Armed responses Important work during that period induded establishingthe Film Mark Lewis is a photographer E6 Reconstruction and the and Chechnya to Rwanda and making of urban planning in Somalia. He lives in Johannes 20th-century South Africa burg, some fifty kilometres from where he was born in 1962. and Video Unit for the Carnegie living in Cape Town. He began Inquiry into Poverty and Develop his careeras a freelance photo Alan Mabin was born in ment and a contribution to the grapher in 1977 in advertising. Johannesburg, and has lived in G ll 'My porzie,myzla,mykoesta' book The Cordoned Heart. In 1985 In 1983, he moved to London small towns and large cities in he began recording the formation and worked in portraiture and South Africa, the United States and development of COSATU and fashion for various magazines and Canada. He has travelled and affiliated unions in the Western in London. Paris and New York. researched widely in Australia, Mayet, but most people call me 'Rafs'. I was born in 1955 in Rafs Mayet My name is Rafique Cape. He continued to pursue his He returned to South Africa in Brazil, Kenya, Malaysia, Namibia personal documentation of the 1993/4 to co-produce Ndebele: A and Zimbabwe, among other Durban. I first worked in the Cape Fiats townships and squatter People and Their Art. He relocated places. He has held fellowships shipyards as a welder. I saved to South Africa in 1995. Recent at Yale University and the Univer- enough money to attend the camps. The varied cullures and University of the Western Cape, subcultures that emerged led him projects indude documenting site de Paris. He is the editor of to embark on a long-term project the remaining Holocaust three books, and the author of but was unable to complete any- to document the indigenous art survivors in South Africa, Works many articles in the fields of thing because of the prevailing and culture of communities in which were exhibited as pari of urban planning, economic history unrest at the time. In 1983 Omar the Cape Fiats. This body of work Fault Lines in 1997. He contributes and urban geography. Currently Badsha offered to teach me the he intends to publish in the book monthly to Marie Claire and he is Associate Professor in Town basics of photography and I House and Leisure. He is now and Regional Planning and worked for him as a darkroom solo exhibitions at the Market working on a book of portraits Director of the Centre for Devel assistant. I then got a Job working Theatre Gallery, the Mayibuye of rural communities taken in a opment of the Built Environ Centre, the Bat Centre and mobile Studio. ment. at the University of the London Daily Dispatch. After two Witwatersrand. He is also Deputy years of this. I returned to Durban Chairperson of the National and started freelancingfor local Township Details. He has held MuseumAfrica. He continues to work as a freelance documentary photographer. mainly pursuing in the darkroom of the East Development and Planning publications. I also joined Afrapix. Commission and chairs the the first collective photographic lainLow is an architect who Board of Directors of a non agency in the country. I have F7 Building and self-reliance self-illustrated projects. currently teaches atthe Uni governmental Organization in participated in group exhibitions F9 Undisciplined practices: versity of the Witwatersrand. His Johannesburg. like the Staffrider annual exhib- Architecture in the context of practice and teaching are con- freedom cerned with the possibility of ition. Despite being published internationally, I was denied a transformation in South Africa, J10 TheDead Zone: The confined Hannahle Roux graduated as an and attempts to work product- space of political conflict, Tokoza township passport to travel abroad in the 1980s. In 1994 I was one of seven photographers chosen to work architect from the University of ively within the ideology of the Witwatersrand. In 1990 she reconstruction and development attended courses at the Instituto which characterizes the post- Greg Marinovich is a news and ent Electoral Commission, and Universitario di Architettura di apartheid era. He has a B.Arch. documentary photographer some of these pictures were Venezia as an Italian government from the University of Cape currently writing a non-fiction for the archives of the Independ published in a book called An bursary holder. Since then she Town and an M.Arch. in urban novel on the tumultuous period End to Waiting. I have since been has worked as a Lecturer at the design from the University of from Mandelas release to his documenting the area that I grew University of the Witwatersrand, Pennsylvania, where he was inauguration.through the up in, while continuing along written on architecture for the Pew Fellow in the Arts in 1993. experiences offourphoto- the freelancer's route, as I figure Mail & Guardian, and practised He teaches abroad regularly. graphers. In 1991 he became that at the age of 43 I am now as an architect in Johannesburg. particularly in Rome where he the first South African to win a pretty much unemployable. Her built work includes artists' was a Visiting Fellow at the Pulitzer Prize, for photographs Studios and the upgrading of American Academy (1995). showing an execution during Bloemenhof Park, a collaborative Before returningto South Africa, the country's political conflict. work wilh other architects and he spent eight years working He covered the political violence Faraday Station, KwaMayiMayi artists. She convened Newlown: with various aid agencies in intensely, and is extremely and Ponte City Informal Sector, an Internet development in the Kingdom of familiär with Tokoza's Dead Zone. discussion for the 1997 Johannes Lesotho, evolving an integrated In 1994. the United Nationsgave LizekaMda has been ajournalist burg Biennale. She is currently approach to the design and him an award for Services to since 1984. Much of her experience researchingand writing about delivery of rural and urban Humanity, in recognition of the has been with magazines, but early modernist architecture in schools throughout that country. work he had done in conflict over the years she has written for zones from the former Yugoslavia local and overseas newspapers Africa. D10 City Quarters: Civic Spine, and produced radio programmes for the British and Canadian Broadcasting Corporations. She is the author of Stokvel Stories: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and co-author of Rainbow Recipes. She has worked as a researcher and weiter on the Education Information Centre book The World of Work and on The South African Women's Health Book. She co-edited a collection of children's writings. Voices From Young Africa.and currently edits Women's Health News, the quarterly newsletter of the Women's Health Project. She has also published short stories. In 1993 she was selected as a World Press Institute Fellow. She received a Mondi Paper Magazine Award in 1994/5 and in 1997 was the recipient of the first Ron Brown Fellowship. She joined the Mail & Guardian in 1997 as a senior writer and ran the column City Limits. She is the Chairperson of the South African Forum of Black Journalists. Since 1998 she has been an editorat the Star. Space at the Cape. He is one of the editors of Kronos. B8 Appropriated spaces for the new government, He is currently involved in the Duncan Village urban development project, a presidential lead project in East London. Santu Mofokeng wasbornin Johannesburg in 1956. and is a documentary photographer at the Institute for Advanced Social Research, University of the Witwatersrand, working primarily on its oral history project. This project seeks to record the lives of ordinary people through photographs and in-depth Inter views. He has won numerous awards, including the Third Annual Mother Jones Inter national Photography Award (1992) and the Ernest Cole Scholar ship to study at the International Centre of Photography in New York (1990). His most recent project, Images of Seif and Family Histories of Black South Africans: 1890-1950, aims to create an archive of private images rieh with family stories and is concerned with the politics of representation. D5 Personal traits: The work of Eaton and Biermann in Durban Tony Morphet was born in 1940 and grew up on a farm in the East Griqualand district of the Cape Province. After completing schooland university in Pietermaritzburg, he spent three years in Britain teaching and taking a further degree in English asa Lecturer in English. and remained in that post until 1976 My drawings and photographs have been exhibited in major exhibitions such as the 1997 Johannesburg Biennale and La Maison Europeenne de la when he moved into the new field of adult education. After Photographie. I have served on the Committee of the Association a year's study of the subject in Edinburgh, in 1980 he took up for Visual Arts for many years, and have been associated with the Friends of the South African National Gallery. In 1997 I was literature. In 1964 he joined the University of Natal in Durban a post at the University of Cape Town, where he is now Associate Professor in the Department of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies. His chief academic interest is in the relationship DU 'Corpsesbehindscreens': Native space in the city E7 Towardsanarchitectureof empowerment GaryMinkley grewupinthe Eastern Cape, studied at the Mphethi Morojete isa practising architectand Lecturer in the between educational practices and the broader cultural discourses in which they are embedded. and his writing covers a wide ränge of cultural topics. Universityof CapeTown and has been a historian at the University Department of Architecture at the University of the Witwatersrand. Born in Lesotho, he completed his G8 Environmental portraits of the Western Cape since 1987. He is currently a Senior Lecturer and Chairperson of the History Department. He has produced work on a ränge of topics concerned with the histories of cities in South Africa and particularly in the Eastern Cape, and more recently on questions of public history, landscape and memory, and on place and the politics of identity in South Africa. He is currently working on two monographs for publication. Border Dialogues: Space and the Industrialization of East London and Public History. Memory and undergraduate degree in archi tecture at the University of Cape Town in 1990. and then studied for an M.Sc.Arch. at the Bartlett Graduate School of Architecture in London. After a period practising and teaching in Cape Town and Lesotho, he moved to Johannesburg, and his practice is currently involved in various urban-renewaland communitybased projects in the Greater Johannesburg area. He has also participated in various policy discussions related to the devel opment of the builtenvironment There were hassles before I could be fully enrolled, because of the restrictions on black students wishingto study at white institutions. I graduated in 1984 with a distinction in photography and a year later Teceived my Advanced Diploma in Fine Arts. In 19871was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and completed my Master of Fine Arts in Imaging Art at the Rochester Institute of Technology. On my return to South Africa I worked in the commercial industry and in 1994 joined my alma mater asa Lecturer in drawingand photography. Zwelethu Mthethwa In 1964 my family was uprooted from St. XavierCatholic mission Station in Durban, where I was born in i960. We were moved inlandtothe newtownshipof Umlazi. This was my first taste of Segregation. On completion of my high-school education in public schools, I was sent to the University of Zululand to study fora B.Sc. Pre-med, but I dropped out. In 19811enrolled at the Michaelis School of Fine Art at the University of Cape Town. nominated to the National Arts Councils advisory panel for visual arts in South Africa. CIO Game lodges and leisure colonialists Njabulo Ndebele grew up in Western Native Township in Johannesburg, and later in Charterston Location. He holds a BA in English and Philosophy from the University of Botswana. Lesotho and Swaziland (1973). an MA from Cambridge (1978) and a Doctorate in Philosophy from the University of Denver (1983). His most recent position was as Vice-Chancellor and Principal at the University of the North. He is the Chairman of the Human Sciences Research Council, member of the Commit tee of University Principals and serves as Chairman of their Research Committee. He is a Board Member of Southern Life's Future Growth, serves on the Education Committee of the Urban E3 Does size matter? The apart- Time, a series of multiple media where she did most of her studying, Foundation and is Convenor of the heid state's powers of penetration site-specific installations in Nieu- apart from a Ph.D. at Cambridge. Bethesdainthe Karoo. She has written on the history of Historically Disadvantaged urban Segregation in South Africa, Universities and Technikons Deborah Posel lives in Johannes Forum. He is a past President of burg and teaches in the Depart the National Arts Coalition and ment of Sociology atthe J12 Bodies out of place: Crossroads in relation to Port Elizabeth. This Honorary Life President of the University of the Witwatersrand. and the landscapes of exclusion work was published as The Power Congress of South African Writers. Her primary research interest both in general and specifically of Apartheid (1996). More recent research interests include the He is also a prize-winning author, isinthenatureof power, asa Steven Robins isa social anthro- poet and critic. His book Fools theoretical problem and by way pologist who teaches at the Uni spatiality of democracy, trans- and Othei Stories received the of an exploration of the origins, versity of the Western Cape. After formation and power. She is Noma Award for Publishing in character and fate of the apart- studyingat Columbia University currently working on aspects Africa in 1983. He was awarded a heid state. Her publications (1986-92), he took up a senior of an Empire Exhibition held in Johannesburg in 1936, and plan include two books, The Making research position at the Kaplan Yale University's Southern African of Apartheid, 1948-1961 (1991) and Centre for Jewish Studies. In 1995 ning to write on cities and post- Research Program in 1986. He was a co-edited collection Apartheid's he joined the Department of Adult developmentalism. She is a joint a recenl recipient of Honorary Genesis (1994). She received her Education at the University of Cape editorof Geoforum. visiting research fellowship to Doctorates from Soka University, D.Phil. from the University of Town, where he worked with the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Oxford, where she was also Prize Social Uses of Literacy (SoUL) Chicago State University. Research Fellow from 1985 to project. In 1996 he joined the A5 'Fort ende Thuijn': The years 1987. and was a Visiting Scholar Anthropology Department at the of Dutch colonization at Harvard in 1994/5. University of the Western Cape. His most recent work examines H8 Interpreting the 1994 African KarelSchoeman isam ajor issues of Holocaust and apartheid Afrikaans novelist. His fifteen E12 House Martienssen memory and history in the urban works of fiction published landscape. In 1996 he worked since 1965 have won numerous geographer. She has written Jo Ractliffe is a practising artist with an architect on reconcept- awards includingthe Hertzog. extensively on the South African currently living in Johannesburg. ualizing urban Conservation ideas the Helgaard Steyn. the CNA, city, looking particularly at the She was born in Cape Town and and practices in the cultural the W. A. Hofmeyr and the Old history of racial Segregation in studied Fine Arts at the University landscape of the post-apartheid Mutual Prizes. His novels have Johannesburg. Some of that work of Cape Town (BAFAand MFA). In city. His earlier work indudes informed the 1994 exhibition 1991 she took up a post in the an analysis of the cultural politics Dutch. German and Russian. His | setting apart) which she co- Department of Fine Arts at the of land-use planning intervent- works of fiction include Veldslag curated. More recently, her University of the Witwatersrand. ions in Contemporary rural (1965), By fakkellig (1966). n Lug primary academic research focus where she teaches Studio practice Zimbabwe, as well as studies on vol helder wolke (1967). Spiraal has been a project on the and art theory. She is also Chair- the reclaiming of Nama (Khoi) (1968). Op 'n eiland (1971). Na die influence of British Imperial person of the advisory board of identity during the course of land geliefde land (1972). Die hemeltuin policy on urban Africa. Apart the Market Theatre Galleries, on struggles in the Namaqualand (1979). n Ander land (1984). from these hislorical interests. which she has served since 1993. Reserves of the Northern Cape. He Afskeid en vertrek (1990). Hierdie she has also been concerned She has exhibited widely. both in is currently working on questions with the applied urban issues South Africa and abroad, and her of land. memory and identity in (1995) and Verkenning (1996). of Contemporary housing work is represented in most public relation to urban and rural land Schoeman is also prominent in Claims. South African historiography, and township landscape Susan Parnell is an urban been translated into English, lewe (1993). Die uur van die engel Provision, gender and the city. collections in the country. Recent and the reconceptualization of exhibitions include: Don't Mess local government in the post- with Mister In-between atthe apartheid era. She worked for Culturgest in Lisbon (1996), Guess D7 (Im)mobilizing space - fontein. biographies of Olive many years at the University of who loves you at the Goodman dreamingof change Schreiner, a biography of Irma the Witwatersrand. and is now Gallery in Johannesburg (1997). an Associate Professor at the Aborescence Sud-Africaine: des Jenny Robinson currently lives in of the architectural heritage of University of Cape Town. She artists en fin de siede at the London, where she lectures in the the Orange Free State. His exten his historical works include an illustrated history of Bloem- Stern and an illustrated record has also taught at the University Nantes Festival (1997), Alternating Department of Geography and sive oeuvre of some sixty published of Londons School of Oriental Currents at the 1997 Johannesburg Environmental the London School works also includes travel books, and African Studies. She serves Biennale, and Art dans le monde: of Economics, and is soon to join translations of dramas and of on the Boards of the Isandta tendences critiques 1998 at the the Faculty of Social Science at the Gaelic poetry, and adaptations of Institute, the Gender Advocacy Passage de Retz, Paris (1998). She Open University. She has also Gaelic sagas and legends. He was Programme and the Urban is currently working towards her taught at the University of Natal born in 1939 in Trompsburg. He Problems Research Unit. fourth solo exhibition, End of in Durban, which is her home and went to school in Paart, graduated from the University of the Orange Free State, studied at the Catholic Seminary in Pretoria, and completed his noviciate in the Franciscan Order in Ireland. Between 1964 and 1982 he worked in Bloemfontein, at a library in Amster dam. as a nurse in Glasgow, and again in Bloemfontein. before moving to Cape Town where he is employed by the South African Library. includes a spatial framework for the norlh-western periphery of ■ Greater Johannesburg, and a project on urban poverty and transport for the World Bank. In addition to teaching Johannes burgs urban history in the Architecture Department at the University of the Witwatersrand. I have written on Contemporary architecture and urban design in both populär and academic publications such as the Mail & Guardian and Urban Forum. B3 Silence! Joachim Schönfeldt was born in Pretoria, but his family moved to Namibia just three weeks later. He completed his schooling in Namibia and initially went to the University of Pretoria to do Fine Arts, but was kicked out after two years. After graduating from the University of the Witwatersrand in the early 1980s, he worked for Meneghelli Holdings as a curator and researcher in old African art. and then became a full-time artist in 1988. In 1989 he worked and lived in Italy before settling in Johannesburg the following year. writingart criticism for a local daily. and curating, but mostly practisingart. D3 'Ons bou vir die Bank': Nationalism, architecture and Volkskas Bank Melinda Silverman: I am an architect and urban designer. torn between a passion forthearchitectural past and a preoccupation with Johannesburg'! urban future. I have undergraduate degrees in politics and architecture and a Masters in urban design from the University of the Witwatersrand. I co-authored the Provincial Government White Paper on Urban Regeneration for Gauteng in 1997. as well as the Eastern Sector Development Strategy for the Johannesburg Metropolitan Council in 1995. My current work I have practised as an architect in Johannesburg and Cape Town for fifteen years. working together with non-governmental organ- • izations on the design and implementation of projects. including a community centre in Cape Town and a creche in the Northern Province. D8 Globalization and the identity of African urban practices AbdouMaliq Simone isan urbanist in the broad sense that his work engages various aspects of the city, with the objective of broadeningthe understandings and tools of urban development. This engagement has led to university positions with the City University of New York. University of Khartoum. University of Ghana. University of the Western Cape, and presently with the Graduate School of Public and Development Management. University of the Witwatersrand. He has also worked for a wide ränge of African non-governmental organizations. community associations and municipalities. He has conducted research in the following areas: African urban social economies; notions of 'urban poverty' employed in development policies: the configuration of social identities within highly provisional situations; theoretical reformulations of civil and religious societies and urban social movements; and the interaction of transnational and local dynamics in shaping how livelihoods are produced in African cities. He has published widely in these areas. with the key work being In Whose Image?: Political Islam and Urban Practices in Sudan of Political Studies at the Uni versity of the Witwatersrand. (1994)- Marlene van Niekerk was born in 1954 in Caledon in the Western Cape. She studied languages and philosophy at the University of Stellenbosch (1973-8) and furthered her studies at the University of Amsterdam (1979-85). specializing in hermeneutic and structuralist approaches to mythology. After her return to South Africa. she E8 Rival futures: Struggle visions, post-apartheid choices MarkSwilling isco-directorof the Spier Leadership Institute. Honorary Professor at the Graduate School of Public and Development Management. University of the Witwatersrand. and Visiting Professor at the Warwick Business School. He was a co-founder of the Graduate School of Public and Develop ment Management and served as its Director. Swilling is currently Chairperson of Planact. an urban development non-governmental Organization which he helped to establish in 1985. Swilling is also Secretary of the Executive Committee of the African Research Network for Urban Management. Co-convenor of the South African non-profit sector study linked to |ohns Hopkins University. Coordinator of the Southern African chapter of the Global Urban Research Initiative and Acting Chairperson of the Local Governance Learning Network. He has helped to establish non-governmental organizations in various parts of South Africa and is on the editorial board of leading academic journals. He has pub lished books. over fifly academic articles and contributed extensively to public debate in the populär press on issues related to development, democratization. local governance and social movements. His most recent book was Governing Africa's Cities (1996). He holdsaPh.D. from the University of Warwick. and obtained his BAand BA Honours through the Department FA Take your body where it has never been before' taught philosophy at various universities before settling at the University of the Witwatersrand. where she currently lectures in Afrikaans and Dutch literature. She has published two collections of poetry. Sprokkelster (1976) and Groenstaar (1983). a Collection of short Stories. Die vrou wat haar verkyker vergeet het (1993) and a novel, Triomf (1994). which won the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa and has recently been translated into English. editor E li Street addresses. Johannesburg Ivan Vladislavic was born in Pretoria in 1957. He studied at the University of the Witwatersrand. worked as a translator, and later as a fiction and social studies editor at Ravan Press. He was assistant editor of Staffrider magazine from 1988 to 1990. and co-edited the commemorative anthology Ten Years of Staffrider. He now works as a freelance editor. He has been Publishing short fiction since the early 1980s. and his work has appeared in journals and anthologies in South Africa and abroad. His fiction has been translated into French and German, and has won several awards. including the Olive Schreiner Prize and the CNA Award. He has published a novel, The Folly (1993) and lwo collections of Stories, Missing Persons (1989) and Propaganda by Monuments (1996). He recently completed a novel called The Restless Supermarket. PositionsA toZ Afrikaans N.P.van Wyklouw. Vernuwmgindie prosa quoled in'Prysvraag: Taalmonumcnl te Paarl'. South Aincan Arthitociurai Record.May (1966).p. 13. Afrikaans is die taal wat vir Wes-Europa en Afrika verbind: dit suig sy krag uit die twee bronne: dit vorm 'n brug tussen die groot helder Weste en die magiese Afrika - die soms nog so onhelder Afrika; hülle is albei groot magte, en wat daar groots aan hülle vereniging kan ontspruit - dit is miskien wat vir Afrikaans voorle om te ontdek... Maar wat onsViooit moet vergeet nie. is dat hierdie verandering van land en landskap ast wäre aan die nuwe wordende taal geslyp. geknee. gebrei het; nuwe woorde. nuwe voorstellings en nuwe beeide laat ontstaan het. ou woorde en voorstellings laat verdwyn het. oor elke riffel en vou van die nuwe wereldbeeld kon sluit. En so het Afrikaans in Staat geword om hierdie nuwe land uit te se soos geen ander Europese taal nie. - Afrikaans is the language that links Western Europe and Africa: it draws its strength from these two sources; it forms a bridge between the huge bright West and magical Africa - an Africa that is sometimes still so dark: they are both great powers, and the splendid things that could arise from their union perhaps that is what lies ahead for Afrikaans to discover... But what we should never forget is that this change of land and landscape honed. kneaded and shaped the new language in the making: gave rise to new words. new conceptions and new images, caused old words and conceptions to disappear, could cover every ridge and fold of the new scheme of things. And so Afrikaans became capable of expressing this new land like no other European language. »-03 P-E2 P-E3 armed responses ► B2 »-C2 ► Eli bank ► Volkskas a-D3 ► O s ► E a Bantustan Thedevelopment of a national Communityol Stales' in Homelandsrtuislande llohannesburg. Van RensburgPublications. 1975). p. 7. The gOVernment of RSA is acutely aware of the unique Problems which are caused by a confluence of historical factors which has placed the White nation in the Position of guardian to several underdeveloped Black nations... The government of the RSA is very much aware of interaction between the highly developed White economy - based on the market mechanisms which function in a predominantly urban industrial consumer and free enterprise society - and a backward Black economy with a predominantly subsistence orientated life-style... Thus the government of RSA was motivated by both socio-economic and political considerations to concentrate the focal points of the development of the Black peoples inside - or as near as possible to - their historical homelands. ► homelands policy ► D il ► J12 Biermann, B.E. B E. Biermann. Architecture goes back tothe land'. Architecture SA. March (1980). p. 6. Of all the curious developments which mark the present state of architecture. surely the most revealing must be our exaggerated concern with the past and the primitive. From our dedicated - almost reverent - Conservation of those buildings which were derided a mere generation ago. and the veneration of 'architecture without architects'. to our penchant for the expression of crude structure - the tenor of Contemporary design seems to reflect a loss of nerve, a crisis of confidence in our traditionally Creative endeavours. To the extent that architecture is a mirror of society. this state of affairs should occasion no surprise: but that by itself is an unsatisfactory inference. On the other hand. the day has long passed since the first generation of modern architects imagined that society could be reformed by tampering with its mirror image. ► D s ► Hö black spot Even at the height of apartheid. pockets of black South Africans managed somehow to ding to freehold ownership of property outside of the 13 per cent of the country set aside as reserves for the African population. These blemishes in what had been dedared 'white South Africa were known as 'black spots'. ► Natives Land Act of 1913 Blood River ► Voortrekker Monument ► C a boom In many ways Johannesburg is the epitome of a boom town. But today the speculators no longer wait for the next building boom to happen. Instead, insurance developers are hard at work creating the circumstances that will produce a real-estate boom. As a result. the malls on what were once the suburban peripheries are now competing centres. which anticipate and encourage the abandonment of the corporate city centre by the old mining and banking elites. From a city of competing towerstoa city of competing shopping centres. ^B2 ► E a bricks ► E2 ^E7 ► E n Broederbond ► 03 ► D a ^E3 ► E a bufferzone The Native Affairs Department laid down as a general rule that locations were to be separated from areas occupied by other population groups by buffer zones 500 yards wide. and from all other external boundaries by buffer zones 200 yards wide. unless such external boundaries were main roads. in which case the zones were to be 500 yards for a national road and 300 yards for a provincial road. Rows of trees could be planted in buffer zones, but the land could not be developed. ► Jn bureaucracy ► E3 ► ES ► F? ► Gö burial ► C a ► J10 ► |12 Calderwood, D.M. D.M. Calderwood. Nalive Housing in South Africa llohannesburg. University ol Ihe Wilwatersrand, 1953), p.41. Psychological aspects are noted here because. in providing housing for Natives, the designer is not altogether aware of what is taking place inside the occupants' minds. The Native may be a newcomer to the urban area or he may have lived there all his life. If he has recently come to the town. he faces a new environment of speed. noise. individualism. and so forth. The designer. in planning a home for this new town-dweller does not really know what he is some people are naturally colour conscious. a great many more can be said to be colour shy, especially when it comes to anything as imposing upon him. Will the home provide help to satisfy him and lasting as interior decoration. There are many ways in which you can assist him in overcoming his newfound loneliness. or will its new form arrive al a successful colour scheme, and none of them very disturb him to such an extent that his frustration is even more frightening. But first of all. it is as well to know something about exaggerated? ► CSIR ► home ► N E 51/9 ► D il ► H ö Cape Dutch ► preservation ► A s ► DB ► D s CapeTown ► A5 ► A i : ► C« ► G ö ► GS ► Gto M12 Carletonville ► mining ► G 4 colour itself. commemoration What past and whose past will it be possible to recover, given the dichotomies of our history? Who are we? How little we are able to imagine a collective past. in the face of the political imperative to construct a single history able to take the place of all the others. These competing pasts are forced into confrontation by the memorials and buildings designed to commemorate a whitened landscape. We begin church J. de Ridder,'Kerkbou - Enkelegedagtes'. South African Archileclural Record, lanuary (1963). to imagine how an evolving past must be challenged even as it is con- p 13 Die kerk behoort dus 'n sprekende vertolkingvan die erediens in structed. This construction itself is our continuingconflict. ► Cr, ► H 3 konkrete vorm te wees, sodat die gebou feitlik beskryf sou kon Word as 'Versteende Liturgie'... 'n Verdere voorbeeld is die beligtingvan die kerkgebou. Kan die konsentrasie van lig op die kansel nie ook die belangnkheid daarvan beklemtoon en simbolies die idee vertolk dat die Woord as sodamg ons lig is nie? - The church should therefore be a striking interpretation of the Service in concrete form, so that the building could virtually be described as Titurgy in stone' ... Another example is the lighting of the church building. Could the concentration of light on the pulpit not stress its importance and symbolically interpret the idea that the Word as such is our light? ► B 8 civics Düring the 1980s and early 'gos, there was a vigorous network of urban social movements which mobilized people around issues like transport and rent boycotts. In the democratic period, these civic WH. Coeuer. The murder of Piet Relief and his men.t. 1937. associations have been taken up in the mainstream, and independent social mobilization has all but ceased. ^ 0 8 ► Eö ► ES ► Fg civilization l Hahn, houort arid Prciu'pdmgs wiih Appenditos of the Government Commission on vc .J.VS ,ncj Customs (Cape ol Good Hope. 1883). Appendix C:257. If We mean tO community Who exactly is the community' in South Africa? Are there not more complex social arrangements as well as conflicting interest groups that must be accounted for? How are these different groups to make civilizethe natives we must enforce Order and regularity.and naturally up a community? Why is this 'community' always seen to be black the round Kafir hutcannot find place alongside of the square or oblong and never white? There was a tradition of constructing community white man's house. There should be an interdict against the round hut. buildings' in the black areas. These buildings are easy to recognize: Itcertainly breedsvermin, ► round ► B ll ► D il ► E io they have brightly coloured, curvilinear forms. This style was never colonization F. Fanon. The Wretched of the Earth (Harmondsworth, Penguin.1990). p. 40. A WOrld pursued in municipal buildings or any other government structures in white areas. where there were. of course. no 'communities' to be divided into compartments. a motionless, Manichaeistic world, a accommodated. White public buildings were imagined, designed world of statues: the statue of the general who carried out the and built differently. with what must have been other criteria and conquest, the statue of the engineer who built the bridge; a world which is sure of itself, which crushes with its stones the backs flayed by whips: this is the colonial world. The native is a being hemmed in; apartheid is simply one form of the division into compartments of intentions. ► municipal ► DB ► £ ? ► F a ► FS compaction An InterimStrategie Framework for Ihe Cenlral Witwatersrand (ISF Working Group of the Planning Framework Task Teamof Ihe Physical Development Working Group and GAPS the colonial world. The first thing which the native learns is to stay Architectsand Urban Pianners. 1993). p-25 Within the cells, or interstitial areas. in his place, and not to go beyond certain limits. This is why the dreams created by the lattice-like structure of the urban System, residential of the native are always of muscular prowess; his dreams are of densities can now be encouraged to increase. taking advantage of action and of aggression. I dream I am jumping, swimming, running, spare capacity in the infrastructure. making better use of much of the climbing; I dream that I burst out laughing, that I span a river in one existing social facilities. and providing access to the wider urban System stride, or that I am followed by a flood of motor-cars which never via the comprehensive lattice of movement. How and where residential catch up with me. Düring the period of colonization, the native never densities are increased and how the urban poorare integrated into the stops achieving his freedom from nine in the evening until six in the morning. ► Cr, ► ClO ► D? System, would be the subject of detailed planning within these inter colourscheme I.Armour.Your South Afncan Home (Cape Town. Howard Timmins, 1964I. p. 52. While stitial cells, taking account of micio issues of character, facilities. costs. infrastructural capacity and special features. While emphasis might initially beon residential densification in these cells, over time non- residential uses compatible with the evolving residential character may offer more diffuse economic opportunities within the overall logicof theurbanarea'scellularstructure. ► immobilizalion ► Dz ► D8 »E6 ► Gö competition, KlipspruitTown Planning (1931). p.aa. Inthewinningscheme[by Kallenbach Kennedy and Furner) the whole township has been divided into three main sections. in the centre of each of which a business 'place1has been arranged, a very excellent arrangement in a garden city layout under European conditions. but again somewhat questionable in a native township where the dass of trade and trader usually means an untidy, unkept anddustyarea. ► Hö compound ► hostel concrete, reinforced ► C a ► Ez ► Ea Conservation G. Fagan. The Conservation pyramid'. Archiiedure SA. September/October (1968). p. 20. A language is a livingthingand can revive. but this is not so with buildings and artefads. Victoria has been permanently deposed from her pedestal. and the lesson should be frighteningly clear: when anything is politicized, it will sooner or later be in danger of disappearing together with that political System. ► Fagan, G. contact ► A5 ► ds ► Ft, abandon the city centre, in which the corporations have invested so much. These seldom unified interest groups are less struggling for control of the city, than hedging, hopingand trying to hold onto the wealth and power slippingfrom their grasp. Meanwhile, territories once buffered from one another continue to cotlide, and boundaries once sei in stone crumble and drift. Where and when will our eventual limits be drawn? ► BZ ► DS ^ 3 ► Eio corrugated iron Palace Buildings. Johannesburg, 1889. dcscnbed in P.Knoxandl. Gutsche. D.. v.," Knosv loharinesbure,? (Vereenijing. Unie-Volkspers. 1947I. p. 15 Materials were hard to obtain but, despite every difficulty, the building emerged as an example of 'French Renaissance'. The facl that the essential features of this distinctive type of architecture were executed in corrugated iron. is in itself, a vivid illustration that lack of materials was not allowed to stand in the way of the archited's aspirations. The steeplysloping roof, the square tower in Pritchard Street and the corner spire, which came to be known as the 'Eiffel Tower of the Rand' - all are made of corrugated iron skilfully used to serve unwonted needs. ► E2 ► G a crime The loss of a shared city centre. the fear of the streets, the gradual disappearance of even the suburban neighbourhood. the abandoning of familiär haunts and routes: all represent one side of the landscape emerging from the spread of crime. On the other side there are the precariously secured residential areas, the isolated lifestyles of the old white and new black middle dasses. with their privileged access to urban facilities and Services, and township neighbourhoods surviving much the same as before. ► Bz ^63 ^En ► F10 CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research «Calderwood. D.M. ► NE 51/9 ► D u ► Hö DistrictSix All that remains to the people who once lived here. in the heart of Cape Town. is remembering. the piecing together of a space and time out of the fragmenls of memory that serve as the only detailed record. In the world there is very little to remind them: street-signs. broken Phasts inIheprocess«(contact:(t) precontact phase. (2) widecontact phase. (31uibanisation phaseand (9)reactionphase. control Who exactly wants to control the city and for what purposes? How can control even be exercised in a time of ceaseless flux? Officials, for the most part. go about their work with a$ little involvement as possible, politicians are left juggling far more constituencies than they can manage, newly-arrived squatters are merely trying to survive, suburbanites are isolated and only appear intermittently as ratepayers. and big business Stands helpless as the Professionals kerbstones. some Strips of tar and a few archival photographs. The spaces of the District's past. surviving as no more than these images and memories, have a tenuous presence. and must be painstakingly recalled and reconstructed. even by former residents. This is the real consequence of the complete and utter destruction of a part of a city. Cape Town can never be a whole city. it can never be put together again. There are. of course. too many examples of the physical annihilation of cities in wars. slum clearances and unbridled commercial developments. but there is no more incomprehensible demonstration of the calm and persistent insanity of bureaucratic planning than the destruction of District Six. ► GlO dorp A smallcountrytown ► FS Durban ► D5 ► Fg ► GS ► G ll ► IO East London ► Du Eaton. N.M. ► C a ► D s ^H3 emergency Under a state of emergency. in the face of coercion. deception and Great Trek Piet Relief in Gr.ihjmslown Journal. 2 Februar? 18)7. NumerOUS repOllS having been circulated throughout the colony, evidently with the intention of exciling in the minds of our countrymen a feeling of prejudice against terror. pari of the struggle is to remain oneself. In a state of emergence, those who have resolved to emigrate from a colony where they have part of the struggle is to change. experienced, for so many years past, a series of the most vexatious empowerment ► D8 ► £? ► Fy enclave ► 82 ► CIO ^ 0 8 eviction Central Archiven Native Allairs Department. NTS5314 77/3l3(E). 'Eviction Notice'. I, the undersigned. being an officer duly appointed by the Urban Local Authority for the purpose. hereby give you notice , in terms of Sub-section (3) of and severe losses: and, as we desire to stand high in the estimation of our brethren and are anxious that they and the world at large should believe us incapable of severing that sacred tie which binds a Christian to his native soil, without the most sufficient reasons, we are induced to record the following summary of our motives for taking so important a Step: and also our intentions respectingour proceedings towards the Native Tribes which we may meet with beyond the boundary. ◄ commemoration ► laager ► C a Section 9 of Act No. 25 of 1945. as amended, that I call upon you to take grey area up. within a period of three days from the date of the Service of this Group Areas Act of 1951 Notice, your residence in Langa Native Township, in which accom- Central Archives. ARG 9 Act 111/2. Drall Memorandum on the Group Areas Bill. 12 April modation is available for you, or in a Native Hostel or in a scheduled 1950. The main purpose of the establishment of group areas is two-fold. native area or released area as defined in the Native Trust and Land firstly, to bring persons of the same racial origin for purposes of Act, 1936. approved of by the Urban Local Authority. ownership and occupation together, and so to reduce to a minimum racial points of contact and therefore possible racial friction, and secondly to permit each racial group to develop along its own lines, Fagan, G. ◄Conservation ►regionalism ^03 FortSkanskop ► C2 according to its language. culture and religion, and to give members of the Native and Coloured groups an opportunity under proper guidance ultimately to assume responsibility for their own local government. ► FS ► F io ► GiO ► G il Freedom Charter ► E6 ► Fy frontier T.R.H. Davenport. South Afrk.i AModern Hislory (London. Macmillan.1977). pp. 113-4. Hallen. H. H. Hallen. 'Buildings Stand still, people move'. KZ-NIA |onmal. 22:2 (1997). P 8 BMW Far more than any other frontier. [the Cape eastern frontier] was one had a clear understanding of the symbolic role of buildings for on which policies were thought out and deliberately applied. The block- Companies such as theirs. They wanted the design of a quality where house System and the military village: the buffer Strip, the frontier of the image of building and Company merged, and that the buildingand no outlets and the trading pass: the trade fair, mission Station, hospital its spaces should be symbolic of its location and setting in South Africa. and school: the spoor law. the treaty System, the government agent, An enlightened brief! ^C2 ► C a and the magistrate - all these were tried in various combinations, in a bid to maintain order and peaceful coexistence at the meeting point of two disparate but competing cultures. hawking roast mealies,herbal remedies.Gucci bags... ^ 0 8 ► D io ^F7 Health (and Racquet) Club The almost familiär space of the suburban gymnasium suddenly spread across the country during the mid-i98os. Partly an inter game park A photograph from as long ago as August i960 shows Verwoerd in the Krüger National Park with various Ministers, Administrators, Members national trend and partly the product of a growingfranchise, these health clubs must also have filled some sort of spatial vacuum for a particular dass of people in South Africa. Could the gym be the primary of the Parks Board. Members of Parliament and Officials of the Parks public (or semi-public) place in our conlemporary urban environment? Board. The 'bosberaad' - the 'bush council' - became populär thirty It is one of the few places where bodies converge in close proximity years later, duringthe negotiations towards a democratic order in South with most of their defences restrained. It is almost the only place where Africa. when the leaders of the various parties would withdraw to a people are exposed to each other. Some might visit the shopping mall, farm or game park to confer and plan. This strategy was usually presented an office park, a friend's housing estate almost daily. but none of these as a retreat into a secluded natural environment. conducive to clear spaces affords the intimacy and oddly distanced familiarity of the thinking and judicious decision-making. But what better meeting suburban gymnasium, where familiär faces reappear and certain place could there be for alliances pursuing new definitions of them- interadions are repeated. In other parts of the world, these casual, selves than one where the landscape itself poses questions about ongoing relationships are made possible by piazzas and parks; here ownershipand identity? ► negotiations ► C a ► ClO garden city ► D5 ► D il ► H6 golfcourse ► B2 ^C2 such urban spaces - even as theme-park environments in malls like Renaissance Square - are all but absent. Concern over a sagging and flabby body seems most marked in a society where there is a daily need to Step past wasted and wanting bodies on the way to work and leisure. ► privatization ► F a heaven heritage Mai W. Dorning. 'Ussons Iromthe past in dealingwiththeterrorist threal'. Paralus. September (1963) quoted in Maj. W.M. Leonard. Plaasbeveiliging: n Handleidmg v«r die boer (Babelegi. Unibook Publishers. 1986I.pp. 1*2. In fact. South Africans should be neither surprised nor unduly alarmed by the recent spate of terrorist attacks... Forewarned is after all fore-armed. We should not be unduly alarmed. moreover. because our own history and heritage is steeped in examples of 'terrorism' and savage guerilla warfare. We tend to forget that our forefathers - both of Afrikaans and English stock - were brought up in an extremely hostile environment of day-to-day dangers which taught them the virtues of resilience. self-reliance. alertness and fortitude in the face of seemingly hopeless odds. The Situation we are faced with today in South Africa is actually nothing new - by inference therefore. it should not be a cause for excessive alarm. hostel The apartheid government provided single-sex housing for African migrant workers. Under influx control regulations. Africans were not allowed to remain in urban areas without official permission and were restricted to particular spaces. of which the hostel is the most infamous. Migrants' families were not allowed to accompany them. «compound ► G4 ► GS ► HS ► |10 hybrid P. Rieh. 'Ahybridarchiiecturetakes rool'. Arch.i.-tiur< SA. May/|une (1986). p. 3« In identifying with my African roots, my research over the last ten years into the rural dwellings - notably of the Southern Ndebele ('mapogga') and Bantwane - has proved to be an inspiration for my own built work... The architectural lessons to be learned from the Mapogga are of a univer sal nature, dealing with spatial and ordering principles which are not far removed from that of Renaissance man. ► surrogation ► H3 ► |12 ideal home Report on IheArgus Ideal Homes Competilion in the Star. 28December 1937 From all these influences the South African house is slowly developing: a low light, cool-looking building. with a dark flat-pitched roof. large unobstructed Windows sheltered by the deep eaves. and an enclosed yard with the native rooms. This. growing naturally and harmoniously out of its surroundings, may well be the South African style of the f uture, as the gracious Cape Dutch was that of the past. ► lifestyle ► preservation ► E u immobilization Indeed. the more one looks at our past for purposes of comparison Compaction is only one example of the new planning. Why. when with the present, the more one becomes aware of how little has really changed. Many of the Problems and dangers facing the early settlers there seem to be so many obvious and visible ways of repairing the of Dutch and English extraction were almost exactly similar to those confronting us today. Many of the settlers' responses and reactions to these challenges, moreover, bear relevant lessons for all of us as we prepare to confront the terrorist menace. In short, instead of bemoaning our fate. we should set about learning and drawing inspiration from the great tradition and example of our forebears. «armed responses ► Bll ^C2 home house, shelter, fortress, fiction. zero, beginning, ekhaya, sanctuary, temple, archive, landmark, monument, community, comfort, 'slum dwelling', hearth, huis.dwelling, porzie, zla, koesta. «Calderwood, D.M. ► homestead ► As ► BS ► B ll ^E n ► Fio ► Gio ► G n homelands policy E.W.N. Mallows, 'Mmabatho - Areply'. Archiiecture SA. August (1981). p. «2. It Was at this point that his Excellency, the President, added the instruction that the Overall design must reflect the Tswana building traditions, of forminga series of spaces enclosed with encirding walls, and never with straight lines, and still less with a series of rectangular spaces set out on a rectangular grid. These are the gods of the developed First World but they are almost totally irrelevant to the strugglingand emerging communities of the Third World. These communities need a totally different philosophy - a philosophy for a coheswe community. for a strong coherent social group determined to make a new way for itself in the world and, as in the great examples of the past, pul a permanent stampon history. «Bantustan ► Mmabatho ► tradition homestead ► As ► B ll ► G ll apartheid city, has there been so little movement? The intransigence of the inherited bureaucracies and the new government's distrust of some of the proposed planning strategies are only partly responsible. While some prototype plans have been attempted in a partial and fragmentary manner. compaction - along with notions of the integrated city, the connected city, the accessible city and the city of corridors has not been a mobilizing concept around which change can be generated. Instead. the procedures demanded by these plans seem to render the city fixed and unsolvable, producing little more than committees. meetings, reports and requirements, which stifle change as surely as vast national programmes in other spheres. It is clear that simply filling in the gaps, increasing densities. mixing urban land uses or making continuous the previously fragmented elements of the city would only partly correct some of the Problems lelt by apartheid. Nevertheless, given the almost general Consensus amongst planners, it is surprising that there is so little to show for their proposals. It may be that in a time of rampant and unrestrained commercial development, the role of planning and planners is negligible. And at the other end of the organizing scale, the myriad individual decisions - informal and spontaneous - that happen outside of government remain the singulär force for change in the city. «compaction ► D? ► DB ► Eö ► ElO ► Gö influx control E. Kimvayo. Call Me Woman l|ohannesburg. Ravan Press. 1985). p. 31. Many of these women left loved ones behind when they first came to the cities. Some came in search of their husbands. but never found them; some came as a result of the deaths of their husbands in the mines. or because they had become invalids from a mine disease. They were drawn to the cities by the hope of better opportunities and were pushed out of thecountry by white legislation and control. In the end. they shared diverse. The future looks like 'what happened in the rest of Africa'. whatever profit they made. in cash or kind, with those they left behind. Being unable or unwilling to participate in the creation of the future The emotional deprivation of those left behind was compensated for city. withdrawing into their increasingly remote and impregnable by the material gain brought back from cities by their dear mothers. suburban endaves, whites ensure that the future city will resemble grannies, aunts or sisters; a contribution which could never be clearly their fears in one resped at least - white faces will be few and far measured in any way but which made a positive impact, no matter between. Yet there is a flip side to the Obsession with degeneration - how limited, on the lives of those who benefited from it. Most of them and that is a fascination with ruined splendour. For some, the tourist have passed on, leaving their followers to improve on their efforts and destinations of the moment are Zanzibar and Madagascar. Whites humble. limited contribution. ► B ll would feel better about the future city if its dilapidation could be rendered glamorous. Advertising agencies would do a better job of this than urban planners. ◄ enclave ► invasions ► lifestyle ► D ? ► Dg ► E6 ► En ► G ö Internal Stability Unit Under apartheid, control and instability were never opposing terms. On the one hand, the authorities pursued total control over the social environment. constantly introducing more rigid regulations and innovative forms of repression. On the other hand. the authorities - sometimes through the same officials - deliberately created instability. Little Propaganda was required to reinforce an order that was the first line of defence against an enemy lurking within or pressing against imagined borders. At the same time, the black population was relentlessly destabilized. denied a permanent place in the city. harassed and intimidated, uprooted and removed, banished to peripheral locations Age and sex structure of banlu population Johannesburg Metropolitan Area. or tribalized territories, allowed to pass through the country only as easily disposable units of labour. informal Instead of simply repeating directions along massively planned pathways, invasions and infiltrations continuously put parts of the city to new uses. Often the very planning elements dictated by the metropolitan invasions ◄ frontier ◄ homestead ► squatting ► Dg isolation ◄ boom ^ E 2 ► E z* government become the structure on which improvisation can take place, marchingtoa syncopated beat. Zoningand trade restrictionsare the impetus for constructing alternative hawking territories. Occupying the leftover, abandoned or previously restricted spaces of the city is more than a survival strategy for isolated individuals. That the city is never so simply solidified is clear from the instant appearance of others to ply their trade in the same area. New connections and commercial arrangements follow the movement of these people into and then all over the city. New parts can be joined together as readily as other linkages are lost. A part of the city that was once strictly white, servicing the suburban, becomes black and tied to the townships and the rest of Africa. Change in the city is no longer being released by plans and Brian Sandrock. Perspective of Pelindaba Nuclear Research Station. 1963. ideals, but by Chance, crime and consumption patterns. ► D? ► DS ► Dg ► E io ► Fg integration The extreme inequalities of the starting points for change and the legacy Johannesburg ► B2 ► DS ► Dg ► DiO ► Ez* ► E io ^ E n ► E U ► F a ► F io of racism produce an unfortunate psychology: in the areas where it matters most - the changing, integrating parts of the city - almost all white people feel invaded. 'Invasion', with its undertones of war, disease, Karoohuis occupation, becomes the defining experience of integration - and G. Viney. Colonial Housesof South Africa (Cape Town. Struik Winchester. 1987I. p. 152. issues in flight, defence, resistance. Small numbers of black Profes Their aesthetic antecedents Stretch all the way back to the eighteenth- sionals and the privileged middle dasses find their way into the leafier century cottage ornee, the verandah. like the gable on a Cape Dutch suburbs. where they essentially assume the existing lifestyle. But in house, being its most distinctive feature. Though undoubtedly attractive. the central city and the inner-city suburbs. where change is palpable. the verandah was no mere architectural embellishment, for it provided where new urban styles are emerging, whites are largely excluded or the ideal solution for nineteenth-century Europeans settling in a hot exdude themselves. The new spaces are black or'becoming black'. For dimate - protecting their interiors and furnishings from the strong most white South Africans, the models of the future city are dirty, African sunlight and creating a perfect outdoor living room - shaded in decayed, chaotic, rather than colourful, lived in, pleasantly informal, summerand sunny in winter. Massed with fernsand potted plantsand (urnished with wicker chairs. it fulfilled in the colonies much the same function as the conservatory did in England, for in the African dimate glass was not only unnecessary. but also undesirable. violent hailstorms beinga not infrequent summer hazard. ► Os ► H } KTC/Crossroads E. Samuel 'Affidavit' in|.Cole.Ctossrojcls (|ohannesburg. Ravan Press. 19*71.PP 142-3. I saw the yellow Casspir and the van park dose to the Zolani Centre... Then the witdoeke' [started) to attack the centre and assault people who were on the grounds... Women and children who had been (staying there] were running out of it. I then saw the centre begin to burn... After a while I saw the crowd of 'witdoeke' who had been attacking the centre... move along the road in the direction of NY5... The 'witdoeke* then stopped at the intersedion near KTC... Casspirs in the vicinity (started] shooting teargas at the KTC residents... At about this time I saw smoke rising from [one] pari of KTC... I then saw 'wit doeke' amongst the KTC houses, which were burning... Many KTC residents. induding myself, then began to move our (possessions] from our (houses]... Later I returned to KTC and watched the 'witdoeke' ...burning our houses. ► Att ► ]12 laager 4 Great Trek landmarks HA Sloel, 'Voorwoord' in Afrik.inerbakens (lohannesburg. PAK. 1989). p. 7. 'n Volk se geskiedenis word sigbaar deur bakens längs sy ontwikkelingspad uilgebeeld. Oie bakens, wat 'n volk aan sy verlede herinneren vir die toekoms inspireer, is soms groot en indrukwekkend. maar dit kan 00k klein en minder sigbaar wees. Tog verlel elkeen 'n gedeelte van die verhaal van die Afrikanervolk sedert volksplanting. —A people's history is rendered visible by landmarks along their path of development. These landmarks, which remind a people of their past and inspire them for the future. are sometimes large and impressive, but can also be small and less visible. Yet each one teils a pari of the story of the Afrikaner people since colonization. ► C a Le Corbusier ► Ea ► H J ► H6 lifestyle Cape Weekend Argus (Commercial Feature). 29-30 Augusl 1998. Homes designed exdusively for the Sunset Links residential estate emphasize a relaxed indoor-outdoor lifestyle, making the most of the view and beautiful setting and creating sheltered outdoor areas. The style of architecture is intended to blend harmoniously with the natural surroundings and the Contemporary, spacious living areas are light and airy, lending themselves to a sophisticated, yet easy, comfortable lifestyle. Examples of five completed and different homes illustrate the character of the residential estate and may be viewed in the show village. The architects have drawn up buildingguidelines for the different types of homes. each offering flexibility of floor plan to cater for the individual. Homes with a personal signature may be created within the building line, bulk restrictions applicable to each of the four types of homes found here and architectural guidelines, which emphasize the harmonious nature of the residential estate through elements such as colour, form andtexture. ◄ idealhome ► F a location Areas were set aside for Africans at some distance from white towns and provided with limited housing. ► township ► Du low-cost housing ► F7 ► FlO ► Gß mall ► C2 ► H J Martienssen, R. R. Martienssen. 'The international tendcncy in Contemporaryarchitecture*. S»iih Mu<.in Arduicriurji Rcrord. Decomber (1931). p. n0. The exigencies of economy inevitably produce an intellectual and logical architecture... As the economic conditions of different countries approach one another. there will be a corresponding approach in architectural style. ► Southern Question ► Transvaal Group ► EU ► H j ► H6 masakhane ► ROP mass housing ReportotthecommitleeonIhe(Ostsol buildingurban bantuhouses'm ,! Bantu Housing (Pretoria. cstR. 195«), p 1. Housing of any population Starts as a human and health problem. Good housing tends to promote good citizens and hence stable conditions in society. These axioms are frequently written and spoken by persons responsible for housing policies: as principles. the same ideas underlie most housing efforts throughout the World and it is therefore natural that they should also be fundamental considerations in the housing research and housing projects undertaken in South Africa. ► Hß ► H8 matchbox ◄ mass housing ► NE 51/9 memorial How to record historic events in a country where struggle is never isolated but Stretches and lies everywhere? Where no place remains untouched and no person unaffected? Forgetting here is inexlricably linked with memorialization. We may be sure that the (arge, heroic events will be commemorated. rather than the routine conflicts and everyday struggles; the massive series of minute events we call 'the force of history' is difficult to make concrete. Fears of offending, discriminating, imposing, stepping on each other's memories, make all but the obvious monumental decisions unlikely. In the meantime. we live in a stormy silence rather than a calm Interregnum, in which portrayal and betrayal stand side by side. It is as if one history has been set in stone, which the other can only shatter. •ecommemoration ► Ca ^C2 Minimum Standards of Accommodation for Non-Europeans, 1951 ◄ CSIR ► NE 51/9 mining ◄ Carletonville < Johannesburg ► Bz ► G a miscegenation, G.M.Carler. Tho Polmisol i-.cnu.iliiy (London, Thames & Hudson. 1958). Miscegenation out of which the Cape Coloured arose originally, has longbeen municipal 'Urban Bantu Council Chamber and Ollices'. Architect and Budder, April (1969I. pp. 112. The [Urban Bantu) council chamber is overlooked by a public gallery socially unacceptable in South Africa. As far back as 1685, Europeans on a higher level with accommodation for Press representatives in the were forbidden by law to marry freed slaves of full colour, though first row. The gallery w ill seat approximately 50 Europeans and 50 marriages with half-breeds were allowed ... The difficulty here was non-Europeans and is provided with a movable barrier so that larger not just of colour, or even of shade. Because the Coloured are a very or smaller numbers of either race may be accommodated as desired. mixed people, no satisfactory definition has been reached by which to The gallery is approached by Europeans from the one side and non- differentiate them... Habitual association with an acceptance as Europeans from the other side by means of separate stairs approached Coloured was subsequently used as a distinguishing feature for the by separate entrances flanking the main entrance. Each stair is separated Population Register... As the parliamenlary debate made clear, the by glazed walls and doors from the main entrance foyer and first floor Nationalists were not concerned so much with race purity in the bio- lobby to enable the public to have a glimpse of the activities within the logical sense as with strengthening the barriers against increasing building whilst proceeding to the spectators' gallery. On occasion when infiltration by the Coloured. The special urgency of the problem, they the public are permitted to approach councillors the stair doors may emphasized, arose from the process of industrialization and consequent be opened. When it is desired to clear the gallery of spectators the public urbanization which inevitably brought Europeans and non-Europeans retire to the waiting rooms adjoining the public stairs without entering into doser conlact both in their places of employment and their the rest of the building. Public toilets are provided at these points for dwellingareas. both races. Europeans who have business with the chairman may gain mission stations access to his suite via the European stair no. 2 and waiting room with ► A5 ► BS Mmabatho out entering the non-European circulation corridors or the rest of the building. ◄ community ► Segregation Wilfred Mallows recalls flying over Botswana and photographing the ruins of Tswana Settlements. These aerial surveys were then presented to President Lucas Mangope with a series of overlays showing the concentric cirdes of the proposed homeland Capital of Mmabatho. nationalism Contradictions in the practice of architedure remain, to be examined in Mallows had a sort of paternal desire for an architedure and Capital what has been built. Sometimes these can be identified and construed thal would unite the dispersed Tswana nation, provide them with a as evidence of a failure to engage: the influence of the surrounding centre. a focus. an identifiable core. He encouraged the idea of a Tswana culture is filtered out in abstraction, gestures towards the Contemporary architedural arrangement or form - a rounded or bowl-like shape - in are minimal and the awareness of the site is banal. The actual times Order to differentiate the African Capital from the European Capital are abandoned rather than challenged. The actual place, especially in with its orthogonal grid. This reversal of the historical enforcement of a divided and parochial environment like South Africa. is ignored in the the square of the European over the round of the Natives is more than attempt to produce something different. The contradictions and internal ironic. Commercial promotion rather than appropriation of a Native flaws of a nationalist projed must be acknowledged in equal measure architedure by planners and architeds continues. ◄ homelands policy to the modesty and appropriateness of the architeds role. In South ► tradition ► C a Africa today it is tempting to make comparisons between the old and new nationalisms, but the pressures and constraints at work now are so different that we also need to guard against drawing superficial parallels. Even so, the separate and competing Professional networks of past and future elftes seem to drive attempts at a national archi tedure towards simplistic symbolic resolutions rather than in funda mental^ opposed diredions. ► db ► D a ► ds ► E2 ► eb ► hb National Monuments Council Natives Land Act of 1913 ◄ blackspot ► reserves Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 ► H6 ► H 8 Ndebele houses ► B ii ► ca ► hb Mallows LouwHolte and Partners, plan ol Mmabatho government and busuness centre. modernism ► 0 5 ► eö ► E n ► hb ► hs Moerdyk. G. ► Voortrekker Monument ► D j ^ E 2 motorway NE 51/9 A series of 'matchbox' houses developed by D. M. Calderwood and a team of architeds and planners at the CSIR. ◄ Biermann, B.E. ◄ Calderwood. D.M. ◄ C SIR ► D11 ► Hö ► H S negotiations ► E8 ► Fg NGK It is remarkable how often the spaces under the motorways provide a Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church). ◄ church footholdforthe marginal.► BS ► D io ► Ea ► Fg ► B8 ► G a Offices ► Dr, *-£3 pondokkie CapeArchive,. j/CT 26GVr./c./6/l. confidenli.il (not lor publication) leller Iromihc Medic.il Office' of Health Io theChairman and Mcmbers of the Public Heallli Committee. 10April 1949.1have the honour to draw your attention to the fast growing practice of indiscriminate squatting by Natives and Coloured persons on public and private fand within the municipal area... Investigations have revealed that the squatters are scaltered over large areas and in groups which are comparatively small. Their 'homes' consist mainly of rough shelters made of sacks. iron or tree branches. or of caves on the slopes of the mountain. Proper water supplies and sanitary facilities are. of course. not available. The squatters are usually careful to avoid obvious accumulations of refuse and filth. and the absence of such evidence makes it almost impossible to obtain prosecutions against them on the grounds of committing nuisances against the public health. ► squatting ► A u ► D il ► GS preservation snuf' aio;,m Archne.n.r.,. K,-,,mi. April (i960), p. 18. My reason forconfining myself to this relatively short period of Cape architecture [eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries] is because I believe its buildings have provided far and away the most important category of historic monument in this country from a cultural point of view. It was during this period. after little more Ihan a hu