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Early Park Administrators
George Fuller
This photograph below is of very special interest for anyone studying the Park's administrative history.
It was previously displayed in the Tea House, and appeared in A.B Scanlan's book 'Pukekura' which was published in 1978 to commemorate the Park's centennial in 1976.
It was taken by William S. Oakley on 28 March 1934 shortly after the Brooklands handing-over ceremony, at which time Brooklands was gifted to the people of New Plymouth. The ceremony was attended by Lord Bledisloe. To my knowledge there are relatively few photographs of early administrators of the Park, so this one is unique in that it depicts those in various leading roles covering a span of 58 critical years from 1876 to 1934.
The remarkable length of that time-span was made possible by the presence of Robert Clinton Hughes, pictured in the centre of the front row. As a young solicitor, keen on swimming, he foresaw the potential of developing a neglected, treeless, steep-sided valley, with no level ground, into a recreational and botanical area – a great leap of faith which aroused the interest and support of a few friends.
Money was laid down in support, a trust formed, and project approval granted. The Town Board insisted that the development "should not be an impediment to the ratepayers" - or words to that effect.
A committee was formed and went into action with dramatic success, buoyed by a very responsive community. Robert C. Hughes served the Park for nearly 60 years, which must surely constitute a record. His inspiration and leadership ensured a rich heritage. Standing at the left of the picture is Tom Boulton, Head Gardener at Brooklands for many years until the handing-over.
Also standing is Thomas H. Horton, a renowned and successful nurseryman from Hastings who was Curator of Pukekura (and following this occasion, Brooklands) from 1924 to 1949.
Sitting at the left is J. McLeod, Chairman of the Pukekura Park Committee at the time.
The person sitting at the right is William Walter Smith , who was Curator of Pukekura Park from 1908 to 1920. How fortunate we are that this photograph was taken to preserve the memory of these notable people who played such a crucial role in the development of Pukekura and Brooklands Parks.
Reproduced from The Newsletter of the Friends of Pukekura Park 2(1) (May 2007)
A photograph taken on 28 March 1934 at the handing–over of Brooklands Park to the people of New Plymouth, features notable curators, solicitors, nurserymen and administrators who inspired and led the early development of Pukekura Park from 1876 to 1934. Contributions made by these talented leaders were both crucial and far-reaching.
Pukekura Park, Brooklands Park, New Plymouth, New Zealand, Robert Clinton Hughes, Tom Boulton, Thomas H. Horton, J. McLeod, William Walter Smith, gifting of Brooklands Park, Lord Bledisloe.
Previous page: History of the Park
Next page: Magazines


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Maggiano's Italian Restaurants Near Manassas
Salute! Dine At Maggiano's Italian Restaurant Near Manassas
Take a seat and enjoy a wholesome Italian meal at Maggiano's Little Italy. From season-fresh salads to classic pastas, we combine the flavors of Nonna's authentic Italian recipes with the joy of friends and family. Find a Maggiano's Italian restaurant near you in Manassas today and reserve a table online or over the phone!
Maggiano's Banquet Halls:
The Perfect Place For Your Event
For Italian food near Manassas that doesn't disappoint, come to Maggiano's Little Italy. Stop by your neighborhood restaurant for lunch, dinner, or a cocktail and appetizer at the bar, or reserve a table online. No matter the time of day or the size of your dining party, you'll be treated like a special guest at Maggiano's. At our table, everyone is family!
From scrumptious antipasto dishes to made-in-house desserts, we believe that simplicity is at the core of Italian cooking. To really bring out the full-bodied flavors at the heart of our handcrafted recipes, our chefs use only the freshest season-ready meats, vegetables, cheeses, and grains. With gluten-free, vegetarian, vegan, and classic Italian fare, Maggiano's has a dish for everyone. Order a Chef-prepared pasta entree, refreshing salad, hearty soup, or cheesy flatbread and get ready for an Italian-American treat!
At Maggiano's, we believe eating Italian style is about more than merely eating. It's about catching up with family and friends, appreciating the flavors in every bite of food, and resting after a long day. It's never hurried and it's forever delicious. At our restaurants, you can make your next meal a memorable one, but you can also make your next celebration special too! With wonderfully decorated banquet halls and private dining rooms, plus an experienced, attentive staff to match, Maggiano's is the perfect party venue near Manassas for any special occasion. Whether you're hosting an anniversary dinner, bridal brunch, or need a large space to celebrate a quinceanera or bar/bat mitzvah, allow our Private Dining Managers to help you plan a get-together that's beautiful, memorable, and delicious.
Reserve your table online or call your nearest Maggiano's today and see how we're different from other Italian restaurants near Manassas. Come experience something special at Maggiano's!
- Buckhall
- Burke
- Centreville
- Chantilly
- Dale City
- Dumfries
- Dunn Loring
- Fairfax
- Fairfax Station
- Floris
- Greenbriar
- Idylwood
- Independent Hill
- Kings Park
- Lake Ridge
- Loch Lomond
- Lorton
- Manassas
- Manassas Park
- Mantua
- Merrifield
- Montclair
- North Springfield
- Oak Hill
- Oakton
- Occoquan
- Pimmit Hills
- Potomac Mills
- Ravensworth
- South Riding
- Sudley
- Tysons Corner
- Vienna
- West Gate
- West Springfield
- Wolf Trap
- Woodbridge
- Yorkshire

subset: commoncrawl


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New Herriman Police Department begins to take shape
Jun 18, 2018 01:32PM
● By Travis Barton
After Police Chief Troy Carr (second from right), these three men, Cody Stromberg, Chad Reyes and Brian Weidmer (from left to right) were hired to round off the leadership team of the new Herriman Police Department. (Herriman City)
By Travis Barton | [email protected]
Herriman, we have a police department.
At least the beginnings of one. After deciding in May to separate from the Unified Police Department, major steps were taken in June toward the ultimate formation of Herriman's brand new public safety arm.
Newly appointed Police Chief Troy Carr, who most recently served as the UPD precinct chief for Herriman, introduced the first three members of the department during the June 6 city council meeting: Chad Reyes, deputy chief of police; Cody Stromberg, lieutenant and operations commander; and Brian Weidmer, lieutenant and investigations commander.
"These three are the top of the top in law enforcement," Carr told the city council. "As a team, we will build you something that our community is going to be very, very proud of."
Reyes was a lieutenant with UPD in the Herriman precinct prior to taking his new position. The new deputy chief spent about 20 years with UPD working in various units such as violent crimes and K9 where he felt "privileged" to serve. A Herriman resident, Reyes said he feels honored to serve the community where he resides.
"I appreciate the opportunity, and I'm looking forward to the future," he said.
Stromberg, a former city council candidate, will lead the operations division, while Weidmer comes from UPD. Weidmer has previously worked in SWAT, search and rescue and community policing among others.
"I am very pleased and humbled to be here and a part of this team," Weidmer said. "I bring great enthusiasm to this assignment."
These inaugural members of the HPD had quite the competition, with Carr noting the "amazing response" of applicants they had after posting the positions. Applicants came from all over the Western United States, including Las Vegas Metro and San Mateo (California) Police Departments, according to Carr.
Reyes told the Journal there are lots of moving parts to the transition with equipment, vehicles and branding, in addition to the salary and benefits packages they need to put together for prospective officers. Renderings for the department's patch and badge have already been created.
Target dates are always moving, Reyes said, but the tentative aim is to separate from UPD on Sept. 29 and hire supervisors and patrol officers in the early to middle part that month.
"People are going to come to us because of our culture and our community," Carr said. "I truly believe that. People want to police here."
"Now is our time to build the Herriman City Police Department," he continued. "Now is our time to build the brand and the culture and what it'll become known as long after we're all gone. I'm very, very proud and happy to be at that foundation level."
Withdrawal process
Despite a frosty beginning to the separation with UPD leadership, all indications from city officials are that preliminary discussions have been productive. City leaders are working with UPD Chief Jason Mazuran on the transition.
"There's very much an underlying tone of mindfulness on both sides," Mazuran said during the June 6 work meeting. "To make sure what we're doing is fair and equitable to Herriman City and to the other partners of the UPD so that we can make that (transition) as clean and smooth as possible."
During that same meeting, City Manager Brett Wood said they don't want to leave UPD "in a detriment," that they should be left with "a benefit as well," to serve as an example.
Much of the discussion now revolves around logistics, notably patrol cars and rebranding.
Councilwoman Nicole Martin described the separation as a "divorce," and every attempt is being made to have "a good divorce for the sake of the kids."
This is about public safety, she said, and would expect a dysfunctional process if that was not the case.
City leaders said they are operating in good faith with UPD with Mayor David Watts adding he wants to see UPD be proactive in this process so it's not left to the last minute.
As for service, both sides are adamant no gap in police coverage will occur. While Carr has taken mantle as chief of police, UPD has appointed Lt. Brian Lohrke to oversee operations during the transition. His focus will be on policing, taking no part in the separation negotiations.
"My sole purpose is to keep the eye on the ball," he said.


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Windows CE eHow-tos and Tutorials! WOW!!
I saw a blip of this at MEDC, and just checked it out myself. How cool! It's like a DevCon for all to share!
Most of it is pretty basic stuff, but if you're new to Windows CE, you should check some of these out! (If you are new to performance tools like Remote Kernel Tracker which I've been posting about, take a look at the Microsoft Windows CE 5.0 Advanced Lab that's on that site.)


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Login | Create Account | View Saved Listings
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Missouri MULTI-LIST
Homes, Land, Farms and Commercial Properties for Sale
1201-1251 Sterling DriveMore Photos
Poplar Bluff MO 63901
Poplar Bluff MO 63901
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Property Details
1201-1251 Sterling Drive, Poplar Bluff, MO - $1.25MM: 20,000 sq ft +/- shopping center is positioned within an extremely dense retail corridor in the city of Poplar Bluff, with nearby national/credit tenants including a Dollar General, Rue 21, Petsway, Maurices,Shoe Sensation, Factory Connection and more, increasing consumer draw to the trade area and promoting crossover shopping to the site. Several National tenant chains including Burger King, Popeyes, Buffalo Wild Wings, Subway, Steak and Shake and others are located directly nearby. 10,000 sq ft currently occupied and secured by lease agreements: available to qualified prospects by Broker request. Situated on a 1.69ac +/- lot with all city utilities on site located in the heart off the main retail corridor in Poplar Bluff. Great Off-Street Parking Area. There will be capabilities for a multi-tenant lineup. Poplar Bluff is a designated Micropolitan Statistic Area: - Regional hub for healthcare, education, and business for more than 100,000 people in an 8-county region of Missouri and Arkansas. Approximately 195 miles SE of Springfield, MO, 151 miles south of St. Louis 60 miles west of Sikeston, MO and approximately 141 miles north of Memphis. Dense Population in 5-Mile Trade Area. ++Poplar Bluff is the county seat of Butler County and sits at the crossroads of US Route 60 & US Route 67 ++The City is the medical, commercial and retail hub for the surrounding 8 counties
- Retail
- Office
Room Dimensions / Floor Coverings / Location
Year Built: 2004
School District: Poplar Bluff R-I
Listed by: Lucas Edington - Mossy Oak Properties Mozark Realty (Sabrina Ridings, Broker)
Mossy Oak Properties Mozark Realty
947 N Westwood Blvd
Poplar Bluff, MO 63901
573-712-2252 Toll Free: 877-55MOSSY
Mossy Oak Properties Mozark Realty
947 N Westwood Blvd
Poplar Bluff, MO 63901
573-712-2252 Toll Free: 877-55MOSSY
Call Lucas Edington Today!
Listing Agent
Lucas Edington
Owner-Broker; Certified Land Specialist
Visit My Website
Lucas Edington
Owner-Broker; Certified Land Specialist
Visit My Website


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As I'm sitting down to write this blog post, I'm unfortunately seeing a fresh batch of snow covering everything in sight, like to the tune of 20+ new inches!!! It started snowing on Friday night and didn't stop until sometime Sunday night. This is totally the endless Minnesota winter – also a lot less fun than the endless summer. But I guess the silver lining is that it matches the climate of the next season we are already starting to work as we put the final touches on our spring/summer line and shift out focus on next fall/winter. I can't even tell you what a whirlwind the past 3 months have been, and although we had been producing items for our private label for a few years now, the transition to carry only our own line has already been filled with new learnings and amazing discoveries. We were saying the other day, just when we think we start to feel like we know how it all works, we learn something that totally changes the game in an exciting way.
Finding manufacturing partners is a real challenge, let me tell you! It's definitely not something that you google once and suddenly find your manufacturing soulmate, which I mistakenly assumed would be the case in the beginning of this venture. TBH, Google has never worked for us once in this area. And it's not a one size fits all type of thing. There isn't one place that makes ALL of the things that we are trying to produce, so we are still working finding people who can do certain types of apparel that we hope to offer in the future. We get a lot of messages about wanting more tall girls options in business wear, maternity wear, shoes, swimsuits, etc etc ….. and this challenge is one of the reasons that we haven't expanded into those areas yet. BUT, the partnerships that we do now have are a great fit for us today with what we want to accomplish, and we will continue to work on finding the right people for other types of garments as time goes on.
As of right now, we have a mix of manufacturers in both Minneapolis and Los Angeles, and we are making a trip out to LA in a month for some design meetings and fittings. BRING ON THE SUNSHINE and temperatures above 20 degrees, please and thank you! So, as I referenced in the beginning of this post, we are finally starting to get a little ahead by working on the next season and trying to whittle down our monster wish list. Sometimes we think we are Nordstrom and want to produce 500 things a season, LOL! So this is where you come in! 😉 We have some questions that we want to get your thoughts and feedback on, if you would take our 2 minutes quiz below! It unfortunately isn't mobile friendly, so you have to be on a desktop for it to work.
Thanks so much for participating and stayed tuned for updates from LA when we head out there in mid-May!
Create your own user feedback survey


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Register here
Getting quality feedback – some of which will turn into top testimonials – can be hard, as some clients can be just as shy giving criticism or praise. But getting them to open up is always worth it.
Build a relationship
Over the course of a project, you often have valuable time to get to know your client. Even if you only see each other for a few minutes at the beginning or end of the day, discuss the work, offer advice and listen to their observations. If your client is not on site, keep them updated on your progress with pictures sent via email or text to help build that trust. People are much more open with those they know and trust than someone they see as a stranger.
Open up
A client is much more likely to give honest feedback if they think you would do the same for them. During the project, be prepared to offer your own advice and fairly assess your work as you go along.
Don't rush in
When the project is complete, don't be too quick to ask for feedback and, when you do, give a client time to respond. Make a point of explaining how valuable their assessment is to you, and ask them to respond in their own time.
Encourage answers
Sometimes, a leading question helps to get a client talking, such as "What do you think of the finish on the skirting boards?" or "Now you can see the room with your furniture in it, are you happy with how the colour turned out?"
Give them some space
While it's always good to ask for a testimonial in person, you have a better chance of getting constructive criticism if it isn't face-to-face. Consider sending follow-up questions via email, so your client doesn't feel awkward about pointing out areas they were less happy with. Some of these may be unfair, and you can politely correct misunderstandings, but don't get into a debate, and always tell them you are grateful for the feedback. Sometimes, you'll get a response that can genuinely help you improve your client relationships.


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Introduction: How to Make Silicone Part With Moulding and Casting
Hello, This is a quick guide for making an item with silicone. This was for our team project 'Lacu' and the
dark blue part was made by silicone in order to supporting face when people put their face into our product.
Teacher Notes
Teachers! Did you use this instructable in your classroom?
Add a Teacher Note to share how you incorporated it into your lesson.
Step 1: Make a Modelling File With Fusion360
First of all, we made a face-shaped modeling file with Fusion360. The software was really easy to use and
also it was possible to fix even small details with Sculpting function. Finish the file and now it's time for printing!
Step 2: Printing With 3d Printer Vs Cnc
After that, we tested with different machines and different materials.
First, we used the light-type 3d printer, however the surface has uneven finishing and also it was really fragile for sanding.
So we quitted to use this and decided to use CNC machine.
CNC is really powerful tool for realisation of ideal shape and finishing. We tested with blue foam and the printed output was good. But we needed to really nice surface and finishing, so coated surface hardner and also sanded a bit.
Step 3: Moulding
After that, we checked how it does look like with other body parts.
It was successful! So we quickly made the wood box for moulding. The box doesn't need to be big,
so just add 1.5-2cm around the item's edge. And also two-sided tape is useful for preventing movement of the blue form, so put the tape on the bottom of the surface and located on the wood box.
And we used silicone transil 20 A,B. This material cures so fast ( in 30min) so make sure fast mixing and pouring.
Mixing ratio of A and B is 1:1, so use same amount for moulding.
Step 4: Waiting 30min and Releasing Spray
We waited 30min and the silicone turned to be hard.
So we seperated the inside blue foam from silicone moulding, and coated inside surface 3 times with releasing spray. The spray creates thin layer and it helps seperating both items.
Our casting material will be also silicone, so this process is ESSENTIAL. If not, the moulding and casting materials will be stick together.
And few minutes later, pour the mixture of silicone transil 20 A,B with same ratio. And also wait 30 minutes:-).
Step 5: Made What We Want and Further More..
Now we finished casting and seperated the silicone item from silicone moulding.
This is how it looks like!(First Picture)
It looks beautiful and soft!!
After that we needed more test about the whole process and those white parts were made by 3dprinting.
The printed white powder material was really easy to sand, so It finally gets the best finishing.
And the next step was same with previous moulding and casting. So feel free to adapt this whole process with
materials what you have now.
Thank you for reading all:-).
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What did you use as a surface hardener for the foam?
Great casting tutorial. I might try to use this to duplicate some of my Halloween props.


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Trigger Point Massage Polanco
Another technique that Yoga Massage Therapy integrates in the treatment of our clients is Active trigger point release and Active release technique.
Active release technique (ART) treats your body's soft tissue by combining manipulation and movement. The technique's been around for more than 30 years.
ART entails identifying, isolating, and targeting the affected area to break up scar tissue. This promotes blood flow and faster healing of injuries. ART can be used to treat problems with your:
- Muscles
- Ligaments
- Tendon
- Nerves
It was first used by Dr. P. Michael Leahy, a chiropractor, to treat soft tissue disorders in elite athletes and has since been used to treat millions of people.
A number of healthcare providers are trained in ART, including:
- Chiropractors
- Physical therapists
- Massage therapists
- Physicians
These providers use ART to treat back pain, headaches, and other symptoms caused by soft tissue conditions and injuries.
What body parts are treated?
ART can be used to treat pain and other symptoms caused by injury or damage to:
Fascia. This is fibrous connective tissue that protects and supports muscles and organs throughout your body. Inflammation across a band of fascia tissue can cause extreme pain and stiffness.
Plantar fasciitis is a common fascia tissue condition.
Major muscle groups. Strains and pulls from overuse or trauma can affect any of your major muscle groups.
This includes muscles in your neck and shoulders, back, and hamstrings.
Tendons and ligaments
Tendons connect muscles to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone. Injury to either can cause pain and decrease range of motion.
What conditions are treated?
- Lower back pain
- Chronic neck pain
- Tension headaches
- Shoulder strains, including frozen shoulder
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Shin splints
- Sciatic nerve pain
- Plantar fasciitis
- Bursitis
- Tennis elbow
Scar tissue can cause extreme pain and stiffness. Plantar fasciitis is a common fascia tissue condition.
Major muscle groups. Strains and pulls from overuse or trauma can affect any of your major muscle groups. This includes muscles in your neck and shoulders, back, and hamstrings.
How active release technique works
ART works by breaking up adhesions, which are dense collections of scar tissue that form when muscles and connective tissues are injured. When the scar tissue binds between your muscles, it limits flexibility, causing pain and stiffness in muscles and joints.
Sometimes adhesions can also entrap nerves. The manipulation of the soft tissues through ART breaks up the adhesions so your muscles, joints, and nerves can move freely again.
During an ART session, your healthcare provider will feel the area and identify the location of the scar tissue. They'll use the technique to isolate and target the area, manipulating it to break up the scar tissue and restore proper blood flow so the area can heal.
Signs you may have scar tissue
The following are signs that you may have an accumulation of scar tissue that may benefit from ART:
- Stiffness in your neck, elbow, hands, knees, or back
- Increased pain when exercising
- Sharp pain in the bottom of your foot near the heel
- Pain, numbness, and tingling in your fingers
- Reduced flexibility and limited range of motion
- Decreased strength
- Inflamed joints
- Tingling, numbness, or weakness.
Treatment goals
The goal of ART is to break up the adhesions and restore your range of motion and improve your pain. By breaking up scar tissue, muscles and joints are able to glide and move freely again without pain and stiffness.
Benefits of active release technique
ART offers many benefits for anyone who has pain and other symptoms caused by soft tissue injuries either from sports, overuse, or trauma.
Benefits include:
- Increased flexibilityI
- ncreased range of motion
- Decreased lower back pain
- Improved chronic neck pain
- Relief of tension headaches
- Management of carpal tunnel
- Management of shin splints
- Management of plantar fasciitis
- Management of tennis elbow
- Improvement of sciatic symptoms
Manual Trigger Point therapy: The General Trigger Point Therapy
Manual Trigger Point therapy is a manual technique to treat trigger points. It uses strong manual pressure and can be uncomfortable or somewhat painful for the patient. However, as with Dry Needling, this pain is usually regarded as a "good and releasing pain". A distinction is made between the different Manual Trigger Point Therapy techniques that directly treat the trigger point and the fascia techniques, which affect a larger area on the whole muscle and its fascia.
History of the Manual Trigger Point Therapy
Dr. Ida Rolf (1896 – 1979) is one of the first scientists to study the characteristics of the human connective tissue and developed the Rolfing technique, which has become the basis for Manual Trigger Point Therapy.
Dr. Ida Rolf (1896 – 1979) is one of the first scientists to study the characteristics of the human connective tissue and developed the Rolfing technique, which has become the basis for Manual Trigger Point Therapy.
Janet Travell had introduced the concept of myofascial trigger points in the early 1940s. Various manual therapy methods to treat trigger points have since been developed such the Ischemic Compression, the Myofascial Release, the Post Isometric Relaxation and others. Classical massage has always treated trigger points, without, however, the use of the trigger point nomenclature and probably also less systematically. Corresponding documents date back to the 15th century.
The trigger point techniques and the inter-muscular mobilization that we combine at Yoga Massage Therapy include a strong manual pressure. This is why this type of bodywork massage therapy could sometimes become a little uncomfortable or somewhat painful. It's important to follow the principle that the pain should be tolerable for the body and, if possible, reported as "good pain". The more accurately the trigger point is treated, the less pressure has to be applied. The trigger point compression technique may be combined with simultaneous passive or active change in muscle length in order to optimize the effect.
Yoga Massage Therapy is an effective treatment for a variety of conditions and injuries of the soft tissues, such as overuse and sports injuries. It can help relieve pain and stiffness and help restore your range of motion so you can return to your favorite activities.


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Nudist women group at Poland in gym. Diana Stewart vs.
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This 3D printed replica of the Rodina Volgograd (The Motherland Calls). This one is printed in a marble PLA, giving it a realistic stone look and a surprise whenever someone picks it up to discover it's actual weight. It is more durable than alabaster or plaster, and is washable with lukewarm soapy water for easy spring cleaning.
She stands 12 inches tall, about 4 inches wide, and 6 inches deep. If you'd like a larger model hit the "request custom order" and I'll work up a quote to your specifications.
From Wikipedia:
The work of sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich and engineer Nikolai Nikitin is an 85 metre figure of a woman stepping forward with a raised sword. The statue is an allegorical image of the Motherland, which calls on its sons and daughters to repulse the enemy and continue their further attack.
The Motherland Calls is highly complex from an engineering point of view, due to its characteristic posture with a sword raised high in the right hand and the left hand extended in a calling gesture. The technology behind the hollow statue is based on a combination of prestressed concrete with wire ropes, a solution which can also be found in another work of Nikitin's, the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. The sculpture is hollow. Inside, the entire statue consists of separate cells or chambers, like rooms in a building. The concrete walls of the sculpture are 25-30 centimetres thick.
The construction of the monument was started in May 1967 and completed on 15 October. It was the tallest sculpture in the world at the time of creation. Restoration work on the main monument of the monument complex was done in 1972, when the sword was replaced, and again in 1986.
It is most likely that Vuchetich sculpted the figure from the discus thrower Nina Dumbadze, and the face from his wife Vera. According to various sources, Anastasia Antonovna Peshkova, Valentina Izotova or Ekaterina Grebneva posed for the sculpture. It is also believed that the statue has parallels with the figure of the "Marseillaise" on the Triumphal arch in Paris, and that the statue's pose was inspired by the statue of Nike of Samothrace.
Read more here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls
Not your thing? Well, check out my other designs here: https://www.etsy.com/shop/3DPrintedDebris
This is a 3D printed product, so there may be minor defects (rough edges, bumps, etc). I have spent months building my own machines to exact specifications for accuracy and surface quality, and I scrutinize every model very closely. I use only the highest quality filament to ensure colors are vibrant and defects are kept to an absolute minimum for both your item and my machine.
Every item in my shop is test printed and checked for not only aesthetics, but also the intended use. All of my items I list I personally test to ensure they meet my stringent standards. All items are printed in PLA, an organic non-toxic plastic made from corn and is biodegradable, yet very strong. PLA will not degrade under normal use, but will break down when buried.
If I'm not happy with it, it doesn't ship. You will get my very best work, which you will find is a cut above the rest!
Attribution: This is a derivative of pinshape #21837, created by ahnenerbe-prim.
Payment prior to starting work or initiating delivery. I can accept Etsy payments or paypal.
I will ship as soon as your item is ready, in most cases within a couple days. If I'm backed up, I will let you know sooner rather than later. As soon as I ship, I'll provide you a tracking number. For the holidays, here's the deadlines from the USPS:
Holiday Mailing Deadlines
Mailing Within Contiguous US
Make sure your mail and packages arrive in time for the holidays by mailing before these recommended deadlines, excluding Alaska and Hawaii.
Send-by dates for expected delivery before Dec. 25th (Actual delivery date may vary and is based on origin, destination, Post Office acceptance time, and other conditions).
December 14 — USPS Retail Ground®
December 19 — First-Class Mail®
December 20 — Priority Mail®
December 22 — Priority Mail Express®
For Priority Mail Express® shipments mailed December 23 through December 25, the money-back guarantee applies only if the shipment was not delivered, or delivery was not attempted, within two (2) business days.
It will take me at least the minimum number of days (i.e. if the item says 5-7 days, 5 is the minimum it will take me to make it and ship it) to make the item and get it in the mail, so please add that to the USPS deadlines to ensure delivery before Christmas.
Etsy shows the text "VAT included (where applicable)" under the price of all items that ship to the EU. That is a general blanket statement which only applies to EU sellers who are VAT registered. I live in the USA, I am not VAT registered, no VAT is included in the price for any of my listings. VAT/customs/duty charged by your country are the "BUYERS RESPONSIBILITY*. You will have to pay VAT and additional charges upon receipt of your purchase. Items returned for non-payment of VAT or customs will not be refunded shipping and will be subject to a 25% restocking fee.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
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I do not collect personal information other than what's legally required for tax purposes. I do not sell customer information under any circumstances. From time to time I may release a new item that is a companion to something you've already purchased from me, and in that case, I may send you an email letting you know it's newly listed on my site.
Apr 16, 2019
Thanks for the nice item!


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Digital Industry Snapshot: Strengthening SEO in Danish Retail
Many retailers still allow major gaps in their SEO strategy
With retail companies now competing on a domestic, continental, and international level, strong search engine optimization is a reliable and cost-effective way to stand out in the online crowd.
This report details Siteimprove's SEO findings drawn from an assessment of 40 Danish retailers according to our Digital Certainty Index™, a 100-point quality scale. Results reveal there is still plenty of room for improvement in the industry.
- Denmark has the highest SEO average score in comparison to other Scandinavian countries
- 42% of Danish Retail companies scored below average in Mobile SEO
- Danish retailers averaged an Accessibility score of only 57
Download the report to explore the rest of our key findings.


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Rory McIlroy says he resented how the Olympics forced him to decide whether he would represent Ireland or Britain and that it reached a point that it "wasn't worth the hassle" to compete in Rio de Janeiro.
In an interview with the Sunday Independent in Ireland, McIlroy explained why he was so critical of golf's return to the Olympics during a press conference at last summer's British Open.
He told the Irish newspaper that when the International Olympic Committee announced in 2009 that golf would be part of the program for the first time since 2004, "all of a sudden it put me in a position where I had to question who I am."
"Who am I? Where am I from? Where do my loyalties lie? Who am I going to play for? Who do I not want to (upset) the most?" McIlroy said. "I started to resent it. And I do. I resent the Olympic Games because of the position it put me in. That's my feelings toward it. And whether that's right or wrong, that's how I feel."
McIlroy said he sent a text message to Justin Rose to congratulate him on winning the gold medal in Rio for Britain. He said Rose thanked him and asked if McIlroy felt as though he had missed out.
"I said, 'Justin, if I had been on the podium (listening) to the Irish national anthem as that flag went up, or the British national anthem as that flag went up, I would have felt uncomfortable either way.'" McIlroy told the newspaper. "I don't know the words to either anthem. I don't feel a connection to either flag. I don't want it to be about flags. I've tried to stay away from that."


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English Spanish Dictionary G. 4+
General Reference Dictionary
Word Magic Software
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WORKS OFFLINE With over 718,000 entries, 524,000 translations, 558,000 synonyms, 98,000 definitions and 40,000 examples, voice feature and a huge collection of idiomatic expressions in both languages, this is the best Spanish to English and English to Spanish Dictionary App you can find.
Recommended in the Store. Bilingual voice options for regional pronunciation and easy-to-follow verb conjugations create an interactive learning experience. Definitions and added examples are included in both languages and all terminology shows detailed classification, making gender, noun type or parts of speech easy to identify. Internet connection needed only for images and spell checker.
Unique Features:
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Ratings and ReviewsSee All
Outstanding Reference App
This is my go-to reference when I'm reading any text in Spanish. I can enter the word exactly as it appears in the text and this app will find it. Of course this is especially helpful for verbs.
The more I use this app the more features I appreciate. I especially like the examples of uses of the word in context. I can explore other words mentioned, such as synonyms and easily return to the word I searched on.
With one change, they destroyed the app
In a single upgrade this product goes from 5 stars to 1 star (and I would give it a zero if I could). In the new version 7.0.0, suddenly the verb conjugation feature no longer works, making the app essentially useless. You would think the developers would have noticed this before releasing the product.
Muy Bueno!
This is by far the best dictionario por Español y Inglis. I'm just starting out learning Español and is a tool I rely on hourly.
I can sort words into personalized categories and then use the flash card feature to quiz myself in each category.
It would be helpful if one could make subcategories and once you make a category, no matter how many times you delete it, it reappears. That aside, this dictionary is worth the $$$!
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Readers' Views regarding: Thought-diving into revolution in permanence; murky waters[ the Church and oppression; why read N&L; and voices from behind bars.
Dan B.
Flint water battlesSeptember 27, 2018
Michigan's Attorney General chose the easy route of spending money prosecuting 15 scapegoats as a substitute for replacing the lead service lines that continue to poison citizens of Flint, Michigan.
Readers' Views, May-June 2018May 10, 2018
Readers' Views takes up: women's liberation, youth in the battle, Blacks vs. racism, border cop thugs, Middle East struggles, and voices from behind bars.
Flint water still not safe to drinkSeptember 11, 2016
Citizens of Flint, Michigan, continue to be poisoned by lead in their water and pipes as Governor Rick Snyder requests grossly inadequate funding for needed repairs and refuses to take responsibility for the crisis.
The anguish that is Flint, MichiganMarch 8, 2016
Greed and racism promulgated the crisis in Flint, where water with high lead content was used by the mostly poor Black residents for over a year, poisoning an entire city with especially terrible consequences for Flint's children.
Detroit, Flint — Water is a Human RightJanuary 25, 2016
Discussion of the fight against water shutoffs in Detroit by a participant and a Flint resident discusses the problem of lead in the City of Flint's drinking water.


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Before starting up a business, a prospective entrepreneur needs to develop a marketing plan. What is marketing? Loosely defined, marketing is the process of conceiving and developing a product or service, then pricing, distributing, promoting, and selling it to the end customer. For large corporations, this is a long and complicated process, generally orchestrated by a senior executive. For the local business owner, however, it follows five basic steps:
- Product and service development
- Pricing
- Distribution
- Promotion
- Sales
Product and Service Development
For many (if not most) business owners, product and service development is the reason they went into business. Many well-known corporations started out as a brilliant concept for a product or service that no one else was offering, or something that was somehow unique and different and better than the rest. Before making the leap to developing a whole business around a product or service, however, it should be carefully evaluated and test marketed to see if there is an appropriate level of demand for it at a price that will allow for sufficient profit.
Pricing a product or service involves walking a very fine line between achieving profitability and overpricing the product. Business owners need to develop a pricing strategy based on overall marketing objectives, whether they are to offer the lowest prices, introduce a new product, gain market share, or move old inventory. Ideally, a business owner wants to get the highest price possible for a particular product or service, but there are times when marketing strategy may dictate foregoing profit in order to price the competition out of the market or get rid of slow-moving inventory. A premium pricing strategy, on the other hand, appeals to consumers who are willing to pay a higher price for a greater perceived value, and may make up for reduced sales with higher profit margin. Local business owners need to have a clear understanding of their profit margin and do a careful evaluation of the market before developing a pricing strategy.
While there are many forms of distribution for retail products, business owners generally deal in direct distribution, as in one-on-one sales, to their customers, especially in a service-based business. Although the costs of maintaining a brick-and-mortar retail location are high, business owners who engage in direct distribution retain all of the profit margin from their sales. In addition to in-store sales, an increasing number of business owners also distribute products through e-commerce, catalog sales, and events.
Promotion is often used interchangeably with marketing, and involves advertising your product or service through a variety of methods, including word-of-mouth, networking, email and SMS marketing, social media, online marketing, and various forms of paid advertising. Every form of promotion has a cost, in terms of time and/or money, and small business owners must weigh these costs against their projected return on investment. Promotion costs can significantly reduce profit margin if not carefully managed.
Sales are critical to the success of a small business, and are the end goal of every entrepreneur. No matter how great your product or service and how successful your promotion strategies, once the customer enters your store you still have to sell them the product. If you hire a sales force that is lazy and disinterested, all of your efforts will be for naught. Yelp reviews are full of complaints from customers who were treated rudely, made to wait, or worse, arrived at their appointed time to find the establishment closed. You may be the greatest massage therapist in the world, but if your clients keep getting rescheduled they won't stick around long enough to find out. From receptionist to scheduling service to sales force, everyone should be working to give the customer what they came for and close the sale.
Every business plan should address these five aspects of marketing in detail to determine how realistic a proposed venture may be. Each step is equally important in the success or failure of a local business, and should be carefully considered before any investment is made.


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Effects of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 on the Respiratory Tract
In this chapter, the subcommittee reviews studies in humans and experimental animals that examined potential respiratory tract effects of jet-propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8), related fuels, and kerosene. The subcommittee uses that information to assess the potential respiratory toxicity of JP-8 in humans. The National Research Council report Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (NRC 1996) did not include a review of the effects of JP-8 on the respiratory tract.
Few studies have directly or systematically addressed the potential for adverse effects of JP-8 or other jet fuels on the human respiratory tract. Available studies of respiratory tract toxicity of jet fuels and kerosene are described below and summarized in Table 4-1.
Tunnicliffe et al. (1999) reported the effect of occupational exposure to aircraft fuel (type not specified) and jet-stream exhaust on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in airport workers. Two hundred twenty-two full-time airport employees were divided into groups with essentially no exposure
TABLE 4-1 Effects of Jet Fuel Exposure on the Respiratory Tract in Humans
Exposure Concentration
Exposure Duration
Not reported
222 full-time airport employees divided into three exposure groups; high-exposure group, 56 participants exposed for most of day; moderate-exposure group, 83 participants exposed for 1 hr/day; no-exposure group, 86 participants
Adjusted odds ratios for cough with phlegm (3.5) and for runny nose (2.9) significantly associated with frequent exposure; adjusted odds ratios for symptoms of watering eyes, stuffy nose, wheezing, shortness of breath not significant
Tunnicliffe et al. 1999
Exposed group (5,706) had potential occupational exposure to JP-8; control group (5,706) did not work in occupations in which exposure to JP-8 would occur; all subjects were active duty members of US Air Force
Not reported
Analysis of medical records showed that subjects in all groups had similar health-care visit rates; no differences among groups in respiratory illnesses
Gibson et al. 2001aa
Measurements taken in breathing zones of subjects; median concentration of naphthalene, 1.9 μg/m3 (low-exposure group), 10.4 μg/m3 (moderate-exposure group), 447 μg/m3 (high-exposure group); median concentration of benzene, 3.1 μg/m3 (low-exposure group), 7.45 μg/m3 (moderate-exposure
High- and moderate-exposure groups had persistent exposure to JP-8 (defined as at least 1 hr twice per wk for at least 9 mo); low-exposure group had no significant exposure to jet fuel or solvents
Analysis of self-assessment questionnaire did not report differences among groups in measures related to respiratory tract, such as difficulty in breathing
Gibson et al. 2001ba
group), 242 μg/m3 (high-exposure group)
Overall average concentration 300 mg/m3 (range, 85-974 mg/m3)
Average employment duration, 17 yr
Undefined respiratory tract symptoms, palpitations, and feeling of pressure in chest may have been associated with exposure
Knave et al. 1978
Three families (six adults, three children) exposed to kerosene in their homes at 5.6-79.7 mg/m3
4-8 mo as result of spill near their homes; exposure estimated at 100 hr/wk
Three children, one adult developed asthma that persisted for more than 2 yr; other adults developed other respiratory tract symptoms, such as sore throat, cough, watery eyes, stuffed noses, chest tightness
Todd and Buick 2000
aAdditional background information about these studies can be found in Appendix B.
(86 participants), occasional exposure (83 participants exposed about 1 hr/day), and frequent exposure (56 participants exposed for "most of the day"). Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire regarding respiratory symptoms, were skin-tested for allergies, and underwent spirometry to assess pulmonary function. Because of differences in demographic makeup of the exposure groups (low representation of females and socioeconomic stratification between the unexposed and exposed groups), logistic regression analyses on study data were performed only to compare men in the occasional- and frequent-exposure groups. Analyses were corrected for age and smoking habits and, where appropriate, for the presence of self-reported hay fever or asthma. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for cough with phlegm (3.5) and for runny nose (2.9) were significantly associated with frequent jet exhaust exposure. ORs for symptoms of watering eyes, stuffy nose, wheezing, and shortness of breath were not significantly different between the frequently and occasionally exposed groups. The investigators stated that increased adjusted ORs in the frequent-exposure group likely reflected a true association between symptoms and occupational settings, although bias and residual confounding could not be discounted. The investigators also stated that the symptoms suggested exposure to a respiratory irritant; the effects were more closely related to exposure to jet exhaust than to exposure to jet fuel. The Tunnicliffe et al. (1999) study is limited by lack of quantitative exposure assessment, elimination of evaluation of the unexposed group, limited end-point evaluation, lack of correction for subject bias, and the relatively small number of participants. The hypothesis that symptoms of respiratory irritation were due more to jet exhaust than to fuel should be taken with caution; more-recent studies have determined that JP-8 vapor can cause upper respiratory tract irritation in mice (U.S. Department of the Air Force 2001).
Gibson et al. (2001a) examined the medical records of Air Force personnel occupationally exposed to aircraft fuel and compared them with records of unexposed (control) personnel. The exposed group consisted of 5,706 people (242 women and 5,464 men), and the control group consisted of 5,706 people (2,853 women and 2,853 men) randomly selected from a cohort of 20,244 Air Force unexposed personnel. Preliminary results showed that the total numbers of medical visits and visits for specific reasons, including respiratory problems, were not markedly different among the exposed and unexposed groups. Specific diseases, including respiratory illnesses, were examined, but no marked differences were found between the groups. This study is limited by many factors, including limited information on potential confounders, completeness of health-event recording, differences among personnel in availability of health care, consequences of taking sick leave for health-
care visits, differences in health-care-seeking behavior, and differences in amount of self-care or sensitivity to symptoms of illness.
Gibson et al. (2001b) conducted a health survey of 328 Air Force personnel (276 men and 52 women) with a self-assessment questionnaire. The subjects' exposures were categorized as high (performed duties associated with aircraft fuel systems), moderate (may have come into contact with jet fuel in the course of their duties), or low (did not normally come into contact with jet fuel or other solvents while performing their duties). Only one of the several measures evaluated, "difficulty breathing," was related to the effects of jet fuel on the respiratory tract. Preliminary results showed no statistical differences (adjusted for age, gender, and smoking history) between the high- and moderate-exposure groups compared with the low-exposure group in the reported symptom of "difficulty breathing." This study is limited by the fact that the symptoms were self-reported, allowing for bias.
In a study of sensory threshold of deodorized kerosene in humans, six volunteers 20 to 63 years (yr) old, were exposed to kerosene at 140 mg/m3 (20 ppm) for 15 min. No eye, nose, or throat irritation was reported during or after exposures. Three volunteers reported slight olfactory fatigue (Carpenter et al. 1976).
Recent case reports suggest that prolonged exposure to kerosene vapors may result in development of asthma and other respiratory tract symptoms (Todd and Buick 2000). Three families (six adults, three children) were exposed to kerosene vapors for 4-8 months as a result of a spill near their homes. Exposures occurred for an estimated 100 hr/wk. Concentrations in one home were measured at 5.6-79.7 mg/m3. Three of the children and one adult developed asthma that persisted for more than 2 yr. The remaining adults developed other respiratory tract symptoms, such as sore throat, cough, watery eyes, stuffed noses, and chest tightness. That study is limited because only a small group of people (n = 9) were exposed.
Several animal inhalation toxicity studies have been conducted on various jet fuels (summarized in Table 4-2). In one study, male F344 rats were exposed to shale-oil-derived JP-4 continuously for 90 days by inhalation at 1,000 mg/m3. The exposure resulted in no effects on lung volumes, dynamic resistance and compliance, quasistatic compliance, partial and full forced vital capacities, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, and closing volume. There
TABLE 4-2 Effects of Jet Fuel Exposure on the Respiratory Tract in Experimental Animals
Fuel Type
Species or Cell Line
Exposure Concentration
Exposure Duration
F344 rats
1,000 mg/m3
90 days continuously
Exposure resulted in no effects on lung volumes, dynamic resistance and compliance, quasistatic compliance, partial and full forced vital capacities, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, and closing volume; no effects on deposition or clearance of inhaled 51Cr-labeled microspheres; no evidence of pulmonary disease in control and exposed rats
Newton et al. 1991
F344 rats, C57BL/6 mice
500, 1,000 mg/m3 (vapor)
90 days
No respiratory tract effects attributed to JP-8; results well characterized with regard to concentration and chemical composition
Mattie et al. 1991
F344 rats
495-520, 813-1,094 mg/m3 (aerosol-vapor mixture)
1 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 7, 28, 56 days
Pulmonary resistance increased in 7- and 28-day exposure groups; lung-permeability data indicated lung injuries peaking at 28 d of exposure; all groups had interstitial edema resulting from endothelial damage; all groups had activated thickening of alveolar septa and alveolar macrophages
Hays et al. 1995; Pfaff et al. 1995
C57BL/6, B6.A.D. (Ahrd/Nats knockout)
Up to 118 mg/m3 aerosol; vapor concentration
1 hr/day for 7 days
Exposures resulted in increases in total protein and LDH among groups at high concentrations; minimal morphologic changes after inhalation; damage to bronchiolar
Robledo and Witten 1998; Robledo et al. 2000; Wang et
not reported
epithelium resulting in perivascular edema and damaged Clara cells at highest concentrations
al. 2001
JP-4, JP-8, and JP-8 +100
Swiss-Webster mice
JP-4:685-11,430 mg/m3, JP-8:681-3,613 mg/m3, JP-8 + 100:777-2,356 mg/m3 (vapor and aerosol)
30 min
Exposure to jet fuels caused breathing patterns characteristic of upper airway sensory irritation at all concentrations but no apparent deep lung irritation at any concentration; RD50 determined to be 4,842 mg/m3 for JP-4, 2,876 mg/m3 for JP-8, 1,629 mg/m3 for JP-8 +100
US Department of the Air Force 2001
Deodorized kerosene
Rats, beagles
20, 48, 100 mg/m3 (vapor)
6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for up to 67 days
No pulmonary lesions observed in either species
Carpenter et al. 1976
Rabbits, guinea pigs
31,000-35,000 mg/m3 (aerosol)
15 min/day for 21 days
Short-term exposures resulted in significant increases in total pulmonary resistance, increased tracheal resistance in rabbits; tracheas of exposed guinea pigs showed enhanced susceptibility to acetylcholine immediately and 24 hr after exposure; damage to tracheal ciliated cells in guinea pigs observed; increased numbers of nucleated and epithelial cells recovered in BALF
Casacó et al. 1982; Casacó et al. 1985a,b; Noa and Sanabria 1984; Noa et al. 1985
were no effects on deposition or clearance of 51Cr-labeled microspheres inhaled later. Lungs of the control and JP-4-exposed rats showed no evidence of pulmonary disease (Newton et al. 1991).
Continuous inhalation of JP-8 vapor by F344 rats and C57BL/6 mice at 500 and 1,000 mg/m3 for 90 days resulted in no respiratory tract effects that could be attributed to JP-8 (Mattie et al. 1991). The exposures were well characterized with regard to concentration and chemical composition.
Studies were conducted on the effects of JP-8 inhalation on the rat lung (Hays et al. 1995; Pfaff et al. 1995). Male F344 rats were exposed to an aerosol and vapor mixture of JP-8 at 495-520 mg/m3 (lower concentration) or 813-1,094 mg/m3 (higher concentration) for 1 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 7, 28, and 56 days. The aerosol particles were respirable and tended to be monodisperse (mass median aerodynamic diameter, 1.08-1.51; geometric standard deviation, 1.5-2.2). The aerosol:vapor ratio was reported at 1.2-1.8 (mean, 1.5). Control groups were sham-exposed for 7, 28, and 56 days. The lower-exposure concentration caused an increase in dynamic compliance after 7 days, but the effect did not persist with continued exposure to 28 days (Pfaff et al. 1995). Pulmonary resistance was increased in both the 7- and 28-day fuel-exposed groups. Pulmonary function was not measured in the low-exposure group at 56 days or in the high-exposure group at any time (Hays et al. 1995). Lung epithelial permeability, as determined by pulmonary clearance of technetium-99mlabeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTcDTPA), was measured in all rats. Clearance rates were significantly increased above the corresponding time-control value among the low-exposure group after 7 days (Pfaff et al. 1995), the low- and high-exposure groups after 28 days, and the high-exposure group after 56 days (Hays et al. 1995). Lung-permeability data indicated that lung injuries peaked at 28 days of fuel exposure. Although no treatment-related pulmonary lesions observable by light microscopy were reported in rats exposed to JP-8 at 500 mg/m3 for up to 28 days (Pfaff et al. 1995), electron micrographs showed that all groups had interstitial edema resulting from endothelial damage. There was an apparent thickening of the alveolar septa, and alveolar macrophages were activated in all groups (Hays et al. 1995). Lung-permeability data correlated with histology data.
In followup experiments, the pulmonary effects of JP-8 inhalation in mice were evaluated (Robledo and Witten 1998; Robledo et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2001). Groups of C57BL/6 and B6.A.D. (Ahrd/Nats knockout) mice were exposed 1 hr/day for 7 days to ambient air or aerosolized JP-8 at 0-118 mg/m3. JP-8 vapor was also present; however, the concentration of the vapor in the exposure atmosphere was not reported. Exposure had no effect on dynamic compliance or resistance. Lung epithelial permeability, as determined with 99mTcDTPA, was affected in C57BL/6 mice exposed at 50 and 113
mg/m3 and in B6.A.D. (Ahrd/Nats) mice exposed at 48 (but not 50), 113, and 118 mg/m3. Exposures resulted in increases in total protein, an indicator of pulmonary edema, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an indicator of pulmonary cell damage or death, among groups exposed at the higher JP-8 concentrations, but results varied between mouse strains and experiments. Conflicting effects of exposure on N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase and on numbers of nucleated cell numbers and profiles recovered with bronchoalveolar lavage were reported for the two sets of experiments. For example, significant increases in nucleated cell counts were reported for C57Bl/6 and B6A.D. (AhrdNars) mice exposed to JP-8 at 113 mg/m3 (Robledo and Witten 1998), but significant decreases were reported for B6A.D. (AhrdNars) mice exposed to JP-8 at 48 and 118 mg/m3 (Robledo et al. 2000). Minimal morphologic changes observed with light microscopy were reported after JP-8 inhalation, but ultrastructural evaluations revealed damage to bronchiolar epithelium resulting in perivascular edema and damage to Clara cells in mice exposed at the highest concentrations.
Early work on the effects of JP-8 inhalation in rats showed an inverse relationship between increases in airway epithelial permeability (99TcDTPA clearance) and decreased concentrations of the tachykinin substance P in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (Hays et al. 1995). Substance P has a strong affinity for the neurokinin receptor NK1, one of a family of plasma-membrane-bound neurokinin receptors that mediate protective reflex responses—such as bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation, mucus secretion, and enhanced mucociliary activity—to airway exposure to mechanical or chemical irritants.
Robledo and Witten (1999) further examined the role of substance P and receptor NK1 in mediating JP-8-induced lung injury. Groups of Ahrd/Nats mice were exposed to JP-8 at 50 mg/m3 for 1 hr/day for 7 days. End points included of pulmonary function, biochemical and cellular changes in BALF, 99mTcDPTA lung-clearance rates, and pulmonary morphology (based on light and electron microscopic evaluations). The effects of administration of an aerosol of (Sar9,Met[O2]11) substance P daily immediately after JP-8 inhalation and the effects of daily injection of the NK1 receptor antagonist CP-96345 on the end points were determined in additional groups of mice. JP-8 inhalation had no effect on pulmonary dynamic compliance or resistance. Exposure significantly increased 99mTc-DTPA clearance rate and total protein and LDH in lavage fluid. Exposure significantly decreased N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamine and total numbers of nucleated cells and macrophages in BALF. Morphologically, JP-8 induced marked focal areas of alveolar septal thickening and collapsed air spaces. Distal airways were characterized by the appearance of swollen and exfoliated bronchiolar epithelial cells. Areas of vacuolization between bronchioles and venules suggestive of subendothelial edema were
also observed. Mice given substance P by inhalation showed none of the adverse functional, biochemical, or morphologic changes induced by JP-8 inhalation. However, the JP-8-induced adverse effects were exacerbated by administration of the NK1 antagonist CP-96345. Results of the studies suggest that JP-8 inhalation triggers a protective response in the lung, mediated by a substance P/NK1 receptor that may become overwhelmed by repeated inhalation of the fuel at high concentrations.
The results of the pulmonary effects of inhaled JP-8 in mice and rats should be viewed with caution because exposure atmospheres are not well defined with respect to the concentration of vapor coexisting with aerosols. Morphologic evaluations were conducted in only a few animals per exposure group and were not reported quantitatively with regard to incidence or semiquantitatively with respect to severity. Pulmonary function measurements were not performed with conventional methods. Furthermore, conflicting results were obtained in replicated experiments with mice.
The sensory-irritation potential of JP-4, JP-8, and JP-8+100 were evaluated in groups of four male Swiss-Webster mice exposed, head-only, for 30 min to atmospheres of each material containing both vapor and aerosol phases (U.S. Department of the Air Force 2001). The three test materials evoked breathing patterns characteristic of upper airway sensory irritation at all exposure concentrations. Examination of the breathing patterns revealed no apparent pulmonary (deep lung) irritation at any concentration. The calculated values for concentrations of JP-4, JP-8, and JP-8+100 that caused a 50% decrease in respiratory rate (RD50) were 4,842, 2,876, and 1,629 mg/m3 (total aerosol + vapor concentration), respectively. The relative irritancy ranking of the three fuels was JP-8+100 > JP-8 > JP-4. In contrast, respiratory rates of mice exposed to deodorized kerosene vapor by inhalation at 6,900 mg/m3 were not decreased by 50% or more from control values (Carpenter et al. 1976).
To determine the effects of repeated inhalation of deodorized kerosene vapor, groups of 25 male rats and four male beagles were exposed at 20, 48, or 100 mg/m3 for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for up to 67 days. Characteristics examined included histopathologic findings, serum chemistry, and electrocardiograms (dogs only). No pulmonary lesions were observed in either species. No histopathologic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract was performed (Carpenter et al. 1976).
Studies on the effects of short-term inhalation of kerosene aerosol (about 8 mm in diameter) at 3,100-3,500 mg/m3 have been conducted. Short-term exposures resulted in significance increases in total pulmonary resistance and increased tracheal resistance in rabbits (Casacó et al. 1982). Tracheas from exposed guinea pigs showed enhanced susceptibility to acetylcholine immediately and 24 hr after exposure (Casacó et al. 1985b). Repeated inhalation by
guinea pigs (15 min/day for 21 days) resulted in damage to tracheal ciliated cells (Noa and Sanabria 1984) and pulmonary inflammatory responses and toxicity, as indicated by increases in numbers of nucleated and epithelial cells recovered in BALF (Noa et al. 1985).
The effects of JP-8 inhalation on protein expression in mouse lung were evaluated in Swiss-Webster mice (Witzmann et al. 1999). Mice were exposed to an aerosol and vapor mixture of JP-8 at 1,000 or 2,500 mg/m3 for 1 hr/day for 7 days. Lung cytosol was prepared and analyzed. An average of 796 proteins were resolved in each sample pattern and matched reproducibly to a reference pattern. Of the 796 proteins, 42 were significantly altered (p < 0.001) by exposure to JP-8 at 2,500 mg/m3. Eight proteins were increased and 34 decreased in abundance. One of the 42 proteins altered at 2,500 mg/m3 was altered at 1,000 mg/m3, but 11 were altered significantly (p < 0.01). The observed alterations suggested four general effects: impaired synthetic and processing machinery, ultrastructural damage, toxic and metabolic stress and detoxification systems, and functional responses to CO2 handling, acid-base homeostasis, and fluid secretion. The effects were considered to be consistent with morphologic and functional alterations observed in mice after JP-8 exposure. The relevance of the findings to evaluating the scientific basis of the interim permissible exposure level (PEL) of 350 mg/m3 is questionable considering the high JP-8 concentration used in the study and the fact that the vapor concentration was not characterized.
Stoica et al. (2001) investigated apoptosis as the molecular mechanism responsible for the cellular toxicity induced by JP-8 in several cell lines. JP-8 exposure of a rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cell line (RLE-6TN) induced biochemical and morphologic markers of apoptotic cell death, including caspase-3 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and genomic DNA cleavage into both oligonucleosomal (DNA ladder) and high-molecular-weight fragments. Similar responses to JP-8 were seen in the human histocytic lymphoma cell line (U937) and the T-cell leukemia cell line (Jurkat). Jurkat cells stably transfected with a plasmid encoding the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL or pretreated with the pan-caspase inhibitor Boc-D-frnk were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of JP-8. The results suggested that apoptotic cell death was at least partially responsible for the cytotoxic effects of JP-8. The apoptotic effects were seen with JP-8 dilutions of 1 × 10-4. Assuming a JP-8 density of 1 g/mL, that translates into concentrations of approximately 100 mg/mL of cell incubation medium. The physiologic rele-
vance of that high concentration is questionable, so it is difficult to determine the relevance of the results to human exposure.
Preliminary comparison of medical records of Air Force personnel occupationally exposed to JP-8 with records of unexposed (control) personnel showed that numbers of medical visits related to respiratory problems were not markedly different between the exposed and unexposed groups. Specific diseases, including respiratory illnesses, were examined, but no marked differences were found between the groups.
No respiratory-tract effects were found in F344 rats and C57BL/6 mice exposed to JP-8 vapor at 500 or 1,000 mg/m3 for 90 days. However, several animal studies conducted in F344 rats and C57BL/6 mice suggest that mixtures of JP-8 vapors and aerosols can result in pulmonary inflammation and alterations in pulmonary functions. Toxic effects have been reported in C57BL/6 mice exposed at concentrations as low as 50 mg/m3 for 1 hr per day for 7 days. The results from those studies suggest that JP-8 aerosol is more toxic to the respiratory tract than JP-8 vapor. The subcommittee reviewed the methods used to generate the exposure atmospheres in the studies using mixtures of vapors and aerosols and suspects that the JP-8 concentrations in the atmosphere may have been underreported. However, even if the actual concentration was 20 times as high (i.e., if exposure was at a concentration of 1,000 mg/m3), the observation of positive effects from a short exposure duration (1 hr/day for 7 days) at that concentration leads the subcommittee to conclude that the interim PEL of 350 mg/m3 might be too high to be protective of human health (assuming the application of commonly used uncertainty factors).
Because there are concerns about the characterization of the exposure atmospheres in the studies using mixtures of vapors and aerosols, the subcommittee recommends an examination of the methods of characterizing the exposure atmosphere. Future studies involving exposures to aerosols should be designed in collaboration with scientists knowledgeable in aerosol generation, aerosol physics, and quantification of vapors and aerosols to ensure accurate characterization of exposure atmospheres. The subcommittee recommends that respiratory-system toxicity be evaluated in experimental animals exposed to JP-8 vapors and mixtures of vapors and aerosols by the inhalation route. Because the composition of JP-8 varies from batch to batch, scientists with expertise in petroleum toxicology should be consulted to design the best approach for testing the respiratory-system toxicity of JP-8 (e.g., testing JP-8 samples at the extremes of their composition ranges or testing JP-8 samples
so that the concentrations of component classes can be correlated with toxic end points).
Carpenter, C.P., D.L. Geary Jr., R.C. Myers, D.J. Nachreiner, L.J. Sullivan, and J.M. King. 1976. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. XI. Animal and human response to vapors of deodorized kerosene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 36(3):443-456.
Casacó, A., D. Carvajal, M. Noa, R. González, M. García, and A.R. de la Vega. 1985a. Effects of kerosene on airway sensitization to egg albumin in guinea pig. Allergol. Immunopathol. 13(3):235-239.
Casacó, A., R. González, L. Arruzazabala, M. García, and A.R. de la Vega. 1985b. Kerosene aerosol induces guinea-peg airway hyperreactivity to acetylcholine. Respiration 47(3):190-195.
Casacó, A., R. González, L. Arruzazabala, M. García, and A.R. de la Vega. 1982. Studies on the effects of kerosine aerosol on airways of rabbits. Allergol. Immunopathol. 10(5):361-366.
Gibson, R.L., S. Shanklin, and R.L. Warner. 2001a. Health effects comparisons. Pp. 125-129 in JP-8 Final Risk Assessment Report. The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Lubbock, TX. August 2001.
Gibson, R.L., S. Shanklin, and R.L. Warner. 2001b. Self-reported health status. Pp. 132-139 in JP-8 Final Risk Assessment Report. The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Lubbock, TX. August 2001.
Hays, A.M., G. Parliman, J.K. Pfaff, R.C. Lantz, J. Tinajero, B. Tollinger, J.N. Hall, and M.L. Witten. 1995. Changes in lung permeability correlate with lung histology in a chronic exposure model. Toxicol. Ind. Health 11(3):325-336.
Knave, B., B.A. Olson, S. Elofsson, F. Gamberale, A. Isaksson, P. Mindus, H.E. Persson, G. Struwe, A. Wennberg, and P. Westerholm. 1978. Long-term exposure to jet fuel. II. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed industrial workers with special reference to the nervous system. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 4(1):19-45.
Mattie, D.R., C.L. Alden, T.K. Newell, C.L. Gaworski, and C.D. Flemming. 1991. A 90-day continuous vapor inhalation toxicity study of JP-8 jet fuel followed by 20 or 21 months of recovery in Fischer 344 rats and C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol. Pathol. 19(2):77-87.
Newton, P.E., S.V. Becker, and C.J. Hixon. 1991. Pulmonary function and particle deposition and clearance in rats after a 90-day exposure to shale-oil-derived jet fuel JP-4. Inhal. Toxicol. 3(2):195-210.
Noa, M., and J. Sanabria. 1984. Tracheal ultrastructure in kerosine treated guinea pigs: A preliminary report. Allergol. Immunopathol. 12(1):33-36.
Noa, M., J. Illnait, and R. González. 1985. Cytologic and biochemical changes in pulmonary washings of guinea pigs exposed to kerosene. Allergol. Immunopathol. 13(3):193-196.
NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Pfaff, J., K. Parton, R.C. Lantz, H. Chen, A.M. Hays, and M.L. Witten. 1995. Inhalation exposure to JP-8 jet fuel alters pulmonary function and substance P levels in Fischer 344 rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15(4):249-256.
Robledo, R.F., and M.L. Witten. 1998. Acute pulmonary response to inhaled JP-8 jet fuel aerosol in mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 10(5):531-553.
Robledo, R.F., and M.L. Witten. 1999. NK1-receptor activation prevents hydrocarbon-induced lung injury in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 276(2 Pt 1):L229-L238.
Robledo, R.F., R.S. Young, R.C. Lantz, and M.L. Witten. 2000. Short-term pulmonary response to inhaled JP-8 jet fuel aerosol in mice. Toxicol. Pathol. 28(5):656-663.
Stoica, B.A., A.H. Boulares, D.S. Rosenthal, S. Iyer, I.D. Hamilton, and M.E. Smulson. 2001. Mechanisms of JP-8 jet fuel toxicity. 1. Induction of apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 171(2):94-106.
Todd, G.R.G., and B. Buick. 2000. Asthma due to kerosine exposure: Three case reports. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 13(1):23-25.
Tunnicliffe, W.S., S.P. O'Hickey, T.J. Fletcher, J.F. Miles, P.S. Burges, and J.G. Ayres. 1999. Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in a population of airport workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 56(2):118-123.
U.S. Department of the Air Force. 2001. Sensory Irritation Study in Mice. Final Report. Project Number 162951. Test Substance: JP-4( MRD-00-629), JP-8(MRD-00-630), JP-8+100 (MRD-00-631). Prepared by ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, for the U.S. Department of the Air Force, Brooks Air Force Base, TX.
Wang, S.J., R.S. Young, and R.L. Witten. 2001. Age-related differences in pulmonary inflammatory responses to JP-8 jet fuel aerosol inhalation. Toxicol. Ind. Health 17(1):23-29.
Witzmann, F.A., M.D. Bauer, A.M. Fieno, R.A. Grant, T.W. Keough, S.E. Kornguth, M.P. Lacey, F.L. Siegel, Y. Sun, L.S. Wright, R.S. Young, and M.L. Witten. 1999. Proteomic analysis of simulated occupational jet fuel exposure in the lung. Electrophoresis 20(18):3659-3669.


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Kaieteur Waterfall in Guyana, South America, is one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the whole world and yet most people have never heard of it. Granted, it is a bit more difficult to visit than some of the other major waterfalls of the world but it is this which also makes it incredibly special.
The waterfall was first discovered by Europeans in 1870 and the name Kaieteur means 'old-man-fall'. Legend has it that a local chief, Kai, paddled over the falls in an act of self-sacrifice to save the people in the village. That's the heroic story, the other story involves a sick old man who was covered in ticks and the local villagers were so sick of looking at him that they strapped him to a raft and sent him off the falls!
The falls themselves are absolutely fascinating. With a height of 226 meters they are four times higher than Niagara Falls in the USA. Kaieteur is also incredibly powerful and has a huge volume of water flowing over it making it the biggest single drop waterfall in the entire world.
Right now, the only way to access the falls is via chartered plane from the capital city of Georgetown which will land on an airstrip a short walk from the falls. The plane ride itself is a lot of fun and you will get an absolutely gorgeous view of Guyana along the way.
Here are a few tips that will help you have the best possible time when visiting the falls:
If photography is your thing then make sure you know where the position of the sun is when visiting the falls. If you visit at the wrong time then a shadow could be cast into the valley which makes for some difficult, but not impossible, shooting.
This should be looked after by the company but it is something worth checking out, make sure that you bring some snacks or food to the falls. There is a visitor centre with toilets but there is no access to food there and it is a long day spent out under the sun.
There are two viewing platforms to see Kaieteur which are essentially rocks which jut out over the valley. There are no hand rails so make sure you have sure footing as you try and get the best photo possible.
The water level can change very dramatically depending on what time of year you visit. The best time to visit the falls if you want to see them at their most powerful is during the rainy season but you will still get a spectacular view if you go in the dry season.
You can get some great views on the ground but most tours will do a couple of flybys of the falls themselves while in the plane so make sure you get a good seat if you plan on taking some pictures!
There are some short hiking routes that you can check out if yo have the time. You will be able to check out the maps at the visitor centre.
Keep your eyes peeled while visiting the falls, the entire area is teeming with wildlife which can be quite hard to spot! The famous cock-of-the-rock bird can sometimes be spotted nesting near the falls and if you look closely you can sometimes see the absolutely tiny golden frog in the water along some of the trails.
You can book your tours online or in Georgetown and tours cost something in the region of $150-$300 per person depending on what type of trip you want. This is pretty good value considering you will be flying in your very own chartered plane!
So what are you waiting for, go there now while it is still relatively undiscovered.


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See the interview here https://www.midtnmusic.com/interview-fitzsimon-and-brogan/
No Depression: Big Blue World Review
The output of any creative is one part instinct and another part self-identity. Bee Brogan and Neil Fitzsimon of Fitzsimon and Brogan describe their styles as "pure pop for now people," and I can't say that I disagree with their description. There's an almost translucency in their music that borrows heavily from the bright indulgences of Cocteau Twins and the raw, brutal irreverence of The Vaselines in a way that doesn't sound like a second or third generation descendent. Its thick layers of guitar and near-synthetic percussion create an atmospheric tidal wave that's impossible to escape once you get caught in its alluring undercurrent.
Ironically, there's a certain cohesiveness in making a record that's as shapeless as Fitzsimon and Brogan's Big Blue World. Each song can stand on its own musically as an exclusive peek into the duo's artistry, but this collection of songs presented to us in a single place as it is here is reflective of the diversity in the band's influences and target audience. This isn't music that's made for one group over another, and it rarely adheres to scene politics or the parameters of standard FM pop. This is courageously harsh tonality compressed into a polished, almost bleached packaging that is equally abstract as it is infectiously memorable. It didn't take long for me to add a couple of Big Blue World's tracks to my summer playlist for repeat listens.
In the jarring rock anthem "God Given Right," Bee Brogan invokes the spirit of late 70's garage punk in all of its furious glory and adds her own spin of rebelliousness to the mix to make for an infectiously high energy, raucous ride. Somewhere between 1999 and 2005, punk rock seemed to become a much more commercial entity than it was ever designed to become, and the whole of rock n' roll music has suffered tremendously because of it. The bucolic ferocity of the traditional rock band become completely toned down and softened to appeal to a much wider range of listeners, and the distinctiveness of styles became watered down beyond the point of recognition. At least as this decade is wrapping up, artists like Fitzsimon and Brogan are taking strides to bring boundless passion back into the fold for rock, even in most postmodern tracks like "Blue Velvet" or the joyously rhythmic "Sea of Love," which features a galloping, folky drum beat that I can promise you will be seared into your brain for the duration of the year.
As a music critic, I don't always have the chance to review albums that I genuinely plan on keeping on my shelf for the long term. Big Blue World is one of the exceptional pieces though, and with the advent of online music streaming making it increasingly more accessible for fans around the world to reach artists from every corner of the globe, this could easily propel their ascension into the international pop music consciousness. They've got enough gas in the tank to make a really big statement with this record, and it just might be their moment to breakthrough to the big leagues.
Big Blue World Album (Release)
Big Blue World Album release – 22nd June 2018 through WTPL
Big Blue World (Album) Review
Fitzsimon and Brogan is a musical duo with quite a story. These two talented artists have a very special synergy, and this is not the first time they've worked together. They were, in fact, both members of a band called "Pretty Blue Gun", which went on to receive critical acclaim and discographic success with two studio albums. Following the experience with the band, Fitzsimon and Brogan decided to focus on another project, collaborating on a new musical adventure with a much broader creative scope. Their most recent album, "Big Blue World" is a fantastic portrait of their magnetic personality and amazing musicianship. The release blurs the lines between pop and electronic music, echoing the greatest artists of the past, but reinterpreting pop music in a modern, fresh and lush key. Their album will certainly appeal to listeners from all walks of life, due to its charismatic and timeless tone.
Big Blue World (Single) Review
"Big Blue World" is a brand new, vibrant single from Fitzsimon and Brogan, taken from the album by the same title. The track is a lush, melodic and energetic blend of pop melodies, rock grit and indie production aesthetics, making for a sound that feels heartfelt and authentic from the moment you press play. The London-based duo set out to release a piece of music that feels compelling and genuine, highlighting the duo's chemistry, as well as their ability to create beautiful, richly nuanced melodies.
Both musicians had collaborated earlier on in their career, most notably as members of "Pretty Blue Gun", their formed band. After releasing two well-received albums with the group, Fitzsimon and Brogan decided to focus on their solo project instead, allowing free range to their creativity. Their music could be compared to the work of artists as diverse as Elvis Costello, Jimmy Webb, The Beatles, David Bowie, and many more, echoing the best rock and roll and pop traditions!
Big Blue World (Single)
New single release 19th June 2018 through WTPL
- Big Blue World Fitzsimon and Brogan 1:16


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Our New Campus – A Work in Progress
10 months ago
Our new campus is about to take form - an educational establishment for students to grow the complete person, body and mind alike, to develop their intellect, skills and abilities to the highest levels.
We have planned and started work on our new campus -
- situated in a prime location between 100m and 120m roads
- easily accessible from the City Centre
- designed for sustainably and managed with the latest smart technologies
- a capacity of 8,000 students
- a pedestrianised centre containing key services; auditorium, library, cafeteria and research centres
- a layout and design that echos the circular design of Hawler itself in a very modern style
- individual departmental and school buildings radiating outwards
- separate hospital, laboratories and conference facilities
- beautifully landscaped green areas with multipurpose functionality providing numerous opportunities for both study and relaxation
- a variety of spaces to suit all educational needs and purposes
- a user friendly and disabled accessible site with ample parking
- extensive sports and accommodation areas for both staff and students
More news to follow as we progress in our building…
Related News:
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- .9 months ago.
Vice Chancellor Welcomes New Student Union Board
- .9 months ago.
Vice Chancellor's Message on End of Academic Year
- .10 months ago.
Vice-Chancellor Rounds Up Fruitful Visit to Italy
- .12 months ago.
Both of UKH journals have been indexed by PKP
- .2 years ago.
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- .3 years ago.


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Fabienne Spiral Hoop Earrings
Are you on a quest to find the perfect pair of earrings? Who isn't! May we suggest these gorgeous Fabienne spiral earrings with a faux pearl detail. It's feminine, it's stylish and it's so classy. It's nearly perfect.
Material: Aluminium Alloy.
Color: Gold.
Material: Aluminium Alloy.
Color: Gold.
The delivery time is 5-15 business day to USA, Canada, Spain and the Netherlands and 10-20 business days worldwide. We select balance between the fastest and the most cost effective shipping method offered, therefore the shipping is always FREE on all orders.


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We are a team of investment professionals dedicated to creating financial success for our clients.
Louis Wray
Wealth Advisor
Louie has both significant experience and education relating to pursuing financial success for his clients. With over 25 years of experience in the financial services industry Louie has not only helped clients build investment...
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Leslie brings a unique and important skillset to her profession as a financial advisor. Her clients benefit from her past experience and education as a high school teacher as well as her knowledge and passion for helping clients reach...


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Stephen Parente and Jon Christianson at the university's Carlson School of Management in Minneapolis and Roger Feldman at the School of Public Health's Division of Health Services Research and Policy will present their preliminary study results on consumer-driven plans on Monday, Sept. 15, in Washington, D.C., at a policy-makers' conference, "Consumer-Driven Health Care: Evidence from the Field," sponsored by AcademyHealth, the national program office for health care financing and organization supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
In consumer-driven plans, employers allot an employee a given amount of money toward personal care or a health spending account to spend, at his or her discretion, on health care needs. By using this account to purchase health care services, employees become directly involved in health care decision-making. The plans also provide information on physician and hospital performance and procedure costs to help consumers use their money wisely. Unused funds roll over into the next year's pool, creating a greater amount the employee could spend.
Parente, Christianson and Feldman's studies focus on Minneapolis-based Definity Health, which is offered by the University of Minnesota and several other Minnesota companies. By examining preliminary data provided by some of the employers who offer Definity as an employee health care option, researchers learned that Definity was not disproportionately chosen by the young and the healthy. Instead, it was chosen more by higher-income families and was most popular among those ages 35 to 44. Initial results indicate that Definity's patient hospital admissions were also higher than expected. Researchers note that this point needs to be more extensively examined to make sure admissions are being accurately counted.
Higher admissions are one contributor to the higher average payment made by employers for consumer-driven plans, the researchers found. Employee payments are cheaper than health maintenance organizations and about the same or slightly less expensive than preferred provider organizations. Patient expenses, including pharmaceutical costs, are similar for each population. However, consumer-driven plans show an increase in demand for services, particularly prescription drugs, over time. In fact, 65 percent of Definity enrollees were more likely to call customer service for information or help, compared with 40 percent in other plans. And 44 percent used Definity's Internet site to monitor their personal care accounts.
Overall, employees and employers were positive about the consumer-driven plan, but not more than other health plans. The three key features enrollees looked for in their consumer-driven health plan were that their doctor was in their plan (77 percent), no referrals were needed (51 percent) and preventive services were covered (47 percent). Seventy percent said it was easy to use the personal care account to pay for health services. Following are some additional findings:
- Definity employees are sensitive to premium differences among competing health plans.
- Employees and families with chronic conditions are more premium-sensitive.
- Of Definity members who thought they would have money left at the end of the year, 76 percent turned out to be right. Similarly, 76 percent of those who predicted they would not have money left at the end of a year were right.
- Forty-seven percent of Definity enrollees use flexible spending accounts, versus 35 percent of enrollees in other health plans.
These findings are the initial results of a two-year research project to provide an unbiased evaluation of the early impact of consumer-driven health plans. Additional results on the experience of "early adopter" employers with consumer-driven plans will be assessed through the use of interview data and are expected to be released in 2005.
Catherine Peloquin, Carlson School of Management, (612) 626-0556
Ruth Taylor, Center for the Study of Healthcare Management, (612) 624-1532
Deane Morrison, University News Service, (612) 624-2346
Stephen Parente, Jon Christianson and Roger Feldman: contact through Catherine Peloquin


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Oh how I love Americans! After all they entertain us more than any other nation of people. This time, politics have even taken over Halloween fashion! The new popular female costume is that of...Sarah Palin! Shops have sold out within days of stocking her costume. However, it's not only popular among women, but more so with men. I wonder how Sarah Palin and her fellow Republicans feel about that!
Rumour has it even Lindsay Lohan intends to dress as her. If you are on your way to a Halloween party and want to follow this trend, check this blog for tips on how to perfect the look.
As for me, I'm about to head off to bed with a fever which seems to be cooling down, and thanks to ECG, the lights in all of Labone have just gone off. How do I know it's all over Labone? I heard the screams of disappointment long before I realised they were off! Gotta love Ghana.
Happy Haaaallloooooweeeeeeen!
(OK, lights came on after twenty minutes, how else would I send this post...?)


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About the Omwene Tukwafa Support Group
The Omwene Tukwafa Support Group is a collective of HIV positive men and women that aim to initiate self help projects which improves the quality of life for People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). The group consists of 25 active members that meet weekly on Friday at 2:00pm in the Onkuwoyepongo Community Centre for two hours to discuss issues relating to improving the quality of life for its members.
About the Omwene Tukwafa Community Trust Fund
The purpose of the Omwene Tukwafa Community Trust Fund is to facilitate a trial phase for six months on a group savings scheme which can be replicated to other community groups. With each member of the support group contributing N$10 per month to the fund as well as contributions made by external supporters, interest can be generated on a fixed bank deposit to provide practical assistance such as food, meeting and schooling costs and funeral coverage for the members of the support group, all of which are critically needed. The funds collected will also be used as a means of securing an investment for development opportunities for the trust fund members, to initiate and expand on other income-generation and skill developing projects.