text:
Can any real religious faith he imposed by force and through fear of torture
and execution? Faced will a threefold threat from crypto-lslam, secret
Judaism and - most of all - new Christian 'heresies, the Catholic Church
determined to do its best to try,
Judge not, that you be not judged!
— Matthew 7:1
One day in 1620, a certain William Lithgow, a Scottish travel writer in search of colourful material, got more than he bargained for when he was arrested as a spy in Malaga. As a foreigner - and a Protestant - he was automatically suspicious in a Spain that for several centuries now had been in the grip of the 'Holy Office' - better known now as the 'Inquisition'. Lithgow's story is unusual only in having happened to an English-speaking writer with the contacts to get the facts out to the outside world.
It's worth setting out here at some length, as a sort of case study in the cruelty of which the Inquisition was capable - just as a matter of routine:
'About midnight, the sergeant and two Turkish slaves released Mr. Lithgow from his then confinement, but it was to introduce him to one much more horrible. They conducted him through several passages, to a chamber in a remote part of the palace, towards the garden, where they loaded him with irons, and extended his legs by means of an iron bar above a yard long, the weight of which was so great that he could neither stand nor sit, but was obliged to lie continually on his back. They left him in this condition for some time.'
The 'Turks' in this story were almost certainly North African Moors, prisoners-of-war enslaved by Spain. It is ironic that the only kindness Lithgow was to receive in his time in the Spanish gaol would be from African prisoners of this kind.
'The next day he received a visit from the governor, who promised him his liberty, with many other advantages, if he would confess being a spy; but on his protesting that he was entirely innocent, the governor left him in a rage, saying, "He should see him no more until further torments constrained him to confess"; commanding the keeper, to whose care he was committed, that he should permit no person whatever to have access to, or commune with him; that his sustenance should not exceed three ounces of musty bread, and a pint of water every second day; that he shall be allowed neither bed, pillow, nor coverlid. "Close up (said he) this window in his room with lime and stone, stop up the holes of the door with double mats: let him have nothing that bears any likeness to comfort." ... In this wretched and melancholy state did poor Lithgow continue without seeing any person for several days...'
... he lay on the rack for above
five hours during which time
he received above sixty different
tortures of the most hellish
nature ...
Taken to another place for further interrogation, Lithgow was freed from his shackles ('which put him to very great pains, the bolts being so closely riveted that the sledge hammer tore away half an inch of his heel') only to be 'stripped naked, and fixed upon the rack'.
'It is impossible to describe all the various tortures inflicted upon him. Suffice it to say that he lay on the rack for above five hours, during which time he received above sixty different tortures of the most hellish nature; and had they continued them a few minutes longer, he must have inevitably perished.
'These cruel persecutors being satisfied for the present, the prisoner was taken from the rack, and his irons being again put on, he was conducted to his former dungeon, having received no other nourishment than a little warm wine, which was given him rather to prevent his dying, and reserve him for future punishments, than from any principle of charity or compassion. As a confirmation of this, orders were given for a coach to pass every morning before day by the prison, that the noise made by it might give fresh terrors and alarms to the unhappy prisoner, and deprive him of all possibility of obtaining the least repose.
'In this loathsome prison was poor Mr. Lithgow kept until he was almost devoured by vermin. They crawled about his beard, lips, eyebrows, etc., so that he could scarce open his eyes; and his mortification was increased by not having the use of his hands or legs to defend himself, from his being so miserably maimed by the tortures. So cruel was the governor, that he even ordered the vermin to be swept on him twice in every eight days.'
The idea of the Inquisition casts almost as disturbing a shadow now, in the mythic imagination, as it did in its fearful heyday - albeit then as a grim reality. There is something uniquely terrifying about an organization that sets out so coldly and deliberately to torture, maim and kill in the cause of 'God'.
From Black Legend to Whitewash
The first Inquisition had been set up in southern France in the thirteenth century, in hopes of stemming the rising tide of Catharism in the years before the Albigensian Crusade. An anti-Waldensian Inquisition followed in Italy, but thereafter the 'Holy Office' waned in importance, to be revived in Spain and Portugal (and their overseas colonies) from the late fifteenth century. More of these ecclesiastical courts for suppressing heresy were constituted in France and Italy during the Reformation.
Modern historians have been quick to point to the Leyenda Negra, or 'Black Legend' - the stream of anti-Spanish and anti-Papist propaganda put out by the Protestant nations of northern Europe in early modern times. They're right. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, sectarian suspicions ran as deep as ideological mistrust was to in the Cold War decades of the twentieth century. And there's no real doubt that this was indeed the case - that highly-coloured conspiracy theories were rampant, along with lurid accounts of colonial atrocities, and prisoners subjected
Lanark-born William Lithgow, the 'Wonderful Traveller', had indeed roamed extraordinary distances in his time. He had walked the length and breadth of Europe - making further forays into the Middle East and North Africa - before he famously fell foul of the Inquisition in southern Spain.
to terrible tortures. Yet there's no real doubt either that the Cold War decades saw CIA 'dirty tricks' and NATO spy-rings - not to mention Soviet human-rights abuses on a colossal scale. This or that example may have been exaggerated - even dreamed up from nowhere by a Protestant pamphleteer in Britain or the Netherlands - but the Inquisition existed every bit as surely as the GULAG did.
The 'Rules of Torture'
But the image we have of it is a caricature, revisionist historians have objected - and of course they have been right, up to a point. Modern researchers point to the painstaking documentation kept by the Holy Office; the elaborate procedures that had to be followed before violent methods might be applied. Strict rules governed the Inquisition and its workings: those accused of heresy were to be given several weeks warning and a chance to recant before being subjected to any sort of questioning - still less any sort of torture. The danger of malicious denunciation was recognized and safeguards in place to prevent mischievous prosecutions. The inquisitors themselves were priests in orders, sworn on their honour to carry out their work in the cause of God and not for any personal pleasure or advantage.
Scholars have also underlined the fact that, although administered by the Church, the Inquisition worked with the temporal authorities. In many cases, indeed, it seems to have been the state that took the lead. Monarchs always had an interest in enforcing conformity and were happy enough to claim divine
Stretched to sinew-shredding, joint-cracking agony on an ever-tightening cranking wheel, a man suspected of harbouring heretical views is quizzed by the Inquisition. Almost literally 'grilled', he has flames applied to his feet to encourage cooperation.
Heretics are led out to face the flames having been convicted at an auto-da-fe or 'act of faith'. Such ceremonies were conducted across the Spanish-speaking world in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This one was conducted at Cordoba, in southern Spain.
St Francis of Assisi receives the blessing of Innocent IV for his 'rule' - the code for his new order of mendicant friars. But the very same pope had sanctioned another rule - that allowing the Inquisition to extract the 'truth' by torture; thousands were to suffer unspeakable agonies in consequence.
sanction for doing so. After the Reformation, moreover, religion took on a political aspect. A Protestant was no longer just a heretic but a dangerous subversive - potentially, the agent of a foreign state.
This hardly counts as an excuse, of course. That the Church had allowed itself to get so close to the Earthly authorities of the time, identifying their interests so completely with its own, is something of an indictment in itself. It's certainly hard to see what in Christ's Gospels - even the notorious admonition to 'Render to Caesar what is due to Caesar' - could have justified the application of rack and pinions to prisoners, however 'heretical' their views. Torture wasn't an abuse of inquisitorial procedure, it was its very basis - it had been ever since its explicit approval by Pope Innocent IV in 1252.
'Banality of Evil'
As for the bureaucratic scrupulousness of the Holy Office, this aspect of the Inquisition is only underlined by the meticulously itemized invoices sent to many grieving families, which demanded payment for interrogation, imprisonment, transportation and execution costs.
The reality, in any case, seems to be that such as they were these procedures were widely disregarded. Equipped with all the powers of judges, juries and executioners, and more or less completely free of any outside supervision or any need for transparency, the Inquisitors did what men in such a privileged position have invariably done throughout history - took the utmost advantage of the cruel powers they had. Take Inquisitor Diego Rodriguez Lucero of Cordoba who, in 1506, was accused of having denounced and executed one of the city's leading citizens to gain access to his wife. She was forced to remain with him as his mistress - along, it was said, with another girl, whose parents had been branded 'heretics' for resisting his designs.
Some 20 years later, Granada's city councillors wrote an official letter to King Charles V objecting that inquisitors were using their powers over husbands and fathers to force wives and daughters into sexual submission on a systematic basis. This sort of collective response was rare enough: few were rash enough to make individual complaints. One man who did, in
There's good reason for the Inquisition's mythic role as the archetypal example for all subsequent programmes of repression: it went about its work in a cold, calculating and organized way. It also understood, as others didn't quite yet, the value of psychological terror and trauma: arguably, the torture began with the first serving on the suspect of a summons to appear. The weeks of delay and the fear they instilled were enough to break the nerve of waverers - many recanted 'heretical' beliefs before they'd even been brought before the court. (On the basis of what might seem relatively trivial admissions, new areas of enquiry might easily be opened up, and the names of new suspects brought before inquisitors.) Others cracked at the point when - as was routinely done at a preliminary session - they were given a 'tour' of the torture chamber and shown the instruments that might be used.
The most important of these - the central mechanism of the inquisitorial process, it might be said - was the potro (literally 'colt' or 'horse'):
the rack. Basically a long trestle table on which the prisoner was laid out flat, his ankles shackled, it had a ratcheting mechanism at the other end so the victim could be stretched out by his (or her) arms - to a bone-breaking point and well beyond. It was typically supplemented by the application of a cloth gag on to which water was poured to simulate drowning (the modern 'waterboard'). Alternatively (or additionally) a standing prisoner might have his arms chained behind his back and then be hoisted up into the air. This excruciating position (the 'hanging aeroplane', to modern torturers) left the dangling body fully exposed to attack by beating or by flogging, or to a cruel succession of bone-jarring, muscle-tearing drops.
Torture wasn't just a punishment for the Holy Office, it was an integral part of the process, as Alessandro Magnasco's painting A Court of the Inquisition (c.1710) makes clear. The whole system was hideously paradoxical in its workings, an incongruous combination of bureaucracy and brutality.
Murcia in 1560., seeing an inquisitor openly consorting with the widow of a man he'd sent to the stake, was himself promptly denounced as a Jew and executed.
A Ferocious 'Faith'
If the Inquisition's abuses had ended at torture they would have been bad enough, but the Holy Office claimed the right of life and death. And not just of death but of divine judgement: the public show-trial and execution it staged for the confirmed heretic, the auto-da-fe (or 'Act of Faith') was a ritualized enactment of the Last Judgment. The actual fire in which the unfortunate prisoner was burned at the stake only too obviously symbolized the flames of hell - the inquisitors were quite literally pre-judging the eternal destiny of those they killed. Or, rather, those the executioners killed, because as clerics they were ever-mindful of God's commandments - far be it from any churchman to take a life.
Most prisoners weren't actually
killed by fire but by garrotting at
the stake - their consumption by
the flames was more symbolic.
At the last moment, then, the prisoner was released (the Spanish word, literally, meant 'relaxed') to lay-executioners who actually carried out the dirty work. Most prisoners weren't actually killed by fire but by garrotting at the stake - their consumption by the flames was more symbolic. In some cases, though, where heretics had held out against their torturers with obstinacy (or courage), they might indeed have to endure the first flames alive.
Large crowds came to see what where by any standards grand and carefully choreographed spectacles (300,000 attended one in Valladolid in 1559).They were drawn no doubt by vulgar curiosity and the desire for a sadistic frisson, but also by the implicit underlining the event gave of the reassuringly rigid
The auto-da-fe became an essential aspect of Iberian (and Latin American) culture. Held in public squares, it played a part in cementing civic and social life. Vast crowds came out to see what was at once a lurid spectacle and a solemn, sacred ceremony.
The Spanish Inquisition had first been established in Aragon in the thirteenth century, but it came into its own in the fifteenth under Ferdinand and Isabella, the 'Catholic Monarchs'. They bore that title because by their marriage they had brought the realms of Navarra, Aragon and Castile together into a single 'Spain'. (The word 'Catholic' originally meant 'universal', 'all-embracing' - hence indeed its use for the Church of Rome.) But Ferdinand and Isabella were also 'Catholic' in the now more obvious sense of supporting the Catholic Church in all its beliefs and values - including its ugliest ones. They welcomed the Holy Office to their kingdom, granting it far-reaching powers and privileges, using ecclesiastical structures as the basis for what we would now consider a 'police state'.
Torquemada, the Inquisition's torturer-in-chief, had a special rapport with Spain's 'Catholic Monarchs', Ferdinand and Isabella.
orderliness of the moral universe. The 'achievement' of the Inquisition was the sense of security it created for the credulous and the conformist in a time when all the certainties of life and belief were being questioned.
It's not for nothing that the 'Spanish Inquisition' has come to have more of a mythic aura than its equivalents in Italy and France. Only in Spain did the Holy Office make common cause quite so completely with a state so resolutely bent on a near-totalitarian programme of centralization and social and cultural policing.
Unmingling the Melting Pot
The Islamic kingdom of al-Andalus had been a beacon of civilization, style and culture in a Western Europe that had still been very backward in many ways. Science, scholarship, literature and art had flourished in an atmosphere of enlightenment and tolerance in which all sections of the community had felt free to live and worship in their own very different ways. In recent years, radical historians have suggested that al-Andalus was some sort of Utopia, a paradigm for what the
Ferdinand and Isabella receive the surrender of Granada's Muhammad II or Boabdil (from 'Abu Abdullah') after the fall of Spain's last sultanate in 1492. Coinciding with the expulsion of the Jews - and, of course, Columbus' discoveries - the event opened a new chapter in the history of Spain.
modern multicultural society might be. This is perhaps an over-optimistic view: Christians and Jews in Muslim Spain might have begged to differ, disdained as they were by Islamic authorities who were quick to subject them to petty harassment, and saw them as a 'soft' population always ready to be milked for taxes.
Yet it's true that, basically, by the standards of this and later times, al-Andalus did enjoy comparatively easy-going community relations. The authorities certainly never mounted anything remotely resembling a general persecution of Jews or Christians, nor did they try to prevent their living and worshipping as they liked. Intermarriage, while not encouraged, wasn't stopped; commercial and cultural relations spanned the divides; 'live and let live' was the order of the day.
Like her friend St John of the Cross, the mystic Teresa of Avila was partly of Jewish descent. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spanish spirituality was a psychodrama, its intensity deriving both from the country's hybrid heritage and from official attempts to suppress its legacy.
So when, in the fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella came along and tried to carve out a Catholic monoculture in Spain, they found themselves facing a very challenging task indeed. While Muslim Spain officially came to an end with the Siege of Granada in 1492 - the same year in which the last of the country's openly-observant Jews were expelled - the new Spain still found itself with major Muslim and Jewish 'problems'. Only by force and by the fear of pain and death could members of these groups be compelled to convert. And even when they did, their good faith was always to be suspect - with good reason, because, naturally enough, many did make a show of obedience to save their own lives and their families' without actually experiencing any real shift in religious loyalties.
Crypto-Jews and Muslims undoubtedly did exist, going through the motions of Catholic observance while secretly continuing with their old ancestral ways. At the same time, though, there were a great many genuinely pious Christians of Jewish or Islamic heritage who never could find full acceptance. A rumour about a grandparent or great-uncle might easily be enough to guarantee a life dogged by suspicion from busybody neighbours or officious local priests. Such was the paranoia abroad in Spain that even the holiest of Christians came under suspicion - including such celebrated figures as Saint Teresa of Avila and Saint John of the Cross. Both had been born into converso ('convert') families, although both had been brought up in - and had taken passionately to - the creed of Christ. But the more apparently blameless people were, paradoxically, the more suspicion they risked arousing in a paranoid nation in which the quest for religious and cultural purity became obsessive.
Racial Hygiene
Limpieza - 'cleanness' - it was called, and it was regarded as residing in the blood, a more unusual association than might be imagined in the fifteenth century. The sort of pseudo-scientific 'race theory' that was to foreshadow the emergence of Nazism in the modern age was more or less entirely alien to earlier times. In Spain, however, the Inquisition introduced a code of limpieza de sangre - pure-bloodedness - that looked forward to the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. At a stroke, the legislation created a sort of second-class citizenship: the 'New Christians', it was reasoned, weren't quite Christian after all. Anybody seeking public office, a place in the priesthood or even a matrimonial alliance with an 'Old Christian' family could expect to have to swear an oath of limpieza - and
Spanish anxieties about contaminating strands of Jewish and Muslim ancestry transferred 'naturally' to a New World in which relations with native populations (and African slaves) were inevitable. The result was a blood-based hierarchy in which 'pure'- white criollos (Creoles) clearly outranked 'mixed' mestizos.
Spain's most important inquisitor, and to this day a byword for all that's fanatical and cruel in intellectual and political repression, Tomas de Torquemada was born in Valladolid in 1420. From boyhood he saw his vocation as a religious one - although he quickly came to see that religious orthodoxy had political aspects too. He met the future Queen Isabella when he was in his forties and she was just a teenage princess, but became her mentor pretty much from that time on. (It even seems to have been his idea that she should marry Prince Ferdinand of Aragon, creating a powerful - and super-Catholic - kingdom in the heart of Spain.)
The Grand Inquisitor from 1483, he literally 'wrote
the book' on inquisitorial practice - the Compilation of Instructions for the Office of the Holy Inquisition - although it wasn't actually to be published till the end of the sixteenth century. No matter, its strictures governed procedures on everything from sorcery to sodomy - whatever the charge, torture was to be at the heart of Inquisitorial practice. Although known as the 'Hammer of Heretics', Torquemada showed particular zeal and ruthlessness in rooting out crypto-Muslims and Marranos. Was this fanaticism founded in self-hatred? Some scholars have certainly suspected as much, pointing to the presence of known Jews among the Inquisitor's ancestral connections.
Torquemada's tome, the Compilation of Instructions for the Office of the Holy Inquisition didn't just provide tips for torturers. By codifying practices, setting down procedures for interrogation in elaborate detail, it lent an air of legitimacy to what was at bottom a brutal system.
Damned by the Inquisition, by nineteenth-century painter Eugenio Lucas Velazquez. The Inquisition cast a long shadow over the collective consciousness of Catholic Spain, providing material for painters for many centuries after its end.
to have his or her antecedents carefully researched. It wasn't racism, technically - or even actually, indeed, given that the very idea of 'race' hadn't yet been formulated. A Jewish or Muslim ancestry was suspect because it suggested the risk of a secret loyalty to an alien religion, not because it made an individual different in some more essential way. At the same time, though, the location of this limpieza in the blood did obviously imply some intrinsic, physiological difference between 'Old' and 'New' Christians of the sort that in later centuries would have been rationalized as 'race'. The ease with which the doctrine was afterwards able to be transferred to the American colonies to distinguish between criollos or 'creoles' of pure Spanish blood and those mestizos (mixed-race Spanish and Indian) or mulatos (Spanish and African) suggests that it was already a sort of racism-in-waiting.
Coming Out in the Wash
In Spain itself, though, the emphasis was always upon religious backsliding. Even if a converse was faithful now, that didn't mean he or she could be relied on to remain so. Hence, the conscientious Spanish servant would always be on the lookout for some sign that her employer was avoiding pork chorizo; or a master might note if a servant was mumbling during household prayers. Just as those who were pursuing a forbidden faith in secret learned to hide their ritual practices with the utmost subtlety, conventional Catholics grew hugely sophisticated in detecting (real or imaginary) lapses, like that of Maria de Mendoza, a young morisca woman from Cuenca in central Spain. She was seen by a witness to draw a jar of water from a well then take it home where, kneeling naked, she washed her hair and body down. Given that Islamic observance does
Heretics convicted by the Inquisition process to their place of public execution in Lisbon in this engraving. The crimes of the Portuguese Inquisition have been overshadowed by those of Spain's but they were every bit as grave - and as integral to the state
Just as those who pursued a
forbidden faith in secret learned to
hide their practices, conventional
Catholics grew hugely sophisticated
in detecting lapses.
prescribe ritual ablutions prior to praying or reading in the Quran, it's perhaps not surprising that washing should have been viewed askance, suggests historian
Toby Green. In an age when mass-produced soap still lay several centuries in the future, and standards of personal hygiene were necessarily rough and ready, washing was not something most people generally did.
A New World of Persecution
Its work in attacking Catharism done - or, rather superseded by a policy of virtual genocide - the French Inquisition dropped from sight. It was never to rival the
Christopher Columbus arrives in America - a heroic scene, but one overflowing with historical ironies. The 'benefits' of the European civilization he brought with him were to include conquest and enslavement, deadly epidemics and, of course, the plague of Christian piety, cruelly enforced.
scale of the Spanish or Portuguese Inquisitions in the early-modern period. Or their reach, because of course this was a time in which Spain and Portugal were opening up new territories in the Americas. They took the Inquisition with them wherever they went. More important than the desire to strike fear into (already well and truly terrorized) native populations in the New World was the fear that, far from home, Europeans would stray from the straight and narrow. How was the Church to stop the spread of Protestantism among an independent-minded community of settlers across the ocean? What was to stop 'New Christians' from reverting to Muslim or Marrano type? Mexico City, the capital of 'New Spain', became its capital of cruelty, with regular round-ups of 'heretics' and spectacular public autos-da-fe. The same was true, although to a lesser extent, in the Portuguese colonies of Brazil.
The Roman Inquisition
Italy, the Church's home country, was no more immune than anywhere else to the plague of heresy, and here too the Holy Office did its work. But it never managed to make common cause with the secular authorities in Italy in the same way as it had in Spain and Portugal, and its scope for action was much more limited as a result.
It did nevertheless make a considerable contribution to Catholicism's history - and a disproportionate one to its 'dark history', it might be said. For the Church's unique role in defending superstition, in fighting a rearguard action against the advance of scientific understanding and rational intelligence, was spearheaded by the Roman Inquisition.
Take the example of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - himself a Catholic cleric, and a naive believer in the official line that the Church saw no incompatibility between religious faith and scientific reason. His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ('On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres', 1543) was a revolution in itself. Rejecting the ancient assumption that the cosmos was 'geocentric' - centred around the Earth - it proposed that the Earth and planets orbited the sun in a 'heliocentric' system. Copernicus was slapped down by the Inquisition for his pains.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) took Copernicus' findings further, his observations of Venus and of Jupiter (with its 'Galilean Moons') all tending to confirm the earlier scientist's work. Notoriously, the 'Father of Modern Physics' was hauled up before the Inquisition in 1632 and forced to recant his 'heretical' theories under threat of torture. Having admitted that the Earth stood still, he reputedly muttered 'And yet it moves'.
Despite his show of obedience, Galileo was placed under house arrest - where he'd stay for the next ten years; it went without saying that his books were banned. Not just those he'd actually written, but any he might conceivably think about writing at some point in the future - the Inquisition seemed resolved to cast the Church in as ludicrous a light as possible.
Everyone in sixteenth-century Spain paid at least lip service to Catholic orthodoxy. It was more than one's life was worth to do otherwise. Paradoxically, rather than reassuring the Catholic authorities - or the respectable majority of Spanish people - this show of conformity only fostered greater fear. Spanish society was haunted by the spectre of a secret enemy, following alien practices underground. Hence the constant anxiety about the presence of Moriscos in society's midst. These were people of Moorish origin who had (themselves or their forebears) been converted by force to Catholicism but whose loyalties
lay with Islam underneath. The same went for Spain's Marranos. The word marrano (ironically, an Arabic one) had literally meant 'dirty' or 'unclean', in the ritual sense of being 'taboo' and so it came to mean a pig, which was forbidden both to Muslims and Jews. In early-modern Spain, it was used to refer to those Jews who (or whose ancestors), despite having officially converted to Catholicism, still followed Jewish practice secretly. The word was of course a deeply unpleasant swipe at the 'dirty', forbidden status of such Jews, but it was also a jibe at their own careful avoidance of pigs and pork.
The Catholic Church has always been at pains to stress its deep commitment to the cause of reason. It has always claimed that there's no incompatibility between science and religion. And in truth, in our own time, while American Protestant churches bang the drum for fundamentalism, successive Popes have expressed their belief in evolution. Oddly, it might be thought, Charles Darwin's 'The Descent of Man' has never fallen foul of the Church's censors - even in the nineteenth century, when it first appeared.
This stance is still more surprising given the historical readiness of Catholic prelates to slap wholesale bans on books or authors. Their repressiveness is recorded in a handy checklist. The Index - or, to give it its full title, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Tindex of Prohibited Books') - is a veritable catalogue of Catholic intolerance, and to most modern eyes a collective act of utter folly.
It's unsurprising, if perhaps a little unenlightened, that the theological works of famous Protestant reformers like Luther and Calvin should have been included - but what of an otherwise blameless botanist like Otto Braunfels? What makes a flower or leaf heretical? Did Konrad Gesner's Protestantism really vitiate all his zoological findings? Was his description of the guinea pig as threatening as the observations of Galileo? The latter was eventually removed from the Index by a sheepish Catholic establishment in 1741. No such luck for philosophers from Locke, Hobbes and Hume to Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. Also included are creative writers from John Milton to Honore de Balzac and Graham Greene.
That Greene was a Catholic didn't save him: his offence seems to have been his specific slights against the priesthood. For far more obviously 'problematic' works have gone unnoticed by the Church's censors. Karl Marx's writings, for example, atheistic as they are, and D.H. Lawrence's racier scribblings: they may not be recommended reading but they weren't banned.
Galileo fights his corner before the Italian Inquisition - notoriously, the hearing concluded with dogma defeating science. In this case at least - and only unconvincingly, and for the moment. In the long run, Catholicism's obdurate resistance to rational enquiry was to prove self-defeating.
Keith Hunt


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History of perfumery is well documented in a present day I think. There are many proofs that blends of fragrant oils were being used in Ancient times not only by pharaohs but also by priests to perform rituals of balming and mummification. In Medieval times, even though washing your body wasn't very common, using a perfume was widely used by the rich and people of the court. The closer to the current day we'd move on a timeline, perfume will be more and more present. But what if we take trip back to where everything has started? What if forbidden fruit picked by Eve to tease Adam not only looked delicious but also smelled incredibly good? We'll never find out about that but it's a nice thought and a topic for speculations. I brought this idea up because as months quickly pass, we're inevitably getting closer to the next edition of Esxence. Between March 23rd and 26th Milan will transform into the capital of fragrance again. It will gather representatives of finest niche perfumery from all over the world. It's a super exciting experience.
Main theme for edition 9 of the fair is In the Garden of Eden. Founders describe the idea with these words: "Joyful place par excellence, it's the pure dimension of creativity and the expression of fantasy, able to awake our senses: only here they can perceive the most harmonious and refined fragrances." To me Garden of Eden can be interpreted in many ways. It can either mean going back to basics, which can be expressed by introducing more simple, naturalistic approach towards perfume. It can also mean we can expect heady, exotic compositions with the richness of flowers and fruits.Or maybe some totally abstract perfume to embody the utopia Eden was? There's only one way to find out – to go there and live the experience on your own. You'll never forget it.
It will be my 4th (already!?) adventure with Esxence & I shall be your eyes and nose on this exhibition to make sure you're in the know about what's trending and what can you expect to see on the market in terms of new launches. I'm really excited to do it again! It will be so much fun! Just like in previous years Chemist in the Bottle is the official Media Partner of Esxence. Yay for me! Any chance I'll be seeing you there? If so – do drop me a line, I want to meet!
For more information, exhibitors list or registration please visit Esxence.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Rustic colors meet Afro modern patterns with the Kaleidoscope African print fabric pillow cover. The teal and brown colors blend seamlessly into a variety of decor styles from modern to Afrocentric while taking your decor game up a notch with the vibrant African print patterns.
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Meaning of the color Red
Red is associated with fiery heat and warmth and has strong symbolism of life and vitality. It brings focus to the essence of life and living with emphasis on survival. Red is also the color of passion. Put some red in your life when you want: increased enthusiasm and interest, more energy, action and confidence to go after your dreams, protection from fears and anxieties and to express love.
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Spread the Word…
Share with your Neighbors, Friends & Co-Workers!!
Each year, Tampa Catholic hosts an evening for prospective students and their families to tour the campus and learn about Tampa Catholic's academic and student life.
This year's Open House, will take place on Thursday, Nov. 8, 4:30 – 6:15 pm or 7:00 – 8:45 pm (two sessions-same date).
This event is designed for students presently in Grades 7 or 8 and their families. After a brief introduction, visitors are separated into smaller groups for a tour of the campus. Guided by students, each group will learn about academic departments, extracurricular activities and athletics. Current students speak at these tour stops, thus giving visitors an image of the school from a student's perspective. To assist in planning for this event, we ask you to register prior to attending. For additional information please contact the Enrollment Office at 813.870.0860 ext. 232.


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What we do
We're hosting a 1-day event in partnership with VMware to provide a technical overview of VMware's NSX Security features. This experience day provides hands-on experience of how the VMware NSX network virtualisation platform enables advanced security.
This technical session will highlight:
NSX 101 Technical Overview
This will be an interactive, white-boarding session to introduce the capabilities of NSX. We will cover all the NSX features and capabilities (logical switching, routing, firewalling and load balancing), how these translate to the 3 main use cases: Automation, Security & Application Continuity, as well as real examples of how other customers of ours have benefited from it. Security being the primary use case, you'll learn about the concept of Micro-segmentation (Zero-trust security) within the Data Centre, how we work with our ecosystem partners and integrate with Advanced Security Services, such as IPS or IDS to achieve better security, and simplify operations, speed up service delivery.
Planning Micro-Segmentation with vRealise Network Insight
Are you looking at ways to modernise the way you secure the inside of your Data Centre, get better visibility and control, perhaps preparing for the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)? Are you looking for ways to speed up application deployment, eliminate manual, error prone and lengthy processes to deliver network services to the business? Micro-Segmentation has become a popular way of addressing these questions, something you'll learn about during the first half of day. Delivering Micro-segmentation within your Data Centre is easier said than done. The purpose of the second half of the day is to introduce a platform that will help you planning micro-segmentation and give you better control and visibility over your physical and virtual estate.
John Sutch: Senior System Engineer, NSX
Reka Balogh: NSX Specialist
David Brookes-Smith: Softcat, Networking and Security Specialist
By registering for this event you agree to both our Terms of Attendance and Privacy Policy.
The Hospital Club
Tuesday 30 October 2018 09:00 - 13:00 GMT


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- This event has passed.
OPAL Pride Lifelong Benefit w/ Arson Nicki/Cookie Couture/MMMelt
June 13, 2018 @ 9:00 pm - 2:00 am
💎 Night Gems Presents: OPAL Pride Edition Benefitting Lifelong! 💎
OPAL is entire galaxies stored inside small stones—its light and beauty unmistakably alluring.
OPAL is nu disco, synthpop, and indie dance—effervescent and carefree genres that create contagious cheer.
OPAL is hot pinks and baby blues and neon greens. It's glitter and sequins and lamé.
OPAL is disco at Barbie's dreamhouse.
💎 💎 💎
Your selectors:
Arson Nicki
Cookie Couture
All of our DJs will be playing in drag, so we encourage everyone to go all out for their looks on this one!
Net proceeds for this OPAL will benefit the programs and services of Lifelong.
💎 💎 💎
Timbre Room
1809 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA
21+ // $7


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How Green World Detox Package Detoxify Your Body.
You can achieve a great health status in life by engaging in constant and regular detoxification of vital parts of the body like Kidney, liver, intestinal and blood cleansing. Green World holds the promise to help you achieve this with the following health products.
1. Green World Chitosan Capsule
|Green World Detox
It binds metal ion, together with other metabolic waste in intestinal system to be eliminated from the body. It also boosts liver detoxification.
2. Green World Magic detoxin Pad
When the detoxifying foot pads are attached to reflexology points or even points of the body where there is an accumulation of toxins, the extracts draw them toward the foot patchesand out of the pores and pressure points on feet. It gives 'a push' to lymphatic fluid to circulate therefore, improves lymph system detoxification.
3. Green World Livergen capsule.
It improves hepatic blood flow and the microcirculation in the liver, as well as promotes the regeneration of liver cells. It enhances liver detoxification.
Related Post:
Green World Colon Cleansing Care Package
4. Green World Intestine Cleansing Tea
It shorten the colonic transit time and improves bowel movements therefore, eliminates toxins from intestinal system. It also increase blood circulation volume filtered by kidneys, thus enhances both intestinal detoxification and kidney detoxification.
5. Green World Blueberry Super Nutrition, Juice and Ant-aging capsule.
These products are formulated with a unique constituent – blueberry, which is considered the strongest antioxidant from mother nature. The blueberry anthocyanin pigment (VMA) neutralize free radicals thus prevent our cells from being attacked and damaged by oxidative stress.
|Green World
For information on how to get Green World product or become a distributor in Nigeria.
Do contact me through the Contact Package or call 08038000974, 08181270737


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Afghan Forces Kill 22 Terrorists in Jawzjan Province
At least 22 terrorists have been killed and 26 others wounded over the past two days in Afghanistan's northern Jawzjan province in anti-terrorist operations.
"Afghan national army launched military operations in parts of Jawzjan province two days ago to clean up the areas from insurgents," General Abdul Dayan, deputy commander of 209 Shaheen Corps told reporters, adding that 22 terrorists have been killed, 26 injured and five others arrested during the ongoing crackdown.
One army soldier also lost his life, while another injured during the operation, he said.
Jawzjan province with Sheberghan as its capital 390 km north of Kabul is among relatively restive Afghan provinces where Taliban and ISIS terrorist groups are active, often carrying out attacks against the security forces.
Meanwhile, around eighteen people were killed or wounded Sunday after an explosion ripped through a mobile phone market in southeastern Khost province of Afghanistan.
According to the local officials, the incident took place around noon time in the provincial Khost city.
Provincial police chief Faizullah Ghairat confirmed the incident but put the death toll to one person while confirming ten others were wounded in the explosion.
However, the provincial public health officials said at least four people were killed and thirteen others were wounded in the incident.
Afghanistan is experiencing increased incidents of insecurity despite the presence of US-led NATO forces in the country.


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Dyslexia or similar language and spelling difficulties affect 15-20% of the population, and there is a familial component. A close relative with dyslexia is a risk factor. You may think that these difficulties won't be evident until a child starts to read, but there are many early signs that parents and teachers can look out for in preschool children.
If you think your child might have dyslexia, testing should be your next move. Early intervention is critical to a child's academic success and well being. All children benefit greatly from the structure and sequence of learning to read with the Orton-Gillingham program, but this is the only reading program that has been proven effective for children with dyslexia.
Early signs of dyslexia in preschool:
- May have difficulty with rhyming
- May have trouble learning the alphabet, numbers, days of the week
- May be unable to follow multi-step directions
- Often has difficulty separating sounds in words and blending sounds to make words
Early signs of dyslexia in elementary school:
- Letter or number reversals continuing past the 1st grade
- May be slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds
- Slow, choppy, inaccurate reading
- Avoids reading aloud
- Difficulty with spelling
- Often can't remember sight words (they, were, does)
- Difficulty telling time on a clock with hands
- Trouble with math (memorizing facts, sequence of steps, directionality, word problems)
- Dreads going to school, complains of stomach aches or headaches
Maintaining your child's self-esteem is critical. If you suspect your child may be struggling with a reading difference, he or she should be tested as soon as possible.
While Greengate's program may not be the solution for every child, testing is critical to identification and the earlier a reading problem is identified the more readily the issue can be remediated.
Which tests should be given?
At Greengate School, we frequently receive questions about which tests should be performed to determine if your child may be dyslexic. We recommend the following:
- An intelligence test such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V). WISC is required for Greengate School admission.
A dyslexia assessment including, but not limited to, the following:
- Reading comprehension test such as the Gray's Oral Reading Test (GORT-5)
- Phonemic Awareness such as the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP-2)
- Test of Written Spelling (TWS-5)
- Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE-2)
- A test to assess the child's writing abilities such as the Test of Written Language (TOWL)
- Listening Comprehension and Oral Expression (OWLS-II)
- Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-4)
Additional testing may be required during or after admission for purposes such as class placement or updating of records.
Local Dyslexia Testing Options Include:
Greengate School Services
Greengate School Services, based at Greengate School at Randolph, provides onsite testing for dyslexia for anyone in the community who needs it and is not limited to students applying to Greengate School at Randolph. Our diagnostician Donna Caldwell, M.A. SLD/CSP conducts the evaluations on our school campus. We also have a partnership with Dr. Halina Hale. Please contact us to schedule an appointment.
Scottish Rite Foundation of Alabama
Diagnostic assistance for children with dyslexia or other speech, language, or learning difficulties at no cost to families and schools. Waiting lists may be long. Please note, additional testing may be required for Greengate admission purposes. Contact details here.


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You can delete a project on the project page on the Snyk website. This will delete the project, and all snapshots that are related to it, and you won't be able to access it. Please note that the data remains in our database, so if you would like to restore it, let us know. If you would like us to delete your project data permanently from the database, email us and we'll sort it out.
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ThunderSoft Free Flash SWF Downloader is a portable freeware, free download and without installation. It helps to download swf files from internet. Detect specified URL (.html), extract and download all swf files in it.
Feature List:
Detect specified URL (.html), extract all swf files in ...
Flash Downloader - Flash Download - swf download - swf downloader - free swf download - free swf downloader
Size: 549k, Revised: October 27th 2013, By: ThunderSoft
Hot MP3 Downloader, leader of MP3 download revolution, is devoted to make downloads easier and faster. With instant access to over 100 million songs, this program gives you plenty of reasons to make it your only MP3 Downloader.
Unrestricted music downloads! It offers spectacular MP3 sources ...
Music Downloads - Mp3 Download - Music Download - Mp3 Music Download - mp3 downloads - download songs - to download music - download to mp3 - mp3 music downloads - mp3 songs download
Size: 6,292k, Revised: April 9th 2015, By: Sam Raye
Music MP3 Downloader is easy-to-use software which enables you to search and download over 100 million MP3 from the largest music network.
It is not a Peer-to-Peer program and it is 100% safe and clean of any form of badware (viruses, spyware, adware, etc.).
Music MP3 Downloader ...
Free Mp3 - Mp3 Search - Music Downloads - Free Music Downloads - Mp3 Download - Music Download - Music Mp3 - Index mp3 - Index of mp3 - mp3 downloads
Size: 6,055k, Revised: July 4th 2015, By: Danny Slater
MP3 Free Downloader is an incredibly useful program that allows users to browse and download mp3 for FREE. It has over 100 million mp3 sources across all genres for your choice, fulfilled by an amazingly user friendly interface, which is fast and convenient to save ...
Free Mp3 - Mp3 Search - Music Downloads - Free Music Downloads - Mp3 Download - Music Download - Music Mp3 - Index mp3 - Index of mp3 - mp3 downloads
Size: 6,161k, Revised: May 21st 2015, By: Johnny Wyman
Easy MP3 Downloader is a revolutionary MP3 download software which enables users to search and download 100 million songs with one click. It is 100% clean and safe and and totally free from all kinds of viruses and malware.
Besides, Easy MP3 Downloader also updates the ...
Music Downloads - Mp3 Download - Music Download - Mp3 Music Download - mp3 downloads - download songs - to download music - download to mp3 - mp3 music downloads - mp3 songs download
Size: 5,986k, Revised: January 21st 2015, By: Geena Lanza
Download 100 million songs in easy, fast and clean way! Speed MP3 Downloader is really a hear-and-get tool, via which you can fast obtain unlimited amount of high quality mp3 safely and easily. It has the largest collection of high quality music, and allows you ...
Music Downloads - Mp3 Download - Music Download - Mp3 Music Download - mp3 downloads - download songs - to download music - download to mp3 - mp3 music downloads - mp3 songs download
Size: 6,152k, Revised: June 18th 2015, By: Barbara Pearce
Bearshare Mp3 Downloader is an application that allows you to download all types of files over the Internet at high speeds via a very intuitive interface and using a powerful engine. The program enables fast searching and downloading from multiple users simultaneously of films, music, ...
Bearshare Mp3 Downloader - Free Downloads - P2p Client - File Sharing Program - File Sharing Application - P2p Software - File Sharing Software - Bittorrent client - torrent client - torrent downloader
Size: 996k, Revised: June 18th 2015, By: pcfreesoft com
dPilot is a freeware friendly user interface for GNU WGet Downloader. Automatically resumes broken download if internet connection was interrupted.
Downloader - Ftp - Web - Http - Resume - Broken - Downloads
Size: 200k, Revised: May 12th 2008, By: Two Pilots
Inquisitor is a free, fast, save, visual Web Picture Site Ripper/Downloader/Grabber, Offline Browser to select and download images shown as thumbnails directly from a displayed website in a specified destination directory. It also includes a multi connect ftp-client, and a local FileManager like "NortonCommander", and ...
Downloader - Free - Grabber - Fast - Offline Browser - Save Visual Web Picture - Image Site Ripper - Multiconnect Ftp Client - Http Scanner
Size: 10,399k, Revised: May 12th 2008, By: Jens Timmermann
Adsen Image Grab is a free image Downloader used to easily download images from a website. You can download
images that are linked from the site or download images that are shown on the website. It lists the images along with
the size of them ...
Picture Downloader - Image Downloader - Pic Downloader - Freeware Image Downloader - Freeware Image Downloaders - Image Downloaders - Web Picture Downloader - Free Picture Downloader
Size: 715k, Revised: May 12th 2008, By: Adsen Software
Getbhavcopy application is an historical end of day stock quotes Downloader for NSE (National Stock Exchange), India. It will download Open, High, Low, Close and Volume for each equity traded on NSE.The data is downloaded in txt format. Such that it can be directly imported ...
Size: 768k, Revised: February 2nd 2009, By: Hemen Kapadia (1 other programs)
MP3 Free Downloader is an incredibly useful program that allows users to browse and download mp3 for FREE. It has over 100 million mp3 sources across all genres for your choice, fulfilled by an amazingly user friendly interface, which is fast and convenient to save ...
Free Mp3 - Mp3 Search - Music Downloads - Free Music Downloads - Mp3 Download - Music Download - Music Mp3 - Index mp3 - Index of mp3 - mp3 downloads
Size: 2,627k, Revised: April 25th 2012, By: backdoor guard
YourTurboDownloadManager is your 100% Free application, with a simple interface and ease of use, it helps you find direct Links for downloading video files from sites like metacafe, DailyMotion or several other video stream sites. You can save them on your PC and play them ...
Video Downloader - Free - Dailymotion - Video Download - Metacafe
Size: 1,767k, Revised: June 16th 2012, By: Liam Brennan
1ClickWebSlideShow is an intelligent image Downloader and viewer. It searches a given Web site for pictures, downloads them onto your hard disk and uses the built-in full-screen image viewer to perform a real-time slide-show. Extra fast HTML parsing algorithm and intelligent navigation engine allow to ...
Downloader - Download - Viewer - Images - Web - Pictures - Show - Slide
Size: 778k, Revised: June 11th 2012, By: Rudenko Software
Web2Disk the easy to use website Downloader. Copy any website to your PC, USB or CD for offline browsing. It's quick and easy to use. Just enter your URL and click Go! Web2Disk automatically downloads the entire website. All the necessary files are saved and ...
Offline Browser - website ripper - download website - website downloader - browse offline - copy a website - copy entire website - website cloner - clone website - rip website
Size: 9,144k, Revised: July 3rd 2012, By: Inspyder Software Inc.
An all-purpose website Downloader tool to download entire or parts of websites for offline browsing. Website Ripper Copier (WRC) can save, copy complete or partial websites (protected or regular sites) for offline viewing, extract web site files of a certain size and type, like image, ...
Website - Offline Browser - Save Website - site ripper - offline explorer - download website - website downloader - save web page - copy web page - download web page
, Revised: July 21st 2012, By: Tensons Corporation
My Offline Browser is a software for offline browsing. My Offline Browser is a multithreaded website Downloader. It allows you to automatically download and save entire website including all pages, images and other files to your hard disk. My Offline Browser is a tool that ...
Downloader - Browser - Offline Browser - Offline - website downloader - download webpage - My Offline Browser
, Revised: August 19th 2012, By: Newprosoft.com
FotoMonster is an internet picture Downloader to download pictures, photos, images, JPG, GIF from web or internet. It can access the target web sites with a maximum of 8 threads simultaneously. It analyzes the structure of the web site, finds the pictures and photos (JPG,GIF) ...
Picture Downloader - Images - Photos - Jpg - Picture - download pictures - GIF from web or internet - download picture
Size: 1,649k, Revised: May 5th 2012, By: Kavatec
The Comical application was designed to be a comic Downloader and viewer that utilises a custom-built framework for the parsing and downloading of comics from websites. The framework uses an open XML format that allows anyone to add support for additional comics.There is full support ...
Downloader - Comic Downloader - Viewer - Comic - comic viewer - Comical - download comic
, Revised: June 1st 2012, By: Joseph Cox
Email extractor eGet is a powerful email extractor and image Downloader, It can help you to download thousands of pictures and any other files quickly and easily. You can simply capture the URL of a webpage by using the mouse, And eGet will automatically analyze ...
Image Downloader - Email Extractor - pictures downloader
Size: 5,253k, Revised: May 10th 2012, By: Bainsoft
Web Snatch Picture / Movie Ripper can download and save thousands of pictures from the Internet in a very short time.Don't click all those thumbnails ever again! Works better than other picture hunter spider programs because you can watch a slide show while downloading images ...
Downloader - Picture Downloader - Finder - Searcher - picture finder - download picture - Web Snatch Picture Movie Ripper
, Revised: July 24th 2012, By: Wolfgang Software
gmms is a simple MMS-stream Downloader based on mmsclient that works on both WindowsA® and Linux. MMS-streams are multimedia streams broadcasted on the Internet, following the MMS-protocol. The simple explanation is that with gmms, you can save every kind of stream having mms:// at the ...
Downloader - Mms - Stream - MMS downloader - stream downloader - multimedia stream
Size: 3,482k, Revised: May 6th 2012, By: Bart Vandewoestyne


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New and utilized retail tire stores are prominent private companies in view of the incessant administration and substitution requirements for customer vehicle tires and tire weight observing frameworks (TPMS). As the number vehicles on America's streets expands every year, chances to serve this client base develop too. Car repair shops may likewise consider extending their business by including tire establishment and repair as a support of their clients.
Marketable strategy
It is for the most part a smart thought to work with a business advisor or bookkeeper to make a strategy for success and survey the underlying speculation, projections of income from deals, and costs, to ensure the business will be beneficial. A few inquiries to consider are: 1) What sort of preparing would it be a good idea for me to have?; 2) what recognizes my business from rivals in the region?; 3) by what means will I publicize my administrations?; 4) is my business in a decent area?; 5)what gear and supplies do I have to begin?; 6) where would i be able to get hardware and supplies from?Preparing
Notwithstanding any required nearby, state, and government enlistments and licenses, an exceedingly respected tire industry instructive asset is the Tire Industry Association (TIA). The TIA offers an assortment of confirmations for business and traveler vehicle tire determination, assessment, mounting, and repairs (site reference).Step by step instructions to Stand Apart from Competitors
A developing business opportunity in tire establishment and support is overhauling and introducing Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS). TPMS gear is available on all late model vehicles after (Year?) so building up a solace level with how to program, keep up, and supplant sensors gives a chance to extend the offerings of your business. Preparing on TPMS can be given through TIA courses, industry providers, for example, Schrader Bridgeport and Dills;. All Tire supply has already distributed an article on TPMS (Here). Offering tire administration may give new business openings in a few markets. Extra approaches to emerge against contenders is to give incredible client benefit and perform excellent work in your tire shop. Seeing how to appropriately and securely play out a tire repair as per industry guidelines is a key part of this.Promoting
Maybe the best and least expensive approach to promote is through "informal". A fulfilled client is one of the most grounded approaches to increase new business through referrals of loved ones. Print media promoting is by all accounts losing ground to online publicizing. Almost everybody as a rule completes a web-pursuit of a new business, so consider keeping up a site with accommodating data about your business. It is likewise vital to deal with your online notoriety, since negative surveys by unsatisfied clients can dishearten new client from attempting your administration.Area
Situating your business in a high vehicular rush hour gridlock zone with increment the perceivability of your business and enhance the probability of new, drop in client movement. A business land dealer in your general vicinity can help recognize conceivable areas.Gear and Tools
The gear expected to mount and dismount tires security and effectively is a tire machine. This commonly incorporates a fitting to swell a recently mounted tire. As a component of a decent quality administration activity, a tire adjusting machine likewise required hardware. For most little to medium volume stores, one tire machine and one tire balancer ought to be adequate. Next, vehicle lifting gear is considered. A two post lift, can deal with most traveler vehicles and is prescribed for tire benefit and in addition other car benefit needs. A less effective approach for high volume work is the utilization of floor jacks. It is critical to get prepared on the protected use of vehicle lift gadgets, and ensure lifts are assessed all the time. A two phase air compressor is likewise required. Different apparatuses are required for a tire store: Affect torques, cushions/drills, tire stands, TPMS enactment instrument.Providers
One should utilize a provider with a long reputation of solid support of the business and offers a scope of value items. The model that has picked up a high level of acknowledgment is to be on a versatile distribution center conveyance course which conveys instruments and supplies to your site of business all the time and can likewise meet your hardware needs. At All Tire Supply, we give an entire scope of tire upkeep supplies, apparatuses, and gear by means of our Houston Texas customer facing facade, site, or through our versatile distribution centers which serve south Texas. On the off chance that our portable stockrooms don't serve your geology, and you are keen on opening an establishment in your general vicinity


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Who we have worked with
Electronic Devices to use the applications/technology while on the move
- Quality, Efficiency, Service and Reliability
- Customer Care is not a department, it is our attitude
- We won't keep you waiting when you need help
- Wide range of innovative solutions and top brands
- PFMT4008-2032EW Posiflex MT-4008 Tablet POS Bundle$2,395 ex. GST
The flexibility to be set up in both Hospitality and Retail environments, the MT-4008W is a tablet that can support MSR attachment, can be docked with the printer and even be placed on a pistol grip! An all in one POS (8" Mobile tablet, Bay Trail T Quad-Core 1.33G up to 1.83G, 2M cache, 2GB DDR3L, 32G eMMC, Win 8.1 loaded, Black colour)
The bundle includes:-
Posiflex Docking Station MT4008 /w Wifi/Printer
Posiflex PistolGrip for MT4008 with 1D Laser/Battery
Posiflex Power Adapter 5V/15W for MT4008
- J9K91PA HP Elitepad 1000$1,230 ex. GSTVery customizable, the HP Elite Pad can be added to the Expansion Jacket2 with the JacketBattery2 to work throughout the night without worries to recharge! You can also re-dock the ElitePad to it becomes your PC! Learn More
- P5A72PA HP Pro Tablet 10 P5A72PA$550 ex. GST
HP Pro Tablet 10 Atom-Z3735g 10.1in screen (Wuxga-Touch) 32gb (Ssd) Windows 10 32bit Home all included. The tablet for home and work useLearn More


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Relationship based training.
Bridging the communication gap between humans and their canines
Bridging the communication gap between humans and their canines
We proudly service the greater Seattle area with top quality training and behavior modification for dogs, and coaching for their humans. Schedule a Canine Introduction Course or Mini Lesson, with us today to talk about the training options that will work the best for you and your dog!
It's simple
We can help you reach your goals and achieve long lasting results.
We cover key topics that prepare you and your dog for vet visits, grooming, proper play, and more. This class sets your puppy up for success in it's prime time of development. You get to see your puppy build skills and confidence.
Teach you and your dog the basic obedience commands and to build a solid relationship foundation. You will learn how to work with your dog and navigate real life distractions and situations as well.
focusing solely on your dog's behavior and mindset and work towards creating a calm and relaxed dog who is capable of making good choices and adapting to different environments.
Take the Lead Dog Training


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Daniel is a 35+ year seasoned condition monitoring and maintenance management practitioner. He has been active in all forms of heavy industry most notably deep sea marine, offshore and manufacturing. He is a PCN Cat III Lubricant analyst, a certified asset management practitioner and an award winning engineer and journalist.
Working within the Optimain consultancy Daniel works with senior industry professionals to develop and manage the strategic optimisation of machinery performance and in addition advises upon practical elements of condition monitoring and maintenance strategy.
Equally happy in the board room or on the shop floor, Daniel can provide training, advice, as well as hardware and software for all forms of condition monitoring and remote analysis in addition to the provision of on site testing capabilities.
Daniel can also deliver end user solutions such as turnkey condition monitoring and condition based maintenance hardware in addition to personnel training. Furthermore, as is required for a holistic CBM management approach, Daniel can provide retrospective forensic services such as root cause and failure analysis.
As he is not tied to any given provider, Daniel believes that there is no single approach and as such offers a creative, solutions orientated approach based upon the integration of process and procedures for the management of maintenance activities and access to CM and CBM tools based upon a whole of market supply.


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Although women were among the earliest settlers within the Sandy Springs area, their stories have consistently been told in the background to men. This year, the Heritage Sandy Springs Museum shines a spotlight on the achievement and voices of women throughout Sandy Springs history in our newest exhibit "Grit, Gumption, and Grace: The Women of Sandy Springs." Grit, Gumption, and Grace (GGG) will highlight the impact, roles, and accomplishments of women throughout our 150-year history.
Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays from 10:00 am to 2:00 pm. Tours offered daily for both kids and adults.
Heritage Sandy Springs Museum, 6075 Sandy Springs Circle, Sandy Springs, GA 30328
Email or call 404-851-9111 ext. 2 for more information or to schedule a viewing


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1953 Chevy set of 4 NOS Parking Light inserts
Listed here are a set of 4 NOS Insert Moldings found on the 1953 Chevy Parking Light Ends. They are extremely hard to find and even harder to find NOS.
They are that piece you need to make your 1953 Chevy Grill look complete. If your grill is missing these pieces you understand what I mean. Four of these inserts are used on each parking light end.
They are removed when the ends of the grill are chrome plated and too many times lost, misplaced or not returned to the owner of the grill. That is an unfortunately fact of life.
I have attached this picture of a 1953 Chevy Grill with these insert moldings pointed out for clarity.
In a different location, on the website, I will be listing these same inserts in good used condition.
If you have any questions concerning this clip or any other clip
please call me or text me at 352 875 2344
or email me at [email protected]


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The corporation tax rate of 12.5% may increase if the close company surcharge is relevant to your company.
The close company surcharge provisions discourage rolling up investment, rental and professional income in companies by imposing an additional tax on such income retained and not distributed by the close company.
Section 441 Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 provides for a surcharge on certain undistributed income of service companies. The section defines a service company as including close companies where the principal part of the company's income is derived from the carrying on directly of a profession or the provision of professional services or where the company exercises an office or employment. The tax acts do not define "profession" and therefore case law must be referred to. The case of CIR v Maxse 12 TC 41 stated that a profession involves an occupation "…requiring either purely intellectual skill or of any manual skill controlled as in painting and sculpture or surgery by the intellectual skill of the operation…"
The following have been deemed to be a profession – an accountant, an actor, an actuary, an archaeologist, an architect, an auctioneer, a barrister, a computer programmer, a dentist, a doctor, an engineer, a journalist, a management consultant, an optician, a private school, a quantity surveyor, a solicitor and a vet.
The following have been deemed not to be a profession – a photographer, a stockbroker, an insurance broker, a pharmacist, a public relations company and a tax agent (who was not a member of a professional body).
While some activities are obviously "professional" e.g. accountants, doctors and architects it is genuinely difficult to see why some activities are seen as professional and others not. For example a pharmacist is not seen as a professional but an actor is. The rationale isn't always obvious.
In P. MacMhaith v Brian Cronin and Associates Limited a case on this issue got as far as the High Court in 1984. The High Court supported the Circuit Court's findings that a company which carried on a business as an advertising agency was not carrying on a profession and thus not subject to the close company surcharge. The following factors were relevant in respect of the Circuit Court's decision:
- No education or other qualification was required to carry out the work.
- There was no code of practice governing or controlling advertising agencies.
- Membership of the Institute was not compulsory and over one third of advertising agents are not members.
- The Institute had no disciplinary function.
- Advertising agencies advertise their own businesses.
- In the course of advertisements they freely disclose who are their customers.
As this is a 1984 case and it reached the High Court we would find the factors raised to be of significance.
If you have any concerns as to whether close company surcharge applies to your company get professional advice without delay.


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Winner: Interior Design – NonResidential
Winner: Synthesis Design & Build Pty Ltd
(03) 9720 3895
Synthesis Design & Build Pty Ltd
Leanne Whitely
The client brief was to revitalise a tired and dated retail interior and connect the Jesses store in the Maude Street Mall at Shepparton with the image-conscious youth street and surf wear target market. It was important to create a unique and memorable retail experience in regional Victoria that is equal to any Australian capital city retailer store.
One of the major difficulties with the refurbishment was the fact the store had to remain open during renovations. This impacted greatly on building methodology, logistics and design considerations.
A dynamic youthful interior was created with the use of strong colour and considered space planning.
The creation of a strong identity was continued in the interior detailing and shop front signage.
The concrete look of a skate park, features reminiscent of surf waves, bold timber wood grain and white, blue and silver details contribute to the youth appeal.
The consistent use of curves in wall displays, counter designs and lighting and bulkhead details both open the space and encourage movement throughout the store. The strong contrast of colour provides dramatic interest. Suitable lighting levels and placement of fittings support the display of sale items.
What was once a mix of dark lighting and cluttered display has been transformed into a well-illuminated and organised retail solution.
This project also won the award for Retail Design–Alterations/Additions.


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Apply as a Visiting Student
We welcome applications from bachelor and master students looking to experience studying at KADK. Students can apply to study with us for one or two semesters on one of our architecture or design programmes.
To apply, students must:
- be currently enrolled on a bachelor or master degree in architecture or design.
- be attending a school/university with whom we do not have an exchange agreement.
- bachelor students must have completed at least 1 year of studies by the time they start.
Important: Due to the limited capacity, it is only possible for tuition-fee-paying students to apply. We are not able to accept applications from students with EU/EEA or Swiss citizenship, or applicants with Danish residence permits entitling them to free education in Denmark.
For more information regarding tuition fees, please see under Downloads in right-hand menu.
Study Programmes
Applicants are able to apply for one of the following study programmes in architecture and design.
Application Deadlines
- 1 April for the autumn semester or full study year
- 1 October for the spring semester
Applications must be received by the deadline. Late applications will not be considered.
Limited Places
Due to a limited number of study places, please be aware that applicants are not guaranteed a place. We strongly recommend that students consider alternatives in case we are not able to offer them a place.
Applicants for our English programmes are not required to submit a TOEFL/IELTS test; however, they are expected to have a high level of proficiency in English.
While it is possible for non-Danish-speaking students to study Danish programmes, please be aware that the main teaching language is Danish, with guidance being available in English.
Accessibility for students with special needs
With regard to accessibility for students with special needs (e.g. wheelchair access), please note that due to the protected status of many of our buildings that special access is limited.
How to Apply
Before you apply, you must send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com telling us which programme you would like to apply for and with an approval from your home university as an attached file.
Once we have your school´s approval, you will receive an automated email that will contain the information you need to start with your application, including a manual that will guide you through the process.
Please note that we do not accept the applications that are sent to us via an e-mail.
We aim to give students an official answer as to whether we can offer them a study place six weeks after the application deadline. In order to process visa applications, we must receive proof of payment of the tuition fee within 10 days from receiving the study place offer.


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Would you like to create the life you want?
So how amazing would it be if you could train your mind to create the life that you want?
In this video I'll share with you a simple strategy, so you can start training your mind to create the life that you want.
We all have a past life story, unfortunately too often we focus on that and get stuck re-telling it to ourselves and those around us.
But that's like driving and constantly looking in your rear view mirror. We get more of what we focus on, so maybe it's time to focus on what you want and where you want to go, enjoying the journey along the way rather than where you have come from.
Is it time to change your story, the pictures and the words you play out in your own mind and out loud?
So for today's simple strategy, I want you to imagine you are the author, the script writer, the director and producer of your own life, if you can open your mind to the possibilities, if you could imagine you could create the life and the outcomes you wanted, how would you write the next page, the next chapter, the next book.
The sad reality is that most people spend more time writing their weekly shopping list or planning a night out, or their annual holiday than they do planning their own life. So I encourage to spend some time just imaginimg and wondering if anything was possible, what would you like to achieve.
The mind is like a parachute, it works best when it is open. So I want you to get out of your own way, move away from a closed mindset and open your mind to the possibilities.
Don't edit and get in your own way at this stage, simply imagine, if you could give your mind the script, the blueprint for what you would like to achieve what would that be.
You may find this really easy, you may need to re-visit and go back to it a couple of times.
But like the amazing script writers and authors I've worked with over the years, some have find the writing process really easy and natural and others really have to focus and work on it, but both get fantastic outcomes.
So your action and take away from todays video is…
If you could write your own bestseller for your life, what would it look like?
Get creative, write it down and re-visit this exercise from time to time and ensure you are striving to live your bestselling life!
Remember, what your mind believes you will achieve – so think differently, believe in yourself, take action and achieve the life you want!
All the best
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Your details are safe with me, I will never share or sell your details.
Tamera Foster
X Factor Finalist 2013
Maria Costello
Gethin Jones
TV Presenter
Jo Redman
WKC World Kickboxing Champion


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On November 29 and 30, 2018, the Bloomberg American Health Initiative and Bloomberg Philanthropies convened the inaugural Bloomberg American Health Summit in Washington D.C. The Summit brought together innovators, experts, practitioners and policymakers from around the country, to focus on ways to tackle some of the toughest challenges facing health in the United States: addiction and overdose, environmental challenges, obesity and the food system, risks to adolescent health, and violence.
At the Summit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Professor Tom Burke reunited on stage with Gina McCarthy, Professor of the Practice of Public Health at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, to discuss the need to return science to the national conversation about environmental challenges. Burke and McCarthy worked together at the Environmental Protection Agency during the Obama Administration.
The 2018 Summit theme was From Local Action to National Impact: Overcoming Challenges and Improving Health. Read more about the Summit here.


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A guy from New York asked Canadian fans what they would do if they got a gold medal. "We'd have it Bronzed!" "Well", says the New Yorker, "Why do you think they call it Cana-Duhh?"
Guy from New York asks Canadian fans...
Submitted by Mr Dovie
Monday, 1 March 2010


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Deepika Padukone is currently basking in the glory of being named by Forbes as the top Indian star of 2018. The actress, professionally and personally, is enjoying her blissful life.
The Padmaavat actress Deepika, who is a supporter of mental health initiatives, penned a note about depression. Now the actress' story will feature in an upcoming children's book.
The book titled The Dot That Went For A Walk is compiled and written by Lakshmi Nambiar, Reema Gupta and Sarada Akkineni. It compiles stories of 51 accomplished Indian women, who will introduce the concept of Women Power to kids from an early stage. One of the stories is of Deepika, written by the actress herself.
ALSO, READ| It will be sunny one day, says Deepika Padukone on her battle with depression | See Post
Deepika wrote a letter for her fans via Elle India magazine speaking about her struggle with the situation and how her support system helped her before getting married to Bollywood actor Ranveer Singh in November 2018.
View this post on Instagram
A few days before her wedding @deepikapadukone wrote a letter addressing her struggle with anxiety and depression, for our 22nd Anniversary Issue. By publicly talking about her own battles, she empowered many to reach out and seek help. Her letter is full of empathy and kindness, a reminder that (in the words of Stephen Fry) "it will be sunny one day". Swipe through to read the full letter. . Link in bio. @tlllfoundation . 📷: @errikosandreouphoto . #deepikapadukone #mentalhealthawareness #ELLEvate #BeMoreELLE #ELLEDecember #anniversaryissue
The co-author of the book, Lakshmi Nambiar, revealed that Deepika knows about the book and will share stage during the book launch.
In an interview with Mid Day she said, "From the acting community, Deepika emerged as a unanimous choice. When we dug deeper, we found that what inspired them about her is her honesty and willingness to talk about her vulnerabilities. By sharing her journey bravely with the world, she showed the younger generation that a healthy dialogue is needed as much on mental fitness as on physical fitness."
On the professional front, Deepika will next be seen in Meghna Gulzar's Chhapaak. The film is based on the life of acid attack survivor Laxmi Agarwal and Padukone will be essaying the lead role.


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Sending virtual birthday wishes: 7th April
Wed, 11 Sept 2019
Newbury residents are being urged to vote for Victoria Park and get it named as one of the nation's favourites.
The park was recently named a Green Flag winner by Keep Britain Tidy.
Now Newbury Town Council, which manages the park, is encouraging residents to get behind a bid for it to win the charity's annual People's Choice Award.
Town council leader Martin Colston said: "It would be another great achievement if we can really get Victoria Park on the map and be voted as one of the nation's favourite parks.
"With the new tennis courts, splash park, skatepark and great play equipment, there is something for everyone to enjoy.
"I urge everyone to take a minute to vote for Victoria Park. Once you have voted why not encourage others to get involved too?
"We are so proud of our beautiful park and this is your opportunity to show your support."
International Green Flag manager Paul Todd said: "The People's Choice Award is an opportunity to show how much your favourite park means to you.
"Make your voice heard and vote now."
For more information, and to cast your vote, visit www.greenflagaward.org
Voting started on Sunday and runs until September 30. The top 10 winning sites will then be announced on October 15.


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To find information in the National Archives about indigenous languages, please go to the online catalog (catalog.archives.gov) and type "Indian language" (be sure to include the quotations marks) in the search box. Unfortunately, these are NOT digitized materials, so one will have to be prepared to visit the archives or request copies.
Here is a sampling of some of the materials in the Archives that are specifically about the Crow language, along with other languages along the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail.
If you click on the blue titles, you will be taken to more detailed information about the material.
- 074 Indian customs language and dialect (file folder in a numerical correspondence file)
Creator: Department of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Crow Indian Agency. 1947- (Originals are held in Denver.)
This file unit contains records regarding Blackfoot, Crow, Flathead, and Ft. Peck Reservations in Montana (HR60A–H13.1); Chinook and other Indians of Washington. (Originals are held in the Legislative Archives in Washington D.C.)
- Decimal Correspondence Files, 1895 – 1954
Commissioner of Indians Affairs, and other Bureau of Indian Affairs officials; officials from other Bureau of Indian Affairs agencies and schools; CrowCreek Agency employees; officials from Indian warehouses.
… The records provide information on Indian culture and customs, including language, marriage, dance, fairs, and celebrations. The records include correspondence, newsletters, reports, and minutes from various mission organizations, the National Congress of American Indians, the Governors' Interstate Indian Council, the South Dakota Governor's Committee for Children and Youth, and Attorneys for the Sioux Nation. (Originals are held in the National Archives repository at Kansas City.)


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Head Office:
About us
INTERVENE are a medical device manufacturer that uses commercial agility to respond to market needs. INTERVENE prides itself on being able to react quickly to customer and industry demands to offer safe, cost effective solutions that improve patient care and efficiency for healthcare professionals.
Operating in areas of the industry where few competitive alternatives exist we are able to deliver simple, yet unique offerings. INTERVENE are members of the EPSG (Enteral Plastic Safety Group) and also help shape new International Standards such as the ISO80369-3 which has seen the implementation of a new unique, enteral specific feeding device connector , ENFit™, that will continue to reduce the risk of a misconnection to any other type of medical device.
Our customers trust us to develop innovative, tailored solutions as safety doesn't happen by accident!


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In the UK case of CFL Finance Limited v Rubin and Ors, a creditor had sought to make an individual bankrupt. A creditors' meeting was held. At the meeting, a proposal for an Individual Voluntary Arrangement was approved by the creditor that held the largest portion of debt (and therefore 90.43% of the vote). The other two creditors voted against the proposal.
One opposing creditor sought orders either to revoke the approval of the arrangement or to reverse the decision by the supervisor of the creditors' meeting to admit the creditor who voted in favour of the proposal. The opposing creditor argued that there was a material irregularity in relation to the creditors' meeting. Prior to the creditors' meeting, the major creditor had entered into a settlement agreement, which meant it was no longer owed the debt.
The Court made an order revoking the approval of the proposal for the Individual Voluntary Arrangement on the basis that there was a material irregularity in relation to the creditors' meeting that approved the arrangement because the creditor who voted in favour of the proposal ought not to have been allowed to vote at the meeting.
See the judgment here.


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More Deals From : TataCLiQ
TataCLiQ Sellling Stuffcool Selfie Stick (Black) Flat 77% Off at Rs.239
Product Details:
Conveniently take group selfies with the Itek Wired Selfie Stick (Black), which has a groove joint design. It is extendable and has a shutter controller and 3.5mm cable for ease of use. It is compatible with all phones.


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I have always loved beautiful things—who doesn't?—but beauty was not essential to my happiness until I was widowed. Perhaps because of the drudgery involved in settling the estate and learning Lev's business after his death, I desperately needed to be in light-filled, tranquil, soothing space to fill the emptiness and mitigate my pain. I describe those early months of grief in Reclaiming Joy: There was …Continue reading
Values & Virtues
How Do I Make 2019 Better?
That's the question I will try to answer in four speeches this month—Resolved: To Reclaim Joy in 2019. I know the answer—that's what my memoir is all about—and 2018 was hardly joyless. However, I let the publication and media attention surrounding Reclaiming Joy to take over my life. I want 2019 to be better. I first wrote formal New Year's Resolutions at the end of …Continue reading
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Live Well, LOOK GOOD, Travel Light, II
In August 2011—almost 17 months after Lev's death—I took my first big step in traveling alone, as a widow. I flew to London, then took the train to Edinburgh, another first for me. On my arrival, I walked into a pre-dinner reception at the hotel to meet 40 strangers who would be my travel companions on the Royal Scotsman for the next week. Only four …Continue reading
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We all want to live well, though each of us—at different periods in our lives—defines living well differently. My friends and I resist the idea that we might be old—"I don't feel old!"—but as a long-ago newspaper reporter, I know too well if I get hit by a car when I am crossing the street, the headline will read, "Elderly woman hit by car." Many …Continue reading
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Looking Backward, Looking Forward
My Christmas push is over, and I have the gift of three weeks to spend reflecting on this past year and planning the next. New Year's Resolutions are fairly new for me. For 46 years, life revolved around husband and children, and I felt little need to set life goals and priorities. Importantly, Lev assumed so many responsibilities—business, finance, insurance, cars—and was always willing to …Continue reading
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Return From Neverland
Like Wendy Darling in Peter Pan, I realize I cannot remain forever on my personal Neverland island of Nantucket. For two months I didn't turn on television. I paid scant attention to the headlines of the newspapers for sale in the pharmacy. America seemed very remote. With decidedly mixed feelings, I packed my bags and returned home to the real world last week. Those first …Continue reading
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Memory + Anticipation = Joy
Both heart and mind are overflowing in anticipation this week. My bags are on their way to Nantucket, and in just a few days I will be too. Already I am imagining moving into my summer home, debating where to go for lunch Saturday (fried clams or lobster roll?), worship the next day in my summer church, brunch with Nantucket friends and then—two days later—the …Continue reading
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Where's Home?
What sort of images does home conjure up for you? Is it where you currently live or where you grew up? How much is it based on length of time and how much on your memories and the people you shared your home with? Home usually seems to mean "where I grew up, where my roots are, where my family lives." When adults say "I'm …Continue reading
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No Regrets!
Don't I wish? Good intentions may not lead to hell, but they can lead to a life of regrets—if only and what if. With age, I have acquired enough experience to know that I am happiest when I seek to live life without regrets, without all the "should haves"—all the times I procrastinated until it was too late—pricking my conscience. My cousin in Alabama taught …Continue reading
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Lev died April 7, 2009—eight years ago tomorrow. There I was, unprepared for all that I must do, immediately confronted with practical and legal realities. Overnight, I moved from the role of smiling spouse and gracious hostess to that of executor, trustee, CEO and—most dreaded of all—matriarch. I am not sure that anyone had confidence in me. I certainly had none in myself. Because I …Continue reading


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Product Recall Alerts
This page documents the currently active product recalls for Peter Norberg Consulting, Inc.
(COMPLETED) 7/17/2008 - GenStepper versions 2.9 through 2.16
GenStepper versions 2.9 through 2.16 did not correctly handle the pure TTL-Control mode of using the "NXT" input in order to select a new motor step rate. If you need to have that feature work in your particular GenStepper-firmware based board, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com. We will work with you to update your board either to GenStepper firmware version 2.17 or later, or to the PotStepper firmware (depending on your application requirements).
(COMPLETED) 3/31/2005 - GenStepper Version 2.1 based products.
Note: As far as we know, this recall is fully complete. To the best of our knowledge, all customers who may have been affected by this issue have obtained the corrected manual.
- You have a BiStepA04, BiStepA06, or a BiStep2A controller board,
- your board is based on the GenStepper firmware,
- you have firmware "GenStepper Vers. 2.1",
- your documentation CD is March 30, 2005 or earlier,
- and you intend to use the Double Current mode of operation in your controller
then you must download an updated copy of your "UniversalStepper" manual specific to your particular board from our Downloads page, as is available here. There is an error on several pages in the manual, where it incorrectly documents the technique used to configure the 1.59 through 1.81 firmware for Double Current mode, instead of the different technique used in firmware versions 2.0 and later. You may choose instead to download a self-installing executable which contains the complete update for all of our documentation (note: this is at least an 11.5 megabyte download!), available here.
If you configure your board which contains the firmware labeled "GenStepper Vers. 2.1" using the "Limit switch" technique as is incorrectly shown in the older manual, you will damage your board! Download the updated copy of the manual, which correctly describes how to configure the firmware for the double current mode of operation using a 1K resistor on the RDY signal.
Please note that this is a documentation update only. You do not need to return your board to us; you simply need to download the corrected manual, and follow its instructions on configuring your board for the double current mode of operation.


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A number of changes in organization names and organization structures have been taking place in fundamental and applied agricultural research in the Netherlands. These changes have raised a number of questions in other countries (and , I have to say, in the Netherlands too) concerning the present and future position of the Mushroom Experimental Station. Although the reorganization is not completed, I will try to explain the process to some extent.
The future structure of the departments of the University of Wageningen and all agricultural research institutes in the Netherlands will be organized in science units. One of these units will be "Wageningen Plant Sciences". This unit will bring together three units. One is "Applied Plant Research", a recent fusion of all Experimental Stations (including the Mushroom Experimental Station). The second is "Plant Research International" and the third is the Plant Science Departments of the Agricultural University of Wageningen.
Some Experimental Stations have physically merged and are located in new buildings and/or have new locations. Each location has one or two "team leaders" who can be addressed instead of the former directors. The Mushrooom Experimental Station has merged with two other Experimental Stations but will remain at the location in Horst for the time being. Important also is that major decisions will be taken on the levels above these team leaders.
The former Mushroom Experimental Station will have one team leader and this will be a new person appointed at the beginning of August 2001. It is also important to note that most disciplines within the Mushroom Experimental Station will remain. Research on compost, breeding, pest and diseases will be continued. We might, however, lose our histological/ microscopical laboratory.
Next to a new team leader, there will be a few new faces within our research teams. I think the best moment to introduce them will be after they have been appointed.
I hope that this will shed some light on how future agricultural research is and will be organized in the Netherlands. Be assured that this will not be the last information on this subject as others have also experienced.


text: We know drivers throughout Chautauqua County want versatile and affordable vehicles that they can rely on. At Fredonia Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM, you can do that while also finding a quality pre-owned SUV like the Jeep Grand Cherokee. We have a diverse and ever-changing lineup of used Grand Cherokee vehicles and we'd like to help you get behind the wheel of one soon!


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Las Vegas may have a reputation as America's entertainment capital, but the city is reinventing itself as a bastion of sustainability. It's exciting to live in a city where so many players are committed to reducing waste and finding sustainable solutions to energy needs. Here are some of our favorite sustainable trends in Las Vegas.
With its arid climate, drought is a major concern in Las Vegas. Within the last decade, the city's water reclamation program has curbed water usage by over one-third.
Las Vegas has made a major investment in solar, with some of the largest solar arrays in the nation. All government buildings are powered by solar, too. Solar power saves Las Vegas some $5 million per year.
Casinos, arguably the biggest draw for tourists, play their part by donating leftovers wherever possible. Unserved food is donated to a food rescue organization, leftover swag is distributed to schools and hospitals, and even old technology is donated to organizations that reuse what they can.
It's exciting to watch Las Vegas take the lead when it comes to sustainability, and we can't wait to see what comes next.