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Appraisal Articles 2019 Free Appraisal Articles for Appraisers and the Public
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by Administrator on Jun 7, 2019 • Technology • 214 Views
Don't think 5G is going to be a big deal? You better start reading because it already is. One millisecond response time is faster than a human response time and "exponentially" faster than 4G. One promo I saw talked about being able to watch 400 movies simultaneously, as if that were a thing. I have read about the speed increases but what is talked about and what is delivered may be substantially different, but either way the technology will be life changing. When you think about the 3D world that is planned by Apple and others 5G has to be available to make much of it work. Amazing technological breakthroughs for the infrastructure and phones is not a future, long-term thing. Many jaw-dropping changes will hit the market in 2020 including many of the phones that you will need and be surprised by. The prediction is that everyone will throw away the phone that they have to purchase a 5G phone. That's a lot of phone sales!
by Administrator on Jun 12, 2019 • Narrative Writing • 195 Views
Some real property data that you personally collect, can be shared with your clients, appraiser contacts and others without concern about copyright infringements. If for example you collect sales information from public records and / or parties to a transaction and build your own sales database, like I do, you may have years of sales information that can be sorted and broken down by property type (like Apartments, Offices, Retail, Industrial and Vacant Land) or if land by its zoning category. So if an appraiser or broker contacts you and asks about apartments you can access your database, I use Microsoft Access, and share some or all of your data with them. Yes, it's easier to just subscribe to a data service and let the service collect and verify the data, but appraisers are supposed to verify their own sales data and not rely on a paid service to do it for them. It's my opinion that a broker or and appraiser can lose touch with the market by relying only on a data service.
by Administrator on Jun 12, 2019 • Real Estate • 182 Views
This article is based on my reading and interpretation of the Price Waterhouse Cooper (PWC) Real Estate 2020 – Building the Future Report / forecast. So some of it is my opinions based on what I have read. PWC appear to be saying in the report that the future of real estate is going to include an explosion of people and that they will be going to places where they want to be. They discuss the fact that popular large Cites in the World and in the US are likely to become mega-cities over the next several years, and popular secondary cities will likely become large-scale cities. There's just no arguing the fact that the population curve is now aimed up at an ever-increasing slope and that increasing population is one of those trends that will change everything. PWC has looked at the World and to some extent they see more movement in developing countries than we will likely see in the developed US, but we are all on the same World population growth path. So there with be many more peo
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I was far more confident as I'd been practicing my stance in the mirror every night as instructed, and was going to the Gym 3 times a week. My rugby-playing toy-boy had a little bit to do with that – I needed something pretty to look at while I sweated unattractively all over the place.
Richard was still gung-ho, but I knew he hadn't practiced as much as me. He was also singularly unimpressed by the fact that the clocks went back the previous weekend, thus was starting to indulge in the well-known male pastime of taking root on the sofa. Attempts to move him so we wouldn't be late for the lesson 3 necessitated the use of a cattle prod. If I was late for anything of Richard's, he'd sit in the car with the engine running. Using the same tactics, I got my car out and got the heater running. Ten minutes later, Richard catapulted in through the passenger door.
"Thanks, its nice and warm now!" He burbled, "but we might be a bit late now!"
"Hum – didn't want to hurry you, so thought I'd get out of the way." That was what Richard always said. I thought he'd take the hint.
"You are sweet, you know how I hate winter!" Clearly hint remained untaken.
But we were definitely late, the gym was surrounded by cars and full of people by the time we got there.
"Come on in!" Liz hustled us, aware of us being the stragglers. "Close the door behind you! You know what to do – find your own bows." She waved her manicured hands in the direction of the boxes – nowhere near as helpful as she'd been before. With a toss of her hair, she bustled up to one of the juniors and bunged a bracer on his arm. Junior took one look at the bracer, then switched it to the other arm, tagged on the elastic and a toggle fell off.
"Miss!" the junior bleated.
I got the feeling we'd just held everything up.
Phil was prowling up and down in that aloof manner that only the very tall can manage, simultaneously reading out aloud from a list giving us our bow numbers. I remembered mine, Richard had, inevitably, forgotten his – I'd either leased his brain cells for the night, or he was still contemplating hibernation for the winter. Then it was the famous Stortford Archery Club rummage – almost as much fun as last day of Harrod's Sale and considerably less expensive – to find my bow. Whilst searching I grunted in the direction of the Talking Coat and was rewarded by a return grunt, a wave of one hand and a momentary glimpse of an eyeball. The alien life form had been contacted.
Bow assembled and with string draped over my neck to avoid losing it, I joined the queue for Liz and the magic stringer. Without so much as a by your leave, Phil cleanly pulled the bow from my hand, checked I'd put the limbs on the right way around and held his hand out for the string. He threaded one end on, then put the lower limb under his foot and leaned on the top, tweaking the string into position at the same time.
"I thought you're not supposed to do that!" I challenged.
"I had my back to you, so you didn't see me do it." Phil replied, facial expression unchanging from prowl mode. "You must not attempt this on your own, or you'll hurt yourself."
The 'hurt yourself' bit was said in a tone that reflected a wish of hope more than helpfulness. However, I was not going to let this rest.
"Is this strung properly?" I accosted the Talking Coat's father, Paul.
"Who strung it?" He asked, as he inspected each end and twanged the string.
"It'll be O.K. then, but if you feel brave, you could always take it back to him and insist he did it again. That would really wind him up." Paul folded his arms as usual, smiled warmly then gestured with a nod of his head towards a corner. "Made contact yet?"
"With The Talking Coat, aka Jonathon? Right, we've had a lively discussion on the Theory of Relativity."
"I doubt it." Paul slowly shook his head with amusement. "If you did, you were very lucky. I've had 2 words, 6 grunts and a dribble over the last 2 hours. May I ask, as you've obviously experienced the sub-culture of The Teenager before, how long did yours take to become human again?"
"Actually, I've got this theory that the moment they reach those difficult years, you should ferry them off to an island where they can all be awkward together." Too right I'd been through the hell of teenage-hood.
"Yes, I can see it now!" Paul's face took on that glazed expression of hope – maybe the light at the end of the tunnel wasn't the proverbial oncoming juggernaut with brake failure. "Quietest place on earth except for the odd grunt and the sound of teenage fingers texting each other."
"Mine didn't actually become human until around 22, and even then I've got a few doubts about the youngest one really ever making the transition. Probably took after her father." I gestured in Richard's direction. He was doing one of his silly laughs at the time – the type where he half collapses and his shoulders and belly start to jiggle at the same time. It quite adequately illustrated what I meant.
Paul glanced at Richard, and his face dropped. The juggernaut driver in the tunnel had just sprouted a white stick in his cab.
"But it might be different for boys." I added quickly. Paul had been very kind and had done his best to make me feel welcome that the last thing I wanted to do was upset him.
"Might be even later for boys," Jonathon had discovered the power of rational speech when an opportunity presented itself.
"You may well be right there", I said ruefully as Richard let rip another silly laugh while he shared some silly joke with Phil. "If Richard's anything to go by, some don't even make it out of childhood."
"Can you give me your bow for stringing?" I got no chance to reply, the ever-efficient Liz steamed into our conversation like a big, bossy green steam engine – yes, she was still wearing the gnome uniform, though she could get away with it as it complimented her red hair.
"Liz, you can answer this." I got the feeling I'd been there before. "How do I know if a bow's been strung correctly?"
"You check the tops of the limbs," She explained as she took my bow off of me and pointed to the tops of the limbs.
"They've got little groves at the edges where the string touches. The string should be sitting inside these groves, if it's not, get it re-strung, don't try to shift the string yourself." She then looked at me quite sharply.
"I don't remember doing yours – did you do yours without the stringer?"
I shrugged and raised my hands with a 'wazzzn't me' gesture. It didn't cut any ice. That grumpy git Phil had got me into trouble.
"You shouldn't do that, you could seriously hurt yourself – I think I mentioned this last week." Liz peered over the top of her glasses at me.
"Phil did it," I confessed, I didn't hesitate. The pool of nasty, smelly sticky stuff was about to get a visitor.
Liz nodded. "It'll be all right then."
No it isn't; not with me anyway.
The next rummage stop was for my bracer. Liz pointed out that they've got some shiny new ones, but I still searched for my old one, thinking of my brief purple patch last week and perhaps that old bracer was a good luck charm. It wasn't there, so I was stuck with a new one and just like the junior earlier, I managed to pull one of the plastic toggles off at my first attempt. Well, look on the bright side, I'll have an excuse when I missed. My sight was still on, so at least I wasn't going to have to mess around with that as well.
"You've all been doing so well that the shooting line has been moved back ever so slightly tonight." Phil informed us frostily. Why didn't I believe him about the doing so well bit?
"It will make very little difference other than you'll have to change your sight settings, had you made a note of them from last week," continued Phil. "You should concentrate on grouping your arrows, rather than trying to get them in the centre of the boss."
So much for not having to change it. I was sure he did it deliberately, or he'd had a bad day as someone had disturbed his sleep whilst he was hanging upside down in his cave.
Typical – I undid that little thing at the side and the little red tunnel plummeted to the bottom of the scale, then fell off.
"Come here, let me do it!" Paul had gallantly picked up the tunnel and fixed it back on about halfway down the scale.
I looked as suitably pathetic and grateful as only a girlie can.
Richard started laughing.
"Has she broken it already?" He said to Paul.
Paul, who I had previously thought of as being helpful, looked mildly amused. "Not quite yet, but we're working on it."
"Who are you to talk about breaking things?" I went into annoyed defense mode.
"I'm big, things get in my way – O.K?"
I'd hit one of Richard's sore points. It was true, he could break anything. Better than that, he seldom knew how to repair them. The holes in our house walls from various shelving attempts bore witness to that.
S***! On my very first shot, the string caught my arm just above the bracer. It didn't hurt that much, but it was enough to warn me not to get my arm too straight and to drop my shoulder a little.
That didn't work either, I got twanged again. Richard always got dreadfully concerned and protective about my ability to hatch bruises without any apparent effort – they just tended to appear and I have to backtrack over how they could be there. He'd never forgiven me for the time when, just after we'd married, I'd had my wisdom teeth removed and looked like I'd done 12 rounds with Bruno. When he'd come to collect me from the hospital, he'd made fun of my appearance, asking the hospital to take me back until I'd looked human again. I'd retaliated when we'd done the shopping the following weekend.
The checkout girl had looked at my battered and bruised face in complete horror and had asked me if I needed help whilst simultaneously throwing the shopping at Richard. Once I'd realized what she'd meant, I'd just sadly shaken my head and replied loudly that it was something we all had to bear. It had taken Richard a further 10 minutes to explain to the girl (and the now assembled queue that had formed behind us) that my bruises were the result of an operation, and that the cruelest thing he'd done was to get 'Young Frankenstein' out on video and I'd actually laughed so much that I'd re-split my lip!
Needless to say when I did really injure myself, nothing would happen until a week later, then it blossomed in glorious Technicolor. Knowing his protective reaction, I didn't want him to say you must stop doing archery as those bruises are so bad. I had to shut up and not do it again, so I bent my arm and I didn't pull back far enough and still that horrible string was out to get me. It was an ugly sight; my arrows were as far apart as a girl band post split-up, and I was going to have a left arm the colour of a rainbow by next week.
I was paired that evening with a youngster called Lyndon. He must have been around 14 years old and was already as tall as me. His father brought him to the classes and then would sit to one side, pretending to read a book. When his son was shooting, he watched intently and anyone could see he was actually dying to have a go himself, but didn't like to say anything. If you caught his glance, he'd retreat rapidly back into his book and fain boredom by yawning randomly.
Lyndon was a great partner to have whilst learning. You could make a real pig's ear of things and know that Lyndon wouldn't say a dickie bird to point it out. He was very quiet, exceedingly polite and once he'd got over his initial shyness would chat away happily when walking to and from the boss. His shots were better – as were everyone's – than mine, but he was also having some problems. Help, however, was on hand. Phil was on our case tonight.
Richard kept on insisting that Phil was a good bloke. I had my reservations thus had so far managed to avoid him. Admittedly I hadn't exactly endeared myself to him on account of my giggle attack at the first session and my reaction to his 'chivalry' explanation the following week. It had all seemed too much for his very serious approach to the sport to have to put up with my sense of humour. Now having him watch me closely made me tetchy, my nerves kicked in and I started to shake. I normally cover a panic attack with laughter. That would not have suited him at all.
I found that shooting in front of him was a bit like having to do a business presentation for Darth Vader. He seemed to lurk in the shadows, breathing heavily and as I was concentrating so hard it was like an all-pervading evil presence. He'd told the 2 of us earlier that he would not interfere unless we asked or he could see us do something silly. 3 ends went by and he was still leaning up against the wall behind us, one foot on the ground, other on the wall and with his arms folded. Other than tutting when I laid my bow down on the ground the wrong way (leaning on the sight tunnel) he hadn't moved. Any moment though, I feel that Darth was going to swoop, and start muttering something about 'The Force being weak in you, my child'.
Lyndon was the first to go. Phil had put something over one eye of Lyndon's glasses, and stuck what looked like an old sock on his bow arm sleeve. The effect, fashion wise, would be considered more Vivian Westwood rather than Ralph Lauren. Lyndon didn't appear worried as his shooting improved vastly.
I hadn't escaped the clutch of the dark forces. One more end and Darth Vader pounced, clutching what looks like half an old bra.
"Easy-peezy, that's what's causing the problem!" He pointed at a large expanse of baggy sweatshirt, which was designed to cover an equally large expanse of somewhat baggy flesh. "Put this on to keep it out the way!" He backed off rapidly as I did battle with the various straps until I'd got it on.
Right. It wasn't exactly flattering. In the past I'd made all the various jokes about Superman wearing his underpants over his tights and now I was wearing half a bra over my sweatshirt. I stood balefully glaring at the garment and Richard made the very silly mistake of laughing at me then told me to stop making faces.
I suggested, quite politely but hissing like a cobra, that if I was going to wear one of those things, it was at the very least to have a Gucci label. Richard carried on laughing. Phil must have seen that a fight was just about to break out and rushed in to attempt to defuse the situation.
"Look, I wear one!" He said, gesturing frantically towards a slightly less tatty one he'd hastily pulled on.
Frankly, I thought, that would be the best reason for NOT wearing one. I was just about to point out that he didn't have the same problems or fill said object the same way I did when I saw the dear, sweet Lyndon waiting for me to take my shots. I stomped off with my bow and muttered something to the effect that perhaps a larger bit of tatty old net would keep all of me out the way.
"At least you don't have to wear and old sock and an eye patch!" Lyndon said sweetly.
He did have a point.
My shots improved, despite my sulking, the Nasty Gnome was right. My sweat shirt was no longer catching on the string and having the spring scratch against the guard gave me another reference point to know if I was in position for the shot. Having achieved a good group, I walked back to the waiting lines and poked Richard in the stomach to attract his attention. Revenge is a dish best eaten cold.
Funnily enough, the biggest problem I then got was actually removing my arrows from the target. The gym had warmed up, my heavy sweatshirt was proving too warm and I've got clammy hands. The arrows slipped when I'm trying to grasp the shaft – I knew I mustn't twist – so I had to rely on Lyndon removing them.
"No – put one hand against the boss to stop it falling on you, then keep your pulling arm straight and use your body weight, that'll shift anything!" Steve helpfully instructed me from the far side of the room.
So, my body weight would shift anything?. Well, I'll show you.
I was actually making progress despite my back aching and my right shoulder killing me. I'd also got that silly smile back on my face that said I was enjoying myself. God, I must be some sort of pervert.
When the session finished, Richard and I did the usual social rounds, and ended up dismantling bows whilst chatting to the lovely Liz.
"When the time comes for Barbi to buy me my own bow", Richard paused to see if I was listening to his committing me to buy something else for him. "Where do we go? I don't think I've ever seen one, though I don't doubt it's on the internet."
Liz beamed, Richard had hit her favourite subject.
"Just you wait there a minute!" She dived into her own kit and emerged triumphantly clutching some extremely dog-eared publications.
"This one's for 2000", she explained, "but give or take a few discontinued items – like Yamaha – they've got metric threads so don't be tempted – the info is still valid."
She thumbed through to what must have been a favourite section – it was even more mangled than the issue Richard was clutching – and produced a bewildering table.
"This shows what arrows you should use, they have to take your draw length and poundage into account, though you'd be best to go to Tony at Perris. He'd measure you up properly and you can try everything out. I'd come with you and help, of course!" Liz beamed from ear to ear with the idea of helping kit someone up from scratch.
Richard had already migrated to the planet Gadgetland and had grabbed another catalogue, but was already tutting over the prices.
"£250 for a handle, and that's without the limbs or any of the other bits! I thought you said this was an inexpensive sport."
I'd lost it. I was totally transfixed and in distinct danger of staring rudely. That guy over there wasn't breathing – he couldn't be! If it was just as if he were set in stone. Perhaps Charlie Dimmock could make him into a water feature? Could double as a burglar deterrent – climb over the back wall and – struth – there's a bloke aiming straight at me!
At the far side of the gym froze – stood would have been the wrong word – a sandy-haired version of Gary Rhodes. With no movement or apparent effort an arrow seared towards the boss upon which were 3 small target faces. He removed another arrow from his quiver and threaded it fastidiously onto the bow. Raising and drawing, this momentarily seemed to require a huge effort, the small, purple bow flexed into shape. The shooter resumed his frozen stance, almost like a heron in the fishpond (back to the water feature again) ready to spear any fish daft enough to come too close. His string hand didn't appear to be into contact with the string as I'd been taught, but whatever he was doing worked and another arrow sped into the dead centre of one of the three faces.
Once finished, it was as if all the effort of standing still seemed to produce a reaction. The shooter became highly animated, rubbed his short, sandy hair on the top of his head rapidly backwards and forwards and beamed at everyone around. He moved rapidly away from the shooting line, nodding and smiling with that certain knowledge of his being the best.
I remembered, yet again, to close my mouth to avoid fly catching. I must have appeared rude to anyone else who'd seen me. Richard pulled me back from my home on the Planet Stupid.
"Wow, bit good, isn't he?" Here we have Richard Williams, Mastermind contestant; specialist subject, stating the bleedin' obvious.
"I think that's a bit of an understatement!" I lowered my voice as the guy walked towards us. I didn't want to add loud to my image of rude and stupid. "What is that he's shooting?"
"That's our Neil," Liz said, as proudly as a mother who's just seen her son win a major trophy at the school sports day, "and that's a Compound bow he's using – I've got one of those if you want to take a closer look. Neil's working towards qualifying to represent England in the Indoor World Championships in France next year. That's his wife, Melanie, over there, I'll introduce you when they've finished."
After collecting his arrows, Neil lined up for another shot. Off it went, blindingly quick, another gold but not dead centre this time. He shook his head ruefully and set up for the next.
Melanie joined him at the same boss, took up her position and using a similar-looking bow loosed off some equally sweet shots. She, too, made it look incredibly easy. I was so impressed, I was dumbstruck.
"Are they difficult to shoot?" asked Richard.
"It's not so much difficult as different. You've got – see them? Cams at the top and bottom of the bow. This allows you to pull much heavier weights, but you only have to hold the weight at the earlier stage of the draw."
"I know this sounds a bit daft, but I don't like the look of them as much as the normal bows." I'd applied female logic, crossed with years of working with engineers. It's the old adage 'If it looks right, it'll go right.' Looking at Neil, there was no doubt whatever that a compound was a highly efficient shooting machine, much more so than its recurve brother. However, it just didn't look anything like a real bow to my untutored eye.
"As I said, it's different!" Liz sounded quite cross with my observation. "When you pull a recurve the weight doesn't really change much from start to finish. With a compound, Neil will pull through 65lbs, then drop off to almost nothing. It's faster, more accurate and you can hold at full draw for much longer which gives you time to aim." Liz handed Richard a compound. "Draw this, then let it down slowly but don't let go whatever you do!"
Richard momentarily appeared to hit a brick wall on pulling back the string, then smiled as the weight appeared to drop away. "Hey, I like this!"
"Watch out as you come down, you'll feel the weight again!" Liz looked almost relieved as she removed the bow from Richard's grasp.
Neil may have shown no awareness of being watched earlier, but must have heard his name mentioned and strolled over. "Hello!" he beamed from behind John-Lennon style glasses, then ran his hand over his hair yet again rather absent mindedly. "Can I answer any questions for you?"
I'm none too good in the presence of any form of greatness and managed a talking coat level response, i.e. a grunt. Neil smiled, but looked a bit puzzled so I looked for help. Richard, naturally, executed a better formal intro, introduced the two of us and fired off some intelligent questions.
Both questions and answers went straight over the top of my head, it was all a bit technical for me. I'd just about plucked up courage to ask just how he managed to stand so still when I got distracted by none other than the Nasty Gnome himself.
"Are you happy with what you've learnt so far?" He displayed, as far as I was concerned, some highly uncharacteristic care.
"I'll improve, anything new takes me a long time, but I'll plod uphill and get there." I replied somewhat briskly.
"I asked you if you were happy with what you'd done so far. No one would ever be expected to master archery in 3 weeks!" Phil shook his head in the manner of a parent dealing with a very obstinate child.
I didn't really have an answer for him. How can you look someone in the eye and give an honest answer when;
a) You're in awe/scared of them
b) Meeting them eye to eye gives you stiff neck
c) You are having a wonderful time but have to concentrate so hard that any comments you make come out gobbledygook.
"Come on, woman, put that man down immediately and come and get my dinner!" Richard rolled up to rescue me from my confusion and threw an arm round my shoulder.
"I'm sorry, Phil, is she bothering you? If she is, just say so and I'll take her off the red meat, because she can get a bit frisky!"
Phil blinked rapidly. The words frisky and beginner were evidently oxymorons.
"As if! Phil and I were discussing my slow yet inevitable rise to Olympic stardom." I said indignantly. "The accent, regrettably, is on the slow bit."
"It will come!" Phil swept his own bow imperiously off the ground. "Often," he said quietly and pleasantly, "It's simply a question of confidence. The club used to have 2 superb lady archers, both who went onto much higher things. There's no reason you shouldn't attempt to follow them."
It was my turn to blink rapidly.
"It's just your case, Richard seems to have borrowed your confidence and any ability for the duration of the first 3 lessons." He pronounced with a broad smile at Richard, but successfully removing any shred of confidence I had left.
Richard roared his head off at Phil's joke.
Somehow I briefly lost my sense of humour.
Back home, I found a soft toy – a stuffed wild boar of all things would that I'd bought myself on a visit to the Lake District . I'd taken a shine to it as it had reminded me of one of my managers – a guy called Andy – who was possibly the most irritating person in the known universe. I used to stick pins in it when I'd had a bad day.
I re-christened him Phil.
Can't wait until I get my own arrows . . .
Fitness diary 2
The trainer at work recommended some circuit training which absolutely killed me. I asked her the following day if I was supposed to feel 2 days later as if I'd just walked into a brick wall and had no energy at all. She just laughed and said that I was lucky to get hit that late – my rugby player after his first session fainted when he had his after session shower – so at least I'd got home without having to call for an on site first-aider!
Lucky indeed. The first-aider in charge of that site area was known to all as 'Satan's Little Helper' on account of the damage and havoc he'd wreaked. It was common knowledge that if you saw him go off clutching the little green box, you'd follow at a discrete distance until you found his target, then called Security to alert them that further assistance would be required.
So, despite being told I was o.k. my right shoulder and collar bone hurt, and my back refused to straighten, leaving me sway-backed when I took a shot in the mirror. I did, however, take on the advice regarding a chest guard. The baggy sweatshirts got dumped in favour of something a bit tighter which matched my ever-so-slightly leaner frame.
I moaned to Richard that I looked like a tart wearing tops that were too tight for me. Typically, he just smiled then carried on addressing his conversation to my chest. Well, if you don't want me to look, don't wear it was his response when I complained.
Using a catalogue Liz suggested, I ordered my own black chest guard – an improvement on the tatty white net. Armani were working on my design but it won't be available until next autumn.

subset: commoncrawl


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Life with 500 Toddlers
Guest blogger, Jessica Peters, is a 5th generation dairy farmer in northwest Pennsylvania.
In high school, I was the girl who stayed home. I always used the farm as an excuse to dodge plans. I had to feed calves, there was hay to make, or I had to milk the next morning. They weren't really excuses because they were true, but they were ways for me to get out of plans. Yes, I had more chores and responsibility than the average teenager, but I also just liked being home on the farm with my family. When most teenagers were choosing their friends, I genuinely enjoyed hanging out with my parents and helping around the farm. Honestly, I don't think my friends truly understood how I felt until they started having kids of their own.


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Future/Classical: Inside the New Issue of 5 Mag!
The journey of Kate Simko, plus Rudosa's fave acid tracks, mixes from Emmaculate and Microdot and more inside 5 Mag Issue 180, out now!
Cz's Boogie Podcast Episode 20
Episode 20 of Cz's Boogie Podcast, featuring house music news & gossip and 10 favorite tracks including music from Richard Earnshaw, Hifi Sean, Brian Power, Mac Miller, Inner Life and more.
Louie Vega's NYC DISCO is a New Classic
When I heard Louie's confirmation that he was indeed going to release a disco album, I knew it would be good. Everyone did. But the usual pre-release hype aside, NYC Disco is a new classic.
AUS Music Releases Tee Mango's EP #2
"Prototypical" is our top pick on Tee Mango's EP #2, for its bright-eyed exuberance, playful bounce and that deep end-of-session jam feel. Out now on wax & vinyl from AUS Music.
Dimitri From Paris presents Salsoul Mastermix
A double pack of Salsoul classics edited by Dimitri from Paris, plus selections from Tom Moulton, Walter Gibbons, Frankie Knuckles and others.


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Sea View Rooms & Sunset Bar
The Sunset Bar is a great place to watch the sun go down
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Balancing Training
Training for vibration analysis and balancing with our tools is scheduled throughout the year at our Miami, Florida training center or can be scheduled on-site at your facilities. Classes cover the ins and outs of the VIBWORKS, VIBXPERT® or VIBSCANNER® field balancers.
Our 3-day Balancing Course is mapped to the UPTIME® ELEMENTS™ and to SMRP's Equipment Reliability Body of Knowledge for continuing education units (CEU).


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The Presets plug-in makes it possible to remember complete receiver settings (frequency, mode, volume, attenuator and squelch) and recall them all at once, by clicking on one button.
This is a very useful tool making it possible to quickly change from one receiver setting to another, and so move from one monitored frequency to another with minimum delay.
Twenty presets are available. Each preset can be individually named (using the edit boxes on the right). Buttons labelled Store and Recall are used to store and recall presets.
There is also an Always On Top facility (the "Top" button) and an Auto Docking feature (the "Dock" button) which hides the plug-in behind the left edge of the screen when not used (moving the mouse cursor close to the left edge brings it back).


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|Column accessing of elements in confined arrays
|Digital memory with data manipulation capabilities
|Edelberg et al.
|Apparatus and machine implementable method for the dynamic rearrangement of plural bit equal-length records
|Chen et al.
|Text editing system
|Chang et al.
|Bubble domain lattice buffer arrangement
|Associative memory device
|Houston et al.
|Single wall domain memory arrangement
|Bobeck et al.
|Perneski et al.
|Bobeck et al.
a magnetic medium in which said bubble domains can be stored,
a bubble domain storage device adjacent to said magnetic medium for storing tables of bubble domains representing tables of related data items, said storage device having shift registers for storing columns and rows of bubble domains corresponding to columns and rows of data in said tables,
column access means adjacent to said magnetic medium for accessing selected columns of bubble domains from said storage device,
row access means adjacent to said magnetic medium for accessing selected rows of bubble domains from said storage device including means for accessing an individual row of bubble domain data from said storage device,
control means connected to said column and row access means for determining the addresses of said columns and rows of data in said storage device, and
means connected to said column and row access means and to said control means for forming new tables of said data from said related data items stored in said bubble domain storage device.
control means including a central processing unit for organizing data in tables having rows and columns in accordance with the relation between data items, said control means further including means for determining the addresses of columns and rows in each said table of related data items,
a magnetic bubble domain storage device for storing said tables of related data items in accordance with the addresses of columns and rows in said tables, said data being represented by said bubble domains which are stored in rows and columns to form tables of bubble domains,
interface means located between said control means and said bubble domain storage device for buffering data flow between said control means and said storage device,
accessing means under control of said control means for accessing selected columns or rows of bubbles in said bubble domain storage device, and
means responsive to signals from said control means for extracting data items from at least two different tables of data items stored in said bubble domain storage device and means for joining said extracted data items from said two tables to form a new table of related data items.
a magnetic bubble domain storage device comprising a magnetic film in which bubble domains can be moved and a plurality of shift registers in which said bubble domains can be propagated to achieve storage thereof,
at least one major path along which said bubble domains can propagate,
transfer gate means located between at least one major path and said shift registers for transferring bubble domains between said at least one major path and said shift registers, said transfer gate means being responsive to electrical signals provided thereto for determining whether said domains are transferred between said at least one major path and said shift registers,
transfer control means located external to said bubble domain storage device for providing said electrical signals to said transfer gate means to control the transfer of information between said at least one major path and said shift registers, said transfer control means including current carrying conductors overlying each said transfer gate means for controlling said transfer of bubble domains, where said transfer control means provides electrical currents on said current carrying conductors in accordance with signals received from said addressing means external to said bubble domain storage device,
write means located on said magnetic bubble domain storage device for writing bubble domains to be transferred via said transfer gate means to said shift registers, said write means producing said bubble domains for transfer to said shift registers in accordance with signals received from said address means located external to said bubble domain storage device, and
read means located on said bubble domain storage device for reading information represented by said stored bubble domains from said shift registers.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to a magnetic bubble domain relational data base system, and in particular to such a system having bubble domain storage which can be selectively accessed in a number of ways to implement various operations required in a relational data base system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of data in a relational data base system is described in an article by E. F. Codd, beginning at page 377 of the June 1970 Communications of the ACM, Volume 13, No. 6. In contrast with conventional data base systems which generally use some form of hierarchical structure where the storage and retrieval of items of information are dependent upon a previously determined key reference which has to be used for accessing data and for writing data back into the memory, a relational data base system does not organize data in a rigid fashion. Many different sets, or relations, of data may be stored in an array where accessing of any of the sets of data may be accomplished by simply naming the relation and those domains of the relation that are desired.
Relational data base systems are an attempt to simplify the user's view of information in the entire data base. In this system, a relation is viewed as a table of columns and rows. For example, a table entitled "Parts List" may contain columns headed "Part Number", "Part Name", "Color", "Weight". The "relation" is the table entitled "Parts List", while the various column headings are the attributes within the table itself. Another table may include as a column therein one of the columns in the first table. Thus, the attribute "Part Number" may be a portion of another table.
From the user's point of view the data base is a collection of relations, or tables. A user can use common attributes to obtain additional relations. That is, the user can look to a common attribute (such as "Part Number") which appears in two tables and then construct another table comprised of columns from the first and second tables. In this way, a new relationship can be established which is a new table having columns which previously were not combined in any single table. In this manner, the number of relations is increased.
Other articles dealing generally with relational data bases include the following:
1. C. S. Lin et al, ACM Transactions on Data Base Systems, Volume 1, No. 1, March 1976, pp. 53-65.
2. E. A. Ozkarahan et al, National Computer Conference, 1975, pp. 379-387.
3. Computer Systems Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Report M5S1A4 (to appear as No. 30 of ENGINEERING FORUM, a publication of the faculty of Applied Science and Engineering of the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada).
The present invention seeks to utilize magnetic bubble domain storage as a key component in a data base management system. More particularly, the present invention is directed to apparatus for using relational data bases with bubble domain storage, where the natural attributes of two-dimensional bubble storage can be utilized advantageously. In order to do so, two types of known bubble domain storage, a major/minor loop storage and the bubble lattice storage, are utilized as illustrative examples. Bubble domain major/minor loop storage is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,618,054 and also in U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,585. The bubble lattice storage is described in copending application Ser. No. 632,604 filed Nov. 14, 1975 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,710) which is a continuation of Ser. No. 395,336 filed Sept. 7, 1973 and assigned to the common assignee. In addition, this type of bubble domain storage has been described by B. A. Calhoun and others at the 20th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Dec. 3-6, 1974, San Francisco, Calif., (papers 7D-1, 7D-2, 7D-3, 7D- 4).
Prior art relating to magnetic bubble domain systems has been largely directed to conventional types of storage systems where data is stored and retrieved by fixed addresses. An attempt to utilize bubble domains for data management is described in copending application Ser. No. 556,378, filed Mar. 7, 1975 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,018) in the name of H. Chang et al, and assigned to the present assignee. In that application, data management can be provided by a plurality of shift registers which are linked by binary switches. These switches enable two streams of data to either cross one another non-destructively or to bypass one another. In this manner, a variety of data structures can be provided, such as last in - first out, and first in - first out, as well as dynamic rearrangement of data items.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a magnetic bubble domain relational data base system.
It is another object of this invention to provide a system utilizing the natural features of magnetic bubble domain storage for performance of data operations using relational data base algebra.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize two forms of magnetic bubble domain storage in a system in which data is stored and accessed in terms of its relation to other data.
This invention is directed to magnetic bubble domain relational data base systems in which magnetic bubble domain storage has associated with it components for providing relational data base operations. The bubble domain storage organizes tables, or relations, of data arranged in columns and rows, and also includes means for accessing particular tables or relations in storage. Column addressing means are provided to selectively read particular columns in any data relation from the bubble domain storage. Row accessing means is provided for accessing information in any row of a selected table, or relation. Further, means are provided for selecting particular rows or particular columns of the storage for accessing in order to obtain information from any of the tables of data which are stored. An interface means is provided between a central processing unit, such as an IBM Type 370 Model 3145, and the circuits used to control the bubble domain storage. If desired, buffer registers which are part of the interface means can be bubble domain storage registers.
This system does not organize data in a rigid fashion and many different tables of data may be stored in the bubble domain storage in an array where accessing of any of the tables of data is accomplished by simply naming the table and those columns of the table that are desired. Further, more than one table having common attributes can be joined to form a new table or relation of data items which had not been previously related.
A major/minor loop bubble domain storage and a bubble lattice file are illustrated as two types of bubble domain storage which can be utilized in this system.
These and other objects, features, and advantages will be more apparent from the following more particular description of the preferred embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a magnetic bubble domain relational data base system, using a major/minor loop type of bubble domain storage.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate two relations (parts list and manufacturing responsibility) which might be used to describe a manufacturing plant, while FIG. 4 shows a relation (joined tables) which was developed by utilizing the common attribute (part number) of the relations in FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 5 is an illustration of the storage of the relations of FIGS. 2 and 3 in the bubble domain system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a more detailed diagram of the bubble domain relational data base system of FIG. 1, showing the various control circuits that are required.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional perspective view illustrating the physical arrangements of the various transfer control lines in the system of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 shows a detailed embodiment using magnetic overlays which illustrates the operation of the transfer gates G between each of the minor loops and the major loop during bubble domain transfer.
FIG. 9 illustrates the in-plane magnetic field H used to propagate bubble domains using the structure of FIG. 8, and further illustrates the timing for transfer between the major loop and the various minor loops.
FIG. 10 represents a bubble lattice storage device which can be utilized in a magnetic bubble domain relational data base system of the type previously described. The associated control circuitry, etc., is not shown in this diagram.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a magnetic bubble domain system which can be used to implement data storage and management in accordance with relational data base operations. The system is comprised of a magnetic bubble domain medium 20 having a magnetic bubble domain storage device S located thereon. In this figure, the bubble storage device is a major/minor loop system having a major loop 22 and a plurality of minor loops 24, designated ML1, ML2, . . . ML10. Depending upon the amount of storage required, the number of minor loops and their length can be varied in accordance with well known principles. The major loop 22 and minor loops 24 are interconnected by various transfer gates G1, G2, . . ., G10. Depending upon the inputs received from transfer control circuit 26 via transfer control lines 27, information transfer can occur between major loop 22 and any, or all, of the minor loops 24. In particular, the transfer control 26 and transfer gates G1-G10 allow columns of information and rows of information to be selectively removed from the minor loop storage area. Since various tables, or relations, of data are stored in the minor loops 24, it will later be appreciated that this ability to selectively remove columns or individual rows from storage enables the system to perform the operations required for relational data base management.
A write circuit 28 is used to write new information into major loop 22, while a read circuit 30 is used to read information in the major loop 22. Write transfer gate WG connects the write circuit 28 to major loop 22, while read transfer gate RG selectively connects read circuit 30 with major loop 22. Write circuit 28 initiates the generation of new information to be placed in storage. Gates RG and WG are conventional devices used in this type of bubble storage.
A central processing unit and associated memory 34 is provided for storage management, retaining a directory of table names and locations, and input/output circuits to interface with the various components used to provide the data relational base operations. Unit 34 communicates with the column address circuit 36 and the row address circuit 38, and also with the interface circuits 40. Column address circuit 36 provides control signals to both read circuit 30 and write circuit 28. Data input to write circuit 28 is provided by interface 40. The row address circuit 38 provides an input to the transfer control 26.
In operation, the column address circuit 36 controls the column of information to be removed from the minor loops 24, while the row address circuitry 38 determines which rows of information will be removed from the tables which are stored in the minor loops 24. The data management control functions for determining the flow of data are achieved through the central processor unit 34. In order to interface properly between the high speed memory circuits of unit 34 and the slower storage circuits, interface circuit 40 is provided. Interface circuit 40 contains data pack/unpack circuits and various buffer registers, which could be bubble domain storage registers.
The system of FIG. 1 can be used to store various relations and to insert, delete, or modify information using relational data base operations.
A data base is a structured collection of commonly pooled data which is accessible by concurrent users through computer systems. Traditional computer approaches to implementing earlier versions of data bases were to provide users a collection of file processing programs. The data for the applications were stored in computer files on secondary storage devices and were directly manipulated by programs of the application. Applications implemented this way were intimately tied to the minute details of computer operations and specific storage devices. As more applications were demanded, the number of specialized files increased, causing many problems. In order to alleviate these problems, the concept of data base management systems evolved. These systems aim at creating data bases that have an existence separate from the specific applications that use them. They are complex integrations of computer software and hardware which attempt to provide their users with a "logical view" of a data base that will insulate users from the details of data storage and manipulation. A query language is also available by which users can readily specify the retrievals and updates of the data stored according to the "logical view".
The relational model of data is one attempt to provide data management. A relation is simply a table of data whose rows contain information which describe a set of similar entities such as persons, places, or things. For example, the relations R1 and R2 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be used to describe a manufacturing plant. The name of the table or relation identifies the set of entities being described, such as "Parts List" and "Manufacturing Responsibility". The names of the colums in each of the relations identify the attributes which are used to describe the characteristics of each entity, for example part number, part name, and color.
Each row of the table, or relation, contains a set of values -- one for each attribute -- which characterize a particular entity, for example, 200, pen, black. The order in which rows or columns occur is immaterial to the user's logical view of their relations. Thus, a relational data base is composed of a collection of time-varying relations which may change because of modifications, insertions, and deletions.
Data in two or more relations R1 and R2 can be interrelated through common attributes which appear in each of the relations. This allows users to execute queries which have complex selection criteria. For example, to find the part names made by the different departments, reference is made to relations R1 and R2. This is done by noting that these relations have at least one attribute in common: part number. Thus, the department corresponding to the particular part number can be found from R2, while the part name corresponding to a particular part number can be found from R1. Doing this, a joined table (R3) can be formed (see FIG. 4) using as a basis the common attribute (part number) found in R1 and R2. This allows the formulation of a new relation which the user can develop from previously stored relations. The operation of selecting a particular attribute (column) and reading out this information is called "projection". The operation wherein two relations R1 and R2 are combined through a common attribute to produce a new relation R3 is called "join". Thus, these relationships require that information be read from storage column-wise and also row-wise to satisfy any query, such as a query which asks "What department makes part number 300?". These capabilities must be provided by the bubble domain system established to perform relational data operations.
The relational model provides users a view of data that is simple, consistent, and yet computationally complete with respect to data processing requirements. Other types of logical data base views, such as hierarchies and networks, can be constructed from relations. The languages, such as query-by-example, for manipulating relational data bases are simple and yet powerful.
FIG. 5 shows the organization of the data relations in a major/minor loop memory, such as the type illustrated in FIG. 1. The major loop 22 and minor loops 24 are shown schematically in this figure. Depending upon the number of rows in the relations to be stored, more or less minor loops 24 can be provided. Each minor loop contains a row of binary data corresponding to the entities in each column. If there are more rows than the total number of minor loops, the table may be folded up and the first minor loop used to store the first, (n+1)st, . . . and so on, rows.
When a column is to be accessed, a transfer control circuit 26 (FIGS. 1 and 6) moves the column from the minor loops 24 to the major loop 22. Information is then carried by the major loop to a read circuit 30 (FIG. 1). This is a conventional transfer operation in major/minor loop bubble memories. When a "row" access is required, a subset m out of n control lines (FIG. 6) is activated to select a particular minor loop. Upon shifting, the required row is transferred to the major loop 22 for output. Thus, this organization will provide selective column or row accessing in order to access columns or rows of the relations which are stored in the memory. Advantage is taken of the two-dimensional storage possibilities of bubble domain devices and in particular those which have been adapted to provide accessing not generally used in conventional storage organizations.
FIG. 6 expands the circuitry shown schematically in FIG. 1 to illustrate the components in the column address circuit 36, row address circuit 38, interface circuit 40, and CPU memory 34. Additionally, the transfer control lines from transfer control circuit 26 are shown in more detail. Portions of the circuit of FIG. 6 are shown in FIG. 8.
Only a portion of the central processing unit and memory 34 is shown in this figure. In particular, a directory 42 contains the beginning and ending address of each of the relations R1, R2, etc. Directory 42 is used to locate the relations which are to be addressed in the minor loop storage 24. Associated with directory 42 is storage management circuitry 44, which contains the software required for control functions. Storage management 44 communicates with the directory to keep track of the control functions for management of the data. These circuits in the central processing unit are well known in the art and are generally associated with information handling systems.
The column address circuit 36 includes column name registers 46, a compare circuit 48, column location address circuit 50, column address decoder 52, and address register 54. The purpose of the column address circuit is to provide addresses for columns in any particular relation which are to be projected, i.e., transferred out of the minor loops 24 and read out from the major loop 22. Data flow connections exist between CPU memory 34 and the column name registers 46 and address register 54. Thus, when a particular relation is located using directory 42 and address register 54, a particular column within this relation can be addressed using column name registers 46, compare circuit 48, column location address circuit 50, and the column address decoder 52. The column address decoder provides an input to the write circuit 28 and to the read circuit 30 in order to read out a column of information in the selected relation and to write in new information into the column if such is needed.
The row address circuit 38 generally comprises a row address register 56 and a row address decoder 58. A communications link exists between CPU memory 34 and the row address register. Depending upon the address of a particular row in any relation stored in the minor loops, the row address decoder will select one of these row addresses and provide the address to the transfer control circuit 26. Depending upon the presence of control currents in selected ones of the transfer control lines 1, 2, . . . 5, X, any one of the minor loops can be selected for transfer of information to the major loop 22.
The interface circuit 40 is generally comprised of a pack/unpack circuit 60 and the buffer registers 62. Interface circuit 40 is used to provide an interface between the slower bubble domain storage and the high speed storage in the CPU memory. If desired, the buffer registers 62 can be bubble domain registers located on the magnetic chip 20. The pack/unpack circuit is a conventional circuit used to put information into the buffer registers or into the CPU memory. Interface circuit 40, and specifically circuit 60, provides an input to compare circuit 48 of the column addressing circuit 36. Further, an input is provided from buffer register 62 to the write circuit 28 if new information is to be entered into the major loop 22. An input to buffer register 62 is provided from read circuit 30. This is information which is read from the major loop 22 and is to be entered into the CPU memory, via pack/unpack circuitry 60.
The magnetic field H is an in-plane magnetic field used to move bubble domains in the major and minor loops of the storage device S, and also to move bubble domains in the buffer register 62. The field Hb is the magnetic bias field used to generally stabilize the size of domains in the storage device S.
As will be described in more detail later, the transfer gates G1-G10 are comprised of magnetic bars (such as NiFe) across which various control lines are located. Magnetic poles for transfer of information can be created at the ends of these bars depending upon the current flow in the transfer control conductors. Thus, any transfer gate can be activated for transfer of information in a selected direction by appropriate current pulses on the control lines crossing that gate. This operation will be detailed more particularly with respect to FIG. 8. Further, the physical layout and interconnection of the various transfer control lines is shown in more detail in FIG. 7.
In FIG. 6, the various transfer control lines 27 provide a conductor array which overlies the various transfer gates G1-G10. As will be apparent from FIG. 7, six control lines run vertically while two control lines run horizontally. The vertical and horizontal lines are distributed in two separate planes separated by an insulating layer at places everywhere except those requiring interconnection between the vertical and horizontal lines.
During the usual bubble propagation in response to the rotation of field H, bubble domains continually propagate in the major loop 22 and the minor loops 24. However, when both control lines crossing over any transfer gate are pulsed, the magnetic field generated by both lines is just strong enough to overcome the in-plane field H to switch the horizontal transfer bar in order to attract bubbles from one edge of the bar to the opposite edge. Thus, transfer to the right or to the left occurs upon coincident excitation of properly directed currents in selected transfer lines. In the event that less than two of the control lines crossing over any gate are activated, the horizontal magnetic bar comprising the gate will be solely magnetized by the in-plane field H. In this situation, no transfer of bubbles will occur.
Thus, by appropriately applying current pulses to selected transfer control lines, all gates can be utilized to transfer information, or selected gates can be utilized for information transfer. In this manner it is possible to transfer an entire column from the minor loops 24 to the major loop 22, or an individual row of any relation stored in the minor loops 24.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view in cross-section showing the physical placement of the vertical control lines and the horizontal control lines comprising the transfer control lines 27. In this figure, the bubble film 20 has vertical control lines 64 located on the bubble material and horizontal control lines 66 located in a different plane. An insulating layer 68 separates the vertical control lines 64 and the horizontal control lines 66, except at those locations where interconnections 70 are to be made. In this figure, via-hole etching is used as a technique to interconnect the metal lines comprising the vertical control lines 64 and the horizontal control line 66 through the insulating layer 68.
FIG. 8 shows a portion of the bubble domain circuitry, and in particular the major loop 22 and three minor loops ML1, ML2, and ML3. This drawing is used to explain the transfer operation by which data moves back and forth between the major loop 22 and the minor loops 24. Transfer control is achieved by selectively driving m out of n transfer control lines 27 such that the field produced by the sum of the currents moves a bubble from a minor loop to the major loop, and vice versa. For instance, if there are 10 minor loops then it is possible to use five control lines to select any one of the minor loops. In FIG. 8, five transfer lines 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are used. As will be explained in more detail later, an extra line marked X is provided.
When both control lines across any transfer gate are pulsed, a magnetic field generated by both lines is just strong enough to overcome the effect of the in-plane field H to switch the horizontal bar to attract bubbles from one edge of the bar to the opposite edge. In this manner, bubbles can be transferred from the minor loops to the major loop. By reversing the polarity of control current, the bubbles can be transferred back to the minor loop from the major loop 22.
If less than two control lines overlying any gate are activated, the horizontal magnetic gate will be solely magnetized by the in-plane field H. When this occurs, no transfer operation is possible.
To achieve the conventional major/minor loop transfer operation, all transfer control lines are activated at the desired time to transfer information from each minor loop to the major loop. In general, if there are n control lines and if m out of n lines are activated at a time, then (m) minor loops can be selected. The transfer control lines can be implemented as (n+1) lines vertically in one layer and two lines horizontally on the second layer for each minor loop, as indicated in FIG. 7. The extra line marked X (FIG. 8) is always used for the outgoing line connection via a horizontal connection from the previous transfer gate G (in FIG. 8 the number 2 control line is the outgoing line after transfer gate G1). The incoming line is connected via another horizontal line and takes over the position of the previous outgoing line at the following transfer gate (in FIG. 8, line number 5 is the incoming line and its position at G2 is the same as the position of line number 2 at G1). The previous transfer line number 5 is disconnected after the horizontal connection and becomes the new extra line marked X. This procedure is repeated for the other transfer gates according to the sequence of the constant-weight codes which has the property that two adjacent codes differ at two positions and require exactly one exchange of one and zero. If there are ten lines and three lines are activated at a time, then a total of 120 minor loops may be selected individually. Clearly, m is restricted by the stability of the threshold field required to overcome the effect of the rotating in-plane field H in order to switch the magnetic bar (NiFe) comprising any transfer gate G.
The main advantage of this transfer network is that the high power of combinatorial selection for accessing a single minor loop is achieved by a one step synchronous operation without introducing an extra delay and/or complicated logic. The operation of the bubble memory has other applications such as transposition of arrays and permutation of array data for encryption, sorting, etc.
In FIG. 8, the numerical designations 1, 2, 3, 4 placed along T-bar 72 in loop ML1 indicate the bubble position in response to the in-plane rotating field sequence shown in FIG. 9. As H rotates, a plurality of bubbles propagate simultaneously in a clockwise direction along the continuous path marked by points 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, . . . in each of the minor loops shown in FIG. 8.
The operation of the transfer gates will be described with respect to the movement of a bubble domain B located at pole position 1 of I-bar 74. During the usual storage operation, the transfer gate G1 is always closed so that bubble B simply moves clockwise along the path 1, 2, 3, 4. To transfer this bubble into the major loop, gate G1 is opened by pulsing vertical control lines 1 and 2 during the field sequence H illustrated in FIG. 9. Bubble B is forced to move from the right end of the horizontal bar G1 to the left-hand end of this bar. The bubble will then continue to propagate downward in the major loop 22 following the path 1, 2, 3, 4 as field H rotates.
A bubble domain located at the left-hand end of transfer gate G1 will be transferred to the right to the minor loop ML1 by applying coincident current pulses in transfer control lines 1 and 2, having opposite polarity to those used to transfer the bubble domain in the opposite direction.
This transfer operation can be realized in other minor loops by properly activating the control lines. In FIG. 8, the combinations of control currents used to activate the transfer gates G1, G2, and G3 are shown. In these control current binary codes, "1" and "0" represent the presence and absence, respectively, of activation in the transfer control lines 1-5. For example, to access information from ML2, only control lines 1 and 5 are activated so that only transfer gate G2 is open.
In FIG. 9, the shaded sections show the time periods in terms of the rotation of field H in which transfer current pulses can be applied to achieve transfer back and forth between any minor loop 24 and the major loop 22. Approximately 60° of field rotation cycle can be used for transfer in either direction.
FIG. 10 shows another form of bubble domain storage which can be used in the relational data base system of FIG. 1. The storage in FIG. 10 is a lattice storage in which magnetic bubble domains are crowded sufficiently close to one another that they interact with one another. In accordance with principles described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,930,244 and in copending application Ser. No. 429,601, filed Jan. 2, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,038, and assigned to the present assignee, columns of bubble domains can be accessed from the storage lattice for reading.
In more detail, a lattice L contains magnetic bubble domains B which are sufficiently close to one another that interactions therebetween can occur. Located around the lattice L are various buffer zones B1, B1', B2 and B2'. These buffer zones contain stripe domains S whose length can be changed by means (not shown). In accordance with the principles described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,930,244, a change in the length of stripe domains in opposing buffer zones can be used to translate the lattice. Thus, using the stripe domains S in buffers B1 and B1', bubbles in the lattice can be moved upwardly or downwardly along the directions indicated by arrow A1. This provides row translation of bubble domain rows in the lattice.
In a similar fashion, if stripe domains S in buffers B2 and B2' are changed in length, columns of bubble domains can be moved either to the right or to the left in the directions of arrow A2, in order to achieve column translation.
Associated with the lattice is a row access channel 76 and a column access channel 78. Row access channel 76 is connected to a write circuit 80 and a read circuit 82, while column access channel 78 is connected to a write circuit 84 and a read circuit 86. In the manner described in aforementioned copending application Ser. No. 429,601, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,930,244, columns of bubble domains or rows of bubble domains in the lattice can be moved to locations where they can be removed from the lattice using the column access channel 78, or row access channel 76, respectively.
The bubble domains B in the lattice and the stripe domains S in the buffer zone are generally retained by confinement means 88. This confinement means can comprise any of the well known means for controlling the positioning of bubble domains and stripe domains, such as by providing a high energy boundary for the domains. To do so, the confinement means can be fabricated from current carrying conductors and magnetic materials. Also, changes in the magnetic properties of the bubble domain material can be used, including thickness changes and changes brought about by ion implantation, diffusion, etc.
The structure of FIG. 10 enables column or row access of information stored in the lattice L. Thus, a number of tables, or relations, can be stored in the lattice for removal in accordance with address instructions provided by the circuitry shown in FIG. 1. For example, a projection of any column which is stored is achieved using the column access channel 78. If it is desired to remove a row corresponding to one of the rows of a stored relation, the row access channel 76 is used to remove this row from the lattice. Circuitry can be associated with the lattice of FIG. 10 to provide relational data base operations on bubble domains within the lattice L, in the same manner that this circuitry cooperates with the major/minor loop storage in the apparatus of FIG. 1.
The three operations previously mentioned, i.e., projection, join, and load, will now be described in more detail, particularly with respect to the system of FIGS. 1 and 6.
In the projection operation, a specified column or columns of a relation are read out from the bubble domain storage S. Redundant duplicate rows are removed. This is accomplished using the following steps:
1. The directory 42 is read to find the beginning and ending addresses of the relation in which a column is to be projected.
2. According to the specified address in the column, column data corresponding to the column is read into the buffer register 62.
3. The projection of the column is stored and the directory 42 is updated, and/or the output is transferred to I/O circuits in the CPU memory 34.
The read operation can be broken down into the following sequence of steps:
a. Relation addresses from directory 42 are decoded into the transfer control 26 in order to select a particular minor loop. The column name is then loaded into the column name register 46 (assuming the beginning address corresponds to the first minor loop).
b. Assuming that the column names for this relation are stored in the first minor loop, transfer control lines 1 and 2 will be pulsed to read out the complete set of domain names into the buffer register 62. After proper unpacking by circuit 60, the location of the desired column is obtained by matching the desired column name with the properly unpacked sequence of column names. This information is stored in a register in the column location address circuit 50.
c. All minor loops are accessed by pulsing all transfer current lines 27. At the proper time determined by the column location address circuit 50 and the decoder 52, the contents of all minor loops corresponding to the specified column of this relation are read into the buffer registers 62.
d. If the projection needs to be stored, the storage management circuit 44 will supply the addresses for the required storage. The addresses will be loaded into the directory 42 which will in turn select the proper minor loop for the write operation. Clearly, for this write operation, all transfer current lines 27 will need to be pulsed.
In a load operation, data is to be entered into the proper minor loops. Further, information is to be read into the directory 42 to update the addresses of data. The following diagram indicates the control flow for direction of data and the actual data flow itself.
Control Flow Data Flow
storage management (44)
memory 34
↓ ↓
enter relational name
pack column names
and assigned address
and n-tuples (rows)
in directory 42 in the specified relation
↓ using circuit 60
load address register 54
↓ load buffer registers 62
perform address decode
with decoder 52 shift data into the
↓ major/minor loops
select minor loop and
turn on write gate 30
load major/minor loop
from buffer registers 62
In the join operation, two tables, or relations, are joined over a common column. This was described with respect to FIGS. 2-4. The following diagram illustrates the operation of the system of FIGS. 1 and 6 to perform this type of operation.
storage management circuit 44
Load the common column into the
column name register 46 and
search the directory 42 for the
beginnings and endings of R1 & R2
decode the address for the
specified R1 using decoder 52
select major/minor loop by
turning on the proper transfer
gates G using transfer control
circuit 26
project R1 over the common
decode the address for R2 using
decoder 52
select major/minor loop by turning
on proper transfer gates G using
transfer control 26
project R2 over the common
based on each item in the projection
from R1 find the row address such that
this item equals to that of the
projection from R2
decode the row address using decoder 58
and select the proper minor loops to
read out the required rows from R1 & R2
form the join of these two rows and LOAD
another major/minor loop for this
n-tuple (row)
return to B until all items in the
projections of R1 & R2 over the
common column are considered
What has been described is a bubble domain relational data base system which allows data management according to relational algebra. The attributes of bubble domain storage are utilized to store columns and rows corresponding to different relations. In this storage system, the user can selectively address columns or rows in the stored information in order to use the data for his own purposes. The bubble domain storage is configured so that this can be readily achieved.
It will be readily apparent to others of skill in the art that various modifications can be made to the invention described herein in accordance with the principles presented.


text:
mj Bradley
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Fly through the air with the WL Toys Mini UFO V949 2.4GHz 4.5CH RC Quadcopter! You are in control with four rotors giving you maximum stability to fly in any direction. 4 Channels give you the ability to move forward, backward, up, down, as well as rotate and lateral movement. The Built-In Adjustable 3-Axis GYRO gives you amazing agility while remaining extremely stable. You'll feel right at home flying a Quadcopter. There is also a Flip Mode which lets you perform a barrel roll flip at the push of a button. Extra blades are included as well as a battery and charger. Flying with the 2.4GHz Transmitter system keeps operation interference free unilke conventional 27MHz systems. There is also a LCD Screen on the Transmitter.All you need are 4 AA batteries to get you going. What are you waiting for? Pick one up today and hit the skies Quadcopter style!
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WL Toys Mini UFO V949 2.4GHz 4.5CH RC Quadcopter
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