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When David Crowe, chief economist for the National Association of Home Builders, visited Portland earlier this month to present the association's 2011 forecast, he brought little good news. But amid the predictions of sluggish residential growth, Crowe said one bright spot was emerging across the country, and especially in Portland: the apartment construction market.
In 2010, building permits were drawn for only 730 units through November; the year is on pace to be the slowest for multifamily construction in the Portland area since the 1970s. But Portland now has the nation's second lowest multifamily vacancy rate among major metropolitan areas. Mark Barry, a local expert on multifamily trends and forecasting, believes building permits next year will be drawn for nearly double the number of units.
Following is a list of projects expected to start or make significant strides in the next year.
Southeast Harold Street and 92nd Avenue (92/H)
Ed McNamara, owner of Turtle Island Development, is planning to develop a mixed-use project on a 3.5-acre, Portland Development Commission-owned site at the corner of Southeast Harold Street and 92nd Avenue. The project, which will include transit-oriented affordable housing and ground-floor commercial space, will receive money from the Lents Town Center Urban Renewal Area.
The project is in the schematic design and master planning phase. McNamara plans to have a few size and design options by late January, when the PDC will hold an open house to make the final selection.
The Ramona
McNamara also is finishing his 138-unit Pearl District affordable housing project known as the Ramona on Quimby. It's at 1550 N.W. 14th Ave.
Solar panels are being installed on the building's roof, and McNamara will start giving tours of the apartments next week. Rent for a three-bedroom apartment will be between $960 and $995 a month; potential tenants must make 60 percent of the median income or less.
South Waterfront's Block 49
REACH Community Development Corp., a nonprofit affordable housing agency, announced earlier this month that the company will break ground on a 209-unit affordable housing project in spring 2011.
The $50 million, six-story building, which has received nearly $30 million in support from the city, will be constructed between Southwest Moody Street and Bond Street in Portland's South Waterfront District. The project will offer housing for people who earn $25,000 or less, with 42 units reserved for people who earn $15,000 or less.
Walsh Construction will build the project, which will also include 17,000 square feet of retail space. The project is expected to be completed by November 2012.
Savier Flats
Sam Rodriguez of Mill Creek Residential Trust is planning to break ground in October 2011 on a 179-unit market-rate apartment complex at 2244 N.W. Savier St. The complex will consist of two four-story buildings with 6,000 square feet of retail space and 130 underground parking spaces.
"Even though rents haven't recovered yet, we are going forward with this project because we believe they will have (recovered) by the time it's done," he said. "Concessions have gone away almost entirely and we are starting to see a demand for new product."
Geotechnical studies are presently under way at the site.
North Williams Avenue mixed-use project
Jack Menashe, president of Ruben J. Menashe Inc., is looking to break ground on a 72-unit workforce housing project sometime next spring.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design gold certification is being targeted for the project, which will have 18 units of housing for those making 60 percent or less of median family income. Menashe presently is tackling permitting and site preparations.
"If you can line up the financing, it seems like now is the time to start moving on projects," Menashe said. "That's why we are pushing to get this project going."


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* Amaszonas Lineas Aereas started 3x/weekly service between Montevideo (MVD) and Santa Cruz de la Sierra (VVI) via Asuncion (ASU) on 11Dec14 using CRJ-200's. From VVI, passengers will be able to connect to Cuzco (CUZ) and Arequipa (AQP) in Peru, La Paz, Bolivia (LPB), Iquique, Chile (IQQ), and Salta, Argentina (SLA).
* TAM Brazilian Airlines will increase service from Montevideo (MVD) to Rio de Janeiro Galeao (GIG) from 4x to 7x weekly effective 31Dec14 with all flights being operated with A320's.
* LAN Argentina will reintroduce service between Buenos Aires Aeroparque (AEP) and Bahia Blanca (BHI) on a daily basis effective January 2015 using A320's. The airline suspended service on the route earlier this year due to the need for aircraft on heavily-traveled winter routes, but also because the Argentine aviation authorities would not grant the carrier permission to add more aircraft to its fleet, not even to replace airplanes out of service on a temporary basis for maintenance.
* British Airways will reduce service between Buenos Aires Ezeiza (EZE) and London Heathrow (LHR) from 7x to 5x/weekly effective 29Mar15, the end of the southern hemisphere summer season. The service used to be operated with 747-400's via Sao Paulo Guarulhos (GRU) but transitioned to nonstop 777-200's a few years ago which will be maintained. Drop in demand is cited as the main reason for the service reduction.
http://airlineroute.net/2014/09/29/ba-eze-s15/ via Eric Trum
English-Language Blog covering Commercial Aviation in Argentina and Uruguay
Monday, January 12, 2015
ROUTE UPDATES: Amaszonas starts Montevideo to Santa Cruz / TAM increasing flights Montevideo to Rio De Janeiro / LAN Argentina restarts Bahia Blanca flights / British reducing service from Buenos Aires to London
Posted by Phil BOS E-Mail: email@example.com at 11:20 AM
Labels: Airline Route Updates, Amaszonas, British Airways, Buenos Aires Aeroparque (AEP), Buenos Aires Ezeiza (EZE), LAN Argentina, London Heathrow (LHR), Montevideo (MVD), Rio de Janeiro Galeao (GIG), TAM
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subset: commoncrawl


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Property By City
Contact Us
Shubham Properties
Shop No. 3, Anunay Apartment, Opp. ICICI ATM Center, Mahatma Nagar, Gangapur Road, Nashik, Maharashtra - 422005, India
Mobile : +91-9689708425, +91-9422267161
E-mail : email@example.com
Shubham Properties is a top-notch Real Estate Agent in Nashik, Maharashtra. Other than a gamut of services, we also specialize as a Property Loan Consultant. Dealing in all kinds of Residential Property and Commercial Property, we strive to provide excellence in every service of ours. We hold expertise in Home Loans and Loan Against Property.
You can come for our assistance if you are buying a new home and need money. We are associated with some of the leading banks like HDFC and ICICI.These loans can be paid in easy installments on short term or long term basis. Also, if you need money for some important purpose, you can avail our Loan Against Property Services. Our services are affordable and quick.


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In an effort to learn how to run this blog, I took a drive out to Lake Mead on Monday. Living in Las Vegas, NV I am so close to many amazing National Parks and National Recreation Areas. Some are close enough to do a day trip and others will require an overnight stay. Lake Mead National Recreation Area is home to many points of interest, not just the Hoover Dam. St. Thomas is one of those POI. Located in the norther part of the Recreation Area along the Overton arm of the lake.
St. Thomas was settled by the Mormons in 1865. The area was prime farm land due to two rivers, the Muddy and Virgin, that flowed nearby on the way to meet with the Colorado River. At its prime St. Thomas was home to around 500 people. After about 5 years the state of Nevada came to collect the overdue property taxes. The Mormons refused to pay and returned to Salt Lake City. On the way out they burned the homes and businesses to the ground. Some did stay and other resettled the town.
In 1928 the building of Boulder (Hoover) Dam was approved by Washington, DC. This dam would create Lake Mead. As the water levels rose it would eventually submerge the town. Knowing this the government reimbursed the residents for their property and they had to relocate. At the lakes highest level the town was 60ft under water. As the Southwest has been in a drought for many years, the water has receded considerably. The town is now above water and you too can go visit.


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I went to a car museum not long ago while I was on vacation, because I have serious problems managing my work/life balance. But while I was at Autoworld I saw a pristine, shiny BMW Isetta just sitting there, looking pretty. It was awful.
That's because Isettas are meant to be out there, ROAMING FREE. And also tearing up autocross tracks.
I love this because it's making no sense in my mind, and yet, it makes perfect sense. Look at that little guy out there, little roof flap open for the entire world to see, front paw hanging in the air, narrow little rear wheels skippering it about, refrigerator door acting as what must be an entirely safe piece of racing equipment.
I know what heaven looks like. It looks like this.


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Be YOU with Scentsy Body!
Being yourself. It shows in your body language. Everything you do is uniquely YOU, and it feels good. So does your nourished and smooth skin. Scentsy Body. It speaks your language.
Q. What is Scentsy Body
Scentsy Body is a NEW Scentsy Skin Care line are rich in vitamins and contain moisture locking properties. The NEW Body Products are available in some of Scentsy's most popular fragrances such Luna, Lucky in Love, Vanilla Bean Buttercream, Sea Salt & Avocado, Pineapple Coconut Vanilla, Persian Lime & Sandalwood, Mandarin Grapefruit Amber, Skinny Dippi', Sunkissed Citrus and Peach White & Amber.
Q. Where are Scentsy Body products made?
All our Body products are made at the home office manufacturing facility in the United States.
Q. What makes Scentsy Body special?
All Body products combine Scentsy fragrance, skin-pampering ingredients like sunflower oil, and superior product quality for a truly stand-alone experience. Whether it's choosing the base material that holds the oils, the actual fragrance oils used, packaging or other aspects of the product experience, quality is always our primary goal. Scentsy products have always been designed to deliver value in quality, price and product volume.
Q. How long does the fragrance last?
While the exact amount of time the fragrance will last depends on your own body chemistry, Scentsy Body products contain the highest concentration of top-quality fragrances available, giving the wearer a long-lasting fragrance experience.
Q. Does Scentsy Body contain any allergens or toxins?
Scentsy Body products are nontoxic and designed to be nonirritating. However, they are highly fragrant, so people with known fragrance sensitivities should test the products on a small patch of skin before using them.
Q. Are Scentsy Body products tested on animals?
Scentsy Body products are not tested on animals. However, individual ingredients may have been tested on animals at one point.
Q. Are these products safe to use on children?
Scentsy Body products are safe to use on all members of the family, and may be used as directed on children (with adult supervision). All products are for external use only. Avoid contact with eyes; if product gets in your eyes, rinse with water. You should stop use and ask a doctor if a rash or irritation develops and persists. Please keep scented products out of the reach of small children and pets.
Q. Can I use Scentsy Body products on my face?
Scentsy Body products have not been tested for use on the face. Skin on the face tends to be more sensitive than skin on the body, so a small patch of facial skin should be tested prior to using products on your whole face. If your Scentsy Body product comes in contact with your eyes, flush the product out of your eyes with water.
Q. Do Scentsy Body products have any anti-aging properties?
No. Scentsy Skin products are not formulated to deliver anti-aging benefits.
Q. Are Scentsy Body products vegan and gluten-free?
Yes. Scentsy Body products are vegan and gluten-free


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When someone hears they have HIV, which is what causes AIDS, they can experience a feeling of foreboding. You may feel like the world is going to end, but it's important to continue to have hope, especially with natural cures for HIV that are out there. Whether you have HIV, also known as human immunodeficiency virus, or AIDS, also known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, it can be a heartbreaking diagnosis due to the fact that there is no cure. While HIV and AIDS can currently be managed, it's a lifetime diagnosis. Even though you can enjoy a normal life with AIDS and HIV, knowing that you have it can change your lifestyle.
AIDS and HIV have become more prevalent issues and medical concerns since it was first recognized by the Centers for Disease Control in 1981. Before then, the virus existed, but little was known about its cause or how it spread. We now know so much more about AIDS and the HIV virus, allowing it to be better treated with Western medicine. However, traditional medical practices don't always work perfectly or leave you feeling your best in the process. For this reason, Antonio's Healing Hands may be able to help. Antonio Silva provides alternative treatments for HIV and AIDS that works for everyone who has been faced with hearing this diagnosis. Antonio's Healing Hands can provide a natural treatment for HIV as well as AIDS, which can help you live a normal and more comfortable life.
What is AIDS and HIV?
HIV is the initial infection that occurs after exposure through bodily fluids. Many people can live years with just HIV before it manifests itself into AIDS. AIDS is the actual long-term infection that occurs from being exposed to HIV. While HIV can manifest in a variety of different stages, typically there's an acute primary infection, asymptomatic stage, and then symptomatic HIV infection. HIV symptoms can often start out much like the flu, but later after the transition to AIDS, the following symptoms and more can become present:
- Abdominal Pain
- Dry Cough
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Weight Loss
- Recurrent Infections
- Gastrointestinal Distress
These days people can manage AIDS or HIV because of positive treatments; however, Antonio Silva can help you live more comfortably with this diagnosis and continue to live your life the way you'd like.
How can Antonio Silva help with AIDS and HIV?
Because AIDS is a chronic disease that affects the immune system after HIV infects the body, it's important to get help supporting your immune system. AIDS and HIV affect the immune system. While HIV can stay in this stage, it can progress into AIDS when there's a failure in the immune system. The failure in the immune system is what causes the life-threatening infections, which is what breaks down the body. While there's no treatment, HIV can still live dormant in the body until it turns into AIDS. Keep in mind that HIV is completely preventable with taking the proper precautions.
Antonio is an intuitive healer that provides additional treatment options for both HIV and AIDS in order for you to improve your bloodwork number for your immune system and live a healthier and more fulfilling lifestyle.
Here's what Ryan of Chicago has to say about working with Antonio: "We have worked for the last six weeks on my AIDS-related concerns. With that said I did get my updated blood counts and they are much improved along with my stamina and capacity to have full clear eyesight. I am excited to see what the future now holds."
If you'd like to learn more about what people have said about us, read our testimonials or contact us to schedule a session.


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wattEV2buy explores the CHJ Automotive electric car strategy and list the CHJ EV models, news, and sales as it vies for a position in the fast-growing EV market.
Co-founded by Kevin Shen and Li Xiang (Autohome and NextEV) the CHJ Automotive electric car strategy is the develop an ultra-compact EV for city use priced below $8,000. The initial launch date was set for March 2018. Central to the design of the smart lookalike EV is CHJ Auto's battery swapping technology which opens up an annuity income stream for the company from the sale of its vehicles. The CHJ SEV is equipped with not one but two batteries. CHJ Auto is also planning a pure electric SUV and a range-extended version of it, using similar technology as the BMW i3 REx.
CHJ Auto is also one of Baidu, the Chinese equivalent of Google, vehicle manufacturing partners for its self-driving car program – Project Apollo. CHJ Auto and Chinese raid-hailing company, Didi Chuxing, entered into a JV to develop and build EVs in March 2018.
Founded in 2015, CHJ Automotive raised its starting capital in an Angel round from Future Capital. CHJ raised a further ¥780 million in 2016 through a round A fundraising from the lead investor the LEO Group, a machinery maker listed on the Shenzhen exchange and Source Code Capital, Changzhou Wujin Hongtu Venture Capital and Future Capital. In 2018 CHJ raised ¥3 billion in a round B fundraising led by Matrix Partners China, a new EV fund managed by the Shougang Fund, the investment vehicle for state-owned steel company Shougang Group bringing the total investment in the CHJ to nearly $1 billion (¥5.75 billion).
Interested in buying a CHJ Leading Ideal electric car?
See how the price and range of CHJ Leading Ideal EV models compare with its competitors in key markets.
Go to our detailed breakdown of Global EV Sales to see how the electric car fares to its competitors in the fast-growing EV market.
Week 4 2019 - CHJ Leading on track for 2019 release
CHJ Automotive announced that it will open 13 retail stores for its new luxury EV brand called Leading Auto. The first vehicle from this stable, the Leading One is on track for delivery later this year. CHJ acquired Lifan Motors earlier for an amount of 650 million yuan, and in the process secured Lifan's production qualification, allowing it to start producing EVs. The thirteen cities where CHJ Leading will open retail shops are Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Chengdu, Chongqing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Zhengzhou, Xi'an, and Wuhan
The co-founder of CHJ Li Xiang shared images of the plant where its range extended Leading One with a range of 1,000km (620miles) is produced indicating to his followers that the company is determined to bring the first car to market late 2019.
Week 48 2018 - CHJ enters into production agreement with Lifan
The new brand by CHJ Auto "LEADING IDEAL" entered into an agreement with the Chinese OEM Lifan to assemble its first EV, the Leading Ideal One range extended SUV at a new plant in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. The new plant will with a production capacity of 150,000 electric vehicles is to be completed by August 2019 and comes at a cost of ¥182million and covers 490,000m². The plant will produce only 5,000 units of the Leading Ideal One in 2019 and ramp up to 100,000 in 2020.
Week 35 2018 - CHJ invest in assembly plant
CHJ Automotive and the Chongqing Liangjiang authorities entered into an agreement which allows CHJ to establish a smart EV assembly plant on an area covering 1.2 square kilometers. Construction of the plant will be completed by 2021 and have a capacity of 400,000. CHJ will invest RMB10 billion to establish its plant in Chongqing. CHJ is said to unveil its first highway-capable electric SUV later the year and plans to bring it to market in 2019. The Chinese EV start-up also plans to utilize its SEV neighborhood electric vehicle in ride-hailing programs in San Francisco and Paris.
Week 13 2018 - CHJ changes tact
In 2017 CHJ Automotive of China announced with great confidence on CNBC the development of its SEV (small electric vehicle) priced below $8,000 to revolutionalize the EV sector. The landscape is moving fast and incentives and competition which made such a project viable at the time has changed. Since 2017 EV subsidies in China are more focused on long-range technology making the CHJ SEV business case obsolete. Competitors such as the SAIC-GM Wuling also brought the Baojun E100 to market for less than $5,000 after incentives. Other companies followed suit, and more companies such as ZhiDou have sub $5,000 EVs in the market. Subsequently, the Li Xiang, co-founder of CHJ and NextEV this week announced that the company would scrap the SEV project and focus on its collaboration with ride-hailing company Didi with which it is to develop a clever EV and the development of CHJ's SUV EV.
Week 25 2017 - New EV Brands announced
CHJ Automotive announced during a Round A capital raising that it will create a new vehicle category for city application by bringing an ultra-compact two-seat EV to market in 2018 from its plant in Changzhou, Jiangsu province.
We have designed some cool tools to compare electric vehicles. Our tools include a mobile app, charging cost calculator and EV selector. Use wattEV2Buy's proprietary tools to find the ideal EV for your requirements and determine the cost of charging EVs.
Not sure which model EV to choose?
wattEV2Buy's easy to use EV Select tool helps identify which electric vehicle is perfect for your specific requirements. EV Select compare electric vehicles battery electric range over various vehicle types. Within four clicks you can get the perfect luxury sedan able to drive your required distance on battery power.
Unsure what the charging cost will be?
wattEV2Buy's easy to use Charging Cost Calculator compare electric vehicles charging cost in your state and relate it to equivalent gasoline cost. The charging cost calculator also allows you to be specific and customize your electricity cost in kWh and provide results in miles and kilometers, making it usable all over the world.
Top 5 Electric Vehicle News Stories of Week 12 2019
#Top5 #EVNews Week 12/2019 – Geely receives record international orders for Geometry A EV | BMW strategy update | XPENG opens DC charge station | New EVs
Top 5 Electric Vehicle News Stories of Week 11 2019
#Top5 #EVNews Week 11/2019 – Geely takes aim at Model 3 | Lots of new EVs | demand for EVs the Trojan horse for Chinese auto brands
Top 5 Electric Vehicle News Stories of Week 9 2019
#Top5 #EVNews Week 9/2019 – Will the $35k Tesla Model 3 make some EV models obsolete? | Flood of of new PHEVs | Hyundai feeling the pinch of electrification


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Morgenmuffel - A diary of a miscreant cover
This collection brings together the best bits of the first ten years of Morgenmuffel zine, re-organised and re-presented, running along the different themes in Isy's world. Essential for any fan of Morgenmuffel, DIY culture or autobiographical comics.
Over the past ten years Morgenmuffel zine has been documenting the world that Isy inhabits. From riots in the city of London, cooking for hundreds of punks, starting a housing co-op, or simply hanging out with friends and drinking, Isy's humour and love of life is always central to the zine.
About the author
Isy Morgenmuffel has been making comic zines since 1997 from her home in Brighton, UK. Originally from South Korea and Germany, she has worked on various other zines, booklets and bits of writing and drawing. She is also the co-author of the vegan cookbook, 'Another dinner is possible'.
She tries her best to live true to the values she holds dear such as autonomy, mutual aid, cooperation, real community and contributing to the downfall of the existing order.
For preview images and to order check out http://www.lasthours.org.uk/morgenmuffel/
Excessive Force - a police anthology against the police
Featuring 19 exciting new and up-and-coming graphic artists this is an comics anthology against the police.
Police everywhere, justice nowhere
Whether drawing on personal experiences or imagined stories about modern policing one theme runs through: a shared view of brutal, oppressive policing. Policing that does more harm than good, and a system which hinders, rather than encourages freedom of expression. Or more simply put: acts like an Excessive Force.
Profits from Excessive Force will go towards FITwatch and the Legal Defence and Monitoring group both of whom work towards ending police repression.
Featuring work by: Stephanie McMillan, Ken Dahl, Scott Smith, Edd Baldry, Jimi Gherkin, and many others, they all artfully present their take on the police, with a fine mixture of humour, tragedy, anger and optimism.
For preview images and to order check out http://www.lasthours.org.uk/excessive-force/


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This adorable 3 Piece Play Wear Set with a Flamingo Applique includes T-shirt, bloomer, and sun hat making it the perfect outfit for spring and summer fun. The T-shirt features 3 snap closures on the back for easy on and off. Sun Hat comes with an adjustable tie closure and a pretty pink flower on top. All details are sewn on instead of using small pieces which makes this play set ideal for babies and toddlers!
Made with 100% cotton materials.


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Ballers 102 – Raise Up
ballers on ballers Episode 2.
ballers on ballers Episode 2.
The debut of ballers on ballers – A podcast.
Following up on one of the most anticipated debuts in television history – ballers, on HBO – our crew (feat. Je$$e Laier, John 'Bills' Beisner, Spencer 'Not the Rock' Darr) recaps the episode. We get to know the cast, and ourselves better recognizing the baller inside of everyone.


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Front End Performance Checklist 2017 [PDF, Apple Pages]
Are you using progressive booting already? What about tree-shaking and code-splitting in React and Angular? Have you set up Brotli or Zopfli compression, OCSP stapling and HPACK compression? Also, how about resource hints, client hints and CSS containment — not to mention IPv6, HTTP/2 and service workers?
Back in the day, performance was often a mere afterthought. Often deferred till the very end of the project, it would boil down to minification, concatenation, asset optimization and potentially a few fine adjustments on the server's
config file. Looking back now, things seem to have changed quite significantly.
Performance isn't just a technical concern: It matters, and when baking it into the workflow, design decisions have to be informed by their performance implications. Performance has to be measured, monitored and refined continually, and the growing complexity of the web poses new challenges that make it hard to keep track of metrics, because metrics will vary significantly depending on the device, browser, protocol, network type and latency (CDNs, ISPs, caches, proxies, firewalls, load balancers and servers all play a role in performance).
So, if we created an overview of all the things we have to keep in mind when improving performance — from the very start of the process until the final release of the website — what would that list look like? Below you'll find a (hopefully unbiased and objective) front-end performance checklist for 2017 — an overview of the issues you might need to consider to ensure that your response times are fast and your website smooth.
(You can also just download the checklist PDF (0.129 MB) or download the checklist in Apple Pages (0.236 MB). Happy optimizing!)
Front-End Performance Checklist 2017
Micro-optimizations are great for keeping a performance on track, but it's critical to have clearly defined targets in mind — measurable goals that would influence any decisions made throughout the process. There are a couple of different models, and the ones discussed below are quite opinionated — just make sure to set your own priorities early on.
Getting Ready And Setting Goals
- Be 20% faster than your fastest competitor.
According to psychological research, if you want users to feel that your website is faster than any other website, you need to be at least 20% faster. Full-page loading time isn't as relevant as metrics such as start rendering time, the first meaningful paint (i.e. the time required for a page to display its primary content) and the time to interactive (the time at which a page — and primarily a single-page application — appears to be ready enough that a user can interact with it).
Measure start rendering (with WebPagetest) and first meaningful paint times (with Lighthouse) on a Moto G, a mid-range Samsung device and a good middle-of-the-road device like a Nexus 4, preferably in an open device lab — on regular 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi connections.Look at your analytics to see what your users are on. You can then mimic the 90th percentile's experience for testing. Collect data, set up a spreadsheet, shave off 20%, and set up your goals (i.e. performance budgets) this way. Now you have something measurable to test against. If you're keeping the budget in mind and trying to ship down just the minimal script to get a quick time-to-interactive value, then you're on a reasonable path.Share the checklist with your colleagues. Make sure that the checklist is familiar to every member of your team to avoid misunderstandings down the line. Every decision has performance implications, and the project would hugely benefit from front-end developers being actively involved when the concept, UX and visual design are decided on. Map design decisions against performance budget and the priorities defined in the checklist.
- 100-millisecond response time, 60 frames per second.
The RAIL performance model gives you healthy targets: Do your best to provide feedback in less than 100 milliseconds after initial input. To allow for <100 milliseconds response, the page must yield control back to main thread at latest after every <50 milliseconds. For high pressure points like animation, it's best to do nothing else where you can and the absolute minimum where you can't.
Also, each frame of animation should be completed in less than 16 milliseconds, thereby achieving 60 frames per second (1 second ÷ 60 = 16.6 milliseconds) — preferably under 10 milliseconds. Because the browser needs time to paint the new frame to the screen your code should finish executing before hitting the 16.6 milliseconds mark. Be optimistic and use the idle time wisely. Obviously, these targets apply to runtime performance, rather than loading performance.
- First meaningful paint under 1.25 seconds, SpeedIndex under 1000.
Although it might be very difficult to achieve, your ultimate goal should be a start rendering time under 1 second and a SpeedIndex value under 1000 (on a fast connection). For the first meaningful paint, count on 1250 milliseconds at most. For mobile, a start rendering time under 3 seconds for 3G on a mobile device is acceptable. Being slightly above that is fine, but push to get these values as low as possible.
Defining the Environment
- Choose and set up your build tools.
Don't pay much attention to what's supposedly cool these days. Stick to your environment for building, be it Grunt, Gulp, Webpack, PostCSS or a combination of tools. As long as you are getting results fast and you have no issues maintaining your build process, you're doing just fine.
- Progressive enhancement.
Keeping progressive enhancement as the guiding principle of your front-end architecture and deployment is a safe bet. Design and build the core experience first, and then enhance the experience with advanced features for capable browsers, creating resilient experiences. If your website runs fast on a slow machine with a poor screen in a poor browser on a suboptimal network, then it will only run faster on a fast machine with a good browser on a decent network.
- Angular, React, Ember and co.
- AMP or Instant Articles?
Depending on the priorities and strategy of your organization, you might want to consider using Google's AMP or Facebook's Instant Articles. You can achieve good performance without them, but AMP does provide a solid performance framework with a free content delivery network (CDN), while Instant Articles will boost your performance on Facebook. You could build progressive web AMPs, too.
- Choose your CDN wisely.
Depending on how much dynamic data you have, you might be able to "outsource" some part of the content to a static site generator, pushing it to a CDN and serving a static version from it, thus avoiding database requests. You could even choose a static-hosting platform based on a CDN, enriching your pages with interactive components as enhancements (JAMStack).
Notice that CDNs can serve (and offload) dynamic content as well? So, restricting your CDN to static assets is not necessary. Double-check whether your CDN performs content compression and conversion, smart HTTP/2 delivery, edge-side includes, which assemble static and dynamic parts of pages at the CDN's edge (i.e. the server closest to the user), and other tasks.
Build Optimizations
- Set your priorities straight.
It's a good idea to know what you are dealing with first. Run an inventory of all of your assets (JavaScript, images, fonts, third-party scripts and "expensive" modules on the page, such as carousels, complex infographics and multimedia content), and break them down in groups.
Set up a spreadsheet. Define the basic core experience for legacy browsers (i.e. fully accessible core content), the enhanced experience for capable browsers (i.e. the enriched, full experience) and the extras (assets that aren't absolutely required and can be lazy-loaded, such as web fonts, unnecessary styles, carousel scripts, video players, social media buttons, large images). We published an article on "Improving Smashing Magazine's Performance," which describes this approach in detail.
- Use the "cutting-the-mustard" technique.
Use the cutting-the-mustard technique to send the core experience to legacy browsers and an enhanced experience to modern browsers. Be strict in loading your assets: Load the core experience immediately, the enhancements on
DomContentLoadedand the extras on the
Note that the technique deduces device capability from browser version, which is no longer something we can do these days. For example, cheap Android phones in developing countries mostly run Chrome and will cut the mustard despite their limited memory and CPU capabilities. Beware that, while we don't really have an alternative, use of the technique has become more limited recently.
- Consider micro-optimization and progressive booting.
In some apps, you might need some time to initialize the app before you can render the page. Display skeleton screens instead of loading indicators. Look for modules and techniques to speed up the initial rendering time (for example, tree-shaking and code-splitting), because most performance issues come from the initial parsing time to bootstrap the app. Also, use an ahead-of-time compiler to offload some of the client-side rendering to the server and, hence, output usable results quickly. Finally, consider using Optimize.js for faster initial loading by wrapping eagerly invoked functions (it might not be necessary any longer, though).Client-side rendering or server-side rendering? In both scenarios, our goal should be to set up progressive booting: Use server-side rendering to get a quick first meaningful paint, but also include some minimal JavaScript to keep the time-to-interactive close to the first meaningful paint. We can then, either on demand or as time allows, boot non-essential parts of the app. Unfortunately, as Paul Lewis noticed, frameworks typically have no concept of priority that can be surfaced to developers, and hence progressive booting is difficult to implement with most libraries and frameworks. If you have the time and resources, use this strategy to ultimately boost performance.
- Are HTTP cache headers set properly?
Double-check that
max-ageand other HTTP cache headers have been set properly. In general, resources should be cacheable either for a very short time (if they are likely to change) or indefinitely (if they are static) — you can just change their version in the URL when needed.
If possible, use
Cache-control: immutable, designed for fingerprinted static resources, to avoid revalidation (as of December 2016, supported only in Firefox on
https://transactions). You can use Heroku's primer on HTTP caching headers, Jake Archibald's "Caching Best Practices" and Ilya Grigorik's HTTP caching primer as guides.
- Limit third-party libraries, and load JavaScript asynchronously.
asyncattributes in HTML.
In practice, it turns out we should prefer
async(at a cost to users of Internet Explorer up to and including version 9, because you're likely to break scripts for them). Also, limit the impact of third-party libraries and scripts, especially with social sharing buttons and
<iframe>embeds (such as maps). You can use static social sharing buttons (such as by SSBG) and static links to interactive maps instead.
- Are images properly optimized?
As far as possible, use responsive images with
sizesand the
<picture>element. While you're at it, you could also make use of the WebP format by serving WebP images with the
<picture>element and a JPEG fallback (see Andreas Bovens' code snippet) or by using content negotiation (using
Acceptheaders). Sketch natively supports WebP, and WebP images can be exported from Photoshop using a WebP plugin for Photoshop. Other options are available, too.You can also use client hints, which are now gaining browser support. Not enough resources to bake in sophisticated markup for responsive images? Use the Responsive Image Breakpoints Generator or a service such as Cloudinary to automate image optimization. Also, in many cases, using
sizesalone will reap significant benefits. On Smashing Magazine, we use the postfix
-optfor image names — for example,
brotli-compression-opt.png; whenever an image contains that postfix, everybody on the team knows that it's been optimized.
- Take image optimization to the next level.
When you're working on a landing page on which it's critical that a particular image loads blazingly fast, make sure that JPEGs are progressive and compressed with mozJPEG (which improves the start rendering time by manipulating scan levels), Pingo for PNG, Lossy GIF for GIF and SVGOMG for SVG. Blur out unnecessary parts of the image (by applying a Gaussian blur filter to them) to reduce the file size, and eventually you might even start to remove colors or make a picture black and white to reduce the size further. For background images, exporting photos from Photoshop with 0 to 10% quality can be absolutely acceptable as well.
Not good enough? Well, you can also improve perceived performance for images with the multiple background images technique.
- Are web fonts optimized?
Chances are high that the web fonts you are serving include glyphs and extra features that aren't being used. You can ask your type foundry to subset web fonts or subset them yourself if you are using open-source fonts (for example, by including only Latin with some special accent glyphs) to minimize their file sizes. WOFF2 support is great, and you can use WOFF and OTF as fallbacks for browsers that don't support it. Also, choose one of the strategies from Zach Leatherman's "Comprehensive Guide to Font-Loading Strategies," and use a service worker cache to cache fonts persistently. Need a quick win? Pixel Ambacht has a quick tutorial and case study to get your fonts in order.If you can't serve fonts from your server and are relying on third-party hosts, make sure to use Web Font Loader. FOUT is better than FOIT; start rendering text in the fallback right away, and load fonts asynchronously — you could also use loadCSS for that. You might be able to get away with locally installed OS fonts as well.
- Push critical CSS quickly.
To ensure that browsers start rendering your page as quickly as possible, it's become a common practice to collect all of the CSS required to start rendering the first visible portion of the page (known as "critical CSS" or "above-the-fold CSS") and add it inline in the
<head>of the page, thus reducing roundtrips. Due to the limited size of packages exchanged during the slow start phase, your budget for critical CSS is around 14 KB. If you go beyond that, the browser will need addition roundtrips to fetch more styles. CriticalCSS and Critical enable you to do just that. You might need to do it for every template you're using. If possible, consider using the conditional inlining approach used by the Filament Group.
With HTTP/2, critical CSS could be stored in a separate CSS file and delivered via a server push without bloating the HTML. The catch is that server pushing isn't supported consistently and has some caching issues (see slide 114 onwards of Hooman Beheshti's presentation). The effect could, in fact, be negative and bloat the network buffers, preventing genuine frames in the document from being delivered. Server pushing is much more effective on warm connections due to the TCP slow start. So, you might need to create a cache-aware HTTP/2 server push mechanism. Keep in mind, though, that the new
cache-digestspecification will negate the need to manually build these "cache-aware" servers.
- Use tree-shaking and code-splitting to reduce payloads.
Tree-shaking is a way to clean up your build process by only including code that is actually used in production. You can use Webpack 2 to eliminate unused exports, and UnCSS or Helium to remove unused styles from CSS. Also, you might want to consider learning how to write efficient CSS selectors as well as how to avoid bloat and expensive styles.
Code-splitting is another Webpack feature that splits your code base into "chunks" that are loaded on demand. Once you define split points in your code, Webpack takes care of the dependencies and outputted files. It basically enables you to keep the initial download small and to request code on demand, when requested by the application.
Note that Rollup shows significantly better results than Browserify exports. While we're at it, you might want to check out Rollupify, which converts ECMAScript 2015 modules into one big CommonJS module — because small modules can have a surprisingly high performance cost depending on your choice of bundler and module system.
- Improve rendering performance.
Isolate expensive components with CSS containment — for example, to limit the scope of the browser's styles, of layout and paint work for off-canvas navigation, or of third-party widgets. Make sure that there is no lag when scrolling the page or when an element is animated, and that you're consistently hitting 60 frames per second. If that's not possible, then at least making the frames per second consistent is preferable to a mixed range of 60 to 15. Use CSS'
will-changeto inform the browser of which elements and properties will change.
Also, measure runtime rendering performance (for example, in DevTools). To get started, check Paul Lewis' free Udacity course on browser-rendering optimization. We also have a lil' article by Sergey Chikuyonok on how to get GPU animation right.
- Warm up the connection to speed up delivery.
Use skeleton screens, and lazy-load all expensive components, such as fonts, JavaScript, carousels, videos and iframes. Use resource hints to save time on
dns-prefetch(which performs a DNS lookup in the background),
preconnect(which asks the browser to start the connection handshake (DNS, TCP, TLS) in the background),
prefetch(which asks the browser to request a resource),
prerender(which asks the browser to render the specified page in the background) and
preload(which prefetches resources without executing them, among other things). Note that in practice, depending on browser support, you'll prefer
dns-prefetch, and you'll be cautious with using
prerender— the latter should only be used if you are very confident about where the user will go next (for example, in a purchasing funnel).
- Get ready for HTTP/2.
With Google moving towards a more secure web and eventual treatment of all HTTP pages in Chrome as being "not secure," you'll need to decide on whether to keep betting on HTTP/1.1 or set up an HTTP/2 environment. HTTP/2 is supported very well; it isn't going anywhere; and, in most cases, you're better off with it. The investment will be quite significant, but you'll need to move to HTTP/2 sooner or later. On top of that, you can get a major performance boost with service workers and server push (at least long term).The downsides are that you'll have to migrate to HTTPS, and depending on how large your HTTP/1.1 user base is (that is, users on legacy operating systems or with legacy browsers), you'll have to send different builds, which would require you to adapt a different build process. Beware: Setting up both migration and a new build process might be tricky and time-consuming. For the rest of this article, I'll assume that you're either switching to or have already switched to HTTP/2.
- Properly deploy HTTP/2.
Again, serving assets over HTTP/2 requires a major overhaul of how you've been serving assets so far. You'll need to find a fine balance between packaging modules and loading many small modules in parallel.
What to do? If you're running over HTTP/2, sending around 10 packages seems like a decent compromise (and isn't too bad for legacy browsers). Experiment and measure to find the right balance for your website.
- Make sure the security on your server is bulletproof.
All browser implementations of HTTP/2 run over TLS, so you will probably want to avoid security warnings or some elements on your page not working. Double-check that your security headers are set properly, eliminate known vulnerabilities, and check your certificate.
Haven't migrated to HTTPS yet? Check The HTTPS-Only Standard for a thorough guide. Also, make sure that all external plugins and tracking scripts are loaded via HTTPS, that cross-site scripting isn't possible and that both HTTP Strict Transport Security headers and Content Security Policy headers are properly set.
- Do your servers and CDNs support HTTP/2?
Different servers and CDNs are probably going to support HTTP/2 differently. Use Is TLS Fast Yet? to check your options, or quickly look up how your servers are performing and which features you can expect to be supported.
- Is Brotli or Zopfli compression in use?
Last year, Google introduced Brotli, a new open-source lossless data format, which is now widely supported in Chrome, Firefox and Opera. In practice, Brotli appears to be more effective than Gzip and Deflate. It might be slow to compress, depending on the settings, and slower compression will ultimately lead to higher compression rates. Still, it decompresses fast. Because the algorithm comes from Google, it's not surprising that browsers will accept it only if the user is visiting a website over HTTPS — and yes, there are technical reasons for that as well. The catch is that Brotli doesn't come preinstalled on most servers today, and it's not easy to set up without self-compiling NGINX or Ubuntu. However, you can enable Brotli even on CDNs that don't support it yet (with a service worker).
Alternatively, you could look into using Zopfli's compression algorithm, which encodes data to Deflate, Gzip and Zlib formats. Any regular Gzip-compressed resource would benefit from Zopfli's improved Deflate encoding, because the files will be 3 to 8% smaller than Zlib's maximum compression. The catch is that files will take around 80 times longer to compress. That's why it's a good idea to use Zopfli on resources that don't change much, files that are designed to be compressed once and downloaded many times.
- Is OCSP stapling enabled?
By enabling OCSP stapling on your server, you can speed up your TLS handshakes. The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) was created as an alternative to the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) protocol. Both protocols are used to check whether an SSL certificate has been revoked. However, the OCSP protocol does not require the browser to spend time downloading and then searching a list for certificate information, hence reducing the time required for a handshake.
- Have you adopted IPv6 yet?
Because we're running out of space with IPv4 and major mobile networks are adopting IPv6 rapidly (the US has reached a 50% IPv6 adoption threshold), it's a good idea to update your DNS to IPv6 to stay bulletproof for the future. Just make sure that dual-stack support is provided across the network — it allows IPv6 and IPv4 to run simultaneously alongside each other. After all, IPv6 is not backwards-compatible. Also, studies show that IPv6 made those websites 10 to 15% faster due to neighbor discovery (NDP) and route optimization.
- Is HPACK compression in use?
If you're using HTTP/2, double-check that your servers implement HPACK compression for HTTP response headers to reduce unnecessary overhead. Because HTTP/2 servers are relatively new, they may not fully support the specification, with HPACK being an example. H2spec is a great (if very technically detailed) tool to check that. HPACK works.
- Are service workers used for caching and network fallbacks?
No performance optimization over a network can be faster than a locally stored cache on user's machine. If your website is running over HTTPS, use the "Pragmatist's Guide to Service Workers" to cache static assets in a service worker cache and store offline fallbacks (or even offline pages) and retrieve them from the user's machine, rather than going to the network. Also, check Jake's Offline Cookbook and the free Udacity course "Offline Web Applications." Browser support? It's getting there, and the fallback is the network anyway.
- Monitor mixed-content warnings.
If you've recently migrated from HTTP to HTTPS, make sure to monitor both active and passive mixed-content warnings, with a tool such as Report-URI.io. You can also use Mixed Content Scan to scan your HTTPS-enabled website for mixed content.
- Is your development workflow in DevTools optimized?
Pick a debugging tool and click on every single button. Make sure you understand how to analyze rendering performance and console output, and how to debug JavaScript and edit CSS styles. Umar Hansa recently prepared a (huge) slidedeck and talk covering dozens of obscure tips and techniques to be aware of when debugging and testing in DevTools.
- Have you tested in proxy browsers and legacy browsers? Testing in Chrome and Firefox is not enough. Look into how your website works in proxy browsers and legacy browsers. UC Browser and Opera Mini, for instance, have a significant market share in Asia (up to 35% in Asia). Measure average Internet speed in your countries of interest to avoid big surprises down the road. Test with network throttling, and emulate a high-DPI device. BrowserStack is fantastic, but test on real devices as well.
- Is continuous monitoring set up?
Having a private instance of WebPagetest is always beneficial for quick and unlimited tests. Set up continuous monitoring of performance budgets with automatic alerts. Set your own user-timing marks to measure and monitor business-specific metrics. Look into using SpeedCurve to monitor changes in performance over time, and/or New Relic to get insights that WebPagetest cannot provide. Also, look into SpeedTracker, Lighthouse and Calibre.
Quick Wins
This list is quite comprehensive, and completing all of the optimizations might take quite a while. So, if you had just 1 hour to get significant improvements, what would you do? Let's boil it all down to 10 low-hanging fruits. Obviously, before you start and once you finish, measure results, including start rendering time and SpeedIndex on a 3G and cable connection.
- Your goal is a start rendering time under 1 second on cable and under 3 seconds on 3G, and a SpeedIndex value under 1000. Optimize for start rendering time and time-to-interactive.
- Prepare critical CSS for your main templates, and include it in the
<head>of the page. (Your budget is 14 KB).
- Defer and lazy-load as many scripts as possible, both your own and third-party scripts — especially social media buttons, video players and expensive JavaScript.
- Add resource hints to speed up delivery with faster
- Subset web fonts and load them asynchronously (or just switch to system fonts instead).
- Optimize images, and consider using WebP for critical pages (such as landing pages).
- Check that HTTP cache headers and security headers are set properly.
- Enable Brotli or Zopfli compression on the server. (If that's not possible, don't forget to enable Gzip compression.)
- If HTTP/2 is available, enable HPACK compression and start monitoring mixed-content warnings. If you're running over LTS, also enable OCSP stapling.
- If possible, cache assets such as fonts, styles, JavaScript and images — actually, as much as possible! — in a service worker cache.
Download The Checklist (PDF, Apple Pages)
With this checklist in mind, you should be prepared for any kind of front-end performance project. Feel free to download the print-ready PDF of the checklist as well as an editable Apple Pages document to customize the checklist for your needs:
- Download the checklist PDF (PDF, 0.129 MB)
- Download the checklist in Apple Pages (.pages, 0.236 MB)
If you need alternatives, you can also check the front-end checklist by Dan Rublic and the "Designer's Web Performance Checklist" by Jon Yablonski.
Off We Go!
Some of the optimizations might be beyond the scope of your work or budget or might just be overkill given the legacy code you have to deal with. That's fine! Use this checklist as a general (and hopefully comprehensive) guide, and create your own list of issues that apply to your context. But most importantly, test and measure your own projects to identify issues before optimizing. Happy performance results in 2017, everyone!
Huge thanks to Anselm Hannemann, Patrick Hamann, Addy Osmani, Andy Davies, Tim Kadlec, Yoav Weiss, Rey Bango, Matthias Ott, Mariana Peralta, Jacob Groß, Tim Swalling, Bob Visser, Kev Adamson and Rodney Rehm for reviewing this article, as well as our fantastic community, which has shared techniques and lessons learned from its work in performance optimization for everybody to use. You are truly smashing!


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About Newcastle
Known for its distinctive dialect and accent, Newcastle-upon-Tyne is certainly a 'canny' place.
England's most northerly city is steeped in history, culture and neoclassical architecture. Having been a major centre for coal mining and manufacturing during the industrial revolution, the city's main sources of employment today are within the office, service and retail sectors. Tourism is also a key part of the economy, with visitors drawn to the many museums, art galleries, the Royal Theatre and sights such as Newcastle castle and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge. Between this mix of industries, top universities and a range of large and innovative companies basing their headquarters in the city, Newcastle contributes a whopping £13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA.
The city is also a founder member of Energie-Cités, an association of local authorities across Europe that aims to assist areas improve their sustainable energy resources. Thanks to a programme launched in 2002, Newcastle is encouraging residents and industries to reduce their CO2 emissions in significant ways, with the goal of becoming the first carbon neutral town.
Sport has played a prominent part in the city. Newcastle is host to the world's biggest and most popular half-marathon, the Great North Run and is home to Championship-side Newcastle United, it's fiercely supported local football team. The team is also notable for former star player, Alan Shearer, a striker for England and the Premier League's top goal scorer of all time.
Other famous people from the city are the recently-retired lead singer of rock band AC/DC, Brian Johnson, and Nobel Prize-winning physicist Peter Higgs, from whom the Higgs-Boson particle gets its name!
The city is served by excellent transport links, with Newcastle Central train station receiving passengers directly from London, Edinburgh and across the North, Midlands and the South West of England. On top of this, Newcastle International Airport sees flights depart for destinations across the UK, Europe and to Dubai International via Emirates Airlines.
And yet, despite the fact that Newcastle is a bustling, popular city, the property prices are generally lower than much of the rest of the country. Investment is pouring in, raising this northern city higher up the property investment hotspot list.


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15 Months PGDM (Executive) Program With Specialization – Operations
The purview of Operations Management ranges from strategic to tactical and operational levels. OM deals with the design and management of products, processes, services and supply chains. It deliberates the procurement, development, and utilization of resources that company need to deliver the goods and services their clients need. The content of the course is designed with the aim of to stay a step ahead of companies' current needs, giving learners the knowledge, skills and perspectives they need to create value for their firms in the future.
Program Eligibility
Bachelor's Degree in any discipline from any recognized University or equivalent degree recognized by Association of Indian Universities (AIU) with a full time work experience after Graduation .
The program is aimed towards professional requirement of working executive, self employed and fresh students who have special interest in the subject.
Program Structure
- The One Year Three Months PGDM (Executive) Program is divided into Two (2) Semesters.
- The Program includes Nine (9) Core courses with a total of Fifty-four (54) credits and Four (4) Elective courses with a total of Sixteen (16) credits and a Project Work of Eight (8) credits.
- In the first semester the student will learn concepts in all the key areas of management.
- The second semester will focus on area of chosen specialization.


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Pollution Monitoring Results
Latest update: results to end of December 2017
Wet wipes have risen to the top of the list in our Thames River Watch litter monitoring results, according to our latest research.
Plastic bottles remain prominent, while the percentage of microplastic and unidentifiable plastic has increased.
Between the start of 2015 and Dec 2017, our volunteers have conducted 102 detailed litter surveys to uncover the type of litter present in London's iconic river. The survey method was developed in partnership with Marine Conservation Society (MCS) to help address the lack of evidence on how much litter is entering the river, how it is getting there and what impact it may be having.
The top 10 items and recommendations
The top 10 items (excluding unidentified objects) found by volunteers on the Thames foreshore account for around 80% of all counted items, providing a clear list of items to target.
Of these top 10, four are easily avoided via simple policy changes. These are:
- Cotton bud sticks: we recommend a ban on plastic cotton bud sticks and a complete return to cardboard to complement voluntary action by retailers already making this shift.
- Bottles and their bottle tops: these can be effectively tackled via a Deposit Return Scheme, on which the UK Government has promised a consultation.
- Plastic glasses from pubs: these can be replaced with reusable hard plastic glasses.
- Polystyrene takeaway containers: we advise a ban on these with a shift to cardboard which are already becoming more common place.
Wet wipes, which contain plastic, are among the most common items found by Thames21 volunteers on the Thames foreshore and Government has pledged a ban on them. They also occur over large areas and in very high densities (on average 45 per square metre in the concentrated zones where they are found).
NB: This result does not mean necessarily that wet wipes are the most common item on the Thames foreshore. Wet wipes collect in different locations to the other items on this list (sinking rather than floating litter hotspots), and in order to have a better sense of which items are the most common, we would have to take into account the overall area over which the litter occurs. As there are very large areas of floating litter in the saltmarshes of the wider estuary, which haven't yet been surveyed in detail, the abundance of wet wipes relative to the floating items might change once the area over which the items occur is considered.
Unidentified items make up a very significant proportion of the total litter items found – 10%. This excludes unidentified small plastics less than 2.5cm and unidentifiable pieces of polystyrene, as these were often too numerous to count.
These items were unidentifiable normally because they had broken down into indistinguishable items. Therefore, the issue of micro-plastics in the Thames environment remains a significant issue which is likely to persist unless innovative methods, other than litter removal, are used to remove them.
Origins of litter
Sewage related toiletries (including wet wipes) are a much bigger proportion of the litter on the Thames than previously understood, accounting for a third of all items recorded to date.
The main difference in the surveys carried out in 2017 compared to previous year's statistics was the organisation of the Big Wet Wipe Count in April 2017. In this, 50 members of the public helped us complete nine litter surveys in one day at a sinking litter hotspot in Barnes by Hammersmith Bridge. This is a notorious collection point for wet wipes and greatly increased the counts for that item in our dataset, to what we think is more reflective of the true situation (see above for clarification).
This highlights the growing need for measures to prevent wet wipes containing plastic ending up in sewers.
Wet wipes are partly made from plastic compounds (such as polyester and polyethylene) and are therefore a significant contributor of plastic to the river. The highest concentration recorded to date was on the south side of Hammersmith Bridge, where 278 wet wipes were found in 1m2, counting those found on the surface only.
Construction litter is more prevalent than previous years; this is mainly due to insulation foam which is finding its way to the river and breaking into small pieces.
Types of plastic drinks bottles found in the Thames
Still mineral water represents by far the most common single-use plastic drink bottle found in the Thames, making them an important pollutant in the Thames at 45% of the total number of bottles found, minimal change to the 47% found to the end of 2016.
Plastic bottles and their bottle tops account for 10% of items found in the Thames. Of those, bottle tops are 7% and bottles themselves 3%. This is because the bottle tops break down into smaller pieces more readily.
This data was collated in two separate events (September 2016 & 2017) by volunteers who tallied all the brands for more than 2,000 bottles recovered from the river's foreshores after our Big Bottle Counts in those years.
The distribution of drinks bottles in the Thames
The natural salt marshes in Essex and Kent are major spots for floating litter such as drink bottles and food wrappers. This greatly harms their amenity value greatly and could also be having adverse environment impacts.
In a separate data strand to the litter monitoring results pie charts above, volunteers have collected 37,000 bottles between April 2016 and April 2018, a period during which Thames21 and the #OneLess campaign, run by ZSL, have kept an overall record.
This is just the number that has been recorded. Others will have been removed in general clean-ups that did not separate types of litter. One of our volunteer Badged Groups focusing on the Concrete Barges site in Rainham has collected just under 19,000 bottles since September 2017.
It is clear that the number of bottles found in the wider estuary (defined as east of Thamesmead) far exceed those in London. This is down primarily due to the occurrence of large areas of saltmarsh in the wider estuary which collect the litter after a high tide recedes.
There is anecdotal evidence that plastic rubbish on the saltmarsh is preventing reeds and other natural vegetation from growing; in areas where litter has been removed, local volunteers report vigorous growth of natural vegetation which had previously been stunted.
Volunteer effort
Volunteer surveys are continuing to increase annually. In 2017, their 48 surveys accounted for almost 600 square meters of area. This is a huge number given the amount of time it can take to count the items in each square. We remain very dependent on, and grateful to, our committed volunteers for making these summary reports possible.
Sinking hotspots were surveyed approximately one third less than floating hotspots, because the surveys have to be timed careful to be there at low tide. Nevertheless, the wet wipes found in nine surveys carried out at the Big Wet Wipe Count in 2017 propelled them to the top of our chart for most items found.
The location of litter on the Thames
Red diamonds are floating sites; brown circles are sinking sites.
Litter in the Thames is no longer distributed randomly throughout the foreshore; it occurs at a specific sites in very high concentrations (which we call litter hotspots) due to the way the plastic litter is carried by the river. Floating litter creates strandlines on slipways and on marshes; sinking litter ends up on the inside bends where the water moves slower.
Thames21 volunteers have been clearing rubbish from the river since the 1990s, removing evidence of years of neglect, particularly big clunky items (e.g. shopping trolleys & tyres). But we have noticed a big rise in the amount of plastic litter in the Thames over this time. The litter occurs at specific sites in very high densities.
Floating hotspots occur where there is suitable surface for the receding tide to leave behind a strandline (such as slipway, beach or a marsh) and includes items such as food wrappers, takeaway containers, drink bottles & cotton bud sticks.
Sinking hotspots occur on the inside of a bend in the river when the water slows down and some items come out of suspension. From Vauxhall Bridge westwards, these sites mostly consist of wet wipes & sanitary products; east of Vauxhall Bridge, we mostly find submerged plastic bags, both industrial and domestic, which fill up with mud and become embedded in the river bed.
Surveys were conducted at various locations along the Thames categorised as:
'Sinking hotspots' – litter accumulates on the bed of the river and deposits at the low tide line. These hotspots often show consistent numbers of microplastics in the sand and mud and are also where most wet wipes, sanitary products and plastic bags are found.
'Floating hotspots' – litter accumulates at the top of the foreshore by floating up with the tide. These sites often accumulate densities of plastic bottles, polystyrene and food packaging.
'Foreshore reaches' – These are more typical areas of Thames foreshore which do not attract large densities of litter but where litter is certainly present. We consider foreshore reaches to be more indicative of the litter along the Thames as a whole. These sites will often contain a mixture of sinking and floating litter items.
Using the maps: Select the litter category you are interested in by clicking the headers below. To display results, hover the mouse on a point or view the full survey by clicking on a data point. A colour-coded key is below the map.
This category refers to any litter that originates from the food industry. It is further categorised by material, including: plastic (e.g. drink bottle, food wrapper); metal (e.g. drink cans, bottle top); polystyrene (e.g. takeaway container, cups); or other (e.g. glass, paper, wood, cork).
Non-food related packaging is a separate category that includes plastic shopping bags, refuse sacks, and bottles/containers not used for food (e.g. cosmetics, pharmaceutical).
This category refers to any litter that is expected to have been discarded down a toilet. This includes baby wipes, sanitary towels, cotton-bud sticks, nappies and syringes.
During our foreshore clean-ups on the Thames, we consistently find fragments of plastic that has already begun to degrade and so cannot be identified. Such plastic fragments are frequently ingested by wildlife and present a significant threat to their health.
Fragments of polystyrene that have begun to degrade are frequently found on the foreshore and present a significant threat to wildlife. Although it is often not possible to identify the source of the polystyrene (e.g. food related or other source), it is important to record the presence and abundance of the material to understand the scale of the challenge they present.


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Ok, let me ask this. Let's just suppose the two slowest players are in the same group of 8 and everyone plays every player two games. It will take at least two days just for this one group. Then these two guys advance and you need two more days just to handle it. Finals on the fifth dayJeff; They don't have to play a lot faster, just as long as the group as a, 'Whole' keeps close to pace with the time schedule! faster matches than 2.5 hrs. will most likely offset the longer ones!
The main thing is, "You have continuous play on ALL 8 tables!"
Doesn't sound like a fix to me


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Youth Architecture Camp
As part of INNOVATE with Queen Elizabeth High School and the Argyll Centre, high school students will learn about architectural design alongside industry experts through hands-on training. During this 4-day program hosted in DIALOG's Edmonton studio, students will:
- Understand space and architectural drawing techniques
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2019 program dates: Tuesday, February 26 to Friday, March 1
Applications are now closed. For information about future architecture camps, please contact Aaron Dublenko at the Argyll Centre with Edmonton Public Schools: firstname.lastname@example.com or 780-267-4677