text:
Dimensionally-stable polyurethane sponge and sponge-forming prepolymer
An MDI based polyurethane foam having cellulose foam properties is produced by mixing together an aqueous phase which can optionally contain reinforcing fibers and surfactants and a resin phase comprising a prepolymer derived from a poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene)diol, an MDI containing isocyanate product having a functionality greater than 2.0 made of a mixture of MDI and isocyanate containing derivatives of MDI, and a monomeric polyol cross-linking agent having 3 or 4 hydroxyl equivalents per mole. The preferred polyol is trimethylolpropane and the preferred diol is Carbowax 1000. The diol and the polyol, such as trimethylolpropane, are present in a mole ratio in the range of 4:1 to 8:1 while the ratio of the isocyanate equivalents to the total hydroxyl equivalents is in the range of 3:1 to 4:1. The isocyanate containing product comprises more than 50% by weight of the prepolymer and Isonate 143L is the preferred isocyanate product. The foam has a minimal swell when wet and it does not curl upon drying.
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a polyurethane prepolymer and the resulting sponge that can be made from the prepolymer which has the general appearance and wiping characteristics of a cellulose sponge, with minimal swelling when wet and with the property of not curling during drying.
2. Description of Previously Published Art
It has long been a goal of the sponge industry to substitute polyurethane foam for cellulose foam for use in wiping sponges or in sponge-based composites such as scrubbing pads or bathmats. In general, polyurethane foams of the previous art which are hydrophilic enough to be useful, tend to swell greatly when they are wet such as on the order of more than 75-100% by volume. They dry slowly and nonuniformly, causing curling or cockling as they dry. This property is objectionable for household sponge use. It has been proposed to use polyurethane foams as the substrate for flocked wall coverings. However, in view of the curling and cockling properties of these foams and the resulting buckling that occurs, these foams are unfit, to be used as the substrate for flocked wall coverings.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,474, a hydrophilic polyester urethane foam is disclosed. However, this foam does not wet out rapidly and it does not wipe so as to leave a clean surface.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,076, a simulated natural sponge based on hydrophilic polyurethane is disclosed. However, even though this simulates a natural sponge, it still has the problem of polyurethane sponges that it swells greatly when it is wet.
Conventional polyurethane foams have been made from MDI which is methylene-bis (phenyl isocyanate). These foams are rigid or semi-rigid because MDI imparts crystallinity. They are generally hydrophobic because MDI itself is hydrophobic. In British Pat. No. 874,430, flexible polyurethane foams are produced by reaction of polyether polyols with at least two hydroxyl groups and a polyisocyanate mixture consisting of diarylmethane diisocyanates and 5 to 10 percent by weight of a polyisocyanate having a functionality greater than 2 in the presence of a small amount of water. A catalyst can be used in optional embodiments. These foams have the disadvantages that they are not hydrophilic and are not made with sufficient quantities of water to allow transport of large amounts of fibers, fillers, antiseptics, or other water-soluble or water-dispersible components into the foams and in the case of the optional catalyst there can remain catalyst residue which is not desirable.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,240, flexible MDI-based foams with high load-bearing and high energy-absorption capacity are made by reaction of diphenylmethane diisocyanates with polyester polyols or mixtures of polyester polyols and polyether polyols with a polyester polyol content of at least 60 percent by weight of the polyol mixture, and small amounts of water. As set forth in the claims, a catalyst is employed. These foams have the same drawbacks as those of the above-described British Pat. No. 874,430 including the undesirable catalyst residues in the foam and in addition they require the use of the more expensive polyester polyols.
In British Pat. No. 1,209,058, flexible hydrophilic polyurethane foams can be made by reacting a polyisocyanate with polyether polyols which contain at least 10% by weight of a block copolymer of ethylene oxide capped with propylene oxide to obtain hydrolytic stability. The method requires using at least one divalent tin salt of a fatty acid and/or at least one tertiary amine as a catalyst. The foam products made by this method, while being hydrophilic, have the drawback of being made with only small amounts of water. Moreover, there is no teaching of the use of MDI, which is hydrophobic to make hydrophilic foam products and the resulting foam will contain undesirable catalyst residues.OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved polyurethane foam with a density of 2-4 lb/ft.sup.3, with good water-holding and wiping ability, but which dries quickly without curling and which shrinks less than 15% by volume.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved polyurethane foam with good dimensional stability which can be used for sponge use as well as a substrate for flocked wall coverings or for various other foam applications.
It is a further object of this invention to produce a polyurethane prepolymer which when mixed with water will produce a foam having properties similar to cellulose based foams.
These and further objects will become apparent as the description of the invention proceeds.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A new polyurethane prepolymer has been made derived from a poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene) diol having at least 50% by weight oxyethylene groups, a diphenylmethane diisocyanate-containing isocyanate product having a functionality greater than 2.0 comprising a mixture of MDI and isocyanate containing derivatives of MDI, and a monomeric polyol cross-linking agent having a hydroxy functionality of 3 or 4. This prepolymer can react with water in the absence of a catalyst to produce a durable polyurethane sponge having many of the characteristics of a cellulose sponge. These foams are white in color and are thus aesthetically pleasing and desirable for medical and health care applications.
The preferred components include a diol having greater than 80% by weight of oxyethylene groups such as Carbowax 1000, trimethylolpropane (TMOP) as the cross-linking agent and as the isocyanate Isonate 143L, which is a methylene-bis(phenyl isocyanate), hereinafter MDI, based isocyanate product of Upjohn Polymer Chemicals having a functionality of approximately 2.1.
In the preferred formulation the Carbowax, a poly(oxyethylene) diol product of Union Carbide, is used to impart the water-absorbing property to the finished product. The preferred TMOP is added to provide strength to the foam product through its action as a cross-linking agent. It is important to have the molar ratio of the diol (such as Carbowax) to the monomeric polyol cross-linking agent (such as TMOP) be approximately in the range of 4:1 to 8:1 and preferably about 6:1. Similarly, the ratio of isocyanate equivalents to hydroxyl equivalents in the prepolymer should be in the range of about 3-4:1 and more preferably in the range of 3.3-3.7:1.
The isocyanate containing product should be more than 50% by weight of the total prepolymer and it should have a functionality greater than 2.0. This would exclude pure MDI which has a functionality of only 2.0 as the only isocyanate. The use of Isonate 143L as the preferred isocyanate source is desirable because it contains dimer, trimer, and carbodiimide components which increase the functionality to a level of greater than 2.0 and which are believed to contribute to the storage stability of the prepolymer and to the strength and dimensional stability of the foam.
The actual content of free MDI can be adjusted up or down in this isocyanate containing product so long as the functionality remains greater than 2.0. For example, additional pure MDI could be added.
To further improve the durability of the sponge, relatively short fibers of about 1/2 inch or less in an amount of about 10% or less are added to the aqueous suspension. Preferable fibers are polyester fibers. In order to be able to pump the mixture through foam-forming machines, a thickening or suspending agent can be added to the aqueous phase. For example, Carbopol 941 which is a high molecular weight acrylic acid polymer can be added and it can be neutralized to a pH 7 level with a base such as ammonium hydroxide.
The sponge foam is made by reacting the prepolymer with water, preferably while both are heated. Surfactants may be added to the water to control the foam cell characteristics.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred isocyanate containing product having a functionality greater than 2.0, is a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, abbreviated MDI, and isocyanate containing derivatives of MDI. One commercial product meeting this requirement is Isonate 143L which is produced by reacting MDI to form a carbodiimide and this material in turn then reacts to form a tri-functional cycloadduct. The mixture of MDI, the carbodiimide and the cycloadduct are in equilibrium. The mixture contains a major amount of pure diphenylmethane diisocyanate and minor amounts of carbodiimides and trifunctional cycloadducts of diphenylmethane diisocyanate. A mixture of the A and B components below constitute the 143L system. ##STR1## As used herein the term derivatives of diphenylmethane diisocyanate means products that have been made from MDI as a starting material. It would include adducts, dimers and trimers. It would not include materials such as polymethylene polyphenylisocyanates which are not made from MDI.
The diol used in making the prepolymer is a poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene)diol having at least 50% by weight oxyethylene groups and preferably at least 80% by weight oxyethylene groups. Thus when the diol contains oxypropylene or oxybutylene or mixtures thereof, there must also be present this minimum amount of oxyethylene. The preferred diol has at least 80% by weight of oxyethylene groups and is a hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) diol made by Union Carbide under the product name Carbowax. When using Isonate 143L as the sole isocyanate source it is preferred to use Carbowax at a molecular weight of about 1000. Other Carbowax formulations having a molecular weight from 600 to 1100 can be used, but the most preferred form has a molecular weight of 950 to 1050. It is this range of products which is produced when making the commercial grade of Carbowax 1000. If a lower molecular weight form than about 600 is used the resulting sponge made from the prepolymer will lose its hydrophilic nature because any sponge formulation would then require a larger amount of relatively hydrophobic Isonate. Similarly, if a higher molecular weight form of Carbowax than 1100 is used, the resulting sponge will lose its cross-link density and much of its dimensional stability and stiffness.
To provide cross-linking strength to the final foam product to be made from the prepolymer, a relatively short, low molecular weight monomeric polyol is added having 3 or 4 hydroxyl equivalents per mole. Examples are trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, triethanolamine, pentaerythritol or mixtures thereof. The preferred polyol is trimethylolpropane, TMOP, which has the formula ##STR2##
In making the prepolymer it is also desirable to control the ratio of the diol such as Carbowax to the shorter cross-linking polyol. In general the molar ratio should be in the range of about 4:1 to 8:1 with the preferred ratio being about 6:1. If the ratio is too low such that there is too much polyol, then the resulting sponge made from the prepolymer will lose its hydrophilic character and the foam also will have a poorer foam structure. On the other hand if the ratio is increased such that there is less polyol such as TMOP, then weak, flabby foams are obtained which are characterized by fine cells and partially closed cells. The molar ratios which are expressed for these two materials define the relative number of hydroxyl equivalents present from each material. Thus, at a ratio of 6 moles of the preferred diol Carbowax to 1 mole of the preferred polyol TMOP, the Carbowax contributes 12 equivalents of hydroxyl to 3 equivalents from the TMOP.
The Carbowax 1000 has an equivalent weight of 500 per hydroxyl group while TMOP with a molecular weight of 134 has an equivalent weight of 45 per hydroxyl group. Since the Isonate 143L is used to combine with the hydroxyl groups, the amount of Isonate required will be very sensitive to on the amount of TMOP and thus the amount of TMOP is relatively carefully controlled.
The ratio of the isocyanate to hydroxyl groups in the reactants should be in the range of 3-4 and more preferably from about 3.3 to 3.7. When the prepolymer is made, one isocyanate group of the polyisocyanate component reacts with a hydroxyl group to leave the remaining isocyanate group unreacted. These free isocyanate groups on the prepolymer then react with water to form polyurea linkages with simultaneous increase in molecular weight and the release of CO.sub.2 which acids in forming the foamed sponge.
The isocyanate containing product should comprise more than 50% by weight of the prepolymer to provide the stiffness required for the sponge.
When reacting the components to form the prepolymer, it has been helpful to measure the isocyanate level by titration after the reaction has taken place for about one hour. From this reading and subsequent titrations one can determine the additional reaction time required to reduce the isocyanate level down to about the level which is the theoretical point at which all of the hydroxyl groups will have reacted with the isocyanate. If the reaction is permitted to continue for too much further so the isocyanate level is further reduced, then the prepolymer viscosity increases, making it more difficult to subsequently mix the prepolymer with water. Over reacting the prepolymer components will also cause the foam density to increase as well as to decrease the water absorptive property of the resulting foam.
Fibers are preferably added to the aqueous phase for insertion into the foam composition to provide sufficient structural rigidity. Polyester fibers are especially advantageous and they can be cut up into lengths of about 1/2 inch or less. With respect to the aqueous suspension the fibers can be added in various amounts although they preferably do not constitute more than about 10% by weight because above that level the suspension becomes too difficult to pump.
A high molecular weight suspending or thickening agent is added to serve two functions. First it keeps the ingredients suspended so the water does not drain out of the fibers and so that the fibers do not float. Secondly, the thickening agent acts as a lubricant for the fibers so they do not tangle, dewater and jam up when going through the mixing pump. Example of thickening agents are Polyox WSR, Natrosol, Xanthan gums, and polyacrylamides such as Dow's Separan AP30 which have high molecular weights of about one million or so.
Preferred suspending or thickening agents are the Carbopol resins made by the B. F. Goodrich Chemical Co. such as Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940 and especially Carbopol 941. Since the Carbopol resins are acrylic acid polymers with an acid moiety, a neutralizing agent such as sodium or ammonium hydroxide can be added. When adding ammonium hydroxide as the neutralizing agent to the Carbopol, there is an advantageous increase in viscosity of the aqueous phase. Also since ammonium hydroxide is less expensive then Carbopol, a more economical formulation having the same amount of thickening can be made which utilizes less Carbopol.
Some of the suspending or thickening agents may have surface active properties so they can also be a part of the surfactant system which controls the cell size of the resulting sponge.
Surfactants are chosen to give a foam with a good appearance that has the correct cell size, shape and lack of collapse or splits. Surfactants which are known to be useful in polyurethane foams may be employed here. Examples of preferred surfactants are the block copolymers of oxyethylene and oxypropylene such as the Pluronic Polyol surfactants manufactured by BASF Wyandotte Corp. of Wyandotte, Michigan. A preferred surfactant is Pluronic L-62.
In making the polyurethane foam the preferred procedure is to add about an equal amount of the aqueous suspension with the prepolymer mixture and to then mix the two together. The composition of the aqueous suspension can be also expressed on the basis of 100 parts of prepolymer resin. Thus, 100 parts of water per 100 parts of resin is written 100 phr water. The ratio of the amount of the prepolymer mixture to the aqueous suspension can vary over a wide range. However, if the amount of the aqueous suspension is too large, then the strength of the resulting foam drops. On the other hand if the amount of the aqueous suspension is decreased too much, then it will not be possible to add enough fibers and fillers which are supplied via the aqueous suspension.
The preferred method of foaming the prepolymer is to heat the aqueous suspension, for example, a 2% solution of Pluronic L-62 surfactant, as well as the prepolymer, to a temperature of approximately 35.degree. C. These are poured or pumped together in a ratio of about 100 parts by weight of aqueous suspension to about 80 parts by weight of the prepolymer and stirred immediately for up to 15-30 seconds by a mechanical stirrer such as a blade attached to a drill motor. This length of time allows complete mixing but does not allow an appreciable degree of chemical reaction to occur. This mixture is poured immediately into a mold, where the rising and curing of the foam product takes place.
Depending on the fibers, pigments, thickeners, etc. which might be incorporated, the best surfactant might vary from a highly hydrophobic silicone type such as L-520 (Union Carbide) or other silicone surfactants to a very hydrophillic type such as Brij-58 (ICI-America) or the other Brij, Span, or Tween products from ICI. For general use, we prefer the nonionic surfactants such as the Pluronics, especially L-62, L-72, L-92, P-75 or P-85 (BASF-Wyandotte). The use of these surfactants would be familiar to one skilled in the formulation of polyurethane foam products.
These foams, depending on the conditions of foaming, may have an advantageous structure like the SEA SPONGE.RTM. disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,076. That sponge has the appearance and wiping characteristics of cellulosic sponges. It has large cells (pores) which are several millimeters in diameter, but the walls of these cells are perforated with a large number of pinholes. This gives the sponge a high degree of strength and stiffness, because of the the thick cell walls, but excellent ability to wick and absorb water through capillary action of the perforations. It is different from other flexible urethane foams which are classed either as fine-celled (smooth) or reticulated. Reticulated foams have most of the cell membranes removed so that they have a fibrous appearance. They are used as filters in furnaces and air conditioners. The SEA SPONGE.RTM. foams and the foams of this invention, by contrast, have the cell membranes intact but perforated. They differ also from the familiar polyurethane sponges on the market because they will absorb water into the polymer itself and will wipe dry. Conventional urethane sponges repel water and do not wipe smooth surfaces dry.
Having described the basic aspects of our invention, the following examples are given to illustrate specific embodiments thereof.Tests Used in Evaluating the Sponges
The following test procedures were utilized. All the foam samples to be tested were cut in the dry state to a uniform 1".times.3".times.5" size and dried to a constant moisture-free weight at 105.+-.5.degree. C. The samples were weighed to the nearest 0.1 gram. Groups of 10 representative samples were used for the tests.A. Wet-Out Time From Dry State
In a pan filled with water, the bone-dry foam is floated on the surface. The time is recorded in seconds required for the entire sample to wet out; that is, when water appears and wets the entire top surface of a sample.B. Wet-Out Time From Wet State
The foam is thoroughly wetted out and passed through a washing machine wringer to obtain a uniform dampness. The damp foam is floated on the surface of a pan filled with water. The time is recorded in 0.1 seconds that is required for the entire sample to wet out.C. Determination of Washing Machine Durability
After drying the 1".times.3".times.5" samples for one hour at 105.degree. C..+-.5.degree. they are weighed to .+-.0.02 grams. In a Maytag type, vertical washing machine filled with water are placed 48 samples and they are agitated for 72 hours. The samples are dried and reweighed. ##EQU1##
Even if a foam does not survive in one piece for the 72 hour period, it may still be satisfactory for the use as a sponge or for other foam applications because this test is a very severe test. If the sponge did not survive the 72 hour period, then the results are reported for the observed time period in hours at which time visible deterioration could be observed.D. Determination of Tear Strength
The 1".times.3".times.5" samples are split in the 1".times.3" plane for a distance of 21/2". The jaws of a Scott Tester, Model J-1 (or equivalent), are set to a one-inch opening between the upper and lower jaws. One of the split sections is clamped to each of the jaws of the Scott Tester. The Tester is activated and tear resistance in pounds is recorded.E. Determination of Failure Stress
An Instron Tester, equipped with jaws for testing sponge or similar materials, is used to determine the tenacity. The jaws of the Instron Tester are set to a one-inch opening between the upper and lower jaws. The three-inch dimension in each jaw is clamped and the Tester is activated. The tenacity in pounds is recorded. This value is converted to pounds per square inch by dividing the tenacity by the width of jaws in contact with the sample.F. Determination of Air Permeability
The testing device used consists of a fan connected to a tube with a portion of the sample placed over the end of the tube. The air pressure on the upstream side of the sponge is measured. The air pressure gauge is calibrated so that if the material is impervious the reading is 0.60. If the reading is zero, then there is very little pressure drop across the sponge indicating a very high porosity and a very open cell structure.G. Modulus
This is measured from the stress-strain curve at 1% elongation.EXAMPLE 1
This example illustrates the preparation of a prepolymer to be used according to the invention.
A mixture of Carbowax 1000 (412 g., 0.4 mole) and trimethylolpropane (9.05 g., 0.0675 mole) were dried by heating for two hours at 70.degree. C. under a reduced pressure of 2 Torr. To the dried and degassed polyol mixture was added 507.5 g. of Isonate 143L (3.55 equivalents of isocyanate). The temperature was maintained at 70.degree. C. for 21/2 hours, after which time the isocyanate content of the product was found to be 2.67 milliequivalents per gram. The prepolymer weighed 928 g. It had an initial viscosity at 25.degree. C. of 19,000 cp. After a storage test for two weeks at 80.degree. C., the viscosity had increased only to 30,000 cp.EXAMPLE 2
This examples illustrates the production of a foam according to the present invention using the prepolymer of Example 1.
To a beaker were added 700 g. of prepolymer heated to 35.degree. C. and 686 g. of an aqueous solution heated to 35.degree. C. and containing 14 g. of Pluronic L-62, a nonionic surfactant from Wyandotte. They were stirred together fifteen seconds with a drill motor and then poured into a mold. The dried foam product had a density of 2.1 pounds per cubic foot.
A sponge with the approximate dimensions of 1".times.3".times.51/2" was cut from the foam block. When saturated with water, it held 8-9 times its weight of water without dripping and the volume had increased from 16.8 cubic inches to only 18.8 cubic inches (12% increase). When squeezed by hand it released all but about 90% of its dry weight of water. It had the approximate appearance and wiping properties of a cellulose sponge of the same size.EXAMPLE 3
This prepolymer was made using the same reactants and conditions as in Example 1, except that the reaction was stopped after the product had an isocyanate content of 2.61 milliequivalents per gram.EXAMPLE 4
This prepolymer was made using the same reactants and conditions as in Example 1, except that the reaction was stopped after the product had an isocyanate content of 2.70 milliequivalents per gram.EXAMPLES 5 & 6
These examples illustrate the effect of using the prepolymers of Examples 3 and 4 and of adding reinforcing fibers.
In Example 5, 700 g. of the prepolymer of Example 3 was mixed with an aqueous solution containing 686 g. of water and 14 g. of the surfactant Pluronic L-62. The results are set forth in Table 1 below.
In Example 6, 700 g. of the prepolymer of Example 4 was mixed with an aqueous solution containing 683.2 g. water, 14 g. of the surfactant Pluronic L-62, 35 g. of Polyester Fiber 2 which are 1/2 inch fibers made by Mini Fibers, Inc. of Weber City Virginia, 2.8 g. of the thickening agent Carbopol 941 which had been neutralized with 7.0 g. of a 33% solution of ammonium hydroxide. The results are also set forth in Table 1.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Example 5 6 ______________________________________ Properties Density Lbs./ft..sup.3 2.13 3.91 Wet Out Times Dry State Sec 600 600 Wet State Sec 300 177.2 % Volume Swell 11.8 10.3 Washing Machine 24-31 72 Durability (Hrs.) (0.00% wt. loss) Tear Dry Lbs/3" Width 5.5 27.4 Wet Lbs/3" Width 3.1 13.2 Dry Modulus, psi 23 50 F Stress, psi 9 24 F Strain, % 108 78 Wet Modulus, psi 6 25 F Stress, psi 6 17 F Strain, % 148 135 Air permeability, Cm H.sub.2 O 0.45 0.06 ______________________________________
The product of Example 5 contained only water and surfactant from the aqueous phase. These sponges had unusual properties. They had a well developed, uniform SEA SPONGE.RTM. type structure as well as brilliant white color. The density was a very low value of 2.13 lb/ft.sup.3. When this sponge is dry it may be stiff depending on ambient conditions, but it is soft when wet. Although the initial wetout time is relatively long, it is highly absorbent when wet. The sponge can hold a large amount of water, scrub well, wipe well, and has a moderate washing machine durability value. Air permeability is moderate, while the volume swell is very low. This sponge has a good appearance and surface feel.
The samples from Example 6 are a fiber reinforced version of the foam of Example 5 containing Carbopol 941 and 5 phr fibers in the aqueous suspension used to make the sponge. This sponge was able to pass the very tough 72 hour washing machine test with 0% weight loss. Tear strength for both wet and dry conditions was high. There was very good air permeability, indicating an open cell structure. Although the cell structure may not be considered as aesthetically pleasing as the foam in Example 5, this foam does scrub well and it wipes satisfactorily. This is a very durable and tough sponge.EXAMPLE 7
This example illustrates the production of the sponge foam without adding any surfactant to the water.
A foam made according to the procedure in Example 2 except that no surfactant was present in the water. The resulting hydrophilic foam had a density of 3 lb./cu. ft. and was similar to that in Example 2 except that it had a finer texture because of its smaller and partially closed cell structure.
1. A foamed sponge having minimal swell when wet and which does not curl upon drying made by mixing together and reacting an aqueous phase and
- a resin phase comprising a prepolymer derived from
- (a) a poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene) diol having at least about 50% by weight of oxyethylene groups and a nominal number average molecular weight of about at most 1100, said diol having nominally two hydroxyl equivalents per mole,
- (b) a diphenylmethane diisocyanate-containing isocyanate product with a functionality of greater than 2.0 comprising a mixture of a major amount of pure diphenylmethane diisocyanate and minor amounts of carbodiimides and trifunctional cycloadducts of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and
- (c) a monomeric polyol cross-linking agent having 3 or 4 hydroxyl equivalents per mole,
- said isocyanate product comprising more than 50% by weight of the prepolymer,
- said diol and polyol cross-linking agent being present in a mole ratio in the range of 4:1 to 8:1, and
- the ratio of the isocyanate equivalents to the total hydroxyl equivalents being in the range of 3:1 to 4:1.
2. A foamed sponge according to claim 1, wherein the nominal number average molecular weight of the poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene) diol is between 600 and 1100 and the diol has at least 80% by weight of oxyethylene groups.
3. A foamed sponge according to claim 1, wherein the polyol cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, glycerol, triethanolamine, pentaerythritol, and mixtures thereof.
4. A foamed sponge according to claim 3, wherein the polyol cross-linking agent is trimethylolpropane.
5. A foamed sponge according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase further comprises a surfactant.
6. A foamed sponge according to claim 5, wherein the surfactant is a diol made by capping poly(oxypropylene) of molecular weight of about 1750 with ethylene oxide such that the resultant liquid product contains about 20% by weight of ethylene oxide.
7. A foamed sponge according to claim 1, further comprising reinforcing fibers.
8. A foamed sponge according to claim 7, wherein the reinforcing fibers are polyester fibers of a length of about 1/2 inch or less.
9. A foamed sponge according to claim 8, further comprising a thickening or suspending agent.
10. A foamed sponge according to claim 9, wherein the thickening or suspending agent is a high molecular weight polycarboxylic acid.
11. A foamed sponge according to claim 10, wherein the polycarboxylic acid is a polyacrylic acid polymer having an approximate molecular weight of 1,250,000.
12. A foamed sponge according to claim 10, wherein the polycarboxylic acid is neutralized.
13. A foamed sponge according to claim 12, wherein the polycarboxylic acid is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide.
14. A prepolymer, for use in making a foamed sponge, comprising the reaction product of
- (a) a poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene) diol having at least about 50% by weight of oxyethylene groups and a nominal number average molecular weight of about at most 1100, said diol having nominally two hydroxyl equivalents per mole,
- (b) a diphenylmethane diisocyanate-containing isocyanate product with a functionality of greater than 2.0 comprising a mixture of a major amount of pure diphenylmethane diisocyanate and minor amounts of carbodiimides and trifunctional cycloadducts of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and
- (c) a monomeric polyol cross-linking agent having 3 or 4 hydroxyl equivalents per mole,
- said isocyanate product comprising more than 50% by weight of the prepolymer,
- said diol and polyol cross-linking agent being present in a mole ratio in the range of 4:1 to 8:1, and
- the ratio of the isocyanate equivalents to the total hydroxyl equivalents being in the range of 3:1 to 4:1.
15. A prepolymer according to claim 14, wherein the molecular weight of the poly(oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene) diol is between 600 and 1100 and the diol has at least 80% by weight of oxyethylene groups.
16. A prepolymer according to claim 15, wherein the polyol cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, glycerol, triethanolamine, pentaerythritol, and mixtures thereof.
|April 1974
|July 25, 1978
|July 3, 1979
|Guthrie et al.
|May 6, 1980
|Kehr et al.
|September 29, 1981
|January 5, 1982
|February 2, 1982
|Fulmer et al.
|August 1961
|October 1970
- The Upjohn Co., Tech. Service Report-Isonate 143L "Liquid MDI", Feb. 1980. The Upjohn Co., Technical Information-"PAPI94".
Type: Grant
Filed: Oct 26, 1981
Date of Patent: Mar 22, 1983
Assignee: W. R. Grace & Co. (New York, NY)
Inventors: James L. Guthrie (Ashton, MD), Suze E. Arquette (Columbia, MD)
Primary Examiner: H. S. Cockeram
Attorneys: Richard P. Plunkett, Edward J. Cabic, William W. McDowell, Jr.
Application Number: 6/314,537
International Classification: C08G 1814; C08G 1848; C08G 1879;


text:
For information, contact: Alexandra Polemis Vigil, Director, New York, 212-628-9760, firstname.lastname@example.com.
As the country turned its vision inward during the Great Depression, regionalist painting emerged as a popular artistic movement, offering a comforting connection to the past for a deeply insecure and discontent nation. Grant Wood, the creator of the American icon American Gothic, was one of the foremost regionalist painters of this period, achieving national fame for his scenes of rural Iowa.
Wood spent the first ten years of his life on a farm near the small town of Anamosa, Iowa, before moving with his mother and three siblings to Grand Rapids after the early death of his father. He won various awards for his art throughout high school and after graduation studied, when he could afford it, at the Minneapolis School of Design and the Chicago Art Institute. In 1920, and 1923, he traveled to Europe, studying at the Academie Julian in Paris and exhibiting his work in various galleries. Although he lectured throughout the country and traveled to Europe for exhibitions, Wood stayed rooted to Iowa throughout his life. He taught art in the Cedar Rapids public schools from 1919 to 1925, and in the 1930s at the University of Iowa. Through his teaching and extensive lecture tours, Wood championed regionalist thinking in art, criticizing most American artists for looking to Europe for a model.
A versatile artist, Wood was trained in the philosophy of the Arts and Crafts Movement under Ernest Bachelder and practiced jewelry design, architecture, metal working, and painting. In Grand Rapids during the 1920s, he was the local artisan, working in a variety of styles according to the demands of each particular project. With the success of American Gothic, in 1930, however, Wood hit upon a style and subject type that was truly his own and in which he would paint for the rest of his life.
Wood's early memories of the farm provided him with fodder for his famed scenes of country life. He painted very little of the contemporary countryside or the city in which he lived, preferring instead to depict the days before electricity and tractors. Such paintings were generally idealized representations, displaying nostalgia for the rural America that was, by 1930, quickly disappearing.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Anguilla
- Antigua
- Argentina
- Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao and St. Maarten
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- British Virgin Islands
- Canada LLP
- Canada RCGT
- Cayman Islands
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Dominica
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Grenada
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Montserrat
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Puerto Rico
- St Kitts
- St Lucia
- St Vincent and the Grenadines
- Trinidad & Tobago
- United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Guatemala
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Channel Islands
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Gibraltar
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Isle of Man
- Israel
- Italy - Bernoni
- Italy - Ria
- Kazakhstan
- Kosovo
- Kyrgyzstan
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malta
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Netherlands
- Northern Ireland
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovak Republic
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Tajikistan
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- Asia Services Group
- Business valuations
- Capital markets
- Complex and international services
- Corporate insolvency
- Debt advisory
- Expert witness
- Financial models
- Forensic and investigation services
- Independent business review
- IT forensics
- Mergers and acquisitions
- Raising finance
- Relationship property services
- Restructuring and turnaround
- Transaction advisory
- 2016
While public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been welcomed overseas, New Zealand is late to the party; the public is missing out on the infrastructure that could be provided, and the economy isn't benefitting from the stimulation PPPs create.
PPPs deliver on many fronts. The use of private sector capital frees up Government (or local government) cash flows, while private sector expertise ensures projects are best in class and built to private sector standards. Generally speaking, the private sector with its scrutiny on the use of capital, will deliver on-time and within budget. The asset generated provides a facility for public use, while returning an investment stream to the private sector partner. PPPs also stimulate the wider economy.
Back in 2007 the Vector Arena project brought together the Auckland City Council, Quay Park Asset Management and Mainzeal to deliver a facility that will be transferred back to ratepayers in 2047. In the meantime, the Auckland region can enjoy the benefits of a 12,000 seat, world-class, multi-purpose, all weather arena. And a new inner-city sports stadium for Auckland could create another perfect PPP opportunity – the deliverable this time being a completely different stadium in our largest city, with good transport links and great public access.
So why aren't we seeing more PPP solutions being delivered elsewhere in New Zealand?
Surely it's time for less debate and more action, given that the world is awash with capital looking for a home, and New Zealand needs more infrastructure. Hospitals, prisons, schools and roads all make sound PPPs because they can deliver a consistent return on investment over a 20 to 40 year period, and all are for the national good.
The issue in New Zealand may be insufficient experience with PPPs and not enough political engagement. If we're talking about business disruption and old models being no longer fit for purpose, PPP solutions have to be on the agenda and get more airplay.
This is where Budget 2016 could have an impact. The Government must articulate and actively promote the benefits of entering into PPPs because of the capital investment they deliver with no additional borrowing. With no mention of PPPs in the Budget speech since 2011, its time has come.
After seeing the success of the Hobsonville School PPP, the Ministry of Education has signalled its intent to create six new schools using PPPs (in Hamilton, Auckland and Christchurch). But the opportunities are far broader: think cross-harbour tunnels, rapid transit solutions, hospital research centres and those parts of the Christchurch rebuild that are still at concept stage.
The Budget challenge is for both the Government to identify the need, and for the private sector to embrace it.
As more PPPs are successfully undertaken, hurdles will diminish and the expertise in implementation will grow. In other countries, including the United Kingdom, PPP implementation is a specialism we simply aren't seeing in New Zealand.
And just in case you are interested – yes there is comprehensive accounting guidance in this area to ensure that the economic substance of any PPP arrangement is fairly stated.
While not strictly a PPP, the proposed cash injection from ACC and the Super Fund into NZ Post to enable Kiwibank to extend its lending was a smart redistribution of capital. And that's also the way PPPs should be assessed from a Government's perspective.
A win-win, you might say, much like a well-executed PPP.
Further enquiries, please contact:
Mark Hucklesby
Partner, Audit and National Technical Director
Grant Thornton New Zealand
E email@example.com


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Whether you're going on an extended holiday or are just concerned about security in your neighborhood, you might be curious about the best ways to pursue safety in your home. If you're wondering how you can successfully stave off theft without a high price tag, here are some tips for protecting your property.Read More
Month: May 2017
What's Ahead For Mortgage Rates This Week – May 15, 2017
Last week's economic reports included readings on inflation and core inflation, retail sales and consumer sentiment. Weekly reports on new jobless claims and mortgage rates were also released.Read More
You Ask, We Answer: What Are the Pros and Cons of Private Mortgage Insurance?
It's easy to get Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) confused with homeowners' insurance, but PMI is an entirely different thing that may or may not be necessary when it comes to your home purchase. If you're going to be investing in a home in the near future and are wondering what PMI may mean for you, here are some things to consider regarding this type of insurance.Read More
3 Classic Credit Mistakes to Avoid If You're Trying to Secure a Mortgage Loan
The mortgage application process can be fraught with a lot of stress on its own, but if you've experienced issues with your credit in the past it can be even more taxing. While there may be a lot of things you may not be aware of when it comes to their impact on your credit, here are some things to watch out for if you're planning on purchasing a home in the short-term future.Read More
What Fees Are Involved With a Reverse Mortgage? Let's Take a Look
Investing in a home may be one of the most significant purchases you'll make in your lifetime, but many people forget that there are a number of other costs associated with buying a home. If you're considering a reverse mortgage and want to be clear on all of the fees involved, here are a few things you can expect to come across.Read More
Yes, It's True! Why Replacing Your Front Door Can Help to Sell Your Home Faster
There are plenty of things that you'll need to shape up when you embark on selling your home, whether it's painting the house or the minor fix-ups, but it's easy to forget about some items that will be readily apparent to homebuyers. If you're preparing to put your home on the market and are wondering what you shouldn't miss, here are a few reasons why replacing your front door should be at the top of the list.Read More
What's Ahead For Mortgage Rates This Week – May 8, 2017
Last week's economic news included readings on construction spending, the post-meeting statement by the Fed's Open Market Committee and labor-related reports including ADP payrolls, Non-farm payrolls and the national unemployment rate. Weekly readings on new jobless claims and mortgage rates were also released.Read More
Let's Talk Fencing: How to Put a Fence Around Your Home Without Destroying Its Appeal
Many homeowners consider a fence around their property for a variety of reasons, whether it's to keep the dog in the yard or to maintain privacy. However, the wrong fence can entirely change the look of your property and make a beautiful yard a bit of an eyesore. If you're trying to determine what kind of fence will work for your home, here are some tips before you start to dig in the dirt.Read More
Refinancing This Spring? How to Choose Between Variable and Fixed Interest Rates
From choosing a real estate agent to finding the right home, the process of getting a mortgage is rife with many different choices. If you're investing down the road, it's likely that you've heard about variable and fixed interest rates and are wondering about the differences between the two and how they can benefit you. While what will work best for you depends on your financial flexibility and market knowledge, here are some basics that will help you make a decision.Read More
5 Tips for Crafting a Counter-offer That Doesn't Scare Away a Potential Home Buyer
If you've recently put your home up for sale, one of the most exciting parts of the selling process is getting an offer. However, all is not said and done once you've received an offer, as you'll probably want to negotiate a better price. If you're wondering how you can counter without losing a potential buyer, here are some tips when the time comes to negotiate.Read More


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George Massey bridge
BC Government halts Massey Bridge project for another review
The review will focus on which option would be best for the corridor, be it the proposed 10-lane bridge, a smaller bridge or tunnel.
B.C. George Massey bridge project gets environmental go ahead
The environmental assessment certificate for the tunnel decommissioning and bridge building project comes with 33 conditions.


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According to known WWE insider (and Reddit user) MetsFan4Ever, the "casting call" that was making the rounds recently for WWE's new season of Tough Enough was not legitimate. That call was cut & pasted from the last Tough Enough casting call.
The show will aapparently include NXT talent who have not appeared on TV yet, with the company looking at people who were at least week's tryout camp. People from USA Network were said to be interested in some of the participants but that NXT has the right to offer a deal to any members of the camp first. If they pass, USA Network can offer then a spot on Tough Enough.
It was noted that a third-generation wrestler at the camp was offered a spot on the show, but they have to wait and see if WWE will offer them an NXT deal first. The exact identity isn't known but it could be Tessa Blanchard, who was said to be at the camp.
Please tale this STRICTLY as a rumor for now considering the source.


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There is only one professional qualification for photographers in New Zealand – the New Zealand Institute of Professional Photography (NZIPP). NZIPP members go through an accreditation process and must meet stringent membership criteria.
If you want to make sure you choose a Professional Photographer, make sure you LOOK FOR THE NZIPP LOGO and choose an ACCREDITED professional.
NZIPP members follow a Code of Ethics and must act professionally in their creative and business practices. With 150 accredited members across three different photographic categories, you can find and book a professional photographer through our member directory.
Using an Accredited Professional Photographer means that:
- You are working with a professional who has been through our accreditation process.
- You are working with a professional photographer who is bound by our Code of Conduct.
- You are working with a professional photographer who is a member of the only professional photography body in New Zealand.


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General Tips
- You should first focus on collecting the white dots. Each one extends your time by one second, and every second counts in this game.
- Learn how to steady the ball with the flippers, so that you can launch it when you want and make some precise hits.
- If you feel that the game is too fast for you, work towards getting the slow motion power-up. Some players don't like it because it interferes with the game's natural rhythm, but you might find it quite useful.
- If you combine the right use of flippers and the Motion Link power-up, you will be able to steady the ball and take all the time you need for that perfect shot.
- Another quite interesting power-up is Push. With it, you can move the ball even when it's not close to the flippers.
- Playing mini-games is a great way of adding seconds to your timer, if you're good enough. For example, in Lazer Racer, you get extra time for every car you pass by.
- The only way to save your progress is to upgrade the game to Premium package, which obviously costs money. It is also a great way of supporting young developers, so why not?


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NYX Soft Matte Lip Cream Review & Swatches
NYX is the top-selling brands in makeup products. Either you can purchase the products from its official website or you can easily buy them from NYKAA. Before, buying any makeup products, we all have a question in mind will it give worth of money? Especially, the lipsticks and lip creams as sometimes they look different from what they appear on the bottle or in pamphlets. That is why you need to read the review and go through the swatches as to get a good idea about the shades and color. Nyx soft matte lip creams are completely matte shades. You can wear these shades on your lips on regular basis. These are very pigmented lip creams and gives a glamour look on your makeup.
- Smells Great
- Easy To Use
- Lightweight
- Good Value
- Good Color
- Payoff, Effective
The only con of this lip cream is that after it's application the shade becomes one tone darker than the color shown on darker lips.
Let begin with the Swatches:
NYX Matte Lip Cream Swatches for Very Fair Skin Tone:
NYX Matte Lip Cream Swatches for Medium Skin Tone:
Nyx has launched some more shades which we will review soon. In my opinion, these matte lip creams are one of my favorite lip creams as they are in unique colors and are highly pigmented. I am also reviewing another one of my favorite lip crayons from Sugar. You will be in love with these crayons. I have got so many compliments when I wear these crayons on my lips. Please check them here.
4 comments
I could not refrain from commenting. Exceptionally well written!
Thank you for publishing this awesome article. I'm a long time reader but I've never been compelled to leave a comment.
I subscribed to your blog and shared this on my Twitter.
Thanks again for a great post!


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The Continental ContiPremiumContact 5 is the ideal tyre for drivers who prioritise outstanding quality and optimal performance. This model is suited to a wide range of vehicles and makes normal, everyday driving a genuine pleasure. The Continental ContiPremiumContact 5 is noted for its short braking distances on wet and dry roads thanks to its two-part, asymmetric tread, which ensures no loss of grip even when driving on extreme surfaces. Optimised 3D edges also help reduce braking distances. Macro blocks designed for the ContiSporContact 5 and adapted for the ContiPremiumContact 5 guarantee a safe and reliable driving experience, even at high speeds. The tyre is also noted for its high levels of driving comfort thanks to its modernised carcass.
The Continental ContiPremiumContact 5 helps protect the environment through the use of an innovative rubber compound and a reduction in rolling resistance, which reduces fuel consumption and harmful CO2 emissions. The tyre is more stable thanks to increased shoulder flexibility and a reinforced tyre bead. Superb manufacturing quality and top-of-the-range intermediate goods means that the Continental ContiPremiumContact 5 is exceptionally durable and resistant to mechanical damage. When combined with exceptional driving comfort and safety on any surface, this tyre becomes the ideal choice for even the most demanding drivers.
Continental ContiPremiumContact 5 is appreciated by professionals from ADAC and was ranked highly in many tests, taking 1st place in 2015 for size 185/60 R14 tyres and 3rd place for 205/55 R16. In 2016 it took 2nd place for size 185/65 R15 tyres and 3rd place in 2017 for 195/65 R15.
Continental is one of the largest groups in the tyre industry. The German company was founded in 1871 in Hanover and currently owns a range of brands, including Barum, Uniroyal, Viking, Semperit and Matador. The groups owns 22 factories and research centres worldwide. Apart from tyres, the company's production lines also manufacture braking systems, electronic components and drive system elements.
We have been collecting information about this tyre for 2931 days. In that time we have received 411 reviews. The total distance driven by our customers is 3893000 miles.
The highest rated parameter is: the grip on a dry surface.
This tyre was reviewed by users driving usually in the city.
This tyre was reviewed by drivers who assess their driving style as moderate.
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I really like Continental tyres for the good all round grip they give, especially in the wet. The Contact 5 tyres understeer a bit more than I expected when I first fitted them on the front driving wheels but I got used to the handling and now have more confidence to corner at speed like I usually do. Will use again
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Good grip in wet and dry I've used continentals for a few years now and think they are good value for a premium tyre never had an issue with them would highly recommend
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really good tyres .quiet good on the wet road :)
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Frenched Lamb Rack - 400g
Taken from the first seven ribs along the backbone a small and sophisticated roast for one or two people that makes a beautiful presentation and is easy to carve. At its best when grilled or roasted simply and served medium rare.
Price per kg: $84.90
Get your organic meat delivered Melbourne-wide
Organically Farmed - Sustainable - Ethically Raised - Local


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The 1951 Festival of Britain had 2 interesting towers.
The web got additional information on the Skylon,
- Skylon Tower/Vertical Feature at the Festival of Britain 1951 in Dominic' Pics
- Skylon described in Tensegrity
- Skylon Tower page in Wikipedia
The other tower on the Festival site was the Shot Tower. Again through the wonders of the internet here's all about it, In the photo from Terry Whalebone's Flickr site, shows the Shot Tower on the left.
- Later image of the Shot Tower after the Festival had ended
- Shot Tower description in Wikipedia
- In Festival of Britain Lighthouse by Mycetes provides both explanation and some history of the Shot Tower


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Many of you are familiar with the reoccurring "3 Colors" articles that appear each issue in Living Sims Magazine.
"3 Colors" is an article in the Living Sims Magazine that reappears each issue. The Living Sims staff wants to awaken the color enthusiast in our readers and forum dwellers so we put together a challenge for you to get your feet wet.
Your task is to pick a color match from the list below and design a room around it. You can use the following scenario to start you off.
Mary Burton just moved into a beautiful new home and is itching to decorate, unfortunately she's color blind and can't put colors together without a little help. She's hired an interior designer, you, to pick a color scheme that works. She only has enough money for a consultation so work up some samples for her and show us what she comes up with.


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Black Mass
Kitsune Kana Screen Print Black Tote Shopper Bag (Pink)
Regular price £10.00
Tax included. Shipping calculated at checkout.
Limited edition bright pink variation of our tote bags, featuring the Kitsune Mask design with "Black Mass" lettering in katakana, perfect for carrying comics and zines!
- Bag dimensions - 380mm wide x 410mm deep.
- Handle length - 380mm
- The 100% cotton fabric
- 140gsm weight
Every item from Shop Black Mass is limited edition. These bags are screen printed in the UK and shipped from our secret lair in Nottingham, UK.


text: Frigid - Stone cold and smells like pine trees. My entry into the Connect 5 mapping contest and my first real attempt at Attack/Defend. Set in an abandoned lumber mill in the mountains, this map was inspired by Coldfront, Barnblitz, Overgrown, and Lumberyard, and I will improve on the layout and gameplay based on these inspirations as development continues on this project.


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Catholics in the U.S. learned three important lessons recently. We learned these lessons from our bishops.
The first lesson was if you are teenaged Catholic boys wearing MAGA hats, your bishop, and even bishops from other dioceses, will quickly throw you under the bus to appease the liberals. On the other hand, if you are the powerful but liberal and dissident Catholic Mayor of New York you will get a pass from your bishop when you legalize the murder of unborn innocents. And finally, if you are priest who loves the Latin Mass in a parish with a handful of loud mouthed liberals, in a diocese being run by a bishop who also leans left, you are in a no-win situation.
This is pretty much where things stand these days. Even if you are in the right you will probably be condemned as being wrong but what's clearly wrong will most certainly get a pass.
The Covington story is old news now. Diocese of Covington Bishop Roger Foys was quick to issue a statement condemning the students' behavior based on few seconds of out of context video. He said appropriate action would be taken "up to and including expulsion." Archbishop Joseph Kurtz, Archbishop of Louisville was quick to jump on the condemnation bandwagon, and Bishop John Stowe of Lexington, Kentucky soon followed. But as we all know by now, the boys did nothing wrong. They were, in fact, victims.
But after Cuomo recently signed the heinous The Reproductive Health Act, bishops in New York proceeded with the utmost caution. As CNA reported, "Bishop of Albany Edward B. Scharfenberger, questioned if supporting and signing this law could impact Cuomo's standing in the Catholic Church and ability to receive communion." Yet canonist Ed Peters stated back in 2011 that Cuomo should be denied Communion based on his co-habitation living arrangements. That Cuomo would sign and celebrate a heinous law is beyond the pale. But Scharfenberger and Cardinal Dolan seem to be moving very slowly, and not taking any "appropriate action" in regard to Cuomo whatsoever.
Fr. Dwyer
This brings us to Bay City, Michigan. Fr. Dwyer was trying to re-introduce some of the beauty and reverence of the TLM, albeit in a very limited way, to Catholics at Our Lady of Peace Parish in Bay City, MI, in the Diocese of Saginaw. He was doing this in an effort to bring Catholics back to Mass in a diocese that has seen a constant fall off in weekend Mass attendance. This angered "a handful" of the liberals in the parish who let Fr. Dwyer know they did not like what he was trying do. They were apparently very outspoken at a parish meeting on January 21.
Even though there appears to be more support for Fr. Dwyer's efforts than opposition, the belligerent liberals also complained to the liberal bishop who moved quickly. Fr. Dwyer was removed from the parish and placed on leave effective Feb 8.
Nuthin' to worry about?
We should not be surprised by any of these three incidents. Too many of our bishops today suffer from Ivory Tower Syndrome, Ostrich Syndrome, and Denial. Many are also guilty of malfeasance. And heterodoxy is slowly replacing orthodoxy in many dioceses and archdioceses.
Some of these problems were on display at last fall's USCCB Meeting when Archbishop Thomas Wenski of Miami, Florida said in regard to the sexual abuse that the bishops should not get too worked up over what's going on. "People are coming to Church; they're praying; they're sending their kids to catechism [class]; the life of the Church is moving on. If you're not reading the blogs, if you're not watching cable TV, this is not front and center for most of our people." His comment was reportedly met with some applause.
In Wenski's view then, and all the bishops that applauded him, everything is fine in the Catholic Church. Catholics are still praying, paying, and obeying so there's nothing to worry about.
Yes, Catholics are still going to Church, but less than half as many Catholics in the U.S. are going to Mass each week than were going to Mass 50 years ago. And as so many polls point out, too few Catholics today agree with Church teaching on morality. Far too many today seem to accept the Protestant teaching of once saved always saved that lets people pretty much act how they want and do what they want to do. Why does this not worry Wenski and his brother bishops? Why does the falloff in Mass attendance over the last 50 years not bother all of our bishops?
No good reason to object
All three of these incidents are troubling. But the situation Fr. Dwyer has found himself is especially unsettling. There is absolutely no good reason for parishioners to protest or get angry about their parish offering both Novus Ordo and Extraordinary Form (EF) Masses. And there is no good reason for a bishop to remove a priest from a parish for trying to re-introduce reverence and piety back into the Mass. Even though a handful of progressives prefer the NO, the majority of parishioners support Fr. Dwyer's efforts.
Some Catholics prefer the Novus Ordo Mass, and that's fine. But some Catholics prefer the reverence and piety of the EF. Of course there's room for both, but apparently not if you are a liberal.
As I wrote a couple years ago, "Catholic laypeople, especially those who are conservatives and TLM aficionados, need to speak up and get more involved in running the parishes they belong to – volunteer to serve on the parish council or take part in any parish ministries (like Faith Formation or whatever name their parish gives to Religious Education) where they can make a difference. They can even just take some time to talk to their parish priest and let him know they'd like to hear sermons more geared toward explaining doctrine and examining current social issues.
"The new, modern, post-Vatican II Church has seen a tremendous fall off in both vocations and mass attendance. Clearly, the progressive plan for modernizing the Church has been a failure. Traditional, devout Catholics need to take a page from the progressive playbook – they need to get involved in order to change things."
Divisiveness is spilling over
Unfortunately, the divisiveness that now infects our country politically also carries over into religion. Progressive Catholics don't like anything traditional in any way, shape, or form. Just like political progressives, progressive Catholics seem bent on causing trouble. They want to make conservative, traditionally minded Catholics conform to what they think is correct and right. And Catholics who believe in tradition and orthodox Catholicism have to fight back.
In the case of Our Lady of Peace Parish in Bay City, MI, the parishioners who supported Fr. Dwyer need to make their voices heard. They need to let Bishop Walter Hurley, the apostolic administrator of Saginaw who removed Fr. Dwyer from the parish that they are not happy. They also need to stand up to the "handful" of liberals who are being so vocal. The question is, will they do that or will they Instead just "go along to get along." If that happens it will be a shame.
It will take is some resolve on the part of those Our Lady of Peace parishioners who support Fr. Dwyer's efforts. An empty or nearly empty church on Sunday will send a strong message. (No, I'm not saying don't go to Mass; I'm saying go to mass at other parishes.) A petition signed by a majority of the parishioners and submitted to Hurley asking for Fr. Dwyer's appointment as pastor at Our Lady of Peace is another good message.
And maybe a copy of the petition should be sent to Archbishop Christophe Pierre, the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the United States. Perhaps a letter explaining how he screwed up in requesting that Hurley be appointed apostolic administrator of Saginaw should accompany the petition.


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BACnet Controllers
BACnet Controllers
The BAC-7001 and BAC-7051 are native BACnet, direct digital controller designed for VAV terminal units. An integrated actuator and the supplied programs make them ideal controllers for temperature setback, overrides, proportional reheat and other HVAC sequences. Install these versatile controllers in stand-alone environments or networked to other BACnet devices. As part of a complete facilities management system, the BAC-7001 and BAC-7051 provide precise monitoring and control of connected points.
1)BACnet MS/TP compliant
2)Automatically assigns the MAC address and the device instance
3)Standard VAV control sequences are incorporated to provide pressure independent control of a single-duct VAV unit.
4)On-board airflow sensor for use with a single or multi-point differential pressure measuring station or pitot tube.
5)Use to control heating, cooling, cooling with heat change-over, cooling with time proportional reheat or three-stage, sequential reheat.
6)Tested and listed by the BACnet Testing Laboratory
|BAC 7000 Series
|Description: BAC-7000 Series
|BAC 8000 Series
|Description: BAC-8000 Series
Contact us....
Please fill in this form if you have any question or remarks:


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St John's Community Fair
Saturday 17 October 2020 - 9.00 am to 1.30 pm
St John's Fair has been a regular feature in the Canberra calendar since the 1930's. It's a traditional fair jam packed full of entertainment, stalls, homemade jams and cakes, craft, books, food stalls, BBQ, Devonshire teas, coffee van, plants, clothing stall, Trinkets and Treasures, white elephant goods, plus lots more.
Families love children's the activities which in 2019 included pony rides, free jumping castle, free petting zoo, free face painting, fishing game, etc.
Entertainment in 2019 included: McQuoids Bush Band, Emmaus Christian School Band and Choir, Canberra Pipes and Drums, The Society for Creative Anachronisms, Canberra Grammar School Concert Band, COZMO, Radford Camerata, The Anglican School Googong Choir and the Strange Weather Gospel Choir.
You can also step back to the days of slate boards, slate pencils, blackboards, chalk and inkwells by visiting the St John's Schoolhouse Museum.
Experience all the fun of an old fashioned fair in the heart of Canberra again in 2020.
Donate your unwanted goodies to the Fair
From early October 2020, we will be collecting good quality items that can be recycled and sold at our Fair. We really like donations of toys, books, clothing (clean and in good condition), White Elephant Goods (crockery, cutlery, kitchenware, glassware, tea and dinner sets, pictures, ornaments and other items of value) and items for our Trinkets and Treasures stall.
Please note it is illegal for us to sell or give away ANY electrical goods, baby seats, prams or helmets. All items must be of sufficient quality so they can be recycled.
Where: You can leave them in the hall entry area prior to our Fair. We thank you for your support.
Some photos from our previous Fairs


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The Heat do not need a center to win a title
Posted by By Eric Labrador at 19 February, at 18 : 37 PM Print
The Miami Heat are beginning to play some great basketball and look to maintain it all the way into and through the NBA finals. But questions have come up from fans and analyzed by sports media that the Heat have a weakness at the center position. And possibly it will affect them making it through the Eastern conference if they do not address it by the trading deadline, March 15th. Joel Pryzbilla has been linked to the Heat as well as Chris Kaman to possibly join Miami and solidify their starting five. Miami though is a team that does not need a center. Similar to Chicago in the mid-90′s, Miami can get points in the painted area from their guards and forwards.
Easily it can be seen in today's first half of the Heat vs. Magic game where Dwayne Wade & Lebron James both drove directly into the 'teeth' of the Magic defense and scored plus got to the foul line. Both players are so strong and attack the basket with so much speed that it would be equivalent if not more effective than having a 'space-eater' at center. Wade and Lebron are only improving with their post-up games (back to the basket) and along with Bosh would more than makeup for a deficiency of production at center. This is where the true strength of having Wade & Lebron, both similar players in talent and basketball acumen, on the same team.
Both players are at their best in the open court driving and attacking the basket. Opposing players have no choice but to foul them as they gain speed or try to get back on defense as fast as they can to block their momentum. Together with this, Shane Battier and Mike Miller have begun to produce on offense with their ability to create shots as well as shoot jumpers. Mario Chalmers is having the best season of his four year NBA career and rookie Norris Cole anchors the second team offense with his inspired play.
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Day Sport Information Source2 min read
The 2018 World Cup last is this Sunday, July 15, with France set to meet Croatia at Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow. After Belgium beat Brazil, most individuals had it as favorites to win the World Cup. Earlier than France brushed it aside without too much trouble. It might not be as thrilling to observe as we might hoped, but with the failures of Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Belgium and Spain, the French can rightfully lay claim to having been the very best staff on the 2018 World Cup. At this level, it might take something particular from Croatia, or any workforce to beat them. Whereas we've seen other groups make the error of counting Croatia out, it is troublesome to imagine a scenario in which France is not crowned World Cup champion come Sunday.
Croatia, for its part, beat England largely as a result of the Three Lions got far too comfy after going ahead. They're nonetheless not an incredible team. And they've now played further-time — or gone all the best way to penalties — in all three of their knockout-spherical video games. With only three days of rest, on the back of an extended season for its veteran stars, I don't see how Croatia summons the power to beat France.
I've also really loved Croatia. That is the first time for a long time, possibly ever, that I can bear in mind a workforce that nobody was really talking about earlier than the event has reached the final and actually has a shot at profitable it. Do I believe they are going to? No, but I don't suppose the Croatians care what people suppose.
Along with Germany and Brazil, France was one of many three leading favorites heading into this summer's World Cup. Though Didier Deschamps' star-studded group got off to a slower begin than maybe was anticipated of them, Les Bleus are proper the place many pundits picked them to be at this point; into the final with a superb to excellent probability of successful it all.
• Muncy prefers moonshots to screaming liners. Whereas the average MLB homer has a launch angle of about 28 levels, Muncy has linked at 30 degrees or higher on 15 of his 22 large flies, including a 42-diploma skyscraper on May 19 against the Nats that's tied for the best homer at Nationals Park this year. Muncy's common of 31.2 degrees on homers is the best in the Derby area and tied for ninth of the 134 players who've gone deep a minimum of 10 occasions in 2018.


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Daniel P. Dalton
Daniel P. Dalton is the nation's preeminent authority in the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Person Act, also known as RLUIPA. He is one of the country's most experienced attorneys in representing churches and other religious institutions in land use and zoning cases and is the author of the only book dedicated to the topic – "Litigating Religious Land Use Cases", published by the American Bar Association. The book is a useful guide for religious entities and the lawyers who represent them, explaining how to navigate the challenges and uncertainties that inevitably surround a religious land use claim.
Zana Tomich
Zana Tomich supports religious and nonprofit organizations facing governance issues and other significant legal matters, frequently incorporating relevant experience in business law and banking law. Her expertise has been invaluable in several cases involving religious land use and zoning issues, including Lighthouse Community Church vs. City of Southfield, Michigan; the House Where Jesus Shines v. City of Bellemead, Texas; and Carlinville Southern Baptist Church v. City of Carlinville, Illinois.
Noel W. Sterett
Attorney Noel W. Sterett describes the core of his practice as a devotion to "ensuring people are free to serve God and their neighbors in their communities and in the marketplace." This passion for securing religious liberty has led Sterett to successful collaborations with pastors and other religious leaders of all faiths across the country. He has helped win dozens of land use cases enabling congregations to use newly-purchased buildings and land to accomplish their noble missions. The Religious Land Use & Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) is an area of particular focus for Noel.
Christopher C. Lund
A celebrated legal scholar, author and professor, Christopher C. Lund is adept at helping churches and other religious entities navigate various complex legal issues, particularly religious land use and zoning cases involving violations of the Religious Land Use & Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA). One of the nation's premier thought leaders and writers on law and religion, Chris has special expertise in the procedures and practices of various religious denominations, and his work in that regard has been cited several times by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Lawrence Opalewski
Lawrence Opalewski focuses his practice on land use and zoning litigation, as well as constitutional and civil rights litigation. He has significant experience in all aspects of litigation and has represented individuals, religious institutions, small to mid-size businesses, large businesses and municipalities. The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) is an area of particular interest.
Alexander Reuter
Alexander Reuter is a passionate and accomplished litigator, specializing in all areas of business, real estate and commercial litigation. A significant portion of his work focuses on zoning and land use, including cases involving the Religious Land Use & Institutionalized Persons Act. Alex has successfully represented both individuals and developers, appearing before municipalities and agency boards, and on appeal to circuit courts. He was named a "Rising Star" by Michigan Super Lawyers in 2019.
Adel Nucho
As a law clerk for Dalton & Tomich, PLC, Adel Nucho assists litigation attorneys with cases involving zoning and land use matters, including religious land use matters under the Religious Land Use & Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA). Nucho is currently a student at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law, and will graduate in December of 2019.


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Intuition is not some magical property that arises unbidden from the depths of our mind. It is a product of long hours and intelligent design, of meaningful work environments and particular rules and principles. This book shows us how we can hone our instinctive ability to know in an instant, helping us to bring out the best in our thinking and become better decision-makers in our homes, offices and in everyday life. Just as he did with his revolutionary theory of the tipping point, Gladwell reveals how the power of 'blink' could fundamentally transform our relationships, the way we consume, create and communicate, how we run our businesses and even our societies.You'll never think about thinking in the same way again....
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Have strict space requirements? The PA-33 is a DC powered control box great for use in small spaces. It also comes with an IP65 rating, meaning it is ideal for outdoor environments such as snow and rain. The easy-to-install PA-33 comes with two FCC approved wireless remotes with up, down and pause functions for use with multiple actuators. All actuators from ActuatorZone can be used with this control box however for actuators with a higher than 12A current rating, we recommend modifying the wiring harness to a thicker gauge.
Control Ability:Multiple actuators at the same time
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Kit Includes:2 hand remotes, 1 control box, wire harness
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Size (L x H x W):2.9" x 1.1" x 2.8"
Unit Weight:0.35 lbs
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AC Power Option:with AC-15, PS-10, PS-11 or PS-12
Warranty:18 Months


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(800) 259-9010
Securities News: Genstar to Acquire Cetera With $1B in Junk Bond Sales, Financial Adviser Admits to Fraud Involving $2M Trading Loss, and BlackRock Funds Shareholders Sue Over Excessive Fees
$1M in Junk Bond Sales Helps Fund Cetera Acquisition by Genstar Capital
According to InvestmentNews, private equity firm Genstar Capital will sell $1B of junk bonds to help pay for its acquisition of Cetera Financial Group, which will be bought for $1.7B. Genstar will use $700M of its own money in the purchase.
Cetera Financial Group is comprised of six independent brokerage firms with approximately 8,000 brokers and advisers, including Cetera Advisors, Cetera Advisors Network, First Allied Securities, Cetera Financial Institutions, Summit Financial Services, and Cetera Financial Specialists. Cetera initially spun out of ING Groep (ING), a Dutch insurer, in 2010.
Financial Adviser Pleads Guilty in $2M Trade Loss Fraud
Vishal Savla, a financial adviser based in Chicago, Illinois, has pleaded guilty to wire fraud that involved bilking a relative and investors of over $2M. Savla had falsely claimed that a trading mistake was the reason investors lost the money when, in fact, their funds were lost because of poor trading on his part.
His plea deal over the investor fraud states that he raised $2.3M from investors and told them there would be "substantial returns." He touted VCAP LLC, which was his trading fund, as trading in options, equities, and futures contracts.
Federal prosecutors accused the financial adviser of falsifying documents claiming that VCAP was doing well, as well as to help back up his claims of a purported trading mistake. Savla blamed investors' losses on a "fat finger trade," alluding that the error occurred when the trade was submitted online.
Savla falsely claimed positive returns for his investment fund of at least 50%, even though in reality its losses were far greater, including a 96% loss in 2015 and a 99% loss in 2016.
He also pointed to the "fat-finger trade" as the cause of VCAP's value dropping 90% in one day. He even notified the SEC and hundreds of investors about the supposed mistake, and he asked the latter for more money. Savla allegedly used $500K that a relative gave him to pay back other investors.
Savla has since admitted to taking $260K of investor funds for his own use. Prosecutors, however, say that he took about $1.6 from investors, not including the money from the relative.
BlackRock Mutual Fund Shareholders Claim They Paid Too Much in Advisory Fees
In an investor fraud lawsuit, the shareholders of the BlackRock Equity Dividend Fund and the BlackRock Global Allocation Fund are claiming that they were charged "excessive" advisory fees—$280M a year, to be exact. They are arguing that the fees are too much for the value they received from the advisory services they paid for. They are accusing the defendant of breaching their fiduciary obligation by charging them too much in said fees.
Meantime, the defendants, BlackRock Investment Management LLC, BlackRock Advisors LLC, and BlackRock International Ltd. maintain that there was just cause for the fees, which they claim are lower than the industry's' median fees for such services, including the services of securities valuation, portfolio management, record keeping, and others. Their lawyer attributed the fees to the fund's "scope, scale, size, and success."
Our investor lawyers are here to help investors throughout the US in recouping their securities losses. Contact Shepherd Smith Edwards and Kantas, LLP today.
BlackRock Funds Overpaid For Advisory Services, Judge Told, Law360, August 20, 2018
Chicago Financial Advisor Guilty of Fraud for Swindling Investors and Family out of More Than $2 Million, Justice.gov, August 24, 2018
Junk Bonds Will Power Cetera Acquisition, Barron's, August 23, 2018
More Blog Posts from SSEK Law Firm:
Investor Fraud: Alleged $100M Future Income Payments Fraud, Capital Investment Group to Pay One Elderly Investor $400K, and Tech Fund Adviser is Now Facing Fraud Charges, August 25, 2018
Cetera Shutters J.P. Turner, Claims Move Is Not Part of Broader Firm Consolidation, July 30, 2015
BlackRock Buys Part of UBS Puerto Rico's Mutual Fund Operations, Say Sources, November 4, 2014


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Boardroom battle continues at Hong Kong's Convoy Global
A boardroom battle that erupted last month at Hong Kong-based, Hong Kong Stock Exchange-listed Convoy Global Holdings has continued to rage over the New Year weekend, when, according to the South China Morning Post, "its second-largest shareholder accused the company's chairman of riding roughshod over shareholders' rights".
Kwok Hiu-kwan, described as a businessman who owns 4.47 billion shares of Convoy, or a 29.91% stake in the advisory firm, issued a statement on Sunday criticising a decision made by the company's chairman, Johnny Chen Chi-wang, two days earlier, at a shareholders' meeting, "to invalidate Kwok's shares in a vote on Kwok's motion to remove six existing directors and appoint three he nominated", the SCMP reported.
Kwok's motion had been defeated with 60% of the votes against, the SCMP said, adding that Convoy had confirmed to it that it hadn't counted Kwok's votes.
In his statement on Sunday, Kwok maintained that if his votes had been counted, his proposed resolution would have been passed "with about 63 per cent in favour", the SCMP said.
"This shows that besides my votes, most other shareholders are voting on my side to support removing certain existing directors and appointing some new ones to maintain the stability of the company," Kwok said, according to the SCMP report.
The shareholders' meeting had been called by Kwok, who had been seeking to oust eight of the Convoy directors.
According to the SCMP, Kwok's effort faced opposition from "an even larger shareholder" than him – the Tsai family of Taiwan's Fubon Financial Holdings, which has a 29.98% stake.
The news of the vote was the latest development in a saga that, as reported, was kicked off in early December, when two senior Convoy executives were among three representatives of companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange arrested in an ongoing clampdown on corruption in the Special Administrative Region of China, as part of a joint operation by the Securities and Futures Commission and Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption.
According to the SCMP – one of several Hong Kong publications covering the story – a "struggle for control and clean-up" of "one of the city's largest financial advisory firms" lies at the heart of the Convoy saga. It is estimated that Convoy has as many as 100,000 customers, including the Mandatory Provident Fund.
In another development, the SCMP reported on 27 December that Convoy had "filed a second lawsuit in a week against two company insiders, ratcheting up a series of legal actions to recover billions of dollars of [allegedly] stolen assets".
In its report, the SCMP said a December 22 writ filed with the High Court had alleged that Convoy's ex-chairman Quincy Wong Lee-man, and former chief executive Mark Mak Kwong-yiu, had used Convoy Investment Services – "unrelated to the [Convoy Global Holdings] group" – to "misrepresent to the general public" and "systematically divert customers and business opportunities" to the private unit under their control.
Neither Wong nor Mak could immediately be reached to comment.
As reported, Convoy announced on 18 December that it planned to spend some HK$300m (US$38.4m, £28.8m ) "on hiring and bonuses to boost morale" among its staff in the wake of the recent arrests of the members of its staff, which thus far total three.
Convoy's president and executive director, Ng Wing-fai, was reported to have told an audience of journalists that the company was preparing to spend HK$300m (US$38.4m) "to more than double its team of financial advisers next year, pay a bonus to retain staff and expand its business".
Convoy, which mainly looks after local Hong Kong residents, has, like many advisory firms in Hong Kong, been under some pressure over the past two years as a result of regulatory changes that have transformed the advisory market.
Last November it announced that it was acquiring a £24m stake in the UK-based Nutmeg investment platform, as part of its efforts to revamp its business model to suit its changing market.
To see a "who's who" of key individuals in the Convoy Global saga, published on the SCMP website on 29 December, click here.
To see a timeline of recent events at Convoy Global, also on the SCMP website, click here.


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Using netshow to Troubleshoot Your Network Configuration
netshow is a tool in Cumulus Linux that quickly returns a lot of
information about your network configuration. It's a tool designed by
network operators for network troubleshooters since existing command
line tools have too many options.
netshow addresses this by leveraging
the network troubleshooting experience from a wide group of
troubleshooters and boiling it down to just a few important options.
netshow quickly aggregates basic network information on Linux devices
with numerous interfaces.
netshow intelligently informs the
administrator what network type an interface belongs to, and shows the
most relevant information to a network administrator.
netshow can be used on any distribution of Linux, not just Cumulus
Installing netshow
Starting with Cumulus Linux 2.5.5,
netshow is included in the main
repository for Cumulus Linux. However, it is not installed by default if
you upgraded to this version using
apt-get dist-upgrade. You install
netshow in Cumulus Linux in one of two ways:
- By doing a binary image install
of Cumulus Linux using
- Install the
netshowpackage using
apt-get install netshow
Installing netshow on a Linux Server or in OpenStack
To install
netshow on a Linux server, run:
pip install netshow-linux-lib
Debian and Red Hat packages will be available in the near future.
Using netshow
netshow with no arguments displays all available command line
arguments usable by
netshow. (Running
netshow --help gives you the
same information.) The output looks like this:
cumulus@leaf1$ netshow
netshow system [--json | -j ]
netshow counters [errors] [all] [--json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow lldp [--json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow interface [<iface>] [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow access [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow bridges [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow bonds [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow bondmems [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow mgmt [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow l2 [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow l3 [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow trunks [all] [--mac | -m ] [--oneline | -1 | --json | -j | -l | --legend ]
netshow (--version | -V)
* default is to show intefaces only in the UP state.
counters summary of physical port counters.
interface summary info of all interfaces
access summary of physical ports with l2 or l3 config
bonds summary of bonds
bondmems summary of bond members
bridges summary of ports with bridge members
mgmt summary of mgmt ports
l3 summary of ports with an IP.
l2 summary of access, trunk and bridge interfaces
phy summary of physical ports
trunks summary of trunk interfaces
lldp physical device neighbor information
interface <iface> list summary of a single interface
system system information
all show all ports include those are down or admin down
--mac show inteface MAC in output
--version netshow software version
--oneline output each entry on one line
-1 alias for --oneline
--json print output in json
-l alias for --legend
--legend print legend key explaining abbreviations
A Linux administrator can quickly see the few options available with the
tool. One core tenet of
netshow is for it to have a small number of
command options.
netshow is not designed to solve your network
problem, but to help answer this simple question: "What is the basic
network setup of my Linux device?" By helping to answer that question, a
Linux administrator can spend more time troubleshooting the specific
network problem instead of spending most of their time understanding the
basic network state.
Originally developed for Cumulus Linux,
netshow works on Debian-based
servers and switches and Red Hat-based Linux systems.
netshow is designed by network operators, which has rarely occurred in
the networking industry, where most command troubleshooting tools are
designed by developers and are most useful in the network application
development process.
Showing Interfaces
To show all available interfaces that are physically UP, run
netshow interface:
cumulus@leaf1$ netshow interface
To view the legend, rerun "netshow" cmd with the "--legend" option
Name Speed MTU Mode Summary
-- ------ ------- ----- ------ -------------------------
UP eth0 1G 1500 Mgmt IP: 192.168.0.12/24(DHCP)
UP lo N/A 16436 Mgmt IP: 127.0.0.1/8, ::1/128
netshow interface all displays every interface regardless of
cumulus@leaf1$ netshow interface all
Name Speed Mtu Mode Summary
----- ------- --------- ----- -------- --------------------------
UP lo N/A 16436 Loopback IP: 127.0.0.1/8, ::1/128
UP eth0 1G 1500 Mgmt IP: 192.168.0.11/24 (DHCP)
ADMDN swp1s0 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp1s1 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp1s2 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp1s3 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp2 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp3 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp4 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp5 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp6 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp7 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp8 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp9 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp10 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp11 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp12 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp13 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp14 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp15 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp16 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp17 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp18 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp19 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp20 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp21 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp22 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp23 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp24 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp25 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp26 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp27 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp28 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp29 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp30 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp31 40G(QSFP) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp32s0 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp32s1 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp32s2 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
ADMDN swp32s3 10G(4x10) 1500 Unknwn
You can get information about the switch itself by running
netshow system:
cumulus@leaf1$ netshow system
Quanta QuantaMesh BMS T1048-LB9
Cumulus Version 2.5.4
Build: 2.5.4-ecb2027-201510091646-build
Chipset: Broadcom Firebolt3 BCM56538
Port Config: 48x1G-T and 4x10G-SFP+
CPU: (ppc) Freescale MPC8541 e500 825MHz
UpTime: 20:01:17
Troubleshooting Example: OpenStack
Looking at an OpenStack Environment, here is the physical diagram:
For server2,
netshow can help us see the OpenStack network
configuration. The
netshow output below shows an summary of a
Kilo-based OpenStack server running 3 tenants.
[root@server2 ~]# netshow int
To view the legend, rerun "netshow" cmd with the "--legend" option
Name Speed MTU Mode Summary
-- -------------- ------- ----- -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
UP brq0b6f10c7-42 N/A 1500 Bridge/L2 802.1q Tag: 141
STP: Disabled
Untagged Members: tap079cf993-c7
Tagged Members: eth1.141
UP brq8cdc0589-9b N/A 1500 Bridge/L2 802.1q Tag: 155
STP: Disabled
Untagged Members: tap5353b20a-68
Tagged Members: eth1.155
UP brq8ff99102-29 N/A 1500 Bridge/L2 802.1q Tag: 168
STP: Disabled
Untagged Members: tapfc2203e4-5b
Tagged Members: eth1.168
UP eth0 N/A 1500 Interface/L3 IP: 192.168.0.105/24
UP eth1 N/A 1500 IntTypeUnknown
UP eth1 N/A 1500 Trunk/L2 Bridge Membership:
Tagged: brq0b6f10c7-42(141), brq8cdc0589-9b(155), brq8ff99102-29(168)
UP lo N/A 65536 Loopback IP: 127.0.0.1/8, ::1/128
UP tap079cf993-c7 10M 1500 Access/L2 Untagged: brq0b6f10c7-42
UP tap5353b20a-68 10M 1500 Access/L2 Untagged: brq8cdc0589-9b
UP tapfc2203e4-5b 10M 1500 Access/L2 Untagged: brq8ff99102-29
OpenStack interface numbering is not the easiest read, but here
netshow can quickly show you:
- A list of all the interfaces in admin UP state and carrier UP state
- 3 bridges
- That STP is disabled for all the bridges
- An uplink trunk interface with 3 VLANs configured on it
- Many tap interfaces, most likely the virtual machines
This output took about 5 seconds to get and another 1 minute to analyze. To get this same level of understanding using traditional tools such as:
- ip link show
- brctl show
- ip addr show
… could take about 10 minutes. This is a significant improvement in productivity!
netshow uses a plugin architecture and can be easily expanded. An
OpenStack interface discovery module is currently in development. If
netshow is run on a hypervisor with OpenStack Keystone login
environment variables like
netshow should show the
above output with a better interface discovery state, where
collects from OpenStack information from
nova and
to overlay the virtual machine and tenant subnet information over the
interface kernel state information.
Interface discovery is one of the most powerful features of
The ability to expand its interface discovery capabilities further
simplifies understanding basic network troubleshooting, making the Linux
administrator more productive and improving time to resolution while
investigating network problems.
Other Useful netshow Features
netshow uses the python
network-docopt package.
This is inspired by docopt and
provides the ability to specify partial commands, without tab completion
and running the complete option. For example:
netshow int runs
netshow interface
netshow sys runs
netshow system
netshow will eventually support interface name autocompletion. In the
near future, if you run
netshow int tap123 and there is only one
interface starting with
netshow will autocomplete the
command option with the full interface.
Contributions Welcome!
netshow is an open source project licensed under GPLv2. To contribute
please contact Cumulus Networks through the Cumulus Community
Forum or the Netshow
Linux Provider Github Repository
Home. You can
find developer documentation at
netshow.readthedocs.org. The
documentation is still under development.


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