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Grade Level/Subject: Middle School-World Cultures
NCSS Thematic Strand: (II) TIME, CONTINUITY, AND CHANGE
a. demonstrate an understanding that different scholars may describe the same event or situation in different ways but must provide reasons or evidence for their views (Middle Grades)
d. identify and use processes important to reconstructing and reinterpreting the past, such as using a variety of sources; providing, validating, and weighing evidence for claims; checking credibility of sources; and searching for causality (Middle Grades)
c. compare and contrast different stories or accounts about past events, people, places, or situations, identifying how they contribute to our understanding of the past (Early Grades)
Key Features of Powerful Teaching and Learning
Meaningful -- students engage in in-depth study of a past civilization using the inquiry process that has life application.
Integrative -- students study interdisciplinary science and social science perspectives from the areas of geology, history, and archaeology. Students papers are evaluated by teachers in history and language arts.
Challenging -- the basis for the lesson is the inquiry method, which is initiated by a discrepant event. Students analyze a "problem" in a logical and systematic way as guided by the teacher. Students also interact throughout the lesson and are involved in cooperative group work.
Active -- students are actively involved in the construction of knowledge as a result of the discovery nature of inquiry and through interactive discussions with the teacher and fellow students.
The ancient Roman city of Pompeii continues to fascinate us today. Pompeii was destroyed by the volcano Mt. Vesuvius in AD 79. Ironically, the massive volcanic explosion also preserved Pompeii for the archaeologists and historians of today and of the future. In addition to being a fascinating story, Pompeii provides an archaeological snapshot of a Roman city and the people who lived in it.
In this lesson, students examine, think about, and interact regarding viewpoints of various disciplines- the archaeological, the geologic, and the historical. Throughout this lesson, students are in different groupings to facilitate instruction. Initially, they work in groups of three in order to interact with and discuss the selected materials from the above disciplines. Later in the lesson, students work individually to write a creative yet factual historical essay on "Uncovering Pompeii" The lesson concludes with a class discussion of Pompeii and life in a Roman city.
This lesson uses a strategy called the "interactive presentation" in dealing with this content. This teaching strategy has five distinct phases that blend together to form the whole lesson.(1) The phases are (1) discrepant event inquiry, (2) discussion/presentation, (3) cooperative learning activity, (4) writing for understanding activity, and (5) wholeclass discussion and review.
Students will:
* experience how the various social science disciplines can be integrated to develop a clear understanding of a historical event
* analyze and synthesize statements in groups and individually from an archaeological, historical, and geologic perspective in developing, and explaining, their understanding of the destruction of Pompeii and of life in an ancient Roman city
Time Allotment
Three to four class periods.
Resources Needed
* video-Rome: The Ultimate Empire, from the Time-Life video series "Lost Civilizations."(2)
* Pompeii Factsheets (one of the main sources I used in developing these was Pompeii: The Vanished City from Time-Life Books).(3)
1. Discrepant Event Inquiry
The lesson begins with a discrepant event inquiry.(4) The inquiry is followed by discussion and finally a K-W-L. Developed by Donna Ogle, K-W-L is an acronym for the process that students go through during the course of a learning experience. The "K" stands for "what I Know" and is discussed and recorded early in the lesson in order to get at prior knowledge; "W" is "what I Want to know" and involves discussing/listing questions of interest to students prior to the learning experience; and "L" is "what I Learned," and is completed at the closure point in the lesson.(5)
This is the inquiry I have developed to begin the lesson on Pompeii:
You and a friend are walking through a quaint old city. The summer sun warms the rooftops of the old homes. Listening to birds singing and the curious voices of small children and their parents, you notice a mansion a block or so to your left. Walking over to the large home, you see an outdoor patio with a table set for dinner. Next to the patio is a doghouse. A woman outside mopping the patio looks up and smiles at you. As you enter the business district, you remark to your friend how small the stores are, and how close they are to one another. While you are talking, you notice a bakery to your left. An oven door is open, and you see several loaves of bread ready to be taken out. Just then, a small gift and her father pass in front of you. The girl looks up to her father and asks why nobody is at home or at work. The father looks down at her, smiles, and says, "Well, no one lives in this city."
The problem that students must figure out is stated thus: "You have traveled through this city, seen some of its homes and businesses with evidence of life all around you, and yet no one lives in it. How is this possible?"
After the problem statement is given, students begin to question the teacher in an attempt to figure out the puzzle, but they can only ask questions that can be answered with a "yes" or a "no." For instance, they might begin by asking, "Is the city actually a Hollywood set?" (the answer would be "no") or "Is this a real city?" (the answer would be "yes"). Questions build upon questions, and answers become further questions as the inquiry moves along. Stop the students from time to time to have them discuss and hypothesize in their small groups. From this point, it is not difficult for them to realize that the characters in the short story were walking through a city that was abandoned or destroyed. One possible answer to this inquiry, and the one that I bring up, is that "your friend, yourself, and the other people are tourists and the city is Pompeii-an uninhabited city in Italy that was destroyed by the volcano Vesuvius almost 2000 years ago."
Following the completion of the inquiry, we discuss the process of discovering what happened in Pompeii. At this point, we begin recording in notebooks what we are beginning to learn about Pompeii. The format that I often use as we are going through the interactive presentation is the previously mentioned K-W-L. We begin with the "K" as students begin listing what they know, or think they know, about Pompeii. While students are in groups, they are asked to make a group list using a method known as "cooperative structure roundtable" In roundtable, a sheet of paper is passed around the group as members discuss and make note of what they believe they know about Pompeii.(6) We discuss their prior knowledge.
We have done the inquiry and discussed/written on students' prior knowledge and what they would like to learn. We move to the second part, which is to have a quick presentation focusing on developing interest and further questions regarding the subject matter.
2. Discussion/Presentation
The second part of the interactive presentation is a short media presentation/mini-lecture on the topic. The purpose is to have the students view a short segment of a video that presents some information on the topic (in this case Pompeii), or perhaps a slide that is augmented with some verbal information. This presents students with a visual cue that whets their appetites to see and to learn more about the subject.
After reviewing a number of different media presentations on Pompeii, I have selected a segment of the TimeLife video Rome: The Ultimate Empire (from the "Lost Civilizations" series).(7) The segment that I show students lasts about five minutes and is the section on Pompeii.
This video segment begins with narration: "One ancient city in Southern Italy epitomized the commerce, prosperity, and vitality enjoyed at the heart of empire. [The video shows people in tunics walking in a dimly street at night.] Its streets were alive into the night. Twenty thousand Romans lived here." The video segment goes on to show a family beginning to eat dinner when Vesuvius explodes. Following a moving reenactment of a Pompeian family caught in the explosion, this segment of the video then goes on to show ancient frescos from Pompeii and ruins of the city, and the narrator explains that through the efforts of archaeologists, life in Pompeii is being revealed. The video moves on to show old pictures of an archaeological dig, and explains: "In 1860, Giuseppe Fiorelli made the first systematic excavation of Pompeii. On a hunch, Fiorelli poured plaster into cavities he suspected were made by human remains. From the earthen molds the victims emerged." Viewers next witness scenes of the plaster casts of the dead on a street in Pompeii with a sad violin accompaniment. As the camera pans up a hardened ash hill, we hear, "This gang of ancient construction workers struggled to stay on top only to be struck down by a shockwave of volcanic gas." At this point, I stop the video and we work through the "W" section of the K-W-L, as we discuss and list questions students would like to know about Pompeii.
From this introduction, we move to the next section of the interactive presentation: the cooperative discussion group. Prior to this activity, two quotes from the video are mentioned to students: "Ironically, Vesuvius preserved as well as destroyed Pompeii," and "a surprising mosaic of life is revealed." Students are told to keep the two statements in mind as they look at the accounts of Pompeii by an archaeologist, an eyewitness, and a geologist.
3. Cooperative Learning Activity
The third part of the interactive presentation is the use of cooperative learning.(8) In the group work, students examine evidence from primary and secondary sources that helps them form their own answers to questions.
Each group is given a folder with three information sheets. The first information sheet contains a geological account of the explosion, the second, a discussion of an archaeological perspective on Pompeii, and the third, quotations from the letters of Pliny the Younger, an eyewitness to the explosion (this primary source represents the historical view). The information sheets contain questions that ask students to think about and discuss their content. Each information sheet also contains a picture that relates to the content. These sheets are meant to contain enough information that, through synthesis, students can put together a clear picture of what life was like in Pompeii, the explosion, and how that explosion destroyed and yet preserved Pompeii.
The cooperative groups of three begin by dividing the information sheets among the group members. Each student takes the information sheet that he or she received, scans it, and then passes it to the left. This is done quickly until each student has seen each information sheet. Students are then given directions so that they can carefully go over one information sheet at a time, read it, examine the accompanying picture, and discuss the questions together. After they have developed their ideas about the reading and the discussion questions, students put the ideas in their notebooks (and thus begin to work on the "L" part of the K-W-L--what they are learning). Using the "task-group share group" strategy, students share their ideas with other groups.(9) In this strategy, one student from each group will rotate among the other groups at intervals of a few minutes. We begin by having one group member move to the group on the right, discuss what his or her previous group thought, and then move on to the next group. When this activity is complete, all students will be back in their original group with ideas from every other group in the room. This activity is followed by a classroom discussion that deals with the historical, archaeological, and geological perspectives on Pompeii.
4. Writing for Understanding
The fourth phase of the interactive presentation is a writing for understanding activity.(10) This is an individual assignment in which students write creatively about the uncovering of Pompeii. In this lesson, students are given a number of different possibilities for their writing assignment. They may, for example, write a historian's guide to Pompeii for visitors or assume the role of a student archaeologist and write an article for the local paper.
5. Whole-Class Discussion and Review
The fifth and final phase of the interactive presentation is the whole-class discussion/review. Based on ideas contained within the Teachers' Curriculum Institute's History Alive! and interactive slide lecture,(11) and using a number of Merrill Harmin's techniques to inspire active learning,(12) this final section seeks to synthesize the ideas of this lesson via discussion and writing.
Media images are used to illustrate and elicit discussion over the main ideas presented in the lesson. In this case, I once again use the Time-Life video Rome: The Ultimate Empire. As with the phase just prior to the cooperative activity, the section of that video on Pompeii is used. It is only five minutes, and with the knowledge and understanding that students have gained, the segment becomes more meaningful, more moving, and a prompt for further discussion.
The discussion is centered on the two statements that students were told to watch for: that Vesuvius both destroyed and preserved Pompeii, and that a surprising mosaic of life was revealed by archaeologists. As further prompts to discussion, several slides are used. The first shows an artist's conception of Roman citizens in the market place, and the second shows the volcanic eruption and people fleeing. The third shows some of the human plaster of Paris molds. When each slide is shown students are asked to do a "sharing pairs" activity in order to discuss what is happening in the slide.(13) Students then discuss and, at times, role play the people in the slides.(14) For example, volunteer students will stand in front of the slide of people walking through the streets of Pompeii and answer questions, from other students and myself, as if they were those people in the slide. When the slide is projected showing the human casts, several students will go up to the slide and assume the role of archaeologists. Questions will be asked about the uncovering of Pompeii and these bodies. Discussion revolves around the slide images and the students' reactions to them.
We complete the lesson with students taking notes by responding in writing to several prompts given to them in class.(15) The prompts would include finishing the following sentence stems: "I learned that ..." and "I still wonder...." The writing serves both as notes in their notebooks and a summary of their learning completing the K-W-L cycle.
Students write an essay that can be based on a variety of roles or possibilities. There are a number of criteria that the essay must meet regardless of the role assumed. The essay must contain their ideas regarding (1) what Pompeii was like prior to the explosion, (2) the explosion and its effects, and (3) the archaeological evidence left behind. Student opportunities to develop their ideas come primarily from the cooperative learning activity and necessitate synthesizing the geological, archaeological, and eye-witness discussions.
Prior to beginning their first drafts, students are presented with an assessment rubric (see the box). The rubric is discussed in class. After working through a couple of drafts, and reading in pairs, students move to the computer lab to create the final versions of their essays. In addition to their writing, students are to incorporate sketches, diagrams, maps, and/or other visuals. This writing assignment is coordinated with the language arts teacher. Thus, the writing that they do in social studies must meet criteria that they have in language arts, such as spelling, topic sentences, and structure.
In the four days of learning and thinking about Pompeii, students are involved in an in-depth examination of the life, death, and resurrection of Pompeii using the processes of inquiry, cooperative learning, and writing for understanding. In doing so, students analyze and synthesize information from a geological perspective, an archaeological perspective, and a historical perspective (an eye-witness account). The format of the lesson, the interactive presentation, and the materials used attempt to help students build upon the process of inquiry, socially construct their own understanding of Pompeii, and develop a creative essay demonstrating their new understanding.
Nearly 2000 years ago, a tragedy of cataclysmic proportions occurred in Pompeii. In attempting to understand the humanity and dimensions of that tragedy, students can come to a deeper and more personal understanding of life in the ancient world.
5. Highly Proficient
* Essay presents the three criteria in a factual and creative manner.
* Essay develops student's ideas about Pompeii and explores them in depth.
* Essay has correct format including illustrations, topic sentences, spelling, and grammar.
4. Proficient
* Essay presents the three assignment criteria in a factual manner.
* Essay elaborates on student ideas about Pompeii.
* Essay shows generally good format including illustrations, grammar, and spelling.
3. Partially Proficient
* Essay contains several of the assignment criteria in a factual manner.
* Essay discusses student ideas about Pompeii.
* Essay contains illustrations but has several grammatical errors.
2. Minimally Proficient
* Essay contains several of the assignment criteria.
* Essay lacks elaboration of student ideas about Pompeii.
* Essay contains many grammatical and structural errors.
o. Unacceptable/Redo
* Essay does not contain assignment criteria.
* Essay does not elaborate on ideas.
* Essay contains many grammatical and structural errors.
In 79 AD, Pompeii was destroyed and, ironically, preserved by the massive explosion of the volcano Vesuvius. For several years before that explosion, there had been signals from Mt. Vesuvius that today we would know indicated a possible eruption. In 62 AD, a great earthquake destroyed many buildings in Pompeii. The earthquake was the result of magma pressure (magma is rock melted by the rubbing together of tectonic plates--the giant slabs of rock that the crust of the earth is divided into). Having no idea that the earthquake was a signal of future danger, the people went about rebuilding their city.
By the year 79 AD, there were other disturbing signs. Wells and springs were drying up. This was caused by the heat of the magma turning the ground water to steam. In early August, a series of small earthquakes were felt throughout Pompeii as pressure built. In the early morning of August 24, a series of steam explosions burst through the floor of the crater at the top of Mt. Vesuvius. The crater is a plug of hardened lava that seals the "throat" of a volcano.
Then, in the early afternoon, a tremendous blast blew off the top of the mountain. Vesuvius became a g/ant cannon with its muzzle turned up toward the sky. Tons of molten rock shot roughly fifteen miles into the sky at perhaps twice the speed of sound. The ash and small rock particles blew upward, eventually losing momentum and flattening out into a great black cloud. The winds were blowing in the direction of Pompeii.
By mid-afternoon, a cloud of ash had made the day as dark as night. From this black sky came a downpour of rocks and ash. The seemingly endless snow of ash and stones fell at the rate of about six inches every hour. By midnight, the ash was over six feet deep (by the time the explosion was over, Pompeii was buried in about twenty feet of ash). Those who had not been crashed to death, suffocated, or killed by heart attacks went into the streets. They did not know that the worst was yet to come.
Early in the morning of the 25th, a surge, sometimes called a death cloud, raced down the mountain. A volcanic surge is a fast moving, ground hugging cloud of ash, rock particles, and poisonous gas. The death cloud may have been moving at a rate of more than 100 miles per hour and may have reached temperatures as high as 750 [degrees] Fahrenheit. The death cloud blew apart and incinerated anything in its path.
* From the geologist's description, explain what happened to the people and the city of Pompeii as if you were an eyewitness.
* It is said that this explosion both destroyed and preserved Pompeii. How could it do both?
* Discuss your list of what you want to know ("W"). How does this reading answer any of your questions?
For centuries after Pompeii became an ash-covered graveyard, there were stories of a lost city near Vesuvius. In the year 1594, a wealthy count wanted to have water from the river Sarno on his property, which lay just south of Vesuvius. The workmen dug through the volcanic rock, uncovered the ruins of an ancient building with the words "decurion Pompeiss." Soon it was forgotten. In 1748, Spanish engineers discovered the ruins of an ancient temple and a skeleton with bronze and silver coins scattered beside it. The Spanish engineers apparently had little interest in unearthing the lost city. Their main interest seemed to be finding money and trophies. A hunt for treasure in the lost city began. The identity of the city became known when the workers came upon an inscription that read "res publica Pompeianorum."
The diggers moved from area to area, making shafts and tunnels, and finding and taking what might be valuable. The looting and search for treasure continued, inflicting a great deal of damage upon the ruins of Pompeii. However, the attention of scholars who were more interested in investigating the past and preserving the lost city rather than looting it began to take hold. In 1860, the king of Italy, who understood the importance of Pompeii to his country's history, hired a group of workers to carefully uncover and examine Pompeii. His most important contribution was appointing the head of the excavation, Giuseppe Fiorelli.
Giuseppe Fiorelli led the first systematic archaeological dig of Pompeii. He carefully quarried through the volcanic rock, found a wall that surrounded much of the city, and divided the site into sections called regiones. He made certain every new find was precisely described in writing in terms of its appearance, its position, and its relationship to other objects. During his work one day, Giuseppe began thinking about how the ash had covered everything and become hardened. He reasoned that cavities found in the rock had been made by human bodies covered by the hardened ash. Acting on this belief, when cavities were found, he had them filled with liquid plaster of Paris. When the rock was chipped away, plaster molds of the victims of Vesuvius emerged. The people were in the exact positions of their death.
Over the years, archaeological finds have revealed much about life in Pompeii. Some finds include:
* A mansion on the outskirts of town with farm implements in the main room, some even hung on walls over paintings
* Graffiti all over the city including a statement that reads, "Successus the cloth-weaver loves Iris, the innkeeper's slave girl"
* A large outdoor arena with the bodies of fifty men found nearby; some in chains
* Large mansions, some with over fifty rooms, and along the streets, dozens of smaller buildings with even smaller attached buildings opening into the streets
* Rooms with food, long dried out, but often still on the dinner table or in the oven, as well as household effects, from jewelry to cosmetics to perfume
* In the western end of the city, a large rectangular area (500 feet long by 150 feet) without buildings but surrounded by statues and large columns
* A large wall at one end of this huge rectangular area that contained over a thousand painted phrases, including "Support Sabinus and he will support you"
* Explain how archaeologists have uncovered Pompeii.
* Choose at least four of the examples of the archaeological findings discussed and explain what they tell us about life in Pompeii.
* Explain how the finds of archaeologists support what geologists say about the explosion of Vesuvius.
* Discuss your list of what you want to know ("W"). How does this reading answer any of your questions?
Almost twenty miles from Pompeii, at the naval base of Misenum, seventeen-year-old Pliny the Younger watched the explosion. Although he experienced many of the same effects of Vesuvius, because of the distance involved, those effects were not as deadly. The following are excerpts from his eyewitness account of the explosion:
The cloud was rising ... In appearance and shape it was like a tree. Like an immense pine tree for it shot up to a great height in the form of a tree trunk, which extended itself at the top into several branches. It was dark and spotted, as if it had carried up earth and cinders. My uncle [Pliny the Elder] deemed the phenomenon important and worth a nearer view.
Though it was the first hour of the afternoon, the light was faint and uncertain. The buildings around us were so unsettled that the collapse of walls seemed a certainty. We decided to get out of town to escape this menace. The panic-stricken crowds followed us, in response to that instinct of fear which causes people to follow where others lead.
When we were clear of the houses we stopped. The sea appeared to have shrank as if it had withdrawn by tremors of the earth. Many sea creatures were dead on the shore. Behind us loomed a horrible black cloud tipped by sudden bursts of fire, writhing snakelike and revealing sudden flashes larger than lightning. We ran.
Soon afterward the cloud began to descend upon the earth and cover the sea. Ashes fell upon us. Though as yet of no great quantity, I looked behind me. Darkness came rolling over the land like a torrent. I proposed, while we could still see, [to stop and rest]. We had just sat down when darkness overspread us, not like that of a moonless or cloudy night, but of a room when it is shut up and the lamp put out. You could hear the shrieks of women and crying children and the shouts of men; some were seeking their children, others their parents; some praying to die, from the very fear of dying; many lifting their hands to the gods, but the greater part imagining that there were no gods left anywhere. That the last and eternal night was come upon the world.
* Describe what it might have been like to be in Pompeii during the explosion of Vesuvius.
* Explain how Pliny's account compares to the geologist's and archaeologist's accounts.
* Discuss your list of what you want to know ("W"). How does this reading answer any of your questions?
(1.) Michael M. Yell, "The Time Before History: Thinking Like an Archaeologist," Social Education 62, no. 1 (January 1998): 27-31.
(2.) "Lost Civilizations," Rome: The Ultimate Empire video (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Video and Television, 1995).
(3.) Dale M. Brown, ed., Pompeii." The Vanished City (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1993).
(4.) B. Joyce, M. Weil, and B. Showers, Models of Teaching (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1994); W. Brace and J. Bruce, Teaching Social Studies with Discrepant Event Inquiry (Annapolis, MD: Alpha Publishing Co., 1992).
(5.) K-W-L is discussed in many sources, including R. Marzano, D. Picketing, R. Brandt, et al., Teacher's Manual: Dimensions of Learning (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1992); and Merrill Harmin, Strategies to Inspire Active Learning (Edwardsville, IL: Inspiring Strategies Institute, 1996).
(6.) S. Kagan, Cooperative Learning (San Clemente, CA: Kagan Cooperative Learning, 1995).
(7.) "Lost Civilizations," Rome: The Ultimate Empire video. I have found it best to use videotapes in small segments with opportunities for interactions rather than showing them in their entirety. For example, I use a great deal of this video but spread it out through several lessons.
(8.) Kagan, B. Bower, J. Lobdell, and L. Swenson, History Alive! Engaging All Learners in the Diverse Classroom (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994).
(9.) Harmin.
(10.) Bower, Lobdell, and Swenson.
(11.) Ibid.
(12.) Harmin.
(13.) Ibid.
(14.) See the interactive slide lecture discussion in Bower, Lobdell, and Swenson, for a further explanation of role playing to the images in slides.
(15.) See the discussion of outcome statements in Harmin.
Michael M. Yell teaches middle school social studies at Hudson Middle School; Hudson, Wisconsin.
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Total Time: 45 min Prep: 15 min Cook: 30 min Yield: 6 servings Level: Easy
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 large onion, diced
4 cloves garlic, minced
2 stalks celery, diced
1 large carrot, diced
1/3 pound green beans, trimmed and cut into 1/2-inch pieces (about 1 1/2 cups)
1 teaspoon dried oregano
1 teaspoon dried basil
Kosher salt and freshly ground pepper
1 28 -ounce can no-salt-added diced tomatoes
1 14 -ounce can crushed tomatoes
6 cups low-sodium chicken broth
1 15 -ounce can low-sodium kidney beans, drained and rinsed
1 cup elbow pasta
1/3 cup finely grated parmesan cheese
2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil
DirectionsHeat the olive oil in a large pot over medium-high. Then add the onion, cook until translucent, about 4 minutes. Add the garlic, cook 30 seconds. Add celery and carrot and cook until they begin to soften, about 5 minutes. Stir in the green beans, dried oregano and basil, salt, and pepper to taste; cook 3 more minutes.
Next add the diced and crushed tomatoes and chicken broth and bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to medium low, simmer 10 minutes. Add kidney beans and pasta, cook until pasta and vegetables are tender, about 10 minutes. Adjust seasoning with salt and pepper. Serve in bowls topped with the parmesan and freshly torn basil.
Per serving (2 cups): Calories <300 per serving.


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360 Degree Media Group Blog
Topics: Instagram Advertising
Targeting your Instagram advertising is extremely important in order to ensure your ads are being viewed by the correct target audience. Instagram provides a good medium for doing this by allowing you to select from three key objectives:
Topics: blogging, Instagram marketing, social media marketing, Instagram Advertising, Social Media Advertising
The social media marketing environment is diverse and constantly evolving. In order to help understand what strategies you should be putting into play into 2016, let's take a look at the 5 trends that have dominated in 2015.
Topics: mobile marketing, social media marketing, marketing trends
With over 500 million tweets being sent each and every day, Twitter is a place for people to instantaneously share information and connect with people and businesses around the world. It is also increasingly becoming a large platform for businesses to engage in advertising in order to increase engagement, sales and customers.
Topics: Twitter marketing, Twitter advertising, Twitter for Business
Using Facebook advertising as a means to promote your brand and products is a great method. Though to get the most out of your digital advertising efforts there are some rules to go by when doing so in order to optimise your ads and get the most bang for your buck.
Using Facebook as a tool to develop your restaurant business is essential in today's digital savvy environment, however to the untrained eye it can be a slightly daunting task. So 360 has come to the rescue, and here we'll give you a run through of the basics to start your Facebook journey to success.
Topics: Facebook advertising
With December well and truly underway our calendars are filling up quicker than Dunny at the buffet line and with everyone sharing stories of events, drinks and parties from the night before it got me thinking that surely we aren't all been on our best behaviour all of the time. Are we?
Topics: beau knows, silly season, workplace etiquette
The 360 Degree Marketing Group was challenged with creating an integrated campaign for our favourite online gifting experience experts, www.Adrenalin.com.au!
Topics: marketing, adrenalin, integrated campaign, marketing campaign
Who doesn't like the idea of saving a buck or two? Facebook offers are specials and discounts that you can set up from your Facebook business page. Facebook offers are available for people who have 50 or more likes on a local business or place page. Likers of your page are able to view these deals which they can claim and then use. You can set your offer to be redeemable in store, online, or both, depending on what you choose to set it on. But let's dig a little deeper.
Topics: Facebook offers, Facebook advertising


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North Korea fired a ballistic missile on Tuesday that experts fear could have had the range to reach the East Coast of the U.S., reigniting a potentially devastating conflict after two months of calm.
The missile was launched from a base just south of the North Korean capital of Pyongyang early Wednesday local time, according to Pentagon spokesman Robert Manning.
The missile stayed airborne for just under an hour and flew more than 600 miles before splashing into the Sea of Japan, Manning said.
President Trump downplayed the potential danger of the missile launch during a press conference at the White House.
"I will only tell you that we will take care of it," he told reporters. "It is a situation we will handle."
Later Tuesday, Trump trashed Democratic leaders over supposedly undermining military pressure on North Korea by advocating for increased rights for immigrants.
"After North Korea missile launch, it's more important than ever to fund our gov't & military!" Trump tweeted. "Dems shouldn't hold troop funding hostage for amnesty & illegal immigration."
The Tuesday launch comes just days after Trump put North Korea back on a list of countries that the U.S. government considers sponsors of terrorism. It also marks the first rocket test North Korea has conducted since firing an intermediate ballistic missile over Japan on Sept. 15.
Defense Secretary James Mattis said the Tuesday launch poses the most alarming yet.
"It went higher, frankly, than any previous shot they've taken," Mattis said. "It is a research and development effort on their part to continue building ballistic missiles that can threaten everywhere in the world basically."
David Wright, a nuclear weapons expert at the Union of Concerned Scientists, agreed with Secretary Mattis' assessment, adding that the missile could easily have reached "any part of the continental United States" if flown on a standard trajectory.
"This is significantly longer than North Korea's previous long range tests," Wright said in a statement. "Such a missile would have more than enough range to reach Washington, DC."
After the missile test, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe asked for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council.
"We will not tolerate North Korea's reckless action," Abe told reporters.
Most Read
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson took Abe up on his request, announcing the U.S. will convene a meeting on "how the global community can counter North Korea's threat to international peace."
Despite sanctions and international pushback, North Korea has continued to develop its missile program. Some experts speculate the secretive North Korean regime will soon be able to mount nuclear warheads to its ballistic missiles.
Trump has vowed to prevent Pyongyang from developing such weapons — using military force if necessary.
He has also engaged in a harsh war of words with North Korean dictator Kim Jong Un, repeatedly deriding Kim as "little rocket man." Earlier this month, North Korean state media responded by declaring that Trump had been "sentenced to death by the Korean people."
With News Wire Services.


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Best Practices for Building on Xandr APIs
We're thrilled that you're taking advantage of our platform by grabbing raw data, hooking in your own pieces of the ad serving puzzle, or otherwise building on top of our infrastructure. There are a few ground rules that will make sure you have the best experience possible, and keep your applications healthy as our API evolves. Please stay in touch with your implementation consultant as you get started building.
Filter your results
Filtering allows you to specify a subset of objects to be returned. For example, the following call would return only active creatives:
For fields of the type int, double, date, or money, you can append
min_ or
max_ to the filter. For example, the following request would return only campaigns that have been modified on or after January 1, 2013:.
For each service, you can find out which fields are filterable and sortable by appending
/meta to the service URL. For more information, see API Semantics.
Paginate your results
Even though you might only have 5 creatives in the system now, you should still write your application in a way that it takes advantage of the pagination support since this number is likely to increase in the future. You can paginate results by specifying
start_element and
num_elements in the query string of the GET request. For example, the following request would return the first 50 objects in the response:
To retrieve the next 50, you would simply set
The maximum number of objects that can be returned, regardless of pagination, is 100. Please note that if you request over 100 objects, we will only return the first 100 and will not provide an error message. For more information, refer to the API Semantics page.
Throttle your calls
There are limits to the number of requests you can make against our APIs per minute. We categorize these limits into read and write requests. Currently, the default read and write limit is 1000 per minute. You can monitor the response header for current rate limits for your requests. These counters will reset at the end of the minute, but if you exceed them, you will get an error response. Rate limit information is present in the following fields of the response header:
When write limits are exceeded, you will receive a "429 Too Many Requests" error response. Retry the request in the number of seconds specified in the
Retry-After field in the header.
Below is an example of the header values in response to a request that exceeded a member's rate limit.
Pass field values rather than relying on defaults
It's best practice to pass the field values that you want rather than relying on defaults. If default values change, and you are relying on defaults, you may experience unexpected results.
Avoid unnecessary updates
When updating objects, do not pass fields that are not changing. A good way to avoid this is to cache your GET calls, compare the cache to the changes you want to make, and then make PUT calls only for what's different.
Avoid unnecessary authentication
You can authenticate successfully 10 times within a 5-minute period. Any subsequent authentication attempts within those 5 minutes will result in an error.
When you authenticate, you receive an authorization token that remains active for 2 hours. It is best practice to re-authenticate only after you receive the "NOAUTH" error_id in your call responses. If you follow this practice, the restraint above should have no impact on your implementation.
For authentication instructions, see Authentication Service
Use a config-driven API end-point
Make sure that you can change the API base URL easily. In the example below, the API URL is defined as a variable and can be used throughout the code base. If that URL should ever need to change, it can be modified in a single location.
Build an API wrapper
Centralizing the code where you send requests and handle responses is a great practice. This will allow you to do logging, error handling and more in one location.
Do not pull all reports at the same time
This can cause the reporting backend to be overloaded, resulting in delayed reports, and can even impact reports that are run later in the day.
Read the entire API Wiki before using the API
There are many tips, tricks and examples throughout the API Wiki that will be useful in developing your integration.
Use integration codes
Rather than store Xandr IDs, you can use the integration codes to refer to object in the API. These codes must be unique across an object type and Xandr member. The example below uses an integration code to identify a campaign.
Do not assume an API call was successful
All successful API calls will receive a response containing a "status" of "OK". If the response does not contain this status, the call failed for some reason. If the "status" is "error", an error message will be included in the response. Below is an example of a successful response.
Allow for additional fields on responses
As our API team implements new features, it is necessary to include new fields on various API services. Your integration should be flexible enough to handle additional fields on each service that were not previously returned.
Be aware of breaking changes
Our services change continually as we add new features, but we do our best to create stability so that the applications our clients build on top of our API can adapt gracefully as well.
When we introduce a breaking change, we will support two versions of the API in production, one with and one without the breaking change, for 60 days. We will announce these changes in our API Release Notes. For more details about what constitutes a breaking change, see our Breaking Changes policy.
Be mindful of object limits
Xandr limits the number of objects each member can create and use on the platform. This limit includes inactive and unused objects (e.g. campaigns set to inactive status, placements that have never served an impression, etc.). You should use the Object Limit Service to view your limits and proactively monitor your usage.


text: There are many features that can be added to garden ponds and swimming ponds that can help bring them to life greatly improving the aesthetics; from water falls, streams and rills to jetty's, stepping stones and bog areas. There are also more practical features such as board walks and natural stone steps. Below are some examples of our work that can be incorporated into a new build or existing garden pond, water feature or natural swimming pond.


text:
The thought of planning a winter wedding may send a shiver down your spine, but they are often more magical than any frozen fairytale you've heard before!
In Calgary, winter blankets the city for approximately 6 months of the year. Although the snow doesn't settle for quite that amount of time, the lower temperatures and shorter days lend perfectly to cozy comforts that are perfect for complementing your dreamy wedding celebration.
Escape to a winter wonderland within the city and say "I Do" at The Lake House, a restaurant overlooking Lake Bonavista. Follow along as The Lake House shares their top reasons why you should start planning a snow-covered winter wedding:
Let's get cozy!
In the winter months, enjoy a roaring fireplace decorated with winter florals and candles. Exuding rustic elegance, this magical centerpiece will set the scene for your entire wedding day, and your guests will appreciate the warmth. Along with the gorgeous stone fireplace, you and your guests will also be able to enjoy the ornate elk chandeliers and fantastic views of the surrounding frozen lake.
Photo: Stephanie Couture Photography, Florals: Flowers By Janie
No overheating and cozy wardrobe choices!
While the majority of summer brides worry about how to sweat-proof their makeup and avoid overheating in scorching summer temperatures, winter brides play the cooler temperatures to their advantage. Without having to worry about rain, wrap yourself up in warm stylish fur capes or coats, and share a cuddle with your future husband under snow-covered trees. Flakes in the air are perfect for adding a touch of glitter and sparkle to photos, the icing on the cake to capturing the true winter essence of your day!
Photos: Myrtle and Moss Photography, Florals: Flowers By Janie, Dress: Durand Bridal Enzoani Collection,
Shoes: Badgley Mischka, Suit: Hugo Boss
Deck the halls with bells and holly!
Fall and winter decor is warm and reflective of the colder months. Taking inspiration from the hues and tones of the season, flowers, foliage, and candlelight adorn tables and bouquets in a tasteful fashion. As the leaves turn yellow and begin to fall, take advantage of the warming tones in photographs, and use them to accent the wooden tables, chairs, and fixtures in the Main Dining Room.
Insider tip: Did you know that The Lake House has a talented team that decorates every Christmas season? For brides and grooms looking to tie the knot between December and January, decorations including a twinkling Christmas tree will be up for you to enhance your festive celebration.
Photo: Red Bloom photography, Hair & Makeup: Glam n Go,, Dress: The Bridal Boutique,
Florals: Pretty Petal Floral Design, Grooms suit: Ed Williams Mens Wear, Planner: Erin at Eventful Planning
Endless photo opportunities.
During the winter months, Lake Bonavista sits frozen like a giant rink, playing backdrop to your wedding day. Crisp fresh air against the glistening ice-covered lake creates a frosty, fresh and fabulous album to look back on in years to come. Take advantage of a glorious white speckled background and allow your chosen wedding day color scheme to pop out and warm the eye.
Warm winter eats and sips.
Complement the colder months with a selection of warming eats. Your guests will be yearning for more bites of the delicious Rocky Mountain Cuisine infused with flavors of the season. The award-winning wine list at The Lake House features an array of full-bodied wines, perfect for raising a glass and cheering with friends and family on your special day.
Photo: Sarah Pukin Photography
The first cut is the sweetest!
The Lake House's in-house pastry team works closely with couples to re-create your visions set to amaze guests and please everyone with a sweet tooth. Embracing the flavors of the season within your wedding cake is a creative and more importantly, delicious way to highlight the time of you choose to say, "I do".
Add a little touch of winter magic to your day, with sparkles, flavor and personalized designs with the in-house pastry team.
Photo: Barbara Rahal Photography, Cake: The Lake House In-house Pastry Team
Relax and enjoy your day, whatever the weather!
The most important factor to consider on your wedding day, be it any time of year, is that you can relax and trust the day will run smoothly. That's where the in-house team of event experts come into play. They will ensure your day flows without worry, whatever the weather! The Lake House has seen and worked with it all; and there is no amount of snow, hail or rain that would dampen their spirits, ensuring you have the most enjoyable day possible.
Combine these top reasons to celebrate your special day and we guarantee a fairytale ending, remembered for the rest of your lives!
View the wedding packages for quotes and prices for The Lake House weddings, or get in contact with their extremely knowledgeable wedding team with any questions you may have.


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So you're coming to Scotland….Posted on Sunday, July 5, 2015
Scotland is a nation rich in traditions, customs and homespun words of wisdom! With our at-a-glance guide to Scottish sayings, you'll soon feel at home.
Pronounced crack, is a Scots word for news or gossip. So if anyone asks you 'What's the craic?' you can tell them you're coming to Bonnie Scotland for summer school in the beautiful capital, affectionately nicknamed 'Auld Reekie'.
Top 5 Lunch Spots in EdinburghPosted on Wednesday, July 1, 2015
For when you need something more than a £3 meal deal from Sainsburys or Tesco; here are our favourite spots close to central campus to grab lunch after class ends.
1. Union of Genius Soup Union Of Genius, 8 Forrest Road, Edinburgh EH1 2QN
Northern delightsPosted on Wednesday, June 24, 2015
Isle of Skye
Swap city for scenery and embark on a Highland adventure – the perfect tonic to the buzz of Edinburgh life.
Edinburgh is a city of varied delights: winding cobbled streets steeped in history, elegant Georgian walkways with chic boutiques, dramatic castle searing into the skyline, the country's finest museums, galleries and nightlife. Few places hum with energy like Scotland's capital.
A Taste of ScotlandPosted on Thursday, June 18, 2015
Scotland is both famous and infamous for its cuisine. Listed below are some Scottish delicacies for you to try during your stay here.
- Haggis
The classic. Haggis (sheeps stomach), neeps (turnips) and tatties (potatoes) is the most famous dish in Scotland. Although the idea of eating the minced offal of a sheep may be off-putting many people find that they enjoy the taste. For a less intense experience try vegetarian haggis which is surprisingly spicy.
Feminist Economics as a Response to ComplexityPosted on Monday, June 15, 2015
As the study of the economy as a whole, macroeconomics involves dealing with great complexity. Millions of individuals and businesses take decisions each day to produce goods, to buy and sell, and to offer and accept jobs. From a psychological point of view their decisions may have far from simple motivations that are also influenced by the choices and opinions of others. These decisions in turn affect the constraints under which others make theirs and all have to be made with a view to a future filled with irreducible uncertainty.
Guide to a Night Out in EdinburghPosted on Friday, June 12, 2015
If you're planning on exploring what Edinburgh has to offer at night we've come up with some suggestions on what to do and where to go.
Scottish Country Dancing
Top 5 Study Spots in EdinburghPosted on Monday, June 8, 2015
When you're not exploring Edinburgh and actually need to sit down and study here is a list of the top 5 study spots in the city to help you along the way.
1. Edinburgh University Library: open 07:30- 02:30 all week until 30th June, open 07:30-00:00 1st July-30th August
Edinburgh's sensational summerPosted on Friday, June 5, 2015
Think summer in Edinburgh is all about August? Think again. There are exciting events happening all over the city before the Festival comes to town.
Top 5 Coffee Shops in EdinburghPosted on Wednesday, May 27, 2015
Any student knows the key to studying is great coffee to inspire you and Edinburgh is filled with lovely independent coffee shops to help you along the way. Below is a list of five favourites.
1. Peter's Yard
27 Simpson Loan, Open Mon to Fri - 7.30-19:00, Sat and Sun 9.00- 19:00


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Washington Insider-- Tuesday
Vilsack and Rural America
Here's a quick monitor of Washington farm and trade policy issues from DTN's well-placed observer.China to Impose Duties on US Distillers' Dried Grains
China will collect provisional antidumping duties at a 33.8% rate on U.S. distillers' dried grains (DDGs) with or without solubles, starting Sept. 23, according to a statement posted on China Commerce Ministry's website.
The preliminary ruling comes after a months-long probe following complaints by China's ethanol producers that the U.S. industry was unfairly benefiting from subsidies. China did not give a timing for a final decision.
Exporters have already curbed shipments into China since the investigation started in January to avoid any retroactive penalties. Some observers noted they had feared duties would be higher, between 40% and 60%. The final ruling could show a higher duty, some reports noted.
Chinese imports of DDGs totaled 508,240 metric tons in August, down nearly 36% from a year ago while January-August imports totaled 2.4 million metric tons, down nearly 46% compared to a year ago.
China imported a record 6.8 million metric tons of DDGs in 2015, worth almost $2 billion, according to official customs data. DDGs is a by-product of corn ethanol production. China is the world's biggest buyer and almost all of its imports come from the U.S., the biggest exporter. Chinese feed mills use DDGs as a substitute for domestic corn and soybean meal in animal feed production.
China previously launched an antidumping investigation into DDGs imports from the U.S. in late 2010, later extending the probe before dropping it in mid-2012. The earlier investigation slowed China's imports of the feed ingredient but did not stop them entirely.
Authorities made an initial decision that imported U.S. DDGs has damaged China's domestic industry, the ministry said. Chinese importers will have to pay the deposit to customs, it said.
Groups Want WOTUS Court Brief Schedule Altered
The schedule for opening briefs in the challenge to the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule should be postponed until the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has decided whether to admit certain memorandums by the US Army Corps of Engineers that were critical of the way the rule was crafted, according to a motion filed by a coalition of 54 business, agriculture and manufacturing groups.
The filing, by groups including the National Association of Manufacturers and the American Farm Bureau Federation, call on the court to extend the briefing start to 30 days after the court rules what documents are to be made part of the administrative record.
Opening briefs from states, business and municipal groups, and environmental organizations challenging the legality of the WOTUS rule are due September 30, but the court has yet to rule on the documents that were part of briefs filed July 29.
Washington Insider: Vilsack and Rural America
The Washington Post is reporting that USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack had become discouraged during the course of 2015 and approached President Barack Obama in the Oval Office to indicate he wanted to exit his post atop USDA.
"Mr. President," he said, "I think it's time to go." The Post noted Vilsack had been a model cabinet secretary in the nearly eight years as USDA Secretary, "a disciplined and efficient technocrat who understood the inner workings of his department, worked well with lawmakers and did not cause trouble for the White House."
"I just sometimes think rural America is a forgotten place," he often said, according to the Post. He even indicated to the paper that the number of consequential issues crossing his desk had dwindled. "There are days when I have literally nothing to do," he recalled thinking as he weighed his decision to quit.
But instead of taking Vilsack's request to resign, Obama instead challenged Vilsack with another task at USDA -- Obama asked him to oversee the administration's response to the opioid crisis that was ravaging rural America.
Vilsack put his energy toward the opioid crisis challenge and focused on it intently. He traveled to New England, Nevada and Appalachia, and most recently, in St. Louis, Missouri. "I am here to learn and here to listen," Vilsack told the group. "I want to make sure that when I walk out of here, I have a very good understanding of the problem."
But what probably struck Vilsack most as he confronted this new challenge is that the crisis was personal. Vilsack had spent his adult life fighting for rural America. He was also the child of an alcoholic and prescription drug addict.
Vilsack used his personal story not only to motivate those he spoke with and give them hope, but the Post noted he also "used it to make the case for the kind of help that Washington could provide: more money for doctors, drug counselors and mental-health clinics to treat those who were suffering."
So this has marked yet another political chapter for Vilsack and has shifted focus at USDA to one area where he feels there is room for successes. Indeed, the tasks of running USDA as a farm bill continues to operate, as farmers struggle with current market conditions and USDA's own budget situation remains uncertain as it does for agencies across the government, Vilsack as turned this latest challenge to his advantage, he believes.
This is just the latest chapter for a USDA Secretary that has suffered the ups and downs of running the sprawling agency that is USDA. And depending on the election results in November, we could see Tom Vilsack still serving U.S. agriculture, Washington Insider believes.
Want to keep up with events in Washington and elsewhere throughout the day? See DTN Top Stories, our frequently updated summary of news developments of interest to producers. You can find DTN Top Stories in DTN Ag News, which is on the Main Menu on classic DTN products and on the News and Analysis Menu of DTN's Professional and Producer products. DTN Top Stories is also on the home page and news home page of online.dtn.com. Subscribers of MyDTN.com should check out the US Ag Policy, US Farm Bill and DTN Ag News sections on their News Homepage.
If you have questions for DTN Washington Insider, please email firstname.lastname@example.com
© Copyright 2016 DTN/The Progressive Farmer. All rights reserved.


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Anyone for Cake? How to Serve the Best Afternoon Tea at Home
Is there ever an occasion that doesn't call for afternoon tea? From birthdays and celebrations, to Mother's Day or Easter, we can't think of one happy event that wouldn't benefit from a spot of tea and cake. Whilst you can't beat the treat of going out to tea at a top hotel or glamorous restaurant for the really momentous occasions, afternoon tea is also a wonderfully easy yet effective gathering to host in your own home too. So the next time you are having friends over for a coffee and a catch up, or you're hosting your next family gathering, why not recreate the finest afternoon tea at home with our top tips…
What is Afternoon Tea?
The quintessentially British tradition dates back to the early 19th Century, when the 7th Duchess of Bedford complained of 'having a sinking feeling' during the afternoon. The Duchess's solution was to enjoy a pot of tea and a light snack privately in her boudoir to keep hunger pangs at bay until dinner time. Before long she started inviting her friends along too and it soon became the height of high society fashion and was deemed respectable enough to be moved to the drawing room. It's now evolved from a simple light snack and tea to a feast of sandwiches, cakes and of course, scones. This is seen as the traditional afternoon tea, but new variations are popping up all the time and sparkling versions with champagne or prosecco is now quickly becoming the top choice over the humble cup of tea.
Set the Tone
First things first with your at-home afternoon tea is to decide on the tone of your get-together. Do you want it to be a fancy affair fit for high society? Or an intimate, laidback offering? Determine the amount of people you'll be having and how formal you want it to be before moving onto the theme, as this will dictate how you style and serve the tea. Traditionally themed teas, think delicate china, finger sandwiches and dainty but delicious cakes, work well in both informal and formal settings as they can be dressed up or down. Traditional afternoon tea tableware can be patterned (often floral) or plain but the key with these theme is delicate features like classically shaped teapots and ornate cake stands.
Opting for a formal afternoon tea is a great excuse to up the glam stakes. More and more brands are releasing teaware made from the most luxurious of materials, like marble and agate, with gleaming metallic embellishments to really give your at-home afternoon tea the feel of a plush five star hotel. For those looking to put their own stamp on afternoon tea at home, why not make it more quirky? From weird and wacky flavour combinations, to unique tea sets certain to grab your guests' attention, a quirky afternoon tea is the perfect choice if you want to give a nod to the traditional pastime but not lose your own unique sense of style. No cucumber sandwiches in sight.
Get the Tea On
Once you've decided on your overall look, it's time to turn to how you're going to serve it all in style. Of course no afternoon tea is complete without a hot beverage of choice. Whether you're serving traditional English breakfast tea, green tea, coffee or a mixture of all of the above, you'll need something to serve it to your guests in. We love mugs, and your everyday tea or coffee is absolutely fine to serve in these comforting cups, however afternoon tea calls for a vessel with a little more flair and by flair, we mean a saucer. Tea and coffee cups with saucers give an extra sense of occasion so why not invest in a beautifully patterned matching set for your afternoon teas at home? Most teacup or coffee cup ranges also extend to teapots and cafetieres so you can keep the beautiful pattern flowing through brewing, pouring and drinking. Wedgwood are the leaders for decadent afternoon tea sets so should be your first port of call if you're looking for a new range.
Serveware at the Ready
There's so many elements of an afternoon tea that planning your serveware beforehand is a must. When you go out for afternoon tea you're normally greeted with a cake stand each or between two with every tasty treat on. Whilst giving each of your guests a cake stand is impractical, you can still make one or two stands a centrepiece for your table to serve the scones or cakes on them. Then arrange the sandwiches and other treats on platters or serving plates around the cake stands so your guests arrive to a table full of food. The final finishing touch is to make sure each guest has a small plate (side or dessert plates work well) for them to serve themselves throughout the tea.
Get Baking
Now You've got the aesthetics covered it's time to look to the food itself. Whilst any lover of afternoon tea will have a sweet tooth, make sure you have a great selection of savouries too. This can be in the traditional form of sandwiches or go for a modern twist by including mini pies, pastries or tarts. If you are opting for sandwiches you could always mix up the bread choices by introducing bagels, flatbreads or focaccia. Just make sure you have a selection of fillings to cater to even the fussiest of eaters. An at-home afternoon tea is also a great opportunity to show off your baking skills, as no tea is complete without copious amounts of homemade cake. From show-stoppers, to tray bakes, whatever you decide to whip up, it will look fit for the latest series of Bake Off when you've add it to your stylish spread.


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Jane Leopold Quinn is a multi-published author of highly sensual novels, novellas, and short stories. They've all been well reviewed, including 4-1/2 Stars and Top Pick, as well as a Reviewers' Choice Nomination for Best Erotic Romance of 2006 from Romantic Times Magazine for her debut novel, Ancient Ties.
She loves the creative process and is constantly, madly writing and revising the "next great book." Nothing is more satisfying than bringing two people together for a happily-ever-after ending. Writing romance is the greatest job in the world and is her passion and niche in life.
Creativity in romance authors isn't usually limited to writing. Her other interests include building and decorating doll houses and miniature room boxes, as well as designing silk flower arrangements. Next up? Mosaics...
Jane lives in Chicago, overlooking the park and Lake Michigan, with her wonderful husband.
Related to Lost and Found.
When her fiancé is busted at a gentlemen's club, Norah Ballard calls off the wedding. Shocked and humiliated, she takes the first train out of Chicago and ends up in a picturesque small town called Birchwood Falls.
Michael Banning spots the new woman in town and recognizes her from college. She's even more gorgeous and sophisticated now. He's no longer the nerd he was back then, and now that she's on his turf, he's going to touch and taste every sleek, beautiful inch of her. Whatever her reason is for being in his town, he'll fulfill all her desires so she never wants to leave.
Norah doesn't plan to let another man—no matter how sweet, smart and sexy—get close enough to hurt her again. But Mike's passionate pursuit of her, the way he seems to know just how to arouse her, awakens a sexual hunger she didn't know she had.
A Romantica® contemporary erotic romance from Ellora's Cave
Hunky Marine Marc Rahn enlisted after his high school graduation to escape the pain of his parents' fatal car wreck. Now on leave after eight years and multiple Middle East deployments, he returns to his small hometown to put to rest his suspicions that the "accident" might actually have been anything but.
What he doesn't expect is an intriguing flash of a pierced nipple from a new neighbor on move-in day. The breast's owner, Phoebe Barnes, is a beautiful young jazz singer who plans to make it big in the music business. Her early years in foster care made her hungry for attention and fame, and she's out to achieve both at almost any cost.
Despite their differing paths, Marc and Phoebe quickly give in to the sizzling attraction between them. But will their passion turn deadly when the person who killed Marc's family decides two murders might not have been enough?
A Romantica® suspense erotic romance from Ellora's Cave
Rose and Hyacinth—how can two such well meaning, but hapless faery god sisters meddle in one princess's life without causing complete chaos?
King Eric promised Princess Violetta she would choose her own husband, then breaks that promise. He offers her hand in marriage to the winner of the joust in return for the knight's support in war against his enemy. Chafing at this, Violetta, an expert with bow and arrow, accidentally shoots one of the competitors. She can't believe the effeminate knight is also the most handsome man she's ever seen. Knowing she shouldn't, she still surrenders to his seduction, hungering for his kisses and caresses.
Prince Colin, on a spy mission, disguises himself as an outrageous fop. The last thing he expects to find is the beautiful, passionate princess. He treads a fine line fighting attraction to her and loyalty to his father. Then his mission turns from spy to love, and he must reveal his true identity risking a trip to the dungeon.
Will Colin's honesty destroy their future? Will Violetta let go of her feelings of anger and betrayal? Two faery god sisters certainly hope so.
Sharon Timmons used the comfort of food to survive a rough childhood when her father left, and her mother responded by going from man to man. Taking control, she made a new life for herself -- new body, new job, new town. Deputy sheriff Hank wasn't a forever kind of guy, but she was devastated when he left her for another woman. His partner rescued her. She had no clue how her life would be impacted.
Pete Rayne dated a lot of women in his day. He came from a big family, born right in the middle. No one had ever needed him before. Sharon did. He sensed her insecurities even though she was a knockout. When Hank publicly dumped her, Pete scooped her up in his arms – literally – and didn't plan to let her go.
Sharon is a lot stronger emotionally than she gives herself credit for. Pete is determined to help her realize that and determined to prove to her he's the one man who will love her under any circumstances and love her forever. Sharon slowly comes to realize her intense, honest relationship with Pete is true, and he is The Keeper.
An ordinary secretary, Gwen Bailey comes face to face with an invitation to have sex with two men, two strangers. What should she do? Can she go through with this? Brede Harker and Rory O'Brien arrive in her office expecting to keep their date with her boss who is on her honeymoon. Both men are attracted to Gwen and ask her to dinner instead.
The two men are from the website sugardaddy dot com, which caters to young women looking for older, wealthy men. Brede has been doing this for several years. Rory, a newcomer to the site, is his apprentice.
Handsome, educated, and successful in their own businesses, these two men want to show Gwen the pleasures of ménage from their differing perspectives. Experience and stamina. Each man has an abundance of both qualities.
Gwen takes a chance on them, and her life will never again be the same old, same old. Brede and Rory find that their interest in Gwen grows into something more than just sexual. None of them want this adventure to end.
Come along on their sensual journey into the world of ménage.
Valentine, her brother Ryan and his best friend Rafe, ran wild when they were kids. Val's crush on Rafe started early and never died. Recovering from his divorce, Rafe reunites with Val at Ryan's wedding and is thoroughly turned on by the stunning woman she's become. Sparks fly, and their mutual fascination turns to lust. Val and Rafe's lifelong fantasies are fulfilled in one night of breathtaking sensuality. Can this ecstatic reunion turn to love?
(Story previously published in anthology entitled Torrid Teasers Volume 2)
Army Ranger Jess Crofton doesn't plan on one last fling before his second deployment. He gets that and so much more with memories of a gorgeous Lorren Samples to carry with him into battle.
Lorren has her own fledgling career as a women's rights lawyer. She lives in the whirlwind that Jess creates in their one day together, not knowing until the moment he's leaving that he's an elite soldier. They promise to e-mail each other, but war intrudes on that plan.
Can a long deployment, a horrific Afghan mountain battle, and a wounded hero rekindle the passion he found on a hot Chicago summer's day? Will Lorren ignore their age difference and accept a new love in her life?
Life dealt Mack Penchant a raw deal. He's hidden his sexuality, the secret he's carried since he was a teen, through the Marine Corps, and now as an undercover cop. The only relationship he believes possible for himself is the furry kind, with his dog Kiki. One young cop, though, drives him to a frenzy, and he fights his passions and needs every step of the way. Woody Kane's gaydar spots Mack the moment they meet. And even though Mack rejects him, Woody lusts after the perfect masculine body and wants him in his bed. Woody believes in commitment. Mack makes it clear he does not. Can Woody prove to Mack that he's worthy of love? After all, he adopted a rescue dog. Isn't that a start? What peril will it take for Mack to accept Woody's love and join him in a committed relationship?
After a spectacularly failed romance left her devastated, all Isis Garrett wants is to start her library in this West Texas town. The last thing she wants is another man, not even the handsome preacher who offers his church for her books.
Pres MacKay is starting a new life as a preacher. He can't hide his attraction to the sweetly rounded new librarian even as she pushes him away. Can he discover the way into her closed heart and prove to her he's one of the good guys'
Pres isn't about to give up on Isis, though. The question is can she forget the pain of the past and see a future with him?
Ex-Green Beret Rowdy Pierce, warrior.
Sara Stewart, artist.
Macho mercenary rescues posh jewelry designer. Their lives collide in a spectacular rescue and escape. An attraction develops swiftly in this life or death, wild desert ride to freedom across the Egyptian desert.
Sara falls for her sexy, body-to-die for hero and makes the first move. Is her lust for the bearded, beat up hero gratitude, or something deeper?
Rowdy's career is saving lives, and he has never become personally involved, until this mission. Fascinated by the luscious, sweet-bodied, free-spirited woman he saves, he takes what Sara offers. He doesn't expect to lose his heart.
Will their lust turn to something deeper back in the real world?
Free spirited actress Liz Aspen can't resist masturbating to the fantasy of her gorgeous, hunky next door neighbor. If he were only there in the bedroom with her, she wouldn't need Mr. Fake-Nine-Inch-Cock.
Sam Bolt, loner and secretive undercover cop, gets an eyeful when he accidentally spies on his neighbor from his window to hers. It's a shame what she's doing to herself--when he could do it much better!
Their lives entwine when he saves her life, but she's in further danger when his past meets his present. Sam hates the pain he's caused, but can't stay away from her. He craves the promise of a normal life with a soft, willing woman like Liz who doesn't have to fight tortuously dark demons.
Addicted to his powerful lovemaking, Liz finds him as compelling as she is confused by the mystery of what he's not telling her. Will she still love him when he finally tells her the whole truth? Can Sam accept that his past actions don't need to destroy a future with a woman who has proven her strength--emotionally and physically?
A Siren Erotic Romance
Rancher Jess CroftenÆs Chicago business trip turns into much more when he literally bumps into beautiful law student, Lorren Samples, and asks for directions to Michigan Avenue. You can't beat summer in Chicago for romance -- the sights, the lakefront, the food. And just when Lorren realizes Jess is someone special, he's gone.
Jess has kept his secrets from Lorren, but when he returns from the Middle East wounded in spirit and body, it's to reclaim the normalcy she represents and the way of life he fought for.
Betrayed by her cheating ex, heartbroken Janney Forrester needs a vacation. She gets one -- and much more -- when she lands almost 2,000 years in the past. Crossing over a crumbling stone threshold, she's greeted by the villa's perfect historical detail and the most gorgeous, masculine man she's ever seen, her every sexual fantasy personified. Confusion vies with attraction for control of her emotions, and Janney must reexamine everything she's ever thought about herself.
Roman soldier Marek Benin Verus considers the woman suddenly appearing before him as a gift from the gods. Zeus knows he needs one! Battle fatigued and emotionally scarred after fifteen years in the army, he's on a leave of absence, and he has all the time in the world to devote to seducing this beautiful woman into his bed. He doesn't plan on the powerful and dangerous emotions she inspires in him.
Marek's hard, muscular body is too luscious to resist. Janney decides to risk the comfort of her safe life and carpe diem - seize the day. Marek seizes her body and takes her to the edge -- and over -- to an ecstasy she never knew existed. Can a new world for her, timeless desire, and a loving exploration of each other's bodies forge a passion that survives centuries of separation?
Publisher's Note: This book is a re-edited, revised work previously released by another publisher. It contains explicit sexual content, graphic language, and situations that some readers may find objectionable: Anal play/intercourse, strong violence.
Nickie Grace moved to Parkersburg to rehab an old house and forget a disastrous marriage, but a prowler threatens her newfound peace. The vandalism gets more personal and creepier with every instance. It's a small town, and the investigating deputy, Hank Crossman, is everywhere. Nickie's not ready to get involved but she can't resist the hunk's seductive moves -- or the adorable stray dog he adopted. A summer affair might be fun, not to mention that with a sheriff's deputy guarding her body, how much safer could she be?
Deputy Hank Crossman loves to play the field. He's a commitment-phobe, who keeps everyone at arm's length, including his alcoholic father and the stray he's named simply 'Dog.' Now, he's determined to seduce Nickie Grace. Fortunately for Parkersburg, he takes his job much more seriously than he does his affairs. His frustration at not being able to solve the perverted and dangerous crimes against Nickie grows along with his attraction to her, and despite the dangers they become immersed in an intense lust-affair.
Then Nickie almost loses her life, and Hank discovers that everything that's been happening is because of his past. He wants to bolt, get out of her life, but this time he just might come home to stay.


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Pacotille: Theatre Review
Any form of theatre that has to do with puppets seems to exert a great fascination for children. More than adults, they seem to quickly suspend their disbelief, and join the puppets in the fantasy »
Any form of theatre that has to do with puppets seems to exert a great fascination for children. More than adults, they seem to quickly suspend their disbelief, and join the puppets in the fantasy »
Informed consent before medical procedures is a tricky thing. Sometimes it can delay the treatment or abandon it, while sometimes it can save lives. What should a patient do? »
At the Neralu 2014, a discussion on the cultural meaning attached to some of the older, shade-giving trees in the city led to the awareness that people continue to worship the Peepul tree AND informally »
Bellandur Buzz Issue # 28 Date: 29th January 2015. This fortnightly newsletter is published by the citizen group firstname.lastname@example.com Bellandur Devasthana – Inauguration ceremony Sri Venkateswara temple on the banks of Bellandur lake A »
When trash seems to be strewn everywhere in our public spaces, it was heartening to see this sight at the Bannerghatta Zoo. Long may such initiatives last! Zoo, 18th January, 2015.
Republic Day is a good time to think about citizenship, and the responsibilities it carries. The basic premise of a democracy is that the people imagine it, create it, shape it and sustain it. There »
Swalpa Adjust Maadi (SAM)..this seems to be our attitude towards the others who share our planet. And some of them learn to adjust…but at what cost, still needs to be determined! Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore, 11th »
My friend Priya Venkatesh, herself a theatre person, told me about another interesting and unusual performance at Jagriti on the 15th of January, 2015. So I went with her and three other friends, to watch »
Bellandur Buzz Issue # 27 Date: 16th January 2015. This fortnightly newletter is published by the citizen group email@example.com The DIY solid waste management website www.2bin1bag.in The website for 2Bin1Bag has been launched to help »
Kere Habba had an estimated 2000-3000 visitors on 10th January 2015 for the first in the series of Lake Day series sponsored by Namma Bengaluru Foundation. The focus was on conservation and appreciation of lakes »


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Meet Jonathan Aaron
"I have a passion for making each client's experience and exceptional one while also building long lasting relationships"
About Jonathan: Over the past 17 years Jonathan has worked both in the Mortgage and Property and Casualty Insurance business with 13 of those years in Residential Lending. Colleagues know him as a knowledgeable and committed lender who can always be trusted to care of their clients needs. Jonathan believes that a client needs come first and he counsels each on the best possible product to help them achieve their goal of home ownership. Jonathan holds a Bachelors Degree in Finance from Lander University.
Expertise: Conventional, FHA, USDA, Construction, VA, and Bank of Tennessee in house products.


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