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We are doing our best to keep up with all that's going on.
Hopefully soon we will have more Support from folks like you and corporations and agencies who have been expressing deepening serious interest in everything MIRNOVA is doing.
Hopefully very soon we will have some more folks helping with their programming, web design, and graphics media skills.
Until that time, we hustle-and-bustle as best as we can.
Right now, the ENGLISH version of this website, the ENGLISH pages and posts, are the Most Updated, Most Accurate, and the ones that contain a lot about NEW developments, changes, especially with respect to different Projects and the main Programs and organizational Components.
We are determined and committed to straightening out all the texts for other important languages, and to soon add a few more, including ARABIC.
And please contact us if you can assist in any reasonable ways, especially with Putting the Word Out, Worldwide, to anyone and everyone who can be relevant and Supportive for THE WORK.


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Having just returned from my first trip to, Manila, the capital of the Philippines I'm compelled to share some of my experience. As part of the LearnQuest education team, we delivered the Corda-100 course to a group of 100+ future blockchain developers. It was great working with the Blockchain Institute and UnionBank of Philippines Blockchain Center of Excellence who hosted this massive event. We always find it exciting at EBCS to see new developers learning the Corda framework and applying key concepts to their use case ideas. It's a humbling experience to see students erupt into applause as they launch their first Cordapp. I was impressed with their teamwork and positivity throughout the two day course. UnionBank is building a great foundation of developers to support blockchain use cases across their organization.
Center of Excellence
Enterprise Blockchain Solutions has been privileged to consult and participate in the formation of several Blockchain CoE's. We see growing interest in enterprise level businesses to explore how blockchain can improve existing processes and define new business models. These organizations are leading the evaluation of platform capabilities and the trade-offs between public and private solutions. Corda's flexibility really shines in these discussions. Yet, recruiting talented developers who are fluent in the various platforms is a consistent challenge for organizations. I was speechless when I learned we would be training over 100 recruits in 2 days. But the attendees definitely lived up to their "Center of Excellence" moniker with their quick application of Corda concepts and detailed questions.
Corda Training Worldwide
The Corda 100 training is great for new and experienced developers to gain a foundation in blockchain, smart-contracts and digital assets. Corda 100 training includes an introduction to Kotlin and test driven design making this a great value for organizations familiarizing developers with new tools. The excitement about the capabilities to ease friction in settlement with Corda has continued to grow as more successful applications and consortia join the Corda Network. EBCS is adding Kotlin for Corda and Advanced Corda courses to help this growing worldwide network of developers dive deeper into Corda concepts. We've already introduced Corda to developers in some awesome locations including Cairo, London, New York and now Manila. Would you like to learn more about Corda? There are several public classes available in the near future or you can have us come to you. For more information contact LearnQuest or get in touch with us. Maybe we'll be in your city soon!

subset: commoncrawl


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Academic Discipline Plans
Academic Discipline Plans should be updated for the 2019-20 school year. If you have trouble accessing a document/plan, please email
The most common question we receive is, how is SchoolBlocks inspired by Pinterest? SchoolBlocks eliminates navigation bars and uses a block style layout that's similar to Pinterest. It creates a unique and engaging browsing experience, optimizes for mobile and removes a lot of navigational complexity.
Please click on the red plus signs found on this page to learn more about specific features.


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This feature originally ran on January 21, 2015.
Welcome to the first installment of a new recurring feature here at Consequence of Sound: DNA. Once a month, we'll be analyzing early productions by storied filmmakers to examine their hallmarks, elements, and styles, charting what remained and what were left behind. To kick it off, this month we have the Coen Brothers' 1985 debut feature, Blood Simple, the story of a bartender, his lover, her husband, and the contract killer he hires, in honor of the film's 30th anniversary this week. Let's begin.
Blood Simple lays the groundwork for a number of themes the Coens would revisit and refine throughout their career. The senselessness of violence and betrayal is one example; just as in Fargo, No Country for Old Men, and The Man Who Wasn't There — Blood Simple's most obvious descendants — schemes and betrayals implode with bangs and whimpers, leaving everyone in its wake worse for the wear.
Fuzzy, short-sighted thinking is a staple of Coen characters, who hatch too-simple schemes without considering the myriad complications that are bound to arise. Often, the monkey wrench emerges as an unpredictable character, an amoral outsider who's trusted in spite of their unsavory countenance. In Blood Simple, it's M. Emmet Walsh as shady P.I. Loren Visser, whose natural inclination towards subterfuge upends an otherwise simple plan. Visser is the Coens' first of many such characters, from Fargo's Carl Showalter to Miller's Crossing's Bernie Bernbaum to Raising Arizona's demonic biker Leonard Smalls. Each enters the picture as a minor character, but leaves it with a trail of (in one case, literal) flames in their wake.
But the Coens have never been huge on black-and-white villainy, nor on drawing a clear distinction between protagonist and antagonist. At Blood Simple's outset, it's easy to peg John Getz's Ray as our ostensible hero, but it isn't long before he's relegated to a supporting role, a dope in a scheme that's grown beyond him. The Coens pulled a similar trick with No Country for Old Man's Llewelyn Moss, a salt-of-the-earth everyman whose adventures not only become futile by film's end, but reveal him to be anything but the hero he seems to be in the early going.
On the surface, however, Blood Simple's most obvious descendant is The Man Who Wasn't There, a throwback noir the Coens made in 2001. Both combine infidelity, murder, and Frances McDormand, but distinguish themselves by exploring opposite sides of the marital divide. Blood Simple spent much of its time with the cheating couple, while The Man Who Wasn't There lent its focus to the cuckold. The latter also serves as a showcase for how the Coens had grown in the two decades since Blood Simple, as The Man Who Wasn't There fortifies its noir with a black-and-white palette, surrealistic flourishes, and a couple of UFOs for good measure.
You know what they say: You gotta learn the rules before you break 'em. Blood Simple is the Coens acing that test.
—Randall Colburn


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Safe Smart Summer Camp is a free week-long transition day camp that we hold in August before fifth grade students move into sixth grade.
The week is a fun filled week with snacks, lunch, games, videos and much more to make it a fun learning experience! The week day camp will prepare students a little more for sixth grade and the issues they may face. The theme is Face the Challenge and covers topics like your reputation, learning self-acceptance, cliques and where you fit in, cheating, bullying, and sessions on the dangers of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and prescription drugs.
The day camp is offered to all 5th grade students going into 6th grade in the Holly area. The camp is a great way for students to gather healthy decision making skills and also meet other students from different elementary schools.


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The Search for the Perfect File Synch five stars
Super Flexible File Synchronizer (2.1 MB download)
Written and copyright 2003 by Tobias Giesen
Every once in a while an application comes along that not only fulfills all your hopes and expectations, but restores your confidence in the application writing and programming business. I've been looking for the "perfect" file synchronization utility since 1997, when I made the PC my primary platform instead of the Mac.
As I convert this article to a WordPress posting in March 2008, it's worth noting that I still use SuperFlexible exclusively. In June 2011 I note that SFS is still supported by regular updates, continues to work great, and I've been using it for over 7 years – somewhat of a personal software record.
In truth, I hadn't looked too hard, because almost everything I looked at was disappointing. I even looked at some expensive commercial offerings, whose cost is actually based on how many folders you want to purchase support for (!).
Mind you, I don't need another Retrospect. Retrospect is a "backup" program. I already use Norton Ghost for all my drive-to-drive backups. We will see shortly that "backup" programs and "file synchronization" programs serve very different needs and expectations, and work entirely differently.
For years, I used a fine British shareware file synch program. It was limited in what it could do, but it did that very well. Running it single-thread with big batches of folder synchs was very high-maintenance.
Enter Super Flexible File Synchronizer. I found it on the Tucows shareware site, tried it along with several other related applications, and found myself sending in my shareware fee after only a couple of days of using it.
The more I use SuperFlexible, the more I like it. But we might be getting ahead of some of our readers. Exactly what is a file synchronizer, and why do we really need it?
Backup and File Synch for the PC
A file synchronizer is essentially a two-way backup program. Generically, the idea is to move the newest copy of each file or folder between a defined pair of directories (source and target, or A and B).
Question: Generally, unless you have also defined some kind of special filters, so that only certain file extensions are included or excluded, what would you end up with?
Answer: two identical or mirror copies of the "synchronized" files, folders and directories.
If you work with a laptop a lot and need to keep your work current on the laptop and a desktop, the "synchronized" results is exactly what you want.
You're probably already aware that a straight Windows copy operation takes everything selected on the "from" side and blindly copies it to the "to" side. Every file on the "to" side with a counterpart on the "from" side is replaced, whether that file has been changed or not. You will get individual warning dialogs for each and every file that is newer than its replacement file. With the size of today's hard drives, this can be massively inefficient.
What's the difference between a "backup" program and a "synchronization" program?
Backup: A high end backup program like Ghost or Retrospect makes sure that important files, folders, volumes or drives are faithfully copied from location A to B. Once you run such a program once, most of the files may not have changed at all, so a smart program may have an efficiency option to only move those files that are newer on the source side than the target side, or that don't exist yet on the target side.
Synch programs: these take backup to the next level, or beyond.
- Most files will not have changed. Why waste time and CPU overwriting them?
- Files on the Target could be newer than those on the Source.
- If you use two machines, volumes or directories regularly, the location of the newest copy of a file is not guaranteed.
With a file synch program, copy direction can be A to B, or B to A, or both directions.
The simplest version of a file synch program might have the ability to do the following:
- Define two directories (folders) that should be kept identical
- Establish the copy direction to enforce (A to B, B to A, or either)
- Establish copy criteria, usually based on file dates: newest to oldest, oldest to newest, or perhaps file size
- Define what specific file names or types are included, or *.* (all)
- Make datestamps the same
- Clean up empty and orphaned folders
Smarter file synch programs might have the ability to do the following:
- Define what specific file names or types are excluded
- Option to DELETE files on target that no longer appear on source
- Ability to save off files marked for deletion, for later attention
- Option to WARN when certain conditions are detected, since as newer file is smaller and would overwrite a larger file of the same name.
- Ability to build sets or "suites" of synch definitions
- Ability to run in batch mode (all suites at once)
- Ability to run on a scheduler
- Ability to run unattended
- Ability to save your sets or "suites" for backup or export to another machine
Super Flexible File Synchronizer to the Rescue
SuperFlexible has the ability to do all of the above, and more. I am not going to cover all its powerful features on this page. We review most of these in detail on a series of separate pages corresponding to the main functional tabs of the SuperFlexible application. Links to these pages are supplied in "Screen Shots" near the bottom of this page.
Volume property
SuperFlexible has the ability to specify a require volume label; e.g., "Vol. must be: Apricorn". Windows drive letter assignment does not work nicely with removable drives. It never did. Particularly with the latest generations of USB 2.0 portable drives and mountable cards, what was drive D yesterday will be drive G or H tomorrow. By optionally specifying a volume label, SuperFlexible will protect you by telling you something like the following: "The volume label for the right path should be Apricorn."
File Level Operations:
By use of filename masks you can restrict the scope of a particular profile to include one or more single file extensions, such as: *.pst. Equally important, there is an additional optional filter in which you can define files, extensions or folders to exclude.
Or, you can use the "Select Folders and Files" feature to check off only those folders and files you are interested in moving, from within a Windows Explorer-style directory tree. You could do your whole file synch suite in one single profile using this feature (if all your selection criteria were always the same).
With SuperFlexible we can set up "Mirror" copies. Defining a "mirror" ensures that the included destination file folders are exact copies of the originals. We can set up a Mirror copy from source to destination, or even destination to source, but (obviously) not both. If you delete a file on the machine you consider primary or source, Mirror mode will delete that file on the destination side.
We get what we ask for, so we should be careful what we ask for.
I have two machines I consider primary, depending on whether I'm in California or Arizona. I've learned to only do Mirror copies on my outbound files, never inbound: transporting files on a portable drive from CA or AZ, I let SuperFlexible Mirror delete obsolete files on the portable hard drive. But I stopped using Mirror on the other end: I will not let my SuperFlexible synch suites automatically delete files on the AZ primary machine. On the return trip, I no longer allow automatic deletion of files on the CA primary. To avoid accidental deletion of my last "original" copies, I want to make that choice manually.
SuperFlexible will do exactly what I set it up to do; the problem lies with me. I can't always remember what files I intentionally deleted two weeks ago, so I can get confused about which deletions to allow. I've had a few close calls, so manual review before committing updates to the primary machines gives me an extra layer of protection, a chance to change my mind.
Mirror is especially useful, though, when I've done a lot of housekeeping and want to update my backups immediately, say, on the 13,402 files in my local website folder. [This section added June 6, 2009.]
Standard Copy and Smart Copy
For most operations, "Standard Copy" is fast, efficient, and foolproof. If you do a standard copy from location A to B , location B ends up with all the files it originally had, plus any files found on A which previously didn't exist on B.
"Smart Copy" has all the safety of "standard copy" with an ingenious extra feature. It will detect and relocate files that have been moved but not deleted. Supposing, within folder A, I have moved and reorganized a large number of files from subfolder C to subfolder D. Without Smart Copy, after a file synch from A to B, destination subfolder C will still have all of its original files, and destination subfolder D will now be a copy of source subfolder D. In other words … we'll have two copies of all the moved files. "Smart Copy" is cool because it just replicates the C->D moves on the destination side!
I use "Smart Copy" for 90% of my file synchronization needs. [This section added June 6, 2009.]
Microsoft Outlook (Self-updating files)
MS Outlook is a charter member of a class of applications that can be the bane of everyone who does file synchronization. This class also includes MS Outlook Express, Quicken, and potentially, any application that inserts itself in your startup group – particularly if it self-updates via the web.
If you open an application to verify its version or contents, you know there is a high risk that one or more files will be updated with the current date and time, meaning, it will appear to be the "newer" copy no matter how long it's been since you actually updated anything. In effect, some applications do this all by themselves, without you even knowing about it.
It's what you don't know (or notice) that can kill you. Twice this month, while traveling I have inadvertently overwritten a more recent copy of my Outlook mail file (*.pst), with an older one that somehow got updated to "today". Thank goodness for alternate backups! I know that my copy of Outlook 2003 downloads files in the background (without being opened). Regardless of the rationale for operating any particular application "in the background", examples of causes might be (a) an application looks for updates of some kind on the web without asking, (b) SpamKiller or some other "helper app" is operating interactively in the background, or (c) it is just automation taken to the next (unwanted) level.
No programmer can second-guess this kind of situation. If you know that the copy on your portable USB drive, A, is newer than the copy on your desktop at your vacation home, B, then, the correct answer is that the copy direction should be A to B. But, when vacation is over, the answer would be B to A. This should be true no matter what the date stamp information tells you.
SuperFlexible gives you a number of options for guarding against mistakes in copy direction. You can elect warnings when overwriting larger files with smaller ones, or when overwriting newer files with older ones.
But, in files with a structure as complex as Outlook or Quicken, chances are only you know which copy should really be newer. Obviously, you want to save the one that has all you latest work in it, and you need to disregard what the date stamp and even file size is telling you: what if you did some cleanup and deleted a number of mail files?
I created a profile just for my Outlook file, and I run it first. There are checkboxes for "Copy Left to Right" and for "Copy Right to Left". Now, I leave both unchecked. I can make the right decision on the spot, synch the file, and then move on to other tasks that can be automated.
Graphic User Interface (GUI)
SuperFlexible uses a straightforward and well-planned Windows graphical interface. It uses tabs within a single master window to control presentation of a huge array of basic tasks and profile-specific settings. The key functions that you need to see in every profile are presented first, for immediate viewing. I am reviewing version 2.12a and don't know the development history, but it's plain to see that Tobias Giesen put an enormous amount of thought and work into the design and features layouts.
In "Unattended" mode, SuperFlexible is lightning fast. I am current synchronizing about 10GB of data over USB 2.0 or 10/100 Ethernet, and SuperFlexible can spool through all of it, depending on how many files in the population have been changed, in as little as a few minutes.
Generally, I still prefer to step through my list of profiles manually, because I am still "tweaking" the settings and building or editing new profiles. But, since profile selection is all controlled through SuperFlexible, rather than navigating back to Windows directories, I can still complete my file synchs much faster than the old days. That's what I was seeking.
And, there is a "semiautomatic" mode in Profile Overview where you can still review each expected result before committing, but, the next check-box synch profile then pops up automatically and in sequence. SuperFlexible offers the best of both worlds, from full manual single-thread execution, to full auto batch operation, and a middle mode allowing rapid execution of a chain of manual profiles.
Screen Shots (Illustrated)
- Edit Profiles
- Manual Run Profile
- Options
- Profile Overview
- Scheduler
- Select Subfolders
- Synch Preview
- Wizard Mode
In summary, SuperFlexible is a high-quality shareware file synchronizer, professionally written and designed to commercial standards or better. It exceeded my requirements and expectations in all areas. The design is clean enough that almost any user could learn it. It is appropriate for average and advanced users. For users who only require basic settings, the advantage of this application is speed. For users who require advanced settings and filters, the advantage is both speed and control. If you are on the lookout for a better system of synchronizing files on two or more machines, I recommend that you download and try Super Flexible File Synchronizer.
Reviewed by Alex Forbes
October – November 2004
2,243 total views, 1 views today


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Lancashire County Council (LCC) reveals its plan of deploying a countywide 'super-fast broadband network' in place by the year 2014. This project aims to attract business and investment to the county from international companies as well as other UK companies.
Funds for the massive project will come from the county council, public sectors as well as from private sectors. Though details have not been announced yet, it is believed that the Council would employ a range of different technologies suitable for both rural and urban areas. That means some areas may still be using current broadband speeds at 8Mbps or the similar.
Geoff Driver, County Councilor for Lancashire explained in a statement saying, "Lancashire County Council is aiming to lead the county into a bright new future. We want to open up opportunities for businesses in Lancashire, by establishing a super-fast broadband network." According to Driver, in order for Lancashire to thrive, it is needful for the Council to "develop a sustainable and growing economy", which included job creation and various means of encouragement for businesses.
The project aims a cover 100 percent of the region. However, some areas may be missing out the new services especially those considered not economic zones. This project also ensures that the superfast broadband service will be able to support future software and services. FTTP technology will be use in this innovation, since it is the only option providing enough bandwidth to meet superfast broadband speeds without replacing all the equipments installed.
Critics, however, are concerned that the scope and scale of this project will only favor a large operator such as BT (British Telecom).


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While villas often make the most sense for large family groups planning a beach vacation together, sometimes having access to resort facilities can really elevate the vacation experience.
Particularly with younger kids, amenities like a kids club, event programming and a variety of dining options are really nice to have.
It's hard to find villas that ALSO have resort-style amenities – but Round Hill in Jamaica is one of them! This casually elegant colonial beach resort combines the comfort and privacy of a villa with resort amenities for the entire family.
Planning your next family beach vacation to Round Hill Jamaica with kids is always a good idea. Here's why!
No need to rent an entire villa
This is perhaps one of the more unique features of Round Hill. While each of the 27 villas (ranging from 2 to 6 bedrooms) are beautiful and large enough for a big family group, it's also possible to book one or two rooms in a villa.
So say in a 4-bedroom villa, you may have one room, the kids have another and there could be another family using the other 2 rooms (all rooms are large include bedroom, separate sitting area and a massive bathroom). While at first this may sound strange, it actually works very well. Of course Round Hill pays very special attention to who they combine in villas.
Each villa comes fully staffed with a housekeeper, cook and gardener. The cook runs the kitchen and works with every guest around meal planning, so you won't find yourself cooking dinner alongside another guest. The cook takes care of this for you. The villa pool is shared, and this often becomes a fun way for kids to meet other kids and keep things social, while enjoying villa living.
The villas are all individually owned and decorated, but they adhere to the same casually elegant style — lots of blue and white, wicker and dark wooden furniture.
Style direction is compliments of Ralph Lauren, who is a shareholder in Round Hill and owns 2 of the villas. Throughout Round Hill, expect to see lots of parquet wood floors and traditional colonial design, combined with light and breezy Caribbean style.
Free Breakfast
The food all around at Round Hill is fabulous. From the fun beach BBQ to the light lunch menu, the restaurants on site are really special. As you have the kitchen in your villa, you can enjoy most meals here. However, when you book with me, you'll enjoy free breakfast daily for 2 people in the room! If you're traveling with a young child or two, this is more than enough for the family and a nice way to easily start your day.
Enjoy the hearty breakfast, juice bar- complete with views! – with this special perk each morning followed by the delicious free high tea served daily at 4pm. Dinner is really the only meal you need to think about and plan – but you don't need to prepare it of course!
The Pineapple Kids Club
Like everything at Round Hill, the kids club is casual and intimate. Throughout the day, kids come and go as they please joining the staff for activities like t-shirt tie dyeing, wooden figure painting, bracelet making, feeding the fish, and in the heat of the afternoon, air conditioned video game playing.
We loved the staff, and while there are some wonderful ladies who keep things under control, there are a few young guys who also work in the kids club which led to fun pick-up soccer games and and formidable competition on the wii.
In addition to private or semi-private pools in each villa, there is a common area pool with a nice shallow area for small children and food and drink service. The kids club staff also bring the kids here for supervised pool time during the day.
The kids club is divided by age: the Pineapple Club for 3- to 6-year-olds and the 7-up Club for bigger kids up to 12.
Located only about 30 minutes from the Montego Bay airport, Round Hill offers the perfect combination of seclusion and easy access. If you're thinking about a Caribbean beach vacation contact us now to get started planning your family's next adventure.


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Attend a CDL-A training program, and a career-ready you could be literally weeks away. Here's what to expect.Read the full article
Trucking needs drivers, whether the economy is strong or shaky. Hear from 3 CDL-A holders about training, difficulty, and career outlook.Read the full article
The dream is achieved through sacrifice, risk-taking, and hard work—three traits synonymous with trucking.Read the full article
Society is relying on truck drivers for timely deliveries of medicine, food, and necessities. We share tips to help drivers stay safe and healthy.Read the full article
Learn about the highest paying commercial truck driving jobs in the United States including OTR, tanker drivers, HAZMAT, and union drivers.Read the full article
You may not have wanted to ask your recruiter these questions for fear of sounding silly, but there's nothing silly about being prepared.Read the full article
Eager to hit the road as a licensed CDL truck driver and start making money? You can be career-ready in as little as three to six weeks.Read the full article
The total cost of CDL training can be more than most people have on hand, but financial aid can help cut costs.Read the full article
Becoming a truck driver doesn't have to mean you'll compromise on your health. There are plenty of ways to keep your body and your budget healthy on the road.Read the full article
Learn about the individual requirements and age restrictions for getting your CDL Class A commercial truck driver's license in your state.Read the full article
Your first year in trucking will not be easy, but don't panic. The more you know what to expect, the better you will come out of itRead the full article
It's no secret: Truckers can get lonely on long hauls. But an amazing number of them, especially over-the-road (OTR) truckers, have found a handy solution to the loneliness problem: Pets.Read the full article
About truck stops and what a trucker needs to know about their home away from home; from food and entertainment to finances and rest.Read the full article
You probably took a ton of tests all throughout your primary school education. Studying for the CDL exam is really not all that different. To pass the CDL licensing exam, you must...Read the full article
You started out thinking trucking could be a great gig for you, and you went out and got your CDL license. You maybe drove a tractor trailer for a couple of years, give or take.Read the full article
To become a truck driver, you must have a specialized license. To get that license, you'll need to take a class and pass an exam. Here's everything you'll need to know about your CDL class so you can face it without hesitation!Read the full article
This CDL manual is a general overview of truck driver regulations in the United States. In the future, we will update this to show specifics for each state legislation. For specific rules from your state, please refer to your state's CDLRead the full article
How Much Do CDL Training Classes Cost? The cost of CDL training class is generally between $1,800 and 6,500, a great investment in your futureRead the full article
Talk of self-driving automobiles brings to mind science fiction movies and cartoons from our youth. But, the reality is here and now. Autonomous trucks are being tested, and there is some great concern about the impact it will have on the trucking induRead the full article
Deciding to become a truck driver is a big decision. You'll need to know the first steps, which are whether or not you match with the industry requirements. You probably have a ton of questions about trucking careers. Get answers to the most freqRead the full article
Veterans, most of us could never imagine the experiences you've been through. You've bravely served to protect us, which allows America its status quo. For that, we cannot thank you enough.Read the full article
Class A, B, and C? What does that even mean? And, what type of endorsements am I supposed to get? Don't even get me started on asking about all the restrictions on the industry! Who knew trucking came with so many confusing options! To be able toRead the full article
More than 28,000 women have joined the trucking industry since 2014. It's not just a man's world anymore, and trucking is one of the only industries without a massive wage gap. Because women are starting to look more seriously into becomingRead the full article
Find out how to become a truck driver, and start your career today. Employment for the trucking industry is expected to grow about 5% through 2024. That may not seem like such a big deal, except there's a growing and dire need for truckers tRead the full article


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How To Get Rid Of Deep Acne Scars?
Everyone faces the problem of acne and acne scars during teenage and most of them grow out of this problem with time. However, for some people, deep acne scars continue to form even after they reach adulthood. It is very important for these people to find out the root cause of acne and acne scars, also see a dermatologist to treat these unsightly scars from the body as they can be painful and have a negative impact on your self-confidence.
Understanding Deep Acne Scars
There are different types of scars that can develop on an individual's skin. Scars which develop on the first layer of the skin or the epidermis are known as superficial scars. These type of scars usually get healed on their own. There are some scars which penetrate deep into your skin or into the dermis. Deep acne scars are a prime example of this kind of scars.
When the dermis gets damaged, it develops a scar once the wound is healed. In some situations, once the acne is healed it leaves behind deep acne scars. People are always on the lookout for ways to reduce or remove these acne scars. It is important to check with an expert dermatologist to determine the esthetic treatment and to find a cure for the root cause of acne and acne scars.
Must Read: Best Acne Scar Treatment Options That Work
What Causes Deep Acne Scars?
Deep acne scars are caused when you try to pick or pop the acne. Sometimes people knowingly or unknowingly end up rubbing the acne vigorously that will result in deep acne scars. This is one of the external causes of developing deep scars.
Internal causes are also capable of leaving you with deep acne scars. Your body tries to heal the acne scars on its own. To do so it needs to produce collagen which tries to repair the damaged dermis. This healing process results may also in scars. When the body produces excess collagen it will result in the formation of raised scars that are known as keloid scars and when the collagen production is not sufficient, it results in pitted scars.
How To Get Rid Of Deep Acne Scars?
After determining the causes of deep acne scars, it is easier to decide on how to treat them. However, this is just a temporary method. With the advancements in the esthetic dermatology, people can now opt to get rid of deep acne scars permanently. Below are some of the treatments which can aid in reducing or removing the scars.
- Laser Skin Resurfacing – This is one of the best treatment to remove deep acne scars permanently. In this procedure, lasers are used to remove the deformed layers of the skin. Different types of lasers are used to target acne scars and remove them. Controlled beams of lasers are used to directly focus on the collagen within the dermis so that there is no effect on the upper layers of the skin.
- Chemical Peels – In a chemical peel procedure, the dermatologist will use specially formulated plant extract-based acid, which is applied on your face. The peel will gently get rid of your upper deformed layers of the skin and in the process will remove all the dead and damaged skin cell. There are different types of peels available based on the strength of the chemicals used in them. You have a light chemical peel, medium chemical peel, and a deep chemical peel. A deep chemical peel for acne scars is quite effective and helpful in getting rid of the deep acne scars on the face.
- Microneedling Therapy – It is also known as collagen induction therapy to treat these displeasing post-acne scars. It penetrates into the dermis and stimulates collagen and elastin production. Thus triggering the body's natural healing process which helps in fading the appearance of the deep scars.
- Microdermabrasion – A form of extreme exfoliation, Microdermabrasion is a non-invasive and non-surgical procedure. In this treatment method, your dermatologist will use fine crystals to get rid of the skin's outermost layer which is full of dead skin cells. This will give way to new and healthy-looking skin from beneath. This method is ideal to improve the appearance of your deep acne scars. Suitable for all skin types, a microdermabrasion treatment takes just about an hour.
- Filler injections – These fillers can be temporary, semi-permanent or permanent depending on the filler used. It is based on the concept of soft tissue augmentation.
- Steroids – Topical steroids can be given along with the above procedures by your dermatologist. This will help in reducing the inflammation and improve the appearance of the scar.
Must Read: How To Remove Old Scars?
How To Prevent Deep Acne Scars?
- A healthy diet is key to avoid acne and pimple problems. Ensure that your diet includes fish oil supplements, fresh vegetables, proteins, and drink a lot of water as this will hydrate your skin from within.
- If you notice pimples and acne on your skin, avoid touching, pinching, picking, popping or squeezing it. Do not try to get rid of the inflamed lesions on your own by these methods as it will only worsen your condition.
- Keep your skin hydrated at all times by using a moisturizer. You can use a water-based lotion so that it feels light on your skin. Oil-based moisturizers will make your skin feel heavy and the oil will further block the pores.
- Vitamin C is very essential in the production of collagen. This is why you need to ensure that your body is receiving an adequate amount of vitamin C. You can either take vitamin C supplements or have a diet which includes foods that are rich in vitamin C.
Deep acne scars are not just some superficial scars which just have a cosmetic impact. They also cause a great impact on an individual's personality. So, if you do notice that you have developed deep acne scars, then visit an expert dermatologist soon. This will improve both, your appearance as well as your personality.


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Chicago — Cocoa for Generations is Mars Wrigley Confectionery U.S., LLC's new sustainability program, which is backed by a $1 billion, 10-year investment with the hopes of creating a path for cocoa farmers and the communities they operate in to thrive. The new cocoa initiative is incremental to the Sustainable in a Generation plan revealed this past year, according to the candymaker.
"For nearly 40 years we've been working to achieve sustainable cocoa production," says John Ament, global vice-president – cocoa, Mars Wrigley Confectionery. "While we've made progress, including reaching nearly 180,000 farmers with sustainability certification, we are impatient with our pace of progress and of the cocoa sector overall. We don't have all the answers but our first step is to put the farmer at the center of our ambitions and actions. We plan to inspire others and work together to ensure Cocoa for Generations."
The new cocoa sustainability initiative consists of two pillars: Responsible Cocoa Today and Sustainable Cocoa Tomorrow.
As part of the first pillar, Mars Wrigley will work to have all of its cocoa sourced through the program responsibly grown and traceable by 2025. This will include implementing systems to address deforestation, child labor and bring higher incomes to farmers. To these ends, the candymaker will collaborate with suppliers and certifiers to enhance child labor monitoring and remediation programs, and work with partners to ensure the model for premiums the company pays for sustainably grown cocoa is overhauled so farmers receive a higher share, according to the company.
Through the second pillar, the candymaker hopes to demonstrate that step-changes are possible with regard to farmer income and livelihoods. Working with an initial group of 75,000 cocoa growers worldwide and suppliers, Mars Wrigley will test ways to boost productivity, income and overall sustainability through crop and income diversification, gender programs, savings and loan models and farm development plans.
While Cocoa for Generations is being implemented, Mars Wrigley will continue to maintain its current certified cocoa levels with the Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade.
"We can all agree there needs to be a change on the ground for farmers, their families and forests," says Britta Wyss Bisang, chief of sustainable supply chains for the Rainforest Alliance. "We commend Mars for deepening their commitment to cocoa producers, and for recognizing that step-change in action on the ground is needed. We look forward to furthering our relationship with Mars as this is well aligned with our new strategy, which puts more focus on collaboration between producers, NGO's, companies and governments."


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Streetside Classics-Atlanta
213 Thornton Rd
Lithia Springs, GA
Lithia Springs, GA
This 1972 Chevrolet Corvette LT1 has led the kind of life its counterparts could only aspire to. With its original colors still draped over both its interior and exterior, it shows all the hallmarks of consistent care and shelter. Its sharp, well-adorned appearance has graced the pages of several magazines, it's brought home plenty of car show hardware, including 3 NCRS Top Flight Awards, and it will pull into its next owner's garage with a substantial amount of documentation aboard, including its factory build sheet, window sticker and dealer invoice to testify as to its authenticity, as well as to provide some historical perspective.
There are just so many awesome styling cues on display here - the long, sweeping LT1 hood with its smoothly contoured scoop, the gill-like side vents behind the front wheels and the flying buttress-shaped rear roofline are standouts. This 'Vette not only wears its original exterior colors, but the older repaint has held up very well. The collection of chrome exterior fittings also looks surprisingly sharp - the trim surrounding the front windshield is especially clean. Third generation Corvettes like this '72 were the first to carry the T-Top configuration and the feature is definitely well-represented here - the included color-matched panels not only look great but also seal nicely.
Inside the doors, the factory black leather interior also exceeds all rightful expectations, with a pair of high-backed bucket seats that look nice and fresh as they straddle a center console that's in matching condition and puts the silver-topped manual shifter within easy reach. Despite the natural UV sensitivity of black interiors, this one has come through the years in very strong fashion - there's no obvious signs of fading anywhere in sight, the door panels sit nice and flush against their steel frames and you won't find any cracks developing on the dash pad running the width of the cabin. The extensive array of instrumentation that became a Corvette hallmark over the years is in full effect here, and all the gauges on board still function just as intended and are easily readable through their crystal-clear lenses. The original AM/FM radio is still in place and working fine - just another of many examples of this Chevy's unrelenting authenticity.
Raise the hood and you'll find the original 350 cubic inch V8 still holding court in the well-detailed engine compartment, topped with a Holley 4-barrel carb and surrounded by fresh hoses and properly routed wiring. The engine teams with a close ratio 4-speed Muncie M21 transmission and a 4:11 rear end that propel this relatively lightweight vehicle off the line with authority. The LT1 engine, as well as a number of other mechanical components, have been rebuilt over the years for dependability, including the carburetor, power brake booster and alternator, so the road-readiness of this vintage 'Vette is on a par with its unusually sharp appearance. Long before the configuration became the norm, it left the factory with power disc brakes in both front and back for superior, low effort stopping ability. With its sweeping curvature providing loads of curb appeal and that original powerplant rumbling away under the hood, this '72 cruises the asphalt on a set of 15" stock Corvette wheels wrapped with BF Goodrich T/A radials.
If you're looking for a highly original version of Chevy's true American Sports Car, this 1972 Chevrolet Corvette LT1 definitely warrants strong consideration. Call today!
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Granted, Americans love a comeback story.
But it is astonishing how quickly David Petraeus seems to have bounced back from the sordid aftermath of his extramarital affair, which cost him his job running the Central Intelligence Agency and added a rap sheet to the carefully managed legacy of the most famous American general of his generation.
Compared with the Obama administration's aggressive prosecution of whistle-blowers and other leakers of classified information, Mr. Petraeus stands to emerge largely unscathed despite the extraordinarily poor judgment he showed while serving in one of the nation's most critical national security jobs.
Abbe Lowell, an attorney for Stephen Kim, a former State Department contractor serving a 13-month term for leaking information about North Korea to Fox News, complained in a letter to the Department of Justice that the disposition in Mr. Petraeus's case showed a "profound double standard."
Federal prosecutors have charged more public servants for leaking classified information to journalists during the Obama administration than all previous administrations. Yet top officials, who often seek to advance self-serving political agendas in their dealings with the press, appear to enjoy significant leeway in disclosing classified information. Prosecutors agreed not to seek jail time when Mr. Petraeus is sentenced next month as part of his guilty plea to a misdemeanor charge of mishandling classified information.
Mr. Petraeus, who charmed and provided extraordinary access to handpicked journalists and national security experts during his tours running the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, was all too familiar with the currency of classified information in the battleground of public opinion. Journalists and think tank analysts who could be trusted to report favorably often got invited to sit in on his classified briefings.
Mr. Petraeus took that custom to a new level with Paula Broadwell, who was his biographer and lover. His decision to give her access to personal notebooks that contained information classified at the highest levels — including notes about intelligence methods, discussions with the president and even the names of covert officers — appeared to have been motivated by vanity, lust or a combination of the two. While Ms. Broadwell's book, "All In: The Education of General David Petraeus," contains no classified information, sharing the notebooks displayed a shocking level of hubris and recklessness.
In sharp contrast, the government has been unsparing in its prosecution of lower-ranking officials who have shared sensitive information for more defensible reasons. The former C.I.A. officer John Kiriakou served nearly two years in prison for disclosing the name of a colleague involved in the agency's brutal interrogation program. And Mr. Kim has said that he was trying to draw attention to the threat posed by North Korea when he told a journalist that the country was likely to test a nuclear bomb.
Mr. Kim and Mr. Kiriakou are unlikely to have second acts in government or national security circles, and the prosecutions left them with huge legal bills. While Mr. Petraeus receded somewhat from the limelight after the scandal broke in the fall of 2012, he managed to remain influential and well paid. The former general recently became a partner in a New York private equity firm and is advising the White House on the war against the Islamic State terrorist group in Iraq and Syria.
On Monday, Mr. Petraeus's rehabilitation seemed complete when the White House spokesman Josh Earnest said that it "makes a lot of sense" for senior administration officials to consult with him. "He is, I think, legitimately regarded as an expert when it comes to the security situation in Iraq."


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If you missed attending the webinar, you can still watch below.


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Energy arrives from the sun in the full gamut of wave lengths documented above. It is emitted by the Earth in a relatively narrow range in the infra-red between 1-125 um.
Ozone is made possible by the splitting of the oxygen atom by short wave radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum at wave lengths shorter than 250 nanometres, equivalent to 0.250 um. Once formed ozone can be broken down by wave lengths between 0.3 and 0.4 um in the ultraviolet.
Ozone is a greenhouse gas absorbing some of the very considerable sum of energy emitted by the Earth in the infra-red spectrum instantaneously transmitting that energy to adjacent molecules. But does this absorption in the infra-red contribute to the warmth of the stratosphere? You can survey the literature and find nary a reference to this phenomenon. The literature is dominated by the environmental concerns as to whether ozone is a significant pollutant in the troposphere and secondly, the degree to which its presence in the stratosphere enables the screening out of short wave energy that is harmful to plants and animals. The 'ozone hole scare' gave rise to the Montreal Protocol for the elimination of the use of certain gases including the commonly used 'Freon'. Apart from that, the stratosphere is seen as largely irrelevant to the concerns of man, a place where the atmosphere is relatively static because 'stratified' with warmer air above colder air.
Now lets get to grips with the question posed in the heading:
On a website prepared by the US Earth Sciences National Teachers association with the support of NASA we have this statement:
Temperatures rise with increasing altitude in the stratosphere. Ozone molecules in the stratosphere absorb ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun. The energy from the UV radiation is transformed into heat. The heating is most intense near the top of the stratosphere, so that is where the stratosphere is warmest.
From Wikipedia we have:
Within this layer, temperature increases as altitude increases (see temperature inversion); the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270 K (−3°C or 26.6°F), just slightly below the freezing point of water.[3] The stratosphere is layered in temperature because ozone (O3) here absorbs high energy ultraviolet (UVB and UVC) radiation from the Sun and is broken down into the allotropes of atomic oxygen (O1) and common molecular oxygen (O2). The mid stratosphere has less UV light passing through it; O and O2 are able to combine, and this is where the majority of natural ozone is produced. It is when these two forms of oxygen recombine to form ozone that they release the heat found in the stratosphere. The lower stratosphere receives very low amounts of UVC; thus atomic oxygen is not found here and ozone is not formed (with heat as the by product).
So, the question arises: Is the energy absorbed at short wave lengths that is involved in both the creation and destruction of ozone sufficient to explain the warmth of the stratosphere?
- Well, for a start we can note that the stratosphere is warmest at 1 hPa and not at 30 hPa (the mid stratosphere) where the Wikipedia article suggests that the heat is released in the creation of the ozone molecule.
- Secondly, we can note that the reversal of the lapse rate ( rate of temperature change with elevation) at the tropopause requires heating at and below that elevation to produce the reversal of the lapse rate. There is no way that short wave radiation is responsible for heating the atmosphere at and below the level of the tropopause.
Its obvious therefore that the notion that the heat of the stratosphere is due to interception of short wave radiation or produced as a by product of the formation of ozone is not a very satisfying proposition.
The profile of Earth emitted outgoing long wave radiation as measured by satellites reveals a deficit at 9-10 um due to absorption of part of that energy by the atmosphere. That is outgoing infrared energy lost to ozone. The deficit in outgoing radiation at 9-10 um represents a hole in the energy emitted that is close to the peak of the spectrum carrying the bulk of the energy emitted by the Earth. The energy at these wave lengths is abundant. That energy is absorbed by ozone in the troposphere (the troposphere contains about 10% of total ozone) and the stratosphere. There is absolutely no shortage of energy in the outgoing infra-red wavelengths to warm the stratosphere whereas the energy available in the incoming ultraviolet spectrum is but a tiny portion of that of solar origin.
The effort to map the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere by satellites can utilise the attenuation of radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum OR the infra-red spectrum to infer the presence and concentration of ozone. The Toms satellite utilised the former while more recently the availability of Japanese developed instruments abroad the Gomes satellite enables the measurement of ozone utilising the attenuation of the infra-red spectrum.
The source of this information is the following expert review:
Accessed here
The attenuation by ozone, water vapour and CO2 is graphed:
We see that the attenuation of the energy available in certain wave numbers between 975 and 1100 rises to as much as 50% of the total with considerable energy lost to the atmosphere measured in terms of watts per square centimetre.
There is another consideration that is very important. It is conveyed in the following statement that can be accessed in the original at http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/files/pr24.pdf
This is a very important dynamic that influences how and where the stratosphere absorbs outgoing infra-red. Consider this:
- The amount of radiation absorbed by ozone is pressure dependent.The lower that ozone is present in the atmospheric column the greater its heating capacity.This is of particular interest given the fact that ozone is ubiquitous throughout the atmospheric column in high latitudes and richly so in winter. The closer the poles are approached, the greater is its heating power, helping to explain the velocity of the jet stream that develops at the conjunction of dense ozone deficient air of mesospheric origin and warmer air that is ozone rich on the equatorial side of the polar vortex.
- The greater opacity of ozone in the troposphere, to the point that the troposphere absorbs as much energy as the entire stratosphere goes a long way to explaining the attenuation of the lapse rate at very low altitudes as we approach the poles. See here for lapse rates.
- This phenomenon helps to explain the origin of the energy behind the generation of so called 'cold core' cyclones that are in reality cold core only below 500 hPa , the origin of the uplift being an extensive warm core of low density air in the atmosphere manifesting strongly above 500 hPa.
In fact the bulk of short wave ionising UVC radiation with wave lengths shorter than 240 nm is absorbed by nitrogen and oxygen above 1 hPa while only a relatively small portion remains to directly energise oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere. It is reported that wave lengths shorter than 280 nm are required to ionize oxygen. The following table from here details the particular spectra absorbed at various elevations.
According to this table, it is the Herzberg continium between 200 and 242 nm (0.200 um to 0.242 um) that impacts oxygen in the stratosphere. whereas longer wave lengths up to 0.850 um impact ozone.
Accounts are conflicting. Fortunately, observation can settle the matter informing us as to the source of the warmth in the stratosphere.
Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/time_plot/ (latest version).
At left we have a hovmoller diagram showing us the evolution of surface temperature from 2005 through till 2011 at 20-40° south latitude. On the right there is another hovmoller showing the evolution of temperature at 10hPa over the same time interval. At 10 hPa the partial pressure of ozone in the air in relation to the other gases peaks. It peaks there in part because it is gathered together in the lower atmosphere in low pressure cells of its own creation and lifted to the top of the atmospheric column. Only 1% of the atmosphere lies above the 10 hPa pressure level. The maths is (10/1000)*100/1 = 1%
10 hPa represents an elevation of 30 km. For surface dwellers that's just a five hour walk. Fifteen minutes on the free-way. In terms of radiation from the Earth the transit from surface to 10 hPa takes no time at all.
There is plainly a variation in the temperature at 10 hPa associated with the season of the year. There is also an obvious warming above the land masses that radiate strongly in summer. Plainly, the temperature of the stratosphere at 10 hPa responds strongly to variations in emissions of long wave radiation from the Earth.
It apparent that the temperature of the stratosphere is in some part due to the emission of infra-red radiation from the Earth, an entirely different story to that pedalled by NASA, the teachers association and Wikipedia.
Wherever ozone travels, and regardless of its altitude, it becomes a potent means for local heating by day and the night, including the long polar night when ozone partial pressure increases due to the absence of photolysis. Ozone for its very existence depends primarily upon :
- the photolysis of oxygen,
- Diffusion and transport processes,
- Chemical depletion of ozone by NOX, water and other agents,
- The pressure of photolysis of ozone that varies with latitude and season. In winter, low sun angles reduce the pressure of photolysis allowing the seasonal increase in ozone partial pressure. In the polar night there is zero photolysis of oxygen or ozone, neither creation nor destruction .
It is the rate of destruction by photolysis, chemical depletion and transport phenomena that are the critical factors determining ozone partial pressure in high latitudes. It is in the winter hemisphere that we see large variations in the temperature of the stratosphere, air density and consequently winds of extreme velocity. Surface pressures are driven to a planetary low on the margins of Antarctica where ozone partial pressure peaks. In high latitudes the only energy available to ozone in winter is long wave from the Earth itself. But this is more than adequate to drive polar cyclones and also, via a flux of pressure on all time scales, the distribution of atmospheric mass with its associated variations in weather and climate.
Moreover, cloud cover depends upon the flux in the area occupied by high pressure cells, and this determines the rate of accumulation of energy in the global oceans. What ascends to the limits of the atmospheric column gives rise to an equal and opposite descent. The diagram below that shows 200 hPa temperature varying much more widely than the temperature of the surface at 25°-35° south latitude amply reinforces this particular point. The temperature of the air at 200hPa responds to the presence of ozone. At this altitude violent winds redistribute atmospheric constituents in the horizontal domain
There is another way to look at this question of the source of energy that heats the stratosphere and that is in terms of the diurnal range between day (abundant short wave radiation) and night (no short wave radiation from the sun at all).
Siedel et al in a paper that you can access here investigated the diurnal range of temperature at different elevations from the surface through to 10 hPa. The diurnal range at 10 hpa was found to be about half the range of that at the surface and one fifth of the range of actual skin temperature. Plainly, the small diurnal response to the presence of sunlight points towards a large role for outgoing long wave radiation in determining the temperature of the stratosphere. Between day and night there is an ON/OFF relationship between the availability of short wave radiation from the sun. The emission of long wave radiation continues across the 24 hour interval. Siedel et al found a smaller diurnal range of temperature over the ocean than over the land and a larger range in the summer when the diurnal temperature variation at the surface is greater, than in the winter. The timing of the peak in the daily temperature becomes less defined and is more variable as altitude increases. This indicates that the circulation of ozone, as a source of local heating, is more important in determining atmospheric temperature than is the 24 hour rotation of the Earth on its axis and the resulting flux in the availability of short wave solar radiation. It confirms that the warmth of the stratosphere is primarily a direct response to the ability of ozone to intercept outgoing long wave radiation rather than direct heating in the process of photolysis or energy release via recombination phenomena.
Why worry about this you ask? The origin of the energy to heat the stratosphere is a matter of considerable importance because ozone heating in the winter hemisphere is the origin of the variation in surface weather and climate on all time scales. If one is not cognisant of the source of heating that gives rise to the stratosphere it is hard to conceive that the winter stratosphere can play a major role in the evolution of weather and climate. If one imagines that the temperature of the stratosphere is due to incoming short wave radiation alone then the source of the so called 'coupling of the troposphere and the stratosphere' becomes a baffling mystery. To be charitable, the misunderstanding of atmospheric processes amongst those who write UNIPCC reports has its roots in misconceptions, a failure to observe and disinterest based upon unshakeable belief patterns. Science thrives on scepticism, curiosity, observation and checking. Dogma is the companion of superstition and fear. Dogma is also the source of inappropriate responses to natural phenomena. It has led to the burning of witches. It has led to the demonization of carbon dioxide, a trace constituent in the atmosphere that represents plant food, a substance at the base of the food chain for which demand is so voracious that it has never been anything but a trace constituent of the atmosphere or the ocean. Today it stands at 400 parts per million in the atmosphere, the advance from 300 ppm leading already to a marked greening of semi arid climates. Give a plant more CO2 and it requires less water.
MORE OBSERVATION: OZONE HEATING AT 200 hPa IN WINTER
The supposed 'greenhouse effect' is theoretically due to a downward flow of energy from the atmosphere above to the atmosphere below via back radiation. It is conceived that it occurs in the troposphere where the air is cooler at elevation than it is below. The notion that cooler air can heat warmer air is anti-intuitive but let's accept for the sake of the argument that it might be possible. How much more influential would back radiation be if the air above were warmer than the air below? Intuitively, that proposition makes more sense.
Uniquely, unlike other greenhouse gases the distribution of ozone is not homogeneous. A tiny fraction of the 10-15 ppm that manifests at 30 hPa is obviously very effective in heating the atmosphere in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. Manifestly it results in the cessation of cooling with increasing altitude and a marked reduction in the lapse rates at pressure levels well below the level of the tropical tropopause in mid and high latitudes.
By virtue of its uneven distribution ozone offers us an opportunity to test the notion that gases that absorb radiation from the Earth produce an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere beneath the level where this gas absorbs energy. In that respect give your best attention to the graph below:
We see that at 30-40° south latitude the temperature of the air above the 200 hPa level is warmer in winter than in summer. Of course the surface is colder in winter. And the incidence of ultraviolet radiation is less in winter. Plainly, the temperature response is due to the enhanced presence of ozone in the winter atmosphere and its ability to gather energy from the Earth itself via absorption of infrared.
Somewhere between the ozone heated portion and the surface we should see the impact of a warmer upper atmosphere via the impact of back radiation. This is plainly not evident at 400 hPa and 500 hPa, let alone the surface. I know of no study that demonstrates that back radiation from the upper troposphere influences the temperature of the lower troposphere as the ozone bearing layers warm in winter. If the supposed 'greenhouse effect' were operational we would should see an effect on the lapse rate below 500 hPa. No such effect is observed. Theory is one thing. Demonstration is another thing entirely. If the predicted effect is absent the theory is of no use to man or beast. One instance of failure of prediction based on theory should be enough.
Observe that the pressure level where temperature stops descending with increased elevation at 20-40° south (the diagram above) is 100 hPa. So, above 100 hPa, in fact at 70 hPa the temperature is no different to 100 hPa. Early observers of the stratosphere, unable to observe the temperature above these levels conceived that the stratosphere was 'isothermal', with little or no change in temperature with increasing elevation.
If we conceive that the elevation where air temperature no longer falls with elevation marks the start of the stratosphere then 100 hPa is the location of the 'tropopause' and the stratosphere is held to start at that point. In consequence we include a region that shows a strong temperature response to the presence of ozone in that part of the atmosphere that we call 'troposphere'. The Jet stream manifests between 300 hPa and 100 hPa. It is a creature of the variable proportion of ozone in the air between about 300hPa and 70hPa. Meteorologists recognise that the atmosphere beneath the jet stream conforms to the pattern of spatial variation that manifests as waves in the jet stream. They speak of the jet stream 'steering' the pattern of high and low pressure cells that define surface weather conditions. By defining a portion of the ozonosphere as 'troposphere' climate theorists effectively rule out of contention any notion that ozone is important to surface climate. This is a case of throwing the baby out with the bath water. Silly boys.
It is the heating response to the presence of ozone between 300 hPa and 70 hPa that creates the density differences that give rise to the jet stream. Surface weather on all time scales is driven by the radiative response to ozone between these pressure intervals.
Our failure to understand the origins of surface weather and climate change is a product of this sort of conceptual confusion. Conceptual confusion arises when people are dogma bound.
Greenhouse theory and the concept of 'radiative forcing' that is at the core of IPCC reports is no better than armchair speculation uninformed by observation.
The countervailing influence to atmospheric radiation is convection. The heating of the polar troposphere/stratosphere due to enhanced ozone levels results in polar cyclones and result in the lowest surface pressures experienced at any latitude. Historically surface pressure has declined at all latitudes south of 50° south as the temperature of the stratosphere has increased. A warmer stratosphere indicates increasing levels of ozone, in contrast to the ozone hole narrative that gave rise to the Montreal Protocol. This loss of pressure in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere shifts atmospheric mass to the remainder of the globe altering climates globally via change in cloud cover and the origin of surface air flows.
Can back radiation withstand the countervailing influence of convection in a rising column of air? It's plainly just not possible.
The atmosphere is never static. Only if it were static could back radiation effectively warm the atmosphere beneath the point where the warming occurs. For greenhouse theorists I see a little problem in logic and some additional problems in understanding the role and efficiency of convection as an agent of energy transfer.
The 30 hPa level is in the heart of the stratosphere. It is the at the heart of the so called 'ozone layer'. The diagram above indicates a change in the most influential element in the climate system that governs the evolution of the planetary winds. Why is this basic parameter unrecognized, languishing in obscurity and unrepresented in climate models?
There is a problem in conceptualisation that relates to an inability to connect the dynamics of jet stream establishment and behaviour with the changing concentration of ozone across the year, between years and over time with the pattern of wind and temperature at the surface of the Earth. At the root of this problem is the inability to see that ozone is a potent source of warming of the atmosphere via the absorption of the abundant energy emitted by the Earth itself, that the extent of the warming directly depends upon atmospheric density and is therefore greater at lower elevations than higher, and that ozone manifests at 300 hPa at 20-40° south latitude and lower again as latitude increases. Furthermore, the ozone content of the air depends upon sun angle (rate of photolysis), photolysis rates falling away quite dramatically in winter. Furthermore, atmospheric pressure so far increases at the pole in winter that air from the mesosphere is drawn into the stratosphere inside what is referred to the polar vortex. It is the dynamics so created that are responsible change in the ozone content of the air and with it surface weather.
Gordon Dobson observed back in the 1920's that total column ozone maps surface pressure. Climate theory, unable to comprehend the importance of that observation is obsessed with unrealities. In common parlance, its off with the fairies.
Practically speaking, the energy generated by the sun is acquired, stored in some mediums better than others but it doesn't hang about in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a cooling medium. If the Earth slowed in its rotation so that it experienced the warming radiation from the sun on a 48 hour rather than a 24 hour cycle, then the night side would get very cold regardless of the composition of the atmosphere. If the oceans, a great store of energy, were to evaporate then the night side would become very cold. If one were to double the thickness of the atmosphere and double its greenhouse gas concentration it would not stop the night side cooling. Let's face it, greenhouse theory is almost universally supported but it exists only in a thought bubble. There is yet to be a demonstration that so called greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin produce one iota of difference to surface temperature.
The concept of radiative forcing, the basis of UNIPPC climate science, is specious nonsense.
The temperature of the air at the surface is close to the temperature of the surface. If the air at the surface is moving, it is warmer or colder according to the place from which it comes. That is the way the world works.
There is a body of work that is being presented here, as a blog. Very unusual. It follows a carefully planned logical sequence. You can access all the chapters in this 'treatise', in reverse, at: https://reality348.wordpress.com
1 HOW DO WE KNOW THINGS? The virtue of taking in the broadest possible view using our own senses rather than relying on the opinions of others.
2 ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IN YOUR OWN HABITAT Employing reanalysis data and a spreadsheet to take the long view
3 HOW THE EARTH WARMS AND COOLS-NATURALLY. A top down mode of causation is described. This mode of change is capable of explaining variations in both the short and long term in both directions, both warming and cooling. It can explain warming in one place and simultaneous cooling in another. In short it is very well adapted to explain the climate changes that we observe from daily through to centennial time scales ……. and to do so, exclusively and completely.
HERESY AND ORTHODOXY. Some impromptu observations on the inexplicable entanglement of science and politics. On exercising control, suppression of ideas, the nature of propaganda and 'results oriented behaviour' that is antagonistic to the interests of humanity in general.
IN THANKS TO STEPHEN WILDE. Some off the cuff comments on the nature of the atmosphere and climate science directed to a man who struggles earnestly in that same field of endeavour.
IT'S SIMPLE SIMON. A brief, impromptu exploration of the nature of the atmosphere.
4 THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE STRATOSPHERE. A re-examination of the nature of the troposphere and the stratosphere via a study of the lapse rate of temperature with elevation as it varies with latitude. Lots of heresy here.
5 THE ENIGMA OF THE COLD CORE POLAR CYCLONE. A cyclone cannot come into existence in the absence of a warm low density core. In short the polar cyclone is cold below and warm above. Ozone kick starts and then accelerates the circulation of the air in a fashion that is more vigorous than is possible anywhere else on the globe. An investigation of the agent that is responsible for natural climate change on all time scales……arguably the only form of climate change that the surface temperature that is consistent with the surface temperature record.
6 THE POVERTY OF CLIMATOLOGY. There is a palpable disconnect between observation and theory. Surface temperature is linked to geopotential height increases that are common from the surface to the 200hPa level in turn linked to change in the ozone content of the air…….as yet unrealized in academic and meteorological circles. Does this represent simply a failure to think things through, or something more sinister? The signature of ozone variability is date stamped into the tropical sea surface temperature record.
7 TEMPERATURE EVOLVES DIFFERENTLY ACCORDING TO LATITUDE. A brief survey that establishes the diversity that exists in the nature of the way temperature changes at different latitudes. On the face it, completely inconsistent with greenhouse theory.
8 VIOLATILITY IN TEMPERATURE. In George Bernard Shaw's play 'Pygmalion' that gave rise to the Lerner and Loewe musical 'My Fair Lady', Henry Higgins declares that he can tell where a person comes from according to the accent in their speech. Equally, it is possible to detect the origin of temperature change, natural or otherwise, via a close study of the evolution of temperature over time. This is a critical chapter. It identifies the signature of the mode of natural climate change that is written into the temperature record. It points to origin and causation. Unfortunately, nobody looks.
9 MANKIND IN A CLOUD OF CONFUSION Coming to grips with the true nature of the atmosphere rather than the fairyland version promoted by climate science.
THE ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE SO COLD TODAY. An impromptu investigation of the forces active in the Arctic stratosphere.
10 MANKIND ENCOUNTERS THE STRATOSPHERE The evolution of the planetary winds and temperature at the surface of the Earth is intimately associated with flux in surface pressure wrought by ozone heating in high latitudes.
11 POPULATION, SCARCITY AND THE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY. What is the most desirable temperature regime for humanity? What would we prefer?
12 VARIATION IN ENERGY INPUT DUE TO CLOUD COVER. An investigation of the relationship between cloud cover and surface temperature
13 THE PROCESSES BEHIND FLUX IN CLOUD COVER. Change in cloud cover is manifestly a major mode of natural climate variation. This is basic stuff. Here is where the investigation should begin.
14 ORGANIC CLIMATE CHANGE. Focus on natural processes that account for surface temperature change. Heating of the vast land masses of the northern hemisphere in northern summer reduces global cloud cover and as a result the temperature of the Earth peaks in July when the Earth is furthest from the sun. In July solar radiation is 6% weaker than in January. In January the sun is overhead the most extensive stretch of the global oceans, the south Pacific, the Indian, the Atlantic and the enormous Southern Ocean. At this time atmospheric albedo, via cloud cover, peaks. This has not always been the case and nor will it be the case in future.
15 SCIENCE VERSUS PROPAGANDA. If we want to understand the climate system we need to be concerned with both the input and the output side of the energy flows. The singular focus on the output side of the energy equation and the constant promotion of 'greenhouse theory' is the result of uni-dimensional thinking that is realms away from the real world. This does not represent rational problem solving behaviour. Some remarks on greenhouse theory and the inappropriate use of a single statistic to monitor a global average temperature.
16 ON BEING RELEVANT AND LOGICAL. When one looks at climate change by latitude there is very marked diversity in the warming/cooling according to the time of year. Here we look at climate change by the decade at different latitudes to escape the gyrations associated with short term oscillations. The interest in this chapter is to ascertain if there is a generalized warming that is like a groundswell, underpinning the whole. That is what would be expected under the greenhouse scenario. The upshot: If it's there, it's either insignificant or completely overwhelmed by other influences.
17 WHY IS THE STRATOSPHERE WARM This is a question of fundamental importance. Mainstream climate science says it's due to the interception of short wave solar radiation. But this cannot explain the warming of ozone rich air in the polar atmosphere during the polar night when contrasting atmospheric density produces the most intense response in terms of wind strength. It can't explain why the air above Antarctica is warmer than the icy surface below. It can't explain the strengthened jet stream in winter. It's inconsistent with the way that the stratosphere drives the generation of polar cyclones and produces the greatest fluctuations in surface temperature across the surface of the globe in the depth of winter.
18 THE OZONE PULSE SURFACE PRESSURE AND WIND Traces the flux of ozone partial pressure by latitude across the annual cycle as it depends upon the uplift of NOx and water from the troposphere and the descent of ozone deficient air from the mesosphere. These inflows determine the ozone content and temperature of the stratosphere against a relatively stable background of short wave ionizing radiation responsible for photolysis and the creation of ozone. Change in surface pressure across the globe results via the variation in the intensity of polar cyclones in the winter hemisphere. These cyclones owe their warm cores to ozone. A broad interactive zone between 8 and 15 km of altitude exhibits extreme variations in air density giving rise to Jet Streams. Meteorologists trace the development of the weather that is so generated at the 250hPa pressure level.


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Sponsored Events |
The NFL season gets underway Thursday night with the Kansas City Chiefs in New England — and Finley's in Bay Shore is marking the occasion to help those in Texas.
T.J. Finley's Public House will be hosting a football opening night fundraiser for Hurricane Harvey-ravaged communities in eastern Texas.
"We were lucky to escape Sandy with minimal damage so we feel we need to do our part to help those effected," said Mike McElwee, who co-owns T.J. Finley's with Drew Dvorkin and Zach DiGirolomo.
The night will run from 6 p.m. to 11 p.m. at 42 East Main Street, and during that time all proceeds from the sale of Austin Eastciders products will go to the Hurricane Harvey Relief Fund.
The local representative for Austin Eastciders is a former Finley's employee.


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Located just under an hour west of Brisbane, Laidley Golf Club is a great destination for a cheeky golf round with a friend with this greatrounds.com special golf offer. Get out for a round for 2 players at Laidley Golf Club in a cart with vouchers valid 6 days of the week for a special low price – hurry buy today and get your summer golf in whilst the sun shines bright!
• 18 holes of golf for 2 players at Laidley Golf Club
• Shared motorized cart
• Valid 6 days of the week – not valid Saturdays – see below for more conditions
• Vouchers valid for 3 months from date of purchase
• Vouchers valid 6 days Sunday - Friday – Sundays after 1.30pm only - all bookings are subject to tee time availability
• Vouchers not valid on Saturdays
• Vouchers not valid on Public holidays
• Vouchers valid for 3 months from date of purchase
• Bookings to be made in advance via pro shop on (07) 5465 1518 – quoting greatrounds.com voucher number
• Vouchers are not valid for social club use, in competitions or events
• Maximum 2 vouchers per person per booking
• Must use total value of offer in one visit.
• Laidley Golf Club dress regulations apply- pro shop can advise upon booking.
Laidley Golf Club features a picturesque par 72 course on the shores of Lake Dyer, 2km from the township of Laidley. It is a 6076 metre 12 hole course with extensions and improvements over the last few years giving increased variety and challenge.
The new greens have been professionally designed by course designer David Burrup. They're a good size and feature Tiff Eagle Grass. The competition course has 13 different tees for the 18 holes while the Social Course has 15 Different tees for the 18 holes. The new holes include a par 5 of 478 metres, a par 3 of 136 metres and a par 4 for the competition course of 427 metres in length, switching to a par 5 for the Social course.
Laidley Golf Course4 July 2018A course with 12 holes and a repeat of 8 holes, some with different tees. The map of the course and the diagrams of the holes on each tee was very helpful for the visitor. This a a pretty course by Lake Dyer with care gone into the gardens around some of the tees with displays of flowering bougainvillea. A user-friendly course worth a round.


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The general rule of pleading is that one must state sufficient facts to support a cause of action. Illinois is a fact pleading state, not a notice pleading state. People ex rel. Fahner v. Carriage Way West, Inc., 430 N.E.2d 1005, 1008–09 (Ill. 1981). See also Hadley v. Doe, 34 N.E.3d 549, 556 (Ill. 2015).
The form complaint in an order of protection case, utilized by everyone in Lake County and probably throughout the state, fails to comply with 735 ILCS 5/2-603(b). "Each separate cause of action upon which a separate recovery might be had shall be stated in a separate count or counterclaim, as the case may be and each count, counterclaim, defense or reply, shall be separately pleaded, designated and numbered, and each shall be divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively, each paragraph containing, as nearly as may be, a separate allegation." 735 ILCS 5/2-603.
The form complaint is not divided into counts. There are prayers for relief throughout the document interspersed with various allegations all preprinted and marked by checkmarks in little boxes except for the paragraph that sets forth the specifics of what the Defendant allegedly did. That part is prepared by the Petitioner, usually with the help of the people in room D-100, now on the fifth floor of the new tower court building, and sometimes with the help of a lawyer.
Frequently, there is a catch-all paragraph in the narrative about all the bad things that the Defendant did going back months or years. Sometimes, there is no such paragraph and the Petitioner attempts to testify about that. Defendant's counsel, being up to date on the rules of evidence and the Code of Civil Procedure, objects to the new narrative material presented orally in testimony that is not in the petition. That objection is brought pursuant to the belief that one may not bring in evidence any allegations outside the four corners of the petition. 735 ILCS 5/2-603; 735 ILCS 5/2-612; see also Gonzalez v. Thorek Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 143 Ill. 2d 28, 36 (Ill. 1991).
However, that may not be the law. The Illinois Supreme Court in March 1991 in Gonzalez v. Thorek Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 143 Ill. 2d 28, held "that a complaint is framed once facts are pled that that reasonably inform the opposing party of the nature of the claim or defense which he is called upon to counter, no matter how inartfully or imprecisely that information is presented." Therefore, may one testify to facts that are not alleged in the complaint?
The Second District decided Sandberg v. Brian on July 18, 2018. It is found at 2018 IL App (2d) 180082. In that case, the parties were never married but they did have a son in common who was born August 1, 2005. The mother obtained an ex-parte emergency order of protection against the father. At the hearing to extend that twenty-one-day order into a plenary order of protection, the mother testified to the allegations contained in her petition and then to some items that were not in her petition. The plenary order of protection was entered. The father did a motion to reconsider. That was denied. Then the father appealed.
In Paragraph 18 of the opinion, the Court acknowledged that proceedings under the Domestic Violence Act are governed by the Code of Civil Procedure. That quote recognizes that no complaint is bad in substance that reasonably informs the Defendant of the nature of the claim that he or she is called on to meet. 735 ILCS 5/2-612 (b) and Chandler v. Illinois Central Railroad Company, 207 Ill. 2d 331, at 348 (2003).
In Paragraph 19 of the opinion, the Court quotes section 214 of the Domestic Violence Act entitled "Order of Protection; Remedies". The Appellate Court held in Paragraph 20 that the Petitioner "has the burden to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that abuse has occurred. Best v. Best, 223 Ill. 2d 342, 348 (2006)." Sandberg v. Brian, 2018 IL App (2d) 180082, ¶ 20 (Ill. App. Ct. 2nd Dist. 2018).
In Paragraph 21 of the opinion, the Court cites some of the allegations in the Petition for the Order of Protection in which the Mother alleged that the child was terrified of the Father. "It is clear that the allegations in the petition focused specifically on J.B.'s fear of Brian. Therefore, those allegations were specific enough to reasonably inform Brian of the nature of the claim against him." Sandberg, at ¶ 21.
In Paragraph 22 of the petition, the Court refers to section 214 of the Domestic Violence Act. Brian specifically objected to testimony that he had pushed the son and hit him in the head with a cell phone which was nowhere alleged. In Paragraph 22, the court wrote, because Section 214 of the Domestic Violence Act requires that:
"the trial court shall consider the nature, frequency, severity, pattern, and consequences of the respondent's past abuse of the petitioner or any family or household member as well as the danger that any minor child will be abused or neglected. Therefore, the trial court was not only allowed to consider the evidence that Brian had recently pushed J.B. and hit him in the head with a cell phone, it was required to do so. For these reasons, we find that the trial court did not err in allowing Jessica to testify about allegations that were not contained in her petition for an emergency order of protection. Citation omitted." Sandberg, at ¶ 22.
Unless and until the Defendant was to do discovery prior to the hearing to extend the emergency order of protection into a plenary, the Defendant would not know what the testimony would be and therefore is at a grave disadvantage in attempting to fashion a defense and gather his or her own evidence and witnesses.
Therefore, the better practice may be to agree to an extension of the emergency and do discovery before having the hearing on the plenary. Either by interrogatories or deposition the Petitioner could be asked to specify everything that he or she will testify to at the hearing. However, if the discovery does not list everything and the Petitioner attempts to testify to something not provided in discovery, given Paragraph 22 of the Sandberg Opinion, I suspect the trial court will have to let that testimony in regardless.
It is going to be exceedingly easy now for Respondents in order of protection cases to be blindsided or have to defend things that are not specified in the petition if those items testified to fall within Section 214 of the Domestic Violence Act.
By Gary L. Schlesinger and Rachael Bernal
Published in Trial Briefs – The newsletter of ISBA's Section on Civil Practice & Procedure, September 2018, vol. 65, no. 3


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Brain Canvas Theme for May: Entertainment
A new month, a new theme. This time, we will focus on the lighter side of things: Entertainment! The fun and the furiously fun, and all that's in between, are the inspiration for our gray matter splatter this May. If you have any saplings of enjoyment waiting in vain for sunlight on your windowsill, do not hesitate to post them in the comments or send them to us in an email (check our about page). When you smile, we smile; when you comment, the world will smile with you. Your thoughts won't submit themselves! Be a part of the conversation and make this canvas even more interesting because you came.


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Maryland's Most Expensive Home Is Framed by Spectacular Views of the Potomac
From nearly every room in Maryland's most expensive home, you can watch the sunset over the Potomac River.
"It was built kind of like a replica of [the owner's] grandmother's house, which was in Lookout Mountain over Chattanooga, and he built it wanting it to look like that house, using the same sort of bricks," says listing agent Sassy Jacobs. "Every room has these incredible views. It looks west, so it gets a sunset where all the Virginia houses look east, so it's a really unique property."
The grand home on MacArthur Boulevard in Bethesda, MD, is on the market for $17.5 million, which makes it the priciest property currently available in all of Maryland. It was also a challenge to come up with a proper price.
"It's hard to comp out this house because there's no other house like it on this side of the river," Jacobs explains. "The house is incredible, but where it is situated is why it is priced [the way] it is."
Sitting right near the border of Washington, DC, the 12,000-square-foot home has six bedrooms, eight bathrooms, and several half-baths.
"It's very private," Jacobs says. "Most people don't even know it's there. It's up almost like a driveway off of MacArthur Boulevard. Unless you knew this little street was there to take you up to the house, you would never see it from the road."
Franck & Lohsen Architects designed the home for the current owners. Leonard Nurmi of CDC Builders completed the home in 2013, and he works on only one house at a time.
"It took him two years to build from start to finish. I've never met a builder who's just so in tune and in touch with how high-quality everything is," Jacobs says. "He takes such pride in making the best masterpiece he possibly could."
The interiors are decorated in a soothing white and gray palette.
"When you walk in, the first thing people comment on is the floors, which were hand-scraped oak floors done in Pennsylvania by [the] Amish," Jacobs says. "It took them a year to do all of the floors. The entire house is done in the chevron pattern, and they are coil-heated underneath. The whole house is so warm."
The list price doesn't include furnishings from interior designer Darryl Carter, but they are available should a buyer want to explore adding them to an offer.
The mansion comes with a workout room, pool, wine cellar, bars, game rooms, and plenty of parking spaces.
The perfect buyer "is definitely a person who likes to entertain," Jacobs says. "It's got great entertainment spaces. It's just a fun house. You can feel that it's a place where people can gather and have a really nice time together. It has a good flow to it."
The post Maryland's Most Expensive Home Is Framed by Spectacular Views of the Potomac appeared first on Real Estate News & Insights | realtor.com®.


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Continuing Professional Development: "the means by which members of a professional organisation maintain, improve and broaden their knowledge and skills, and develop the personal qualities required in their professional lives"
The main reason that Sterling Medical Chambers was founded was to provide peer support for its members to prevent professional isolation. One way we achieve this is to hold regular Chambers meetings, at which we have frank and open discussion about any professional issues that are of concern.
To help our members prepare for their appraisal and revalidation, at these meetings we also report back and discuss significant events and interesting cases, do referral reviews and have occasional educational talks, usually by one of our members on an area of special interest. We have also developed a Patient Questionnaire that several members have now used, and we are developing formal feedback mechanisms from chambers member to GP practice and visa versa.
It is often the case that freelance GPs are out of the local "information loop". We try to ensure that our members are made aware of locally-organised educational meetings, be they in a GP practice, Harrogate District Hospital or the BMI Duchy private hospital, as well as drug company-sponsored meetings and CCG-organised TARGET afternoons.
We have close links with our local Appraisers who recognise the benefits of chambers working for freelance GPs and are enthusiastic about the concept.
Our Chambers Manager also has an important pastoral role in addition to her organisational responsibilities.


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2513 W 8th Avenue, Vancouver
Showing by private appointment! Calling first time Buyers and investors! Located on a quiet street in the heart of Kitsilano, you'll find the perfect heritage-inspired 1 bedroom home. Featuring sophisticated modern interiors, this unique 1 bedroom home offers a contemporary flair with its open great room, high ceilings, Carrera Marble gas fireplace and wide plank wood floors. A chef's kitchen boasts custom cabinetry with quartz counter tops and integrated Thermador appliances. Other features include a large island ideal for entertaining, designer fixtures, radiant in-floor heat, HW on demand and new home warranty. From here, walk to the best of Kits including transit, schools, beaches, shopping and more - a real sense of community and not your typical 'cookie cutter' condo. A must see!
Taxes (2019): $1,905.51