text:
There attrition bald, small tear, dirt, etc. Look I think that it is very good goods as a whole.North America Central America Middle East AU, NZ. So th America Oh f Rika. International Buyers - Please Note. We do not mark merchandise values below value or mark items as "gifts" - US and International government regulations prohibit such behavior. Japan in goods, when there is a want item, please contact at any time.
I will do my best to answer to your expectations! If you come to travel to Japan (Tokyo), please contact. We've got a wide variety of information. The item "Bandai Cadillac Friction Car Tin Toy Recording patrol 1960 Vintage Rare Japan FS" is in sale since Thursday, July 06, 2017. This item is in the category "Toys & Hobbies\Vintage & Antique Toys\Tin\Vehicles".The seller is "raise_japan_tokyo" and is located in Tokyo. This item can be shipped to United States, all countries in Europe, all countries in continental Asia, Canada, Mexico, Australia.


text:
LawyerHelp Launches New WebApp for Legal Practice Management
LawyerHelp releases groundbreaking new WebApp designed from the ground up for Legal Practice Management.
LawyerHelp has launched a powerful new WebApp that will become one of the most used cloud-based practice management platforms. The LawyerHelp WebApp comes with an innovative design to make all aspects of a lawyer's practice conveniently accessible on all platforms (Desktop, Tablet, Phone). Designed specifically to give lawyers complete flexibility, the LawyerHelp WebApp keeps every important area of a case only a touch away.
In a 2012 Legal Technology Survey Report requested by the American Bar Association, 78% of lawyers reported using smartphones for law-related tasks. This way lawyers are increasingly finding themselves practicing law outside of their offices. Apple's iPhone and Samsung's Android Phones are the most widely cited phones used by lawyers in the survey.
With the new LawyerHelp WebApp, lawyers can manage their practices with an intuitive, powerful app. With a modern layout, the LawyerHelp WebApp maximizes usability by giving users two mobile slide menus on the side and top of the screen. Swiping from left gives users access to the core features of the application including cases, documents, contacts, billing, calendars and tasks. The top menu reveals other functionality where lawyers can view upcoming events, tasks, and recent cases.
Just over 6 months ago we embarked on a journey to develop a WebApp that would redefine how lawyers practice law on the go. With LawyerHelp we are giving to the lawyers a powerful and beautiful WebApp that lets them practice anytime, anywhere.
Other notable features of LawyerHelp's WebApp include an innovative interface to add Cases, Documents, and Notes.
The LawyerHelp WebApp is available for 7 Days Trial and is compatible with all modern browsers on all devices.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Archives of the TeradataForum
Message Posted: Tue, 03 Jan 2006 @ 15:40:19 GMT
I am not sure why you say that the create table is giving you errors. It looks like that was successful according to your log file. Could you post more of the log file that shows the actual error message?
But beforehand, the only problem I see with your script is that you need to specify the starting position for EmpNo in your input file. Assuming it is starting in position 1, change your field layout command to:
.field EmpNo 1 char(9);
Good luck,
2006 Indexes
|Copyright 2016 - All Rights Reserved
|Last Modified: 23 Jun 2019


text:
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated Felipe VI on his coronation as the new king of Spain, media reported Friday.
In a statement issued by his spokesperson Thursday night, Ban wished Felipe VI and Queen Letizia success in fulfilling their responsibilities, Xinhua reported. In the Statement, the Secretary-General expressed gratitude for the royal couple's active engagement in the areas of sustainable development, promotion of human rights, and fostering of dialogue among civilisations.
The UN chief also paid tribute to the "outstanding public service" former King Juan Carlos had rendered for the past four decades and expressed his best wishes to him and Queen Sofia. He added that he is looking forward to continuing the close cooperation between the UN and the Kingdom of Spain in efforts to address pressing global challenges.
Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbon y Grecia was sworn-in as the new king Thursday at the Spanish parliament after his father abdicated the throne.


text:
We've created the Bucay Spotlight to let you know what's trending in our office, whether it's our products or our staff!
La Casita
Hardy Oak
We are working together with the community to keep you safe.
Dr. Bucay was featured in New Beauty Magazine
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The code will automatically generate and show on our end once a Restylane filler is selected. No code will need to be given by the patient.
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We are proud to announce that Dr. Vivian Bucay, Board Certified Dermatologist has been hand-selected by NewBeauty as a partner and will be featured in the Fall 2019 edition of NewBeauty magazine, due on newsstands June 4, 2019!
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text:
sites of interest
the Monterey Board of Selectmen
letter from the editor
to the editor
elected officials
the editor
the score re: village store?
To the Editor at MontereyNews.org -
Hi, we are summer residents in Monterey who live
in London. Keeping in touch with events in Monterey is difficult
and your Web site is potentially very valuable and welcome to us.
We have recently heard that the village store has closed - a potentially
devastating blow for the town. Is there any information on this
you could publish on your site?
IAN and CHRISTA LINDSAY <firstname.lastname@example.com>
London, England
Tuesday, March 05, 2002
(Editor's Note: The following letter was published
in The Berkshire Eagle on Wednesday, January 16, 2002. It
is reproduced on this Web site without permission.)
The January 9 article by Ellen G. Lahr on the proposed Greenriver
charter school was fairly informative.
Regarding the estimated 50 percent of school age children in
Monterey who do not attend the Southern Berkshire Regional School
District, it was noted those children are taught at home or are
in private schools.
I think it needs to be added that there are many students from Monterey
who are school-choiced to other fine public schools in Southern Berkshire
Also, it was reported in the same article that $45 million was
spent on the school construction project for the Southern Berkshire Regional
School District finished in 1992. That figure should have read $25 million.
Monterey, Jan. 10, 2002
© 1999-2002 by MediaNews Group, Inc. and New
England Newspapers, Inc.
(Editor's Note: The following article was published
in The Berkshire Eagle on Wednesday, January 09, 2002. It
is reproduced on this Web site without permission.)
By Ellen G. Lahr
Berkshire Eagle Staff
January 09, 2002
NORTHAMPTON -- Nearly 20 Southern Berkshire County school administrators,
selectmen and superintendents urged state officials to reject the Greenriver
charter school proposal during a two-hour hearing here yesterday.
Opponents repeatedly raised concerns about the potential financial drain
on existing schools, the apparent duplication of public school services,
and the disproportionate effect on a six-district South Berkshire region
with fewer than 3,000 students.
"If one family with three children sees Greenriver as a 'private school'
with no tuition and enrolls there, we could lose a teacher in our school,"
said Garth Story, superintendent of the Farmington River School
District serving Otis and Sandisfield. "To take nearly $1.5 million out
of [all] the local schools for this experiment is not the right thing to
do at this time."
Parents of schoolchildren, though, voiced support for Greenriver, claiming
it would bring innovative educational methods to the area.
Officials from Lenox, Richmond and South County's two largest school
districts -- Berkshire Hills and Southern Berkshire -- echoed
Story's remarks throughout the early evening meeting held by the state
Department of Education at the Northampton Town Hall. Five school
superintendents made the trip, along with principals, School Committee
members and other administrators.
Area officials said Greenriver is based on educationally sound principles,
but it would badly undermine existing schools and duplicate initiatives
already under way in their districts: team teaching, smaller classes, project-based
learning and other teaching methods proposed by Greenriver.
William Cooper, superintendent of the 1,100-pupil Southern
Berkshire district, said the five-town district is already strained
by the $45 million school construction project completed in 1992.
"If 30 parents transferred their students to a charter school, our district
would forward $300,000 to this new independent school," said Cooper, touching
on the funding mechanism for the new school. "The loss of students would
not result in savings, but would force staff reductions and class size
DOE also took public comment on two other charter school proposals --
one in Greenfield and another in Worcester -- but the Greenriver School
drew the most speakers, both for and against.
Stockbridge Selectmen Chairman J. Cristopher Irsfeld said the
Berkshire Hills district -- in which Greenriver would be located -- has
done "a superb job" educating his six children and sees nothing in the
charter school proposal that isn't available in local public schools.
While he does not oppose the charter school concept, he said a charter
school approval for Southern Berkshire could easily undermine the Berkshire
Hills district's plans for new school facilities.
The school construction project, in the $30 million range, may not get
the required voters' approval if they are facing added financial impact
from a charter school in their area.
While opponents were strong in number, proponents were strong in parental
representation. Parents of public and private school students shared their
anecdotes about shortfalls in the public schools, the fast pace required
of students and the high cost of private schools.
About eight proponents spoke at the microphone; a handful of others
were at the end of the speakers' list and didn't get their chance.
Chandler Crawford of Monterey said half the children in
her town don't attend the Southern Berkshire district schools; they are
taught at home or in private schools. Her own daughter, she said, would
"joyfully" attend a charter school.
"I would like my tax dollars to go to a Greenriver School alternative,"
she said, for its "personal, thoughtful and rigorous education."
Another Monterey parent, who said she spends $10,000 per year
on private school tuition for her daughter, commented that public schools
could not meet her child's needs. A charter school would allow the innovation,
slower pace and intimacy that fosters a solid education, she said.
Another parent, Tanya van Breevoort of West Stockbridge, said
after the meeting that she's "outraged" at the trauma her bright daughter
has experienced in public school. She can't home-school her child, she
said, nor can she afford private school tuition.
"I don't feel there's a voice for people like me," said van Breevoort,
who said private schools create a class division that a charter school
could help to bridge.
Brad Lister of West Stockbridge didn't get his chance at the
microphone, but after the meeting broke up, he said he would place his
three daughters in the charter school. Presently, he spends $30,000 per
year to send them to Berkshire Country Day School.
An educational researcher at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy,
N.Y., he said he's frustrated that the most effective educational practices
don't seem to be in place in public schools.
"I'd love to have my children in Greenriver," he said. "It would have
a major positive impact and be a model school. It's just not possible to
do what has to be done within the [public school system]."
Greenriver's founder, Ric Campbell of Ghent, N.Y., did not speak
at the podium, leaving other proponents to voice their support. Campbell,
a Harvard doctoral candidate who would be the administrator of the school,
said he was disappointed at the seemingly fearful attitude among opponents
worried about the financial impact of the charter school.
Asked if the charter school would not siphon money from public schools
-- a charter school is funded with a per-pupil fee from the students' home
school district -- he said he's not aware of specific research showing
that public schools are adversely affected.
During the hearing, though, Northampton Mayor Clare Higgins spoke
forcefully to that issue. Northampton, with 3,000 students, also has two
charter schools nearby.
"I'd say to you in Berkshire County, watch out, because it's decimating
the schools in smaller communities that end up paying the bills," she said.
The city of Northampton, where the schools have been ranked among the
top in the nation, pays $661,000 per year to those charter schools, she
said. A third charter school has now been proposed.
Next year, she said, Northampton could face a charter school bill of
$825,000 if the funding formula is altered by proposed state legislation.
The state DOE is considering nine charter school applications across
the state, and will now send the application to three different review
boards, said Julie Lane, director of Charter School Development for DOE.
Decisions on charter school applications will be made in late February.
The Greenriver school, if approved, would open in Septem-ber 2003, with
140 students in kindergarten through Grade 8. By its fifth year, the school
would potentially have about 230 students through high school, and a budget
of about $2.3 million.
© 1999-2002 by MediaNews Group, Inc. and New
England Newspapers, Inc.
The articles above are reproduced on this Web site without permission.
(The Town of Monterey Logo and Seal are used on this Web
page without permission or authorization. See
Legal Notice.)
© MontereyNews.org®/
All Rights Reserved.
Trademarks of MontereyNews.org and its affiliates.


text:
A highway accident happened in Fairfield yesterday.
Local police have responded to a serious highway accident that occurred on I-95 crossing Fairfield, close to exit 24. Traffic alerts in the area have been issued by authorities due to heavy delays. Injuries have been reported, and police are still investigating the incident. Additional details have yet to be released by officials.
Motor vehicle accidents on major thoroughfares can cause serious injuries to involved parties. Determining the causes of these incidents is crucial as liability/accountability needs to be established. In situations where injuries are caused by negligence or vehicle defects, parties involved can file for damages/compensation with the help of expert legal counsel.
If you or someone you care about was injured in an accident, you may need help navigating the complex challenges of paying for your medical bills, recouping your lost wages, and regaining your quality of life. The Connecticut attorneys with Jonathan Perkins Injury Lawyers can help you through this process, working to hold the responsible party accountable for the pain and suffering you have had to endure. Call 800-PERKINS for a free consultation with a lawyer today.Note: Our blog reports on a variety of sensitive stories with the goal of raising awareness of accidents and the repercussions they can have. We use real news articles as our sources. Should a story be updated or a post on our site be inaccurate, please let us know so we can update our post. Our blog is not intended to be read as legal advice.


text:
Gift Voucher - $229.80 - suits 20-pack of 320g meals
We will email you a nice looking gift voucher with a special Checkout discount code on it, to reduce the checkout amount by the value of the voucher.
Once we receive your order, we will send the voucher, for you to send to a friend, to use on our site.
With this voucher, the recipient is able to purchase a 20-pack box of 320g meals.


text:
Showing 1-1 of 1
By: Air Command and Staff College Maxwell Air Force Base
Price: $8.00
Publisher: AL, Air University Press: 1992
Edition: Tenth Edition
Seller Id: 30916
Condition: Near Fine
Near fine 10th edition soft cover with light color loss on cover from storage, 107 pg text appears unread. Chapters include: Preface/ Taking Command/ Leadership - The Key to Mission Accomplishment/ People Leadership Programs - Military/ People Leadership Programs - Civilians/ Using Local Assistance/ Unit and Self-Evaluation/ Appendix/ Critique Form. View more info


text:
Interest earned on IF-ISA investments is completely tax-free up to your annual investment allowance, which HMRC have set at £20,000 for 2019/20.
Interest earned on investments via Select-Invest or Auto-Invest are subject to tax, which is the sole responsibility of the investor. You can download your transactions and tax certificate statements via the platform.


text:
Son of a Beach – Day 8
Somehow we managed to stay in bed until 10 am this morning. That is pretty awesome if you ask me. Had a light lunch at Hurricane Hannah's which is the pool bar and grill. A heavy storm hit and trapped us there and figures it lasted more than 15 minutes. Eventually we had to get soaked walking back to the room. The bar is a nice little spot out in the middle of the pool area, a little difficult to get to particularly for people with trouble walking. Once there however the staff are friendly and it gives off a good vibe.
The rain lasted a couple of hours so we took it easy until suppertime arrived. We were heading to the Wilderness Lodge resort for Whispering Canyon Cafe. We decided to take a cab rather than take a bus to MK and then a boat or bus to the lodge which I am glad we did. It cost about $15 which was nothing split across 6 people.
I have stayed at the Wilderness Lodge a few times but it has been a while. You forgot just how massive and gorgeous that lobby is. It really is one of the biggest spectacles on property in my opinion. We checked in at the Whispering Canyon and before long our pager went off letting us know our table was ready. We sat and ordered drinks and our waiter was attentive while staying in character. Here they tend to be a little obnoxious on purpose as part of the ambiance. The service doesn't suffer but they will torment you at every opportunity whether it is throwing the drink napkins around the table or screaming bloody murder for some ketchup. The majority of our group ordered the all you can eat family style bbq. I myself got the bison meatloaf. Everything was good, nothing was over the top fantastic but nothing was less than what you would expect for this type of environment. Fun place to eat especially in a group and a trip to see the lobby makes it double worth it.
After dinner we made our way over to the Magic Kingdom. With Extra Magic Hours the park was open until 3am. We kept glancing at the wait time for the 7 Dwarfs mine train and it looked awful all night so kept putting it off. I also was wearing the shirt I had bought solely for the purpose of the trip. I thought the CM's would love it and some did mention it as early as getting by the turnstile, or whatever it is called these days. We did get to ride pretty much everything we wanted without any waits beyond 20 minutes but at 2am we decided the 60 minute posted wait for the mine train wasn't going to get any better. The line was deceiving because basically they have to check everyone's magic band to make sure they are supposed to be in the park since it was onsite hotel guests only. In the end we really only waited 30 minutes for the attraction. Which personally is too much in my opinion. The 8 year old girl behind me as we exited summed it up for me. "Mom, now can we go on a real ride?". Honestly, even though I had previously known they over hyped it, it was still over hyped. It was over before I knew what happened. Yes the one scene in the middle with the animatronics is cool, and yes the quick glance at the end of looking into the cottage is neat. What the heck took so long to create here that is what I want to know. Universal has really stepped up it's game and I know it caught Disney flat footed with their money sunk into my magic+ and Avatar but seriously. It's time to multitask like the rest of us have to do in our daily lives. Yes, if you can't tell, I was disappointed.
We didn't quite make it until 3am but we came pretty close. Fortunately it was not a long wait for our bus and before we knew it I was passed out in the bed at the room.
Oh the last ride was actually Peter Pan's Flight we enjoyed, with a 10 minute wait. When does that ever happen? NEVERland.
Related Links:


text:
Payment methods
We handle various easy ways of online payment. We support iDEAL, your credit card payments are secured securely through the PayPal server, and of course, you can always make your order by telebank or pick up at our warehouse in Amsterdam and pay. This warehouse is only available from 10:00 to 16:00 on business days.


text:
Railroad & Train Backdrops
Modern subways, antique trains, abandoned railways and trolleys, oh my! We offer a variety of locomotive themed backdrops to serve as the setting for your next photoshoot.
Our backdrops are available in InspiraCloth, JerseryCloth, and PrismaCloth, and are versatile and durable so that you can use them for more than just photos, and for years to come.


text:
email page print page
This is a simple guide for those with a loved one with dementia who has moved into a residential home. There are 29 short chapters on basic points and some not-so-basic. The author, Rachael Wonderlin, includes many illustrations from her own experience working in a care community. It's not clear whether her recommendations are based on science but she has got plenty of experience of how to reduce problems. The book starts out with some explanations of dementia and the why care communities might be appropriate. Then there is a lot of practical advice about what to do and what not to do when placing the person with dementia in the community and when visiting. Wonderlin recommends finding meaningful activities for the person with dementia that are within their capabilities -- and much of this involves engaging in activities or recalling events which the person used to do, whether it is cooking, singing, or past events. She emphasizes that it is not important to try to correct the person's false assumptions or ideas: what is important is that the person is happy. She emphasizes that even when you are moving a person to live in a residential home, there is no need to explain that this is a permanent move or that the person will be living away from their family now, for example, if this will just cause upset. It is much better to engage the person in an engrossing activity and leave quietly so that they don't get too upset. She argues that the new residents will settle in much better that way, while they will feel abandoned if a family tries to explain that they are saying goodbye and will only see the person with dementia on visits from now on. She further explains that people with dementia often have little comprehension of the severity of their condition and so don't understand why it is impossible for them to keep on living with their families any more.
While not everyone will agree with the recommendations Wonderlin makes, she does speak from experience. She keeps up a blog on dementia and has worked in long-term care for over ten years. Furthermore, the book is published by Johns Hopkins University Press and is labelled "A 36-Hour Day Book," linking it to the popular guide to caring for people with dementia. There is no doubt that many of the care-giving decisions for people with dementia are difficult, where families have to balance doing what is best for their loved one, maintaining the person's dignity and right to be treated with respect rather than like a child, and their own competing needs to be able to live their lives. Wonderlin does provide a lot of useful advice, and so this could be an excellent resource for people who know someone with dementia who is in, or who might be better off in, a residential facility.
© 2017 Christian Perring
Christian Perring teaches ethics, aesthetics and metaphysics in NYC.
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Fully cooked chicken fillets in a spicy coating.
Chicken (73%), Water, Salt, Modified Tapioca Starch (E1422), Rice Flour, Chilli, Dehydrated Vegetables (Garlic,
Onion), Spice Extract (Capsicum), Palm Oil, Antioxidant (E331), Wheat Flour, Modified Tapioca Starch (E1420),
Yeast Extract, Maize Starch, Raising Agents (E450i, E500ii), Pepper, Colour (E160c).
Gluten, Wheat.
Great serving ideas to get you started with our products


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Sweet Orange Essential Oil and Litsea Cubeba Essential Oil makes a delightfully bright and cheery scent in this soap. This is a refreshing and relaxing soap. This one is a treat.
4-5 oz. bar
ingredients – olive oil, coconut oil, rice bran oil, avocado oil, Shea Butter, goat's milk, castor oil, kaolin clay, Sweet Orange Essential Oil, Litsea Cubeba Essential Oil, silk


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The Ztylus iPhone case is created for the "Phone Photographer." It is touted to be "the world's first and only multifunctional iPhone case" because it combines a full-fledged phone case and 4 lenses in one package. This product couldn't come at a better time as the current iPhone camera is able to contend or even surpass many "point-and-shoot" cameras. Starting with iPhone 5, Apple has created a breakthrough technology in the photography market and the Ztylus team is attempting to make it even better. Skip to the conclusion if you wish to know my final thoughts about the product. Otherwise, spare me an additional 5 minutes as I dive into the details.
As phone case
I just love this case. It's very well-built. Looks sleek and elegant. Feels rock-solid and very well integrated with my iPhone 6 Plus. I have taken actual photos of it after several months of use. This way, you'll get an idea how this products stands up to day-to-day use.
Let's talk about the looks first. The Ztylus phone case is sleek as it does not try to veer away from an already beautiful shape and contours of the iPhone. There are no extraneous designs; all parts, cuts, contours are intentional and beautifully-executed. In fact, I have had a few inquiries and comments from strangers at coffee shops when they notice the elegant duo-tone leather-textured case. The case weighs just 62 grams and provides a slim yet solid all-around protection to the phone. Charging port and speaker grilles are easily accessible yet protected by the CNC-machined aluminum bottom piece that is easily detached by its locking screw. The integrated metal kickstand is solid and not flimsy. A small magnet keeps it nicely tucked on the removable disc when not in use. I also noticed that the phone's main camera is also nicely protected by the case.
The case holds securely in my hand. Grip on the sides feels rock-solid. After months of use, I fell in love with this case.
The Revolver Lens Device
This is the part that differentiates the Ztylus from all the rest. By twisting the mounting disc off the case and attaching the Revolver Lens device, the case is now transformed into a completely different tool. It enables my iPhone to easily switch to any of the four (4) photographic functions - Wide, Macro, Fish Eye, Polarizing Filter. This ingenious device is a marvel to look at. It's no bigger than a powder kit (not that I own one) but stored inside this part-metal part-plastic chassis are these useful gems / lens filters for the avid phone photographer or "Instagrammer." Using it is actually very easy and simple. Lenses are chosen by simply rotating the chassis to select one's desired lens. You would know which lens is selected as it positively clicks into place. Afterwards, flip out the lens filter and swivel it over the camera's lens. That's it.
The Revolver Lens Attachment is amazing. I'd wish it had been built entirely in metal but then it will be too heavy. I always bring the Revolver Lens Device in my bag and have found it very useful in many occasions. I have taken better group photos and find no image degradation using it. The CPL (Circular Polarizing Filter) came to rescue several times when I had to take out some unwated glare and reflection during impromptu product shoots. I rarely use the Fisheye and had wish that a Telephoto lens be installed in its stead. But I know that is not even possible, as the Telephoto will take too much space. The Revolver device has a nice strap lug (the Ztylus case comes with one as well) which I have also used in several occasions when I wanted to wear it around my neck for instant access. Exercise care and this devices should extend to several phone upgrades. Ztylus claims that you can keep this Revolver device and just change the phone case when an upgrade is needed. I am extremely satisfied with this product.
Ztylus did it. I am a bonafide Ztylus Fan. I have used it for several months and have never taken another look at another case. As a phone case, it's extremely well-built and elegant. I am completely confident that my phone is safe with it. The case alone is well worth it.
But what makes Ztylus special is its "Revolver Lens" attachment. It has extended my photographic options with my iPhone. I have used it for both Photo and Video recording with ease. It has come to my rescue many times when I needed to take a big group photo or an impromptu product/still shot. I carry this wherever I go as its extremely portable and lightweight. If you are someone, like me, whose passion is capturing those fleeting moments but finds even the smallest compact camera cumbersome, then look no further. This is as portable and compact as it can get. After all, it's the iPhone we are talking about it. Ztylus just made this proposition oh so much better.


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Halloween Safety Tips for Your Furry Friends
Scary faces and constant visitors are a big part of Halloween which can be especially stressful for some dogs. Joining us with tips to keep your precious pooches safe during trick-or-treat and Halloween parties is Jill DeGrave from the Wisconsin Humane Society. The Humane Society's Halloween Howl is going on at both of their campuses - October 26 at 6:30pm at the Milwaukee Campus and October 29 at 1pm at the Ozaukee Campus. There will be a canine costume contest, tricks for treats, a bone dig, and more! For more information and to register, visit WIhumane.org.


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Adam is a designer and illustrator based in Manchester. He illustrates children's books and designs greeting cards.
Adam asked me to create a website for him to showcase his work to potential clients and publishers. As his designs and illustrations are very colourful, he requested a very simple portfolio design for this website to really help his art to stand out.
I created gallery pages with lightbox functionality that are easy for Adam to update and customise. Additional colour is brought into the website through his logo and the hover effects on the navigation.
The entire WordPress theme was custom developed by me. I did not use any frameworks, child themes or page builder plugins.
- Static homepage
- Gallery pages
- Contact page featuring a contact form
- Mobile navigation
- Fully responsive and mobile friendly


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Display Props
Select the Display Props you need for the buffet or dining room. Choose from a variety of barrels, accent towers, and more. Also, shop for merchandising racks at Wasserstrom.
Order Display Cases and Case Merchandisers
Select your display cases or case merchandisers today and have your products arrive within a few days. Ordering online is easy and fast, most In-Stock items ship out in 2-3 business days. For exact Shipping Estimates, please contact Customer Service. If you have any questions about our buffet and dining room products or would prefer to place your restaurant supplies order by phone, please contact Customer Service.


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Proudly serving Monterey Peninsula and all of Central Coast California.
We are a local family owned construction business. Balestreri Builders Inc is the 2nd generation of Monterey Peninsula general contractors. For over 25 years we have served the Central Coast building countless custom homes, auto dealerships, hotels, restaurants, commercial buildings and more.
Our mission is a simple one, which is a commitment to performing the highest level of quality and service to its clients. We provide competitive, fair market pricing which in turns creates a successful business bond and partnership throughout the construction process. We pledge to establish meaningful and lasting relationships by the gaining of trust through our exceptional performance executed by each and every member of the team.
Our reputation is "building" and we are dedicated to providing quality construction with our experienced personnel and in-house capabilities that provide a comprehensive construction service package that is second to none. We understand that a building is more than the materials used to erect it, that it represents not only the ideas and needs of our client, but the quality and professionalism of our company.
"We build more than homes... We build relationships."
"We staff each of our projects with what we feel are the best field superintendents and skilled carpenters in our industry"... John Balestreri"BBI's success is a direct result of our ability to provide personal, hands-on service to our clients, no matter what size job"... Mario Balestreri"


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Daily Archives: February 1, 2013
Sometimes brides and grooms will wonder if they should get photographs of the couple getting ready before the ceremony. If their budget allows, I often suggest they do. These actually tend to be some of my favorite photographs. The energy is high and emotions are flowing. During this time I try to stay inconspicuous and out of the way. I want people to feel free to be themselves and not constantly aware that they are being photographed.
I am very excited to have stumbled across this blog and was also excited to submit some of my own work for possible inclusion in their blog or perhaps even to have one of my photographs chose as one of the best wedding photographs of the year! Excited, I read the terms and conditions and came across this. 🙁 Unfortunately I won't be participating … Handing over the copyrights to photographs I have taken at a wedding is something I am not comfortable with, nor do I think my clients would be pleased.
"Unless Junebug Weddings has otherwise expressly agreed with you in writing, by posting messages, uploading files, submitting any reviews, opinions or any other information, or engaging in any other form of communication (individually or collectively "Communications") to Junebug Weddings or JunebugWeddings.com, you hereby grant to Junebug Weddings a perpetual, worldwide, irrevocable, unrestricted, non-exclusive, royalty free license to use, copy, license, sublicense, adapt, distribute, display, publicly perform, reproduce, transmit, modify, edit and otherwise use such Communications, in all media now known or hereafter developed. You hereby waive all rights to any claim against Junebug Weddings for any alleged or actual infringements of any proprietary rights, rights of privacy and publicity in connection with such Communications."
Boo hoo.. Anyway, I still wanted to share this fantastic site.. perhaps some of my grooms and brides will be inspired!
To view some of my Wedding Photography please click on the following link;
Wedding Portfolio
~John Carnessali
I couldn't keep it to just 5 (LOL)..
I have recently come across some great wedding photographers and wanted to share. I like each for their own reasons. What I like about all of them is their distinct "voice" and imagery.
Please comment below and share some of your favorite wedding photographers.
In no particular order.
1. Chrisman Studios – San Francisco Wedding Photographer.
2. Ron Antonelli – Photojournalist as well as wedding photographer
3. Sergio Photography – Base out of AZ
4. Susan Stripling – NYC Wedding Photographer
5. Todd Laffler Photography – NJ Wedding Photography
6. Twin Lens Photography – NM Based Wedding Photography Duo
To view some of my Wedding Photography please click on the following link;
Wedding Portfolio
~John Carnessali
Some couples wonder if engagement photos are truly necessary.. especially when they are on a budget or one or both don't particularly like having their pictures taken. So why take engagement photos? (Besides just to document what a good looking couple you are!)
Practical reasons for booking an engagement session are so you can submit a shot to your local paper to announce your engagement. You can use them creatively in your wedding day decor, or give framed prints as gifts to your families.
Need an ultra-practical reason to schedule an engagement photo shoot? It's a great opportunity to test-drive your wedding photographer and see what their approach and style is. I have found that couples who book an engagement session with me are often more comfortable on the day of the wedding. A rapport is built and stylistic approaches can be.
- Day one/two: You might want picture of yourselves to commemorate the moment you get engaged – you'll already be wearing a naturally happy smile and won't feel the need to "fake it" for the camera… lol.. They don't need to be fancy .. even a cell phone photo will do.. these are for fun and to informally announce your engagement.
- When you set the wedding date: Schedule a photo shoot early in your engagement if you plan to submit a formal engagement announcement with a photo to your local paper. Be sure to check the paper's guidelines for specific pose or print quality requirements, which may or may not be listed on the newspaper's website. You will be able to use the images for the "Save The Date". If this appeals to you and you're planning to send guests an early heads-up, have photos taken eight to ten months before the wedding, in time to print and send "Save The Dates" no later than six months before the wedding..
- Two to six months before: Trying out wedding day looks? Schedule hair and makeup trial appointments the same day as your engagement photo session. It is a great opportunity to try out both your MUA and Photographer and work out any kinks.
Advantages to Engagement Session
I offer substantial discounts for couples who book a wedding package with me. I do this for one main reason – to build rapport and it also provides a good opportunity for the couple to see my style and approach with both candid and more posed photographs. In addition it also gives an opportunity for you to go over the photos and let me know which ones you like best. If you haven't booked your nuptial shutterbug yet, look at engagement photos as a chance to be more comfortable in front of the camera on your wedding day and without wondering what you should be doing, IF you should be doing something at all! I find that couples who have booked an engagement session are more relaxed on their wedding day.
Communicate with your sweetie
Before you call a single photographer, have a heart-to-heart with your sweetie about what kinds of engagement photos you'd like — posed or candid, formal or casual. Again, let your decisions be guided by how you plan to use the pics: Will they be hanging on grandma's wall, reproduced in black-and-white newsprint, or shrunk down to the size of a quarter for personalized favor stickers? Advance planning will help you make the most of your pictures. Some photo-friendly options to consider for your engagement shoot:
- Outdoors: There's no need to spend a day cooped up in a photographer's studio if you don't want to. Visit to a nearby park, botanical garden, or downtown. I may be able to suggest local sites that make great backdrops for pictures as I am familiar with a lot of great locations.
- Your Home: Your home is your comfort zone and when you're comfortable, you will look better in the photos. There is also the possibility of photographing in your home and in addition somewhere outdoors. Let me know what you have in mind and we can take it from there.
- Around your world in a day: You can create a meaningful backdrop for your engagement photos by revisiting nearby places that are significant to the two of you: the restaurant where you had your first date, a location which the both of you love, the bus stop where you shared an umbrella -you get the idea. While I am taking your pictures, talk to each other and relive a few of the moments that brought you together: It's a great recipe for a series of romantic and fun candid shots.
- Get close: You probably don't need to be persuaded to get close to your fiance, but do plan on being affectionate: hug, hold hands, sling your arm around each other, whisper in each others ears, etc.. . You're in love and this session is all about showing the world! This is a great time to reflect and express how much you mean to one another and the love that resides between you. Besides, if you're planning to submit a photo to a newspaper with your announcement, many publications specifically request close-up couple shots.
More tips
An engagement photo does not require you to shop for matching outfits. Here are some basic guidelines for dressing the part:
- What to Wear?: Whether you're going formal or casual, solid colors are encouraged. Try to avoid plaids, florals, patterns, etc… However, there are always exceptions and the most important exceptions are the ones where it reflects who you are! So if plaids are your thing, by all means where plaid! If you're worried about color, pick a neutral and a few coordinating color tones you both like and bring a few options to the shoot.
Thank you for taking time out to read this and congratulations on finding love. Love is the glue that bonds the sacred connection of two souls together. The level of love you share is special, profound and rare. Something to be in awe of and thankful for. Something to be honored, respected and treated as sacred.
For more information about engagement and wedding photography including tips, check my blog.
Many of these suggestions came from — The Knot
Read more: Wedding Photography: Engagement Photo Basics – TheKnot.com http://wedding.theknot.com/wedding-planning/wedding-photography-videography/articles/engagement-photo-basics.aspx#ixzz1K63V7uVi


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An alternative is to place a reservation order on top of your delivery order & collect it at our cartels. (maximum 40 pouches in total)
(SG) I need to order more than 40 pouches total for delivery. How can I do so?Follow
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La Boutique Alimentaire: the pinnacle of artisan food. Every day, the four musketeers, as they sometimes call themselves, prepare the tastiest freshly grilled vegetables and healthy salads. Anne, Stéphane, Steve and Jean-Pierre also love to experiment with new ingredients. Take your plate and put together your own lunch.
Catering service
La Boutique Alimentaire also provides catering for events or a business lunch. Ask what they can do for you. You will not be disappointed.


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| Renewal Institute
Renewal Institute Clinics are located in Gauteng, Cape Town, Pretoria and Durban. Our medical aesthetic treatments include injectables, medical lasers, PDT Therapy, Carboxytherapy, Mesotherapy and Laser Hair & Vein Removal.
All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020. Republish permission. ADSL & Web hosting proudly provided by Afrihost. Bizcommunity.com, its sponsors, contributors and advertisers disclaim all liability for any loss, damage, injury or expense that might arise from the use of, or reliance upon, the services contained herein. Privacy policy, Terms of Use, PAIA.


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Whats is Migraine and its treatment?
- April 23, 2019
- by
- Jhon Adam
Migraine is disabling headaches that almost all doubtless stem from issues with the nerves and blood vessels within the head. hemicrania headaches usually last from 4-72 hours. they will occur as typically as many times per week to just once a year. people that have migraines are referred to as migraineurs.
Migraine headaches have an effect on a major proportion of the population. thrice as many ladies as men have migraines. Most of the migraineurs have relations WHO have migraines. the subsequent varieties of hemicrania headache are identified:
Migraine while not aura (common hemicrania): this sort...


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About the Podcast
Join the Exodus Cry team as they discuss the most current updates on all aspects of the commercial sex industry, including sex trafficking, prostitution, pornography, and stripping. They'll dive into controversial and often hotly debated topics surrounding global sex industry policy, ideology, gender and sexuality, and even the spiritual aspects of injustice.
Benjamin Nolot and Laila Mickelwait reflect on ten years of Exodus Cry's abolition work recounting the origin of Exodus Cry's focus on abolition of the sex industry, victories over the years, lessons learned and more.Ep. 68: Porn Convention Outreach
Helen Taylor recalls stories and experiences from a recent outreach at a major porn convention.Ep. 67: Preparing and Protecting Your Children Living in A Porn Culture: Liz Walker
Liz Walker is an accredited sexuality educator, speaker and author, dedicated to culture shifting initiatives that respond to pornography harms on children & young people.Ep. 66: Interview With Meghan Murphy on the Radical Feminist Critique of the Sex Industry
In this episode, Meghan Murphy unpacks the evolution of her feminism and how it led her to develop a potent critique of the sex industry that is based on a radical feminist foundation.Ep. 65: Survivor Christina Rangel: The Prostitution Experience and Finding Freedom
Sex trafficking survivor Christina Rangel, the founder and director of Extreme Love Anti-trafficking (ELAT) at Bethel Redding church in California, talks about what it was like being sold for sex and how she found freedom.Ep. 64: Sex Trafficking Survivor Christina Rangel's Story of Recruitment and Exploitation
Our interview with Christina Rangel, a survivor of sex trafficking and the founder and director of Extreme Love Anti-trafficking (ELAT) at Bethel Redding church in California.Ep. 63: Reflecting on 10 Years: Intervention Part 2
Benjamin, Laila and Helen continue to reflect on the past ten years of Exodus Cry's intervention work.Ep. 62: Reflecting on 10 Years: Intervention Part 1
In this episode Benjamin, Helen and Laila reflect on the evolution of Exodus Cry's work in the realm of intervention. Stories are shared as they remember the history and development of the organization's intervention efforts.


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How should overtime pay be calculated?
As an employer, you should make it clear in your Contract of Employment if a worker is entitled to receive pay for any overtime worked and if so at what rate this will be calculated.
Typically, overtime rates apply for hourly paid workers whereas salaried employees may be expected to work overtime with no additional pay in order to fulfil their duties – either way this should be made clear to avoid any confusion. Were overtime is not paid, the employees' hourly rate must not fall below the current National Minimum Wage.
As an employer you may want to consider whether you offer an incentive of a higher rate of pay for overtime to encourage your staff to work the overtime you may need. This is often the case when overtime may be in unsociable hours such as evenings or weekends.
You may want to consider alternatives to offering overtime pay such as time off in lieu. This means that an employee 'banks' the additional overtime hours they work and can take these as leave at a later time. For this to work effectively it is essential that you are able to keep accurate records of lieu time as it is accrued and taken by employees. Ideally any arrangements for time off in lieu should be clearly documented so that both employer / employee understand issues such as:
What about part time workers?
Unless your contract says differently, there is no obligation on an employer to pay a part time worker an overtime rate until they have worked the same amount of hours as their full time counterpart. When they have worked a total of the full time equivalent in hours then you must apply the same rates as a full time worker if these are enhanced rates.
If you have any questions or concerns relating to working hours or overtime then call one of our HR Experts on 0844 87972886
Back to News
Sarah and the team at Quest have provided us HR support since January 2013.
Quest Consulting Services provided us with a comprehensive employment structure with contacts and a handbook and have been on hand to help me deal with the occasional issue I have faced with team members through their telephone support service.
As our personal Consultant, Sarah provides a quality, professional and complete service which is great value for money.
Northern Accountants
Sarah has transformed our HR and has introduced systems that have taken lots of hassle away from staffing issues within our company.
We have worked with Sarah and her team for 5 years and in this time our business has grown considerably. With telephone support available for all our Managers as they need it plus Sarah and her team proactively keeping us updated on changes in legislation we are reassured that we are in safe hands.
The HR software that Quest implemented also helps us keep on top of the routine aspects of HR such as holiday bookings, recording absence, holding personnel records which then allows Sarah and her team easy access to give us relevant advice.
Our Managers have also benefited from workshops run by Sarah to help develop their skills on handling issues such as disciplinary, appraisals, recruitment etc….
The support of Quest is invaluable and provides a much more cost effective solution than employing a HR Manager in house.
Off Limits Corporate Events
Why would anybody NOT have Sarah working 'alongside' their business?
I've known Sarah for many years and she's always been there for me and the business when her wealth of knowledge has been called upon.
We have used Sarah and her team to handle our contracts, handbook and Health & Safety and they are readily available on the telephone when needed or on site at our premises.
Highly recommended.
10 Associates
Quest Consulting Services
The Chancellor announced on 20th March the new Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme which is a grant available to employers to help reduce redundancies...
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The changes to the FMLA can be confusing and supervisors can now be personally liable for non-compliance with, and violations to the FMLA. Compliance training is more critical than ever.
Help prevent lawsuits and ensure compliance with a clear, comprehensive and accurate understanding of the new FMLA. This video walks your employees, step-by-step, through the tricky legal terrain, explaining the law's requirements in non-legalistic, easy-to-understand language
Languages Available (sold separately): English
A DuPont Sustainable Solutions release


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Ashley Widing earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from Dickinson College in 2005 and completed her M.S. in Occupational Therapy at Thomas Jefferson University in 2010. Ashley is currently a pediatric occupational therapist at Miller Children's Hospital, Pediatric Rehab in Long Beach, California. She primarily covers acute care working with children 0-21 years who have acquired an injury and/or have a disease process which impacts their ability to engage in age-appropriate occupations (dressing, feeding, etc.).
Did your DV education have any impact on your choice of career or current success?
DV gave me the understanding that a "learning disability" is more of a "learning difference". DV provided me the tools (and encouragement and confidence for self-advocacy) to find a way to learn differently. This is what I do for others on a daily basis... I teach my patients how to accommodate for their differences and achieve important milestones.
"In what grade did you enter DVFS and from what type of school?
I entered DV in 10th Grade from an all-girls private, college prep school.
Can you tell us a little bit about your learning difference?
I have dyslexia and ADD.
What changed for you at DVFS?
At DV, I gained confidence and the tools to advocate for myself.
Do you have any special memories from your time at DVFS?
David Calamaro. What an inspiring mentor. Dave was always dedicated to my success. He was always a cheerleader, not just for me, but for every individual student.
What do you think the long-term value of DV education has been for you?
DV gave me the skills to lay the foundation to build my successful future.


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Bookshelves are a very versatile and functional piece of furniture that are a great use of space in your home.
The only problem with them is that they can be a little boring to look at. Fortunately, there are a lot of really simple ways to dress up your bookshelves…so you can add some pizzazz without taking a lot of time to do it!
Read on to find out how.
Paint the Inside A Different Color
This post may contain affiliate links. We make a small commission if you buy the products from these links (at no extra cost to you). As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. But we only recommend products we would use ourselves. For more information, click here to see our disclosures.
If you want to add some interest to your shelves without doing a lot of extra work, try painting the inside of the shelf a different color than the outside. The contrast makes whatever you have on the shelves stand out a little more.
In this case, the outside of the bookshelf is painted a grey color that co-ordinates with the wall color, which makes the blue on the inside of the bookshelf really stand out.
Paint a Rainbow
Rainbow painted bookshelf, via cupofjo.com
If you want to take the paint treatment to another level, check out the bookshelf in this New York City apartment. They have painted the inside of each shelf a different color in the rainbow, which definitely makes a statement in the room!
You could do something similar with different shades of the same color to create an ombre effect.
Cover the Back in Fabric
If you want more pattern on your bookshelves, try covering the back with fabric.
It has the added advantage that if you have electronics on your shelf, you can hide the cords behind the fabric.
1. Cut a piece of fabric that is few inches wider and longer than the back of the shelf.
2. Turn the edges under and line it up with the edge of the shelf. Make sure any wires are pushed up behind the fabric.
3. Staple the edges in place.
And you have a shelf with no wires showing!
Cover the Back In Wallpaper
Photo by Martha O'Hara Interiors
Wallpaper is another great way to add some pattern to the back of your bookshelf. A bold geometric pattern can really make your shelves stand out.
Cover the Back in Mirrors
If you want to add some sparkle and reflection to your bookshelf, try lining the back with mirror. You can get it cut to size at a local glass and mirror company. Then glue it up with mirror adhesive.
In this wall unit, the shelves also have a shiny finish which really adds some glamour. Click here to see the instructions for making your own silver shelving.
Add Mirrors to the Front Supports
If you want a more subtle effect that still adds some interest to your shelves, glue strips of mirror to the front supports. Again, a local glass and mirror company should be able to cut them to size for you.
It will add a little sparkle without being overwhelming, and still shows up when you actually use your shelves to store a lot of books!
Line the Back With Beadboard
Installing beadboard behind the shelves adds some texture, via anurbancottage.blogspot.com
To add some texture to your shelves, install beadboard behind them. Painting it before you nail (or glue it) up there will make the installation job much easier.
Use Glass Shelves
Living room with glass shelves, photo by Fredman Design Group
If you want to showcase some of your collectibles, replace the shelves with glass. Then add some lights under the top shelf that highlight your collection.
With all of these really easy options, you can stop looking at your boring bookshelves once and for all!


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Learn how to make the best Italian bread rolls that is perfect for snacks or even breakfast. Check out the recipe now!
Italian bread rolls is one of the best bread that was discovered in this world. For most countries, they also have their specialty bread recipe, which also have their original unique taste. For the reason that we all love all sorts of bread especially when it is freshly baked, we still continue to discover more ways to make any bread tastier and can be prepare easily.
Italian bread rolls is one of tastiest bread recipes that can be prepare in few minutes though it requires a bit of expertise but I'm pretty sure that everyone can successfully make it and be able to achieve a fluffy inside and crisp outside bread.
Every time I bake this bread, I always serve it with butter or cheese that makes me enjoy the bread a lot better. But if you want to try something else, that would alright as long as you'll satisfy yourself.
So its time for you to learn how to make this recipe by checking out the simple ingredients below.
Italian Bread Rolls Recipe
2 packages of active dry yeast
½ teaspoon of sugar
3 Cups of flour
½ teaspoon of salt
2 teaspoons of olive oil
1 Cup of warm water (110 degrees F)
1. In a large bowl, combine all the ingredients except for the water and mix it in low speed stand mixer fitted with a dough hook. Slowly stream the warm water until you see that the dough forms. Knead it for about 3-5 minutes until the dough becomes very smooth.
2. Put some flour in your work surface and shape the dough into a ball. Place the shaped dough and cover it for one hour until the dough is doubled.
3. Grease a baking sheet and set aside. Punch down dough and divide into 6 equal pieces then roll it into 2 ½ inch ball. Lightly floured the top and bottom of each roll before putting it in the baking sheet. Cover it again and let it rise for 30 minutes.
4. Preheat your oven into 350 degrees. Bake the rolls for 40 minutes or until the bread is golden brown.
5. Serve it with butter or your favorite chocolate syrup. Enjoy!
Thank you for patiently reading this wonderful bread recipe. I'm pretty sure you will enjoy this Italian bread rolls as I enjoy sharing this recipe to you.


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Course:FNH200/Lessons/Lesson 10
Preservation of Food with Ionizing Energy
Overview The exposure of food to ionizing energy, more commonly known as food irradiation, is a preservation technology that has generated much public debate. In this lesson you will learn important definitions relating to the technology. The types of sources of ionizing energy and irradiator layout will be introduced. You will learn about the current regulations regarding the use of ionizing energy for food preservation in Canada and in other countries. We will explore a number of issues and controversies about the use of ionizing energy in the food industry. When you have completed this lesson, you should have a sound understanding of ionizing energy as a preservation technology and be familiar with the issues that have been raised in the popular press.
Objectives: Upon completion of this lesson you will be able to:
- Understand the concept of food irradiation as a food preservation method;
- Define key terms used in conjunction with preservation of food with ionizing energy;
- Describe the principles for determining the required irradiation dose depending on the desired outcome
- Describe the principles for determining wholesomeness and safety of irradiated foods
- Learn about current regulations, and what food products are approved for irradiation in Canada versus other countries
- Articulate a personal set of values pertaining to the use of ionizing energy in food preservation
Suggested Reading:
- Smith, J.S. and Pillai, S. 2004. Irradiation and Food Safety. (A scientific status summary). Food Technology, 58(11): 48-55 http://www.ift.org/food-technology/past-issues.aspx
- Division 26, Food Irradiation. Food and Drugs Act, and the Food and Drug Regulations. Ottawa. http://laws.justice.gc.ca./eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/index.html
- Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising. Section 2.14.1. Food Irradiation. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch2ae.shtml
- Food Irradiation by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Nov. 2002. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/concen/tipcon/irrade.shtml
- Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Food Irradiation on the Health Canada website (last updated 2002/11/25) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/irridation/faq_food_irradiation_aliment01-eng.php
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Radiant Energy
- 3 Food Irradiation
- 4 Preservation Principle
- 5 Concerns about Food Irradiation
- 6 Factors Affecting Food Irradiation
- 7 Potential Applications of Radiant Energy
- 8 Consumer Acceptance
- 9 Regulations and Use of Ionizing Energy in Canada
- 10 Final Thoughts
Aside from the use of genetically modified organisms in foods, there is perhaps no other method of food preservation that has generated as much heated debate recently as food irradiation. Although the basic concept of food irradiation as a food preservation technology is not new (a patent for food preservation by irradiation was applied for in the United States in 1921), it is nonetheless a controversial method of food preservation.
Much of the controversy about food irradiation seems to stem from a fear of the unknown and unfamiliar - we have often seen references in media reports of food irradiation associated with radioactive fallout, accidents at nuclear power plants and concerns about nuclear war and weapons testing. This has led to further confusion in the minds of the general public about food irradiation and what the process actually involves. Upon completing this lesson, you will have a good knowledge of what food irradiation is, what its potential applications are, the physical process of food irradiation, and limitations and advantages of food irradiation as a method of food preservation.
Radiant Energy
Radiation refers to the emission and propagation of energy through matter or space by electromagnetic disturbances. These forms of energy are found within the the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation (Figure on right). This is an organized scale where we find energy ranging from radio waves, microwaves, visible light to ionizing radiation. Each of these forms of energy vary in frequency, wavelength, energy value, penetrating power, and their effects on biological systems.
The longer wavelengths of electromagnetic energy that we are familiar with include visible light, infrared and ultraviolet rays. These are characterized by having low penetrating power. Microwaves and infrared radiation are two examples of the longer wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Microwaves are used in food for their heating properties. The microwaves travel in straight lines and pass through air, glass, paper and plastic, but reflected by metals. They are readily absorbed by water (polar molecule), causing it to vibrate. Heat is generated by the intermolecular friction generated from the vibrating water (polar) molecules in food. Microwaves are absorbed by food up to a depth of 5 to 7.5 cm.
- Infrared energy can generate heat. They can reach temperatures above 100°C. Typical examples of infrared energy can be seen in ovens, toasters, and even those "infrared" lamps used to keep food warm.
Food Irradiation
Food Irradiation is the application of radiation, in the form of ionizing energy, to foods. According to Health Canada, Food Irradiation means "the treatment of food with ionizing radiation" from the following sources (read the full definition in Division 26 of the Food and Drug Regulations):
- Gamma radiation from a Cobalt-60 or Cesium 137
- X-rays generated from a machine source operated at or below 5 MeV
- Electrons generated from a machine source operated at or below 10 MeV
Important Definitions pertaining to food irradiation:
- Gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation that has very short wavelengths, similar to "short" x-rays. Isotopes such as cobalt 60 and cesium 137 emit gamma radiation as they disintegrate. The energy level of the gamma radiation emitted by these isotopes will not induce radioactivity in food materials.
- X-rays are electromagnetic radiations that are highly energetic and of short wavelength. X-rays are produced by x-ray machines that emit a beam of fast electrons which hit a metal target in a vacuum. X-ray machines emit radiation only when the machines are turned on.
- Electrons with high-energy (speed) may also be generated by an electron beam accelerator. Electron Beam Accelerators need only electricity to operate and produce no waste materials
- The Gray is a unit of energy absorbed by a food irradiated with ionizing radiation. One gray (Gy) is equivalent to the absorption of 1 joule of energy by 1 kilogram of food. One thousand grays equals one kilogray (kGy). Most of the ionizing radiation processes permitted around the world involve absorbed doses of <10 kGy.
- The Rad is another unit used to express the radiation absorbed dose (rad), where 100 rads = 1 Gy. However, the preferred unit is the kGy (above)
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is a Canadian federal crown corporation that is a leading agency in the development of food irradiators that use cobalt 60 as the energy source. The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) (formerly the Atomic Energy Control Board or AECB) regulates the use of nuclear energy and material in Canada.
Cobalt 60 is produced in the Canadian-built Candu reactors. It is contained within the stainless steel rods that are used to control the rate of nuclear fission and as such is not extracted from spent nuclear fuel. In this context, the cobalt is housed within stainless steel rods which are transported to a facility near Ottawa where the cobalt 60 pellets within the rods are recovered and then reassembled in stainless steel rods to be used as the energy source in food irradiators, irradiators for sterilizing medical supplies (bandages, specimen containers) and devices, or for use in irradiators utilized for cancer therapy.
The figure on the right shows a typical diagram of a irradiation facility. In such a facility the food pre-packaged in boxes that are loaded into a pallet carrier where a conveyor system moves the food in the pallets. The pallets are carried into a chamber with irradiation source (eg. Cobalt 60). The pallet carriers travel through the irradiator room and around the Cobalt 60 source at a speed such that the required absorbed dose is attained. Absorbed dose depends on amount of time food is exposed to the irradiation source. Dosimeters are placed with the food to measure the dose received (absorbed) in kGy. The irradiated pallets of food exit to the unloading station which is physically separated from the loading station so that treated and untreated foods do not become intermixed.
Where are the (food) irradiation plants in Canada?
Most of the irradiation facilities in Canada process medical and personal care supplies. MDS Nordion (Laval, Quebec) and Iotron (Port Coquitlam, BC) process some dry food ingredients. The former uses gamma rays, while the latter uses electron beam technology. The Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC) is a training centre operated as a joint venture by MDS Nordion and the Université du Québec, Institut Armand-Frappier (IAF).
Approved Applications in Canada
Though irradiation has a wide range of applications, only four food (categories) irradiated may be sold in Canada. The table below shows a list of irradiation applications and indicates those approved in Canada.
|Approved in Canada?
|0.15 kGy max.
|Sprout inhibition
|0.15 kGy max.
|Sprout inhibition
|0.3 to 1.0 kGy
|Trichinella spiralis
|No, approved in the US
|Wheat, Flour, Whole Wheat Flour
|0.75 kGy max.
|Insect infestation control
|Fruit and Vegetables
|1.0 kGy max.
|Disinfestation, ripening delay
|No, approved in the US
|Fresh Shell Eggs
|3.0 kGy max.
|Salmonella control
|No, approved in the US
|Dehydrated Seasoning Preparations
|10.00 kGy max.
|Microbial control
|A newly approved food as of Feb 22, 2017 (study info)
|Yes, as of Feb 22, 2017
Preservation Principle
The changes induced in food by absorption of ionizing energy can arise from both direct and indirect effects. Please read the required reading Irradiation and Food Safety for details.
Direct Effects
Microorganisms may be killed by a direct effect of the ionizing energy upon genetic material within the microbial cells that leads to death of the microorganism. As mentioned in the required reading (Irradiation and Food Safety) "the damage occurring from ionizing radiation can be random and extensive, making DNA repair near impossible". In some cases, even relatively small changes in the DNA can destroy bacterial cells, and the disruption of genetic material in living cells by irradiation also enables destruction of insects, inactivation of parasites, delaying of ripening, and prevention of sprouting.
Indirect Effects
The basis of food preservation by treatment with ionizing energy is the ability of the absorbed quanta of energy to dislodge electrons from molecules with the concomitant creation of free radicals without inducing radioactivity in the food.
When ionizing energy from sources permitted for use in food irradiation is absorbed by food and collides with a molecule or atom, an ion-pair is produced if the energy from the collision is sufficient to dislodge an electron from an atomic orbit. This phenomenon can lead to breaking up of one or more bonds between atoms in the molecule, leading to new molecular fragments possessing unshared electrons (free radicals). Because of the unshared electron, free radicals are extremely reactive, and tend to react with other free radicals or other molecules with unshared electrons.
One out of every six billion chemical bonds in bacteria or food molecules are broken by irradiation as indicated on right. The formation of ion pairs and free radicals, the reaction of free radicals with one another or other molecules, and the chemical and physical phenomena that occur as a consequence of these events, form the mechanisms for the inactivation of microorganisms, enzymes and alterations of food constituents during food irradiation.
Irradiation also lead to the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an antimicrobial agent that kills bacteria, yeasts and moulds in foods.
Concerns about Food Irradiation
Presence of Free Radicals
It is true that free radicals are produced in foods during irradiation. However, free radical formation is not unique to foods which have been irradiated with ionizing energy. For example, oxidative reactions in foods containing unsaturated fats also involve free radical formation, and free radicals are also formed during the course of the Maillard browning reactions. Free radicals are also produced within our bodies and other living tissues during normal metabolism. Mechanisms (chemical and enzymatic) for inactivation of free radicals exist within the human body and other living tissues.
Radiative Foods
Irradiation using approved sources provides enough energy to knock an electron from the outer orbit (that is why it is termed "ionizing radiation" or "irradiation"); however, it does not have sufficient energy to penetrate the nucleus and eject neutrons, which would be required to induce radioactivity. Therefore food will NOT become radioactive by irradiation conducted using approved energy sources.
To become radioactive, food would need to be exposed to a minimum of 15 MeV of energy. The energy output of Cobalt 60, Cesium 137, and e-beam accelerators is carefully regulated. Currently, the maximum energy outputs allowed are 5 or 10 MeV, which are too low to induce radioactivity in food.
You may be interested to know that all foods are naturally radioactive, although of course at a very low level. This low background level of radioactivity arises from the naturally occurring isotopes in elements such as carbon, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur.
Radiolytic Products
Another concern expressed about food irradiation is the possible formation of unique radiolytic products. However, in fact the molecular changes in foods treated with ionizing energy are not usually unique or distinct from those found in non irradiated foods such as those treated by thermal processing. The few unique radiolytic products that have been found are at such trace levels, that they are not considered to be of any significance, and toxicological studies have not found evidence of any harmful effects.
Other changes can occur in foods during irradiation with ionizing energy via indirect effects. These changes can involve the radiolysis of water molecules to produce reactive hydroxyl radicals, or reactions in foods of peroxides and peroxide free radicals with fats, leading to lipid oxidation (rancidity). Some vitamins are also sensitive to radiation. The extent of effects on both macronutrients and micronutrients is of course dependent on the dose of irradiation. Page 51 of Irradiation and Food Safety describes the effects of food irradiation on macro- and micro- nutrients. It also describes some of the sensory changes that have been perceived and their implications with the consumer.
Factors Affecting Food Irradiation
The factors that need to be considered and controlled during food irradiation include:
- Safety and wholesomeness of the foods
- Resistance of food to irradiation
- Resistance of microorganisms to ionizing energy
- Resistance of enzymes to ionizing energy
- Cost
Safety and Wholesomeness of Irradiated Foods
In Canada, the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada considers issues about safety and wholesomeness of irradiated foods, in addition to the safety and wholesomeness of foods preserved by other food preservation methods. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency considers aspects related to labelling of irradiated foods. The issues of safety and wholesomeness of irradiated foods revolve around criteria of the following four principles:
- Radiological safety: ensuring that foods do not become radioactive during irradiation
- Toxicological safety: ensuring that production of toxic and possibly carcinogenic substances does not occur
- Microbiological safety: ensuring the efficacy of the radiation process with respect to the ability of the prescribed absorbed dose to kill disease-causing microorganisms that could be in the food
- Nutritional adequacy: ensuring that undue losses of nutrients do not occur as a consequence of treatment of food with ionizing energy
The conclusions drawn by the Canadian and international regulatory agencies about food irradiation are that foods treated such that the absorbed dose is below 10 kGy do not contain toxicants at undesirable levels. That is, the irradiated foods which have absorbed a dose of less than 10 kGy are wholesome and safe for long-term consumption.
- In 1997, a Study Group was convened by the World Health Organization(WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to evaluate wholesomeness of food irradiated with doses above 10 kGy. In a report published in 1999, "The Study Group concluded that food irradiated to any dose appropriate to achieve the intended technological objective is both safe to consume and nutritionally adequate ... Accordingly, irradiated foods are deemed wholesome throughout the technologically useful dose range from below 10 kGy to envisioned doses above 10 kGy" (WHO Technical Report Series 890). Applying the concept of "substantial equivalence", even high-dose irradiated foods are considered to be as safe as foods sterilized by conventional thermal processing, such as canning of low-acid foods.
Resistance of Foods to Ionizing Energy
Not all foods are amenable to preservation by treatment with ionizing energy. The same can be said for thermal processing, freezing and dehydration as methods of food preservation. The quality of some foods may be adversely affected by irradiation, depending on the dose, temperature and conditions during irradiation. For example, colour, flavour or textural changes may result after exposure of food components to ionizing energy. Lipids or fats are particularly susceptible to oxidative reactions triggered by the radiolytic reactions and presence of free radicals. Losses of some vitamins may also occur; vitamins A, C, E and B1 (thiamine) are the most sensitive, particularly at higher doses and in foods packaged in air.
As mentioned above, these changes may be minimized by irradiating foods in the frozen state, in a vacuum, and/or with the addition of radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid. Additional strategies include applying the lowest effective irradiation dose and choosing appropriate packaging in terms of moisture and oxygen barriers.
Resistance of Microorganisms to Ionizing Energy
As in the case of thermal processing (pasteurization, commercial sterilization), microorganisms vary in their resistance to the killing effects of ionizing energy. Analogous to thermal processing where Clostridium botulinum is the most heat resistant pathogen, C. botulinum spores are the most radiation resistant forms of pathogenic bacteria.
- You will recall that we discussed the decimal reduction time (D-value) in Lesson 6 in conjunction with thermal processing of foods. Similarly, it is possible to determine the dose of ionizing energy necessary to effect a 90% destruction of the particular microorganism in question. When we calculated the D-value in the lesson on thermal processing, we referred to the length of time at a constant temperature required to create a 90% decrease in the population of the microorganisms or spores in question. That time at a constant temperature could be converted to an absorbed dose of thermal energy.
With food irradiation, we calculate the absorbed dose of ionizing energy that produces a 90% decrease in the microbial population (D10 values). To achieve an appropriate margin of safety, a 5D or a 12D radiation treatment would have to be applied to acid and low acid foods, respectively. Although the source of the energy and the mechanisms by which microorganisms and spores are killed are different, the same concept (decimal reduction value) is applied during determination of the efficacy of thermal processing and preservation of food with ionizing energy.
|Take a look at D10-values of some important foodborne pathogens, listed in Table 1 of the IFT Scientific Status Summary on "Irradiation and Food Safety" by Smith and Pillai:
The D10-values for E. coli 0157:H7 (in ground beef patties, at 5oC) and for Salmonella spp. (in in turkey breast meat at 5oC) are 0.27-0.38 and 0.71 kGy, respectively.
Is it true that irradiation can mask food spoilage?
Irradiation cannot be effectively used to mask or cover up food spoilage since the microorganisms can be easily killed but the spoilage odours, off-flavours and colour changes caused by the spoilage microorganisms can not be changed or eliminated by ionizing radiation. Thus, claims that ionizing radiation can be used to mask signs of poor quality in food are untrue.
What about microbiological safety?
There has been concern about the creation of "superbugs" or mutants that are more dangerous but this is not a significant issue at the doses of ionizing radiation used in food processing.
Resistance of Enzymes to Ionizing Energy
The majority of food enzymes are more resistant to ionizing energy than spores of C. botulinum. The term DE (D-enzyme) is used to determine the radiation dose that produces a 90% reduction of enzyme activity. The DE values are of the order of 5 Mrad. Four DE values (5 x 4 = 20x106 rad or 200 kGy, 100 rad is equivalent to 1 Gray of absorbed ionizing energy and 1000 Gray equals 1 KGy) would produce nearly total enzyme destruction; however, 200 KGy would also destroy many food constituents!
From this calculation, you will have noted that enzymes cannot be easily inactivated by treatment with ionizing radiation. Ionizing energy could never be used for blanching vegetables. One of the concerns expressed by groups opposed to food irradiation is that enzymes in food are destroyed by exposure to ionizing energy. Clearly, from the example above, that is not the case especially if you consider the maximum dose permitted in Division 26 of the Food Regulations of Canada is 10 kGy.
If vegetables were to be preserved with ionizing energy, they would first have to be blanched with heat followed by treatment with ionizing energy to inactivate the microorganisms of concern.
After the issues of safety and wholesomeness have been satisfied, economic factors must be considered in evaluating the feasibility of an application of food irradiation. Food irradiation may be economically viable if it results in substantial increases in storage life and therefore marketing time and decreases in post-harvest or catching losses. This may be the case in terms of radicidation (discussed below) treatments of fresh fish or some fresh fruits. In cases where the process does not offer advantages (such as nutrition retention, technological advantages, economic advantages) it would not be economically viable.
Potential Applications of Radiant Energy
The following examples illustrate various potential applications of ionizing energy in food preservation:
- Much of the food consumed by American and Russian astronauts has been preserved with ionizing energy.
- Irradiation has proven effectiveness in the elimination of Salmonella from cut-up, packaged chicken. The chicken has received good consumer acceptance in test market trials in the United States.
- Use of low dose radiation was approved in the United States, in December 1997, for general use in irradiation of ground beef to eliminate the bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7) that cause "hamburger disease".
- A similar application is under consideration by Health Canada to allow irradiation of ground beef, poultry, shrimp and prawns, and mangoes.
Consumer Acceptance
The ultimate factor which will determine the economic viability of preserving foods with ionizing energy is consumer acceptance. In North America, the jury is still out as to whether radiation preserved foods would be accepted by consumers. Results of recent consumer surveys, described under Consumer acceptance in the Scientific Status Summary by Smith and Pillai, suggest acceptability rates ranging from 45% to over 90%. However, there are lingering concerns expressed by anti-irradiation groups, including the use of food irradiation to overcome poor sanitation practices and environmental concerns related to irradiation facilities.
Regulations and Use of Ionizing Energy in Canada
As you noticed in the required reading, Irradiation and Food Safety, in the U.S. food irradiation is regulated as a food additive. This is another good example of the differences that exist in the food additive definition between Canada and the U.S. (reviewed in Lesson 4).
In Canada, the use of ionizing energy for irradiation of food is considered as a process and is regulated under Division 26 of The Food and Drug Act and Regulations. Note that the sources and energy levels of ionizing energy that would be permitted for use in Canada are clearly defined (Section B.26.001). Specified types of information would have to be submitted to the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada when an application is made to treat a specific food commodity with ionizing energy (B.26.004). Specific records would have to be maintained by a food processor employing ionizing energy (B.26.005).
The various options suggested for labelling of irradiated foods are presented in Section 2.14.1 of the Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising from the CFIA. Note that in addition to the mandatory basic labelling (Lesson 4), food treated with ionizing radiation MUST also include:
- A statement indicating that the food has been treated by irradiation, or treated with radiation, or irradiated.
- The radura symbol is also used to indicate that a food has been irradiated (see below).
- If an irradiated food is used as an ingredient of another food, it must be declared as irradiated in the ingredients listing only if it constitutes 10% or more of the final food
|Visit the Fact Sheeton Food Irradiation by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. There is also a useful link at the end of the fact sheet to Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Food Irradiation on the Health Canada website.
Final Thoughts
- What are the risks and benefits of the application of ionizing radiation or irradiation as a food preservation technology?
- What is your personal stand on irradiated foods?
FNH 200 Course content on this wiki page and associated lesson pages was originally authored by Drs. Brent Skura, Andrea Liceaga, and Eunice Li-Chan. Ongoing edits and updates are contributed by past and current instructors including Drs. Andrea Liceaga, Azita Madadi-Noei, Nooshin Alizadeh-Pasdar, and Judy Chan.


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"Spell Packets" are the bean-bags that are used to represent spells, prayers, alchemy, and other effects that can be thrown or cast over a distance. They should be designed to be safe to throw at someone, while also being environmentally friendly.
A typical spell packet is a 6" square of fabric filled with about a spoonful of bird seed and tied shut with a string. The packet should be large enough to be easy to handle and throw, and have enough weight to let the target feel it when it hits (especially under padded winter clothing or armor), but not so heavy / hard that it will hurt. If the packet is too small / light, it will not be accurate when thrown, or felt on impact. If it is too large / heavy, it will be difficult to carry & store, throw, or be unsafe to use.
A couple tips for making spell packets:
- A typical packet should be 6" square when cut out.
- Use about a tablespoon of birdseed in the packet.
- Tie the packet with string or twine. Do not use staples or rubber bands, as these are not environmentally friendly.
- When you are done, let your friends throw them at you. If you don't think this is safe, neither will the person you are throwing them at during the game.
- Spell packets should be thrown for accuracy, not speed and power. You are not going for a fastball speed record. No matter how hard you throw, your spell / prayer / alchemy will still do the same amount of damage.
- Use bright colors that will be easily spotted outdoors. When you run out of packets and want more, or when clean-up happens, you want to be able to easily see the packets to pick them up. Making them from camouflage patterns and colors is a bad idea. Hunter Orange, Gold & Silver Metallic, and other colors that are easy to spot at night and in the woods are recommended.