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As collectors, we often receive questions from people who have just inherited or purchased an antique phonograph. We hope the following general guidelines will be helpful to new owners. NOTE: You may want to open our Glossary of Terminology in a separate window and refer to it as you read the following:
General Guidelines for Cylinder Record Machines and 78 rpm Disc Machines:
Your antique phonograph is probably powered by a spring motor. Unless it has recently been serviced, the mainspring grease and lighter gear lubricants have probably dried out. Minimally, all bearings and governor pads should be lubricated with sewing machine oil or other good quality lubricant. (Paraffin-based products such as 3-In-One oil may become gummy and are not recommended). If a "thumping" or "chugging" sound is heard as the motor runs, it means the mainspring grease has become hardened or thickened in spots. Sometimes the repeated act of winding the mainsprings and allowing them to run down will redistribute the mainspring grease and the problem will resolve itself. Occasionally the problem is bad enough that the mainspring(s) will need to be disassembled, cleaned, regreased, and reassembled. This is a job best left to the experienced. In all cases, know your limits (we all have them) and seek advice or assistance with jobs that are beyond your present skill set. Important Note: a phonograph spring motor should never be disassembled until after the mainsprings have been allowed to completely run down!
Once you're confident that your spring motor can be used without damaging it, winding the mainsprings is necessary. Newcomers to antique phonographs will often hesitate to wind the mainsprings too much. This is fine, but the mainsprings must be wound enough to provide sufficient power. Minimally, 25-30 revolutions of the crank should be enough to play one record. Motors with 2, 3 or 4 mainsprings can be wound 60, 90, or over 100 revolutions, although care should always be taken to avoid over-winding the mainspring. As the springs become fully wound, the operator will feel increasing resistance to cranking, followed by complete resistance. At that point, winding should stop. Except for small spring motors with single mainsprings, it shouldn't be necessary to completely wind the motor. However, doing so should cause no damage as long as the mainspring is not forced beyond a fully wound state. One last word about mainsprings: these motors are in many cases over a century old. Mainsprings can and do break. New replacements are available at nominal cost, but their installation should be attempted only by a knowledgeable repair person. With yards of mainspring coiled tightly into a donut-size spring barrel, things can happen fast if it's not properly controlled during removal – – sometimes resulting in injury. Let an expert handle it.
Antique phonographs are often housed in attractive wooden cabinets. Sometimes enthusiastic new owners, in a well-meaning attempt to improve the appearance of the cabinet, will apply tung oil, varnish, polyurethane, or other finishes to the cabinet. Unfortunately, this often results in regret later on when the owner discovers that they applied a finish that was inappropriate for that particular cabinet, or that a rare original finish was accidently ruined. Before doing anything to an antique phonograph's cabinet beyond gentle cleaning and lemon or orange oil, consult an authority.
Acoustic (that is, non-electric) phonographs depend almost exclusively on a horn to shape and direct the sound. Early phonographs relied on external horns. In 1906, the first internal horn machines (where the horn was concealed inside the cabinet) became widely available, and by 1912 these were outselling the external horn models.
Sound reaches the horn in a surprisingly simple manner. The bumps and wiggles of a recording are set like stone in the groove of a disc or cylinder record. (These grooves are easily seen on the outside surface of a cylinder and on one or both sides of a disc.) When the steel needle of a disc machine's sound box or the jewel stylus of a cylinder machine's reproducer glides over these undulations, the needle/stylus is vibrated. The needle/stylus is attached to a diaphragm – – much like the head of a drum. The diaphragm, now vibrating in sympathy with the needle/stylus, produces sound. But at this point the sound is thin and "tinny." If the sound waves are allowed to travel into a horn (sometimes through a hollow tone arm; other times directly into the horn), the sound is directed and allowed to expand its frequency range – especially in the lower end – and also in volume (think of a cheerleader's megaphone). In general, a larger horn will make a record sound better.
Pointers for 78 rpm Disc Record Machines:
1) First and foremost, steel needles play laterally-recorded discs and are designed to be used once only – then thrown away. They're readily available today, and are inexpensive. Remove and throw away any steel needle that is mounted in the sound box. Likewise throw away steel needles that are lying loose in the machine or in a "discard" container (these usually have a round hole in the lid to receive used needles). Use steel needles only from a paper envelope or metal container that contains shiny (not rusty) steel needles. By using only new steel needles and changing them with each record, your antique recordings will sound better and last much longer. (By the way, steel needles are meant only for 78 rpm shellac-based records. They will destroy vinyl records in short order, as well as thick Edison discs.) Some disc phonographs (such as Pathe) were designed to play vertically-recorded discs using a sapphire ball stylus.
If your machine's sound box has a metal shank carrying a tiny round stylus at the tip, DO NOT throw it away, but protect it from damage. It cannot be used to play common records such as Victor, Columbia, etc., but can play Pathe, Rex, Phono-Cut, and other vertically-recorded discs (except Edison).
If you own an Edison Disc Phonograph, your stylus is a permanent diamond. It can be used to play only Edison records of ¼" thickness. Unless it has been damaged, it should need no maintenance. To determine if your Edison stylus is good, gently lower it into the run-out area just outside the label and carefully examine that area under strong light. If the surface remains mirror-smooth, your stylus is probably fine. But if a tiny line has been inscribed by the stylus, it needs to be replaced. Do not play your records with it.
2) Cleanliness will contribute to your records' lifespan. If your disc records have been stored in albums or paper sleeves inside the phonograph, and look clean and shiny, they can probably be played with little or no harm (although many serious collectors never play new acquisitions until after carefully cleaning them). If there is visible dirt or other foreign matter in the record grooves, the record should be cleaned. Collectors argue over the best method of cleaning 78 rpm discs, but most use dishwashing detergent in lukewarm water with a soft brush or washcloth. (Note: Do not use water on Edison disc records. Rubbing alcohol is the best method for cleaning these.) A circular motion following the grooves is important, as well as a good rinsing and thorough drying. Professional archivists use specially prepared washing agents that are also available to collectors. Regardless of one's approach to cleaning 78 rpm records, everyone agrees that a dirty record should be cleaned before being played.
3) When the steel needle in the sound box is lowered to the record, it should make contact at approximately a 60-degree angle. Be sure the sound box is properly positioned on the tone arm to insure this angle of contact. Also, the needle should point in the direction of the record's travel; always being pulled through the groove (never being pointed against the record's direction of travel).
The steel needle should always contact the record at an angle.
(Note: this is an unrestored sound box. For optimal playback and minimal record wear, your sound box should be rebuilt with new gaskets, rear flange, and proper adjustment. See #4 below.)
Proper tone arm position. The needle should point in the direction of the record's travel.
Improper tone arm position. The needle will dig into the groove, quickly wearing out the record.
4) Most antique disc phonograph sound boxes are equipped with mica diaphragms. Over the years, the rubber gaskets that suspend the diaphragm have probably dried out. This will cause the machine to play with buzzing and generally poor fidelity. In 99 cases out of 100, a newly-acquired antique phonograph will need its sound box rebuilt. Although not a difficult job, it is a delicate operation and should be performed by an experienced person.
5) Some later sound boxes (notably the Victor Orthophonic) use stamped aluminum diaphragms. Rebuilding these sound boxes is especially tricky, and should be attempted only by an experienced person.
6) Hold your disc records properly!
Hold disc records by their edges.
Pointers for Cylinder Record Machines:
1) Do not attempt to play a cylinder record until you are certain you are playing it with the proper reproducer! From the 1890s until 1929, cylinder records were made from different materials, had grooves of different sizes, and played at different durations (2 minute or 4 minute). A variety of reproducers (employing various sized styli) were made to play these various cylinder records, and playing a record with the wrong reproducer can destroy it with a single play. Below are photos of commonly-found cylinder records and the proper reproducers designed to play them. Note that the phonograph must be capable of playing the same record as the reproducer! Some machines play records of 2 minute duration only; others can play records of both 2 and 4 minute duration by means of a gear shifting mechanism. The last models were designed to play cylinder records of only 4 minute duration.
Note: Cylinders with titles engraved on the ends are slid onto the mandrel blank end first; title end last. Brown wax and early black wax cylinders (without titles on the rims) are slid onto the mandrel beveled end first, flat end last. If you try to put it in backwards, the record will jam and if made of wax, it will break. In all cases, handle the cylinder carefully and never force it on the mandrel.
Brown Wax 2 Minute: (Safely played with these reproducers: Edison Automatic, B, D; Graphophone floating types.)
Brown wax cylinder records were made in a variety of shades, and are softer than cylinder records made from 1902 onward.
The Edison Automatic Reproducer has a ball stylus and was supplied with most Edison Phonographs prior to 1902.
Columbia Graphophones were equipped with a variety of "floating" reproducers until 1904 – all employing ball styli.
Another commonly seen Columbia Graphophone "floating" reproducer.
Black Wax 2 Minute: (Safely played with Edison Automatic, B, C, D, K*, M*, O*, S*; Graphophone floating types, Lyric.)
The earliest examples of the harder black 2 minute cylinders lacked the title engraved on the rim, as seen on the right. By 1904, titles were engraved on the rim, as seen on the left.
The Model C Reproducer is the 2 minute type most commonly found with Edison Phonographs. The tailweight is almost always marked "MODEL C."
The Model O Reproducer was designed to play both 2 and 4 minute cylinders by turning the knob at the front.
From late 1904 until late 1908, most Graphophones were equipped with a "Lyric" reproducer to play 2 minute cylinders.
Celluloid 2 Minute: (Safely played with Edison Automatic, B, C, K*, M*, O*, S*; Graphophone floating types, Lyric.)
The most common of the 2 minute celluloid cylinders is the Indestructible (on the left). To the right is a U.S. Everlasting – another commonly found brand.
Black Wax 4 Minute: (Safely played with Edison H, J, L, M*, N, O*, R, S*.)
The Edison 4 minute wax cylinder was called the "Amberol," and manufactured from 1908-1912. It is quite fragile and highly susceptible to rapid changes in temperature.
The Edison Model C (2 minute) and Model H (4 minute) Reproducers are quite similar. The green dye seen on the Model H was apparently applied only to the earliest of these in order to prevent accidental use of it on 2 minute cylinders. Fortunately, the tailweights of these models are engraved with the type.
The Edison Model K Reproducer is a "Combination Type," having both 2 minute and 4 minute styli. It's important to play records with the proper stylus. Other Edison Reproducers with both types of styli are the M, O, and S.
Celluloid 4 Minute: (Safely played with Edison H, J, L, M*, N, O*, R, S*, Diamond A, Diamond B, Diamond C, Graphophone 4m Lyric.)
4 minute celluloid cylinders are found in a variety of shades. Those on the left are Indestructibles, manufactured until 1922. Those on the right are Edison Blue Amberols, manufactured until 1929.
The Edison Diamond A Reproducer was designed for 4 minute celluloid records only. These models were not marked.
The Edison Diamond B Reproducer was designed for 4 minute celluloid records only. These models were not marked.
The Edison Diamond C Reproducer was designed for 4 minute celluloid records only. These models were not marked. Later versions of this reproducer were painted black, and these are found in the Amberola 30, 50, and 75.
2) Unlike disc playing phonographs, cylinder machine reproducers use permanent styli – – usually a sapphire or diamond. Unless the stylus is broken or worn out, the reproducer should be capable of playing a record. Like disc sound boxes, cylinder reproducers employ rubber gaskets to seat the diaphragm, and these dry out over time. This will cause the machine to play with buzzing and generally poor fidelity. In 99 cases out of 100, a newly-acquired antique phonograph should have its reproducer rebuilt. Although not a difficult job, it is a delicate operation and should be performed by an experienced person.
3) Some cylinder machines are capable of playing both 2 minute and 4 minute records. It's important to set the machine's gearing in the proper position, and make sure the proper reproducer is in place, or a combination reproducer is set for the same type of record. All 4 minute cylinders except Edison Blue Amberols will have "4M" engraved on the title rim. Only with rare exceptions are 2 minute records marked with the duration "2M", if your record is black or brown (not blue) and does not say"4M", it is most likely a 2 minute record.
4) Always keep your cylinder reproducer in the upper position when not playing a record. Sliding a cylinder record onto the mandrel while the reproducer is in the lower (playing) position can break off the stylus – – an expensive repair.
This reproducer carriage is in the upper position. By pulling the knurled button outward and lowering the carriage, the reproducer is put into playing position.
5) Cleanliness will contribute to your cylinder records' lifespan. If your cylinder records have been stored in a clean environment and appear clean and shiny, they can probably be played with little or no harm (although many serious collectors never play new acquisitions until after carefully cleaning them). If there is visible dirt or other foreign matter in the record grooves, the record should be cleaned. Generally the best way to clean mildly dusty or soiled brown wax or black wax cylinders is to gently wipe them with a clean cotton cloth in the direction of the grooves. This method works well on celluloid cylinders as well, although if necessary a damp sponge can be used to more thoroughly clean the record grooves, followed by careful drying with a soft cloth. Note: Do not allow water to contact the plaster cores of Edison Blue Amberol records or the paper cores of 2/4 minute Indestructible or Everlasting cylinder records. In the case of very dirty wax cylinders, they may be immersed in lukewarm water and dish detergent then gently cleaned with a soft clean cotton or terry cloth. Allow to air dry for at least 30 minutes. Note: Edison 4 minute wax cylinders are very sensitive to sudden changes in temperature, and will spontaneously crack when exposed to seemingly negligible temperature changes. Professional archivists use specially prepared washing agents that are also available to collectors. Regardless of one's approach to cleaning cylinder records, everyone agrees that a dirty record should be cleaned before being played.
5) Moldy or mildewed cylinders are of little or no value. The mold, being a plant material, has consumed some of the wax compound of which the record is made. This material is gone forever and no amount of cleaning can ever restore it. Brown wax cylinders can be shaved down and re-recorded, but the black wax cylinders are beyond redemption. Worse yet, cylinders with active mold spores can contaminate mold-free cylinders over time. Moldy cylinders should be either segregated from non-moldy examples, or thrown away. Celluloid cylinders do not become moldy, and have survived in greater numbers than wax cylinders.
6) Hold your cylinder records properly!
Cylinder records should be handled like this.
There's a lot to learn about antique phonographs. Some of us have been studying them for 50 years and we're still learning! Enjoy the process of discovery, and don't be afraid to ask questions. For further information, go to firstname.lastname@example.com .
*When the reproducer is set to the appropriate stylus; 2 minute or 4 minute.


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Most people choose air travel when heading to remote locations either for business or pleasure. If you ask these air travel enthusiasts, they will tell you that arriving at the airport fresh with a straight mind is the perfect way to start any air travel. Hiring the best limo service will ensure your leisure begins before you set foot in the airplane. By far Link Limousine Montreal is the best limo service you can think of. Here you are guaranteed of total safety and unparallel level of service. Listed below are some of the unique services offered by this limo company.
The Link Limousine Montreal limo company has an array of limo fleets you can choose from that are perfectly designed to cater for your personal needs and offer the best luxury ever. This company has a strategic plan, to conquer the limousine business for years to come that's why they have different models of vehicles you can get on planet earth. They are continually updating their fleet with new and most popular limo brands in the world to stay afloat. The Link Limousine Montreal Limo Company ensures that each vehicle is thoroughly checked before it leaves the yard to pick you up. The safety checks are applied to ensure the limo is fit and comfortable to conform to your travel needs. Lincoln Town Car limousine, suv limos, classic limos, stretch limos, Lincoln Navigator stretch are just but the few current high-end brands available at the company. A combination of stretch limousines and SUVs are also obtainable to choose from.
First class professionalism
With Link Limousine Montreal Limo Service, your cozy journey to Montreal airport starts at your doorstep. The drivers of the limousines are rigorously trained to meet professionally and exceed customer expectations. They are well trained to anticipate the nature of a clients travel, whether business or pleasure. If the client is travelling for business, they will endeavor to provide a quiet atmosphere for the customer to fully prepare for the meetings. If the travel is purely pleasure, the driver will ensure extended comfort and a nice relaxing music playing plus a well-equipped bar to begin your leisure. The customer is the priority at Link Limousine Montreal, and the staff will give extra to ensure satisfaction is met.
Impeccable customer service
Link Limousine Montreal Limo Company will endeavor to provide prompt service at your request. The limo will always be early on your pick up point, and they will ensure you arrive at the airport early to avoid travel inconveniences of flight cancellations and so on. The drivers have a high level of courtesy; they will help you will your luggage, answer any question related to local knowledge and give you the drivers contacts in case you need to communicate when you arrive home safely.
I hired a stretched limo for my son's birthday. I was perfectly happy with the depth of commitment from the limo driver. He was easy to work with and even has a big surprise with eye-watering upgrades. The limo was massive, clean and in terrific condition. The lights and upholstery truly lived up to the reputation of a smooth and luxury ride.
–Vincenzo Di Torio
Meet and greet services are also available for those visiting Montreal for the first time or travelling with other important personalities that you want to impress. When you arrive, be sure to be met by a highly professional team who will be more than willing to assist you with your luggage to the waiting limousine as opposed to other limo companies. Link Limousine Montreal specializes in catering to customers who love private chartered flights. Specific services like picking and dropping clients on the tarmac next to the private plane are what they do on a regular basis.
Customer design package
With Link Limousine Montreal Limo services, customers have the liberty to design their limo package without interference. Clients are free to choose and design packages that simulate their travel needs, whether business or leisure. You always want to get professional services, comfort and safe travel, so why compromise on that? Link Limousine Montreal Limo Company will work closely with you to achieve your travel goals.
Nous assurons la sécurité et le confort de tous nos clients. Nos chauffeurs professionnels sont formés pour Vous satisfaire.
Our montreal limousine driver always arrives prior to your scheduled time to insure that you get to your destination on time. He will notify you to his arrival and then stand by for your arrival to our limousine. His duty is to take luggages and open the door for you.
Once settled in our limousine, your chauffeur will take you to your destination by following all traffic laws. Smooth drive to avoid spelling your drink on your cloths. Insures that you have the most beautiful experience with us. Setting the climate controls to your taste and putting you music to enjoy the moment.
Disputes arriving in style with your montreal limo service, our chauffeurs drop you off to the door on the right side of the street. For your safety, it's the drivers job to open the door for you and let you out. He will help you with luggages and bags to your door footsteps. He will insure that you didn't leave any of your personal belongings inside our limousine.
We take our business to the second level, we want to insure a repeat business from our clients. To do so we got to exceed your expectations as keeping good customers just like you is the biggest challenge to all industries. Word of mouth is our pure core advertising and we pride our selves with it.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mission Type Order Definition - MilitaryDictionary.org
mission type order
Term Source: JP 3-50 (Personnel Recovery) ?
1.) An order to a unit to perform a mission without specifying how it is to be accomplished.
2.) An order issued to a lower unit that includes the accomplishment of the total mission assigned to the higher headquarters.
In the United States, military vocabulary is standardized by the Department of Defence. These terms are used by the United States Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps.
Term Classification: operations
Department of Defence, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
Term sourced from JP 3-50: Personnel Recovery, updated December 2011 View source document
This term is marked as active and was last updated in 2015
Random Military Term
Term of the Day
More Military Terms:
- space environment
- effective United States controlled ships
- governing factors
- network operations
- flight
Or: View Dictionary of Military Acronyms


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Fort BenningCommunity
Infantry School
The U.S. Army Infantry School is composed of the 198th Infantry Brigade and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade. Infantry School courses include Airborne, Ranger, Army Mountain Warfare, Basic Training and One Station Unit Training, Bradley Master Gunner, Combatives, Direct Commission, Heavy Weapons Leaders, Infantry Officer Basic Leadership, Infantry Mortar Leader, International Student Training, Jumpmaster, Maneuver Captains Career, Pathfinder, Sniper, Advanced Situational Awareness and Small Unarmed System.
198th Infantry Brigade
The 198th Infantry Brigade transforms civilians into disciplined Infantrymen. One Station Unit Training combines Basic Combat Training and Advanced Individual Training to create a 14-week training cycle.
Within the brigade, there are five OSUT battalions: 1st Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment; 1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 58th Infantry Regiment; and 2nd Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment. For more information about 198th Infantry Brigade, go to www.benning.army.mil/basictraining.
The Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade is composed of the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment and the U.S. Army Ranger School.
Ranger School develops leadership attributes and competencies, resiliency, and the technical and tactical proficiency of Soldiers to improve their ability to plan and conduct missions to close with and destroy the enemy in direct ground combat normally associated with Infantry and Ranger squads and platoons. The 61-day Ranger course is divided into three phases: the Benning Phase, conducted by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion; the Mountain Phase, conducted by the 5th Ranger Training Battalion at Camp Merrill near Dahlonega, Georgia; and the Florida Phase, conducted by the 6th Ranger Training Battalion at Camp Rudder, Eglin Air Force Base in Florida.
The 1st Battalion (Airborne), 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment, conducts the U.S. Army Airborne basic course, Jumpmaster and Pathfinder courses. The three-week airborne course includes: ground week, in which students learn to don the parachute harness, exit an aircraft and execute a parachute-landing fall; tower week, in which students practice mass exits from a 34-foot tower, landings from the swing landing trainer, riser and canopy control, and one drop from the 250-foot tower; and jump week, in which students must execute five jumps from a C-130 or C-17 U.S. Air Force aircraft.
The 199th Infantry Brigade trains leaders in Infantry and Armor Basic Officer Leader Courses, Officer Candidate School, Direct Commission Course, Maneuver Captains Career Course and Noncommissioned Officer Academy. For more information about the 199th, go to www.benning.army.mil/infantry/199th. The 199th Infantry Brigade includes:
2nd Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment, which conducts the Infantry Basic Officer Leader Course to train Infantry lieutenants to successfully lead a platoon in any operational environment.
3rd Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment, which conducts Officer Candidate School and the Direct Commission Course. Its mission is to train selected personnel in the fundamentals of leadership and basic military skills, instill professional ethics, evaluate leadership potential and commission those who qualify as second lieutenants in all 16 basic branches of the Army.
2nd Squadron, 16th Cavalry, which conducts Armor Basic Officer Leader Course, develops leaders capable of conducting decisive operations as a part of a combined arms team.
3rd Battalion, 81st Armor Regiment (Provost), maintains operational control of the MCoE HHC, MCoE Band, International Military Student Office and the MCCC Student Detachment. The regiment also provides administrative support for more than 1,500 military personnel and civilians assigned to DOT, DOTS, DOTD, CDID and the MBL.
The Noncommissioned Officer Academy conducts advanced and senior leader level courses. Henry Caro NCO Academy courses, part of the NCO Education System, include Warrior Leader Course, Infantry Advanced Leader Course, Armor Advanced Leader Course, Maneuver Senior Leader Course and the Battle Staff NCO Course.


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Spain Visa Application Template
Visa applicants must appear in person. No visas will be processed by email or mail. Applications will be accepted on a first come first serve basis. Appointments will not be available.
Types of Visa for entering Spain
1.Short Stay Visa (Schengen Visa)
A Schengen Visa issued by an Embassy or Consulate of the aforementioned countries allows the holder to travel freely throughout all the countries. If you intend to visit several Schengen countries, you must apply at the consulate of your main destination (where you are spending the most days). If you are part of a cruise please note the number of days spent in each port. If you are spending the same amount of days in several countries, you must apply at the consulate of your country of first entry.
Schengen Visa requirements are same as Tourist Visa requirement which is explained in below paragraph
Important Note:
- If you intend to visit only one Schengen country, you must apply at the Consulate of that particular country.
- The Embassy does not allow visa agencies assist applicants with visa applications.
- ORIGINAL AND ONE PHOTOCOPY of each of the following items must be presented
2.Tourist Visa and Business Visa
- Checklist for Schengen tourist visa. Please download the one for your country. However we are attaching a sample here.
- Alien Residence Card (Green-Card) or residence visa valid in USA. F-1 visa holders need to bring the I-20. B1-B2 visa holders are not eligible to apply.
- Schengen visa application. Download Schengen visa application. If you need a sample form with instructions then click here.
- Personal covering letter with your entire plan clearly mentioned. Download template.
- If you are working , then you need to obtain leave letter from your employer. Download template
- If you are a student then no objection letter from school. Download template
- Flight itinerary or flight reservation for visa application. This includes your flight information, airport information, date of travel and flight names and should be obtained from a qualified travel agent. . To book your flight itinerary for Schengen tourist visa, Click here.
- Proof of accommodation. Hotel bookings for your stay. Sample hotel bookings for visa application . To book accommodation proofs for your Schengen tourist visa. Click here.
- A valid health insurance covering a minimum of €30,000 . Sample here.
- Cash in exact change or a Money Order to pay the non-refundable visa fee of 64,00. There is no fee for children younger than 6, the fee for children between 6 and 12 is $38. The visa fee for nationals of Russia, Ukraine, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Moldavia is $38.
(Download all the required documents for your visa application as a zip file. Visa application requirements.zip).Check below Flights itinerary or travel itinerary for Spain tourist Visa application.
Sample flight itinerary with PNR
Travel Itinerary booking for Visa processing
[price_table id="4090"]
3.Residence visa to retire in Spain
4.Residence visa to work in Spain as an employee
5.Residence visa for investors or self-employment
6.Residence visa to reunite a family member with a legal resident in Spain
7.Residence visa to reunite a family member with a citizen of Spain or a EU member
8.Student visa
9.Non lucrative visa
10.Residence with exemption of work permit.
11.Entrepreneur visa and visas under Law 14/2013


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Legacy Support
TelWare offers support on many legacy phone systems, including Comdial Vertical, Mytel, and Nortel.
Many of our technicians have over 30 years experience in a wide variety of business phone systems.
TelWare offers support on many legacy phone systems, including Comdial Vertical, Mytel, and Nortel.
Many of our technicians have over 30 years experience in a wide variety of business phone systems.
Does your organization have a Comdial legacy phone system that needs service? Well, you may or may not know that, in 2006, Comdial was acquired by Vertical Communications, and shortly thereafter, production on Comdial systems came to a halt. But not to worry, TelWare was installing new Comdial systems long before the acquisition and continues to service them today. We have access to legacy phone replacement parts, phones and accessories for most Comdial and Vertical systems. Our service technicians are factory trained to deal with any issues you may have with your Comdial system.
Supported Comdial legacy phone systems include:
Supported Comdial telephones include:
Even though Vertical acquired Comdial, they continued to make certain Comdial products that we support still today under the Vertical name.
Supported Vertical phone systems include:
TelWare sold Nortel phone systems prior to its Chapter 11 filing in 2009. Avaya acquired Nortel's enterprise solutions business. You may still see some older TelWare service vehicles sporting a Nortel logo on the back. TelWare continues to service these systems and phones. Our average length of employment is over 10 years, and many of our technicians were around when we actively installed Nortel Systems.
Supported Nortel legacy phone systems include:
Supported Nortel telephones include:
Customers often ask us, "What is the average life of a phone system?" The typical answer is around eight to ten years, but this rough estimation does not define the many variables that could influence your decision to replace your current phone system. In fact, most systems reach their end-of-life through retirement, long before they reach their operational end-of-life. Some systems still in the field have been operational for fifteen or more years! For some organizations, whose needs change very little, this may be fine, but for others, an older phone system may no longer meet the needs of their growing business or integrate with other technologies they may have added to their office. So, when do you need to think about replacing your current phone system?
your business owns an older legacy system like Nortel, Vertical, Mytel, or Comdial, we can conduct a cost analysis to determine if it would be more cost effective for your business to replace a crashed system with a new phone system. After all, both Nortel and Comdial products are no longer made, so replacement parts are getting harder to find; scarcity is causing the price on refurbished equipment to rise. Whether your phone system can be maintained with replacement parts or needs to be updated with a new system, you can rest assured that TelWare will find the most practical and cost-effective solution based on your business's goals.
Here are a few questions to consider to help you decide:
If you answered
"yes" to four or more of these questions, it is time for you
to consider replacing your current phone system. You are missing out on
many useful features, expansion opportunities and savings on service-provider expenses, replacement parts and service visits.
If you answered "yes" to two or fewer of these questions, then your phone system is still fulfilling most of your needs and probably has many years ahead of it.
If you're ready to upgrade your legacy system, contact us by clicking the link below or give us a call at 800-637-3148.
"Brian Andrews was very professional and very helpful. He was patient and took extra time to provide some training and highlight features of our phone system that are currently not being utilized. I look forward to our newly established relationship! Thank you for the support!"
Country Club of Salisbury
Problem: Customer said that they were doing their own programming and disabled/deleted the CCR tree.
When someone calls in and dials an extension, it says, "Extension not working," and after it cycles through, the caller is able to dial the extension. Customer is also going to send over a script of how the AA should route calls. Train customer on miscellaneous changes in voicemail/phone system.
Thank you so much for the fast response in being a new customer. Your technician, Matt, was incredible. He immediately recognized our "old" telephone system, and knew it would work with the Time Warner upgrade we got. He fixed what [another company's] tech could not do, and even discovered the [other] tech had destroyed our voicemail system. What a fantastic experience on a first-time call to your company. You are now my telephone advisory team.
Jeff Nichols
President, FJC Inc.


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Mother's Day is a one-day event which is most important for mothers as well as for their children. Mother spent a non-stop, overworked and exhaustive life for her children. Mother's day is only a single and special day for mother. It can also be one of the most rewarding for them. So, this Mother's Day it is a great opportunity to wish all the mothers out there a Happy Mother's Day! Sometimes it becomes hard to find the right words to put on card or letter for your mother on Mother's Day. For you We have the best collection of Mother's Day Quotes. It provide you the wide assortment of choices to find the perfect words for Mom on this special day.
Message For Mother
A mother is someone who'll hear your lie, patiently wait for you to say it and sometimes even pretend to have bought it. Thanks for bearing with my mom.
A mother is a person who seeing there are only four pieces of pie for five people, promptly announces she never did care for pie. -Tenneva Jordan
You are the greatest gift from the heavens mother, filled with love and care for all your children and the entire family.
Your smile brightens each day just as the morning rays shines on the hills and it's with doubt that this gives us the courage to face the new day with joy.
It's my time to know you that how fortunate and special I am to be blessed with a mother as caring, loving as you. Wish you a happy Mother's Day Mom.
I believe in love at the first sight for you are the first person I saw when I opened my eyes and have loved you since that day dear mum.
A mother's love gives to a child, what schools and colleges cannot. Love you mom.
My life has been tolerable, livable and enjoyable even after you and dad got divorced – all thanks to a heroic single mom like you. I love you.
I may call you mom but my heart calls you bestie. Your love makes every day of my life happy and carefree. I love you.
Mom, you've always been there for me. There's no way I could ever fully express my gratitude for all you've done for me. I love you! Happy Mother's Day.
With zeal and courage you have brought and fought for us that we can share in love bound with togetherness. You are so special to us mother.
As many as the stars on the sky, so do I have as much regards to the woman who brought me to this world, happy mother's day!
To a mom who's thoughtful, loving, and kind,I'm so thankful for the ties that bindOur hearts together in tender love.Happy Mother's Day–you're a gift from above!
I just want you to know how special and fortunate I find myself to be blessed with a mother as loving, caring and wonderful as you.
Mother Goose, Ma Barker, Mother Theresa — of all the mothers that ever lived, you're the "Motheriest." Happy Mom's Day!
I will never be able to describe in words what my mom means to me. If anyone wants to know, they will have to go inside my heart to see. My mom's love is warm, cute, caring and sweet – it is all that my heart needs to beat. I love you.
Heartfelt Mother's Day Message
Your sincere message for mother doesn't need to be only sent on the event of Mother's day or her birthday, this is your pure love message for mother and it's special. Show how much you love her by sending a heartfelt and special message for mother. You can also share wonderfully crafted notes, quotes, and images for her.
Mom, as I grow up I am realizing that I fought with you so much. Even when, all you wanted was for me to win the fight with the demons inside my head. I love you.
Mom, all these years I kept asking and you kept giving. Now I think it's time I started giving back and it all begins with two simple words – Thanks.
Your love mother runs like a stream down from the hills, refreshes us and fills our hearts with joy, we cherish you so much mother.
In your arms, you held us. Little did we know but you have given us the greatest treasure that will never fade in our heart and that's your love.
A mother's spell remains the strongest and the healthiest, for in it we have learnt how to love and care.
You are my friend, my spirit, my influence towards success. There is no replacement of you. You are the best and will be best forever. Wish you a very Happy Mother's Day.
All this while I was complaining about having nothing when in a mom like you, I had everything I could ever ask for. Thanks, ma.
The World's Best Mother is a book that ought to be written by its most qualified author – YOU. Thanks for everything mom.
If all the armies in the world were commanded by mothers like you, they would all be trained in decimating the enemy's hate with adorable smiles and warm hugs. Thanks for everything mom.
Mom, I promise to live a life that will do justice to all the sacrifices you've made.
Metaphorically you are the programmer who has originally coded and constantly improved the operating system of my life.
You gave up the most important things in your life so that I could take on the most important things in mine. Mom, thanks for all the sacrifices you have made.
Touching Message for Mom
Sending I love you message for mother will help you express your appreciation to your mother. Find some good and fantastic verses to send to your loving mom
Best friends come and go, boyfriends and girlfriends love and move on, bosses hire and fire but the only person present through it all is a mother. Thanks for always being there for me.
The only person who has stood by me through all life's storms and bad weather is none other than my amazing mother. Thanks, ma.
One day, you will realize that your mom was the best friend you never knew you had. For me, that day has come. Thanks, mom.
Thanks for always helping me to remember what is important in life… and today it is you! You are the best! Wish You A Happy Mother's Day.
Dear mother, you have shown me true love without a measure, in your arms I find my safest haven that shelters me whenever the storms rises beyond ability.
A mom like you I could never replace.Your actions and words are full of such grace.You're truly a treasure, so I'm writing to sayI hope you have a lovely Mother's Day!I love you, Mom!
You are the best friend and best mother ever. Mommy you are the serious gift to me. Wish you a very Happy Mother's Day.
In my whole life I haven't met a lady as elegant, beautiful and lovely as you. I love lots mommy. Wish you a very Happy Mother's Day.
There is no force powerful enough to stop me, as long as I've got my mother pushing me. Thanks, mom.
I don't see our relationship as something which is biological. For me, your warm hugs are nothing short of magical. Through life's rough patches you've made me feel secure. Mom, you have been nothing less than an angel for sure.
Mother's Day can come and go, but my love for you will always show. I don't need a commemorative occasion to remind me, to say thank you to my dearest mommy.
Life hasn't always been fair, sometimes it has been very mean. I fell down along the way, I got wounds that couldn't be seen. But through it all, my mom never left my side. Her love is the reason my tears have finally dried. Thanks, mom.
Mom, it has taken me too long to realize that while everyone else was busy finding faults in me, you were busy trying to fix them. Thanks for everything.
From peer pressure to bullying and from success to failure, my mom can help me with just about everything. Thanks, mom.
Message to Mom
Do yourself a favor and don't depend on cheesy quotes and greeting cards that start with Dear Mom and end with the most boring one-liners. Instead, choose a heart-melting message for mother listed below from our collection on message for mother.
Thank You are the two words I want to use to show gratitude for the two words you have given me – Perfect Life. Thanks, mom.
For you, I am going to replace my Hellos with Thank Yous. Because that's the only way I can show enough gratitude for all the things that you do. Thanks, mom.
Whenever I am in trouble I ask my heart 'What should I do?' Every single time it replies 'Do what your mother would tell you to'. Mom, thanks for being my guiding light.
Mom, had I listened to your advice, I'd been at a better place today. Now, I promise to live a life, which drives that regret away. Thanks for putting up with me all these years.
Right from the day, I was a toddler to the day, I became a responsible young adult, you have tended to me endlessly. Mom, I can never thank you enough for everything you have done to make sure that my life turns out perfectly. Thanks.
There can never be a day so dull that can't be brightened up with my mom's loving smile. Thanks for everything ma.
Bad grades, bad company, and bad habits – all these would have torn my life apart if it weren't for a super glue called MOM who held it all together. Thanks, mom.
Mothers like you are soft sponges which absorb their children's tears and squeeze out pretty bubbles of happiness and joy. Thanks for everything mom.
I don't know where to begin, I don't know what to say. Thank you is a very small word, for the sacrifices you make every day. From your warm hugs to your reassuring smile – everything has made my life worthwhile.
Love U Mom Quotes
Dysfunctional families, broken homes and bitter marriages would be history if there was a mother like you in every house. Thanks for everything mom.
Since you are a Fantastic mother and a Fabulous friend, from now on I will call you Fantabulous. Thanks for everything mom.
No school, college or university can teach the wisdom given to me by the best teacher in the world – my mother. Thanks, mom.
I have always wondered how it would feel to receive a touching note from my kid, thanking me for being a good mother. While I wait, I don't want to keep YOU waiting any longer. Thanks for everything mom.
In a day and age when happiness in life is measured in likes, retweets, and shares, there is nothing more precious than the support of a mom who really cares. Thanks, mom.
Mother you were my first friend and after all this years you still have been my true royal friend. I love you now and forever.
Your love is inexhaustible mother, nobody can give their hearts like you have. Every second that my heart beats, it reminds me that you gave me life and I should cherish you.
There's never been a minute I wasn't glad you were my Mom.
Wishing you a happy mother's day means that neither flowers nor gifts are enough to express my gratitude to such a loving mum as you.
Life has never been perfect. It probably never will. But I will never ever lose hope, because I know I always have you to stand by me even if the whole world falls apart. I love you mother, so much more than you even know. Happy Mother's day to you.
A mother's love is gentler than a father's, more tolerating than a sister's, more accommodating than a brother's. A mother's love is simply the best, better than the rest.
The PUREST and TRUEST meaning of the word UNCONDITIONAL can only be found in a MOTHER'S LOVE. Thanks for everything mom.
Happy Mother's Day to the woman by whom all women are judged. By the way, no one measures up.
Nothing can be compared to the love a mother has for her children. Your love is incomparable, unconditional and inseparable. No matter where I go or what I do, at the end of the day I always find myself finding solace in your advice. I love you too Mommy. Happy Mother's day.
Thank you for always being there, Mom. Happy Mother's Day.
Mom I love you for showing me the world and for all that you have done for me. Love you lots from my heart. Wish you a Happy Mother's Day.
Best friends and the best mother ever; you are seriously a gift to me Mommy. I love you. Happy Mother's day.
If there was a day for everything you have given to me as a mother, it would be a Mother's Day every day.
Everyone knows that I am you SON. But only I know that you are my SUN – lighting up my life with your hugs and smiles. Thanks, mom.
If you don't stop being an amazing mother even for a single day during the year, why should I thank you just Mother's Day? Thanks, ma.
Words like trouble, grounded, scold and punish have never been in my dictionary because I have a chilled out mom like you. Thanks for being super cool.
Whenever life has thrown curve balls, you have helped me hit them out of the park. Thanks, mommy.
Thank You Mom Quotes
Here are some thank you message for mother along with famous quotes. Thank you messages for mother should be really sincere and special. Send a meaningful thank you message for mother and show your feelings in just one sentence.
Thank you for being such a great mother, teacher and friend. Happy Mother's Day!
You've always been our anchor, our foundation, our rock. Happy Mother's Day to an incredible mother and wife!
To the best mother and wife on earth: You are simply amazing! We love you!
Thank you for raising me well. I am so happy to have an extraordinary mother like you. Happy Mother's Day!
Beauty and brains you're more than that, you are a great mother, a hero and a loving friend right from the start.
Mama was my greatest teacher, a teacher of compassion, love and fearlessness. If love is sweet as a flower, then my mother is that sweet flower of love. -Stevie Wonder
Mother love is the fuel that enables a normal human being to do the impossible. -Marion C. Garretty, quoted in A Little Spoonful of Chicken Soup for the Mother's Soul
Life began with waking up and loving my mother's face. -George Eliot
My mother is a walking miracle. -Leonardo DiCaprio
God could not be everywhere, and therefore he made mothers. -Rudyard Kipling
Being a full-time mother is one of the highest salaried jobs… since the payment is pure love. -Mildred B. Vermont
Children are the anchors of a mother's life. -Sophocles
The most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother. -Theodore Hesburgh
All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother. -Abraham Lincoln
A mother's arms are made of tenderness and children sleep soundly in them. -Victor Hugo
For when a child is born the mother also is born again. -Gilbert Parker
Hundreds of dewdrops to greet the dawn, hundreds of bees in the purple clover, hundreds of butterflies on the lawn,But only one mother the wide world over. -George Cooper
My mom is definitely my rock. -Alicia Keys
I remember my mother's prayers and they have always followed me. They have clung to me all my life. -Abraham Lincoln
Sweet Messages To Mom From Daughter
Your faith has paved the way to much happiness in my life. I have many wishes for you on this day, starting with many kisses on your beautiful face. Just wanting to make you happy on this blessed Mother's Day.
May all the love and smiles that you give to others come back to you tenfold on this special day. Happy Mother's Day!
Wishing you all a happy, bright, and special Mother's Day!
Happy Mother's Day to all the mothers who love their children more than anything in the world. Y'all rock!
hope that this day brings you so much joy and love, as much as your child brought you the first day you became a mother. Happy Mother's day!
Today is no ordinary day, it is the day that I get to honor you as a mother. You have raised your kids, and now you are the safety net to your grandchildren. You are the buffer when home is tense or the cookie baker when life's just too hard. You are now the Grandest of Mothers and I wish you great strength and much happiness.
I vowed to love you in sickness and in health. I vowed to provide for you and our family. But, it has been you who provided the happiness needed to make our house a home. My wish for you on this Mother's Day is to enjoy all love that's coming your way. My warmest wishes for a joyous day from your hubby!
Today being Mother's Day, I want to use the opportunity to thank you from the bottom of my heart for all the immeasurable care, support and love you have given me throughout my life. Thank you so very much, Mom. I wish you a fabulously Happy Mother's Day. May you always have a smile on your beautiful face.
Mom, I can confidently say that without your love, guidance and support, I won't be where I am today. I just want to use this special day to say a big thank you to you and tell you how much I appreciate your immeasurable sacrifices for me. Happy Mother's Day 2019!
Here's a big, jolly, warm hug and kiss especially for all the moms on Mother's Day. Hope your day is as fantastic as you are.
May you all have many joys and happy moments to cherish and celebrate on this Mother's Day.
Happy Mother's Day to you and to all the moms out there. May all your dreams and desires come true!
Roses are red, violets are blue, being a mother is being a superhero to a few!
Wishing you all the love, health and happiness that you so deserve. Happy Mother's Day to all the mothers of the world!
Forget Superman, Batman, Spiderman and all the other comic book heroes. They should make a movie about you – Supermom. Thanks ma, for being the hero in my life.
It would be cliché to say I don't know what I'd have done without you. But I truly believe that I would have been a nobody if it wasn't for the TLC you have showered upon me all my life. Thanks!
To all the extraordinary, fearless, smart, caring, funny, and badass mothers out there, nobody holds up the world the way that you do. Happy Mother's Day!
Mom, I have loved you since the very day you brought me into this world, and I know you've loved me even before I came into this world. Today being Mother's Day, I just want to let you know how blessed I feel to have a caring, loving and beautiful mother like you. Happy Mother's Day, Mom.
In my darkest moments in life, when all seems lost, you're always there to support and encourage me to never give up. Thank you, Mom, for playing such a wonderful role in my life. I love and cherish you so much, Mom. Happy Mother's Day.
Sweet Messages To Mom From Son
Like turkey is to Thanksgiving and bunnies are to Easter, you are to me – INSEPERABLE. Mom, thanks for always being there.
Momma's Boy is the one thing that I won't mind being called even when I grow older because I am proud to have a mom like you.
Mom, do you know how special and great you are? I hope you do. I'm sorry if I don't tell you enough. Love, your son.
Because of you I have a purpose in life. Thanks for all you unconditional love and support.
There's always love in everything you do. How did I ever get to be such a lucky son? Happy Mother's Day Mom!
To my wonderful Mother, who is very tolerant with a son like me: I LOVE YOU! Happy Mother's Day!
Today I celebrate a special lady, my best friend, my Mom. Happy Mother's Day!
Through the good and the bad, you are always there. How can I ever repay you mom? Thank you for being my hero.
You are the light of our home and the pillar of my strength. Thanks for being such a great mom. Happy Mother's Day to my incredible Mom!
The real meaning of the words True Love is not written in a dictionary, but in a mother's heart. Thanks, mom.
One of the things I admire most about you is to see the dedication and effort which with you educate your children, so I realize how lucky and happy they are. Happy Mother's Day.
May the Lord bless you on this day of mothers because you are a woman who always strives and whose priority is the welfare of their children. Wish you much happiness in your day, enjoy it.
I can realize how much you enjoy being a mom when your eyes sparkle with joy when you tell me all you live with your children. It's my hope that this mother's day got joyful next to the ones you love the most.
I know that a mother's love is so great that you are willing to do anything for your children welfare. Thanks for your great friendship and for being such a great example for me. I wish you have a happy Mother's Day.
The happiness of your child is that what gives you the strength to carry on and is something I greatly admire. Have a happy Mother's Day and receive God's blessings on you and your son and husband.


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Al Stewart - Orange [Remastered] (Music CD)
Release Date: 30 October 2015
Artist: Al Stewart
£11.29 includes FREE UK Postage (other delivery options available)
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This is a transitional Al Stewart album. After stretching the boundaries of song length and language with Love Chronicles, he was in a something of a holding pattern on Orange, without any obviously profound inspiration or moments of daring. "Songs Out of Clay," however, does reveal the first signs of the mix of acoustic and electric guitar sounds that he would perfect on his next album, Past, Present and Future, two years later, while "The Fourth of May," a six-minute personal story-song, gets something of the beat and the sound that Stewart would refine in achieving his subsequent success -- he just needed subject matter other than busted relationships. Orange also introduced Tim Renwick, whose lead guitar would become central to the sound on Stewart's subsequent albums. His singing, however, is still of a rather mournful and even monotonous nature, except on those two songs; he hadn't yet found sufficient variety in his tone and delivery, and even the presence of Rick Wakeman's elegant, classically based, arpeggio-laden piano accompaniments couldn't rescue most of these songs. There's also a pretty cool cover of Bob Dylan's "I Don't Believe You," cut as a warm-up for the rest of the album. ~ Bruce Eder
Release Date: 30 October 2015
Artist: Al Stewart


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Rusted Steel hanging crab, 4 1/2 inches
Decorative rusted steel crab hanging with twine. Makes for a beautiful piece that can displayed indoor or outdoor.
Each piece is hand made. Rosalyn Stanton is from Pemberton, B.C. who does all the cutting of the metal. Renae Lehmann is from Victoria, B.C. and finishes the raw pieces to create the rust and painted designs.


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Showing posts from January, 2018
Henri Roorda - "Joyful pessimism." In this baleful, little-known treatise, Roorda presents debt and boredom in a world of capital as "his reasons for going," and he dissects these motivations with such astuteness that his anatomy of himself and his perceived failures becomes spellbinding
Marjorie Worthington - Strange World follows two writers in their turbulent relationship and marriage. Seabrook, a renowned writer of the occult, and Worthington, a novelist and short story writer, find themselves caught in Seabrook's sadist world and his alcoholic, destructive downward spiral. This intense memoir is also a self-reflecting piece on Worthington's life while married to Seabrook
Count Eric Stanislaus Stenbock - the most outrageous poet you've (probably) never heard of. Described by Yeats as a "scholar, connoisseur, drunkard, poet, pervert, most charming of men," Stenbock is surely the greatest exemplar of the Decadent movement of the late nineteenth century
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Printed in U. S. A.
_Madame Thйrиse_ is a story of the French Revolution. The events
described in it occur between the summer of 1793 and the following
spring. It abounds in allusions to episodes in the Revolution itself and
contains many references to customs which owed their origin to the
Revolution. Though it presents no difficulties to the intelligent
Frenchman, still, by the constant introduction of these allusions to
events and institutions of the Revolution, it refers to many things
which are not clear to readers of other nations, unless they are
familiar with the leading facts of French history preceding the
revolutionary outbreak. The following sections contain an account of
many things mentioned in Madame Thйrиse.
1. The French Revolution was the culmination of the revolt of the French
people against royal despotism and class privilege. The spectacular part
of the Revolution began in 1789, the real revolution was complete before
that date. In 1786 the king, Louis XVI, called together the ancient
representative and legislative body of the nation to ascertain whether
the members could suggest any means of securing the great and constantly
increasing sums of money which he thought necessary for maintaining an
extravagant court--and incidentally the government.
2. If the king was compelled as a last resort to summon this ancient
legislative body, called the Estates General, the financial condition of
the government must have been bad indeed; for the Estates General had
not met for two centuries. It was unable to devise any increase in
taxation which the people could bear, for the poorer classes were
already taxed to the utmost and the upper classes were unwilling to tax
themselves. The Estates General, therefore, was not able to plan ways
and means of increasing the income of the government.
3. But in this session the non-privileged part of the people had
leaders. Certain nobles and ecclesiastics, of whom Mirabeau and Abbй
Sieyиs are the best known, purposely became representatives, not of the
upper classes but of the lower. Under their guidance representatives of
the Third Estate (the three estates were the Nobility, the Clergy, and
the Commons) in the Estates General now assumed power on behalf of the
French people to regulate taxation. They represented ninety-six per cent
of the population and took the name of National Assembly.
4. This was revolution. It stirred the king to assert his authority and
he directed them to adjourn. They refused. The Assembly now proceeded to
a consideration of changes in the government. The king brought soldiers
to Paris. This act of intimidation won for the Assembly the support of
the Parisian mob. One of the first acts of this mob was to destroy the
Bastille, which was the ancient state prison and a monument of royal
5. The peasantry in France rose, and in some places demolished the
castles of the nobility. The mob brought the king from the royal
residence at Versailles to Paris, where he was kept practically a
prisoner. Thus in a few months the people had secured control of the
government, but without overthrowing the monarchy. On the fourth of
August, 1789, the National Assembly "swept away all the odious
privileges of the old regime and decreed in law the reign of equality in
France." This was the beginning of the Republic, and the people began to
call themselves Republicans. Later, income-producing church
lands--perhaps one-fifth of the area of the country--were confiscated
and the Church was made a department of the state.
6. But the National Assembly needed money, so it issued paper called
_assignats_, whose value was secured by these church lands. This money
was subsequently issued in such large quantities that a dollar of it
came to be worth only a quarter of a cent. It was finally repudiated
7. From 1791, the history of the Revolution is a recital of factious
quarrels, and of wars with the rest of Europe. These latter did not
cease until the battle of Waterloo, in 1815.
8. European sovereigns watched the progress of the Revolution with
anxiety. No people would have the same respect for monarchy and kingly
authority, if the French were successful in overthrowing their
government. Kings made common cause against the common danger and
resolved to crush this uprising in France. Frederick William II, King of
Prussia, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and his successor Francis II were
the first to make war on the French. The French armies were so badly
beaten at first that the mob in Paris believed that those around the
king were giving information to the enemy. They accordingly made the
king an actual prisoner to prevent further betrayals. Thereupon the Duke
of Brunswick, in command of the Prussian army on the borders of France,
issued a proclamation threatening destruction to Paris if harm should be
done to the French king. Straightway the mob attacked the palace in
which the king was prisoner and massacred the Swiss guards. This was on
the tenth of August, 1792, a memorable day in the history of France.
9. On the twentieth of September the battle of Valmy was fought, in
which the French defeated their enemies decisively. The next day the
Republic was formally established, and on the twenty-second began Year
One of the French Republic. In the January following, the king was
executed. Prussia, Austria, England, Holland, Sweden, Spain, Portugal,
the Holy See, and Russia now combined to crush the young republic and
restore monarchy. La Vendйe, one of the western districts of France,
rose against the radical changes introduced by the Revolution.
10. The National Assembly was succeeded by the Convention, among whose
members dissensions arose and produced the Reign of Terror, from June to
October, 1793. Among the excesses of this period was the abolition of
the Christian religion in France and the substitution therefor of the
worship of the Goddess of Reason.
11. The causes which led the French people to rise and overthrow its
oppressors are fivefold:
(_a_). A despotic government. Over a century before the Revolution,
Louis XIV had said, "_L'йtat, c'est moi_." In his opinion the people
existed merely for him to tax, and despise in exact proportion to the
burdens which they bore. His successors held the same doctrine. For
nearly two centuries no king had summoned the national legislative body
to make laws and lay taxes. Successive kings had, by royal decree,
enacted such laws as they had seen fit, and had enforced them as they
pleased. They arrested, imprisoned, and executed citizens, almost as
they wished. Their taxation was extravagant, for the most part
unnecessary, unreasonable, and brutal. They lived scandalous lives
utterly regardless of their responsibility to their people. Their courts
were notorious for extravagance, frivolity and vice.
(_b_). Another cause was a contemptible nobility. In profligacy the
nobles imitated the kings. They despised their people, and robbed them
of the little left by the king's tax collectors. They had many ancient
feudal privileges but were unwilling to relinquish any of them to help
the people. The nobility, like the clergy, on the pretext of saving
their dignity exempted themselves from the necessity of paying taxes.
(_c_). The clergy. It has sometimes happened that oppression of the
people by religious organizations has been commensurate with the tyranny
of the ruling classes. On this account the oppressors representing
religion have been despised by the people, quite as much as lay tyrants.
The higher clergy, who were lords over nearly one fifth of the land of
France, did not treat their vassals appreciably better than did the
nobility. During the violence at the outbreak of the Revolution the
people in some parts of France burned castles, churches, and monasteries
alike. As Erckmann and Chatrian say in another work, "The peasants were
weary of monasteries and chвteaux; they wished to till the fields for
(_d_). The condition of the people. The life, liberty, and property of
the peasant were at the mercy of the king and the upper classes. Yet the
condition of the peasant was not utterly bad. He seems to have been
oppressed because he was not intelligent enough to better himself.
(_e_). Taxation. It was a recognized principle of the French government,
that the people might be forced to pay taxes and to build roads at
pleasure. If the peasant did not pay taxes by the time appointed,
collectors went to his home and seized whatever would satisfy the claim,
even taking clothes laid on bushes to dry, and sometimes going so far as
to remove doors from their hinges, or to take beams and boards from the
buildings and carry them away in place of taxes.
The salt tax (_la gabelle_) was an odious burden in its lack of
uniformity. It was thirty times as high in some parts of France as it
was in others. Besides, every person had to buy seven pounds a year for
household use; this salt could not be devoted to any other use. A
peasant needing salt for other purposes was forced to buy other salt, on
which there was of course a tax. To all the nobility, however, the king
made an annual free distribution of salt.
The _corvйe_, or forced contribution to build roads, was an oppressive
and tyrannical tax. Public good may have required community of labor on
roads, but the later abuse by which royal officers "tore away poor
peasants from their families and work, and drove them off to build
roads" was not to be endured. While building roads peasants had only
what food they brought along or what they begged out of working hours.
Louis Blanc makes the peasant soliloquize thus under the
pre-Revolutionary taxation:
"They condemn me to work without pay. My family counts on my work in the
field, but they take me away and force me to level the highway under
coach wheels, under the feet of the trader or the priest or the elegant
gentleman. I don't know how to surface roads; yet they take no account
of my ignorance and if my work is ill-done, they will come in a few
months and take my time to repair it. I am a human being, yet they treat
me with a harshness which oxen and mules are spared. I pay a tax that
the nobility and clergy may be exempt; and they make me break stone on
the road for them, profiting by it without even being grateful to me.
They make me buy salt at twelve cents a pound; they rob me on tobacco;
they billet soldiers on me; and when I give them a whole week of my
work, they don't pay me; if any of my animals die of fatigue while
working for them, they never reimburse me. If I am maimed in their
service, they brutally thrust me out on a charitable public."
Peasants were not allowed to enclose fields; and sometimes they were
forbidden the necessary practice of agriculture, lest it might drive the
game from the neighborhood or in some other way interfere with the
lord's hunting. In seasons of bountiful crops peasants fared badly; but
in years when crops failed, death and starvation walked through the
land; so that the good Fйnelon said to his king, "France is simply a
large hospital, full of woe and empty of food." This picture is perhaps
too dark and is hardly a fair presentation of the condition of French
(_f_). The trend of French philosophy. Many writers in France, among
them Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, d'Alembert, and Abbй Bergier, were
publishing new doctrines about the rights of man and about government.
Their teachings were too advanced for the France of the Bourbon kings.
These philosophers did much to stimulate thought and discussion in the
field of government and politics. Thus they prepared the minds of many
for the steps that led to the Revolution. They did much to create the
discontent which led the French people to assume and exercise the rights
that were their own, though the result was the overthrow of established
government and the downfall of kings.
(_g_). The success of the American Revolution, 1776-1783. Across the sea
the Americans had resented and resisted tyranny and oppression; this
fact was all the better known because of French interest, sympathy, and
assistance. Thus the French found a recent precedent for their own
attempt to overthrow a tyrannical government and establish a republic.
Erckmann and Chatrian, or Erckmann-Chatrian, as the French write this
collaborative name, were two authors whose joint productions were at
first short stories, and later a series of historical romances which
made their fame. In these they confined their efforts to themes
suggested by the history of their own country, France. The scenes are
for the most part laid in localities which they themselves
knew--especially the Alsace of their youth. Their best characters are
from classes of their beloved people with whom they had lived, and whose
virtues and faults were to them as open books. The chosen time of most
of their romances is the period of the French Revolution, and the
purpose--for they wrote with a purpose--is the glorification of peace
and the universal brotherhood of man.
They had several successes in the dramatic field also, some of their
plays being cordially received not only in France but in other
countries. Their play called _Alsace_ was intensely patriotic, and
pleased the people, whenever a despotic government allowed it to be
presented. Their _Juif Polonais_, or "The Bells", as it is known in
English, has been on the stage for nearly forty years, and enjoys a
great popularity yet. Probably no play in Sir Henry Irving's repertory
was received with the same steady favor or was acted so many times by
ЙMILE ERCKMANN was born at Phalsbourg, a fortified town of Alsace on the
border between Germany and France, May 20, 1822. His father was a poor
shopkeeper and as late as 1870 continued to serve his customers. The
younger Erckmann received his education at the local college, but only
after a hard struggle. Like the others who find the road to knowledge
arduous he made good use of his opportunities, after he had once
obtained them. He was at the head of every class of which he was a
member and was graduated with first honors. So remarkable a student had
he been--though his native ability was only fair--that for years he was
mentioned by the professors as a model worthy of close imitation. Born
and reared among a population which was essentially German, in spite of
the most persistent efforts to denationalize it, he had German
characteristics of body as well as of mind. He had a heavy frame, golden
hair and beard, a rather broad face, blue eyes, fair complexion, and a
meditative expression, all of which would easily cause him to be taken
almost anywhere for a professor from a German university rather than for
the Frenchman which he really was. He combined Alsatian-French vivacity
with German method and minuteness; yet he hated the Germans, though he
was German in name and characteristics.
After finishing his course at Phalsbourg he went to Paris to study law,
following this work intermittently for fifteen years. Later he revisited
the old college at Phalsbourg. Here he heard the president lament the
fact that among the students he had only one worthy successor of
Erckmann, namely a certain Alexandre Chatrian. Chatrian was sent for and
the three dined together that evening. Erckmann was shown an article by
Chatrian bristling with novel ideas on society and its organization. He
was so well pleased by it that he immediately suggested to Chatrian the
joint establishment of a democratic paper. This paper was suppressed by
the police after eight issues.
Erckmann returned to Paris to study law, which at times he gave up for
the pursuit of literature, from which in course of time he returned to
the law. Meanwhile he and Chatrian had jointly written a play called
_Alsace_. It was presented, was successful, but was suppressed (1848).
This disappointment delayed for two years Chatrian's removal to Paris to
join Erckmann. They wrote a volume of stories, of which _L'illustre
Docteur Mathйus_ was the principal one. When this volume appeared, they
were on the verge of need. The capricious public bought three editions
of the volume and gave the "name" that meant permanent fame for the
Chatrian finally reached Paris, and the collaborators wrote on busily.
In 1858-1861 they worked on subjects drawn from their usual pastoral
sources, and made from them a series of longer tales which they named
_Romans Populaires_. These were well received. Emboldened by their
steady gain in popular favor the literary partners resolved in 1861 on a
larger venture. They conceived the idea of writing a series of
historical novels under the title of _Romans Nationaux_, the subjects of
which were to be taken from the most dramatic episodes of modern French
history after the outbreak of the first Revolution. To this happy design
they became indebted for their greatest triumphs. By 1869 they had added
eight volumes to the series.
In 1869 they had ready for the stage _Le Juif Polonais_, in which the
tortures of conscience were dramatically described, and offered it to
theatrical managers. It was finally put on at the Cluny Theatre in
Paris, and met with immediate success.
There was nothing notable in their joint career from their assured
success till the rupture of their lifelong friendship in the late
eighties, an account of which is given in the next biography. After the
death of Chatrian, Erckmann continued to write successfully with all the
oldtime vigor that had characterized the work of the two. He died March
14, 1899.
ALEXANDRE CHATRIAN was born in Soldatenthal, a village near Phalsbourg,
December 18, 1826. Like Erckmann he was of an humble family, whose
members had long followed the occupation of glassmaking. Chatrian's
parents were intelligent and determined to educate their son. They
accordingly sent him to the college at Phalsbourg, where he remained
three years. Owing to business reverses his parents were unable longer
to support him in school, so they set him to glassmaking in Belgium. He
had here an unusually good opportunity to secure a part interest in the
factory, but when he came of age, he returned home, thoroughly
dissatisfied with his occupation. His parents were disappointed at his
giving up such an opportunity to establish himself in business, but he
had made up his mind that his career ought to be a literary one. By
chance there was a vacancy at that very time in the college at
Phalsbourg. The President, who had always taken an interest in him, gave
him the appointment with permission to continue his studies in the
college. So he was installed in charge of the study hall to supervise
the work of the students and assist them in their lessons. One of his
pupils has left the following account of him:--"He was of middle height
and of strong but well-proportioned build. His rich auburn hair was cut
short enough to bring out the outlines of a remarkably fine head. His
full but closely trimmed beard framed a most intellectual face. A high
forehead, large piercing eyes of brilliant black, a fine Greek nose, and
a firmly set yet handsome mouth were the striking features of a
countenance in which thoughtfulness, determination and nobility of
purpose were reflected as from a mirror. Altogether his appearance was
such that even an inexperienced observer would have pronounced him at
once a more than ordinary man. The feeling of respect with which his
striking exterior inspired me, as well as the other students, became
warmer as I learned to know him better in the course of my private
lessons.... Among the students he had the reputation of being reserved
and taciturn. But I soon found out that, though not mirthful, he was
really very sympathetic and communicative. In these moments he always
spoke of a dear friend, Йmile Erckmann, a graduate of Phalsbourg, who
was then following the study of law at Paris as one who shared his
ambition and who had been and would be a partner in his efforts for
literary distinction. He told, with no little pride, that already the
year before they had made their debut with some tales, written
conjointly, in a daily published at Strasburg. One day he handed me a
small volume containing the tales in question, which had attracted so
much attention that a Strasburg publisher had reprinted them in a more
enduring form. The tales interested me the more, in that their subjects
were either incidents in rural life in Alsace and Lorraine or some of
the popular saws, with which the borders of the Rhine abound. I
recollect very well the fascination which the simple narrative, the
charming description of scenery, the lifelike painting of characters,
the quaint humor and the fanciful imagery of these first fruits of my
friend's genius exercised upon my mind. I have reread the tales since
and can truly say that my riper judgment


text:
Heather Innes and Phil Hare
Phil & Heather crossed musical paths as solo performers in the UK folk scene in the early nineties and re connected, as so many of us have, on Facebook in the following century.
When Heather decided to record her solo album Here Comes The Day at Red Barn Studios in rural Scotland, Phil rehearsed, arranged and recorded solo guitar backing for three of the tracks in between his own gigs in Scotland in September 2016. November 2016 saw their debut 'live' performance at Bedworth Folk Festival with Phil providing virtuoso guitar backing to Heather's songs.
Phil's powerful solo gigs and singing style are very different to Heather's more gentle, celtic approach and their solo gigs reflect this. Together as a duo they create a unique and mesmerising set of Celtic style songs and tunes showcasing both vocals, Phil's guitar and Heather's sensitive bodhran style.
Excerpts from a review of Heather's CD Here Comes The Day by John O'Regan (Garryowen, Limerick, Ireland)
"Heather Innes for the uninitiated is a Scottish folk singer whose life has absorbed periods living in Africa, Australia and Northern Ireland as well as a long period in Scotland. She has toured widely whether solo or in the groups Dulaman and more recently Caim, a trio in which she still works, but her solo recordings cast her as an individualistic singer with a wide and varied repertoire and a clear, distinctive voice.
"Her latest album Here Comes the Day is a long time in gestation and is the work of two decades of singing and compiling suitable material. While preferring the title of an unaccompanied singer she is able to work within a group context and that of a duo. Thus her versatility expands to handling songs as diverse as traditional ballads, contemporary songs from the pens of Ben Sands, Andy M.Stewart, Kieran Goss and others as well as her own material…
"…The most obvious thing is no matter how eclectic the songbag the uniting factor is Heather's powerful yet gentle vocals that add fresh lustre to old texts and make new ones sound familiar and resound like old favourites."
Phil – excerpts from gig reviews:
" Music speaks where mere words cannot, and guitar virtuosity doesn't come much better than this ….there is literally no style – or guitar tuning, that Phil Hare is not master of…
."…As well as being among the top acoustic guitarists in UK he is also the writer of some deeply moving songs. He is a tremendous creative force… You realise that you are in the presence of not only an astounding musical talent, but also formidable."
Martin Gallimore, Owd Boots Folk Club
"Phil Hare is a caring, funny, passionate man and a gifted musician. As a guitarist, he comes from a special tier….He does stuff that at times borders on the magical. With one guitar only, and coaxing it in and out of different tunings as he goes. He weaves in harmonics as a standard part of his technique. He is the guitarists' guitarist…
"…. Phil Hare also has a fine voice. Deep and resonant, note perfect and with fine pitch. All this adds a power and a presence to his performance. He works hard on his material and he works hard on his performance. Not a moment of his act is wasted,and he drips sweat by the end of it. A first class technician, a master of his craft…"
Geoff Veasey
Duo photos: John B Smith


text:
The Emilia Ferrara Thesis Award
The Emilia Ferrara Thesis Award recognizes the two students whose theses the English Honors Committee deems most outstanding. Honorees receive their medals and a check at the Department of English Commencement Reception in the spring, and a notation for each recipient appears in the College's Tropaia Program.
2019 Award Winners
Clare Foley
Thesis Title: To Tweet or Not to Tweet
Anne Marie Hawley
Theis Title: Angels in Retrospect: Reassessing Representation in Tony Kushner's Epic
2018 Award Winners
Lauren Rubino
Thesis Title: Hyssop of Life, or take my word for it
Susannah Price
Theis Title: Beyond the Bell-Shaped Curve: Non-Normativity in Poor Miss Finch
2017 Award Winners
Erika Bullock
Thesis Title: Gaming Genre: Towards a Systems-View of Genre in the Modern Video Game
Jinwoo Chong
Theis Title: void nation
2016 English Honors Thesis Award Winners
Jane McDonough
Thesis Title: Enter Religion, Stage Left: The Female Character's Onstage Development in Early Modern England and Spain
Bassam Sidiki
Thesis Title: The Secret Gardens of the Self: The Treatment of Bodies in William Carlos Williams and Poetic Responses
Honorable Mention
Natasha Khan
Thesis Title:
The Seas In Between


text:
We have quite a few Christmas dinner traditions, but Tamales and Chipotle Chicken is not one of them. In any event, we decided to serve tamales before Christmas one year because everyone has a hectic schedule and a variety of eating disorders.
"Great" tamales are almost impossible to find in the northeast and now quite difficult to find in Texas unless you shop regularly at a Mexican grocery store. The problem with most tamales are that they are far too dry: long on masa, but short on the meat or vegetarian filling.
In any event, I picked up three varieties of "homemade" tamales from Trader Joe's: chicken, pork and vegetarian. Since I must assume that they will be too dry, I have decided to serve them with a variation of The Pioneer Woman's Chipotle Chicken Chili.
Basically, we eliminated the beans and cutback on the Chipotle since it would likely be a bit too spicy for some of our guests. Found below is this modified version, but for those who want something that looks like the photograph above, CLICK HERE!
Chipotle Chicken Chili sans Beans
- 2 tablespoons Olive Oil
- 1 whole Onion Diced
- 4 cloves Garlic Minced
- 2 pounds Boneless Skinless Chicken Breasts, Cut Into A Large Dice
- 1 bottle 12 Ounce Bottle Good Beer
- 1 can 14 ounces. Size Diced Tomatoes
- 1/2 to 1 whole Chipotle Peppers In Adobo Sauce minced (recipe calls for 3)
- 1 tablespoon Chili Powder
- 1 tablespoon Ground Cumin
- 1 teaspoon Salt More To Taste (we recommend 2 tablespoons)
- 1/4 cup Masa Harina
- 1 Lime Juiced
- Sour Cream For Serving
- Grated Sharp Cheddar Cheese For Serving
- Cilantro For Serving
- Lime Wedges For Serving
- Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium heat then add the onions and garlic. Cook for a few minutes until onions soften. Add the chicken and cook until lightly browned. Add 3/4 of the beer, reserving the rest, then cook for a couple of minutes to reduce.
- Add the tomatoes, chipotles, chili powder, cumin and salt. Stir to combine, then cover the pot and cook for 1 hour.
- Combine the masa harina with the rest of the beer and stir to make a paste. Add this into the chili, along with the lime juice. Stir and cook for 10 more minutes or until thick.
- Serve with sour cream, cheese, cilantro, and another squeeze of lime!
Need some more inspiration? How about sampling some of these great recipes?
Spiced Peppers and Eggplant from Bon Appetit
Jamie Oliver's Bread and Cabbage Soup


text:
It's hard to believe how far our little-gin-brand-that-could has come since World Gin Day 2015 in our mini distillery.
But there was hardly time for reminiscing come this year's global celebration of gin, what with everything that was happening at our Healesville home. For one thing - Bloody Shiraz Gin. And for others - gin making classes, gin cocktail classes, gin pig, gin macarons, gin cheese. Gin everything!
We kicked the weekend off early with Sam's 'Thank Gin It's Friday' Cocktail Class, where he got budding home mixologists up and shaking some smashing drinks.
Then it was off to Melbourne for our 'Bartender At Large' who had a full Saturday of gin ambassadorship ahead. We hear his home-made Four Pillars braised pork jaffles at Bad Frankie were pretty damn awesome!
The education continued at the distillery Saturday morning with Cam's first Makers Class of the weekend, Eileen bubbling away behind him.
Gin tastings relocated into the distillery for the day, right in front of Wilma and Jude who were all shined up for their big day in the spotlight. Saturday was the official launch of our 2016 Bloody Shiraz Gin, and it was an absolute pleasure introducing you all to the newest member of the Four Pillars family. We're pretty bloody proud of it!
A Bit of Jam & Pickle were plating up scones with Four Pillars Gin Marmalade, and Burn City Smokers were cooking gin pig rolls for lunch. Meanwhile there were bright green G&T Zumbarons by Adriano Zumbo circulating as visitors sipped on Bloody Jasmine cocktails and tried our new gin cheese.
And our social feed was coloured with legendary bars from all over serving up beautiful Four Pillars Gin cocktails. So thanks them, and thanks to you for your support. Whether you were partying with us at the distillery over the long weekend, hanging out with our bartender friends or whipping up your own Four Pillars drinks at home.
You rock. We're already prepping for next year.


text:
What I Learned This Week: July 8, 2016
July 8, 2016
Don't Wear Sunglasses
From Henry Rollins in a You Made It Weird with Pete Holmes podcast. Rollins, in addition to his many other noteworthy accolades, is an avid traveler and thoughtful observer of the human condition. He casually mentions some of his rules for fostering real human connections in (seemingly) culturally different parts of the globe. One that made a lot of sense after hearing it: don't wear sunglasses. Looking people in the eye and being vulnerable by allowing people to read your eyes seems like a small, insignificant point, but is actually a good rule of thumb for any interpersonal interaction.
Direct LA-to-Cuba Flights Coming Soon
Still tentative, but the writing is on the wall. It's definitely time to get on that Cuba tip before the flood gates open. Read at Conde Nast Traveller
Compare Your Stated vs Actual Priorities
I say that family, friends, health, hustle, and travel are the most important things in my life, but how does that compare to how I actually spend my time? It turns out that when I take an honest accounting of my time, there's not as much alignment as I would like between what I say and what I do. My actual priorities are day-job work and commuting, Netflix and Internet shenanigans, girlfriend/friends, and running/working out. It's a simple exercise with a simple answer: I need to make more room in my life for family, hustle, and travel, and I should be able to sacrifice some work and goofing-off-online time to make that happen.


text:
You are here
Economic concept
The contribution for joining our project is defined in marbles, our internal currency.
Marbles help to compensate the different economic capacities of our participants, support easy ways of non-monetary exchange and offer a framework for economic flow in the valley.
Marbles can be bought for 6 € normal price (4 € reduced and 8 € supportive).
You can also get them for referring participants to us, for doing work exchange on the place or at home, or for offering sessions inside our laboratory.
Your contribution is composed by 2 positions
Basic quote: Covers all basic costs of our project: Food, infrastructure and maintanance, administration, basic facilitation of community, marketing, insurance,... . This is paid by everybody taking part in the community, even if the amount depends on your type of membership.
First signups and long term participants enjoy a lower basic quote, as they build the core of the community seed. For enjoying the lowest quote we recommend to reserve your place early, or join the community for an entire moon cycle or longer.
Event quote: Just charged when signing up to a certain event. We mainly pass this budget on to the facilitator(s) or the event organizers.
The combined contribution of both is than split in 2 payments
Deposit: For reserving your place you need to transfer between 40% and 50% of the total. This amount is always paid as money. With this we ensure to be able to cover the expenses of the project
Remaining balance: Once in the valley you need to hand over the remaining contribution. This can be paid in money or in marbles. Contributing marbles instead of money allows you to cover the remaining balance in a non-monetary way, like promoting our project, work-exchange or offering sessions to other participants.
Payment policy
Deposit: A non-refundable deposit of one-half the total quote is required at the time of registration to secure your place in the laboratory. In case you enjoy a low rate because of early signup, this quote will remain for 10 days after signup date. In case the deposit did not arrive on our account in time, quotes might get updated.
Remaining balance: The remaining balance has to be covered always for at least one week beforehand and can be paid in money or in marbles. If you are interested in covering your balance in marbles you need to achieve them beforehand by promotion you can even do before arrival or through work exchange and sessions implemented during your previous participation.
In case you are not holding up with handing over the entire contribution for your participation, you will need to end your participation, while remaining deposits might be lost.
Transfer of deposits: Your deposit is transferable to another event if intent to withdrawal is made at least one month prior to the beginning of the event (a 20% transfer fee will apply).
Cancellations: Payments will be fully refunded. If your enrollment was a transfer from a previous workshop then the payments will not be refunded but you will still have the option to transfer to another event. You will not be charged a second transfer.


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|Practical Educational Approaches for Cultural Equilibrium / "PEACE"
|CEI Cooperation Activity
|1. International Initiatives for Cooperation
2. Associazione Culturale Il Monastero
3. United Youth of Europe
4. Balkan Children Youth Foundation (BCYF)
5. Omladinski kreativni klub – OKklub (Youth Creative Club- OK Club)
6. NGO People
7. Directorate for Youth and Sports
8. Young Partners for Civil Society Development Association
9. Youthnet Hellas
|The training course is divided into 4 modules covered in 10 days. The training will propose the multipliers tools to work with young people by encouraging intercultural dialogue and emphasising its role for prevention of conflicts, intolerance, xenophobia and discrimination.
Six international campaigns will be organised, in the partner countries to promote intercultural dialogue and cooperation and raise awareness on common values.
As a whole the project will help:
• Develop models for effective and cooperative behaviour in multicultural environment of young people from conflict areas and fields
• Create a feeling among the youngsters that they are part of a whole, to explore the things that unite them, as well as their differences
• Young people perceive cultural differences as values and become more sensitive to those differences
• Young people increase sensibility to intolerance and discrimination
• Young people become aware of the manifestations of discrimination and the problems of multicultural society and elaborate ways to manage it
• Develop a tolerant community among young people from conflict areas and fields
• Improve young people's knowledge and awareness on other cultures
|The project will provide the multipliers with information will upgrade their expertise and will propose interactive tools that they will be able to apply in their work thus positively influencing the youngster's perceptions and attitudes towards different cultures. The youngsters are biased to accept new ideas and they are the bearers of change in nowadays society. The project results and outcomes will be disseminated among all interested stakeholders on European level though formal and informal networks, to which we, as partners, belong.
The project is also intended to have a great impact, especially on local level, by organising the international campaigns and public actions.
|The topic of intercultural learning and cooperation is of a big importance nowadays, as it creates a feeling of personal and national identity, but at the same time it promotes belonging to a common European culture and values. The themes concerned in each activity of the project proposal are related to each other and correspond to the overall objective of the project. The programme was carefully elaborated by representatives of the partner organisations who have extensive knowledge and experience in the field of non-formal and informal education. Sharing experience through presentations, discussions in small and big groups and practical exercises will foster mutual understanding and awareness of the importance of intercultural learning and cooperation.
During the implementation of the activities the partners will cooperate with their colleagues from the networks mentioned in order to promote the project and its programme, to reach greater number of potential beneficiaries and multiply experience.
All the partners in the project have recognised the importance for intercultural dialogue and cooperation for creating a common European space of tolerance and mutual understanding. That is why they have undertaken actions to encourage and improve the intercultural dialogue in the region by training multipliers who will raise awareness on the topic and will act as messengers of the idea.
The partnership will continue to work on the topic of intercultural learning and cooperation by developing new projects and initiatives and by extending the scope in terms of partnership, content and geographical coverage
|Total budget 34905