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The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill funds civil works projects of the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation, the Department of Energy (DOE), and several independent agencies.
The DOE budget includes funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a separately organized agency within DOE. NNSA operates three programs: Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, which secures nuclear materials worldwide, conducts research and development (R&D) into nonproliferation and verification, and operates the Nuclear Counterterrorism and Incident Response Program; Naval Reactors, which "is responsible for all U.S. Navy nuclear propulsion work"; and Weapons Activities.
The last is the subject of this report. The Weapons Activities account supports programs that maintain U.S. nuclear missile warheads and gravity bombs and the infrastructure programs that support that mission. Specifically, according to DOE's budget documentation, these programs "support the maintenance and refurbishment of nuclear weapons to continue sustained confidence in their safety, reliability, and performance; continued investment in scientific, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities to enable certification of the enduring nuclear weapons stockpile; and manufacture of nuclear weapons components."
NNSA's budget request for FY2019 seeks $11.02 billion for Weapons Activities within a total of budget of $15.09 billion for NNSA. This represents a 3.6% increase over the $10.642 billion for Weapons Activities in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141) and a 19% increase over the $9.314 billion enacted for Weapons Activities in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31). The requested increase of 19% in funding for Weapons over the FY2017-enacted amount is within an increase of 16.7% over the FY2017 amount enacted for NNSA's total budget.
Weapons Activities has three main programs, each with a request of over $2 billion for FY2018, as follows:
Weapons Activities also includes several smaller programs, all of which are described in this report: Secure Transportation Asset, Defense Nuclear Security, Information Technology and Cybersecurity, and Legacy Contractor Pensions.
This report will be updated as necessary.
Responsibility for U.S. nuclear weapons resides with both the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE). DOD develops, deploys, and operates the missiles and aircraft that can deliver nuclear warheads. It also generates the military requirements for the warheads carried on those platforms. The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is a semi-autonomous agency within the Department of Energy, oversees the research, development, test, and acquisition programs that produce, maintain, and sustain the warheads. Moreover, DOE is responsible for storing and securing the warheads that are not deployed with DOD delivery systems and for dismantling warheads that have been retired and removed from the stockpile.
Congress authorizes funding for both DOD and NNSA nuclear weapons activities in the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). While Congress considers appropriations for DOD's nuclear weapons activities in the Defense Appropriations bill, it funds the NNSA budget through the Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill. This report focuses on the portion of the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill that funds NNSA's nuclear weapons activities.
During World War II, when the United States first developed nuclear weapons, the Army managed the nuclear weapons program. In 1946, Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to establish the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The AEC was an independent civilian agency tasked with managing the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, Congress dissolved the AEC and created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), which among other functions managed the nuclear weapons program. That program was moved again by the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, which dissolved ERDA and created DOE.1
Congress, in passing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title XXXII), established the National Nuclear Security Administration. NNSA is a semi-autonomous agency operating within DOE. In addition to managing the nuclear weapons program, NNSA also manages the Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation and Naval Reactors programs.
These reorganizations stem, in part, from long-standing concerns about the management of the nuclear weapons complex. Many reports and legislative provisions have been written over the past several decades to address this issue. Most recently, in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (P.L. 112-239), Congress established the Congressional Advisory Panel on the Governance of the Nuclear Security Enterprise and directed the panel to make recommendations on "the most appropriate governance structure, mission, and management of the nuclear security enterprise." In its report to Congress, the panel stated
The panel finds that the existing governance structures and many of the practices of the enterprise are inefficient and ineffective, thereby putting the entire enterprise at risk over the long term. These problems have not occurred overnight; they are the result of decades of neglect. This is in spite of the efforts of many capable and dedicated people who must nonetheless function within the confines of a dysfunctional system.…
One unmistakable conclusion is that NNSA governance reform, at least as it has been implemented, has failed to provide the effective, mission-focused enterprise that Congress intended.2
The panel's recommendations included strengthening presidential guidance and oversight of the nuclear enterprise; establishing new congressional mechanisms for leadership and oversight of the enterprise; replacing NNSA with a new Office of Nuclear Security within DOE, renamed to the Department of Energy and Nuclear Security, with the Secretary responsible for the mission; and building a culture of performance, accountability, and credibility. NNSA, in its review of the report, supported many of the suggested changes in management and contracting within NNSA, but did not support the proposed changes in the name and structure of the organization or its leadership.
Congress has also expressed concerns about cost growth and transparency in NNSA's programs. These concerns focus on both major construction projects and weapons refurbishment programs. Congress addressed these concerns in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for 2015 (P.L. 113-235). Section 304 required that NNSA's construction of high-hazard nuclear facilities have independent oversight by the Office of Independent Enterprise Assessments "to ensure the project is in compliance with nuclear safety requirements." Section 305 required an independent cost estimate for approving performance baseline and starting construction for projects with total cost over $100 million. Section 308 required the Secretary of Energy to provide an analysis of alternatives for each major warhead refurbishment program reaching the development engineering stage. The Senate reiterated its concerns in S.Rept. 114-54, its report on H.R. 2028, the Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016. In this report, the committee expressed its concern "with the continued poor cost estimating by the Department, particularly within the NNSA," and directed the Secretary of Energy to "provide a report … that outlines the Department's plan for improving cost estimating for major projects and programs."
At the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. nuclear weapons complex consisted of 14 sites—3 laboratories, the nuclear weapons test site in Nevada, and a number of manufacturing plants for weapons materials and components. As the number of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal declined and demand for new warheads and materials abated in the 1990s, the United States closed several facilities in the complex.
The complex now consists of eight sites in seven states. These sites include three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas City Plant, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12 National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly Nevada Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the complex; contractors operate the eight sites.
Despite the post-Cold War reductions in the complex, some in Congress have pressed for further changes, seeking additional reductions in personnel, greater efficiencies in production, a smaller footprint at each site, and increased security. Many Members have also supported calls for increased investments within the complex, both to replace aging facilities and improve operations and security.
The Obama Administration requested increased funding for the nuclear weapons complex in each of its annual budgets. In an editorial published in late January 2010, Vice President Biden noted that U.S. nuclear laboratories and facilities had been "underfunded and undervalued" for more than a decade.
3 He stated that the President's budget request for FY2011 would include "$7 billion for maintaining our nuclear-weapons stockpile and complex, and for related efforts," an amount that was $600 million more than Congress appropriated for FY2010. He also stated that the Administration would "boost funding for these important activities by more than $5 billion" over the next five years. While the passage of the Budget Control Act in late 2011 slowed the increases in NNSA budgets, as is evident in the figure below, the actual appropriations for NNSA's weapons activities have begun to exceed the expectations outlined in the 1251 Report in 2010.
Figure 1. Funding for NNSA Nuclear Weapons Activities
Projected, Requested, and Appropriated, FY2011-FY2021 (billions of current dollars)
Source: NNSA budget requests, congressional appropriations reports, CRS estimates.
The Obama Administration further outlined its funding plans for the nuclear weapons enterprise in a report submitted to Congress in May 2010, and updated in November 2010, in support of the ratification of the New START Treaty. Congress had requested this report, known as the "1251 report" in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84), Section 1251, and mandated that it outline a comprehensive plan to "(1) maintain delivery platforms [that is, bombers, missiles, and submarines that deliver nuclear weapons]; (2) sustain a safe, secure, and reliable U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile; and (3) modernize the nuclear weapons complex."
4 In the November 2010 update of that document, the Administration projected weapons stockpile and infrastructure costs for FY2011-FY2020 at between $85.4 billion and $86.2 billion. As is shown on Figure 1, above, funds appropriated for these programs fell below the projected levels early in the decade. However, the FY2017, FY2018, and FY2019 budget requests and projections for subsequent years now exceed the amount predicted in the 2010 report.
The Trump Administration, in its budget for FY2018, requested an additional $1 billion for NNSA weapons activities over the level appropriated in FY2017. (NNSA's budget request
shows an increase of $1.4 billion, but this compares FY2018 with FY2016 funding levels.) While the Administration had indicated that in its "skinny budget" that this increase would support both deferred maintenance requirements among the NNSA weapons facilities and the warhead life extension programs in the directed stockpile area of the budget, funding for deferred maintenance in infrastructure and operations accounts remained essentially unchanged from the FY2017 appropriated levels. Most of the increases in the funding request for FY2018 divided between the life extension programs and research and development activities. Congress enacted a budget of $10.642 billion for NNSA in FY2018, in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141). The Trump Administration's budget for FY2019 continues to fund increases in NNSA's weapons activities, requesting $11.02 billion, an increase of nearly $400 million over the funding enacted in FY2018.
The United States conducted 1,030 nuclear weapons test explosions between 1945 and 1992. These were the primary means by which the United States both determined whether its nuclear weapons designs would work and confirmed that the weapons remained reliable and effective as they aged. In 1992, Congress enacted a moratorium on U.S. nuclear weapons testing when it attached the Hatfield-Exon-Mitchell amendment to the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 1993.
5 President George H. W. Bush signed the bill into law (P.L. 102-377), October 2, 1992.
In the absence of nuclear weapons testing, the United States has adopted a science-based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). This program, as amended by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure "that the nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear weapons testing."
NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget. This account includes three major program areas, each with a budget in excess of $2 billion, and several smaller programs. These are detailed below. The aggregate funding for these programs appears in Table 1.
While prior years' budget submissions had included estimated funding for an additional five years, these data are not available in the FY2018 budget request. NNSA, instead, indicates that funding levels and programs may change following the completion of a Nuclear Posture Review later this year.
FY2018 Enacted
RDT&E Programs
Sources: FY2019 NNSA Congressional Budget Request, House and Senate Appropriations Committee reports.
Notes: Details may not add to totals due to rounding. DSW: Directed Stockpile Work; RDT&E: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation;
RTBF: Readiness in Technical Base and Facilities; I&S: Infrastructure and Safety. a. The FY2016 budget request changed several NNSA budget categories. "Comparable" figures for FY2014 and FY2015 allocate funds for those years according to the FY2016 budget structure. b. For FY2014, FY2015, and FY2016 request, "Other" includes Secure Transportation Asset, Site Stewardship, Defense Nuclear Security, Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Legacy Contractor Pensions, and (for FY2014 only) Use of Prior Year Balances. For House, and for Senate for FY2014 and FY2015, "Other" includes Secure Transportation Asset, Defense Nuclear Security, Information Technology and Cybersecurity, and Legacy Contractor Pensions. For Senate Appropriations Committee for FY2016, "Other" includes Secure Transportation Asset, Defense Nuclear Security, Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Legacy Contractor Pensions, and Nuclear Counterterrorism Incident Response.
According to NNSA's budget materials,
6 Directed Stockpile Work includes those programs that directly support the nuclear weapons currently in the U.S. nuclear stockpile. These activities include maintenance and surveillance of existing warheads; refurbishment and life extension of existing warheads; assessments of the reliability of existing warheads; and the dismantlement and disposition of retired warheads. It also includes programs that support research, development, and certification of technology needed to meet stockpile requirements and strategic materials.
The NNSA budget requested $3,977 million for Directed Stockpile Work in FY2018. The House Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee, in its version of the bill (H.R. 3266), recommended the requested amount of $3,977 million for Directed Stockpile Work, while the Senate Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee (S. 1609) recommended $3,912.6 million for Directed Stockpile Work, a reduction of $64.4 million from the budget request. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141) includes 4,009.4 million for Directed Stockpile Work.
has requested $4,666.2 million for Directed Stockpile work in FY2019, an increase of 16.3% over the amount enacted in FY2018. The request would increase funding in each of the program areas of DSW, although the Life Extension Programs and Strategic Materials programs would receive a proportionally larger share.
Life Extension Programs are designed to extend the life of existing warheads through design, certification, manufacture, and replacement of components. An LEP for the W76 warhead for the Trident II (D-5) submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is ongoing, as is an LEP for the B61 mod 12. (A "mod," such as B61 mod 12 or B61-12, is a modification or version of a bomb or warhead type.) NNSA is also pursuing an alteration for the W88 warhead currently deployed on Trident II (D-5) missiles and is in the early stages of a life extension program for the W80 cruise missile warhead. The new W80-4 will be deployed on the new Long Range Standoff missile (LRSO) currently under development by the Air Force.
NNSA requested, and Congress appropriated, $1,744.1 million for life extension programs in FY2018. According to the budget documents, the increased funding would support work planned "for the W80-4 LEP, and updates baseline estimates for the B61-12 LEP, and the W88 Alteration program." NNSA has requested $1,920 million for LEPs in FY2019. As NNSA notes in its budget documents, this increase is "primarily due to planned ramp-up of production activities for the B61-12 LEP and the W80-4 LEP."
NNSA's FY2019 budget documents also introduce a new component to the W76 LEP. NNSA notes that "the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review states that the United States will modify a small quantity of existing SLBM warheads to provide a low-yield option in the near-term." This warhead has been referred to as the W76-2. NNSA's FY2019 initial budget request did not request any funding specifically allocated to this modification, but did note that "as the Nuclear Weapons Council translates policy into military requirements, the Administration will work with Congress for appropriate authorizations and appropriations to develop options that support the modification." The White House, however, included $65 million funding for this modification in a budget amendment package submitted to Congress on April 13, 2018. This document states that the amendment would "authorize the production of low-yield ballistic missiles to replace higher-yield weapons currently deployed, maintaining the overall number of deployed U.S. ballistic missile warheads." It notes that a delay in the program past FY2019 "would require a restart of the W76 production line, increase costs, and delay delivery to the Department of Defense."
7 The enacted amounts for FY2018 and funding requests for FY2019, along with the legislative direction for FY2018, include the following:
According to NNSA, Stockpile Systems programs provide for routine maintenance, replacement of limited-life components, surveillance, and assessment of fielded systems for all weapons types in the active stockpile. NNSA requested $501.9 million for Stockpile Systems in FY2018; the House committee recommended the requested amount, the Senate committee recommended $475 million, and Congress approved $501.9 million.
NNSA has requested $619.5 million for Stockpile Systems in FY2019. According to the budget documents, the increase of $175.8 million includes funding needed to support the entry of the B61-12 into the stockpile and sustainment costs associated with the full integration of the W76 into the stockpile as the LEP completes its production run. It also supports ongoing surveillance and assessment programs that "ensure adequate understanding of the health of the stockpile."
The number of warheads in the U.S. stockpile has fallen sharply since the end of the Cold War, and continues to decline. According to a fact sheet released by the State Department, the stockpile peaked at 31,255 warheads in 1967, stood at 19,008 warheads in 1991, and declined to 4,571 warheads by 2015.
8 It had declined further, to 4,014 warheads by 2016. Warheads removed from the stockpile are awaiting dismantlement. The WDD program includes the interim storage of warheads to be dismantled; actual dismantlement; and disposition (i.e., storing or eliminating warhead components and materials). NNSA requested $68.9 million for WDD for FY2017, an increase over the appropriated level of $52 million in FY2016. According to NNSA, this increase was designed to support President Obama's commitment, pledged at the 2015 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference, to accelerate dismantlement of retired U.S. nuclear warheads by 20%. The Senate Energy and Water Development Appropriations Subcommittee approved this request and noted in its report (S.Rept. 114-236) that it supported the accelerated dismantlement plan "as a way of preparing its workforce for necessary stockpile production work beginning later this decade." The House subcommittee, however, objected to the accelerated dismantlement plan and reduced total funding for directed stockpile work. The final version of the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2017 (P.L. 115-31) allocated only $56 million to weapons dismantlement and disposition.
NNSA requested $56 million for warhead dismantlement in FY2018; Congress approved this amount. NNSA
has requested $56 million again in FY2019. The budget documents note that funding for this program is capped at $56 million at the direction of the FY2017 and FY2018 National Defense Authorization Acts. NNSA also notes that dismantlement activities serve as "a significant supplier of material for future nuclear weapons production and Naval Reactors." Unlike in previous years, however, the FY2019 budget documents do not reiterate the goal, supported by previous budgets, of dismantling weapons retired prior to FY2009 by FY2022.
According to NNSA's budget documents, programs under Stockpile Services "provide the logistical, mechanical and support foundation for all DSW operations that are applicable to multiple weapon system in the enduring stockpile." These activities include Production Support; Research and Development (R&D) Support; R&D Certification and Safety; Management, Technology, and Production; and Plutonium Infrastructure Sustainment. According to NNSA, "all enduring systems, LEPs, and dismantlements rely on Stockpile Services to provide the base development, production and logistics capability needed to meet program requirements." Stockpile Services also funds research, development, and production activities that support two or more weapons types, and work that is not identified or allocated to a specific weapon type.
NNSA requested $
983.8 million for FY2018. The House and Senate committees both approved this request, but Congress increased the funding to 998.8 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141 ). NNSA has requested $1,068.4 million for this program area in FY2019. The budget documents note that the increase of $178.2 million over the FY2018 request is "mainly due" to the increased level of activity needed to support the "increased LEP workload."
According to NNSA's budget request, this program, which was new in FY2016, "consolidates management of nuclear material processing capabilities within the nuclear security enterprise." The program includes Uranium, Plutonium and Tritium Sustainment, Domestic Uranium Enrichment, and Strategic Materials Sustainment.
NNSA requested $695.3 million for Strategic Materials in FY2018. Congress approved $708.7 million for FY2018 and noted that the increase in funding was to "support material de-inventory at the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research facility and to optimize material staging at the Nevada National Security Site."
has requested 1,002.4 million in FY2019. According to NNSA's budget documents, the substantial increase over FY2018 is needed "to meet future pit production and tritium requirements." Specifically, the budget request indicates that increases in the account for plutonium sustainment "support fabrication of four to five development" pits for the W87 warhead, investments to replace aging pit production equipment, and the installation of equipment that will increase pit production capacity. Moreover, as the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review emphasized the need to move forward on the design of a new pit production facility, the increased funding for plutonium sustainment also supports costs associated with design efforts that will support the "selection of a single preferred alternative for plutonium pit production beyond 30 war reserve pits per year." In addition, according to the budget documents, the increase in funding for domestic uranium enrichment "supports the start of an effort to down blend available stocks of highly enriched uranium for use in tritium production, which delays the need date for a domestic uranium enrichment capability."
According to NNSA's budget request, RDT&E includes five programs that focus on efforts "to develop and maintain critical capabilities, tools, and processes needed to support science based stockpile stewardship, refurbishment, and continued certification of the stockpile over the long-term in the absence of underground nuclear testing." It funds not only the science and engineering programs, but also large experimental facilities, such as the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
NNSA requested $
2,028.4 million for RDT&E programs in FY2018. The House committee recommended $2003.6 million, while the Senate committee recommended $1,964 million. Congress included 2,034.4 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141). NNSA has requested $1,995.4 million for RDT&E programs in FY2019.
Specific programs under RDT&E include the following.
According to NNSA's budget documents, the Science Program provides "the knowledge and expertise, and the confidence needed to maintain the nuclear stockpile without nuclear testing." It performs experiments that allow NNSA to understand the physics of nuclear explosions and to validate nuclear weapons performance simulations. Its goals include improving the ability to assess warhead performance without nuclear testing, improving readiness to conduct nuclear tests should the need arise, and maintaining the scientific infrastructure of the nuclear weapons laboratories. According to NNSA, this program provides the basis for annual assessments of weapon performance, the understanding of the impacts of surveillance findings to ensure that the nuclear stockpile continues to meet military requirements, and the core technical expertise required to be responsive to global nuclear security policy questions.
NNSA requested $
487.5 million for the Science program in FY2018; Congress approved $474.5 million. This included an increase over FY2017 of $21 million for the Dynamic Materials Properties Program and $50.7 million for a new program area, Enhanced Capabilities for Subcritical Experiments. According to the budget documents, the increase in the Dynamic Materials Properties Program would support "an acceleration of the pace of subcritical experiment execution " at the Nevada National Security Site, and supports changes in the facility that will allow an increased pace and greater flexibility for subcritical experiments. Congress reduced the request for this program area by $10.6 million.
NNSA has requested $564.9 million for the Science Program in FY2019. According to the budget documents, the largest increase in FY2019 is in the Dynamic Materials Properties (DMP) subprogram. This increase "supports an acceleration of the pace of subcritical experiment execution at the Nevada National Security Site underground laboratory complex.... This will facilitate the increased pace, as well as greater flexibility and relevance of subcritical experiments using plutonium."
The Engineering Program is responsible for "creating and maturing advanced toolsets and capabilities necessary to maintain a safe, secure, and effective nuclear weapons stockpile and enhance nuclear weapon safety, security, and use-control." According to NNSA, this program "matur[es] advanced technologies to improve weapon surety; provid[es] the tools for qualifying weapon components and certifying weapons without underground testing; and support[s] annual stockpile assessments."
NNSA requested $
193.1 million for the Engineering Program for FY2018; Congress provided $183.1 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018. The FY2018 budget request included $40 million for a new program area, Stockpile Responsiveness; Congress provided $30 million. This program was created in response to congressional direction, and will establish a joint working group with the DOD that will pursue "efforts that sustain, enhance, and exercise capabilities required to conceptualize, study, design, develop, engineer, certify, produce, and deploy nuclear weapons to ensure the U.S. nuclear deterrent remains safe, secure, reliable, credible, and responsive."
NNSA has requested $211.4 million for FY2019. According to the budget documents, this request includes funding to conduct "a robust Stockpile Responsiveness Program in coordination with DOD."
This program is developing tools to create extremely high temperatures and pressures in the laboratory—approaching those of a nuclear explosion—to support weapons-related research and to attract scientific talent to the Stockpile Stewardship Program. The centerpiece of this campaign is the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the world's largest laser, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. NIF is intended to produce "ignition," the point at which a nuclear fusion reaction generates more energy than is used by the lasers to create the reaction. While achieving ignition has been delayed, NIF has nonetheless proven to be of value to stockpile stewardship at energy levels that do not reach ignition. NIF was controversial in Congress for many years, but controversy waned as the program progressed. NIF was dedicated in May 2009.
9 The program also supports the Z Facility at the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and the Omega Laser Facility (Omega) at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE).
NNSA requested $
533 million for this program area in FY2018, with $326 million allocated to the programs at NIF, $66.9 million allocated to the Omega Laser Facility, and $57.5 million allocated to the Z Facility at Sandia. The Senate committee recommended $545 million for this program area, with $344 million allocated to NIF, $61.6 million for the Z facility, and $75 million for the Omega Laser facility. The House committee recommended $523 million, of which $330 million was allocated to NIF and $68 million was allocated to the OMEGA Laser Facility. The House committee also expressed its concerns with that lack of progress towards ignition at NIF, and requested a report from NNSA that would provide a plan "with specific performance milestones for its experimental activities" over five years.
In the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), Congress approved $544.9 million for this program area. Within this total, it allocated $344 million for NIF, $75 million the for Omega Laser facility, and $8 million for the Naval Research Laboratory.
NNSA has requested $419 million for this program area in FY2019. Within this total, NNSA has requested $258.8 million for NIF, $63.1 million for the Z facility (with an additional $55 million for the Z facility coming from the Science program) and $40.4 million for the Omega Laser Facility.
The ASC program develops computation-based models of nuclear weapons that integrate data from other campaigns, past test data, and laboratory experiments, to create what NNSA calls "the computational surrogate for nuclear testing to determine weapon behavior." NNSA notes that "modeling the extraordinary complexity of nuclear weapons systems is essential to maintaining confidence in the performance of our aging stockpile without underground testing." This program also supports nonproliferation, emergency response, and nuclear forensics.
NNSA requested $
734.2 million for this program in FY2018, showing a significant increase over FY2016 and FY2017. According to NNSA's budget documents, the increased funding would support "program requirements that transition integrated codes to work efficiently on emerging high performance computers; develop next-generation codes; maintain computing resources and facilities; and resource work with industry to assure NNSA requirements continue to be addressed as high-performance computing evolves." The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), provides $721 million for this program area, with $161 million allocated to the exascale initiative and $12 million for "advanced memory technology research to address exascale technical challenges." NNSA has requested $703.4 million for FY2019. According to the budget documents, this funding will continue "NNSA's Exascale activities to include infrastructure upgrade projects to prepare for siting of future Exascale computing platforms."
Through FY2015, this program was called the Readiness Campaign. It had several subprograms, but the entire FY2015 request was for the Nonnuclear Readiness subprogram, which "develops capabilities to manufacture components used for Directed Stockpile Work." Congress did not fund this program in FY2015, and, instead, recommended that NNSA establish an Advanced Manufacturing Development program "to develop, demonstrate, and utilize advanced technologies that are needed to enhance the NNSA's secure manufacturing capabilities and ensure timely support for the production of nuclear weapons and other critical national security components."
10 According to NNSA, this program allows it to significantly reduce cost and schedule risk associated with the development and production of stockpile components by exploring the development of an array of advanced technologies and then ensure those technologies can be used to produce components for the stockpile.
NNSA requested $80.5 million for this program area in FY2018; Congress approved $85.5 million.
According to NNSA's budget documents, this funding would, among other things, allow it to "further understand additive manufacturing and its potential, develop new and/or improve base technologies that apply to multiple weapons, and to produce and manufacture technologies for the nuclear security enterprise." NNSA has requested $96.8 million for this program area in FY2019.
Prior to FY2016, the Infrastructure and Operations Program area was known as Readiness in Technical Base and Facilities. According to NNSA's budget documents, funding for this program "maintains, operates, and modernizes the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) infrastructure." It not only provides "a comprehensive approach to arresting the declining state of NNSA infrastructure while maximizing return on investment," but also "constructs state-of-the-art facilities, infrastructure, and scientific tools" needed to maintain a safe, secure, and effective nuclear arsenal. There is widespread agreement that NNSA's infrastructure is in need of significant upgrades, with some facilities dating from early in the nuclear age. NNSA requested a nearly 20% increase in funding for I&O in FY2017, from the level of $2,279.1 million enacted in for FY2016 to $2,722 million requested for FY2017. Congress allocated $2,808.4 million in FY2017, $86.4 million more than the budget request. This level declined slightly in the FY2018 budget, with a request for $2,803.1 million. The House committee added $5.2 million, returning the budget to the FY2017 level of 2,808.4 million. The Senate committee reduced the request, approving 2,722.1 million for FY2018. However, Congress provided $3,117.8 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141.)
NNSA has requested $3,002.7 million for this program area in FY2019. The budget documents note that the increase in funding over the 2018 request is designed to "continue the long-term effort to reverse the declining state of NNSA infrastructure, improve working conditions of NNSA's aging facilities and equipment, and address safety and programmatic risks."
Specific programs under I&O include the following.
The Operations of Facilities program includes the funding needed to "operate NNSA facilities in a safe and secure manner." It contains, essentially, the operating budgets for each of the eight NNSA sites, funding such areas as "water and electrical utilities; safety systems; lease agreements; and activities associated with Federal, state, and local environmental, and worker safety and health regulations." NNSA requested $868 million for this program area in FY2018. According to NNSA's budget documents, this budget would support necessary work on transuranic waste in preparation for shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP); the transition to operations of new waste facilities at Los Alamos National Lab; and rising reimbursement requirements for Savannah River Nuclear Solutions pension plans at SRS. Congress approved $848.4 million for this program area
. The House committee had mandated that "no funding is provided to prepare transuranic waste at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)." It argued that there was insufficient capacity at WIPP "due to the degraded status of its ventilation system." Congress, however, included funding to prepare and ship transuranic waste but noted that, prior to the use of these funds "the NNSA's Office of Cost Estimating and Program Evaluation shall conduct a comparative analysis of the costs and benefits of shipping TRU waste from LLNL to Idaho for processing that includes consideration of the benefits of compacting waste for disposal in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant."
has requested $891 million for this program area in FY2019. According to the budget documents, the funding increase would "provide for transitioning new facilities to operations, lease payments, and programmatic tempo increases." There is no mention, in the budget, of preparing transuranic waste for shipment to WIPP.
According to NNSA's budget documents, the Safety and Environmental Operations program "support[s] safe, efficient operation of the nuclear security enterprise through the provision of safety data; environmental monitoring; and nuclear material packaging." NNSA requested $
116 million for FY2018 and $122 million for FY2019 . Congress approved $110 million for FY2018.
The Maintenance and Repair of Facilities funds the "recurring day-to-day work required to sustain and preserve NNSA facilities and equipment in a condition suitable for their designated purpose." This is the program area that addresses the backlog in deferred maintenance at NNSA facilities. NNSA requested $294 million for this program area in FY2017; Congress provided $324 million as a part of the effort to address the backlog. NNSA requested $360 million for this program area in FY2018. In the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), Congress provided $515.1 million. It noted that it had included "funds above the budget request to address the significant backlog of deferred maintenance at the NNSA's sites and to make progress on the direction provided in the Fiscal Year 2012 Energy and Water Appropriations Act to establish standardized policies for the direct funding of facility and infrastructure maintenance costs at each of the NNSA sites."
has requested $365 million for this program area in FY2019. The budget documents note that, at the direction of Congress and the 2018 NDAA, NNSA has created an Infrastructure Modernization Initiative (IMI) to reduce deferred maintenance and repair needs across the enterprise "by not less than 30 percent by 2025."
According to NNSA, the Recapitalization program is key to arresting the declining state of NNSA infrastructure. The program, which funds two subprograms—Infrastructure and Safety and Capabilities-Based Investments—is intended to address obsolete support and safety systems, revitalize aging facilities, and improve the reliability, efficiency, and capability of core infrastructure. This is a key area where NNSA sought to increase funding in FY2017. NNSA requested $667.3 million for FY2017, an increase of almost 90% over the appropriated level of $352.5 million in FY2016. In the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017, Congress provided $743.1 million, as a part of the effort to address the deteriorating infrastructure and backlog of deferred maintenance at NNSA facilities.
NNSA requested $427.3 million in FY2018, showing a reduction from the FY2017 appropriation. Budget documents note that this reduction reflected the completion of the work at the Bannister Federal Complex in Kansas City. Congress, however, provided $612.6 million for this program area, noting it had included "funds above the budget request to address the NNSA's high-risk excess facilities and deferred maintenance."
NNSA has requested $540.7 million in FY2019 .
According to NNSA's budget documents, the Construction program focuses on two primary objectives: identifying construction projects that are needed to support the objectives of the weapons program and developing and executing of these projects within approved cost and schedule baselines. NNSA is currently planning or managing 20 projects through this program area. This includes two controversial and expensive projects—the Uranium Processing Facility (UPF) at the Y-12 National Security Complex (TN) and the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement (CMRR) Project, which deals with plutonium, at Los Alamos National Laboratory (NM). Both have been significantly revised over the past several years due to cost growth and schedule slippage.
NNSA requested $1031.8 million for Construction in FY2018. Within this total, it requested $663 million for UPF and $180.9 million for CMRR. The budget documents note that FY2018 funding would allow it to initiate construction and procurement for UPF's Main Process Building, Mechanical Electrical Building, and Salvage and Accountability Building subprojects. It also noted that the funding would support continued construction in CMRR to sustain plutonium science activities. The Senate committee recommended the requested amount for UPF, but the House committee recommended only $620 million for UPF. It noted, in its report, that this had been the expected FY2018 appropriation in FY2017. The committee deferred the funding that NNSA had requested "to address project cost growth until a full independent cost estimate has been provided to the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress."
In the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), Congress provided $663 million for UPF and $177.2 million for CMRR.
has requested $1,091 million for construction in FY2019. Within this total, it has requested $703 million for UPF and $235.1 million for CMRR. The budget documents note that NNSA remains "committed to complete UPF by 2025 for no more than $6,500 million," assuming consistent and stable funding for the program. The documents also note that NNSA plans to move forward with three sub-projects under CMRR that have already received funding and to begin design work on two additional sub-projects.
Weapons Activities has several smaller programs, including the following.
This program provides for safe and secure transport of nuclear weapons, components, and materials. It includes special vehicles for this purpose, communications and other supporting infrastructure, and threat response. NNSA requested $282.7 million for this program area in FY2017. NNSA noted that this budget request was 19% greater than the FY2016 enacted level, but stated that this funding was necessary to continue to modernize the program's transportation assets and to improve its workforce capabilities. This included increasing the number of federal agents working on the program, a number that was 20% below full staffing levels; maintaining and replacing critical vehicles; and resuming candidate training classes that had been cancelled for several years due to budget shortfalls. In the Consolidated Appropriations Act for 2017, Congress provided $249 million for this program area.
NNSA requested $325 million for FY2018; Congress approved $291.1 million. NNSA noted that the significant increase over FY2017 levels was needed to develop specialized vehicles, maintain a force of well-trained agents, and sustain a robust communication system. Specifically, the funding will support the development and testing of a new vehicle, the Mobile Guardian Transporter (MGT).
NNSA has requested $278.6 million for this program area in FY2019 . While this represents a 12% increase over the funds enacted in FY2017, it falls short of the level NNSA had requested in FY2018. Nevertheless, in its budget documents, NNSA indicates that this funding increase will allow it to continue to support improvements in its specialize vehicles and staffing needs.
According to NNSA's budget documents, this program "provides protection for NNSA personnel, facilities, and nuclear weapons and materials from a full spectrum of threats, ranging from local security incidents to terrorism." It provides operations, maintenance, and construction funds for protective forces, physical security systems, and personnel security. NNSA requested $670.1 million for Defense Nuclear Security in FY2017. The request noted that funding would help fill vacant positions in key security programs at NNSA sites. Congress provided $685.5 million for this program area in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017.
NNSA requested $687 million for Defense Nuclear Security in FY2018; Congress approved $770.5 million. As was the case in FY2017, the budget documents indicate that the funding will allow NNSA to fill positions in key security program areas at the sites, and will provide planning and conceptual design funds for projects to sustain and recapitalize the Perimeter Intrusion Detection and Assessment Systems (PIDAS) at the Pantex Plant and Y-12 site.
NNSA has requested $690 million for this program area in FY2019.
According to NNSA's budget documents, this program provides funding "to develop information technology and cybersecurity solutions, including continuous monitoring, and security technologies to help meet increased proliferation-resistance and security." It also funds programs to consolidate NNSA's IT services. NNSA requested
$186.7 million for this program area in FY2018 and $221.2 million in FY2019. Congress approved the budget request for FY2018. The budget documents indicate that the increases "continue recapitalization of the Enterprise Secure Network, modernize the federal and site Cybersecurity infrastructure, and implement the Identity Control and Access Management project at NNSA Headquarters and site elements."
For many decades, the University of California (UC) operated Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories. Laboratory employees, as UC employees, could participate in the UC pension plan. When the contracts for the labs' operations were taken over by private corporations, the contracts between DOE and the new laboratory operators included provisions that provided pensions to employees who had worked under the UC contract that mirrored the UC pension benefits. These pensions were larger than those provided to employees hired after the contracts were granted to private employers. To make up the difference, NNSA has paid into the pension plan for those current employees who formerly worked under the UC system. NNSA requested, and Congress appropriated, $
248.5 million in the Weapons Activities Account in FY2017. NNSA requested $232 million for FY2018 and $162.3 million in FY2019. Congress approved the budget request for FY2018.
Author Contact Information
This report revises and updates work prepared by Dr. Jonathan Medalia.
For a history of the nuclear weapons program and related topics, 1939-2010, see U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, "NNSA Timeline," http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourhistory/timeline.
Congressional Advisory Panel on the Governance of the Nuclear Security Enterprise, "A New Foundation for the Nuclear Enterprise," November 2014, pp. ix-x, http://cdn.knoxblogs.com/atomiccity/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/12/Governance.pdf?_ga=1.83182294.1320535883.1415285934.
Joe Biden, "The President's Nuclear Vision," Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2010.
The White House, "The New START Treaty—Maintaining a Strong Nuclear Deterrent," Fact Sheet, May 13, 2010, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2010/05/20100514114003xjsnommis0.6300318.html#axzz44scaKFT1.
This amendment banned testing before July 1, 1993, set conditions on a resumption of testing, and then banned testing after September 1996 unless another nation tested. The United States signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which banned all nuclear explosive tests. Although Congress voted against giving its consent to ratification of this Treaty in 1999, and the Treaty has not yet entered into force, the United States continues to observe a moratorium on nuclear explosive testing.
Department of Energy, Budget Request For FY2019, Volume I, National Nuclear Security Administration, Washington, DC, February 2016, https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/02/f49/DOE-FY2019-Budget-Volume-1.pdf.
Aaron Mehta, "Trump administration repurposes $65 million for new nuclear warhead design," Defense News, April 17, 2018, https://www.defensenews.com/smr/nuclear-triad/2018/04/17/trump-administration-repurposes-65-million-for-new-nuclear-warhead-design/.
U.S. Department of Defense, Stockpile Numbers, End of Fiscal Years 1962-2016. May 2016, http://open.defense.gov/Portals/23/Documents/frddwg/2015_Tables_UNCLASS.pdf.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "Dedication of World's Largest Laser Marks the Dawn of a New Era," press release, May 29, 2009, https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/news_releases/2009/NR-09-05-05.html.
U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies, Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill, 2015, Report, 113th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 113-486.


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Last updated on October 3rd, 2018 at 12:20 pm
This adorable Hoppy Easter SVG is just the thing for Easter baby bodysuits and kids' t-shirts, as well as on cute Easter decor and Easter basket stuffers!
Easter falls early this year, so if you're looking for a last-minute shirt to make for your little, one, hop on over and download this adorable Hoppy Easter SVG! It's perfect not only for t-shirts but would be so cute on an Easter pillow, pennant, or even on a Easter tote bag full of all sorts of Easter goodies. A few ideas include:
Peeps (the bunnies, of course)
Cadbury Creme Eggs
Jelly Beans
Chocolate Bunny
Download the Hoppy Easter SVG Here
This file was free through 3/28/18. Now you can get it in our shop! If you want to be notified of flash freebies, join our mailing list!
More Easter Fun
- Fitted Mask SVG Pattern for Cricut Maker - April 3, 2020
- Nurse & Healthcare Worker SVG Bundle - April 3, 2020
- Printable Reading Challenge for Kids - April 2, 2020

subset: commoncrawl


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A Lexington man was charged with drug trafficking after selling substances to an undercover officer from the Davidson County Sheriff's Office, according to an arrest report.
Matthew Scott Hooper, 17, of 146 Crestwood Circle, was charged with two counts of trafficking opium or heroin and misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia.
The arrest report said Hooper sold 15 hydrocodone pills to detective C. T. Goforth. The suspect also possessed a clear plastic bag to package and store controlled substances, according to the report. The charges were the result of an ongoing drug investigation by the Davidson County Sheriff's Office Vice Narcotics Unit, according to a press release.
Hooper is being held under a $20,000 bond. His court date is Aug. 17.


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A Walk in the GardenPlease join me for A Walk in the Garden: a way of sharing gardening observations, spiced I hope with a dash of experience, a dollop of opinion, a slice of irreverence, a spoonful of love for plants, and a cup full of memories.
Download Guess What's in My Garden!My ebook is available for iPad/iPhone, Kindle, and Nook. Click on the appropriate link below.
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Tag Archives: candytuft
In a Vase on Monday:
Warmer weather has brought a touch of early spring to my garden as a number of plants are beginning to put on their colorful best. It is a delight to be able to join Cathy at Rambling in the Garden, the originator … Continue reading
Posted in Gardening, In a Vase on Monday Tagged camellias, candytuft, ipheion, loropetalum 'Rubra', muscari, Rambling in the Garden 17 Comments
In a Vase on Monday: Recent Arrivals
I am happy to share some of the first spring blossoms from our Encore azaleas and the sweet bluebells, both of which have opened in the past week. My Arranger selected the silver cup given to her at her baptism to … Continue reading
Posted in Gardening, In a Vase on Monday Tagged candytuft, Encore azalea, English bluebell, Rambling in the Garden 29 Comments
Garden Bloggers' Bloom Day: 15 April 2016
Today is Garden Bloggers' Bloom Day; Carol at May Dreams Garden invites us to share photographs of what is blooming in our gardens on the fifteenth of each month. Much is happening in our garden as plants are coming to life and … Continue reading
Posted in Gardening, GBBD Tagged Ajuga reptans Mahogany, Bath's Pink dianthus, bluebells, candytuft, clematis, Deutzia gracilis Chardonnay Pearls, Encore azalea 'Autumn Twist', Etoile Violette, Henryii, Itoh peony Keiko, Lantana Banana Peach, Phlox Emerald Blue, Viburnum Summer Snowflake, Weigela Wine and Roses 20 Comments
In a Vase on Monday: Menton Tulips
Many of my tulips are up and blooming now, so I thought it might be a good time to include a few In a Vase on Monday this week. These are 'Menton.' We added the Ajuga reptans 'Mahogany' and Iberis sempervirens … Continue reading
Posted in Gardening, In a Vase on Monday Tagged Barberry Aurea, candytuft, Japanese cleyera, Menton tulip, Rambling in the Garden, tulip, Waterford 28 Comments
In a Vase on Monday
It's Monday and time for the weekly vase. Cathy at Rambling in the Garden invites us each week to gather flowers from our gardens and bring them in to fill a vase inside. The first Encore azaleas and the annual ranunculus provide the … Continue reading
In a Vase on Monday: Early January
Well, it's Monday, time for another Vase. The rain and cold temperatures of the past week have left me with little options for this week's vase. However, there is a bit of color in the garden today that will bear … Continue reading
Posted in Gardening, In a Vase on Monday Tagged Autumn fern, candytuft, Dryopteris erythrosora, Iberis sempervirens Candytuft, pansy, viola 12 Comments
The Old and The New
During the last ten days of 2015 we received eight inches of rain in my garden. We are not alone as heavy, often damaging rains have occurred over the US and in the UK. There were flood warnings out again yesterday, but the County … Continue reading


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Farewell and great travels, DavidApr 9th, 2018 | By Annette Taylor
AFTER 21 years as principal of Gordonton School, David McNair tells N8N's Annette Taylor he is taking up a new position called Life. "This will involve getting back into golf, tennis, bike riding, walking, singing, playing guitar and perhaps learning basic Greek and Spanish. I'd also like to travel – I'd love to do a
[continue reading…]


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Send a Smile 4 Kids Early Holidays Wishes
Happy October! This year has just flown by but we are coming into my absolute favorite time of the year. Today, I'm posting some early holiday inspiration for the Send a Smile 4 Kids "holiday" challenge. Send a Smile 4 Kids is a great organization that provides cards to hospitalized children who I'm sure can use some holiday cheer this time of year. We all know how hard it is to be away from your family, so how about entering the challenge and sending in some cards for kids? Check out the guidelines here.
The sponsors for this challenge are:
Bugaboo who is offering a prize of: 7 images of winner choice
Dies R Us who is offering a prize of: $15.00 Gift Certificate
My card today features the sweet Bugaboo Bear called, "Ornaments Bear". I colored him up with Copic Markers and stenciled white pigment ink using a stencil over pattern paper. The oval die is by My Favorite things.
I hope you'll join us over at Send a Smile 4 Kids for the Early Holiday Challenge. You have until Friday, October 14th to enter.
Posted on October 1, 2016, in Send a Smile 4 Kids, Uncategorized and tagged Bugaboo Digital Image, Copic Markers, My Favorite Things Die. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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In the midst of this presidential election everyone is talking about (tongue firmly in cheek), Fianna Fail have their gaze set on an all more important prize than the highest office in the land. The Fianna Fail organization in Roscommon have letters out seeking nominations for next summer's local election. Nominations for candidates to contest the selection convention in the Boyle Local Electoral Area must be returned to Fianna Fail headquarters by 5 pm on the 30th of October.
Rumour has it, that former parliamentary assistant to Eugene Murphy TD, Selina Galvin, has secured the five nominations she requires to contest the convention, should she choose to use them. The extremely capable businesswoman and community activist is a well-known member of Fianna Fail and has been for some years now. She is a bright, dynamic, and competent operator and will be a serious contender if she chooses to go forward.
It is understood that Patsy Feehily, a mechanic from Strokestown and life-long friend of Eugene Murphy, has opted not to put his name forward at convention. However, PJ Murray, also from Strokestown, is understood to be open to receiving a nomination, but has not yet been actively canvassing. Sitting county councillor, Joe Murphy, is assumed to have the requisite nominations also.
Fianna Fail's John Cummins (Boyle), Rachel Doherty (Cootehall), and Joe Murphy (Strokestown) currently hold three of the six seats in the Boyle Municipal District, making it the strongest party in the area. The other seats are held by; Fine Gael councillor Liam Callaghan (Castlerea), Sinn Fein councillor Michael Mulligan (Ballaghaderreen), and independent councillor Valerie Byrne (Elphin).
Fianna Fail may well adopt a multi-candidate strategy in the greater Strokestown area in order to ensure they retain their foothold in the area, which may see Joe Murphy joined on the ticket. Fianna Fail will certainly have to run a candidate from the Ballaghaderreen area also, given that they have no sitting councillor in that part of the municipal district. Given this, it may be possible that Fianna Fail would run five candidates in the expectation of securing three seats. That's assuming that they realise that they cannot increase their seat count in the electoral area. If they do adopt this strategy, Ms Galvin is perfectly positioned to run along with candidates in Strokestown and Ballaghaderreen.
The latest political news from Roscommon, Longford, and Leitrim.
December 2018
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No. 3032
No. 3032
Seamwork members can download new patterns like Catarina each month. Membership starts at just $5.83 per month!Join Seamwork Now
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Catarina is a midi-length dress designed to flatter a variety of figures. The gathered skirt, tie and elasticized waist, figure-skimming top, and adjustable shoulder straps give you the flexibility to adjust this dress to fit your shape.
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The family saga is a genre of literature which chronicles the lives and doings of a family or a number of related or interconnected families over a period of time. In novels (or sometimes sequences of novels) with a serious intent, this is often a thematic device used to portray particularly historical events, changes of social circumstances, or the ebb and flow of fortunes from a multiplicity of perspectives.
The typical family saga follows generations of a family through a period of history in a series of novels. A number of sub-genres of the form exist such as the AGA saga.
Successful writers of popular family sagas include Susan Howatch, R. F. Delderfield and Philippa Carr.
Examples of family sagas of literary note include:
See also


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12 February 2019 - 14 February 201912:00 AM-12:00 AM
With a level of uncertainty around the outcome of Brexit, including far reaching consequences that could affect New Zealand exporters, NZTE is holding a series of seminars to help New Zealand exporters to prepare.
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Seminar dates
Auckland (Registrations CLOSED) - Tuesday 12 February, 9:30am-11:00am
Wellington (Registrations CLOSED) - Wednesday 13 February, 12:30pm-2:00pm
Christchurch (Registrations CLOSED) - Thursday 14 February, 10:30am-12:00pm
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Missed the seminars?
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November 9-11, 2020
The Forager, San Jose, CA
Platinum sponsorship level includes:
The Platinum sponsorship comes with one of the following enhancements:
Registration: A major branding opportunity! Make a first impression as your company logo is included on the registration page of the event website, online registration form and signage at the onsite registration desk.
Wi-Fi: Essential to the attendee experience, help get attendees connected as the official Wi-Fi sponsor. You'll receive recognition throughout the event as we promote the network name and password which you can customize.
Mobile App: The event mobile app puts the entire conference in the palm of the attendees' hands. As the exclusive sponsor, your message and art will appear on the splash page each time the app is opened, on a banner ad and in three push notifications. Your company logo will receive recognition on the event website, in pre-show emails and in onsite materials promoting the app.
Seat Cushion: Give attendees a bit of comfort and get some exposure while you're at it! Each chair in the session room will have removable, reusable seat cushions with your company logo on it. This is something attendees are sure to bring home and use time and time again.
Lanyards: Badge lanyards are an excellent way to wrap your brand around your target market. Given to every attendee to wear around their neck, the continued eye-level exposure won't be missed. Lanyards also appear in almost every picture—talk about value!
Custom Conference Chair Covers: Make a lasting impression in the session room with custom chair back covers for the conference chairs with your company logo.
Gold sponsorship level includes:
The Gold sponsorship comes with one of the following enhancements:
Breakfast: The way to an attendee's heart is through their stomach! Receive logo recognition wherever the breakfast is listed in our printed marketing materials and event website and a company logo sign on every table. (2 Available)
Lunch: Like breakfast, the way to an attendee's heart is through their stomach! Receive logo recognition wherever the lunch is listed in our printed marketing materials and event website and a company logo sign on every table. (2 Available)
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Silver sponsorship level includes:
The Silver sponsorship comes with one of the following enhancements:
Journal Sponsor: All attendees will receive a journal branded with your company logo that they can use to keep notes from the sessions or use later.
Meter Panel: Display your message on a double-sided (39" x 96") four-color sign in the main conference foyer. (Sponsor provided art)
Banner Ad: Choose to run a banner ad for three months online. Select from the following:
(310) 533-2530
[email protected]
(248) 601-2005
[email protected]


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Whatcom Community CollegeHome Whatcom Community College. Core themes: Achieving Success. Building Community. Advancing Equity. Enhancing Effectiveness.Home Menu
Chuckanut Writers Conference
Please note that we are closely monitoring developments related to COVID-19. We will post updates here as soon as possible. For now, we are moving forward with the hope that we will be able to gather here at Whatcom Community College on June 26-27, 2020.
Welcome to the Chuckanut Writers Conference!
We hope you'll join us as we celebrate the tenth annual Chuckanut Writers Conference on Friday and Saturday, June 26 and 27, 2020, to continue our mission—to profoundly inspire your writing life. In support of this mission, we've gathered a renowned faculty and developed a dynamic program with an unwavering commitment to excellence. We invite you to take part in this unique event, one we hope you'll remember for years to come.
To connect with the conference on social media, follow us on Facebook and Instagram. Sign up for our e-newsletter to receive updates regarding 2020 faculty, registration, lodging information, and more!
Chuckanut Writers Conference Testimonials from Chuckanut Writers Conference on Vimeo.


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Ila May Hall Bowen, 93, a long time Montana resident, passed away Thursday April 18, 2019 at Eagle Cliff Manor in Billings.
Ila was born May 20,1925 in Stillwater, OK to Charles and Pansey (Meek) Hall.
She married Graden Michel of Scobey, MT and they raised their family there.
She later resided in Miles City, MT and Rexburg, ID where she married Dee Bowen.
Ila is survived by two daughters; Joyce Cavanaugh of Billings and Patti Miller of Hulett, WY. She is also survived by numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
Ila was preceded in death by her parents and a son, Charles.
Cremation has taken place and private family services will be held at a later date.


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Time: 9:00am – 10:15am
Links to our Livestream
"Look among the nations, and see; wonder and be astounded. For I am doing a work in your days that you would not believe if told. Habakkuk 1:5
9:00 am
10:45 am
9:00 am
10:45 am
26180 Plateau Way
Tehachapi, CA 93561
© 2020 Bear Valley Church: Tehachapi, CA | Site Map
Church Plant Media


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Nathan Williamson sidelined by broken foot
Invercargill horseman Nathan Williamson is in the spelling paddock for a while after a horse stood on his foot, breaking some bones, early last week.
Williamson's foot is in a caste for four weeks and he could be on the sidelines for up to two months.
"Your feet get stood on all the time when you're training horses and you don't think too much about it," said Williamson.
"I thought it was just a bad bruise but when it wasn't coming right by the end of last week, I thought I'd better get it look at and it turned out there were some small broken bones."
This is the first time Williamson has been laid up by an injury and he admits it took a few days for him "to get his head around it".
"I've got a good staff of four but that's just for the mornings and I normally do the afternoons by myself.
"The wife and father-in-law have been very helpful but I'll have to get something more organised with a lot of horses coming back into work over the winter."
If there was any consolation, the broken foot could have happened at a much worse time.
"I was lucky in that respect because I got through Diamonds Day and I don't have a big team in work for the winter, what with the Southland season winding down now.
"And I don't have a horse or a drive in the Jewels at this stage.
"If something came up I could hope for a speedy recovery and look for an early clearance from the doctor."
Williamson had drives in the three features on Diamonds Day at Ascot Park and finished third in the Southern Supremacy with stable runner Franco Santino, his best pacer at present.
Williamson has joined his best trotter Dark Horse in rehab though.
She suffered a hind suspensory ligament injury earlier this year and has had an operation.
"She's still being boxed and just walked daily and is three months away from jogging.
"She's still a young mare so if we're patient now, we should get two to three more seasons of racing with her."
- NZ Harness News
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Handbook home
Food Microbiology and Safety (FOOD20006)
Undergraduate level 2Points: 12.5On Campus (Parkville)
You're currently viewing the 2019 version of this subject
About this subject
- Overview
- Eligibility and requirements
- Assessment
- Dates and times
- Further information
- Timetable(opens in new window)
Contact information
Please refer to the specific study period for contact information.
Semester 2
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Microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and other agents) can be associated with food in several ways:
- As components of the fermentation processes that are associated with the development of flavours and textures of food and its preservation
- As the normal microflora that is associated with the origins of the food and persist during storage, possibly contributing to food spoilage
- As contaminants that enter food during processing or through subsequent mishandling, often posing public health risks
However, as foods must be safe and fit for human consumption, this subject aims to familiarise students with major food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms.
The content will cover:
- The kinetics of bacterial growth and the factors that may alter this (water activity, low pH, temperature, preservatives)
- The principles of modelling growth
- The principles of hazard and risk assessment in microbiological safety
- The role of microbes in food processing, including examples of specific fermentation processes and waste treatment
Practical exercises and case studies will be undertaken to provide an in-depth understanding of the regulatory framework of food safety
Intended learning outcomes
On completion of the subject students should be able to:
- Describe concepts of normal flora and pathogenic microbes
- Understand how microbes interact and impact on food
- Understand the basics of identifying, classifying and enumerating microbes important in agri-food systems
- Use bright field light microscopy as a tool for identifying microbes
- Use aseptic techniques for the transfer and handling enumerating and identifying microorganisms in food samples
Generic skills
On completion of this subject students should have developed the following generic skills:
- Enhanced skills in preparing reports based on practical experience
- Ability to analyse and integrate information from published and publicly available literature
- Teamwork capability for completion of case study tasks in a timely fashion
Last updated: 10 April 2020


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The Norma Jane Project
Your cleaning services have been pre-paid by an angel...
In 1950, a woman named Norma Jane Hux was born. She was a caring, loving, considerate, and selfless person. She was a wife and mother of 3 children: Aaron, Ashley, and Jennifer. Jane was diagnosed with breast cancer in her late 40s, and fought and won that battle. After 10 years of being clear, she was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. She lost her battle but won the war by going to heaven, from being such an angel during her time here on earth. Before her passing she was blessed with her 9th grandchild, a granddaughter she always prayed to have. During her rounds of chemo, we did all we could to lighten the load for her and her husband, Jimmy. Through all of this, we didn't realize how important one of the things we did was to her and her family, which was sending our cleaners over for no charge once in a while.


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Class Details
Class Name: Autumn Splendor
Class Cost: $30.00 (plus supplies)
Class Length: 2.5 hours
Class Level: Novice
Prerequisite: Peyote Homework
Bonus: In an effort to ensure that students achieve successful results in class, as well as to keep the cost of the class low, we request that students purchase class supplies or class kit from Crystal Creations Bead Institute. On all PAID classes, students will receive 10% off all applicable class supplies and/or required kits for class project. Class discounts do not apply for FREE Classes, FREE Workshops, or Guest Teacher kits which are brought in by teachers.
Class Description:
This is an original Crystal Creations Bracelet. You will learn 3 different leaves, that adorn a peyote stitch base, followed by sprigs of crystals. In the class we will discuss different color pallets, as well as ways to create hidden closures or button/ snap closures. The project will not be completed in class. Previous beading experience is highly suggested. There is homework for the peyote base.
Our Guarantee:
We search the beading world, from coast to coast, for inspiration, ideas and talent to share with you! It�s our very great pleasure to bring you the finest guest teachers � and to watch you grow and learn from them. We think it�s exciting � that�s why we�re one of the few bead shops in the country that sponsor guest instructors.
Cancellation Policy:
Due to limited seating all classes are pre-paid at sign up. Guest Teacher classes are non-refundable, and non-exchangeable, unless canceled by Crystal Creations. All monies paid go toward entry to the event. Monies paid can not be applied towards any other classes or items. If you can not make the class, consider sending someone in your place.
Crystal Creations in house classes require a 24 hour notice to be able to exchange to another date or class. No refunds will be given unless the class is canceled by Crystal Creations. No Shows will forfeit all monies paid towards the class.


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10 Start-Up Tips For A Thriving Real Estate Business In Nigeria
All over the world the real estate business is one sector of the economy that offers a good financial opportunity. Though at different times the sector crashes, but by and large, it has always bounced back. Landed property does not depreciate but appreciates. This is not an exception in Nigeria. …Read More »
Business Ideas In Nigeria With Low Capital For Corpers
Business Ideas In Nigeria With Low Capital For Corpers is an article that will show you opportunities you can mine and take advantage of. It's common knowledge that Nigeria is a fast-growing economy with some of the world's best-known companies operating on its soil. The country, which was largely dependent …Read More »


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OMG, I'm so excited to see pics of my little belt accessory on Aerosmith's front man, Steven Tyler! A couple months ago, wardrobe stylist Jana Lee contacted me about making some custom pieces for Steven's upcoming tour. He's a big fan of wearing dangly bits and pieces off of his belt loops to give his outfits a little something "extra"! So I made a couple of them (pictured is the red and brown one), and lo and behold–here are also pics of him wearing it during Aerosmith's performance in Lake Tahoe on July 4th! Looking forward to seeing more pics of the iconic rocker wearing my pieces!
Serayah McNeill from "Empire"
SO excited to have the lovely singer/actress Serayah McNeill wearing my jewelry on the cover of Sophisticate's Black Hair magazine! She is most memorable in Fox's hit tv show, "Empire" and for a cameo in Taylor Swift's "Bad Blood" video. To buy all the pieces she wore in the shoot, visit https://jennydayco.com/product-tag/serayah-mcneill/.
Orly Shani on "Who Wore It Better"
Check out the lovely Orly Shani wearing a one of a kind necklace by Jenny Dayco on E!'s "Who Wore It Better"! She is definitely one of my favorite fashionistas to accessorize, as she always pushes the envelope with her unique style. I'm always thankful for her support of my jewelry line, so definitely check out her clothing line, Tuc + Wes, at www.tucandwes.com. Her necklace is available for purchase online at: https://jennydayco.com/product/geode-and-agate-horn-necklace/.
Lindsey Shaw of Pretty Little Liars!
Excited for tomorrow night's "Pretty Little Liars" finale? FINALLY we all get to find out who "A" is! The lovely Lindsey Shaw posted on her Instagram a recent photo of herself wearing my gold round filigree earrings! She's so sweet for her continued support of my jewelry line! Buy her earrings at my online store at: https://jennydayco.com/product/gold-filigree-earrings/
Congrats to Jenny Wu of Good Bad and Fab!
So a couple weeks ago, I heard the good news that my fellow fashionista is going to be a contestant on the upcoming season of The Amazing Race! I approached Jenny a few years ago about being in my fall 2012 lookbook! The whole concept of the shoot was for her to style her outfits using my jewelry! She went with a couple soft romantic looks, an edgy, rock n' roll look, and a "Blair Waldorf" look for the shoot! We had so much fun that day, especially with photographer Josh Williams (aka my work husband!) You can see the shoot in its entirety on my Pinterest board at: https://www.pinterest.com/jennydayco/fall-2012-lookbook-featuring-jenny-wu/. For more info about Jenny, check out her blog, Good Bad and Fab, and watch her cast video here! I'm so proud of her and I'll be crossing my fingers that she wins the grand prize! The Amazing Race premieres on CBS on Wednesday, February 25th!
New year, new beginnings!
Happy new year to everyone!! I hope that 2015 will be a stellar year for everyone and their loved ones! It has been so encouraging this past holiday season to see orders come through and know that my customers are happy with their pieces! This year it is my mission to keep pushing my creative boundaries, so that I can make phenomenally awesome work that I know you guys will keep and cherish forever. Keep a close eye out on my online store, as those one of a kind pieces get scooped up right away! Looking forward to each and every one of you enjoying a piece that I've made as much as I've enjoyed making it! xoxo, Jenny
Our 10th Anniversary Party!
Metallic balloons, raffle prizes, a self-serve bar, and plenty of bling. What better way for Jenny Dayco Jewelry to celebrate?On Saturday the 15th, we got dolled up for our 10th Anniversary Party hosted by Swift Vintage, thanks to the lovely owners Jess and Edie. DJ Armando Jovel set the vibe, spinning top 40 jams as customers grooved their way through a sparkly arcade of jewelry and eclectic vintage pieces.
The shop was buzzing with excitement throughout the evening as people enjoyed nibbles and drinks, and names were announced for the ten lucky raffle prize winnerswho scored popular pieces including our silver heart locket bracelet and our blue spike & rhinestone necklace.
Celebrity make-up artist Tasha Reiko Brown whose expertise and skills are usually seen on the faces of Jordin Sparks and Jill Scott, took to the mic as MC entertaining the crowd with her hilarious wit and off the cuff humor. Guests in attendance included everyone from celebrity stylist Melissa Meister to fashion bloggers Tamara B from Lil Miss Style and Erica from Sweets and Hearts.
A Decade of Dayco
by Josephine D. Lock
It's Jenny, it's Jenny, she's nice to you;
It's Jenny it's Jenny, she'll do what you do;
It's Jenny, it's Jenny, she'll hug you too;
Jenny is so good to you!
Growing up, my sisters and I used to sing this song every time we saw our cousin Jenny. It may sound silly but I can still remember the exact tune and tempo of this particular impromptu family jam. Maybe someday you'll even learn to sing it too. But for now, it remains a Dayco tradition, one that's as true as the very subject it celebrates: the one and only Jenny Dayco.
Decades have passed since that song was first written, but not much has changed about Jenny. She's grown up to be the same incredibly nice and easy-going person she was a kid. She gives the most amazing hugs. Even today, as Jenny is one of LA's most sought after jewelry designers, you can't help but conclude that yes, she truly is good to not only you, but so many others.
Customers around the world love wearing Jenny Dayco's pieces for they offer a personal touch that remains unique to her. From concept to delivery, Jenny's designs carry a distinct blend of genuine, hand-crafted quality mixed with a shot of her contagious joy and sense of humour. It's what people have come to expect and know to be true. And it's these same people – everyone from her customers to stockists and stylists, who continue to inspire her work.
"I still have to learn things along the way. As my work and creativity evolves, so do the needs of my customers. I like to think that I've tried to grow with them over the years," she says, reflectively. "I'm thankful to my stores, customers, and stylists for their 'out of the box' requests. Their questions force me to create new things or build upon ideas and techniques that I'm not immediately familiar with."
And oftentimes, that's where the magic begins. An idea that was once floating around in her aesthetic consciousness will finally begin to take shape. "There have been numerous moments when I've had a piece, or part, or stone, that I got when I first started out, and I've paired it with something I got a couple weeks ago," she says. "Bits and pieces start to come together like a puzzle being solved!"
But her pieces don't always come together that swiftly.
"There are times where I think I've dodged a bullet and times when I haven't, but those times I ended up making mediocre work," she says. "I've made numerous mistakes. I even have a secret TBD box of pieces that I wasn't able to craft quite right. But as an artist, I think that making imperfect creations is crucial to getting to that next step, that next piece."
It's difficult to believe that Jenny has ever made any mistakes as her one-woman business continues to thrive in a market dominated by fast fashion stores and jewelry lines that are mass produced.
Ten years ago, she never would have guessed that her jewelry designs would be gracing the pages of international fashion magazines and runway shows or end up on a coveted list of Hollywood celebrities. Since 2004, her pieces have also been a musician's best friend, donned by everyone from Beyoncé to Aerosmith's Steven Tyler.
So what's Jenny's secret to success, you may ask. What is it that sets her apart from the rest? My gut instinct says it's something that no one else has – it's Jenny herself. And because she's original, her pieces continue to be as well. Many have tried to copy her style; others have attempted to produce replicas of her designs. But they can never capture the amount of time, care, and detail spent on every piece she makes.
"I allow myself the freedom to create without pressure because I know I have no control over what customers will and will not buy. People will feel drawn when they see the love and inspiration in something I make because it resonates within them too."
And boy, has it ever. One particular piece she designed resonated with Rihanna and ended up staying with her throughout her entire tour: it was a beautifully crafted silver heart locket, which was also later seen being worn by Selena Gomez. A second piece that resonated with another famous customer was a gold heart locket Necklace which Taylor Swift wore on a photo shoot, then ended up buying to keep for herself.
"Celebrities have access to practically anything in the universe, so when they decide upon wearing and having my pieces, it makes me feel extraordinary about the work I do."
But no matter how extraordinary the feeling, it's clear that celebrities are not Jenny's passion or aim. Her focus is on the every day feelings, thoughts, and ideas – everything from the tangible to the nostalgic.
"Ideas always come and go in my mind, but I try my best to make things that will last forever, maybe even lifetimes, a piece that may get passed down from one generation to the next."
What is next? Where does Jenny see herself taking the company in the future? Branching out into other accessories, expanding into clothing, and working on special projects with other designers and brands are just a few of the plans she has in mind.
As she continues to build her company, it's clear that the best of Jenny Dayco is yet to come and personally, I cannot wait to see what she will have accomplished after another decade of Dayco is complete. Until then, let's all keep singing the Jenny anthem because as you now know, she truly is good. Happy 10 years Jenny Dayco!