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(BRIEF) CHURCH HISTORY #15 From the multi-volume work of Philip Schaff (late 1800s) THE SPIRITUAL POWER OF CHRISTIANITY Practical Christianity is the manifestation of a new life; a spiritual (as distinct from intellectual and moral) life; a supernatural (as distinct from natural) life; it is a life of holiness and peace; a life of union and communion with God the Father, the Son, and the Spirit; it is eternal life, beginning with regeneration and culminating in the resurrection. It lays hold of the inmost centre of man's personality, emancipates him from the dominion of sin, and brings him into vital union with God in Christ; from this centre it acts as a purifying, ennobling, and regulating force upon all the faculties of the emotions, the will, and the intellect - and transforms even the body into a temple of the Holy Spirit. Christianity rises far above all other religions in the theory and practice of virtue and piety. It sets forth the highest standard of love to God and to man; and this not merely as an abstract doctrine, or an object of effort and hope, but as a living fact in the person of Jesus Christ, whose life and example have more power and influence than all the maxims and precepts of sages and legislators. Deeds speak louder than words....The finest systems of moral philosophy have not been able to regenerate and conquer the world. The gospel of Christ has done it and is doing it constantly. The wisest men of Greece and Rome sanctioned slavery, polygamy, concubinage, oppression, revenge, infanticide; or they belied their purer maxims by their conduct. The ethical standard of the Jews was much higher; yet none of their patriarchs, kings, or prophets claimed perfection, and the Bible honestly reports the infirmities and sins, as well as the virtues, of Abraham, Jacob, Moses, David, and Solomon. But the character of Christ from the manger to the cross is without spot or blemish; he is above reproach or suspicion, and acknowledged by friend and foe to be the purest as well as the wisest being that ever appeared on earth. He is the nearest approach which God can make to man, and which man can make to God; he represents the fullest imaginable and attainable harmony of the ideal and real, of the divine and human. The Christian church may degenerate in the hands of sinful men, but the doctrine and life of her founder are a never-failing fountain of purification. The perfect life of harmony with God and devotion to the welfare of the human race, is to pass from Christ to his followers. Christian life is an imitation of the life of Christ. From his word and spirit, living and ruling in the church, an unbroken strearn of redeeming, sanctifying, and glorifying power has been flowing forth upon individuals, families, and nations for these eighteen centuries, and will continue to flow till the world is transformed into the kingdom of heaven, and God becomes all in all. One of the strongest proofs of the supernatural origin of Christianity, is its elevation above the natural culture and moral standard of its first professors. The most perfect doctrine and life described by unschooled fishermen of Galilee, who never before had been outside of Palestine, and were scarcely able to read and to write! And the profoundest mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, the incarnation, redemption, regeneration, resurrection, taught by the apostles to congregations of poor and illiterate peasants, slaves and freedmen! For "not many wise after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble" were called, "but God chose the foolish things of the world, that he might put to shame them that are wise; and God chose the weak things of the world, that he might put to shame the things that are strong; and the base things of the world, and the things that are despised, did God choose, yea, and the things that are not, that he might bring to naught the things that are: that no flesh should glory before God. But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who was made unto us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification and redemption: that, according as it is written, he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord." If we compare the moral atmosphere of the apostolic churches with the actual condition of surrounding Judaism and heathenism, the contrast is as startling as that between a green oasis with living fountains and lofty palm trees, and a barren desert of sand and stone. Judaism in its highest judicatory committed the crime of crimes, the crucifixion of the Saviour of the world, and hastened to its doom. Heathenism was fitly represented by such imperial monsters as Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, and Domitian, and exhibited a picture of hopeless corruption and decay, as described in the darkest colors not only by St. Paul, but by his heathen contemporary, the wisest Stoic moralist, the teacher and victim of Nero. NOTES The rationalistic author of Supernatural Religion (vol. II. 487) makes the following remarkable concession: "The teaching of Jesus carried morality to the sublimest point attained, or even attainable, by humanity. The influence of his spiritual religion has been rendered doubly great by the unparalleled purity and elevation of his character. Surpassing in his sublime simplicity and earnestness the moral grandeur of Sakya Muni, and putting to the blush the sometimes sullied, though generally admirable, teaching of Socrates and Plato, and the whole round of Greek philosophers, he presented the rare spectacle of a life, so far as we can estimate it, uniformly noble and consistent with his own lofty principles, so that the 'imitation of Christ' has become almost the final word in the preaching of his religion, and must continue to be one of the most powerful elements of its permanence." LEAKY, likewise a rationalistic writer and historian of great ability and fairness, makes this weighty remark in his "History of European Morals" (vol. II. 9): "It was reserved for Christianity to present to the world an ideal character, which through all the changes of eighteen centuries has inspired the hearts of men with an impassioned love; has shown itself capable of acting on all ages, nations, temperaments, and conditions; has been, not only the highest pattern of virtue, but the strongest incentive to its practice, and has exercised so deep an influence that it may be truly said that the simple record of three short years of active life has done more to regenerate and to soften mankind than all the disquisitions of philosophers and all the exhortations of moralists. This has, indeed, been the wellspring of whatever is best and purest in Christian life. Amid all the sins and failings, amid all the priestcraft and persecution and fanaticism that have defaced the Church, it has preserved, in the character and example of its Founder, an enduring principle of regeneration." To this we may add the testimony of the atheistic philosopher, JOHN STUART MILL, from his essay on "Theism," written shortly before his death (1873), and published, 1874, in Three Essays on Religion. (Am. ed., p. 253): "Above all, the most valuable part of the effect on the character which Christianity has produced, by holding up in a divine person a standard of excellence and a model for imitation, is available even to the absolute unbeliever, and can never more be lost to humanity. For it is Christ rather than God whom Christianity has held up to believers as the pattern of perfection for humanity. It is the God incarnate more than the God of the Jews, or of nature, who, being idealized, has taken so great and salutary a hold on the modern mind. And whatever else may be taken away from us by rational criticism, Christ is still left; a unique figure, not more unlike all his precursors than all his followers, even those who had the direct benefit of his personal teaching. It is of no use to say that Christ, as exhibited in the Gospels, is not historical, and that we know not how much of what is admirable has been superadded by the tradition of his followers. The tradition of followers suffices to insert any number of marvels, and may have inserted all the miracles which he is reputed to have wrought. But who among his disciples, or among their proselytes, was capable of inventing the sayings ascribed to Jesus, or of imagining the life and character revealed in the Gospels? Certainly not the fishermen of Galilee; as certainly not St. Paul, whose character and idiosyncrasies were of a totally different sort; still less the early Christian writers, in whom nothing is more evident than that the good which was in them was all derived, as they always professed that it was derived, from the higher source." The Spiritual Gifts Comp. the Commentaries on Rom. 12: 3-9, and 1 Cor. chs. 12-14. The apostolic church was endowed from the day of Pentecost with all the needful spiritual gifts for the moral regeneration of the world. They formed, as it were, her bridal garment and her panoply against Jewish and Gentile opposition. They are called charisms or gifts of grace, as distinguished from, though not opposed to, natural endowments. They are certain special energies and manifestations of the Holy Spirit in believers for the common good. They are supernatural, therefore, in their origin; but they correspond to natural virtues, and in operation they follow all the mental and moral faculties of man, raising them to higher activity, and consecrating them to the service of Christ. They all rest on faith, that "gift of gifts." The spiritual gifts may be divided into three classes: first, intellectual gifts of knowledge, mainly theoretical in their character, and concerned primarily with doctrine and theology; secondly, emotional gifts of feeling, appearing chiefly in divine worship and for immediate edification; and thirdly, practical gifts of will, devoted to the organization, government, and discipline of the church. They are not, however, abstractly separate, but work together harmoniously for the common purpose of edifying the body of Christ. In the New Testament ten charisms are specially mentioned; the first four have to do chiefly, though not exclusively, with doctrine, the next two with worship, and the remaining four with government and practical affairs. 1. The gift of WISDOM and KNOWLEDGE, or of deep insight into the nature and system, of the divine word and the doctrines of the Christian salvation. 2. The gift of TEACHING, or of practically applying the gift of knowledge; the power of clearly expounding the Scriptures for the instruction and edification of the people. 3. The gift of PROPHECY, akin to the two preceding, but addressed rather to pious feeling than to speculative reflection, and employing commonly the language of higher inspiration, rather than that of logical exposition and demonstration. It is by no means confined to the prediction of future events, but consists in disclosing the hidden counsel of God, the deeper sense of the Scriptures, the secret state of the heart, the abyss of sin, and the glory of redeeming grace. It appears particularly in creative periods, times of mighty revival; while the gift of teaching suits better a quiet state of natural growth in the church. Both act not only in the sphere of doctrine and theology, but also in worship, and might in this view be reckoned also among the gifts of feeling. 4. The gift of DISCERNING SPIRITS, serves mainly as a guide to the third gift, by discriminating between true prophets and false, between divine inspiration and a merely human or satanic enthusiasm. In a wider sense it is a deep discernment in separating truth and error, and in judging of moral and religious character; a holy criticism still ever necessary to the purity of Christian doctrine and the administration of the discipline of the church. 5. The gift of TONGUES, or of an utterance proceeding from a state of unconscious ecstasy in the speaker, and unintelligible to the hearer unless interpreted - thus differing from prophecy, which requires a self-conscious though highly elevated state of feeling, serves directly to profit the congregation, and is therefore preferred by Paul. The speaking with tongues is an involuntary psalm-like prayer or song, uttered from a spiritual trance, and in a peculiar language inspired by the Holy Spirit. The soul is almost entirely passive, an instrument on which the Spirit plays his heavenly melodies. This gift has, therefore, properly, nothing to do with the spread of the church among foreign peoples and in foreign languages, but is purely an act of worship, for the edification primarily of the speaker himself, and indirectly, through interpretation, for the hearers. It appeared, first, indeed, on the day of Pentecost, but before Peter's address to the people, which was the proper mission-sermon; and we meet with it afterwards in the house of Cornelius and in the Corinthian congregation, as a means of edification for believers, and not, at least not directly, for unbelieving hearers, although it served to them as a significant sign, arresting their attention to the supernatural power in the church. (It is also the supernatural gift to speak in a language not previously learned, to teach the Gospel to people of a different language than the teacher's language - Keith Hunt) 6. The gift of INTERPRETATION is the supplement of the glossolalia, and makes that gift profitable to the congregation by translating the prayers and songs from the language of the spirit and of ecstasy into that of the understanding and of sober selfconsciousness. The preponderance of reflection here puts this gift as properly in the first class as in the second. 7. The gift of MINISTRY and HELP, that is, of special qualification primarily for the office of deacon and deaconess, or for the regular ecclesiastical care of the poor and the sick, and, in the wide sense, for all labors of Christian charity and philanthropy. 8. The gift of church GOVERNMENT and the CARE of SOULS, indispensable to all pastors and rulers of the church, above all to the apostles and apostolic men, in proportion to the extent of their respective fields of labor. Peter warns his co-presbyters against the temptation to hierarchical arrogance and tyranny over conscience, of which so many priests, bishops, patriarchs, and popes have since been guilty; and points them to the sublime example of the great Shepherd and Archbishop, who, in infinite love, laid down his life for the sheep. 9. The gift of MIRACLES is the power possessed by the apostles and apostolic men, like Stephen, to heal all sorts of physical maladies, to cast out demons, to raise the dead, and perform other similar works, in virtue of an extraordinary energy or faith, by word, prayer, and the laying on of hands in the name of Jesus, and for his glory. These miracles were outward ere dentials and seals of the divine mission of the apostles in a time and among a people which required such sensible helps to faith. But as Christianity became established in the world, it could point to its continued moral effects as the best evidence of its truth, and the necessity for outward physical miracles ceased. 10. Finally, the gift of LOVE, the greatest, most precious, most useful, most needful, and most enduring of all, described and extolled by St. Paul in the thirteenth chapter of 1 Corinthians with the pen of an angel in the vision and enjoyment of the God of infinite love himself. Love is natural kindness and affection sanctified and raised to the spiritual sphere, or rather a new heavenly affection created in the soul by the experience of the saving love of God in Christ. As faith lies at the bottom of all charisms, so love is not properly a separate gift, but the soul of all the gifts, guarding them from abuse for selfish and ambitious purposes, malting them available for the common good, ruling, uniting, and completing them. It alone gives them their true value, and without love even the speaking with tongues of angels, and a faith which removes mountains, are nothing before God. It holds heaven and earth in its embrace. It "believeth all things," and when faith fails, it "hopeth all things," and when hope fails, it "endureth all things," but it "never fails." As love is the most needful of all the gifts on earth, so it will also outlast all the others, and be the ornament and joy of the saints. For love is the inmost essence, the heart, as it were, of God, the ground of all his attributes, and the motive of all his works. It is the beginning and the end of creation, redemption, and sanctification - the link which unites us with God, the cardinal virtue of Christianity, the fulfilling of the law, the bond of perfectness, and the fountain of bliss. Christianity in Individuals The transforming spiritual power of Christianity appears first in the lives of individuals. The apostles and primitive Christians rose to a morality and piety far above that of the heroes of heathen virtue and even that of the Jewish saints. Their daily walk was a living union with Christ, ever seeking the glory of God and the salvation of men. Many of the cardinal virtues, humility, for example, and love for enemies, were unknown before the Christian day. Peter, Paul, and John represent the various leading forms or types of Christian piety, as well as of theology. They were not without defect, indeed they themselves acknowledged only one sinless being, their Lord and Master, and they confessed their own shortcomings; yet they were as nearly perfect as it is possible to be in a sinful world; and the moral influence of their lives and writings on all generations of the church is absolutely immeasurable. Each exhibits the spirit and life of Christ in a peculiar way. For the gospel does not destroy, but redeems and sanctifies the natural talents and tempers of men. It consecrates the fire of a Peter, the energy of a Paul, and the pensiveness of a John to the same service of God. It most strikingly displays its new creating power in the sudden conversion of the apostle of the Gentiles from a most dangerous foe to a most efficient friend of the church. Upon Paul the Spirit of God came as an overwhelming storm; upon John, as a gentle, refreshing breeze. But in all dwelt the same new, supernatural, divine principle of life. All are living apologies for Christianity, whose force no truth-loving heart can resist. Notice, too, the moral effects of the gospel in the female characters of the New Testament. Christianity raises woman from the slavish position which she held both in Judaism and in heathendom, to her true moral dignity and importance; makes her an heir of the same salvation with man, and opens to her a field for the noblest and loveliest virtues, without thrusting her, after the manner of modern pseudo-philanthropic schemes of emancipation, out of her appropriate sphere of private, domestic life, and thus stripping her of her fairest ornament and peculiar charm. The Virgin Mary marks the turning point in the history of the female sex. As the mother of Christ, the second Adam, she corresponds to Eve, and is, in a spiritual sense, the mother of all living. In her, the "blessed among women," the whole sex was blessed, and the curse removed which had hung over the era of the fall. She was not, indeed, free from actual and native sin, as is now taught, without the slightest ground in Scripture, by the Roman church since the 8th of December, 1854. On the contrary, as a daughter of Adam, she needed, like all men, redemption and sanctification through Christ, the sole author of sinless holiness, and she herself expressly calls God her Saviour. But in the mother and educator of the Saviour of the world we no doubt may and should revere, though not worship, the model of female Christian virtue, of purity, tenderness, simplicity, humility, perfect obedience to God, and unreserved surrender to Christ. Next to her we have a lovely group of female disciples and friends around the Lord Mary, the wife of Clopas; Salome, the mother of James and John; Mary of Bethany, who sat at Jesus' feet; her busy and hospitable sister, Martha; Mary of Magdala, whom the Lord healed of a demoniacal possession; the sinner, who washed his feet with her tears of penitence and wiped them with her hair; and all the noble women, who ministered to the Son of man in his earthly poverty with the gifts of their love, lingered last around his cross, and were the first at his open sepulchre on the morning of the resurrection. (The women were there first to the tomb, but it was not the morning of the resurrection, for Jesus was alread NOT THERE; He had already been resurrected, yes shortly after the weekly Sabbath had ended, a Saturday evening resurrection as we would call it today - as I fully expound in other studies on this website - Keith Hunt) Henceforth we find woman no longer a slave of man and tool of lust, but the pride and joy of her husband, the fond mother training her children to virtue and godliness, the ornament and treasure of the family, the faithful sister, the zealous servant of the congregation in every work of Christian charity, the sister of mercy, the martyr with superhuman courage, the guardian angel of peace, the example of purity, humility, gentleness, patience, love, and fidelity unto death. Such women were unknown before. The heathen Libanius, the enthusiastic eulogist of old Grecian culture, pronounced an involuntary eulogy on Christianity when he exclaimed, as he looked at the mother of Chrysostom: "What women the Christians have!" Christianity and the Family Thus raising the female sex to its true freedom and dignity, Christianity transforms and sanctifies the entire family life. It abolishes polygamy, and makes monogamy the proper form of marriage; it condemns concubinage with all forms of unchastity and impurity. It presents the mutual duties of husband and wife, and of parents and children, in their true light, and exhibits marriage as a copy of the mystical union of Christ with his bride, the church; thus imparting to it a holy character and a heavenly end. Henceforth the family, though still rooted, as before, in the soil of nature, in the mystery of sexual love, is spiritualized, and becomes a nursery of the purest and noblest virtues, a miniature church, where the father, as shepherd, daily leads his household into the pastures of the divine word, and, as priest, offers to the Lord the sacrifice of their common petition, inter- cession, thanksgiving, and praise. With the married state, the single also, as an exception to the rule, is consecrated by the gospel to the service of the kingdom of God; as we see in a Paul, a Barnabas, and a John, and in the history of missions and of ascetic piety. The enthusiasm for celibacy, which spread so soon throughout the ancient church, must be regarded as a one-sided, though natural and, upon the whole, beneficial reaction against the rotten condition and misery of family life among the heathen. (celibacy as Jesus explained in the Gospels is only to those to it is given; it must be a gift from God to be celibate, and certainly most of the apostles of the first century were married. The doctrine of the Roman Catholic church on priestly celibicy is unfounded by the New Testament scruptures, and has indeed been admitted by recent Popes, yet they still hold to a doctrine that is man made, and so has in recent times brought sex scandels of huge proportion to the Catholic church, which they are still feeling the heat of chastening and a moral blow that will take years to cast away - Keith Hunt) Christianity and Slavery CHRISTIANITY AND SLAVERY To Christianity we owe the gradual extinction of slavery. This evil has rested as a curse on all nations, and at the time of Christ the greater part of the existing race was bound in beastly degradation - even in civilized Greece and Rome the slaves being more numerous than the free-born and the freedmen. The greatest philosophers of antiquity vindicated slavery as a natural and necessary institution; and Aristotle declared all barbarians to be slaves by birth, fit for nothing but obedience. According to the Roman law, "slaves had no head in the State, no name, no title, no register"; they had no rights of matrimony, and no protection against adultery; they could be bought and sold, or given away, as personal property; they might be tortured for evidence, or even put to death, at the discretion of their master. In the language of a distinguished writer on civil law, the slaves in the Roman empire "were in a much worse state than any cattle whatsoever." Cato the elder expelled his old and sick slaves out of house and home. Hadrian, one of the most humane of the emperors, wilfully destroyed the eye of one of his slaves with a pencil. Roman ladies punished their maids with sharp iron instruments for the most trifling offences, while attending, half-naked, on their toilet. Such legal degradation and cruel treatment had the worst effect upon the character of the slaves. They are described by the ancient writers as mean, cowardly, abject, false, voracious, intemperate, voluptuous, also as hard and cruel when placed over others. A proverb prevailed in the Roman empire: "As many slaves, so many enemies." Hence the constant danger of servile insurrections, which more than once brought the republic to the brink of ruin, and seemed to justify the severest measures in self-defence. Judaism, indeed, stood on higher ground than this; yet it tolerated slavery, though with wise precautions against maltreatment, and with the significant ordinance, that in the year of jubilee, which prefigured the renovation of the theocracy, all Hebrew slaves should go free. This system of permanent oppression and moral degradation the gospel opposes rather by its whole spirit than by any special law. It nowhere recommends outward violence and revolutionary measures, which in those times would have been worse than useless, but provides an internal radical cure, which first mitigates the evil, takes away its sting, and effects at last its entire abolition. Christianity aims, first of all, to redeem man, without regard to rank or condition, from that worst bondage, the curse of sin, and to give him true spiritual freedom; it confirms the original unity of all men in the image of God, and teaches the common redemption and spiritual equality of all before God in Christ; it insists on love as the highest duty and virtue, which itself inwardly levels social distinctions; and it addresses the comfort and consolation of the gospel particularly to all the poor, the persecuted, and the oppressed. Paul sent back to his earthly master the fugitive slave, Onesimus, whom he had converted to Christ and to his duty, that he might restore his character where he had lost it; but he expressly charged Philemon to receive and treat the bondman hereafter as a beloved brother in Christ, yea, as the apostle's own heart. It is impossible to conceive of a more radical cure of the evil in those times and within the limits of established laws and customs. And it is impossible to find in ancient literature a parallel to the little Epistle to Philemon for gentlemanly courtesy and delicacy, as well as for tender sympathy with a poor slave. This Christian spirit of love, humanity, justice, and freedom, as it pervades the whole New Testament, has also, in fact, gradually abolished the institution of slavery in almost all civilized nations, and will not rest till all the chains of sin and misery are broken, till the personal and eternal dignity of man redeemed by Christ is universally acknowledged, and the evangelical freedom and brotherhood of men are perfectly attained. CHRISTIANITY AND SLAVERY NOTE ON THE NUMBER AND CONDITION of SLAVES IN GREECE AND ROME Attics numbered, according to Ctesicles, under the governorship of Demetrius the Phalerian (309 B.c.), 400,000 slaves, 10,000 foreigners, and only 21,000 free citizens. In Sparta the disproportion was still greater. As to the Roman empire, Gibbon estimates the number of slaves under the reign of Claudius at no less than one half of the entire population, i.e., about sixty millions (I. 52, ed. Milman, N.Y., 1850). According to Robertson there were twice as many slaves as free citizens, and Blair (in his work on Roman slavery, Edinb. 1833, p.15) estimates over three slaves to one freeman between the conquest of Greece (146 B.C.) and the reign of Alexander Severus (A.D. 222-235). The proportion was of course very different in the cities and in the rural districts. The majority of the plebs urbana were poor and unable to keep slaves; and the support of slaves in the city was much more expensive than in the country. Marquardt assumes the proportion of slaves to freemen in Rome to have been three to two. Friedlander (Sittengeschichte Row. T. 55, fourth ed.) thinks it impossible to make a correct general estimate, as we do not know the number of wealthy families. But we know that Rome A.D. 24 was thrown into consternation by the fear of a slave insurrection (Tacit. Ann. IV. 27). Atheneus, as quoted by Gibbon (I. 51) boldly asserts that he knew very many (Greek is given) Romans who possessed, not for use, but ostentation, ten and even twenty thousand slaves. In a single palace at Rome, that of Pedanius Secundus, then prefect of the city, four hundred slaves were maintained, and were all executed for not preventing their master's murder (Tacit. Ann. XIV. 42,43). The legal condition of the slaves is thus described by Taylor on Civil Law, as quoted in Cooper's Justinian, p.411: "Slaves were held pro nullis, pro mortuis, pro quadrupedibus; nay, were in a much worse state than any cattle whatsoever. They had no head in the state, no name, no title, or register; they were not capable of being injured; nor could they take by purchase or descent; they had no heirs, and therefore could make no will; they were not entitled to the rights and considerations of matrimony, and therefore had no relief in case of adultery; nor were they proper objects of cognation or affinity, but of quasi-cognation only; they could be sold, transferred, or pawned, so goods or personal estate, for goods they were, and as such they were esteemed; they might be tortured for evidence, punished at the discretion of their lord, and even put to death by his authority; together with many other civil incapacities which I have no room to enumerate." Gibbon (I. 48) thinks that "against such internal enemies, whose desperate insurrections had more than once reduced the republic to the brink of destruction, the most severe regulations and the most cruel treatment seemed almost justifiable by the great law of self-preservation." The individual treatment of slaves depended on the character of the master. As a rule it was harsh and cruel. The bloody spectacles of the amphitheatre stupefied the finer sensibilities even in women. Juvenal describes a Roman mistress who ordered her female slaves to be unmercifully lashed in her presence till the whippers were worn out; Ovid warns the ladies not to scratch the face or stick needles into the naked arms of the servants who adorned them; and before Hadrian a mistress could condemn a slave to the death of crucifixion without assigning a reason. See the references in Friedlander, I. 466. It is but just to remark that the philosophers of the first and second century, Seneca, Pliny, and Plutarch, entertained much milder views on this subject than the older writers, and commend a humane treatment of the slaves; also that the Autonines improved their condition to some extent, and took the oft abused jurisdiction of life and death over the slaves out of private hands and vested it in the magistrates. But at that time Christian principles and sentiments already freely circulated throughout the empire, and exerted a silent influence even over the educated heathen. This unconscious atmospheric influence, so to speak, is continually exerted by Christianity over the surrounding world, which without this would be far worse than it actually is. Christianity and Society Christianity enters with its leaven-like virtue the whole civil and social life of a people, and leads it on the path of progress in all genuine civilization. It nowhere prescribes, indeed, a particular form of government, and carefully abstains from all improper interference with political and secular affairs. It accommodates itself to monarchical and republican institutions, and can flourish even under oppression and persecution from the State, as the history of the first three centuries sufficiently shows. But it teaches the true nature and aim of all government, and the duties of rulers and subjects; it promotes the abolition of bad laws and institutions, and the establishment of good; it is in principle opposed alike to despotism and anarchy; it tends, under every form of government, towards order, propriety, justice, humanity, and peace; it fills the ruler with a sense of responsibility to the supreme king and judge, and the ruled with the spirit of loyalty, virtue, and piety. CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIETY Finally, the Gospel reforms the international relations by breaking down the partition walls of prejudice and hatred among the different nations and races. It unites in brotherly fellowship and harmony around the same communion table even the Jews and the Gentiles, once so bitterly separate and hostile. The spirit of Christianity, truly catholic or universal, rises above all national distinctions. Like the congregation at Jerusalem, the whole apostolic church was of "one heart and of one soul." It had its occasional troubles, indeed, temporary collisions between a Peter and a Paul, between Jewish and Gentile Christians; but instead of wondering at these, we must admire the constant victory of the spirit of harmony and love over the remaining forces of the old nature and of a former state of things. The poor Gentile Christians of Paul's churches in Greece sent their charities to the poor Jewish Christians in Palestine, and thus proved their gratitude for the gospel and its fellowship, which they had received from that "mother church." The Christians all felt themselves to be "brethren," were constantly impressed with their common origin and their common destiny, and considered it their sacred duty to "keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace." While the Jews, in their spiritual pride and "odium generis humani " abhorred all Gentiles; while the Greeks despised all barbarians as only half men; and while the Romans, with all their might and policy, could bring their conquered nations only into a mechanical conglomeration, a giant body without a soul; Christianity, by purely moral means, founded a universal spiritual empire and a communion of saints, which stands unshaken to this day, and will spread till it embraces all the nations of the earth as its living members, and reconciles all to God. Spiritual Condition of the Congregations.--The Seven Churches in Asia. We must not suppose that the high standard of holiness set up in doctrine and example by the evangelists and apostles was fully realized in their congregations. The dream of the spotless purity and perfection of the apostolic church finds no support in the apostolic writings, except as an ideal which is constantly held up before our vision to stimulate our ener gies. If the inspired apostles themselves disclaimed perfection, much less can we expect it from their converts, who had just come from the errors and corruptions of Jewish and heathen society, and could not be transformed at once without a miracle in violation of the ordinary laws of moral growth. We find, in fact, that every Epistle meets some particular difficulty and danger. No letter of Paul can be understood without the admission of the actual imperfection of his congre- gations. He found it necessary to warn them even against the vulgar sins of the flesh as well as against the refined sins of the spirit. He cheerfully and thankfully commended their virtues, and as frankly and fearlessly condemned their errors and vices. The same is true of the churches addressed in the Catholic Epistles, and in the Revelation of John. The seven Epistles in the second and third chapters of the Apocalypse give us a glimpse of the church in its light and shade in the last stage of the apostolic age - primarily in Asia Minor, but through it also in other lands. These letters are all very much alike in their plan, and present a beautiful order, which has been well pointed out by Bengel. They contain (1) a command of Christ to write to the "angel" of the congregation. (2) A designation of Jesus by some imposing title, which generally refers to his majestic appearance (1:13 sqq.), and serves as the basis and warrant of the subsequent promises and threatenings. (3) The address to the angel, or the responsible head of the congregation, be it a single bishop or the college of pastors and teachers. The angels are, at all events, the representatives of the people committed to their charge, and what was said to them applies at the same time to the churches. This address, or the epistle proper, consists always of (a) a short sketch of the present moral condition of the congregation - both its virtues and defects - with commendation or censure as the case may be; (b) an exhortation either to repentance or to faithfulness and patience, according to the prevailing character of the church addressed; (c) a promise to him who overcomes, together with the admonition: "He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches," or the same in the reverse order, as in the first three epistles. This latter variation divides the seven churches into two groups, one comprising the first three, the other the remaining four, just as the seven seals, the seven trumpets, and the seven vials are divided. The ever-recurring admonition: "He that hath an ear," etc., consists of ten words. This is no unmeaning play, but an application of the Old Testament system of symbolical numbers, in which three was the symbol of the Godhead; four of the world or humanity; the indivisible number seven, the sum of three and four (as also twelve, their product), the symbol of the indissoluble covenant between God and man; and ten (seven and three), the round number, the symbol of fulness and completion. As to their moral and religious condition, the churches and the representatives fall, according to the Epistles, into three classes: 1. Those which were predominantly good and pure, viz., those of Smyrna and Philadelphia. Hence, in the messages to these two churches we find no exhortation to repentance in the strict sense of the word, but only an encouragement to be steadfast, patient, and joyful under suffering. The church of Smyrna (a very ancient, still flourishing com- mercial city in Ionia, beautifully located on the bay of Smyrna) was externally poor and persecuted, and had still greater tribulation in view, but is cheered with the prospect of the crown of life. It was in the second century ruled by Polycarp, a pupil of John, and a faithful martyr. Philadelphia (a city built by king Attalus Philadelphus, and named after him, now Ala-Schar), in the province of Lydia, a rich wine region, but subject to earthquakes, was the seat of a church likewise poor and small outwardly, but very faithful and spiritually flourishing - a church which was to have all the tribulations and hostility it met with on earth abundantly rewarded in heaven. 2. Churches which were in a predominantly evil and critical condition, viz., those of Sardis and Laodicea. Here accordingly we find severe censure and earnest exhortation to repentance. The church at Sardis (till the time of Cresus the flourishing capital of the Lydian empire, but now a miserable hamlet of shepherds) had indeed the name and outward form of Christianity, but not its inward power of faith and life. Hence it was on the brink of spiritual death. Yet the Epistle, 3:4 sq., distinguishes from the corrupt mass a few souls which had kept their walk undefiled, without, however, breaking away from the congregation as separatists, and setting up an opposition sect for themselves. The church of Laodicea (a wealthy commercial city of Phrygia, not far from Colosse and Hierapolis, where now stands only a desolate village by the name of Eski-Hissar) proudly fancied itself spiritually rich and faultless, but was in truth poor and blind and naked, and in that most dangerous state of indifference and lukewarmness from which it is more difficult to return to the former decision and ardor, than it was to pass at first from the natural coldness to faith. Hence the fearful threaten ing: "I will spew thee out of my mouth." (Lukewarm water produces vomiting.) Yet even the Laodiceans are not driven to despair. The Lord, in love, knocks at their door and promises them, on condition of thorough repentance, a part in the marriage-supper of the lamb (3:20). 3. Churches of a mixed character, viz., those of Ephesus, Pergamum, and Thyatira. In these cases commendation and censure, promise and threatening are united. Ephesus, then the metropolis of the Asian church, had withstood, indeed, the Gnostic errorists predicted by Paul, and faithfully maintained the purity of the doctrine delivered to it; but it had lost the ardor of its first love, and it is, therefore, earnestly exhorted to repent. It thus represents to us that state of dead, petrified orthodoxy, into which various churches often times fall. Zeal for pure doctrine is, indeed, of the highest importance, but worthless without living piety and active love. The Epistle to the angel of the church of Ephesus is peculiarly applicable to the later Greek church as a whole. Pergamum in Mysia (the northernmost of these seven cities, formerly the residence of the kings of Asia of the Attalian dynasty, and renowned for its large library of 200,000 volumes and the manufacture of parchment; hence the name charta Pergamena;--now Bergamo, a village inhabited by Turks, Greeks, and Armenians) was the seat of a church, which under trying circumstances had shown great fidelity, but tolerated in her bosom those who held dangerous Gnostic errors. For this want of rigid discipline she also is called on to repent. The church of Thyatira (a flourishing manufacturing and commercial city in Lydia, on the site of which now stands a considerable Turkish town called Ak-Hissar, or the "White Castle," with nine mosques and one Greek church) was very favorably distinguished for self-denying, active love and patience, but was likewise too indulgent towards errors which corrupted Christianity with heathen principles and practices. The last two churches, especially that of Thyatira, form thus the exact counterpart to that of Ephesus, and are the representatives of a zealous practical piety in union with theoretical latitudinarianism. As doctrine always has more or less influence on practice, this also is a dangerous state. That church alone is truly sound and flourishing in which purity of doctrine and purity of life, theoretical orthodoxy and practical piety are harmoniously united and promote one another. With good reason have theologians in all ages regarded these seven churches of Asia Minor as a miniature of the whole Christian church. "There is no condition, good, bad, or mixed, of which these epistles do not present a sample, and for which they do not give suitable and wholesome direction." Here, as everywhere, the word of God and the history of the apostolic church evince their applicability to all times and circumstances, and their inexhaustible fulness of instruction, warning, and encouragement for all states and stages of religious life. .................... There is a full detailed study on this website about the meanings of the 7 churches of Asia Minor - they are contained in a prophetic book, hence they do have 7 prophetic ages of the true Church of God, from the start in 30 A.D. to the coming of Christ. What most miss is that these prophetic ages can overlap by hundreds of years until with no repentance, the church's candlestick is removed. At the coming of Christ there will be 3 church eras living - the Sardis, Philidelphia, and Laodicea. Keith Hunt To be continued
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International Stocks Forecast Based on Stock Prediction Algorithm: Returns up to 18.42% in 3 Days
International Stocks Forecast
This international stocks forecast is part of the By Country Package, as one of I Know First's algorithmic trading tools. The full forecast includes daily predictions for a total of 20 international stocks with bullish and bearish signals:
- Top 10 international stocks for the long position
- Top 10 international stocks for the short position
Package Name: International Stocks
Recommended Positions: Long
Forecast Length: 3 Days (04/03/2018 – 04/06/2018)
I Know First Average: 6.81%
For this 3 Days forecast the algorithm had successfully predicted 10 out of 10 movements. The highest trade return came from GENTERA.MX, at 18.42%. The suggested trades for TLVACPO.MX and FUNO11.MX also had notable 3 Days yields of 12.80% and 8.42%, respectively. The overall average return in this International Stocks package was 6.81%, providing investors with a 5.94% premium over the S&P 500's return of 0.87% during the same period.
Gentera SAB de CV (Gentera), formerly Compartamos SAB de CV, is a Mexico-based financial institution specialized in banking and credit services. Gentera's main activities are: granting loans and credits to communal banks, community groups, low-income individuals; offering saving accounts, insurance policies, administration and human resources services, making payments of family remittance and granting operation with securities and other financial instruments. The Company operates in Mexico, the United States, Guatemala and Peru, through such subsidiaries as: Compartamos Banco, a micro-financing bank; Yastas, a network of affiliated merchants that provide payments and financial transactions, Pagos Intermex SA de CV, the payment of family remittances company and Aterna, an intermediary between the distribution channels and the insurance industry.
Algorithmic traders utilize these daily forecasts by the I Know First market prediction system as a tool to enhance portfolio performance, verify their own analysis and act on market opportunities faster. This forecast was sent to current I Know First subscribers.
How to interpret this diagram
Please note-for trading decisions use the most recent forecast. Get today's forecast and Top stock picks.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
For sale apartment near Catholic Church , 67m2 of which 62m2 interior surface + 5m2 balcony, two bedrooms, kitchen, dining room and lounge and 1 bathroom, looking north-west side of 3kat with a clean papers.With apartment comes parking space in the underground parking. The building was built in 2011
It sells apartment in Taftalidze, opposite the petrol Okta the Partisan alone. Of the three tower that is set vnatresnsho. The apartment has an area of 90m2 with 3 bedrooms, 2 toilets 7th floor of 9 storey building. Has an open view on all sides, it remains kitchen and closets. Immediately moved. Behind parking is ul.Helsinki.
Price 87,000.00 EUR
For sale nice little Stance 36m2 in Karposh 1 behind Simpo, one bedroom, fully furnished. It consists of a kitchen, dining room and lounge with terrace overlooking open to Skopje Montenegro, a separate bedroom with a double bed and bathroom, the 5kat. Simpo location behind the golden kopachka.Idealno for a single person or young couple employees. Immediately I moved with pure property list. [inpost_fancy thumb_width="120" thumb_height="120" post_id="7582" thumb_margin_left="10" thumb_margin_bottom="10" thumb_border_radius="5" thumb_shadow="0 1px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)" id="" random="0" group="0" border="" show_in_popup="0" album_cover="" album_cover_width="200" album_cover_height="200" popup_width="800" popup_max_height="600" popup_title="Gallery" type="fancy" sc_id="sc1524398620425"]
For sale nice little Stance 36m2 in Karposh 1 behind Simpo, one bedroom, fully furnished. It consists of a kitchen, dining room and lounge with terrace overlooking open to Skopje Montenegro, a separate bedroom with a double bed and bathroom, the 5kat. Simpo location behind the golden kopachka.Idealno for a single person or young couple employees. Immediately I moved with pure property paper.
For sale apartment in the center in front of Universal Hall opposite the Faculty of Civil Engineering. The apartment has an area of 80m2 + 6m2 2balkoni located on the 5th floor of 6 floors with three bedrooms, one bathroom and a guest toilet. The apartment is sold fully furnished.
For sale new apartment 135m2,3 bedrooms, guest toilet and a bathroom, overlooking the Water and Skopje, ready in September 2018god. Located in the new Ramstore of Vodno, in the new complex Panorama Residence with prefect overlooking the city of Skopje and Vodno, north east. Images are an example will look like bathrooms, kitchen and entryway.
Cena 1.250,00 EUR / m2
For sale apartment in airport near Palma. The apartment has an area of 71m2 + 3balkon, 6m2 and 5m2 basement lodge with two bedrooms. The apartment is located on the upper ground floor ideal for office space with beautiful view of the park and zelenilo.Vo apartment windows were replaced and renovated kitchen.
Price 62,000.00 euros + 3% tax.
For sale exclusive apartment on Vodno, 90m2, two-bedroom, fully furnished and with an unobstructed view of all Skopje. Interior design is to the highest standards and modern concepts of a contemporary living. It consists of a kitchen, dining room and living room, which is fully loaded with wonderful open view to the whole city ,, terrace of 8m2, 2 parking spaces from 16m2 in the underground garage. Immediately move. Only serious clients.
For sale apartment on the 50th Division near the Interior Ministry (59 m2 + 4 m2 terrace). Half ready (kitchen with bar, closets – wardrobe, air conditioning, awning), internally renovated, terrace with access from the lounge and bedroom gravitate eastward completely changed radiators, nice lighting, in excellent condition. Dole has a basement garage with 36 m2 with aluminum rologarazhna door remote. Price garage 400 EUR / m2.
For sale nice new apartment 84m2 fully furnished with 2 bedrooms (of which the main bedroom has a working part, kitchen, dining room and living room, bathroom. Immediately vselivo.Se located behind the Universal Hall in Gold class.
For sale apartment in Aerodrom near the former Stella. The apartment has two bedrooms with an area of 91m2 + balcony 5m2 and 7m2 basement. The apartment is located on the 3rd floor of the building has 3floors.


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"Interpolis" is a leading company in DH-line construction in the Ural Federal District. We offer a full range of services in pipeline and related facilities construction. The company carries out projects for the construction of heat supply systems of any diameter and purpose.
The company promotes the construction of a new generation pipelines on the Russian market. It is high-quality pipeline systems with polyurethane foam (PUF) insulation and Operational Remote Control System (emergency system). Currently it is the most cost-effective type of pipeline construction, which ensures long service life (30-35 years) and reduces capital, maintenance, repair costs. Operational Remote Control System (ORC System), an important component of the polyurethane pipe insulation, allows heat supply companies to monitor the DH lines performance, informs about the appearance of faults and determines the location of damage without DH line operation disturbance. Furthermore, the usage of these technologies increases the quality level of services to the customers.
Additionally "Interpolis" installs heat metering stations on DH lines. These metering stations can be used for commercial accounting of transported energy as well as monitoring the main operational parameters of heat supply system.
The quality of welding engineering is essential for pipeline and other infrastructure construction. "Interpolis" implemented a combined welding method: manual arc welding and semi-automatic welding that ensures high performance and zero defects due to the continuity of welding process. It allows achieving the high quality and working efficiency. "Interpolis" is the only company in the Ural region which certified and implemented this technology. Quality of welding joints are tested with certified NDT laboratory.
The company is involved in further project life cycle and carries out operation and maintenance of DH-lines


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Window Seat with Storage
This project creates additional seating while helping you keep the room neat and tidy.
Difficulty: Difficult
2 shelving units or bookcases (can be purchased at most big-box stores)
Tape measure
2 sets of 4" bench legs
(4) 1" wood screws
(8) 2" wood screws
Drill driver
Irving clamps
Protective eyewear
Circle saw
T-square or regular straight edge
½ CDX plywood and high-density furniture-grade foam
Quilt batting
Spray adhesive
2½ yards of fabric
Staple gun
- Use the tape measure and pencil to mark about 1" in from the short edge of the bottom of the shelving unit. Repeat this step in each corner. This is where the feet will be placed
- Predrill holes into the marks from step 1. Be sure to wear gloves and protective eyewear
- Once the holes are drilled, screw in the feet
- Repeat steps 1 through 3 for the second bookcase
- Next, flip both bookcases onto their feet and line them up. Clamp them together so they are flush, with no space between them
- On the inside of the first bookcase, about ½" in from the edge and 4" up from the shelf, drill a hole through both bookcases and secure them together with a wood screw
- Repeat step 6 for the remaining three corners
- Now it's time to cut the plywood, which will act as a base for the cushion. Measure the plywood so that it is the same size as the length and width of the bookcase
- Cut the plywood to the right dimensions with a saw
- Measure the fabric to the wood, leaving about 4" excess on each side
- Measure and cut the foam and quilt batting to the size of the wood
- Using a spray adhesive, generously spray the plywood and the foam, and then lay the foam onto the plywood and press down slightly. Let it rest for about 1 minute
- Repeat this step with the foam and the quilt batting, again letting it rest for about a minute
- Lay the fabric across the quilt batting. Carefully turn it over so the plywood is now facing up
- Fold the fabric over, pulling slightly and making sure the fabric is nice and snug. Starting from the center and working out, secure the fabric to the plywood with a staple gun, stapling about every 4". Fold the corners like a gift and staple in place
- Flip the plywood over again so the fabric is now on top
- Lay the bench cushion flat on the bookcase. If the plywood is bending towards the center, that's okay – we'll take care of that in the next step
- Drill the remaining screws through the top inside of the bookcase to secure the bench to the bookcase
- Enjoy the new seating and storage unit
Carpenter Tip: Measure the screws of the feet against the drill bit to find the length. Mark the same length on the drill bit with painter's tape so the depth of the feet will be drilled.
Carpenter Tip: If you don't own a circular saw or don't feel comfortable using one, you can always take the dimensions to a hardware store and have the plywood precut.


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Just back from a great afternoon and evening of wine tasting, chats, sampling of foods and a bit of tweeting (thanks to Petra...
Sharing wine knowledge and fun – join the group
I recently posted some thoughts on wine fairs - and opportunities for consumers to taste a whole range of wines - on my Wine Conversation blog.
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By Ann Harris Davidson
Read or Download Berwyn Heights (Then and Now) PDF
Best american history books
Showdown in Virginia: The 1861 Convention and the Fate of the Union
Within the spring of 1861, Virginians faced destiny—their personal and their nation's. Pivotal judgements awaited approximately secession, the implications of which might spread for 100 years and extra. yet few Virginians desired to make a decision in any respect. as an alternative, they talked, nearly interminably. The notable checklist of the Virginia country conference, edited in a superb smooth model in 1965, runs to just about 3,000 pages, a few 1.
Downtown Silver Spring (Then and Now)
In 1840, journalist and flesh presser Francis Preston Blair chanced on a gleaming mica-flecked spring that will function the center-piece of his state property, Silver Spring. in precisely over a century, this bucolic forest, situated around the border from Washington, D. C. , turned referred to as downtown Silver Spring, Maryland.
Forty Acres (Images of America)
40 Acres used to be built right into a local within the nineteenth century from a 40-acre parcel of farmland. simply as many different neighborhoods have ethnic institutions, many Irish Wilmingtonians have their roots in 40 Acres. a few 40 Acres households stayed for generations, and the local used to be renowned good into the 20 th century.
Law's History: American Legal Thought and the Transatlantic Turn to History (Cambridge Historical Studies in American Law and Society)
It is a learn of the principal position of historical past in overdue nineteenth-century American criminal inspiration. within the a long time following the Civil struggle, the founding iteration criminal students within the usa drew from the evolutionary social inspiration that pervaded Western highbrow existence on either side of the Atlantic.
- The Black Panthers in the Midwest: The Community Programs and Services of the Black Panther Party in Milwaukee, 1966–1977 (Studies in African American History and Culture)
- Roane County (Images of America)
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- Knock at the Door of Opportunity: Black Migration to Chicago, 1900-1919
Additional info for Berwyn Heights (Then and Now)
Example text


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Restitución Dam Profile
Countries: Perú
Basins: Ucayali
Rivers: Mantaro
Project Information
Capacity: 210 MW
Operational Status: In Operation
Operational Since: 1973
Companies Involved: Electroperú S/A
Exporting Options
More Information
The Mantaro Hydropower Complex is composed by two plants: Restitución (210.4 MW) e Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo (798 MW). It is the largest electricity source in Peru.
Electroperú, responsible for the plant's operation, is a state company whose shares belong to the Consolidated Pension Reserve Fund (Fondo Consolidado de Reservas Previsionales).
Settlers protest in the Mantaro Hydroelectric complaining of a supposed debit


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Please visit The Deli's full web charts organized by genre and region.
James Garcia (Over the Counter Culture Record) remixed The Russells's Escape from Philadelphia. The album sits in a noisy, psych-metal zone. It's heavy with an uncompromising, urgent, instrumental drive; however, the raw edges have been somewhat smoothed out, bringing the brutal/blunt sound of the band into clearer focus. The band will be performing next in Philly on Friday, April 19 at Creep Records, as part of a lineup that also includes Zinskē, Screamcloud, and Reflex Machine.
Philadelphia New Bands With Buzz


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Room Escape Adventure is an escape game. You want to collect as many stars as possible, get the key and open the door, and run away from the room. In the process of playing games, you should avoid the monster's chase and some obstacles. Good luck to you.
Arrows to play.
Game Stats395 views
Game Categoriëen
0 votes, average: 0/5


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Come and join a "how to" workshop (in recent times "How to build a Roman road" was extremely successful), and don't think this is a children-only museum: parents and adults enjoy the APR as much as them (if not more!).
Museo di Archeologia per Roma - via Columbia, 33 +39 06 2024732 - http://museoapr.it
Inquire with the museum offices for assistance in English or other languages and for the possibility of a step-free access.
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Sole Society
Botanical Floral Kimono
Special Price $49.95
Final sale No Returns or Exchanges
or 4 interest-free payments of $12.49 by Learn more
You're bold and beautiful in this gorgeous kimono featuring a vivid floral print, short sleeves, and open front. Style with a bright top to bring out the colorful floral.
- Material: 100% Viscose
- Measurements: 29"l X 33"w
- Care Instructions: Hand Wash; Dry Flat
- Country of Origin: Imported
Need Help?
Contact SOS through Live Chat or 877.765.3009
Q&A: and get answers from customers and experts.
Customer Reviews
5.0 / 5.0
1 Review
Great fit very lightweight and beautiful print. Great piece for the summer and travel.
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Questions & Answers
Browse 1 question Browse 1 question and 3 answers
Is this one size fits all ?
BEST ANSWER: Yes, it's oversized. I love it. Fits well.
- Reply
- Inaccurate
- Melanie C on Apr 26, 2019
- Purchased on Apr 9, 2019


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Derin Clark graduated from Southampton Solent University with a degree in journalism. She started her career working as an editorial assistant on a business magazine, eventually working her way up to the position of Online Editor. In 2012 she decided to change career paths and joined a digital marketing agency as a Digital Editor where she specialised in content marketing and wrote for a wide variety of websites about a range of topics.
After this she joined another agency as a Content Strategist where she continued to specialise in content marketing. Keen to move back to journalism, but wanting to use the skills she has gained within digital marketing, Derin joined Moneyfacts in 2019 as an Online Reporter where she focuses on writing news and guides on consumer finance, as well as helping to promote Moneyfacts.co.uk to consumers.
Moneyfacts.co.uk will, like most other websites, place cookies onto your device. This includes tracking cookies.I accept. Read our Cookie Policy


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The R Code Changes - August 2013
The state government released the new Residential Design Codes (R-Codes)Read more
Elegant and functional, the Hampden is a modern family home with an imposing exterior. Step through its doubledoor doors and beyond the sweeping staircase and you'll find a huge home theatre to the right, and to the left, a spacious master suite. Continue into the home and you're greeted by a large open-plan family/dining and kitchen area that opens up to an alfresco area. Upstairs you'll find the children's bedrooms, all with built-in or walk-in robes, and a second bathroom. The Hampden is everything you want in a family home.
Join our mailing list for hints, tips, special offers and much more.
Small lot homes and house plans
Narrow lot homes floor plans
Unit developments in Perth
Subdividing and building units can be a fantastic investment.
The state government released the new Residential Design Codes (R-Codes)Read more
So you have a development block or are thinking of building on your block?Read more
Interesting news and a good readRead more


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Remove Fortnite virus (Virus Removal Instructions) - Jul 2018 update
Fortnite virus — a malicious application that claims to generate free in-game currency for a popular video game
The Fortnite virus is malware[1] that was created due to the popularity of Fortnite video game. Allegedly, users are offered a free V-bucks (an in-game currency) generation, as well as the aim-bot which would help players to gain an unfair advantage. Nevertheless, this is merely a trick used by cybercriminals to make users install the malicious app. Its functionality can range from obnoxious advertisement to a perfectly designed spyware tool, capable of stealing sensitive data. The newest version The Fortnite virus was most recently spotted by security researchers[2] as a fake V-bucks generator and was aimed at French-speaking users. The malware seems to be distributed via malicious spam emails or is offered directly on a popular communicating software Discord.
|Fortnite virus
|Similar to
|Adware-type infection
|Fortnite V-bucks Generator.exe
|Deceptive ads, software bundling, spam emails, malicious websites
|Displays advertisements, redirects to affiliated sites, steals sensitive data
|Uninstall Fortnite virus with Reimage Reimage Cleaner Intego
The popularity of Fortnite game this year raised attention in multiple fields. Gamers often check for cheating applications, and cybercriminals use this tendency for their gain. It didn't take long until 78 000 users installed malware via V-bucks app. Fortnite malware is promoted as an application for the PC game that has features of gaining an advantage in a game itself:
- Auto-aim feature;
- Free Fortnite in-game currency (V-bucks) generator.
These features help trick dishonest players into downloading and installing the cheating app. Although, once installed Fortnite virus provides nothing that is supposed to. Instead, the program installs a root certificate and allows modifying Windows proxy settings. Likewise, users can encounter problems when trying to eliminate this deceptive cyber threat.
Also, Fortnite virus has features similar to adware-type infection. In other terms, it is designed to flood the computer with never-ending advertisements which can appear in various forms, including:
- In-texts;
- Pop-ups;
- Banners;
- Hyperlinks.
This commercial content often can redirect the user to affiliated sites from sponsors. Promoted pages can display questionable advertisements and even one click on them might result in dangerous computer infections. Therefore, users are not only advised to stay away from attractive ads but also get rid of Fortnite virus to avoid further cyber threats.
Furthermore, there is a strong risk that this ad-supported program can trick you into installing more game cheating software which would leave more damage on your system. This program is nothing more than a threat to your PC's security, so you should remove Fortnite virus from your computer until you are lured into installing more potentially unwanted programs (PUPs).
Apps and tools like this are designed to deliver intrusive advertisements, and all allegedly useful features are fake. Also, the virus file "Fortnite V-bucks Generator.exe" can be found in Task manager as working in the background. This activity can negatively affect the performance of your PC. Scan your system with Reimage Reimage Cleaner Intego and check for possible threats.
Fortnite virus removal is essential because adware-type programs can collect information from the user. These intruders can access data about your online search results and preferences or information about an internet provider, the browser you using or even IP address[3] and location. This information might be shared with third-party companies.
Fortnite virus is a program that works in the background
Another version of V-bucks generator emerged in late July 2018
Fortnite has tremendous popularity and contains a playerbase of 125 million[4] users. It is not surprising that quite a big chunk of those people would be keen to cheat, and cybercriminals are well aware of that. That is why V-bucks generators and aim-helpers are often released, relying on unfair users to download and install them. Nevertheless, users who want to gain an unfair advantage end up victims themselves – they install malware instead of the promised in-game functionality.
The latest Fortnite virus was discovered at the end of July 2018 and was aimed at French-speaking individuals. The fake Fortnite hacking tool seems to be spread via Discord or inserted into spam emails as an attachment. The author of the malicious program appears to be somebody by the name of Pierre Cadiet, and it seems like he failed to hide his tracks well, as researchers discovered his profile on Gokano website.
Users also noticed that the fake message on Discord comes with various French language mistakes, making the phishing attempt less believable. Nevertheless, users should stay alert and not fall into an easy trap.
Researchers noted that Fortnite virus that allegedly generates free V-bucks is spread via Discord.
Advertisements for fake apps help spread malware
Developer for this phony app promote their products as useful tools, and deceptive advertisements help to spread malware. These ads usually delivered by the same adware-type program which causes redirects. Also, it might be delivered via software bundling, when people choose Default or Quick installation options.
Researchers[5] know that many users are not paying enough attention while browsing the internet and getting freeware or software updates. This might be dangerous. Selecting Advanced or Custom options can unpack those bundles, and this allows you to de-select unwanted programs. Various programs can come without your knowledge if you skip through steps.
Terminate Fortnite virus and get rid of intrusive redirects
To remove Fortnite virus, you should check your whole system for adware-related programs. You can do that with reputable antivirus tools. Since advertisements can distribute other unwanted programs using this method can detect and delete them all.
Fortnite virus removal while using proper tools is relatively easy if you pay attention and have time. We also advise you to keep your anti-spyware and anti-virus software up and running. Also, do not forget to update your tools in time. You can avoid annoying advertising activity if you take precautionary security measures.
You may remove virus damage with a help of Reimage Reimage Cleaner Intego. SpyHunter 5Combo Cleaner and Malwarebytes are recommended to detect potentially unwanted programs and viruses with all their files and registry entries that are related to them.
To remove Fortnite virus, follow these steps:
Remove Fortnite from Windows systems
Uninstall programs which might be related to Fortnite virus as shown below. This guide is designed for Windows users.
- Click Start → Control Panel → Programs and Features (if you are Windows XP user, click on Add/Remove Programs).
- If you are Windows 10 / Windows 8 user, then right-click in the lower left corner of the screen. Once Quick Access Menu shows up, select Control Panel and Uninstall a Program.
Uninstall Fortnite and related programs
Here, look for Fortnite or any other recently installed suspicious programs.
- Uninstall them and click OK to save these changes.
Delete Fortnite from Mac OS X system
- If you are using OS X, click Go button at the top left of the screen and select Applications.
- Wait until you see Applications folder and look for Fortnite or any other suspicious programs on it. Now right click on every of such entries and select Move to Trash.
About the author
- ^ Margaret Rouse. What is malware?. Techtarget. Search security education.
- ^ MalwareHunterTeam. Another fake @FortniteGame hacking tool. Twitter. The social network.
- ^ IP address. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
- ^ How Many People Play Fortnite?. Market Mogul. Marketing blog.
- ^ Dieviren. Dieviren. Security news.
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Hello, nice to meet you all!
My name is Amy, a recent graduate from the University of Texas at Austin. \m/
Just like most teachers and tutors will feel, I've always had a great love of being around students. Thus, I started tutoring since I was in high school. This sort of experience inspired me to become a teacher, so upon my graduation, I achieved my teaching certification in English and ESL.
I am a firm believer in that there is no bad students, just bad teachers. I know a good teac... ... More
I am very experienced in language instruction through music. As a voice teacher and the language coach I had to master the teaching of pronunciation, cadence and vocabulary of languages as opera is an intimate combination of music and language. Russian is my native language and I have been coaching Russian diction for many years now. I have worked with many different levels of students, from beginners to world class professionals such as Christopher Herbert and Katharine Goeldner who sing on ... ... More
I am a self-proclaimed science nerd who loves teaching and learning anything science! I have been in education for 15 years, teaching and enabling others to find success in learning.
The jobs I have held include middle school science teacher, high school science teacher (biology, IPC, chemistry, physics, AP physics, AP biology, biomedical courses, test prep and remediation), math/science facilitator, science specialist, Assistant Principal for Instruction, and various other campus jobs li... ... More
Hello! My name is Kaylann and I am entering my tenth year of teaching! I am currently a high school Speech and Health teacher at Whitney High School.
In my 10 years of teaching I've taught, Reading, Science, Physical Education, Health, and Speech. I look forward to helping students achieve success in and out of the classroom!
I am currently a high school Speech teacher and I have given numerous speeches throughout my coaching career as well.
I'm very handy with these applications b... ... More
While in College, I worked as a teacher's aid and a reading and math tutor. I have approximately five years of experience working with school-age children. It's my experience that we all learn in different ways and sometimes we have to think outside the box to succeed.
Learning can be hard work. Learning can be a lot of fun. It is all about perspective. The benefits of reaching your goals last a lifetime. In college I actually got an A in Algebra. English was probably the easiest class fo... ... More
I have tutored for grades Kindergarten through Fourth Grade in reading and spelling. I was a reading paraprofessional and substitute teacher for kindergarten through fourth grade for four years. I also taught many different classes in the after-school program during that time.
I just recently left my position at a Head Start preschool to move out of state. At Head Start I was an assistant teacher. I received my CDA as well as certificates for various trainings. I have a degree in Early Chi... ... More


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DiningFor fabulous harbor views, the freshest Clam Chowder, Seafood, Steaks and Italian cuisine. From upper end fine dining to casual, or lunch-to-go as you pass by on your way to other activities on the Wharf, the restaurants on Fisherman's Wharf provide unique dining experiences. Most restaurants on the Wharf welcome people of all ages. Note: Many restaurants are open daily throughout the holiday season!
Big Fish Grill
cuisine: Seafood, Steaks, Italian
Phone: (831) 372-7562
We are located at the end of Fisherman's Wharf with a panoramic view of Monterey Harbor. Sea lions and sea otters are often seen playing and feeding just outside our window tables. Seagulls and sea birds of all kinds are constantly creating an interesting and entertaining environment. Our restaurant…
Learn More...
Abalonetti Bar & Grill
ADDRESS: 57 Old Fisherman's Wharf
Phone: (831) 373-1851
One of the Wharf's original restaurant, Abalonetti Seafood features casual waterfront dining, where Monterey's squid is the star. Prepared more than a dozen ways, many invented and found only here, our local calamari's tender versatility makes for a delicious and memorable dining experience.…
Learn More...
Crabby Jim's
cuisine: Seafood, Steaks, Italian, Mexican
Phone: (831) 372-2064
More and more people are saying Crabby Jim's is the place for clam chowder on the Wharf. With chunks of clams, carrots, potatoes and celery, our chowder passes the Wharf taste test, and brings people back for more. Warm up next to our cozy fireplace on cold days. Our excellent views of the Monterey…
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Crab Louie's Bistro
cuisine: Seafood
Phone: (831) 655-1173
Casual dining with a Million Dollar View! See the dozens of Sea Lions, Pelicans, Jellys as well as the occasional Sea Otter drifting past your table!
Learn More...
Domenico's on the Wharf
cuisine: Seafood, Pasta, Steaks, Italian, Steak House
Phone: (831) 372-3655
Domenicos on the Wharf opened in 1981 and is owned by Sam & Angeli Mercurio and Dominic Mercurio. A local favorite for over 33 years, Domenicos On the Wharf specializes in fresh sustainable seafood, including local Monterey Bay spot prawns, wild sockeye salmon, and Alaskan Red King Crab. It also features…
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The Grotto Fish Market/Kokomo's
cuisine: Seafood, Fish Market, Italian, Wharf Favorites
Phone: (831) 372-3769
The Grotto Fish Market/Kocomo's provides the perfect blend of island style and fresh seafood - featuring an oyster bar, seafood cocktails, smoked salmon, seafood sandwiches, and award-winning clam chowder. Come relax at Kocomo's for lunch or dinner. Lunch specials daily. Join us for happy hour…
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Old Fisherman's Grotto
cuisine: Seafood, Italian, Steaks, Fish Market ,Seafood & Steaks
Phone: (831) 375-4604
At Old Fisherman's Grotto, we specialize in fresh sustainable seafood from all over the world, a variety of steaks, Italian pastas, fresh made desserts, extensive appetizer list, and local wines.
Learn More...
Paluca Trattoria
cuisine: Italian, Wharf Favorites
Phone: (831) 373-5559
Welcome to our Trattoria, an informal, rustic restaurant featuring traditional wharf fare alongside authentic Italian. Your host, Sal Tedesco, was born in Sicily and grew up the son of one of the famous Italian fisherman who gave the Wharf its name. We feature wharf favorites including our famous Fish…
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Cafe Fina
cuisine: Seafood, Italian
Phone: (831) 372-5200
Receiving rave reviews from both locals and its famous guests, Cafe Fina specializes in Italian seafood and features fresh local seafood, seasonal organic vegetables from the owner's ranch, fresh homemade pasta and a classic wood burning oven, the first in Monterey. Located on Fisherman's Wharf…
Learn More...
SCALES on the GO
cuisine: Deli Cafe & To Go Entrees
Phone: (831) 375-1331
Scales on the GO on historic Fisherman's Wharf offers casual dining and a deli plus a fresh fish market
Learn More...
Water and Leaves
cuisine: Organic Tea, Coffee, Juices, Honey, Pastries, Snacks
Phone: (831) 324-4058
Founded on the notion that good food and drinks come from simple ideas. We dedicated ourselves to bringing you the best California has to offer. Enjoy one of our special drinks, our unique desserts. or tasty snacks as you visit our beautiful home - The Monterey Bay.
Learn More...
Dock Side Fish Market
cuisine: Seafood
Phone: (831) 649-6426
Enjoy a delicious chowder bowl, shrimp cocktail and many other tasty seafood items at this convenient location on Monterey's Old Fisherman's Wharf. Perfect take out for a picnic lunch at the picnic tables just past the Harbor House on the Rec Trail. For more information, go to https://www.loc8nearme.com/california/monterey/dock-side-fish-market/4974231/
Learn More...
Fish and Chips Cafe
ADDRESS: 57 Old Fisherman's Wharf #1
Phone: (831) 373-1851
Delicious fish and chips, chowder bowls and much more in a casual outdoor dining setting on the Wharf.
Learn More...
Domenico's Fish Market and Deli
ADDRESS: 50 Fisherman's Wharf #1
Phone: (831) 372-3655
Enjoy fresh sustainable seafood, including local Monterey Bay spot prawns, wild sockeye salmon, and Alaskan Red King Crab.
Learn More...


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Red Hill Estate: A View To Thrill
Address: 53 Shoreham Road Red Hill South, VIC
Varieties: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Prosecco, Brut, Liqueur Muscat, Port
Boasting a wide selection of wines, incredible views, and a generously sized cellar door, Red Hill Estate has all the ingredients needed for a perfect winery visit. They've been producing their cool climate wines for more than 25 years, and as such have become quite a staple for the Mornington Peninsula area.
Red Hill Estate offers wine that not only varies in variety, but also price point. This ensures they have something for pretty much everyone, and can match your tasting to your particular style and preferences.
With their strong local focus, Red Hill Estate produces fantastic Mornington Peninsula favourites Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, as well as some great quality Sparkling and dessert wines.
For more interesting wine stuff, follow us on:
Included on the property is Max's Restaurant, although it's not a common stop for Wine Compass' tours. The restaurant is on the higher end
Red Hill Estate claims to have the best views of any winery in the world, which, albeit a steep claim, might not be too far from the truth. The estate would at the very least give any other winery on the Peninsula a run for their money (Blue Range Estate is also pretty special).
As you enjoy their well-crafted wines, you can look out over their 23 acres of vines to take in sweeping views of Westernport Bay, Bass Strait and Phillip Island.
What we like
Without a doubt, the view steals the show for Red Hill Estate.
What we don't like
A few of the staff members who work at Red Hill Estate are less than accommodating, which can really put a dampener on the experience.
Explore more wineries in the Mornington Peninsula or return to the Mornington Peninsula Tours page.


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By Payroll and Entitlements Editorial Staff
New Jersey has become the first state to require employers to offer pre-tax transportation fringe benefits to employees. Under the NJ Transit Benefits Law (SB No. 1567), employers with a least 20 employees must offer employees the option to pay for transit passes, transportation in a commuter highway vehicle (vanpooling), and qualified parking on a pre-tax basis. The law requires that the pre-tax election be provided at the maximum benefit level allowable under federal law (Code Sec. 132(f))—currently, $265 per month for vanpooling and/or transit passes and $265 per month of qualified parking. No penalties will be assessed for noncompliance until the earlier of March 1, 2020, or the effective date of implementing rules and regulations. Significantly, New Jersey's new mandate comes at a time when employer-provided transportation benefits are no longer deductible by employers for federal tax purposes. Under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, no deduction is allowed for any qualified transportation fringe benefit provided to an employee (Code Sec. 274(a)(4)). Moreover, the IRS has interpreted the no-deduction rule to apply to transportation benefits provided through pre-tax salary reductions (see IRS Pub. 15-B, Employer's Tax Guide to Fringe Benefits (2019)). Qualified transportation benefits continue to be excludable from employee's incomes. (SB No. 1567, Laws 2019; approved and effective March 1.)
Interested in submitting an article?
Submit your information to us today!Learn More


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Insulation makes the inhabitants feel safe by ensuring more advantages than sustaining better indoor temperature; it offers comfort and plays an active role in achieving the desired standards of the daily life. External thermal insulation ensures ideal fire safe environments with free of environmental noise where ideal temperatures are also preserved for long time. Thanks to İzocam Manto Stone Wool applications, indoor temperature is maintained for long period and the energy bills are reduced by almost 50%.
External thermal insulation which has been installed with the right material, right thickness and right method prevents thermal loss and gain in buildings. İzocam Manto External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems cover the surfaces of the building like a shield and ensures the most effective result in insulation. External thermal insulations installed with Stone Wool, İzopor (Expanded Polystyrene, EPS) and Foamboard (Extruded Polystyrene, XPS) Boards, significantly reduces thermal loss and gain. Playing a significant role in energy savings, external thermal insulation protects the environment by reducing carbon emission. It prevents physical changes that could take place due to thermal tensions between building components and creates safer and longer-lasting buildings by preventing structural damages such as intra-wall tensions, surface cracks and corrosion.
Installations performed with İzocam Manto Stone Wool ensures fire security to make inhabitants feel safe and prevents noise pollution to ensure a calm and peaceful interior environment. Moreover, it reinforces the buildings against earthquakes and prevents unwanted formations such as condensation.
İzocam General Manager Nuri Bulut says: "Home is the most important place for those who live in it. Each home owner strives for maximum comfort and living quality. However, high living quality or comfort of a home does not solely depend on its interior decoration or comfort of usage. First and foremost, the primary duty of a home is to protect those in it from external effects. Therefore, a home must become closed to cold and heat, noise and possible dangers. As a result, protecting the home from external adverse conditions, reducing bills and experiencing maximum comfort require external thermal insulation to be installed correctly for each home with the right materials and the right thickness. It is possible to achieve these conditions with the highest level with İzocam Manto Stone Wool."
Correctly installed external thermal insulation ensures that interior temperature is maintained at the desired levels for long durations. External thermal insulation which is installed to lower the thermal losses during the winter and the possible thermal gains during the summer, reflects positively on the energy bills. The cost of fuels such as coal and natural gas during the winter and electricity consumption resulting from the use of air conditioners during the summer are almost reduced to half.
If the installation of external thermal insulation is performed with stone wool, the facade of the building does not catch on fire thanks to the inflammable quality of the stone wool and no toxic gas or smoke is emitted. Hence, time is gained for escaping the fire and for the fire squad to arrive.
One of the most suitable periods to install external thermal insulation at home and in your work place is the summer...
There are various insulation installations that we can perform on your buildings especially during the summer to prepare you for the winter. Supporting the external thermal installation installed on exterior walls with various insulation installations that can be performed on roofs, on interior walls of your buildings and in-between floors help you to have a warmer winter, as well as cooler summer.
For LCV and information:
Seher Saygın / Essance İstanbul İletişim Danışmanlığı / firstname.lastname@example.com
212 282 40 85 (Ext: 12) / 0 530 384 62 74
Zeynep Yiğit / Essance İstanbul İletişim Danışmanlığı / email@example.com
212 282 40 85 (Ext: 23) / 0 530 384 62 79
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Judgment Day – May 21st, 2011 could this really be?
Could the end of the world really be near? Well that's the message coming from a group of bible missionaries who are currently on island distributing pamphlets which states that judgment day is May 21st, 2011; a day when god will intervene and destroy this world.
The group of men and women which hails from the eastern Caribbean island of Barbados as well as the United States of America says with no apologies, it is their intent to warn as many people as possible of the abundant biblical evidence that the end of the world (that awesome and terrible moment when Jesus Christ, the supreme ruler of mankind, will complete that judgment process which began in the garden of eden when Adam and Eve disobied God) is near.
According to Joseph Francis a Bible Missionary from Barbados, the Bible provides accurate infallible proof that assures that the rapture will occur on ay 21st, 2011, as God in his great mercy has given marvelous proof that the year 2011 is the year of the Rapture which coincides with Judgment Day and the end of the world.
Unfortunately, Francis says they continue to receive similar responses in all the countries that they visit as everyone seems to be misinterpreting one verse Matthew 24:26, saying that no one except God knows the time of the end of the world, so how does anyone dare teach that the Rapture and Judgment Day will occur on May 21st, 2011, when the bible clearly states that no one can know the day or the hour of Christ's return?
Knowing that people will scrutinize their prediction as was done in the past in the times of Noah, he says they have gone above and beyond to make a huge quantity of literature, including biblical calendars readily available to the public.
He also made it fundamentally clear that the information which they are disseminating was not sourced from any denomination or organization but directly from the bible.
While sounding a warning, another Bible Missionary Micheal Newman from the State of Maryland says this is super serious, since just as there was evidence in the past when God sent Noah to deliver a warning that in 40 days, if the people did not turn away from their sins and repent he would have destroyed them, so too there is evidence indicating that Judgment Day is May 21st, 2011.
Newman says it is rather unfortunate that out of the 7 billion people who exist on this earth only a mere 200 million people will be saved as the rest will be destroyed by fire on October 21st, 2011.
With the belief that destruction is at hand, Beverly Bishop of Barbados who is residing in the United States took the opportunity to encourage everyone to pray to God asking him to be merciful, thereby sparing mankind from this dreadful wrath.
Meanwhile, Mechanic Betrand Coipel is just one of the many Dominicans who believe that the information that is being distributed by the Bible Missionaries is misleading.
The team which arrived in Dominica on Monday March 14th is expected to leave the island on Friday March 18th, 2011.
They have already visited the islands of Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada and are expected to make additional stops in St. Maarten and Trinidad and Tobago.


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Winter Lace Headband
Every baby girl deserves a Winter Lace bow in her hair. Offering that final touch to a perfectly precious outfit, these adorable bows are handmade down to the last detail in mind to give that one-of-a-kind look your little girl deserves.
Our lace bows add a perfect vintage touch to your little girls outfit.
This is for a single Winter Lace Bow on a nylon headband.
We believe that baby accessories can be both beautiful and functional. That's why our products are ideal for special events or formal occasions where even little ones deserve to look their absolute best. We take pride in ensuring our bows are locally made with high quality materials and an extra dose of love because your baby deserves it.
Hand wash your bows, reshape and lay flat to dry.
We secure all nylons bands and clips as best we can. However, these pieces can become loose and pose a choking hazard to children. As with all accessories and headbands, please supervise children at all times. Do not wear while sleeping.


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Winter Golf Specials
Enjoy three rounds of golf at St Andrews Links including the world famous Old Course
The St Andrews Links 2019/20 Winter Package offers the ultimate golfing experience whether it's a break with friends or a family vacation. If you've taken advantage of this great offer in the past or are looking to do so in the future, please note there are changes to the existing format of the package. Outlined below are the key details of the offer:
- The package is still for a guaranteed tee time on three courses including one on the world-famous Old Course. These are played over three consecutive days.
- Fairway mats will be in use. Click here for more details.
- From 10.00 BST on Wednesday 5 June 2019, you can apply for the winter ahead which will cover the period November 2019 to March 2020 inclusive.
- October 2019 and April 2020 will no longer be covered by the Winter Package.
How to Apply
- Check the available dates here.
- Complete and submit the 2019/20 online booking form available from 10.00 BST on Wednesday 05 June 2019.
- If you are successful, you will be notified of your allocated tee times along with details of payment requirements within a few days.
- Then contact us at Lorimer Guest House to secure your local accommodation. You will receive a £25 food and drinks voucher to use in any St Andrews Links venue.
- Enjoy the ultimate golfing experience here at St Andrews Links.


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Megan's opening up in new tracks
There's no denying that since leaving TOWIE last year, Megan McKenna is one seriously busy lady.
She has starred in her own reality show, There's Something About Megan, released new music and has even launched and designed her own clothing range called, Studio Mouthy – which has just released it's first swimwear collection.
But, even with multiple business ventures on the go, it's clear that music is a real passion for the former reality star, with Megan, 26, currently recording her first album.
READ: Katie Price's mum urges Kris Boyson to MARRY her and save her from 'self-destruct mode'
And, it looks like the record is going to come straight from the heart, as she admits to us at Now that it's 'relationship based'. And, considering her recent split from Love Island star 'Muggy' Mike Thalassitis, it seems as though he could be getting a shout out.
'All of my music is personal to me. I write from the heart because country music is all real and gritty with no holding back. So my album and the tracks that I've been working on are definitely stages in my life and it is relationship based,' Megan confessed.
Although no official date has been set for when we can expect to hear Megan's new tracks, there's no denying there's a lot of excitement about what's to come.
She admitted: 'I am excited for people to listen to it and see through my life really. To learn how I've been feeling, and how I've dealt with things and what I've been going through. It's very personal this album.'
Even with so much going on at the moment, Megan tells us that she would be open for a reality show all about her day-to-day life.
'I would definitely be intrigued to see how people would feel watching me day-to-day and what I get up too,' she confessed.
And, since she designed and created her new swimwear collection from scratch, it's clear that Megan has put a lot of hard work into the line, which is something that she says was inspired by TV show Saved By The Bell's Kelly Kapowski.
'When it comes down to my swimwear, I do love to go back to that whole retro vibe and I based the look on Saved By the Bell's, Kelly Kapowski,' Megan admitted.
She continued: 'With my collection I really wanted to make the bikinis and swimsuits stand out. It's basically everything that I've ever wanted when it comes to swimwear.'
All swimwear is available in sizes 6 to 14 and is available now through Megan's own e-tail offering www.studiomouthy.co.uk The swimwear is priced at £18 – £35.00.