text:
(Application no. 64016/00)
31 January 2006
In the case of Giniewski v. France,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
András Baka, President,
Jean-Paul Costa,
Rıza Türmen,
Karel Jungwiert,
Mindia Ugrekhelidze,
Antonella Mularoni,
Elisabet Fura-Sandström, judges,
and Sally Dollé, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 7 June 2005 and 10 January 2006,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date:
1. The case originated in an application (no. 64016/00) against the French Republic lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by an Austrian national, Mr Paul Giniewski ("the applicant"), on 13 December 2000.
2. The applicant was represented by Arnaud Lyon-Caen, Françoise Fabiani, Frédéric Thiriez, a law firm authorised to practise in the Conseil d'Etat and the Court of Cassation. The French Government ("the Government") were represented by their Agent, Mrs E. Belliard, Director of Legal Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
3. The Government of Austria, having been informed by the Registrar of their right to intervene (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 1 (a) of the Rules of Court), indicated in a letter of 29 June 2005 that they did not intend to avail themselves of that right.
4. The applicant alleged that there had been a violation of his right to freedom of expression within the meaning of Article 10 of the Convention.
5. The application was allocated to the Second Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
6. On 1 November 2001 and 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 § 1).
7. By a decision of 7 June 2005, the Chamber declared the application admissible.
8. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1).
9. By letters of 15 June 2005, transmitted through the Registry, the Court requested the parties to submit, if they so wished, supplementary information and observations. It also asked the applicant's representative to submit his claims for just satisfaction under Article 41 of the Convention by 9 September 2005.
10. On 20 September 2005, no request for an extension of the time allowed having been received by the Court, the applicant filed further observations and his claims for just satisfaction. As these had been filed outside the time-limit, the President of the Chamber decided, under Rule 38 § 1, not to include them in the case file.
A. The proceedings
11. The applicant was born in 1926 and lives in Paris. He explained that he sought in all of his work to promote a rapprochement between Jews and Christians.
12. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.
13. In its issue of 4 January 1994, the newspaper Le quotidien de Paris published an article written by the applicant, entitled "The obscurity of error" concerning the papal encyclical "The Splendour of Truth" ("Veritatis Splendor"), which had been published at the end of 1993.
14. On 18 March 1994 the association General Alliance against Racism and for Respect for the French and Christian Identity (Alliance générale contre le racisme et pour le respect de l'identité française et chrétienne (AGRIF)) brought proceedings before the Paris Criminal Court against Mr P. Tesson, publishing director of the newspaper, the applicant and the newspaper Le quotidien de Paris, as author, accomplice and the entity civilly liable respectively, alleging that, through publication of the above-mentioned article, they had made racially defamatory statements against the Christian community, an offence punishable under section 32, second paragraph, of the Freedom of the Press Act of 29 July 1881. In particular, they referred to the following passages:
"The Catholic Church sets itself up as the sole keeper of divine truth ... It strongly proclaims the fulfilment of the Old Covenant in the New, and the superiority of the latter ...
... Many Christians have acknowledged that scriptural anti-Judaism and the doctrine of the 'fulfilment' [accomplissement] of the Old Covenant in the New led to anti-Semitism and prepared the ground in which the idea and implementation [accomplissement] of Auschwitz took seed."
15. By a judgment of 4 October 1994, the Criminal Court dismissed the objections of invalidity raised by the applicant and, inter alia, committed the case for trial. By a judgment of 8 March 1995, the Criminal Court found established the offence of publicly defaming a group of persons on the ground of membership of a religion, in this case the Christian community. The publishing director and the applicant were both ordered to pay a fine of 6,000 French francs (FRF).
16. The Criminal Court found the AGRIF's civil application admissible and ordered the publishing director and the applicant, jointly and severally, to pay the association one franc in damages and FRF 7,000 in application of Article 475-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In addition, the court ordered that its decision be published, at the defendants' expense up to FRF 10,000, in a national newspaper. In its judgment, it stated, inter alia:
"The Catholic Church, which is described as holding, exclusively and in error, divine truth, is accused of proclaiming its attachment to the doctrine of the fulfilment of the Old Covenant in the New Covenant, a doctrine that was reaffirmed in the encyclical 'The Splendour of Truth'. It is also stated that anti-Judaism in the Scriptures and this doctrine of fulfilment 'led to anti-Semitism and prepared the ground in which the idea and implementation of Auschwitz took seed'.
Thus, according to the author of the text, not only the idea, but even the implementation of the massacres and horrors committed at Auschwitz, the symbol of the Nazi extermination camps, was a direct extension of one of the core doctrines of the Catholic faith, namely the doctrine of the fulfilment of the Old Covenant in the New, and thus directly engages the responsibility of Catholics and, more generally, Christians.
Such a statement clearly undermines the honour and character of Christians and, more specifically, the Catholic community, and is covered by the provisions of section 32, second paragraph, of the [Freedom of the Press Act] of 29 July 1881.
... the causal link between membership of a religion and the events imputed by the impugned remarks is certainly present in this case: it is because they adhere to a religion that has allegedly displayed anti-Semitism in its past and because they acknowledge the status of the papal encyclical and the doctrine of fulfilment asserted in it that Christians and Catholics are accused of bearing some responsibility for the Auschwitz massacres.
... Even if the defendant was entitled to condemn Christianity's historical anti-Semitism and to alert the reader to any new expression or resurgence of that sentiment, by pointing out that, historically, the various Christian churches have sometimes accepted or even encouraged the idea of 'the teaching of contempt' with regard to the Jewish people, who are described as deicidal, he nevertheless had no right, when the new papal encyclical was published reaffirming the doctrine of 'fulfilment', to use extreme terms and, through a process of generalisation, to hold the Catholic community responsible for the Nazi massacres at Auschwitz.
The witnesses questioned at the hearing, at the defendant's request and in support of his allegation of good faith, all claimed that Nazism, a racist and biological doctrine, was totally unconnected to the historical anti-Semitism of Christians and the doctrine of 'fulfilment', which concerns the full realisation of the law of God's old alliance with his people in the new alliance born of Christ's sacrifice.
Finally, the confusion made between, on the one hand, Christian anti-Semitism and the encyclical 'The Splendour of Truth', which Mr Giniewski furthermore refrained from commenting on during the hearing, and, on the other hand, the persecution of the Jews in Auschwitz, reflects personal animosity on the part of the defendant and resentment towards the Christian community which lack good faith, since the disputed statements go well beyond theoretical and theological discussion.
In this regard, the Court notes the deliberate use of the same word 'accomplissement' to describe the organisation of the massacres in Auschwitz and the doctrine reaffirmed by the Pope in his encyclical.
It follows from these elements as a whole that proof of the defendant's good faith has not been provided."
17. The applicant appealed. In a judgment of 9 November 1995, the Paris Court of Appeal upheld, in so far as it concerned the applicant, the judgment of 4 October 1994 and overturned the judgment of 8 March 1995. The Court of Appeal acquitted the applicant and dismissed the civil party's claims against him. In particular, it held that:
"... in his article, Paul Giniewski criticises the encyclical 'The Splendour of Truth' for, in essence, enshrining within the body of theological principles the doctrine of the 'fulfilment' of the Old Covenant in the New, a doctrine he considered to contain the seeds of anti-Semitism; this criticism is expressed unambiguously in the penultimate paragraph of the article ...;
... the contention in Paul Giniewski's statements may be summarised as follows: certain principles of the Catholic religion are tainted with anti-Semitism and contributed to the Holocaust;
... the Court is fully aware of the reactions such an article could evoke within the Catholic community, even if the author claims to be reflecting the opinion of 'many Christians';
... nonetheless, ... in criticising the encyclical 'The Splendour of Truth' so strongly, Paul Giniewski opened a discussion that was both theological and historical on the scope of certain religious principles and on the origins of the Holocaust; given that it concerns exclusively doctrinal debate, the argument put forward by this author is not, as a matter of law, a specific fact that could amount to defamation ..."
18. The AGRIF appealed on points of law. In a judgment of 28 April 1998, the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal, "but only in so far as it concerned the civil action, all other provisions being expressly upheld". It remitted the case to the Orléans Court of Appeal. The Court of Cassation stated:
"... by ruling in this way, although the impugned statements imputed incitement to anti-Semitism and responsibility for the massacres committed at Auschwitz to the Catholic community, the Court of Appeal did not give a legal basis to its decision;
The judgment falls to be quashed, but only in respect of the civil action ..."
19. In a judgment of 14 December 1998, the Orléans Court of Appeal, ruling on the civil claims and following the Court of Cassation's analysis, upheld the judgments of 4 October 1994 and 8 March 1995 in so far as they concerned the applicant. The Court of Appeal made a new award of FRF 10,000 to the AGRIF on the basis of Article 475-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It also ordered that the following statement be published, at the defendant's expense, in a national newspaper of the civil party's choice:
"By a judgment of 14 December 1998, the Orléans Court of Appeal ordered Paul GINIEWSKI, journalist, to pay the General Alliance against Racism and for Respect for the French and Christian Identity (AGRIF) 1 FRANC (one) in damages, on the ground that he had committed the offence of public defamation against a group of persons on account of their membership of a religion, in the instant case the Christian community, through his publication of ... an article entitled 'As regards the Encyclical "The Splendour of Truth", The obscurity of error...' ".
20. In its judgment, the Court of Appeal noted, inter alia:
"... The defendant is wrong in denying that he accused Catholics and, more generally, Christians of being responsible for the Nazi massacres; it is of little importance that this responsibility is viewed in a more or less long-term perspective, given the use of the expression 'prepared the ground';
It emerges, after analysis of the documents submitted, that neither the Pope nor the [Catholic] Church of France alleges the direct responsibility of Catholics in the extermination at Auschwitz;
Thus, on account of their membership of a religion, Christians are indeed victims of the offence of defamation;
... the virulence of the article's general tone, the parallel made between the 'doctrine of fulfilment' and the 'implementation of Auschwitz' and even the use of this last word, which is sufficient in itself to evoke both genocide and the extermination of opponents of the Nazi regime, rule out the possibility of the author's good faith ..."
21. The applicant appealed on points of law. As part of the single argument set out in support of his appeal, he referred to Article 10 of the Convention and claimed that his objective and sincere statements had not been unnecessarily polemical and malicious and that they had not therefore failed to meet the requirements of good faith.
22. On 14 June 2000 the Court of Cassation dismissed the appeal on points of law on the following grounds:
"... the Court of Cassation is satisfied from the wording of the judgment appealed against and analysis of the evidence in the case file that the Court of Appeal, in ruling that the defendant was excluded from the benefit of a finding of good faith, relied on grounds which were sufficient and free of contradictions, answered the submissions made to it and analysed the particular circumstances relied on by the defendant ..."
B. The article
23. The published article read:
"As regards the encyclical 'The Splendour of Truth'
The obscurity of error...
John Paul II's new encyclical, 'The Splendour of Truth', concerns the basis of moral theology from the perspective of Catholic teaching. It is intended to provide the faithful with answers to the questions put to Jesus by a young man in a New Testament parable: What good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?
Unfortunately, from the point of view of other religions and from the Jewish perspective, the Pope's text is based on two types of assertion:
1. The Catholic Church sets itself up as the sole keeper of divine truth and assumes the 'duty' of disseminating its doctrine as the sole universal teaching.
2. It strongly proclaims the fulfilment of the Old Covenant in the New and the superiority of the latter, a doctrine which propagates 'the teaching of contempt' for the Jews, long since condemned by Jules Isaac as an element in the development of anti-Semitism.
According to John Paul II, 'the task of authentically interpreting the word of God ... has been entrusted only to those charged with the Church's living Magisterium', which is consequently empowered to state that some theological and even philosophical affirmations are 'incompatible with revealed truth'. The Catholic Church is said to possess 'a light and a power capable of answering even the most controversial and complex questions'.
Non-Catholics are viewed with disdain: '... whatever goodness and truth is found in them is considered by the Church as a preparation for the Gospel.'
The passing away of Jewish religious tradition is asserted with the same arrogance.
The Law, which the Church labels 'old', merely prefigures Christian perfection. The Mosaic Decalogue is 'a promise and sign of the New Covenant'. Jesus is the 'new Moses'. The Law of Moses is only a 'figure of the true law', 'an image of the truth'. Moses came down from Mount Sinai carrying 'tablets of stone' in his hands. The apostles carried 'the Holy Spirit in their hearts'. Christian law is 'written not with ink but with the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts'. The prescriptions imparted by God in the Old Covenant 'attained their perfection in the New'.
For the old law was incomplete. Admittedly, it had a pedagogical function. But it was unable to give the 'righteousness' it demanded: only the new law gives grace, it 'is not content to say what must be done', but also gives the power to 'do what is true'.
We find here ideas which were already explored in the voluminous 'Catechism of the Catholic Church' of 1992. As in that unfortunate catechism, a few arrows are also fired, in line with Catholic tradition, at the Pharisees. The faithful are called to take 'great care ... not to allow themselves to be tainted by the attitude of the Pharisee', which, in our day, is expressed in adapting the moral norm to one's own capacities and personal interests, that is, in rejecting the very idea of a moral norm.
One must wonder how Catholics and the Catholic religious authorities would 'appreciate' an equivalent Jewish attack on the New Covenant.
One must also wonder how the Polish pontiff reconciles his encyclical with the exhortation in the 'Ten Points of Seelisberg' and with the requirement envisaged in the first draft of the declaration on the Jews at Vatican II, calling on Christians not to teach anything that would vilify the Jews and their doctrine.
Many Christians have acknowledged that scriptural anti-Judaism and the doctrine of the 'fulfilment' [accomplissement] of the Old Covenant in the New led to anti-Semitism and prepared the ground in which the idea and implementation [accomplissement] of Auschwitz took seed.
No consideration is given to this by the Holy See in 1993. In proclaiming the splendour of truth, it perseveres in obscurity and error."
C. The general context
24. The applicant's statements contribute to a recurrent debate of ideas between historians, theologians and religious authorities. The two most recent Popes, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, as well as the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, have discussed the possibility that the manner in which the Jews are presented in the New Testament contributed to creating hostility against them. In particular, reference is made to the "Declaration of Repentance of the Church of France" of 30 September 1997, which emphasises the Church of France's historical responsibility towards the Jewish people; the speech given on 31 October 1997 by John Paul II during a colloquy on the "Roots of Anti-Judaism in the Christian Environment"; or, more recently, the book The Jewish People and their Sacred Scriptures in the Christian Bible, published in 2001 by the Pontifical Biblical Commission under the direction of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger – in its preface, the latter writes with regard to the Shoah that "in the light of what has happened, what ought to emerge now is a new respect for the Jewish interpretation of the Old Testament".
25. The relevant sections of the Freedom of the Press Act of 29 July 1881 provide as follows:
Section 29
"It shall be defamatory to make any statement or allegation of a fact that damages the honour or reputation of the person or body of whom the fact is alleged. The direct publication or reproduction of such a statement or allegation shall be an offence, even if expressed in tentative terms or if made about a person or body not expressly named but identifiable by the terms of the impugned speeches, shouts, threats, written or printed matter, placards or posters.
It shall be an insult to use any abusive or contemptuous language or invective not containing an allegation of fact."
Section 32
(Prior to amendment by Order no. 2000-916 of 19 September 2000, Article 3
(Official Gazette of 22 September 2000, in force from 1 January 2002))
"Defamation of an individual by one of the means set forth in section 23 shall be punishable by a fine of FRF 80,000.
Defamation by the same means of a person or group of people on the ground of their origin or their membership or non-membership of a specific ethnic group, nation, race or religion shall be punishable by a term of imprisonment of one year and a fine of FRF 300,000 or one of those penalties only.
Where a conviction is secured for one of the offences listed in the preceding paragraph the court may also order:
1. the decision to be posted up or displayed in accordance with Article 131-35 of the Criminal Code."
26. The applicant alleged that his conviction under sections 29 and 32, second paragraph, of the Freedom of the Press Act of 29 July 1881 had given rise to a violation of Article 10 of the Convention, the relevant parts of which provide:
"1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. ...
2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society ... for the protection of the reputation or rights of others ..."
A. The parties' submissions
1. The applicant
27. The applicant considered that his conviction for the publication of the impugned article amounted to an unlawful interference with his right to freedom of expression. He disagreed with the interpretation given to his article in the decisions of the domestic courts. In his view, the text criticised the attitude of the Catholic Church as the self-proclaimed "sole keeper of divine truth". He had subsequently wished to demonstrate that the doctrine of supremacy expressed through the primacy given to the New Covenant, in that its consequence had been the belittling of the Old Covenant passed between God and the Jewish people, had cast opprobrium on the latter group and had contained the seeds of the anti-Semitism without which Auschwitz could not have occurred. The impugned article did not claim that the Catholic Church's doctrine was intrinsically anti-Semitic, but that "scriptural anti-Judaism" had led to anti-Semitism, a not insignificant nuance. Short of resorting to a caricatured and simplistic summary, the applicant could not therefore be accused of having imputed responsibility for the crimes committed at Auschwitz to the Catholic Church. He added that the domestic courts had systematically extrapolated his statements to Christianity as a whole, even though they had referred only to the Catholic Church.
28. The applicant further challenged the claim that, since the impugned article concerned a sensitive religious matter, his freedom of expression could be subjected to stricter control. He considered that the circumstances of his case were different from those analysed by the Court in its judgments in Wingrove v. the United Kingdom (25 November 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-V) and Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (20 September 1994, Series A no. 295-A). In the instant case, the issue was not one of assessing the form of his article but only the idea, which had been set out in it without animosity or a desire to harm. He stated that, in his capacity as a historian and experienced journalist, he had sought only to contribute to the discussion on the origins of anti-Semitism and the extermination of the Jews, and thus to take part in a public debate. While he accepted that his point of view was not shared by all, including the AGRIF, he nonetheless considered that his article had contributed to an essential debate. While he was aware that his text could have offended or shocked some readers, he nevertheless considered that, having regard to the factors outlined above, he should not have been convicted, as this had not been "necessary in a democratic society".
29. Finally, the matter of the pecuniary penalties was not the subject matter of these proceedings, which essentially concerned a dispute regarding the very principle of his conviction.
2. The Government
30. The Government did not deny that the applicant's conviction constituted an "interference" in the exercise of his right of freedom of expression, and that that interference was "prescribed by law", namely sections 29 and 32 of the Freedom of the Press Act of 29 July 1881.
31. Nonetheless, the Government considered that the complaint under Article 10 of the Convention was unfounded.
32. In the first place, the interference in question pursued one of the legitimate aims provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Convention, namely the protection of the reputation or rights of others, in that the applicant's conviction was intended to protect Christians from defamation.
33. In particular, the Government submitted that the interference was "necessary in a democratic society". The applicant's conviction satisfied the criteria of necessity and proportionality which emerged from the Court's case-law, having regard to the margin of appreciation which was to be allowed to the national authorities in this matter.
34. In this connection, the Government considered, firstly, that the grounds on which the domestic courts had based their decisions had been "relevant and sufficient", since the applicant's conviction had been pronounced following a thorough and careful analysis of the disputed statements.
35. As to the proportionality of the conviction in relation to the legitimate aim pursued, the Government submitted that the applicant's statements had been directed against a large group of people, namely the Christian community, through a national newspaper, and were of a particularly serious nature. In addition, although the Government recognised that, in principle, the States' margin of appreciation was limited in cases concerning freedom of expression with regard to political speech or matters of serious public concern, they nevertheless considered that this same margin of appreciation could prove wider in relation to attacks on religious convictions (they referred, in particular, to Wingrove, cited above). It followed that the applicant should have taken greater care in wording his article. This was all the more so in that the impugned passage did not constitute a value judgment but referred to a fact, the truth of which could be proved or disproved. The article clearly affirmed the responsibility of the Catholic Church, and therefore of its members, in the extermination of the Jews by the Nazi regime. Thus, the applicant had not expressed an opinion but had "laid a charge" against the Christian community.
36. In the alternative, the Government considered that the applicant's statements, if they were to be construed as constituting a value judgment, had gone beyond the stage of participation, however controversial, in a historical debate, and represented a defamatory confusion, consisting in attributing to the Catholic Church part of the responsibility for one of the most heinous crimes in history.
37. Finally, the Government emphasised the limited pecuniary nature of the penalty imposed on the applicant and concluded that the domestic courts had been careful to strike a fair balance between, on the one hand, freedom of expression and, on the other, respect for the rights of others.
B. The Court's assessment
38. The impugned conviction undoubtedly amounted to an "interference" in the exercise of the applicant's freedom of expression. Such an interference infringes the Convention if it does not satisfy the requirements of paragraph 2 of Article 10. It should therefore be determined whether it was "prescribed by law", whether it pursued one or more of the legitimate aims set out in that paragraph and whether it was "necessary in a democratic society" to achieve those aims.
1. "Prescribed by law"
39. It was common ground that the interference was "prescribed by law", namely by sections 29 and 32, second paragraph, of the Freedom of the Press Act of 29 July 1881, as worded at the material time (see paragraph 25 above). The Court is of the same opinion.
2. Legitimate aim
40. The Court notes that the aim of this interference was to protect a group of persons from defamation on account of their membership of a specific religion, in this case the Christian community. This aim corresponds to that of the protection of "the reputation or rights of others" within the meaning of paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Convention. It is also fully consonant with the aim of the protections afforded by Article 9 to religious freedom (see, mutatis mutandis, Wingrove, cited above, § 48).
41. Whether or not there was a real need for protection of the Christian community, as asserted by the domestic courts and the Government, or whether, as the applicant argues, the impugned article is confined to criticism of the Catholic Church alone, and of the papal encyclical "The Splendour of Truth", requires an analysis of the grounds relied on by the domestic authorities to justify the interference and therefore of the requirement that it be "necessary in a democratic society", examined below.
42. Consequently, the contested interference pursued a legitimate aim in the light of paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Convention.
3. "Necessary in a democratic society"
43. As the Court has stated on many occasions, freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individual's self-fulfilment. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, it is applicable not only to "information" or "ideas" that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb (see Handyside v. the United Kingdom, 7 December 1976, § 49, Series A no. 24). As paragraph 2 of Article 10 recognises, however, the exercise of that freedom carries with it duties and responsibilities. Amongst them – in the context of religious opinions and beliefs – may legitimately be included an obligation to avoid as far as possible expressions that are gratuitously offensive to others and thus an infringement of their rights, and which therefore do not contribute to any form of public debate capable of furthering progress in human affairs (see, mutatis mutandis, Otto-Preminger-Institut, cited above, § 49; Wingrove, cited above, § 52; and Gündüz v. Turkey, no. 35071/97, § 37, ECHR 2003-XI).
44. In examining whether restrictions on the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention can be considered "necessary in a democratic society", the Court has consistently held that the Contracting States enjoy a certain but not unlimited margin of appreciation (see Wingrove, cited above, § 53). The absence of a uniform European conception of the requirements of the protection of the rights of others in relation to attacks on their religious convictions broadens the Contracting States' margin of appreciation when regulating freedom of expression in relation to matters liable to offend intimate personal convictions within the sphere of morals or religion (see Otto-Preminger-Institut, cited above, § 50; Wingrove, cited above, § 58; and Murphy v. Ireland, no. 44179/98, § 67, ECHR 2003-IX). It is, in any event, for the European Court to give a final ruling on the restriction's compatibility with the Convention and it will do so by assessing in the circumstances of a particular case, inter alia, whether the interference corresponded to a "pressing social need" and whether it was "proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued" (see, mutatis mutandis, Wingrove, cited above, § 53).
45. In the instant case, the Court notes at the outset, like the Paris Court of Appeal, whose judgment was partially quashed, that the applicant's article essentially accuses the encyclical "The Splendour of Truth" of enshrining among theological principles the so-called doctrine of the "fulfilment" of the Old Covenant in the New, and the superiority of the latter. According to the impugned article, this doctrine contains the seeds of the anti-Semitism which fostered the idea and implementation of the Holocaust.
46. According to the domestic courts, especially the Orléans Court of Appeal, whose judgment was upheld by the Court of Cassation, this amounts to accusing "Catholics and, more generally, Christians of being responsible for the Nazi massacres". It followed, again according to the Court of Appeal, that Christians were therefore victims of the offence of defamation on account of their religious beliefs.
47. The Court cannot accept these arguments.
48. It notes, firstly, that the action for defamation brought against the applicant was lodged by an association, the General Alliance against Racism and for Respect for the French and Christian Identity. It is not for the Court to comment on whether this group is representative, nor on its task of defending the Catholic Church or Christianity in general. Nor is it the role of the Court, short of taking the place of the domestic courts, to evaluate whether the article in question directly undermined the complainant association or the interests it seeks to defend.
49. The Court further observes that, although the applicant's article criticises a papal encyclical and hence the Pope's position, the analysis it contains cannot be extended to Christianity as a whole, which, as pointed out by the applicant, is made up of various strands, several of which reject papal authority.
50. The Court considers, in particular, that the applicant sought primarily to develop an argument about the scope of a specific doctrine and its possible links with the origins of the Holocaust. In so doing he had made a contribution, which by definition was open to discussion, to a wide-ranging and ongoing debate (see paragraph 24 above), without sparking off any controversy that was gratuitous or detached from the reality of contemporary thought.
51. By considering the detrimental effects of a particular doctrine, the article in question contributed to a discussion of the various possible reasons behind the extermination of the Jews in Europe, a question of indisputable public interest in a democratic society. In such matters, restrictions on freedom of expression are to be strictly construed. Although the issue raised in the present case concerns a doctrine upheld by the Catholic Church, and hence a religious matter, an analysis of the article in question shows that it does not contain attacks on religious beliefs as such, but a view which the applicant wishes to express as a journalist and historian. In that connection, the Court considers it essential in a democratic society that a debate on the causes of acts of particular gravity amounting to crimes against humanity should be able to take place freely (see, mutatis mutandis, Lehideux and Isorni v. France, 23 September 1998, §§ 54-55, Reports 1998-VII). Furthermore, it has already had occasion to note that "it is an integral part of freedom of expression to seek historical truth", and that "it is not its role to arbitrate" the underlying historical issues (see Chauvy and Others v. France, no. 64915/01, § 69, ECHR 2004-VI).
52. While the published text, as the applicant himself acknowledges, contains conclusions and phrases which may offend, shock or disturb some people, the Court has reiterated on several occasions that such views do not in themselves preclude the enjoyment of freedom of expression (see, in particular, De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium, 24 February 1997, § 46, Reports 1997-I). Moreover, the article in question is not "gratuitously offensive" (see Otto-Preminger-Institut, cited above, § 49), or insulting (contrast İ.A. v. Turkey, no. 42571/98, § 29, ECHR 2005-VIII), and does not incite disrespect or hatred. Nor does it cast doubt in any way on clearly established historical facts (contrast Garaudy v. France (dec.), no. 65831/01, ECHR 2003-IX).
53. In these circumstances, the reasons given by the French courts in support of the applicant's conviction cannot be regarded as sufficient to convince the Court that the interference in the exercise of the applicant's right to freedom of expression was "necessary in a democratic society"; in particular, his conviction on a charge of public defamation towards the Christian community did not meet a "pressing social need".
54. As to the proportionality of the interference in issue to the legitimate aim pursued, the Court reiterates that the nature and severity of the penalties imposed are also factors to be taken into account (see, for example, Pedersen and Baadsgaard v. Denmark [GC], no. 49017/99, § 93, ECHR 2004-XI). The Court must also exercise caution when the measures taken or penalties imposed by the national authority are such as to dissuade the press from taking part in the discussion of matters of legitimate public interest (see, mutatis mutandis, Jersild v. Denmark, 23 September 1994, § 35, Series A no. 298).
55. In the instant case, the applicant was acquitted in the criminal proceedings. In the civil action, he was ordered to pay FRF 1 in damages to the complainant association and, in particular, to publish a notice of the ruling in a national newspaper at his own expense. While the publication of such a notice does not in principle appear to constitute an excessive restriction on freedom of expression (see Chauvy and Others, cited above, § 78), in the instant case the fact that it mentioned the criminal offence of defamation undoubtedly had a deterrent effect and the sanction thus imposed appears disproportionate in view of the importance and interest of the debate in which the applicant legitimately sought to take part (see paragraphs 50-51 above).
56. Consequently, there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention.
57. Under Article 41 of the Convention,
"If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party."
58. The Court notes that the applicant did not submit any claim for just satisfaction within the time allowed after the decision on admissibility.
59. According to its settled case-law (see, in particular, Andrea Corsi v. Italy, no. 42210/98, 4 July 2002; Andrea Corsi v. Italy (revision), no. 42210/98, 2 October 2003; Willekens v. Belgium, no. 50859/99, 24 April 2003; and Mancini v. Italy, no. 44955/98, ECHR 2001-IX), the Court does not make any award by way of just satisfaction where quantified claims and the relevant documentation have not been submitted within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by Rule 60 § 1 of the Rules of Court.
60. In these circumstances, the Court considers that the applicant has failed to comply with his obligations under Rule 60. As no valid claim for just satisfaction has been submitted, the Court considers that no award should be made in this respect.
1. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention;
2. Holds that it is not necessary to apply Article 41 of the Convention.
Done in French, and notified in writing on 31 January 2006, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Sally Dollé András Baka
Registrar President
GINIEWSKI v. FRANCE JUDGMENT
GINIEWSKI v. FRANCE JUDGMENT


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Founder & CEO Karl Kaufman appeared on Bloomberg Quint TV this morning to discuss his Forbes article about the Apple/Netflix rumors. Watch below:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Drug offenses could cost students scholarships
After a week with five incidents of drug offenses and six cases of underage drinking on campus, it might be worth noting that students who use illegal drugs are at risk to be ineligible for any form of federal aid.
It's an important reminder, since a quick survey found many students are not aware of the rule.
"I didn't realize you could lose money in a situation like this," said Meagan Sodaro, a freshman in the College of Education.
Sara Johnson, coordinator for Marquette's alcohol programs, clarified that the rule for federal aid applies to illegal substances and alcohol is not illegal for those over the age of 21. Therefore, it is not included under federal guidelines.
If a student is convicted of a drug-related felony or misdemeanor while initially receiving federal aid, he or she will almost always lose any grants, loans, work-study or other student aid funds. Students may also be liable for returning any financial aid received during a period of ineligibility.
The ineligibility period is dependent upon the severity of the crime and how many times it has previously occurred. Generally the time period ranges from one to two years if kept under three offenses where it then goes to indefinite eligibility.
Students receiving federal aid must first fill out the online Free Application for Federal Student Aid, better known as FAFSA.
The federal law recognizes two vague categories of the drug offenses: possession of illegal drugs and sale of illegal drugs.
Eligibility for federal aid can be reinstated earlier by three various situations: the completion of an approved drug rehabilitation program, passing two unannounced drug tests administered by an official drug rehabilitation center or by having the conviction overturned.
Caroline Kupchella, a freshman in the College of Arts and Sciences, said she thought the rule is fair punishment depending upon the situation.
Sodaro agreed, and suggested that it might make more people think before their actions.
"For some people, it could really hurt," she said. "Marquette is an expensive college."
"I have heard of situations where people were caught with drug paraphernalia in their dorms, but had never heard of it affecting your money," Sodaro said. "It would definitely make me think twice if I was ever put in a situation like that."
More information regarding specific rehabilitation programs accepted by FAFSA and any other questions can be answered by contacting the Federal Student Aid Information Center.


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You can't get much better than bitch slaps and balls on a Wednesday morning can you? We're stoked to see the new Jokers webisode 5...
There are no words to express this kind of pain
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Welcome to our new web site!
To give our readers a chance to experience all that our new website has to offer, we have made all content freely avaiable, through October 1, 2018.
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Las Cruces Bulletin
"Can" is the pivotal word when you think about the can-do attitude at Las Cruces' Casa de Peregrinos Emergency Food Program.
Canstruction is an event scheduled for Friday, Oct. 2 to Sunday, Oct. 4 during the Southern New Mexico State Fair and Rodeo at the fairgrounds.
Cans of food will be made into sculptures at the fairgrounds.
All the canned goods used will be donated to Casa de Peregrinos (CDP) and the group will also use the weekend to spread the word about the organization.
Executive Director Lorenzo Alba Jr. has high hopes the event can do great things to reduce food insecurity in Doña Ana County and introduce CDP to a whole new group of donors and volunteers. Philanthropy and community service are vital to its survival, he said.
Canstruction is a new project for CDP and staff and volunteers began planning it in January.
In addition to donations, Alba said Canstruction will be "a really aggressive advocacy effort. In front of literally thousands of people" at the fair, where CDP will be able "to share information about our mission, our agency and our partnerships."
Following the international charity's strict guidelines — visit www.canstruction. org for more information — four teams of up to five members each from the Greater Las Cruces Chamber of Commerce's Leadership Las Cruces program are collecting donations all over the county to buy the cans they will need to build imaginative "cansculptures."
Each team includes at least one engineering consultant to guarantee the safety of its structure, Alba said.
You can watch the sculptures being built and view them noon to 10 p.m. on Friday, Oct. 2; 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. on Saturday, Oct. 3; and 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Sunday, Oct. 4 at the fairgrounds west of Las Cruces.
The sculptures will be in the special events center.
Alba said visitors also will be able to buy tickets for $1 each to vote for their favorite sculpture.
The Golden Can award will be presented to the team that best meets the spirit of the event with the most number of meals, determined by food weight and money collected. All teams will be entered into a photo-based international competition.
One of CDP's partners on Canstruction is Lowe's grocery store at the corner of Solano Drive and University Avenue. Lowe's is ordering the canned goods for Canstruction in 20 different sizes, ranging from tiny green chile cans to giant commercial-sized tomato cans. CDP staff will pick up the cases of canned goods from the store and deliver them first to its warehouse at the Las Cruces Community of Hope for a practice build for the sculpture teams, and then to the fairgrounds for the event.
Staff from Roadrunner Food Bank, which operates in Las Cruces and Albuquerque, will also be on hand at the fair.
In addition to Lowe's grocery story and Leadership Las Cruces, CDP's major partners on Canstruction are The Associated General Contractors of America, the New Mexico chapter of the American Institute of Architects, Jaynes Corporation and the New Mexico chapter of the American Council of Engineering Companies.
Casa de Peregrinos
CDP was founded 35 years ago in Las Cruces and provided food to an estimated 6,500 families (with an average size of 3.3 members each) last year. Alba said New Mexico has among the highest rates of child and adult hunger in the nation. And, with more than 25 percent of its population living below the poverty line, Doña Ana County has an estimated 31,000 people who are food insecure, he said.
In addition to its program in Las Cruces, CDP also operates 12 food pantries in the colonias in southern New Mexico, Alba said. CDP has a small staff and 35-40 volunteers who work in the Las Cruces food pantry every week and 125130 who volunteer in the rural pantries, he said.
"Part of our name is 'emergency.' We serve people below poverty level, the homeless and families with real food emergencies. We don't say no to people. We definitely do whatever we can to make sure they're taken care of."
CDP relies on individual donors of food, money and time, along with grants and donations from local businesses, civic groups and religious organizations for its survival. "The city and county have been very big in assisting us as well," Alba said. The program receives some funding from the federal Emergency Food and Shelter program, but receives no state funds.
Food donations to CDP "have gone up tremendously," Alba said, due in large part to the food rescue program that was started in March 2014. Walmart of Las Cruces, the White Sands Commissary, Target, Natural Grocers, Mountain View Co-Op and others are donating food to CDP that is packaged imperfectly and can't be sold or is close to its sell-by date. Alba said these donations will exceed a half-million pounds this year. "It's just taken off. It's the best thing that's ever happened to us."
And, Walmart has donated a refrigerated truck to Casa de Peregrinos, so staff can pick up an entire donation in one trip instead of having to go back several times, as they used to do when the only vehicles they had available to transport the food were a van and a pickup. "It's really made a big impact," Alba said.
"Casa de Peregrinos would not exist without this community," Alba said. "This community has made it what it is today."
"When you look at what our mission is, it's easy to fall in love with it," Alba said. "The mission is simple: We want to get food on people's tables. How we keep our doors open, that's the difficult part."
CDP works closely with its neighbors on the Community of Hope campus at 999 W. Amador Ave., Alba said. "We share food with all the agencies and vice versa." That includes El Caldito Soup Kitchen, Camp Hope transitional living for the homeless, St. Luke's Health Care Clinic and Jardin de los Ninos for homeless and near homeless children.
"We're a network of help, a one-stop shop," said CDP volunteer Nancy Ryan. Nancy and her husband, Bernie, have been volunteering at Casa de Peregrinos for two years, and each contributes about 15 hours a week. Nancy is a member of CDP's grant-writing and Canstruction committees.
"We know that the program works," Alba said. But poverty and hunger continue to be serious issues in Dona Ana County.
For more information on Casa de Peregrinos, contact Alba at 523-5542 or lo.alba. email@example.com. Visit www.casadeperegrinos. org.


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Charles I Becomes King (1625)
Charles I was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from March 27, 1625, until his execution in 1649. An advocate of the divine right of kings, Charles drew ire during his reign by engaging in a power struggle with Parliament, marrying a Catholic, and allying himself with controversial religious figures. His last years were marked by civil war, and he was defeated twice before being captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. What happened after the monarchy was abolished? More… Discuss


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Want to know more? Contact us here – we would be delighted to talk to you to discuss your particular business issues and how we can help.
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Three Coborn's, Inc. Bake Shoppe employees were recognized at a company Quarterly Meeting in November for assisting a co-worker during a medical emergency over the summer. Kevin Budde, Linda Jenson and Jim Majchrzak all stepped in to help their co-worker until paramedics could arrive at the Coborn's, Inc. Bake Shoppe to assist.
During the meeting, Chris Coborn (Chairman, President & CEO of Coborn's, Inc.) recognized the employees. Firefighters from the St. Cloud Fire Department also attended and presented all three employees with an award for their quick thinking and action.
Kevin, Linda and Jim's important efforts helped save the life of their co-worker that day.


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HOA VIolations
Many homes in the Chicagoland area are part of homeowners associations which have rules that people living in the community need to abide by. We make sure the tenant has those rules and if a rule is broken, you will receive a notice that you forward to us. We follow up with the tenant and make sure the violation is corrected and if any fines have been charged, we work on collecting from the tenant.
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Search through our available rentals. See current photos, availability dates, pet policies, and move-in/out fees and deposits.
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Get information about our credit score and income requirements.
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Applications typically take 1-3 business days to process. All adults living at the property have to apply. Please review the how to qualify page before applying. Cost for the application is $50 per adult.
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If the property is occupied, we need to give the current tenant at least a 24-hour notice. If it's vacant, it may be on a self-showing lock box for you to go and view on your own.
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Get information about switching on utilities, how to get the keys, notifying the association/reserving elevators, and conducting a walkthrough before moving in can be found here.
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Pay online anytime. Setup to autopay on a certain day monthly or login once a month and make a payment. There is no charge as long as you pay with your checking account information. Credit cards are accepted as well but they incur an additional fee.
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Submit a request for maintenance 24 hours a day 25 days a year. We'll confirm we received, choose an appropriate vendor, and schedule the service. If this is an emergency you can call our 24-hour hotline: (630) 333-9595.
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Are you looking to add a pet to your lease for maybe change roommates? You can find addendums for that here.
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Many questions you may have we probably have heard before. We've tried to compile the most popular ones so that you can get answers faster and easier than having to email us.
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Questions about cleaning requirements, association notification, reserving elevators, returning keys, conducting a walkthrough, and switching off utilities can be found here.


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Sendai: System Policy
Sendai: System Policy
Cat. # t2×06
Formats: 12″ vinyl & digital
Vinyl release date: April 13 2009
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These are not bad words but rather words of hope and inspiration. The same hope and inspiration we have all grown to embrace the last 20 years. It's a usual song with similar lyrics, one that speaks to just how much more or less mediocre the upcoming season will be. The song's chorus rings loud, "Suck for Luck."
I remember that one where we finally get the top draft pick, one that even Camarillo can't deny, just to negotiate salary early on a left tackle whilst drinking Henne just to make the tears subside. Who wanted a franchise QB with that pick anyway. Who really cares that he's still in the league, am I right?
As I push aside the sadness and hang on every Dolphins decision of the offseason, I think of teams that simply bite the proverbial bullet and suck for a time. This franchise needs to understand a thing or two about today's NFL. As an armchair quarterback, I'm here to make my voice heard all the way up to that front office.
A rebuild is not letting a few young guys play whilst bringing in a couple of veteran retreads to balance out the average age. Bringing in some false narrative about veteran leadership just so fans feel a certain type of way. A rebuild is a commitment to sucking for a time, collecting draft picks and picking best player available. The Miami Dolphins have a few guys worthy of getting paid who can be our veterans.
The Xavien Howards of the world deserve to be paid, he is a franchise guy hitting his prime. He is your leader, he's earned it. There are very few players with untouchable status on this roster but there are a few. Let the young guys play and coach them up. Let them transition to their prime and fail forward fast.
The 2019 Miami Dolphins do not have a bright future so why bring in someone else's discards? You end up having to give them a deal that forces tough roster decisions elsewhere and it's never worth it. Name me the last free agent signing that lived up to their contract? I simply can't handle another knee jerk reaction sold as sizzle.
Miami has holes all over the roster. Did you know Kenyan Drake barely had 500 yards rushing this past season? That he lost carries to a guy in Frank Gore who's turning 36 years old this year? Thousand-yard seasons fall off trees in this league for crying out loud. At this point the list of who to keep would be much more manageable than asking who to move on from.
See, I'm already thinking ahead by working on my fantasy football team name for next year. I already have a few I'm kicking around like, "Bring Me Tua Ring" or how about "Tagovailoa You're It."
I am not disloyal or a bad fan for feeling this way. I am simply being realistic about today's NFL and the path to success we see in the league year in year out. Eagles, Seahawks, Steelers, all come to mind. Teams that built out their roster whilst enduring bad quarterback play. Then the time came for those franchises to draft their guy. A guy who was elevated because the positions around him were already progressed.
That's the vision I would like to see the Miami Dolphins employ. Let's get back to a top 5 defense. Let's get back to a top 5 run game. Let's focus more on the 21 other positions this upcoming year and maybe just maybe we will hear the sweet strings of that "Vailoa-In 2020!"
This story was written by Steven Paulsen. Follow him on Twitter: @SarcasticPhin
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April 2020


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The Complete Guide of Paleo (Ebook)
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text: Set in a prime slope-side position in Courchevel Moriond, Portetta elevates Alpine hospitality into luxurious hotel living whilst retaining a distinctive Savoyard charm. Well-equipped family rooms with separate children's bedrooms and spacious penthouse lofts offer the perfect base for the ultimate luxury ski holiday. Parents could start the day wrapped in fur snugs on the panoramic outdoor terrace watching the children at the next door ski school, before an afternoon on the slopes together. Later, soothe aching muscles in the hammam and sauna before introducing the little ones to fondue at the restaurant.


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Plum Granny Farm Weekly Update -- Happy New Year!
Hello Farm Friends! Happy Saturday!
Happy New Year from Brix -- and from us too! We hope your Holiday Season was delightful and that 2017 is off to a great start!
Here at Plum Granny Farm, we are looking ahead at the season, making our plans and dreaming our dreams. Unfortunately one of the humans here had a rocky start to the year with a flu that morphed into pneumonia but antibiotics are working their magic and hopefully we'll be full-steam ahead soon!
And how about that weather? Dealing with last weekend's deep freeze kept Ray running all over the farm to make sure that everything was tucked in, protected and warm. From the lambs to the cats to the donkey to the wells to the greenhouse to the strawberries, everything had to be battened down, insulated and heated. The cats weren't quite sure what to make of the space heater when it went into the house! And the lambs got to have their first snow-splattered meal of the year (they LIKE this weather!)
But yes, in true North Carolina winter fashion, we went from 4 degrees on Monday to 65 degrees on Thursday. Here's sunrise on Tuesday:
Compared with sunrise on Friday:
The beautiful icicles on the porch kept growing and growing (almost touching the porch floor) and tried to hold on as long as possible but they finally gave up on Wednesday afternoon.
But while the snow was short-lived, Ray decided to take advantage of it with a quick ski. The conditions were perfect powder -- much like the great snow we'd get when we lived in New Mexico. Although no turns were earned on the outing, it was a great chance to see the farm under the beautiful 8" blanket of fluff.
Since the snow was fluffy, we hoped that it would provide insulation and protection to the greens in the field that weren't covered. A thick layer of light snow is so much better than an icy, sleety slush for plants (and all else!) The strawberries had their winter blanket but we weren't able to cover the greens.
The snow did its magic. We just checked the kale, collards and other greens and we are happy to report that they look (and taste!) great!
Only one thing on the farm didn't make it --the water hydrant at Raz House blew (we had opened up the sides to let the frigid air in to help with our process of cleaning out the high tunnel). But Ray had an excellent helper as he replaced the hydrant.
That pretty much wraps things up here at the farm. We've missed being in touch and hearing from you -- but we are back on track for our weekly communiques! And it's time to get back the seed catalogs and spreadsheets for planning!
There are lots of special days to celebrate over the next several days starting with "Dress Up Your Pet Day" today to "Ditch New Year's Resolutions Day" on Tuesday. More importantly, let's celebrate the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on Monday and honor his memory by doing something to make a difference in the lives of our neighbors.
Until next week,
Cheryl & Ray


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Janet Denese "Jackie" Gotte
Janet Denese "Jackie" Gotte, was born on January 24, 1950 at Chicago, IL to John and Rose Marie Strub. She departed this life on Tuesday morning, July 3, 2018 at Enid, OK. Jackie had worked in several different fields, and had most recently owned and operated the Walleye Motel and the Sportsman's Bar in Longdale, OK with her husband Lester. She was preceded in death by her parents and three husbands. Survivors include two sons, Chris Phillips of Rosser, TX and Wes Phillips of Hennessey, OK; one daughter, Jennifer Paskero of Ben Wheeler, TX; two sisters, Mary Strub and Margery Fejes; one brother, John Strub; seven grandchildren, Chance Phillips, Kyndal Phillips, Dillon Paskero, Daizy Potter, Asher Ayers, Emmett Baucom and Cody Phillips; two great-grandchildren, Kaiden Reed and Aria Coy; Jackie was laid to rest in Longdale Cemetery on July 3, 2018. A service of remembrance was held by her family after the burial. Condolences may be made online at www.piercefuneralhomes.com.


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The Reasons for Hiring an Excellent Piano Mover
You must avoid making such mistake of getting a piano mover who doesn't have any experience in this so that you will not get discouraged from getting a damaged piano. For this reason, when you are going to move the piano to your new home, then it is certainly a great idea that you hire the most excellent piano mover in your place. These are the things that you have to know why you need to be doing this.
You know for a fact that the pianos are quite heavy. They can weigh a thousand pounds or even greater than this. This is why you should get those professionals who really know how to move the pianos. When you would try to this task on your own, then you won't only risk your safety but you could also damage that piano. You could also risk injuring your back or break such delicate bones. Also, you would run such risk of ruining the piano by dropping or destroying the other items you have nearby like the walls. Anything can certainly happen if you don't know how you should move the piano or move this out to a new location. Thus, you need to go for a great piano mover with so much experience for you to avoid the issues.
You must also get to know the reason why the people are very willing to pay more when it comes to hiring such piano movers. Such items need special attention and care when they should be moved. You won't find it easy to maneuver or move them through the staircase or those hallways.
The professionals would use some types of equipment and techniques to be able to get such job done in the right way. There are a lot of professionals that use the skids or piano boards which are utilized especially for transporting the pianos. The professional piano movers are going to wrap the piano using the blankets and they would also try to strap this into the board to reduce the damage. Piano boards would get loaded in dollies to let the movers move the piano to the nearest exit.
Pianos are surely costly and they are also loved by a lot of people. They may cause a person to be sentimental and a lot of times are irreplaceable. If you must move the piano, then you should take each precaution so that there won't be any damage done to this. You also need to be very explicit to the movers regarding moving the piano.
Even if you are thinking of moving the piano to a different room in your house, you should ask about which professional piano movers you must go for. You can trust the expert movers that they really know what they are doing.
Why No One Talks About Services Anymore


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Vinyl kitchen floor tile - Plank flooring laminate
Vinyl Kitchen Floor Tile
New Kitchen Floor
This is my project of the last week. I with the help of my wife and son installed a new tile floor in our kitchen. The old vinyl floor had seen better days. It was a lot of work but it really looks good. I still have to put the trim moulding on. soon at that is done I promise a picture of the entire kitchen.kitchen floor -removal
planking covered by plywood, covered by tile, covered by vinyl flooring, covered by vinyl flooring. now it's gone.
design own floor plan
evacuate the dance floor cover
beach floor lamps
installing vinyl flooring on stairs
floor wax applicators
underfloor heating mixing valve
tree house floor plans
restoring shine to hardwood floors
floor buffer pad
small kitchen floor plans


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- ITV Report
'Longer journey times' warning with weather alert
The Met Office has issued a yellow 'be aware' warning of ice and snow for much of Wales.
It says some injuries from slips and accidents on icy surfaces are possible. Some roads and railways are likely to be affected with longer journey times by road, bus and train services.


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Circularities Volume Two: Pack
Set the mood with fun circularities elements! This collection of media includes a a countdown, 7 motions and 7 stills for creating a dynamic environment in your worship experience.
What's Included
Video Content
- 5-Minute Countdown
- 5 Teaching Motions
- Welcome Motion
- Closing Motion
Graphic Design Content
- 5 Teaching Stills
- Welcome Still
- Closing Still
Product Details
Each Service Pack consists of a collection of coordinating media for your worship experiences. These packs include a matching countdown, motions and stills for your screens. The Countdown and Motions will download to your machine as HD Quicktime video files. Stills will download as .JPG image files. Content in our Service Packs are compatible with all leading presentation software.
Preview Contents
Welcome Motion
Closing Motion
Teaching Still 01
Teaching Still 02
Teaching Still 04


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The Seattle Parks Board is considering a ban on smoking and the use of other tobacco products in city parks. Guest columnist Abigail Halperin urges the board to adopt the ban, arguing the ban would be good for public health and that people have the right to breathe smoke-free air.
NEW conduct codes have been proposed by the city of Seattle to make our many parks cleaner, safer and more enjoyable. Some of these rules have raised concerns about discrimination and personal freedom, including one that would ban smoking or using other tobacco products in city parks. In this case, protecting the public from tobacco smoke — a substance as toxic to humans as radon and asbestos — is the real issue at hand, not whether such a decision infringes on individual rights.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, exposure to secondhand smoke kills 50,000 people in the United States annually and incurs over $10 billion in direct health-care costs. Even outdoors, tobacco smoke is dangerous to large segments of the population. This includes infants and children, pregnant women, the elderly, people with asthma and those with a host of other medical conditions. Breathing someone else's smoke is not merely annoying for nonsmokers. At best, it is extremely unpleasant. At worst, it can be fatal.
People of legal age are free to use tobacco or drink alcohol in places and situations where it is safe and causes no harm to others, but the city has an obligation to protect people from known health risks resulting from these behaviors on public property. It is the job of our parks board commissioners to create regulations that permit residents and visitors to safely enjoy our parks and recreation areas.
Fewer than 10 percent of King County residents are smokers. The only policy that will prevent the rest from being involuntarily exposed to secondhand smoke is to ban smoking entirely in all the parks.
Most Read Opinion Stories
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Designating nonsmoking areas around playgrounds or sports fields to protect children has been suggested, but this is not a fair or viable solution. Both children and adults use all the parks for recreation, and people of all ages deserve the benefits of breathing smoke-free air. A partial smoking ban is an oxymoron, and makes no more sense than a smoking section in a restaurant or a peeing section in a swimming pool.
Equally important, 70 percent of smokers say they want to quit smoking, and half of them try to quit each year. It takes many tries for most people to quit for good. Often it's too late.
Smoke-free laws have been shown to help people succeed in freeing themselves from this deadly and addictive habit. Conversely, allowing smoking in public places thwarts the efforts of smokers trying to quit and undermines our state programs to prevent youth from starting to smoke.
Enacting an inclusive and unambiguous smoking ban in our parks will save lives and money and improve quality of life for all. Failing to act, or creating an ineffective rule, would be a victory only for the tobacco companies, who have successfully overturned or delayed passage of similar public-health measures in our state before. Let's not let this happen again.
Abigail Halperin is a Seattle physician who specializes in the prevention and treatment of tobacco dependence and related diseases.


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Designer News
Where the design community meets.
Boston, MA Founder @ Designed.org Joined about 7 years ago via an invitation from Allan G. David has invited Nelson Joyce, Smit Patel
That is something we are constantly thinking about at Designed.org. We are building a non-profit that is dedicated to providing tools and resources that enable designers (right now mentors and job postings). We don't move as fast as bigger design communities, but we are free and focused on individual empowerment not monetization.
If you are ready for some next level thinking around managing design teams, here is a must watch, https://vimeo.com/297967955
Todd has experience at large scale and is building out career ladders with some of the leading companies on the West Coast.
Designed.org is a non-profit that is always looking for design volunteers
We are building out discussion tools at Designed.org specifically for this! We have some other product launches in front of that, but hopefully it won't be to long!
Fantastic article from CommArts Magazine. Designed.org was interviewed with AIGA about how we can improve mentoring to empower and encourage aspiring designers around the world
Designed.org is a great place to look for a mentor, we have over 320 globally. We are a non-profit building a design education from the ground up.
Ya... that was really lousy.... I apologize for that, for future launches we'll send you to a landing page with more information and screenshots of the app. Long term we do want to explore surfacing some parts of the system so you don't have to signup
Hey all! The design community has a few great places to look for career opportunities, but they are getting pretty expensive. Designed.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, and we just released a career listing board to our platform to make sure every design team has the opportunity to post career opportunities around the world, no matter their size or budget.
We are still in the early stages of launching our platform, but we are building a design education community dedicated to helping educate and empower designers around the world!
Been having a lot of conversations with design leaders around career ladders. Everyone seems to want/need one. Few have them documented. Many are in the process of creating one. I've put together a short 2-3 minute survey to get some insights on the current state and would love this communities participation.
Also, check out Designed.org, we are building a design career education platform to inspire and empower designers around the world!
I'm curious to learn more about your inspiration for uijar. On Dribbble I can like and bucket things by group/categories of my choice, what use cases would I want to use uijar vs. the native functionality of dribbble?
Designer News
Where the design community meets.
Designer News is a large, global community of people working or interested in design and technology.
Have feedback?


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Freaky Amazon Goods
Have you ever wanted to make it look like your big toe was floating? How about a fish puking up your egg yolk to separate it for cooking? If these sound intriguing, you need to check out this freaky list of weird finds on Amazon. Some of these things are really functional, like instant underwear that you can add water to and grow, or a hair-trimming comb. Others appear really too weird to be as functional as they appear.


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Law Office of Jason C. Goddard, LLC
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Attorney Jason C. Goddard is an experienced criminal defense lawyer who has handled serious criminal cases in Connecticut, New York and CT District Court.
When it comes to criminal cases, we believe every person is entitled to the best possible defense; and we strive to deliver on that belief for every one of our clients.
If you are looking for team of attorneys to represent you in a criminal matter, please contact us by filling out the form below or calling our office.
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Disclaimer: The use of the Internet or this form for communication with the firm or any individual member of the firm does not establish an attorney-client relationship. Confidential or time-sensitive information should not be sent through this form.


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Premium retailer Jaeger has posted a £1.4m fall in pre-tax profits for the year to February 28, 2011.
The retailer, owned by British Fashion Council chair Harold Tillman, revealed pre-tax profit plummeted to £772,000 from £2.22m the previous year.
Sales during the period were up 10% to £93.89m but the retailer said the profit dip was, in part, down to the need to take provisions for its five loss-making stores.
Jaeger is also hoping to sign a licensing deal to open stores in China, after ending a Japanese licensing deal that had restricted Asian growth, according to The Mail on Sunday.
The retailer, which has 50 stand-alone stores and 70 concessions in the UK, is said to planning a concession in Harvey Nichols in Hong Kong as well as stores in Kuala Lumpur, the Malaysian capital.
Jaeger is also thought to be exploring the possibility opening shops in New York for the first time, according to The Telegraph. It currently wholesales in the US in department stores including Nordstrom.
The retailer opened six stores in the UK in 2011 and now sells online to 39 countries.
Elsewhere, Jaeger has said it will not show at London Fashion Week this season due to a "change in strategy".
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(810) 794-4455
Your Subtitle text
Dealer Info
About Us
Contact Us
Dealer Info
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It all starts when you're looking around at your home. You notice bricks cracking. Maybe your door won't shut like…Read more
Did you know that gutters and downspouts direct water away from the home and its foundation? It prevents water from…Read more
Is the crack in your foundation cause for concern? Learn which types of cracks need to be watched and which…Read more
In this week's video blog, Bart talks about how you can keep your crawl space dry (and your foundation strong)…Read more


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Account Transfer Guide
Students or staff leaving the MOISD may wish to transfer their data from Google Drive, Gmail, or other Google services to a personal Google account. This guide provides information on the account transfer, as well as an alternative archive solution.
Additional Option:
Account data can be downloaded directly from Google Takeout. This option doesn't transfer data from one account to another; instead, selected content is downloaded directly to your computer in a generic format.
Account Transfer Guide


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Green Hope Foundation: HundrED Sustainability Spotlight
Green Hope Foundation is a youth organization working on Education for Sustainable Development, children's rights and environmental protection by empowering young people and helping to build effective partnerships with all stakeholders of civil society. Find out more about Green Hope Foundation here.
The HundrED Spotlight on Sustainability highlights the innovative practices happening in education that address this important issue.
We spent nine months researching sustainability in education and identifying the people already making this a priority in their educational settings. Together in partnership with MUSE School, California, and with the help of an expert advisory board, we selected ten innovations which are impactful, address sustainability in a fresh way and have either spread to other settings or have the potential to!
The selected projects were celebrated at the Sustainability Summit in Calabasas in November 2018.


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This is the second part of a two-part series that explores connections between advanced analytics and corporate responsibility.
Recently, two student researchers from the global DXC Internship Program harnessed an innovative analytics solution to unearth insights into the U.S. opioid crisis. The goal was to begin creating a framework for better understanding addiction risks.
Comments Brendan Stec, co-leader of the project along with Aiswarya Rangarajan, "One hundred and fifteen Americans die each day from overdosing on opioids, and many of those became addicted after they were initially prescribed an opioid painkiller following a serious surgery or injury. By using tools from data science and artificial intelligence, we hoped the data could tell us which types of individuals are either likely to develop an addiction or are already addicted (in real time), so the proper clinical decisions or interventions can be made going forward."
According to Brendan and Aiswarya, knowing how to clean and prepare the data was actually the most important part of the entire project. The data our researchers started with was in a raw, unstructured format, and any machine learning algorithms wouldn't work until the data was sufficiently prepared. They spent several weeks gathering all of the data they needed and figuring out what they could try to find out. Then, once the data was ready, it was time to search for interesting patterns.
Our intern team used an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to group patients into different clusters. Clustering allowed them to group patients without specifying what features they thought would be important beforehand. This strategy allowed the system the flexibility to discover completely new and unanticipated patterns of opioid addiction risk. Combining the data preparation with unsupervised machine learning and interpretation of the resulting patterns resulted in an artificial intelligence with potential to provide new insights into addiction risks.
What did our researchers discover? When treated with opioids, patients with second or third degree burns were almost twice as likely as non-burn victims to experience some kind of drug overdose. In addition, just being young, old, wealthy or poor did not make a person more or less likely to become addicted to opioids. But young patients with a certain type of medical history were at a high risk of addiction. A group of patients (about 150) between the ages of 15 and 24 with a history of concussions, anxiety and attention deficit disorder (ADD) were at a high risk of addiction if problems like broken wrists, clavicles and legs were treated with an opioid. Our interns thought it would be interesting for other researchers to further explore the connection between having a history of these conditions and the likelihood of future opioid addiction.
Ultimately, the project suggested that predicting the risk opioid addiction isn't as simple as tracking trends in the amount of opioids taken over time. Just because someone has taken more opioids doesn't make them a greater risk for overdose. Our researchers would see, for example, a patient prescribed opioids on four or five different occasions never show symptoms of addiction, while another patient developed symptoms after a single prescription. The findings indicated that opioid addiction occurs as the result of a complex interaction of factors, and that simple indicators of risk are difficult to find. A productive research strategy for the future would be to map these complex factors and design social and medical support systems to better serve at-risk patients.
For more on the ways in which data science can help illuminate today's complex social and public health challenges, please read part one of this series, "Stronger communities, better healthcare."


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Online Charity Auction Software 52 Traffic Generating Tips
Another cause behind the recognition of online advertising media is the continuous utilization of web for numerous purposes that range from entertainment to in search of information and in addition for networking with friends throughout the globe. Various kinds of automotive websites are available by means of online, however you've gotten to choose any reliable web site and by means of this medium, you will get proper and correct info in accordance with your necessities. If you want to get the very best house for the complete family, get in touch with a reliable Purchase and sell Metro Manila Philippines. Thus, auctions help buyers in getting the best deals and in gaining better earnings for sellers. For instance, a vendor might wish to promote a considerable amount of hay and can thus, decide to sell this hay to people for a similar amount, once a reasonable value is decided. Because of structure constrictions advertisements may not seem in print exactly as they appear on the screen.
Buy or promote treeing walker coonhounds and coon canines for free in our treeing walker coonhound and coon canine free classified ads section at Coonhound Classifieds. Free native classifieds. Buy and sell for free at allclassifieds. Whether it is about shopping for the automobiles or bikes, entirely new or a pre-owned one, free online classifieds is the place to go. 14,000. These financial savings additionally extend to demo automobiles. This won't solely increase new sales within the short time period, nevertheless it will even result in the gross sales of more demo automobiles. Firstly, the forex alternate fee is a really significant issue when importing automobiles and in the mean time it strongly favours the Australian buyer. It's unknown how lengthy these prices can stay so low as the currency exchange charge can range, but right now they offer great worth. People in public will start bidding and later decide which costs are suitable for the item. On this type, individuals can see the item and then start bidding.
The bidders are allowed to see bids of different bidders and may select the next worth for an item. Perth motorists looking for a bargain will see a big value drop. If you purchase these banner Ads your site will also be on the first web page of all serps. 5. Livestock auction: In livestock auction, bidders can buy pigs, sheep, cattle, and different livestock. 3. Wine public sale: In wine public sale, bidders can bid for uncommon wine, which might not be accessible in retail wine shops. 1. Antique auction: An antique auction consists of a trade opportunity as well as offers entertainment. It is as if the Auction House is a separate recreation that you're taking part in with a separate character. Then your mule will obtain every part and go to the Auction House placing it to sell. A mule is a low level character whose only objective is to work on the Auction House to make you gold. It will not normally be mandatory for you to ship gold to your foremost, as a result of it will likely be getting enough from quests and vendor trash.
In fact, the simplest way is just to kind these words into an online search engine and see the long record of outcomes you will get. 4. request a proof of the advert to see how it is going to seem in the newspaper. It will even be necessary when looking at Subaru demo car presents. Sell things that you understand plenty of individuals are searching for, however there's scarce. Many individuals do their purchasing from the comfort of their residing room. Nevertheless, the EFF's report could show helpful to help folks perceive the vastness of the online data panorama. Before promoting your car, study it properly, in any other case it's possible you'll not be capable of get the shoppers, change your damaged car components by any skilled car mechanic. Right from shopping for groceries on-line to buying these trendy hand bangs you get the whole lot on-line. If you may observe up this process properly, then you will get good market value of your second hand car. Similarly in the second case, you can't just go forward and start stocking bug spray when the dew point hits a sure level. A mule must be a personality you begin from scratch - a stage one character that you just run to the main metropolis, nonetheless in degree one.