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Infectious Disease
All Topics
Older adults become more susceptible to infections due to several
factors. As people get older, it is more frequent that they have comorbid
conditions, such as diabetes, renal insufficiency and arthritis. Many comorbid
conditions, both the number and type of comorbid conditions, predispose people
to infections. Often, when people age, there is immunosenescence, which means
that the immune system doesnt function as well or as vigorously. The
combination of increased comorbid conditions and the decrease in activity of
the immune system can make people more prone to infections. The other syndrome
that occurs when people become old is frailty. When people become frail, their
body mass index drops and they have a harder time functioning independently, in
terms of their daily living activities. They become more prone to falls and
injuries. All of these things predispose older people to infections. There is
an increased association with being older and an increased risk of infection,
but it probably has more to do with how successfully some people age. Some
people age and they remain active and healthy, and individuals such as that
probably do not have an increased risk of infections. But individuals who
become frailer and more dependent on others for maintaining their health status
and their daily activities, their risk for infections increases greatly.
What you start seeing is that people who need a lot of assistance or
have comorbid conditions are more likely to end up in assisted living
facilities or nursing homes. So, some of the highest-risk older adults are in
nursing homes. I do think that there is an association between increased age in
general and infection risk. You have to be careful not to lump all older adults
into one single category. Older people in general may be at increased risk for
infection, but there are certainly subsets of older adults, some of whom that
are at increased risk and some of whom really are not.
Treating infections in older adults is a special niche. One thing that
needs to be considered is the side effects and tolerability of the medications.
Sometimes, in older adults, their metabolism and their clearance of medications
changes as they get older. Also, they are often on other medications.
Sometimes, they can be susceptible to side effects of medications, so the side
effect profile of medications must be taken into account when treating
infections in the elderly. You want to take into account the other medications
they are taking and also their renal function and how well you dose the
medication. Other side effects of antibiotics include Clostridium
difficile, which ironically, is caused by antibiotic use. We used to think
that antibiotics were harmless. If there is any concern about whether or not
people might have an infection, particularly those adults who are in
institutions such as nursing homes, we need to be more thoughtful about who
really needs antibiotics. It used to be that if a patient had a positive
culture in their urine, you treated it regardless. But now, we have to think
about whether someone truly has an infection or is just colonized, as
antibiotics use can lead to superinfections.
There are a few different ways. One is vaccination. We have a good
vaccine program nationally, but our vaccination rates are suboptimal for a
developed country such as the US. Yearly influenza vaccinations are necessary.
Influenza not only causes the flu, but in older adults particularly, it causes
superinfections with bacterial pneumonia. Getting the flu vaccine and making
sure that older adults are up-to-date on their pneumococcal vaccination are
important. In institutional settings, such as in hospitals and nursing homes,
good hand hygiene by staff and avoiding the spread of pathogens from one
patient to another is important. The final thing is for older adults to stay
active. The longer they can remain independent and function without needing
hands-on assistance or needing feeding tubes or urinary catheters will decrease
the risk of infections, as well.
Infections in the elderly can present in atypical ways. A lot of times,
older adults may not have a fever as readily as individuals who are younger.
The fever may be lower grade. Sometimes, signs of infections might be a change
in mental status or poorer functioning. Things such as the cough associated
with pneumonia may not be as recognizable. The other issue with older adults,
particularly when there is dementia or other comorbid conditions that may
interfere with the accuracy or ability to interpret their history, you
cant get a good history of what hurts or what is bothering them. It can
be a challenge to figure out if they have an infection or to determine what
type of infection they have. Sometimes, standard tests such as chest X-rays
might initially not be positive because the patient is dehydrated and pneumonia
cant be seen. This can be confusing. Once individuals are hydrated or in
the hospital for a while, things may become more obvious. So symptoms can be
atypical and underwhelming; also, the history can be difficult to elicit and
some tests such as X-rays may not be as sensitive to detect abnormalities in
older adults. by Emily Shafer
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NGO mergers – Make sense, don't they? 03/09/2011 at 11:26 am Earlier this week, the Irish Independent published a letter praising the high quality of the work of Irish NGOs responding to emergencies around the world, and stating that if those same agencies were to amalgamate they would save money and "have more clout and authority".
We have talked about this issue before, and we'll do it again: For aid agencies, their clout and authority does not come from size, but from the strength of their bond with the people they are trying to help. No one NGO, however big, can hope to support all of the world's poor people and communities. In contrast, a diverse range of NGOs, each working according to their own strengths, yet united through coordinating mechanisms and peer networks such as Dóchas, can respond nimbly, flexibly and effectively to the many different facets of "poverty".
Granted, much of the coordination that is on-going may not be visible to your readers. Like this: Like Loading... Entry filed under: NGOs. Too many charities? - The Guardian. There are more than 185,000 registered charities in England and Wales.
The number is rising by 5,000 a year. As you read this, another charity will be created somewhere in the country. The charity commission lists 620 cancer charities alone and more than 200 charities working with homeless people just in London. No wonder 70% of the public think there are too many charities doing similar work and competing with each other, according to new ICM opinion poll figures.
How to look at NGO mergers - Contributor: Advice for NGO executives. Fundraising is hard, and in a world where upstart social enterprises can raise millions overnight using social media, it can feel like a liability to be an old and venerable NGO.
Of course there are always contracts and grants from traditional aid agencies, but between austerity measures (including government shutdowns) and increasingly global competition, that's not easy either. So what's an NGO executive to do? There was a one-word answer that I heard from several NGO executives at the Clinton Global Initiative some days back: "merger."
NGO mergers and acquisitions: A growing trend? The merger between Save the Children and Merlin hogged the headlines late last month.
But to some, the news didn't come as a surprise. Over the last few years, several nongovernmental organizations have joined up to broaden their operations — if not survive — in an increasingly competitive aid market. Time for the Nonprofit Sector to Consolidate. In the business world, it is not unusual for companies to be merged, bought and traded.
Sometimes, this is how companies survive, albeit in a different incarnation. Tshikululu's CEO, Tracey Henry, considers that when NPOs are struggling financially, collaboration to the point of consolidation may well be an alternative to closure. When the financial crisis of 2008 hit, we anticipated an immediate and significant negative effect on South Africa's (SA) nonprofit sector, that vital part of community development. Competition, Outsourcing, Mergers: NGOs Adapt To Economic Realities. AIX-EN-PROVENCE – It's a beautiful spring day in southern France.
Students from the International Humanitarian Law & Action master's program at University Paul Cézanne are divided into small groups of 15: It's time to role-play. Each group has received an envelope containing a scenario, and group three has to organize the return from Ghana of Ivorian refugees who fled civil war after the disputed 2010 presidential election. Are NGOs turning to M&A in globalized marketplace? - Merrill DataSite. The merger of the international health charity, Merlin, and fellow international non-governmental organization (NGO), Save the Children, in July has shed a light on how these international charitable organizations are re-examining their positions in a globalized yet also increasingly 'going local' marketplace.
The deal between Merlin and Save the Children saw Merlin's board step down and a new set of trustees put in place, with both organizations very pointedly not using the word "merger" in the language describing the action. International development website, Devex.com called the move a "sign of the times" for international NGOs (iNGOs), although industry experts have pointed out that the move could indicate the future for mid-sized organizations like Merlin in a "squeezed middle". But how will the costs of overheads and international staff affect M&A potential within the international third sector. NGO cooperation & competition: survey. Lessons from Consortia. Why are there so many NGOs? 25/10/2010 at 10:27 am Put simply, NGOs are active groups of citizens, moved by the injustice of global poverty and exclusion, and driven "to do something" to end poverty.
NGOs are acutely conscious that the provision of aid alone is not enough to address the inequalities and human rights violations that affect the world's poor. Aid is necessary in certain circumstances where poverty, war, disasters or economic breakdown create particular and urgent needs. NGOs working together. NGOs explained. How to recognise an effective NGO. Managing an NGO. NGO Networks. Small is beautiful? NGOs & Charities. Charities' real regulator is the general public - Social Affairs & News from Ireland & Abroad.

subset: commoncrawl


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Civil War
The Latin term bellum civile was first used of the Roman civil wars of the 1st century BC. The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of "Roman citizen". The English term civil war was first used in 1651 to refer to the English Civil War. Since the 17th century, the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country's civil society (rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power).
On the morning of August 9, 48 bc, Rome's most famous general–Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, or Pompey the Great–apprehensively prepared his troops to face the army of Rome's most successful general, Gaius Julius Caesar. Pompey's unease was fueled by a meteor that had shot across the sky near his camp the night before. To some of his soldiers it was an ill omen. After quelling the disturbance caused by the meteor, Pompey retired to his tent. There he dreamed of being applauded by Rome's citizens as he dedicated a temple to the goddess Venus, Bringer of Victory. The dream must have made the great commander nervous. Venus was the goddess from whom Caesar's aristocratic clan, the Julians, claimed to be descended. Though unknown to Pompey at the time, Caesar had vowed that very day that if Venus brought him victory at Pharsalus he would build a great temple to her in Rome.
Almost two years before the two rivals met at Pharsalus, the Roman Republic, split by a half century of political unrest, had drifted into civil war. Pompey led the patrician faction, the optimates, composed of Rome's aristocrats and senators. Caesar led the populist faction, the populares, nobles supported by Rome's farmers, veterans and middle class. The roads that led these two great generals–relatives by marriage and former allies–to duel under the Greek sun are a testament to the turbulent politics of the republic's last century.
Pompey began his career as a handsome, energetic young officer serving in the patrician armies of the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Pompey's campaigns against the populares in Sicily, Spain and North Africa, and in Italy against Spartacus' fugitive gladiators in 71 bc, earned him the title Magnus, or Great, from his troops. The ambitious young general twice wrested from his government a triumph, Rome's highest military honor–and one to which he was not technically entitled. In late 71 bc, Pompey and his rival Marcus Licinius Crassus were elected consuls, Rome's two highest offices for the year 70. Pompey was virtually made a dictator in 67 when the People's Assembly, Rome's theoretical governing body, elected him to combat the widespread problem of piracy in the Mediterranean Sea. Although Pompey's term was scheduled to last an unprecedented three years, through his extraordinary administrative skill and a brilliant concentration of Rome's forces, he successfully completed his assignment in only three months.
In 66 bc, Pompey was appointed to another extraordinary command, this time against King Mithridates IV, ruler of the eastern kingdom of Pontus. Although outnumbered, Pompey defeated Mithridates at the Euphrates River and pursued him to the shores of the Black Sea. Pompey then marched throughout the East, founding cities and extending Rome's power throughout Albania, the Red Sea region, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Arabia.
When he returned to Rome in 62, Pompey was hailed by the citizenry as the greatest commander of his age. Unlike Sulla or the populist tyrant Gaius Marius, however, Pompey disbanded his troops upon his return and peacefully resumed a political career. Pompey's political skill lagged far behind his military prowess, however, and he was unable to win large bonuses or farmlands for his veterans. To his humiliation, he could not even persuade the Senate to ratify the treaties he made with the eastern kingdoms until 59.
While Pompey was being lauded for his military accomplishments, a stylish rival was beginning a career that would eclipse that of his more famous contemporary. Gaius Julius Caesar, a former priest from the Julii clan, threw in his lot with the populares faction by marrying the daughter of one of Sulla's enemies. He married into the families of Pompey and Sulla after the death of his first wife and supported Pompey in the Senate, but he also publicly championed liberal causes to garner support among the populists.
In 62 bc, Caesar was elected as one of eight praetors, Rome's second-highest office, and subsequently assumed the governorship of the province of Farther Spain for two years. During the next year, Caesar sharpened his military skills fighting Spanish tribes and pirates, using the taxes and the loot his men collected to repay his massive debts back home.
On the strength of his victories in Spain, Caesar was elected to one of Rome's two consul seats for the year 59 bc. As consul, Caesar bribed officials and used armed gangs to stifle his conservative opponents as he passed legislation that set aside public farmlands in Campania for Pompey's veterans and Rome's resettled poor. Caesar also passed economic reform legislation and ratified Pompey's eastern treaties.
Around this time Caesar entered into a pact with Pompey and the wealthy Crassus. Under their agreement, the triumvirs pledged to support each other's political agendas. The bargain, sealed with Pompey's marriage to Caesar's daughter Julia, contained one critical provision for Caesar's postconsular governorship. As consul, Caesar was immune from prosecution by his political enemies for illegalities committed during his tenure.
After his term expired, however, he needed a post as governor of a wealthy province to extend his immunity and extort the wealth necessary to bribe key officials when he returned. Caesar therefore was given Illyricum (western Balkans) and Cisalpine Gaul (present-day northern Italy) to govern for the extraordinary term of five years. Three legions, totaling some 18,000 men, were also allocated to Caesar. Additionally, when the governor of Transalpine Gaul (Mediterranean France) died unexpectedly, Pompey sponsored legislation that gave Caesar that province as well, plus a fourth legion.
Caesar's appointments launched nearly 10 years of war against Rome's northern neighbors. With his chief lieutenant, Titus Labienus, Caesar campaigned against the Helvetii from Switzerland and coalitions of Gallic, Belgic and Germanic tribes in France and the Rhineland. From 55 to 52 bc, with his term as governor extended, Caesar continued his conquest of Gaul, fighting the seagoing Venetii of present-day Brittany, invading Britain twice and subduing a host of tribes led by the great Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix. Throughout his campaigns, Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic Wars kept his name in front of the Roman public. In 52 bc, Caesar prepared to resume his political career in Rome, only to find Rome's political landscape very different from the one he had left. While Caesar was fighting in Gaul, Pompey served as both consul of Rome and governor of Spain. Although he enacted many liberal reforms, Pompey gradually drifted into the patrician camp. The death of his wife Julia severed his family ties to Caesar (who had previously divorced Pompey's cousin Pompeia), and his relations with Crassus, now governor of Syria, began to sour. As Roman politics gradually devolved into mob rule, Pompey was elected sole consul–virtual dictator–in 52 bc, and began supporting the patricians' agenda.
Caesar, noting the fate of other returning governors who made enemies during their tenure in Italy, believed that the patricians would try to trick him into giving up his provinces–and his armies–before he could win a consulate election. If so, he would be left vulnerable to civil and criminal prosecution for official acts of corruption. Furthermore, with no military leverage against the Senate, he would be unlikely to win for his veterans the bonuses and farmlands they expected. He therefore refused to set a fixed date for relinquishing his command, setting the stage for a political confrontation with the Senate.
In 50 bc, the intrigue was complicated further when the Parthians of what is now Iran threatened Rome's eastern province of Syria. The Senate decreed that Caesar and Pompey must each contribute one legion to Syria's defense; Pompey's contribution, however, would come from the one legion he had lent Caesar some years earlier during the Gallic Wars. Faced with this mandate, Caesar had no choice but to send two of his veteran legions, Legiones VI and XV, to Italy, while Pompey's army was left intact. Ultimately, Pompey did not send the two legions to Syria, but instead held them in Capua as a brace against the coming confrontation.
The patricians became more confident than ever, pressing Pompey for his support in case Caesar tried to repeat Sulla's takeover. Pompey confidently assured the Senate: 'Wherever I stamp my foot in Italy, there will spring up enough troops in an instant–both cavalry and infantry.' Gaius Claudius Marcellus, an ultraconservative consul, spread a false rumor that Caesar was marching on Rome and ordered Pompey to take Legiones VI and XV north. Pompey's response to this unconstitutional order was evasive. He promised to fight Caesar 'unless we can do better.' Caesar in turn recalled his Legiones VIII and XII from their winter quarters, and on the last day of 50 bc, he sent his tribune, Gaius Curio, to Rome with an ultimatum: Either Pompey and Caesar would lay down their arms at the same time, or Caesar would use his armies 'to avenge the wrongs done to him.'
But the Senate was now too emboldened to be cowed by such a threat from Caesar. Convinced Caesar's goal was the overthrow of the republic, Pompey marched from Capua with Caesar's two veteran legions, plus a third newly recruited legion. He camped them near Rome. The Senate repealed Pompey's earlier law allowing Caesar to run for consul without giving up his command. It appointed Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus to replace Caesar in Gaul. When Caesar's tribunes Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) and Quintus Cassius vetoed these and other patrician measures, the patricians forcibly expelled them from the Senate chambers and passed the Senatus Consultum Ultimum, or Ultimate Decree, empowering Rome's officials to take whatever steps necessary to protect the republic. The Senate divided Italy into recruiting districts, placing each under a patrician who was to call for recruits in the names of the Senate and Pompey the Great.
In January of 49, Caesar could immediately deploy his Legio XIII from Cisalpine Gaul (roughly 5,000 men), while Legiones VIII and XII were marching to reinforce him. Wary of Pompey's seven veteran legions in Spain, Caesar sent three legions to the Pyrenees mountains to block any patrician countermoves from the west.
Caesar knew that his army was outnumbered and strategically surrounded. Its ranking general, Labienus, who felt cheated by his secondary role in the Gallic battles, was ready to defect to the patricians. Although the populace generally favored Caesar's policies, they would not rise to support him while the result was in doubt, and Caesar's grain supply from Gaul could not be guaranteed during a long Italian campaign. Of equal importance, Caesar recognized the political constraints on his military options in this civil war. The heavy-handed tactics he employed in Gaul would backfire in Italy by antagonizing the public, by whom he needed to be seen as the aggrieved party.
Pompey, in contrast, held three legions in Italy as well as his main army in Spain. He would have access to thousands of recruits from African and Asian provinces, whose rulers owed their careers to him. Most important, however, Pompey controlled Rome's fleet of 500 warships and light galleys, enabling him to transfer forces from one theater to another as events dictated. Pompey believed that Caesar would have to concentrate his scattered troops in Gaul before he could move south toward Rome. By that time, Pompey would have recruited and trained additional forces and brought his veterans home from Spain.
But Caesar was not about to let that happen. On January 10, 49 bc, Caesar led 5,000 men to the Rubicon River, which marked the border of Gaul and Italy; crossing it meant war. Caesar lingered briefly, considering the implications of his actions, then made his famous remark, 'Alea iacta est' ('The die is cast'), and led his troops over into Italy.
Ariminum fell first without a struggle. Caesar began moving south, capturing three more towns, while Mark Antony, leading five cohorts, captured Arretium on the Via Cassia, opening a second route south to Rome. Other northern Italian towns fell to the populares, who soon fielded some 20,000 hardened veterans. Throughout his Italian campaign, Caesar took pains to ensure that his troops left the townspeople and their property unharmed. He wanted no reports of atrocities jeopardizing his popular support.
Pompey, meanwhile, planned a defensive war, raising troops to hold central Italy while using Rome's fleet to bring his Spanish army home. Contrary to his boast in the Senate, few troops sprang up at the stamp of Pompey's foot. He even had scant response from his own veterans in Campania, many of whom owed their farms and livelihoods to Caesar's land-reform laws. When Pompey confessed to the Senate that he could field, at most, 30,000 men in Italy–all of them raw recruits except for Caesar's two legions, which were politically unreliable–the patricians began to panic.
On January 17, Pompey ordered all senators to evacuate Rome or be officially deemed Caesar's allies. He then moved Rome's government to Brundisium on the Adriatic coast. By mid-March he had sailed from Brundisium to Dyrrachium in western Macedonia, leaving Italy–and Caesar–surrounded by his armies in Spain, Africa and Greece. Caesar moved through the peninsula with little opposition, pardoning his opponents after capturing them. Unopposed in Rome, he helped himself to the state treasury and raised additional troops, sending units to Sicily and Sardinia to secure Italy's grain supply.
With Pompey temporarily out of reach, Caesar had two options: he could engage Pompey's main army in Spain, or he could sail after Pompey and fight him in Greece before he could recruit troops from the east. Like Napoleon nearly 1,900 years later, Caesar chose to seek out and destroy his opponent's main army. Leaving a detachment in Brundisium (now Brindisi), he took six legions to Spain. 'I am going to fight an army without a leader,' Caesar explained,'so that I can later fight a leader without an army.'
In early 49, Pompey's Spanish army was divided, with five legions (roughly 30,000 men) and another 5,000 cavalry stationed in the north, and two legions in southern Spain. Despite their local superiority, Pompey's northern force commanders made no efforts to block the Pyrenees when Caesar's advance guard approached. Instead, they took up strong positions at Ilerda, and were soon besieged by Caesar's entire army, supported by 7,000 cavalry.
In late July, the Pompeians attempted a surprise evacuation to positions south of the Ebro River. By forced march, Caesar's troops overtook the retreating army, and dug entrenchments in front of and behind the Pompeians. Cut off from water sources and besieged in open terrain, Pompey's commanders capitulated on August 2. Caesar took no reprisals and forced no one to take an oath of allegiance to him. He then sent two legions under Gaius Cassius Longinus to deal with Pompey's forces in southern Spain, which also surrendered without a fight. Having neutralized any immediate threats from Spain, Africa or Italy, Caesar's next objective was to engage Pompey in Greece, before he could train his raw recruits.
Caesar was right to be concerned. While he was in Spain, his rival had gathered troops from Asia, Pontus, Judea, Syria, Arabia, Palestine and Egypt–all places where the name of Pompey the Great was still respected. Pompey assembled his troops into nine legions, and could count on two additional legions from Syria, led by Metellus Scipio. Pompey's total strength was roughly 36,000 infantry, with as many as 7,000 cavalry and another 4,200 archers and slingers. With his grain supplies from Egypt and Thessaly secure, Pompey assembled a fleet of 300 ships under the command of Caesar's former co-consul and longtime enemy Calpurnius Bibulus.
By December 49, Caesar's main problem was a lack of transportation. He had previously lost some 40 ships to Bibulus' fleet, and had only enough transports to take half his army to Greece. Furthermore, the winter storms were beginning to blow through the Adriatic Sea, making any crossing difficult and dangerous. On the other hand, the storms kept many of Bibulus' ships in port. Remarking that 'the most potent thing in war is the unexpected,' Caesar embarked seven understrength legions (about 15,000 men) with some 500 cavalry and supplies and sailed for Greece on January 4, 48 bc. His gamble was rewarded as he safely landed his troops near Apollonia. On the transports' return trip, however, an alerted Bibulus swept down, destroying 30 ships and cutting Caesar off from the other half of his army.
Pompey, learning of Caesar's troop strength and dispositions, determined Caesar's intentions and raced his army west to his supply base at Dyrrachium. As Caesar moved up the Greek coast, he captured Apollonia and Oricum, but Pompey arrived at Dyrrachium a few hours ahead of Caesar and threw up fortifications that held back the populists and created a standoff.
In the first few months of 48, neither commander wished to give battle. Half of Caesar's army was still in Italy, while Pompey awaited the arrival of Scipio's two legions from Asia Minor. In the late spring, however, Caesar's luck seemed to be turning. Four legions and some 800 cavalry under Mark Antony made a very lucky crossing from Italy, destroying several patrician ships in the process. Pompey quickly maneuvered to prevent Antony from joining Caesar's army, but Caesar learned of the patricians' movements and moved in behind Pompey. Wisely avoiding a two-front battle, Pompey withdrew north to Aspargium, allowing the two populist armies to unite. Caesar sent his Legiones XI and XII east to pin down Scipio's army, and sent Legio XVII southeast to forage and subdue the Greek region of Thessaly. Then Caesar's fortunes again turned sour. Pompey's son Gnaeus sailed into the Adriatic with a fleet of Egyptian ships and methodically destroyed or captured Caesar's entire fleet.
At that point, Caesar had about 34,000 infantry and some 1,300 cavalry in the vicinity of Dyrrachium; Pompey's army outnumbered Caesar's by about 8,000 men. Caesar managed to outmaneuver Pompey and set himself between Pompey and his base at Dyrrachium, but with no supply ships and Pompey's superior cavalry preventing any effective foraging, Caesar's troops were quickly reduced to digging up roots and baking them into a kind of tough bread. When patrician officers took loaves of this bread to Pompey as a sign that the populist troops were on the verge of collapse, Pompey–aware of their devotion to their commander–apprehensively remarked, 'What kind of wild beasts we are fighting!'
Dyrrachium was too heavily defended for Caesar to storm until Pompey's army had been dealt with. So Caesar took the audacious step of surrounding Pompey's larger army and throwing up siege works, sealing the patricians in on three sides with their backs to the Bay of Dyrrachium. His objectives were to prevent Pompey's cavalry from interfering with his foraging efforts, to isolate Pompey from his food supplies and to reduce Pompey's stature in the eyes of his troops. In response, Pompey threw up his own fortifications. Pompey's food supplies began to run low, but he considered evacuation out of the question, both politically and militarily–Greece was now the only theater where he outnumbered Caesar. Both commanders knew that the decisive effort had to take place there.
On July 9, Caesar vainly tried to take Dyrrachium at the north end of his lines. But while he was involved there, Pompey sent 60 cohorts plus light infantry and archers in a two-pronged attack on the southern end of Caesar's fortifications. Caesar's Legio IX was driven back until Antony quickly arrived with 12 cohorts and stabilized the front. Caesar returned and counterattacked with an additional 13 cohorts, retaking much of his original siege works. That ended Pompey's offensive, but he now held an outlet to the grasslands south of the contender's camps, and was no longer surrounded. Caesar once more sought to surround Pompey, but the 33 cohorts he sent against Pompey's southern wing were quickly flanked by five patrician legions from the south and several cavalry units from the north. For once, Caesar was unable to control his men, who panicked and fled the field. By the time the fighting stopped, he had lost nearly 1,000 troops and 32 unit standards. At that critical point, however, Pompey merely contented himself with pursuing a handful of fugitives. When he realized that Pompey would not press his advantage against his routed flank, a relieved Caesar remarked to his officers, 'The enemy would have won the war today, if they had a commander who knew how to use a victory.'
In the wake of this defeat, Caesar realized it was a mistake to besiege superior forces so close to their supply base, and withdrew to Apollonia. Pompey followed in belated pursuit. Ashamed of their failure at Dyrrachium, Caesar's troops wanted a chance to recapture their lost standards, and his staff advised him to bring Pompey to battle. Caesar knew his troops needed more time to recover, however, and more important, Pompey's troops needed time to lose their newfound confidence. He therefore ordered a night move into Thessaly in central Greece, where food was more plentiful and he could rendezvous with his Legiones XI and XII.
So far, Pompey's strategy of avoiding a pitched battle seemed to be working. When news spread of his victory at Dyrrachium, eastern princes began sending well-equipped reinforcements to Pompey's camp. Confidence among Pompey's officers reached the point of hubris, and they scorned advice from Quitus Tullius Cicero and others to avoid further battle.
While Pompey and other officers believed in starving Caesar's troops into submission, other patricians accused Pompey of needlessly prolonging the war to remain commander in chief, and insisted that he march to relieve Scipio, who was potentially threatened by Caesar's move east.
Pompey held a council of war to discuss his options. He could use his navy to bottle up Caesar in Greece while recapturing Italy and Spain; he could lay siege to Caesar's coastal cities, further isolating him; or he could force a decision on the plains of Thessaly. Succumbing to pressure from his self-serving retinue of senators, knights and politicians, Pompey reluctantly agreed to the third option. Referring to Pompey's capitulation to his subordinates, Cicero later wrote, 'From then on, this great man ceased to be a general.'
Marching eastward, Caesar's troops rejoined Legiones XI and XII under Domitius Calvinus, who were moving south from Macedonia. During the march, the Greek town of Gomphi closed its gates to Caesar's army after hearing of his defeat at Dyrrachium, only to be stormed and looted by his starving men.
This example was more than enough to convince other Thessalian towns to cooperate, and Caesar was soon able to resupply his troops. Caesar moved on, later writing, 'Caesar, finding a suitable place in the countryside, where the crops were almost ripe, decided to wait there for Pompey's arrival and make that the sole theater of operations.'
The'suitable place' was the north bank of the Enipeus River in Thessaly, near the towns of Pharsalus (modern-day Fersala) and Old Pharsalus. There, Caesar commanded nearly 30,000 infantry and some 1,000 Gallic and German cavalry, plus 2,000 light infantry and auxiliaries.
Pompey marched 20 miles into the Enipeus Valley and camped his legions on the slopes of a hill called Mount Dogantzes about 3 1/2 miles from Caesar's camp. With Scipio's reinforcements, he commanded 40,000 infantry and more than 3,000 cavalry and supporting troops. Pompey's colorful army represented a cross-section of the Mediterranean world, with Italians, Bythinians, Phoenecians, Jews, Arabs, Cypriots, Cretans, Syrians, Egyptians, Thracians, Ionians and other contingents. Most important, his cavalry was superior to Caesar's in both numbers and quality.
For several days, both armies arrayed for battle each morning, but did little except skirmish with the cavalry units. Pompey kept his forces lined up on the slopes of Mount Dogantzes, hoping that Caesar would be foolish enough to advance uphill. Even Caesar would not tempt fate that much. By August 8, however, he was ready to move his troops east to find a better food supply.
Nonetheless, Pompey's promise to fight had been real, even if reluctant. He informed his officers that he intended to anchor his right flank on the Enipeus River and station virtually all his cavalry forces on the far left. From there, they would rout Caesar's inferior cavalry and then move against his right flank and rear. By the time the infantry lines clashed, Caesar's men would be in disarray, perhaps even fleeing. To give full effect to his strategy, Pompey also ordered his infantry to stand firm to receive Caesar's infantry charge, rather than advance to meet the enemy, so that Caesar's men would make first contact while breathless and disordered.
Pompey's officers, buoyed by their victory at Dyrrachium, were certain that complete victory was near. Labienus assured the patricians: 'Do not suppose that this is the army that conquered Gaul and Germany. I was there for all those battles, and I don't speak rashly on matters of which I am ignorant. A very small part of that army survives. Most of it has perished–the autumn epidemics killed many in Italy, and others have deserted or been left behind.' Senators and knights swore oaths that they would not leave the field except as victors, draped their tents with laurel wreaths and ordered their slaves to prepare victory banquets for when they returned.
As his men struck their tents on the morning of August 9, Caesar saw Pompey's troops lining up farther down the hillside, so that neither side would have a significant terrain advantage. Surmising that Pompey had been pressured into fighting, Caesar canceled the withdrawal and hung his purple tunic from his tent, the sign of imminent battle.
When his troops were lined up, Caesar recounted to them how he and his men had spent 10 hard years together subduing 400 tribes in Gaul, Germany and Britain, while their enemies tried to disband them without a triumph or reward. He assured them that 'Pompey's star has already passed its zenith,' and exhorted them: 'Remember what you promised me at Dyrrachium. Remember how you swore to each other in my presence that you would never leave the field except as conquerors.'
Pompey's troops were already arrayed with their right flank anchored on a deep ravine near the Enipeus River. Cornelius Lentulus commanded Pompey's right wing with his auxiliaries, a Spanish legion, and troops from Asia and Cilicia. Scipio commanded the center with his two Syrian legions and additional troops from Africa. Domitius Ahenobarbus–Caesar's appointed replacement in Gaul–commanded the left wing with Pompey's Italian legions. On his extreme left, Pompey stationed virtually all his cavalry with supporting archers and slingers under Labienus, and took his command post behind Domitius on the left wing.
The infantry was deployed in traditional Roman fashion of three lines, each 10 men deep, with seven cohorts of Thracian troops left behind to guard the camp. Pompey's speech to his men concluded: 'You have on your side all this strength, all these resources, and the consciousness of the cause. For we fight for freedom and for country, backed by the constitution, our glorious reputation, and so many men of senatorial and equestrian rank, against one man who would pirate supreme power.'
Leaving 2,000 of his oldest troops to guard the baggage, Caesar deployed his auxiliaries on the far left against the Enipeus River, some 300 yards from Pompey's lines. The auxiliaries, along with the understrength Legiones VIII and IX, were commanded on the left by Mark Antony. Domitius Calvinus, commander of Legiones XI and XII, held the center, while Publius Sulla commanded Caesar's right wing. Caesar's prized Legio X was stationed on the far right of the infantry lines, and at the extreme right Caesar stationed his Gallic and German cavalry. Because his smaller army was stretched to avoid being outflanked by Pompey's lines, Caesar's lines were only about half as deep as Pompey's. Caesar ordered his third, most experienced echelon not to engage the enemy until commanded, in effect holding it as a tactical reserve.
Caesar realized that Pompey intended to launch a heavy cavalry attack on his right and roll up his lines from the right and rear. Therefore he stripped six full cohorts–some 3,000 men–from his third rank and placed them at an angle behind his cavalry to counter the threat.
With trumpet blasts from both sides, Caesar's men started to charge the 300 yards to the enemy lines. When Caesar saw Pompey's men holding steady, he ordered his troops to halt halfway to catch their breath and re-form their lines. They charged the rest of the distance, hurling their pila at Pompey's lines and drawing their swords for hand-to-hand combat. At about the same time, Labienus' massed cavalry charged. On Caesar's orders, his cavalry fell back, drawing the enemy riders and their supporting troops deeper into the populist lines. The Pompeian cavalry soon found themselves flanked and under ferocious attack by 3,000 of Caesar's veteran infantry, who used their javelins as stabbing weapons. At that moment, Caesar's cavalry and supporting light infantry wheeled around and charged the embattled patrician cavalry, driving them from the field in disorder, and exposing their archers and slingers to massacre by Caesar's heavy infantry and cavalry. Caesar's combined arms group then wheeled left to flank Pompey's left wing.
The battle was by no means over, however. Caesar's two understrength lines were straining against the weight of Lentulus' and Scipio's troops on their left and center. To their credit, these two half-strength lines bore the full brunt of the battle until Caesar's cavalry and infantry detachment moved from a defensive posture into an offensive and then flanking stance. But Pompey's left was becoming rapidly enveloped by Caesar's combined arms group. Pompey presumably gave the order to move some of his third echelon into a right angle on the left, but it proved too late and ineffective to prevent his left flank from being rolled. Caesar then ordered his reserve line into action. By midday, Pompey's line began to give way.
Once a commander's men begin to flee, there is little left for him to do. Dazed and lethargic, Pompey shuffled laconically to his tent. When the camp's ramparts fell, he fled on horseback for Larissa on the Greek coast, leaving his Thracian troops to make a brief stand before his camp was overrun.
Although his men had fought to near exhaustion, Caesar was not about to reprise Pompey's failure to follow up his tactical victory at Dyrrachium. He exhorted his troops to win the war, not just the battle. He caught up with Pompey's four remaining legions on a nearby hill, and though it was nearly nightfall, he ordered his soldiers to throw up fortifications that cut off the Pompeians from their water supply. In the midsummer heat, that last effort proved decisive. The next day Pompey's remaining legions surrendered. Caesar immediately extended clemency to his opponents and pardoned a large number of prominent patricians, including Marcus Junius Brutus, who later would conspire against his conqueror.
By Caesar's account, Pompey's losses were 15,000 killed and 24,000 captured. Ten senators, including Domitius Ahenobarbus, were among the patrician dead. Caesar's general Asinius Pollio estimated enemy dead at 6,000. Caesar estimated his own losses at 200 troops, although that number seems improbably low. Whatever the actual number, the patricians' backs were broken at Pharsalus. Caesar had captured nine legionary eagles and 180 unit standards and had decisively overcome the most serious threat to his supremacy. After his defeat at Pharsalus, Pompey sailed from Greece to Egypt, hoping that Egypt's King Ptolemy XII would give him refuge and a chance to organize resistance in North Africa. Ptolemy and his ministers understood, however, that it was unwise to extend hospitality to a defeated general, and Pompey was lured ashore at Alexandria and treacherously murdered. When the pursuing Caesar was presented with his rival's embalmed head a few days later, he recoiled in horror and burst into tears.
The surviving patricians made several attempts to rally their forces in Africa under Scipio and in Spain under Labienus, but each time they were defeated. With no effective opposition, Caesar returned to Rome under a new political order. True to his vow before Pharsalus, he erected a temple to Venus Genetrix in the heart of Rome's Forum, the ruins of which can be seen to this day. He was appointed consul and dictator by the reconstituted Senate, and in early 44 the Senate appointed Caesar dictator for life–a brief tenure that would end violently at the hands of men whose lives he had spared at Pharsalus.
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Name: Richter
Date: 1/11/2002 7:51:03 PM (GMT-7)
IP Address: 184.108.40.206
In Reply to: LoL all the stats are down again posted by Bob
Speaking of which, would it be too much to ask for a team logo? Cpu Central was garnished with an attractive team logo, why not the new combined team?
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Kat Candler Wants to Teach You Indie Filmmaking
Local filmmaker Kat Candler is hosting a two-day indie filmmaking workshop May 2-3. As frequent Slackerwood readers surely know, Candler is an award-winning writer and director. Her films Hellion (both short and feature), Black Metal and Jumping Off Bridges screened at Sundance, SXSW Film Festival, and many other film festivals.
Candler's feature film Hellion, starring Aaron Paul and Juliette Lewis, was a Sundance Creative Producing Lab participant and premiered in the U.S. Dramatic Competition at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. I saw the movie at Sundance 2014 --- read my review and Don's review -- and interviewed Candler while I was there. Hellion was released in theaters last June through IFC Films.
Candler is also a 2014 Sundance Women's Initiative Fellow, and was one of the panelists for the "Indie Filmmakers Share Their Secrets For Working With Actors" session at the SXSW Film Conference last month.
Box-Office Alternatives: The Four Seasons
It seems the time is upon us once more for another Nicholas Sparks adaptation. The master of the sentimental once again sees another one of his novels featuring lovesick characters overcoming the complexities of life translated to the big screen with The Longest Ride (2015). The story depicts two different small-town romances (one from the past, the other from the present), which share life-altering links.
If there's one thing a movie based on a Nicholas Sparks novel does very well, it's giving seasoned pros plum roles to sink their teeth into and remind fans what exactly made them legends. Paul Newman, James Garner and Gena Rowlands all enjoyed scene-stealing parts in Sparks adaptations that earned them raves, even if the films themselves floundered.
Alan Alda fills that category this time around, playing a bedridden man with regrets over his past. With so few film appearances these days, Alda's performance just might be reason enough to catch The Longest Ride. In any case, it gives me the perfect excuse to write about my favorite Alan Alda movie, The Four Seasons (1981).
SXSW 2015: All Our Coverage
Updated April 7, 2015.
Slackerwood was all over the SXSW Film Festival this year. Here's the list of all our guides, features, interviews, reviews and photos.
SXSW Review: Being Evel
"Fast, faster, and disaster"
-- Johnny Knoxville, producer of Being Evel
Generations have been affected over several decades by the spirit of legendary icon Evel Knievel. As a child growing up in the 70s, my own most prized possession was my Evel Knievel stunt cycle and action figure. "Popping a wheelie" on my bicycle was an exhilarating micro-attempt to emulate the excitement of witnessing Evel's televised stunt jumps.
Filmmaker Daniel Junge was influenced enough to tell the complex story and legacy of a hero who wasn't always the good guy in his new documentary Being Evel. Junge has artistically created a thorough portrayal of an extraordinary man who was inherently flawed. Knievel's lavish spending and frequent womanizing were quite public, as were his temper and stubbornness. As a showman and king of the daredevils, Knievel set the foundation for the culture of action and extreme sports in the United States.
SXSW 2015: 'Being Evel' in Austin
Award-winning documentary filmmaker Daniel Junge (Iron Ladies of Liberia) was in Austin last month for the SXSW screenings of Being Evel, which premiered at Sundance Film Festival 2015. The documentary highlights the dynamic and stark reality behind icon Evel Knievel, who launched his stunt cycle in the 60s and 70s, inspiring generations and impacting the daredevil culture.
Junge's short film Saving Face, which follows the heart-wrenching experiences of acid attack survivors in Pakistan, won the 2012 Academy Award for Best Documentary Short as well as an Emmy for Best Documentary. His film They Killed Sister Dorothy, which documented the murder of 73-year-old activist Catholic nun Sister Dorothy Stang, won the SXSW Grand Jury and Audience awards in 2008. His most recent documentary Beyond the Brick: A Lego Brickumentary premiered at the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival and is set to be released by Radius/Weinstein.
Junge hosted a Q&A session after all three of the SXSW screenings of Being Evel with consulting producer Lathan McKay of Evel Knievel Enterprises (pictured at top). The pair hosted an informative and engaging dialogue with audience members. Junge spoke about the intensity of working with the Knievel family as "not always easy, but it's always entertaining" and his appreciation of the collaboration. Junge said the film was the fruition of 35 years of "reconciling the hero in my mind with the real person who is sometimes less than heroic."
Movies This Week: April 3-9, 2015
This weekend, the Austin Film Society continues with "Perfect Criminals: The 70's French Noir Connection" series, and Friday night has a killer (no pun intended) double feature on tap. Alain Delon stars in Jean-Pierre Melville's 1967 gangster film Le Samourai (for a one-off screening) paired with Le Cercle Rouge, another Melville classic from 1970 that also stars Delon. The latter film will screen again on Monday night and both are presented in 35mm at the Marchesa. Amanda Wilder's Approaching The Elephant is screening on Tuesday for Doc Nights and David Lynch's Blue Velvet screens in 35mm on Wednesday night as part of the "Jewels In The Wasteland" series, although this edition will only include a video introduction from Richard Linklater due to an unexpected conflict. Essential Cinema on Thursday night will feature Elia Kazan's A Streetcar Named Desire, the 1951 film based on the Tennessee Williams play that features scorching performances from Marlon Brando and Vivien Leigh.
The Alamo Drafthouse Ritz begins an Orson Welles retrospective this weekend. The theater will screen Chuck Workman's 2014 documentary Magician: The Astonishing Orson Welles along with a 35mm print of Citizen Kane on Saturday and Sunday afternoon. The series continues with 1942's The Magnificent Ambersons in 35mm on Monday evening and Thursday afternoon. Just in time for Easter, they've also got a few Big Screen Classics screenings of Monty Python's Life Of Brian on Sunday and Monday. If you're looking to celebrate Rex Manning Day, Girlie Night is presenting a 20th anniversary screening of Empire Records on Wednesday. Considering the home video versions have switched over only to presenting an extended cut of the movie, this is a good chance to watch the original theatrical version again!
Alamo South Lamar is adding a few late-night screenings of Resurrection Of A Bastard this week. This graphic novel adaptation from the Netherlands was a Fantastic Fest selection from 2013 that has recently received U.S. distribution. It's also worth noting that if you're deaf or hard of hearing, South Lamar will be hosting an open captioned version of Furious 7 on Sunday afternoon. Perhaps a little more fitting for Easter Sunday, the Alamo Village has Jesus Christ Superstar and the Alamo Lakeline celebrates the day with Mel Gibson's Passion Of The Christ.
SXSW Review: I Dream Too Much
I Dream Too Much, which premiered at SXSW last month, brought former Austinite Katie Cokinos back to town on the festival circuit. Written and directed by Cokinos and starring Eden Brolin, Diane Ladd and Danielle Brooks (Orange is the New Black), I Dream Too Much is a coming-of-age film and a second-coming-of-age film all in one.
The story focuses on Dora (Brolin), a perky undergraduate with a poetic bent who dreams of joining her best friend on summer vacation in Brazil. Her overbearing mother has other ideas, as she wants Dora to pursue a career in law. Her assignment, then, is to spend the summer preparing to take the LSAT.
In order to satisfy her urge to travel and with the justification that it's a quiet place where she can study, Dora volunteers to care for her ailing aunt Vera (Ladd), a wealthy socialite best known as the wife of an acclaimed novelist. The trip will prove more interesting than Dora expected, and both she and Vera will find in each other inspiration and direction.
This is Cokinos' first filmmaking credit, and she has put together a charming movie that benefits most from likable, believable characters. Some of the dialogue felt awkward, particularly in early scenes between Dora and her mother (Christina Rouner). That all disappears the moment a venerable talent like Diane Ladd comes onscreen. Suffice to say she steals the show as the childless matriarch recluse who hosts a poetry club in her home (but never attends). Her poise and presence are perfect for the character, and you can see Brolin make use of her example to elevate her own performance.
Box-Office Alternatives: Hitchcock
Helen Mirren is perhaps the only actress of her generation who can come close to matching Meryl Streep in terms of still finding quality film roles and delivering spellbinding performances. This week, she takes on the role of a real-life Austrian immigrant, seeking justice for her family by reclaiming a lost piece of art stolen during WWII, in the drama Woman in Gold (2015). Early reviews have been mixed, yet Mirren, as usual, has been showered with praise for another stunning portrayal from the Oscar winner.
For all the nuance that Mirren no doubt brings to Woman in Gold, it surely won't be able to hold a candle to her finest post-Queen role, as the wife of the master of suspense in Hitchcock (2012). Based on the book by Stephen Rebello, Hitchcock chronicles Alfred Hitchcock's (Anthony Hopkins) long journey in bringing the now-classic Psycho (1960) to the screen. The film depicts the legendary director's battles with studio heads, censors and actors over the shocking content of the movie as well as the strain it put on the relationship between his wife/collaborator Alma Reville (Mirren).
Like many films based on the making of Hollywood movies and the people behind them, Hitchcock spent many years in development (with the two leads firmly attached) while producers decided which story they wanted to tell. In the end, they opted for both.
SXSW Review: Welcome to Leith
White supremacists move to a very small North Dakota town and start buying property, encouraging their friends to do the same so they can eventually "take over" the town. You can picture the resulting documentary -- the interviews with town members, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the tension about how this potentially explosive situation will end. But you might not predict that Welcome to Leith would skillfully show you that the situation is not as clear cut as it sounds, and show the poisonous side effects of not just hate, but fear.
The film opens with an ominous 911 call -- a woman in Leith believes herself to be in peril from men roaming the area with guns. But how did matters get to that point? Welcome to Leith backtracks to show us. It begins when Craig Cobb, whom the SPLC calls "one of the top ten white supremicists in America," buys property in the town of Leith -- three miles, 24 residents, one bar. Cobb is part of a group called the Creators and has a history of publishing personal identifiable information about people who cross him ("doxxing" before that was even a word).
After Cobb buys property in Leith -- at an unbelievably low cost -- he encourages other white supremacist group leaders to buy land there and join him, with a goal of taking over the town entirely. He donates a tract of land to Tom Metzger, founder of the White Aryan Resistance. You can guess what the neighbors think -- especially the town's lone African-American resident, whom Cobb approaches about selling land. Imagine how you'd feel to see a swastika painted on a sign on your neighbor's property. The town leaders decide to change water and sewer ordinances in a way that could possibly drive the unwanted new residents out of town again.
SXSW Review: A Brave Heart: The Lizzie Velasquez Story
The topic of bullying seems to be a mysterious one. It's talked about quite often, with advocates both young and old rallying for it to be taken seriously within school systems. And yet, legislatures don't think it's an issue worth fighting for. A Brave Heart: The Lizzie Velasquez Story is a documentary film that shows us what the fight against bullying looks like in reality.
You might recognize Lizzie Velasquez right away. Diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder from birth, she was given the heartbreaking title of "World's Ugliest Woman" by an online YouTube bully at the age of 17, sparking millions of comments about her appearance. Her disorder, which is discussed more in the film, is one that makes her unable to gain weight (at 25, her current weight is only 58 pounds).
What makes Lizzie's story so unique is that instead of letting that incident bring her down, it sparked a flame that has since erupted into a movement. In 2013, she was asked to do a TED Talk here in Austin about how bullying effected her, and how she decided to devote her time to creating a YouTube channel that spreads internet encouragement and advice for those struggling with similar situations. Since then, she's spoken to thousands of people all over the country, not to mention countries outside of the U.S. The doc shows us what daily life is like for her: getting recognized everywhere she goes, making her daily YouTube videos, even tackling Washington by pushing to create an anti-bullying bill.


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I made this LO for the calendars that I give to family members this Christmas. This is my niece and her family. I used a sketch from Sisterhood of Scrap, misting challenge from My Sketch World and challenge recipe (1 mist, 2 chipboard and 3 patterned papers) from The Paper Variety. Thanks for looking.
Handmade Cards, Scrapbook layouts, Pocket Scrapbooking and ATC's (Artist Trading Cards)
Sunday, November 14, 2010
Scrapbook LO
4 comments:
What a sweet page to show off your beautiful family! You did an awesome job with your misting and stamping. :) Thanks for playing along with us at The Paper Variety!!ReplyDelete
- April
Gorgeous page, fabulous photo! Love the misting and sweet embellies.. Thanks for joining us at The Paper Variety! :)ReplyDelete
such an adorable photo and I love the stars and misting on the layout!! :)ReplyDelete
what a sweet family :) i adore the misting and the softness it adds to the page... just beautiful!!ReplyDelete
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Un:dhimmi's Google/YouTube Hall of Shame Part 2: Indonesian Beotch Hearts Terrorist Jihad Jane
Background image on ByondDaJihadPrincezz's channel:
ByondDaJihadPrincezz's Channel
After the success of last week's post -5 of 6 of the videos featured were taken down(see my * below...ed) – we present, in association with our friends at the the excellent YouTube Smackdown team, and The Jawa Report, this week's gruesome gaggle of Islamist video nasties. Remember this is just a small sample of the thousands of hours of hateful and often gruesome Jihad propaganda hosted for free and exploited for commercial gain by Google/YouTube. So, here's this weeks top 5 Mo-mad ghouls: The worst of Jihadi propaganda, available publicly on line courtesy G/YT[More...]I chose ByondDaJihadPrincezz from Un:dhimmi's list for this post because we go way back... before my YouTube channel was suspended. BTW, *jstablehand tweets directed @YouTube & Huffington post blogger/YouTube consumer project manager[YT blog link] & tweeter Hunter Walk[twitter link] regarding Google/YouTube's Hall of Shame amazingly results in jihad videos removal. I don't tweet/link YouTube/Hunter...they remain. Yes, YouTube/Hunter, WTF are you doing expecting us peons to do the work you are getting paid to do? All things JihadTube from Andrea :
FlippinTheRaya : "Things that go together: nuts & bolts, intolerance & islam, YouTube & jihad"Again Google/YouTube WTF are you doing? Related:
Message to the American Occupation Google/YouTube Un:dhimmi: Google/YouTube Hall of Shame Week 2
YouTube Hall of Shame
YouTube Hall of Shame accumalated beginning 11/16/10
Show me the $$$$$
Quotheraven: Operation (YouTube WTF Are You Doing!) Smackdown
Un:dhimmi: New Site Feature - YouTube Jihadi Video Hall of Shame (Beheading Video - Update)
Un:dhimmi Google/YouTube Hall of Shame Week 2
JihadTube archives
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text: Ms. Shrestha is an MBA graduate with a specialization in Human Resources Development, Cross Culture and Global Management and Organization Development (OD). Ms. Shrestha specializes in organizational review and assessments, OD interventions, strategic planning process facilitation and facilitation of development programme design and management. Ms. Shrestha also has professional experience in undertaking review, assessment, evaluations, research and studies. Ms. Shrestha has conducted several organizational reviews, capacity assessments, OD/Capacity development strategy development and facilitated strategic planning process including projects/programme design, planning, reviews and evaluations. She has also successfully coordinated, managed and facilitated several events such as international evaluation and fact finding missions, including workshops and seminars.


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Luke 1:26-38 In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth, to a virgin engaged to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary. And he came to her and said, "Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you." But she was much perplexed by his words and pondered what sort of greeting this might be. The angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. And now, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you will name him Jesus. He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David. He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end." Mary said to the angel, "How can this be, since I am a virgin?" The angel said to her, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be holy; he will be called Son of God. And now, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month for her who was said to be barren. For nothing will be impossible with God." Then Mary said, "Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word." Then the angel departed from her.
Reflection How willing are we to affirm, "Here I am, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word?" After all, this is saying, "Yes, yes," to certain uncertainty. It is saying, " Yes, yes," knowing that the things that frighten us most are likely to happen to us. This is where we squint and wonder, can we find our confidence in the angel's proclamation,"Do not be afraid, for you have found favor with God?" This is where we wrestle with the question, "Is it possible that God finds favor even with me?"
As an unapologetic human who has tripped over more stumbling blocks and succumbed to more temptations than I care to recount, I must confess I was and to a great degree still am, shocked to experience God's favor. For decades I refused to utter the word G-O-D because it represented all that I rejected; intolerance, injustice, inequity, condemnation and punishment. A distant deity preoccupied with my impending transgressions had no gravity with me.
To say that I was stunned when a warm and consolatory God arose from the depths of my cadaverous dark night does not begin to translate my metamorphosis. Suffice to say, because of God's favor toward me, I said, "Here I am," and today I am a priest in God's church - and still stunned by my transfiguration.
Last week when Arizona's retired Episcopal Bishop Kirk Smith introduced the Presiding Bishop Curry to a church full of clergy, Smith referenced the now famous sermon that Curry preached at the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. (Did you know that more people have listened to that sermon than any other sermon in history?) Being the unpretentious extrovert that he is, Curry explained that he was stunned by the enormous response and initially confounded. Until he realized, people from across the globe where astonished to hear a Christian speak of love. The narrative about Christians, at least in the US today is, Christians are angry, loud and exclusionary people who engage in hate group activity against abortion and LGBTQ people. Christians are inordinately concerned with deciding who will or will not get to heaven. This is the way Curry summarized it, "The dominant way Christianity is seen in the culture is not the way of love."
Like me, too many people hear this message about God and Christianity, have no use for it and turn away. How can folks believe God has found favor with them when the people (read clerics and other leaders) who speak for God's Church express hostility, prejudice and malevolence toward them?
Looks like those of us who have encountered a God of love, forgiveness and inclusion without exception need to stand up and give voice to this version of God in the world. Of course, the prospect is unnerving if we think we have to rely upon ourselves to speak up. But the good news is, we don't have to put our faith in ourselves to find the efficacious words and the salient moments. All we have to do is say,"Yes, here I am Lord, let it be with me according to YOUR WORD," and there we have it.
The Word God is with us. We can depend on it. The Word God enables us to do all things and to renew all things. The Word God with us empowers us to show the world that our God is God of mercy, compassion, justice and peace. Do not be afraid. God has found favor with you.
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|Jul 26, 2010, 3:04 AM
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Nikon D5000 OR Canon EOS 550D?
hi there,
i am thinking buing a DSLR camera and i am a little bit confiused!!!
i am between Nikon D5000 and Canon EOS 550D.
since now i am an owner of Cannon EOS SLR 500N wich is an analogue SLR camera!
i also have a compact digital camera sony p200!
So it is my time to upgrade my photo shooting level!!!hahaha
as i said wich is the best buy from the two of them???
i checked that Nikon D5000 prodused 2009 and has 12 MEGAPIXELS!
on the other hand i didn't find the prodused year of Canon EOS 550D but i checked that it is a 18 MEGAPIXELS camera.
and now comes my questions!
a)what year model is canon 550D?
b)wich is best from the two ones?
c)which one is FULLY MANUAL OPERATIONAL?(i want to change on my own the Shutter, and the Aperture ).
d)which one has bigger range of ISO?
c)both of them shoots full HD video with sound?
thanks and sorry for the big post and all these questions!
sorry for my english too!
i also thinking the Nikon D90 and Canon EOS 50D!!so put them in order from the best to the worst these 4 cameras!
jim from Greece!
|Sponsored Links
|Jul 26, 2010, 4:40 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: Jun 2010
Location: North West England
Posts: 1,750
the 550d came out this year Febuary i think my view as i have one the 550d its just great and yes it gives full manual plus aperture priority shutter priority plus auto and program modes and
|Jul 26, 2010, 10:21 AM
Junior Member
Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 7
thanks wave01 for your quick answer!
|Jul 26, 2010, 10:49 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2005
Location: Washington, DC, Metro Area, Maryland
Posts: 13,750
Between the Canon T2i and the Nikon D5000, the Canon is the better camera.
But in choosing from among the four bodies, the type(s) of photography you want to do will make a big difference, not to mention how important video is to you.
So, what do you want to shoot?
|Jul 26, 2010, 7:07 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 7
first of all thanks TCav for your request.
I like to shoot mostly monuments and nature landscapes!also i am fun for night shooting pictures!
High definition video is important to me because i want to leave behind my video camera and to have one product with two uses!!!
TCav canon T2i is the canon 550D or the canon 50D???
again sorry for my mistakes at the language!forgive my grammar mistakes!!!
|Jul 26, 2010, 8:01 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2005
Location: Washington, DC, Metro Area, Maryland
Posts: 13,750
No, I'm sorry. The 550D goes by "T2i" in North America.
Shooting video with a dSLR is tough. It's capable of producing excellent video, but the autofocus and autoexposure aren't as good as an average consumer video camera, and the typical dSLR lenses far exceed the quality necessary to shoot video, but they don't have the zoom ratios that video camera zoom lenses have. You can get excellent results, but it will require a lot more practice, planning, effort on your part.
But based on the still images you want to shoot, the 550D is an excellent choice, and it's best at shooting video as well.
|Jul 27, 2010, 4:46 AM
Junior Member
Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 7
since now i have a digital 8 video camera!so i suppose video quality will be better with one DSLR with HD video recording!
as for the zooming problem i suppose i will get a bigger lense with more zoom!
can you propose me one other photo camera in comparison of canon 550D?just to know for tha ammount of money that i made the best choice!
thanks again my friend!
|Jul 27, 2010, 7:12 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2005
Location: Washington, DC, Metro Area, Maryland
Posts: 13,750
You started out looking a four bodies, and narrowed it down to the 550D. If video wasn't an issue, the D90 and the 50D would do about as well for your still images, but the 550D works almost as well, and it does video better.
|Jul 27, 2010, 5:28 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 7
thanks for all your answers and your time TCav!!!
one last question!
do you think that i must first of all to look what lense i want and then i decide about what body of photo camera to buy?
what lenses the body of 550D takes?only canon lenses or the 550D can take other brands?
|Jul 27, 2010, 7:35 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2005
Location: Washington, DC, Metro Area, Maryland
Posts: 13,750
The Canon 550D uses the Canon EF mount, so lenses from any manufacturer that makes lenses forthe EF mount will work on it. That includes Sigma, Tamron,Tokina, and some lesser brands as well.
For what you said you wanted to shoot ("I like to shoot mostly monuments and nature landscapes!also i am fun for night shooting pictures!") I think the Canon 18-55 kit lens will work well except for the night shooting. For that, you might want to look at the Canon 50mm f/1.8, the Canon 35mm f/2.0, Sigma 28mm f/1.8, Canon 50mm f/1.4, or the Sigma 30mm f/1.4.
The Canon 550D will work well with any of those.
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Duo for Ecampus Students
During fall 2019 and winter 2020 term, Duo two-step login will become mandatory for all Oregon State University students and recent graduates, including Ecampus. We will be rolling out mandatory Duo for students in five phases, based on the last digit of your OSU ID number (XXX-XXX-XXX). Mandatory dates for each group are:
- Last digits 0 and 1 - October 23, 2019
- Last digits 2 and 3 - November 6, 2019
- Last digits 4 and 5 - November 20, 2019
- Last digits 6 and 7 - January 29, 2020
- Last digits 8 and 9 - February 12, 2020
You can sign up for Duo now to begin protecting your account. As your mandatory date approaches, you will receive reminder emails from the Duo project team until you sign up.
Sign up for Duo
Duo FAQ for Ecampus
What is Duo?
Two-step login, powered by Duo, protects your OSU account by verifying your identity with two forms of ID:
- Something you know, such as your password.
- Something you have, such as a phone, hardware token or security key.
Learn more about how Duo works
Why do I want Duo?
Once Duo becomes mandatory for your OSU ID number, you will not be able to log in to OSU systems until activating Duo. You will be locked out of Canvas and MyOSU.
The benefit of protecting your OSU account with Duo is that you can reduce the risk of someone gaining access to your account. If someone has access to your OSU account, they could:
- Change your financial aid direct deposit
- Commit identity fraud
- Read and send your email
- See student health records
How do I use Duo?
The Duo Mobile app for iOS and Android is the most popular option for authenticating with Duo.
We also support hardware tokens, security keys and even Touch ID on some MacBook laptops.
Get help with Duo and read FAQs
How do I take proctored exams with Duo?
Some Ecampus courses require you to take proctored exams. Duo authentication will be required when taking proctored exams, but you will not be allowed to bring most Duo devices (including cell phones and security keys) into proctored exam environments. Instead, you must use either a hardware token or generate a temporary Duo code.
Ecampus recommends using a hardware token for Duo authentication because tokens are allowed in proctored exam environments. If you choose to use the Duo Mobile app or a security key instead of a hardware token, you will need to generate a temporary Duo code no more than 24 hours in advance of any proctored exam and bring the code with you to log into Canvas.
If you are unable to log into Canvas due to an issue with Duo, please contact the IS Service Desk at 541-737-8787 or submit a help request.
Which Duo device is recommended for Ecampus students?
Ecampus recommends using a hardware token. It is accepted for Duo authentication and allowed in proctored exam environments. The OSU Beaver Store sells the Duo Multifactor Authentication Token for $4.85 plus shipping.
Note: When ordering a hardware token or a security key, please consider shipping time to make sure you have the device in hand before your mandatory Duo deadline.
Purchase a hardware token
Need help with Duo?
If you have questions or need assistance with Duo, please review the Duo Help and FAQs page. If you are unable to log into Canvas due to an issue with Duo, please contact the IS Service Desk at 541-737-8787 or submit a help request.
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- Asia
- Africa
- America
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Go beyond the tourist trail and explore the rural life of the Shan State. Trek the quaint countryside of Hsipaw and Pindaya, cruise Inle Lake, and visit the golden pagodas of Yangon and Mandalay.
Upon arrival at Yangon International Airport, you will be welcomed by our representative and transferred to your hotel.
Overnight at the hotel.
After breakfast, transfer to the airport for your flight to Heho.
Upon arrival proceed to Pindaya and drive to Shwe Pa Hote village to start our trek where you will see the life style one of the ethnic minority of Myanmar, living on growing tea leaf as their main business.
After that continue trek to Khan Taug village located in the forested mountain passing through a tea leaf plantation and head to Ngwe Twin and visit Mango garden. After lunch, continue your trek to Inn Nga, driver will pick up you from where and transfer back to Pindaya.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Yangon → Heho
|1h 10min
|Heho → Pindaya
|43 km
After breakfast, we will drive to Nyaung Shwe jetty to begin a tour of Inle Lake on a long-tailed boat.
We will visit silk weaving and lotus industries in Inn Paw Kone Village before stopping in Nanpan to witness work at a Cheroot (Myanmar Cigar) factory.
We continue our tour to Phaungdaw Oo Pagoda. If we have time you have a chance to see a demonstration of Intha styled one legged rowing and fishing.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Pindaya → Inle
|75 km
In the morning, take the short walk from your hotel to Nyaung Shwe jetty. Your boat will take you to the crumbling 17th century pagodas at Indein on the western shore of Inle Lake, weaving up narrow creeks as you make your way to the pagodas.
Also in the area you will have the chance to explore ethnic Pao villages, after which you will return to Nyaung Shwe.
Cooking Class
We will make a small gastronomic immersion in the area of Thar Lay Ywa to learn about the famous Shan cuisine. With hat and apron, and the hand of our experienced and fun local chef and his mother, we will learn to cook some of the most exquisite dishes, and taste them in an idyllic setting.
This unique experience is in a local house, open and overlooking the small streams that cross the village. We can learn, eat and drink while the fishermen work and sail to their homes.
Visitors will also have the opportunity to learn the art of local tobacco fondling, the cheroot sheet, and can help the local family to fiddle with some of the cigars they produce on the ground floor.
Overnight at the hotel.
After breakfast, transfer to Heho airport to catch your flight to Mandalay.
Upon arrival to Mandalay Airport, you will visit Mandalay, the final capital of then- Burma's Konbaung Dynasty until its decline in 1885 at the hands of the British, regarded today as Myanmar's cultural capital.
We will spend the day exploring the city's sites with highlights including the Mahamuni Pagoda, the wood-carved Shwenandaw Monastery and the world's largest book at Kuthodaw Pagoda.
In the evening, enjoy a spectacular sunset from the top of Mandalay Hill.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Inle → Heho
|42 km
|Heho → Mandalay
After breakfast, visit Mandalay's well known Jade Market. Mandalay is well known for its skilled craftsmen and as you tour a traditional workshop you will learn more of the city's cottage industries. Observe the production of stone carving, Kalaga tapestries, and gold-leaf beating where techniques remain unchanged from those used centuries ago to craft items for the Royal Court.
Later we will visit another former royal capital, Inwa which was founded in 1364 and which lasted nearly 400 years as a royal capital. Explore the leaning tower of Ava, Maha Aung mye Bonzan, a brick-and- stucco monastery, and the elegant teakwood monastery Bagaya Kyaung.
We will then continue to Sagaing, a former capital of the Shan kingdom in the 14th century, which lies slightly downriver from Mandalay with many interesting stupas scattered over Sagaing Hill.
Travel to the ancient royal capital of Amarapura. Here we will visit Mahagandayon monastery, which is a school for young monks, and beautiful sunset at the nearby U Bein Bridge. It is more than two centuries old and at 1.2 km is the longest teakwood span in the world.
Overnight at the hotel.
After breakfast, we will drive to the beautiful, winding roads of the northern Shan hills to the town of Lashio. You may be well inside Myanmar now, but this fascinating trading post has a large Chinese population.
Visit the Mansu Pagoda, which offers a panoramic view of Lashio and the surrounding hills. On the way, we will wait at the best viewpoint for making great photos as the train crosses the famous Gokteik bridge between 11:00 and 12:00 Noon.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Mandalay → Lashio
|281 km
After breakfast, travel to Hsipaw.
Enjoy afternoon sightseeing in the town, Bawgyo Pagoda and watch the panorama from the top of Theintaung Hill.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Lashio → Hsipaw
|72 km
After breakfast, start walking from the hotel along Tai villages and seasonal vegetable crops and rice paddies.
Trek uphill through the fields to two more villages in the marvelous countryside scenery for several hours to reach Palaung village, and have lunch in a local house. Take an afternoon walk for sightseeing around the village through tea plantations.
Overnight at local home.
After breakfast, descend along the path through hill crops for several hours which lead to Mini Natural waterfall.
The pickup truck will be waiting for you to bring you back to the hotel.
Overnight at the hotel.
In the morning, we will take the train to Pyin Oo Lwin for one of the most memorable railway journeys in Asia.
The route was made famous by Paul Theroux in his books The Great Railway Bazaar and later Ghost Train to the Eastern Star and takes in the towering Gokteik Viaduct.
You will be picked up at the train station and we will continue our drive to Mandalay.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Hsipaw → Pyin Oo Lwin
|6h 30min
|Pyin Oo Lwin → Mandalay
|66 km
After breakfast, transfer to the airport for your flight to Yangon.
Upon arrival take a sightseeing tour and admire the beautiful Reclining Buddha at Chauk Htat Gyi. We will then visit the bustling Chinatown area. Then you have an opportunity to shop for traditional gifts at the famous Scott Market, also known as Bogyoke Aung San Market.
For sunset, we head to the dazzling Shwedagon Pagoda.
Overnight at the hotel.
|Mandalay → Yangon
After breakfast, transfer to airport for departure from Myanmar.
|Prices per person
|2 pax
Double Sharing
|3-4 pax
Double Sharing
|5-6 pax
Double Sharing
|1 May 2018 - 30 Sep 2018
|1 Oct 2018 - 31 Mar 2019


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Calpe Hotels
Booking.com: best prices
Visit Calpe
Calpe is seaside resort in the Valencia and Murcia region of Spain. It is 35 km south of Denia and north of Alicante. It is on a part of the Mediterranean coast known as the Costa Blanca.
Explore Calpe
Calpe (or Calp to the locals) is instantly recognisable for the huge limestone rock sat on its beach. The rock is called the 'Penon de Ifach' and measures over 600m in height. It can be seen for miles along the coast.
Calp was once a small fishing village but little remains of its origins and it is now a large tourist development. There are long, wide, sandy beaches on either side of the Penon de Ifach rock and these are the reason for the large numbers of tourists every year. Both beaches have the blue flag for cleanliness and have excellent facilities. They are surrounded by pubs, clubs and restaurants meaning that you never have to stray far in the search for restaurants.
Calpe harbour, tucked in next to the Penon de Ifach rock is a pleasant area and you can watch the day's fish catch being brought in. This is taken to the Calpe fish market just behind the beach, this is very popular and interesting to visit. The fruit and vegetable market in Calpe is held on a Saturday
In the town centre is a 15th century church, the Iglesia Antigua which is in the main town square, the Plaza de la Villa. It is built into the original defensive walls of Calpe. The old town of Calpe was originally surrounded by defensive walls to protect it from pirate attacks.
Because of its strategic location Calp is home to various Roman, Iberian and Arab archaeological sites. These include the ruins of a Roman Villa called the Queen's Baths, the 'Els Banys de la Reina'. Next to these, near the Plaza de la Villa is an Archeological Museum.
Also worth visiting are the 18th century tower of La Peca and a Museum dedicated to the 'Moros y Cristianos' festival (Moorish and Christian festival) in Calpe - the Fester Museum. This festival takes place every third week of October for 3 days.
There is a pathway taking you up the Penon de Ifach rock and as you can imagine there are several excellent viewpoints along the way. On a clear day you can see the island of Ibiza. The rock is a nature park, the 'Parque Natural de Penyal D'Ifach'. You can climb to the top, though you need sturdy boots and a head for heights. From the top you can get great views back over the sea, the beaches and the town of Calpe.
Places Nearby
Very near to Calpe are the Calpe salt flats which are now a protected area and home to lots of birds including pink flamingos.
Benidorm is nearby and you can take a boat trip to get there and get views of the rock from the sea. The attractive resorts of Altea and Denia are also on this part of the coast giving you a wide choice of beaches and resorts to visit.
You can find more local travel ideas in the Alicante guide and the Valencia and Murcia guide.


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"at the heart of the community"
Manager Jim Goodwin was again disappointed after "The Wasps" lost their third league game in succession to drop to ninth position in the table as Falkirk ground out the three points. Once again "The Wasps" started brightly and looked to take the game to the visitors. Dario Zanatta causing danger from the wing but the all important opening goal was at the Clackmannan Road end of the pitch with Falkirk captain Jordan McGhee heading home his first goal of the season.
Copyright © 2008 Alloa Athletic FC


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Winner Revealed: Find Out Which GAA Club Won The €10,000 Kit Out Competition!
This summer, we launched the Kit Out Competition, to celebrate the sponsorship of the Leinster GAA Chadwicks Club Hurling League. These initiatives mark Chadwicks' commitment to supporting GAA clubs at the grass roots level across the province to enhance and improve their facilities. The competition will see GAA clubs across Leinster win over €20,000 worth of Chadwicks product, with one club in each of Leinster's 12 counties being awarded.
The Chadwicks Kit Out judging panel, who deliberated over the hundreds of entries that came in from across the province, acknowledged the important work that these clubs are doing in their communities. They came to the decision on the winning club from each county who were then awarded with the €1,000 prize from Chadwicks.
The judging panel comprised of Kilkenny legend Tommy Walsh, his fellow Chadwicks Brand Ambassadors Eamonn Dillon (Dublin) and Collette Dormer (Kilkenny) as well as Finance Director at Chadwicks Group, Brian Conneely and Chairperson of Leinster GAA Infrastructure Committee, PJ Kelly.
Over the past 3 weeks you have all been voting for the club who you think deserves the €10,000 Chadwicks prize. The response has been amazing with over 23,000 votes but there can only be one winner!
Before we announce the winner, lets remind ourselves of the three finalists:
Finalist #1: Park/Ratheniska GAA Club (Laois)
Finalist #2: Kilmacow GAA Club (Kilkenny)
Finalist #3: Kilcormac Killoughy GAA Club (Offaly)
Without further ado, the winner of the 2019 Chadwicks Kit Out Competition and €10,000 worth of Chadwicks products for their GAA club is................
Kilmacow GAA Club
Congratulations Kilmacow and thanks again to everyone who voted!
Head over to Balls.ie to watch the full interviews with each of the 3 club finalists!
Read the full terms and conditions of the Chadwicks Kit Out Competition here.


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Srinagar, Mar 28: Terming the killing of three youths in forces firing in Chadoora area of Budgam district today as "target killing and cold blooded murder" PDP MLA Javed Mustafa Mir asked Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti, who also heads the Home department, to lodge an FIR against the culprits.
Talking to KNS he said, "It is a target killing and a cold blooded murder. Mehbooba Mufti should order the police to lodge an FIR against the culprits immediately. Those responsible for these killings should be given exemplary punishment."
Even if people were pelting stones on forces, you don't have a licence to kill them with bullets. Do they (forces) have licence to kill people who raise voice against them?" he asked. (KNS)


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Reliable analyticsTotalSend will accurately track deliveries, bounces & spam reports, so you'll know how effective your email sending is.
What exactly is transactional email?Transactional email refers to emails that are triggered based on a specific action a customer performs, and sent automatically based on a set of rules setup on your customer database. Some examples might be:
- An order confirmation mail when purchasing online.
- A thank-you email for downloading a whitepaper.
Transactional Email from TotalSend
- TotalSend provides transactional email sending that is scalable, reliable and incredibly easy to integrate into your existing systems.
- We handle the delivery and infrastructure details, freeing you up from maintaining an expensive and complex SMTP infrastructure.
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If your studies at the university are continuing beyond the expiry date of your Tier 4 visa it may be possible for you to extend your visa.
Please note that the information on this page applies only to students who are continuing study on the same course. If you are extending your Tier 4 visa in order to undertake a new course there may be additional requirements which you must meet and the university's Admissions team will confirm these.
In order to make a successful Tier 4 application you will need to apply for a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) which will be issued to you by the university. The CAS confirms that the university will continue to sponsor you under Tier 4 of the Points Based System and will only be issued to you once we are confident that you meet the Tier 4 requirements. In particular the university will check:
- The time you have already spent studying in the UK
- That your continued participation is required at the university
- That you meet the Tier 4 requirements for academic progression and this is satisfactory to the university
- That your attendance is satisfactory to the university
- That you meet the Tier 4 maintenance requirements for tuition fees and living costs.
Tier 4 Maintenance Requirements:
Students who require an extension to their Tier 4 visa will need to provide evidence that they have money available to them to cover the cost of Tuition fees for the period of extension and their living costs for the duration of the extension up to a maximum of 9 months.
Living costs:
Students are required to have £1,015 for each month they are extending their visa up to a maximum of 9 months (£9,135).
How do I extend my Tier 4 visa?
If you are able to apply for an extension to your Tier 4 visa in the UK The Tier 4 application process is now online. Once the Immigration and Welfare Officer has confirmed that you meet the Tier 4 requirements and a CAS can be issued you will be sent instructions on how to complete the online application form.
The instructions will assist you with completing each section up to the 'course details'. At this point of the application you will be required to save your progress and arrange an appointment with the Immigration and Welfare Officer. Alternatively you can email the pdf document to ku.ca1585657880.notl1585657880ob@no1585657880itarg1585657880immit1585657880nedut1585657880s1585657880.
Once your Tier 4 application has been checked an appointment you will be provided with the CAS details and will complete the remainder of the Tier 4 online application. As part of the online visa application you will need to register and pay for the Immigration Health Surcharge.
Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS)
From April 2015 any student applying for a new Tier 4 visa or applying to extend their Tier 4 visa will be required to pay an Immigration Health Surcharge as part of their visa application. Failure to pay the IHS will result in the application being refused.
IHS for Tier 4 students is £150 for each year. Part years less than 6 months will be charged at £75 and greater than 6 months £150. The time is calculated from your course start date as stated on your CAS and includes any additional time which may be granted at the end of your course.
You must keep the university informed of the progress of your Tier 4 application once you have submitted it. You will be required to provide scanned copies or photocopies of any correspondence your receive from UKVI relating to your Tier 4 application and present the visa which will be in the form of a Biometric Residence Permit (BRP) to the Student Centre as soon as it is received.
Last Updated May 2017.