text:
- ITV Report
- ITV Report
World sends wishes to United legend Ferguson
Live updates
- ITV Report
Sir Alex Ferguson is out of intensive care
Sir Alex Ferguson is out of intensive care following surgery on a brain haemorrhage, Manchester United have announced.Read the full story ›
'I've never met anyone as tough as Sir Alex he'll pull through' - Ryan Giggs
Speaking exclusively to Granada Reports - Ryan Giggs admits it was a 'huge shock' when he heard his former boss at Manchester United had suffered a brain hemorrhage.
He described Sir Alex, who's 76, as one of the greatest ever managers and says he's been told the emergency brain surgery he had on Saturday had gone well.
He says he's never met anyone as tough as Sir Alex Ferguson and he's sure he'll pull through.
- ITV Report
Manchester United thanks football world for supporting Sir Alex Ferguson
The 76-year-old, one of the most successful football managers of all time, had surgery on Saturday and is in intensive care.Read the full story ›
Sir Alex Ferguson: experts say coming days will be critical for good recovery
Sir Alex Ferguson is recovering in hospital after he underwent emergency surgery for a brain haemorrhage.
The former Manchester United manager was rushed to Salford Royal for treatment over the weekend.
A consultant neurosurgeon has told ITV News that the coming days and weeks will be critical:
- ITV Report
World sends wishes to United legend Ferguson
The footballing world have shared their well-wishes for Sir Alex Ferguson after he underwent emergency surgery for a brain haemorrhage.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Well wishes pour in for Sir Alex Ferguson
Well wishes from the worlds of sport, politics and TV flood in for Sir Alex Ferguson after the former Manchester United manager has surgeryRead the full story ›
- ITV Report
Sir Alex hosts leadership talks in New York
Sir Alex Ferguson has emphasised the importance of leadership as he visited a Scottish university's New York campus.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Beckham and Sir Alex to be reunited for charity match
Sir Alex Ferguson is returning to the Old Trafford dugout next month to manage David Beckham and a host of other stars in a charity matchRead the full story ›
- ITV Report
Sir Alex: Family loss prompted United decision to quit
Sir Alex Ferguson has revealed he would have stayed on longer as Manchester United manager had it not been for a death in the family.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Fergie says Moyes was a club decision
Sir Alex Ferguson said it was "nonsense" to suggest the correct processes were not followed prior to the appointment of David Moyes.Read the full story ›


text:
All your shortlisted packages are stored here.
Advanced Search
Any Destination
Exmouth is the closest town to the Ningaloo Reef, located on North West Cape. The Ningaloo Reef meets the beach of the North West Cape. It is a virtually untouched barrier reef of 260km length protecting a shallow, brilliant white sandy lagoon of clear tropical waters. One of the rare places on earth where you are able to walk from the beach straight onto a coral reef. More than 500 species of tropical fish and 220 species of coral make up the Ningaloo Reef; a protected marine park. With the sea only up in your knees, allow the many coloured fish to swim and feed between your legs. From eighteen months to eighty years of age enjoy the thrill of snorkeling amid the dazzling display of tropical species and colours of fish and coral in the shallows – "like swimming through the stars".
The waters beyond the reef are the migratory route of Humpback Whales. Dolphins, Dugongs. Coral spawning can also be seen here. Turtles nest on the beach in summer. The reef is world famous for the 'gentle giant' Whalesharks that gather off the coast to feed on plankton. It is the best place in the world to take a trip to swim along side the world's largest fish.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dental Routes Prospectus 2020 NEW
Dental Course
by A G Stewart DR. Senthil
This is the price your customers see. Edit list price
About the Book
About the Creator
Andrew G Stewart was born in Birmingham in 1971. After graduating from Plymouth College of Art & Design in 1992, he packed his pencils, went to London and got a job in the creative sector. Over a twenty year period, he's worked with international finance companies, a global energy giant, private banks, government agencies and more recently, the third sector, where the not-for-profit, voluntary and charitable organizations dwell. From the time he acquired his first Nikes in 1987 and before a career in the creative industry, Andrew has been intrigued by the power and influence of design and what he now knows to be the art of branding. In 2012, he decided to pursue the 'fuller' answer to a question his grandmother asked him back in 1990, whilst sitting together on a bench waiting for a train. His answer, 25 years on, took form and became a book about a book of old stories. Andrew lives in Suffolk with his wife Andrea, son Loui, Alan (the cat), Twiglet (also a cat) and beloved dog Popcorn.


text:
What is a dildo and why are men and women so fascinated by them? A dildo, by definition according to Wikipedia, is a sexual device that looks like an erect penis by its size, shape, weight and overall appearance. Why men and women around the world love owning a dildo is because it doesn't require batteries, you don't need to plug it in and dildos won't ever let you down when you need intimate satisfaction the most.
Since all people have different likes and dislikes about their partners, buying a dildo could be a fantastic way to fantasize and pleasure yourself with an item that is completely opposite to your partners. For example, if your partner has an average sized penis (which is 4.5 inches in the United States), you could experiment with a much larger dildo such as 7 or 9-inch adult toy. The act of having a different shaped, colored or sized penis could make the ultimate difference in the bedroom because let's face it, we sometimes want what we can't have. 🙂
Adult male stars actually have replicated their penis size and have sold this item to men and women around the world who want to experience penetration by a mold of an actual movie star's penis. You actually get to cheat on your husband or wife with one of these molds without the guilt from the actual act.
There are a number of reasons why and how you can use a dildo. Let us discuss the top 5 reasons you might or might not already know about:
- The first and obvious use of this item is vaginal penetration. This conventional pleasure method involves a woman using a rubber penis on herself to replicate intercourse with a male.
- Gay partners use dildos as a form of safe sex because you can pleasure your partner in the anus without risk of obtaining a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD).
- Fellatio practice is perfect on this item because you can practice your strategy and perfect it before actually performing this act on your partner.
- Females can strap on this item to a belt and penetrate your partner as if they had an actual penis themselves. This belt, also referred to as "Strap On," is perfect for women on women action who want the look and feel of a penis.
- Last but not least, these dildos can be made in many different materials such as rubber, sex flesh, glass or even a fruit such as a banana. Squash, and cucumbers are also fantastic dildo candidates when you don't have the real deal.
There are a number of adult stores that sell different kinds of sex attachments which are sure to surpass your expectations. We recommend one specific dildo that is very well made, in demand worldwide, and extremely satisfying to all men and women because of it's weight, size and real like feel. The Ride-N-Vibe Dildo is a very high quality dildo, which attaches to the Magic Wand Original massager and pulses deep vibrations inside your body when your massager is turned on. The beauty of this dildo is it could be used with or without your Hitachi Magic Wand and is sure to keep you happy for hours at a time. If you are interested in trying the Ride-N-Vibe dildo, you might also want to check out the Twig & Berries Package which includes this fantastic dildo, the Magic Wand Original by Hitachi, Wand Speed controller and your very own bottle of ID Glide water based lubricant.


text: Add to Cart Quick view Viper Pickup Shoe Cleaner Fine MSRP: Now: $2.49 Was: Cleaning your pickup shoes is so much easier with this Viper Pickup Shoe Cleaning tool. All you need to do is install the bit into your Dremel rotary tool and let the fine Scotch-Brite tip do all the work. Great for cleaning all metals and materials... MSRP: Now: $2.49 Was: Add to Cart Quick view


text:
Holistic Wellness at Inner Connections
Holistic Health is actually an approach to life. Rather than focusing on illness or specific parts of the body, this ancient approach to health considers the whole person and how he or she interacts with his or her environment. It emphasizes the connection of mind, body, and spirit. The goal is to achieve maximum well-being, where everything is functioning the very best that is possible. With Holistic Health people accept responsibility for their own level of well-being, and everyday choices are used to take charge of one's own health.
Private Yoga Classes
Tara offers offers private yoga classes for individualized attention. Each class is structured with your personal goals in mind and can vary from the restorative to vigorous, depending upon your needs. Your instructor, Tara Griffith, registered yoga teacher (RYT), has practiced yoga in a variety of styles for over 18 years. She also uses her vast experience as a body worker to safely facilitate the proper body mechanics and alignment. Provided By: Tara Hedges
Hypnotherapy makes possible gentle changes in specific portions of the subconscious mind, changes that create congruity between the deep and surface levels of the mind. Only when we align the wants of the conscious mind with the needs of the subconscious mind do we discover the path unhindered.
Provided By: Andrew Davis


text:
Clinton Public School DistrictDr. Tim Martin, SuperintendentMedia contacts: Sandi Beason, APR; Robert Chapman (sports)
CLINTON — Johnathan Perkins, head coach for both boys and girls track & field teams at Clinton High School, was recognized this week as one of eight finalists for the 2019 NHSACA Coach of the Year - Track & Field.
In May, Perkins coached the Lady Arrows to their seventh straight MHSAA 6A State Track & Field Championship.
He also coached the Clinton Arrows boys team to a MHSAA 6A State Championship in 2017. The Arrows finished first runner-up in the 2019 MHSAA 6A State Meet.
The National High School Athletic Coaches Association recognized eight Track & Field coaches as finalists for the 54th annual National Coach of the Year Convention this week at the Ramokata Hotel in Bismark, ND.
This year's convention marked the 54th year the NHSACA has recognized a National Coach of the Year. Based out of Fargo, ND, the NHSACA is the oldest coaches association in the nation.
P.O. Box 300201 Easthaven Drive, Clinton, MS 39060
p: 601-924-7533
f: 601-924-6345


text:
Emotional healing is not done in isolation instead of in a community. Stress gained as a result of the emotional trauma experienced by an individual makes them to startfeeling numb, disconnected and loses the trust of other people. Furthermore, it is important to point out that in case the trauma experienced by the person is physiological, the person may suffer from troubling memories, emotions, and anxiety. Therefore, to ensure the individual reconnects back to the community he/she has to get emotional healing.read_more_from_trauma healing. Over time there has been development of Simple steps have been developed to provide healing from emotional Trauma. Evidently, it is encouraging to note that there is a possibility of an individual to fully recover from emotional trauma if they follow all the recommended steps towards emotional healing.
Among the many solutions given regarding emotional healing, life coaches have identified a problem shared is a problem half solved. Some issues are hard to deal with, often issues that surround family system are best dealt with when they are divided. Trust issues are a problem in a family set up when there are emotional issues raised there is a tendency of trust being broken and regaining the confidence is paramount. Discussing emotional healing is possible, moreover, psychological healing where there is a trust issue can be contained best by sharing with trusted friends and family members. Additionally, when sharing the individuals affected by the trauma is encouraged to be themselves without denigrating or condemning themselves.
One of the fastest way to heal, Practicing meditation and mindfulness significantly helps quiet the mind.read_more_from_life coach. Through Yoga the individual can experience wisdom, acceptance and have a new appreciation of life. Drama causes emotional trauma to always stored inside the body. Connecting with oneself is critical, the sure way to deal with the emotional trauma is through energy healing. Through confidence and being able to retain only positive thoughts and relaxing, positive feels allows an individual to develop mindfulness. However, it is critical to understand that unless an individual is fully ready to participate in the healing process, releasing the negative energy through meditation may not be possible.
Emotional healing may take a while before an individual fully recovers. Therefore, incorporating the practices of yoga and running into daily enables the individual to release the endorphins which allow the person feel safe and stable. Evidently With continual release of the hormones, it allows an individual to keep his or her emotions in check. By engaging in exercises, it is worth noting that these positive feelings created help to reduce the emotional trauma, whereas even if the person has physical training, it is essential for the individual to consult a specialist. To ensure the best results are assured, consulting trained professionals truly helps an individual to focus on stress management techniques, the release of body memories and suppressed emotions that cause physical and psychological pain.read_more_from_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma


text:
This is the product page for: Monochrome Longline Jacket
Image carousel, press Enter to cycle through the images, press the Z key to zoom in and out of an image. Once zoomed in, use WASD keys to pan around image.
Model wears size 10 and is 5'8
This versatile jacket is a must-have for your everyday wardrobe. A monochrome hue, luxurious fabric and sophisticated detailing mean it will work layered over a smart outfit for work, or a casual weekend look. For a more formal outfit wear with black trousers and a black cami, adding nude heels to complete the look.
Your shopping bag is empty.
Content is loading, please wait.


text:
A mortgage panic is setting in. More than 8.3 million U.S. residential mortgage holders owed more on their loans in the fourth quarter than their property was worth as the recession cut home values by $2.4 trillion last year. An additional 2.2 million borrowers will be underwater if home prices decline another 5 percent. Do you have one of these mortgages? Probably not if you have been in your home more than 5 years and made sensible choices with financing. 10 million homes is small potatoes compared to number of residential mortgages out there in the United States. However, the crooked system of weights and balances that bankers designed are now a house of cards ready to crash as more Americans appear to be losing their homes.
The banking and finance system has plowed virtually every mortgage into a profit making system of toxic securities. The system of high finance is beginning to panic as it realizes that it must comply with trimming and modifying home loans to keep their customers viable as they lose their bottom line. Why are the system of bankers and high finance trembling in their boots? Confidence continues to dwindle and stock prices fall. Trading value is the bread and butter of publicly-traded companies. Banking and high finance are trembling due to the toxic securities that they built to underscore and enhance their profits. With toxic mortgage-based securities failing, this puts banks, investors and insurers like AIG in the position of holding the bag of spoiled goods that were originally designed to spur runaway profits and build a system of financial prosperity.
We are witness to what has happened. Bankers and high finance have designed their own self-destruction that has been left squarely in the hands of government and citizens to miraculously rectify. The fallout from all the speculation and rampant leveraging has been an enhanced recession which is likely to lead to a depression. No man lives on an island. The world of finance is no exception. Sooner or later, greed and fraud bite back. The only problem for the nation is that the taxpayer is covering the systemic failure with their own blood, sweat and tears. ~ E. Manning


text:
On Sale
Sculpey Textures
Texture Makers
Use these Texture makers to bring clay backgrounds to life with sophisticated patterns.
Translucent material is easy to line up for repeating patterns.
Sort by:
On Sale
Sculpey Style and Detail Tools$10.79 $7.45
On Sale
Sculpey Technique Design Blocks$15.29 $9.95
Sculpey Texture Sheet - Geometric$9.95
Sculpey Texture Sheet - Nature$9.95
On Sale
Sculpey Texture Sheets Edgy and Landscape$10.19 $8.95
On Sale


text:
Velvet Pouf Ottoman – The sofas are that piece of the house that brings us many down the street of bitterness as far as cleanliness is concerned. When we buy them in the store are so beautiful and are so clean that when you get home doubts whether to put them on or not and of course before the first stain all are doubts since the cleaning of the sofas can turn into a nightmare if not does well.
Things you should look is
First, check the label on the chair to see what type of velvet is: If it is acetate, rayon or silk, your velvet pouf ottoman is too delicate for a home cleaning, have a professional clean it. (If there is no label, you can detect this type of velvet by its thickness and softness when compared to other velvet samples.) If the velvet is made of cotton or polyester, the careful application of shop-bought upholstery cleaner, such as Woolite or Bissell, should work.
Before using any chemical on the material,
Try it on a discrete section of the fabric to ensure that the process will not affect the dye or thickness. Use a soft sponge to avoid damage to the fabric. Once clean, expect your velvet pouf ottoman to slide by vacuuming regularly and brushing the fabric in the direction of the fabric.velvet pouf ottoman


text:
Walk: Mulling things Oa on Islay
Islay | The Oa | Short walk | ★★★
|[American Monument, Mull of Oa]
The Mull of Oa forms one of Islay's most dramatic bits of coastline, with 130 metre-high cliffs plunging into the Atlantic Ocean with Northern Ireland about 25 miles distant. Perched in a spectacular location on the very edge of the cliffs is the American Monument; this prominent obelisk commemorates the loss of over 600 lives in 1918, when two troop ships sank off the west coast of Islay in separate wartime incidents. The headland is also a nature reserve, with rare choughs, seabirds and several bird of prey species calling the moorland home. The RSPB's circular walking route visits both mull and monument, beginning at the end of a long and narrow road from Port Ellen. Be grateful for the excellent boardwalk paths traversing the wetter sections; we tried venturing off the waymarked trail in the direction of Beinn Mhor and it wasn't pretty...
|[The approach to the monument is mostly on boardwalks]
📌 Walk: Mulling things Oa on Islay ★★★
▶ 4 km / 2 miles | ▲ 50 metres
Features: Mull of Oa; RSPB The Oa; American Monument
Start / finish: Car park at track end 7 miles west of Port Ellen, Islay, G.R.: NR 281422 ///unlucky.scored.solves
Route: Car park - American Monument & Mull of Oa by direct route - Bruthach Mòr - Upper Killeyan - start. Route marked on map in orange here and by wooden posts on the ground.
Terrain: Good path with long sections of boardwalk to the monument. Faint path or pathless beyond (though waymarked) with some wet sections.
Wildlife today: Cows on the access track to the car park; sheep.
Weather today: Mostly overcast under an inversion; 5°C, almost windless.
Anything else? Last half mile or so to the start is on an unsurfaced track with potholes - drive carefully.
|[View east from the Mull of Oa]
Route map
Route credit: RSPB
More photos
|[Path near the start]
|[Coastal views near the start]
|[New boardwalk section]
|[American Monument and trig pillar]
|[American Monument]
|[Dramatic cliff scenery]
|[Mull of Oa and monument]
|[Cows on the unsurfaced access road]


text:
The government have set aside funding to allow schools to promote physical activity and health. The details of how Pelynt have spent this funding is detailed below.
View the following documents within your web browser or download to read later
We are inspired by the awe and wonder of the world.
We are bold and innovative in our approach to find new solutions to the challenges we face.
We are the best we can be.
We take responsibility for our actions in an environment of mutual respect.
We overcome all barriers to reach our potential, developing a capacity to improve further.
We are passionate about learning.
All Bridge Schools are now closed. Pelynt Primary is operating as the 'Hub' school providing a reduced service only for children of key workers and vulnerable groups within normal school registration hours for Pelynt and Polruan.
© 2020 Bridge Schools trust is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales. Registration number 7736425. It is an exempt charity.


text:
Merz Consulting comprises a team of high-calibre strategic consultants, energy economists, engineers, technicians and project delivery professionals.
We specialise in power distribution, transmission and generation projects and are able to deliver power projects from idea inception, through feasibility studies and detailed design, to commissioning and ongoing support. We also provide a comprehensive range of energy-related services and independent specialised opinions.
We have successfully delivered the following services for our end clients in the Utilities and Resources sectors:
—Market & Regulatory Advisory Services
—Asset Management Systems
—Engineering & Design
—Project Management
Further details are our services page.


text:
ReturningWritten in the Tanat Valley
Walking beside a Welsh river
a flash of dark caught my sight
It could have been a kingfisher
but I saw no streak of blue
It could have been a wagtail
but its flight was to direct
Perhaps it was the elusive dipper
that I had hunted many summers
On Dartmoor, as a boy
we had sought it down the rocky streams
In Northumberland I thought I glimpsed it once
upstream, a brown shape on a distant rock
And many times rivers looked perfect habitats
in these wild and distant hills
But never once had I been sure
although I returned the same way many times
Peering through bushes I had seen no sight
scanning fast water, I could see nothing.
We wandered on,
over the grassy bank
And wandered back
returning the same way, once again
And a flash
I stooped and scanned
A brown shape huddled on the water
and turning, the white breast, shining.
I had returned, without expectation
and suddenly the dipper had shown himself to me
True, he is no rarity
no tick in a twitchers notebook
But I had returned
returned once more
And returning, returning, returning
had found my heart's desire.


text:
Headhunters in IT
Established for over 13 years, Thorens Solutions – Headhunters supports SMEs and Start-Ups from Montreal to Quebec in recruiting professionals in IT who will hold strategic positions within their organization. We have expertise in artificial intelligence recruitment for fields as diverse as industrial applications to medical applications.
Beyond the sourcing of potential candidates, our Headhunters offer personalized support, rigorous follow-ups and strategic advice on the market and pay scales in IT.
Our experience and tools (ex: psychometric test) allow us to offer a comprehensive analysis of the motivations, needs, career level and expertise of each candidate to promote the identification of the "perfect fit".
As headhunters, we regularly recruit:
- Programmer-analysts
- SQL programmers
- C++ programmers
- .NET developers
- Embedded software developers
- Front-end developers
- Back-end developers
- Senior developers
- IT administrators
- System administrators
- IT managers
- Software development managers
- Research and development (R&D) managers
Contact us – Hire an IT professional
Contact our headhunters at 514-842-7846 to learn more about our services. Our headhunters will present you with exceptional candidates from your region, with stable career paths and from your industry.
To find out more about our services or to contact us by email, go to Thorens Solutions – Headhunters in Montreal and Drummondville
Looking for a job in IT?
Consult our job offers in IT
Or create an account to receive our job-alerts in IT


text:
Your Spanish Spree begins with Barcelona where you'll indulge in some exotic tapas tours and witness emotive Flamenco! Beachside siestas & Balmy nights with a little pub crawl will make your stay in Barcelona nothing short of
Tucked away in a quiet corner or Europe lies the beautiful Portugal. This country is full of surprises, hidden gems! While the city of 7
This itinerary includes 2 nights in Barcelona, 2 nights in Seville, 2 nights in Lisbon and 2 nights in Porto.Trip cost :
Rs 69,000 until 16th January 2019
Rs 74,000 until 16th February 2019
Rs 79,000 after 16th February 2019Please note the above trip cost excludes international flight and visa charges.
Accommodation in centrally located, highly recommended hostels is included in your cost. These hostels are neat, clean and a great place to meet fellow travelers. Most have
Accommodation will be in multi-share dorms and en suite facilities will be available wherever possible.
All intercity travel cost, either by


text:
Frequently Asked Questions
Alpak Trade Pty Ltd is a manufacturing and sourcing agent that takes the headache out of working with Asia.
Are you an Australian-based company or enterprise that wants profitable links with such Asia-based companies:
- plastic injection moulding
- diecasting
- toolmaking
- metal fabrication
- printing
- product sourcing
Alpak can help you get exactly what you want at the best price.
No items found.


text:
Doses of Nearby Nature Simultaneously Associated with Multiple Health Benefits
Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
Zealandia, 31 Waiapu Road, Karori, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020172
Received: 21 October 2016 / Accepted: 22 January 2017 / Published: 9 February 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscapes and Human Health)
Exposure to nature provides a wide range of health benefits. A significant proportion of these are delivered close to home, because this offers an immediate and easily accessible opportunity for people to experience nature. However, there is limited information to guide recommendations on its management and appropriate use. We apply a nature dose-response framework to quantify the simultaneous association between exposure to nearby nature and multiple health benefits. We surveyed ca. 1000 respondents in Southern England, UK, to determine relationships between (a) nature dose type, that is the frequency and duration (time spent in private green space) and intensity (quantity of neighbourhood vegetation cover) of nature exposure and (b) health outcomes, including mental, physical and social health, physical behaviour and nature orientation. We then modelled dose-response relationships between dose type and self-reported depression. We demonstrate positive relationships between nature dose and mental and social health, increased physical activity and nature orientation. Dose-response analysis showed that lower levels of depression were associated with minimum thresholds of weekly nature dose. Nearby nature is associated with quantifiable health benefits, with potential for lowering the human and financial costs of ill health. Dose-response analysis has the potential to guide minimum and optimum recommendations on the management and use of nearby nature for preventative healthcare.
1. Background
Exposure to nature brings a wide range of health benefits to humankind [1,2]. Population-level studies in developed countries have shown that people living in areas with higher levels of nature have improved mental [3], physical [4,5] and social [6] health, are more likely to undertake physical activity [7,8] and have a greater connection with nature [9,10]. Critically, these health benefits do not occur independently, but are delivered concomitantly as people spend time in nature. Research on determining the causal pathways by which these benefits are delivered is now increasingly well developed [11,12,13].
For most people, the nature around their home will provide their most common nature interactions [14], so it is likely critical for the provision of health benefits. This "nearby nature" offers an immediate and easily accessible opportunity for people to experience nature [15]. Such nature is provided by a combination of public and private green spaces. People will experience nearby nature as they consciously spend time in it, for example through gardening, and as they are subconsciously exposed to it as a by-product of other activities, such as walking to shops [1,16]. Private gardens are a major component of urban green space and contribute disproportionately towards nearby nature [17,18]. A significant number of private green spaces in the UK contain tall trees and vegetation [19] and are thus inevitably a central focus of people's nearby nature experiences [20]. Gardens also provide locations where people can experience other multi-sensory components of nature that can be beneficial for health, such as sunlight and fresh air.
Given the wide availability of nearby nature, there is a huge opportunity to capitalise on it for health outcomes. Vegetation in the environment is associated with enhanced mental well-being [21,22,23], and short durations of exposure to natural environments deliver an immediate reduction in blood pressure [24] and greater feelings of mental restoration [25]. However, there is currently a dearth of information to guide recommendations on what kinds of nature and how frequently and how long people should spend in nature for improved health.
The nature dose-response framework [13,26,27,28] distinguishes three components of nature exposure, namely its intensity (quality and quantity), frequency and duration [13]. A dose-response approach can be used to develop minimum and optimal-dose recommendations to nature similar to those for physical activity [29]. Indeed, deconstructing nature dose is critical to identifying what environmental management interventions might be required to enhance the benefits that people receive from nature or precisely how people should alter their behaviour [13].
Here, we survey 1023 respondents in Southern England, UK, to quantify the link between five health outcomes and three measures of nearby nature dose. These five health domains all had plausible mechanistic pathways linking nature with health: mental health (self-reported depression) [21,22,23], physical health (self-assessment of general health) [24], social health (perceptions of social cohesion) [6], positive physical behaviour (level of physical activity) [30] and nature orientation (nature relatedness scale) [31]. Measures of nature dose were time spent in the garden in the previous week (frequency and duration of nature dose) and the quantity of vegetation surrounding the home (as a measure of dose intensity). Nature around the home commonly varies according to a suite of socio-demographic factors that also affect health (Table S1). Thus, we adjust for socio-economic and lifestyle covariates in our analyses to improve the detection of the nature benefits distinct from other potential confounding factors. We then use dose-response modelling to estimate the point at which the frequency and duration of visits to private green spaces and the quantity (intensity) of vegetation around the home altered the health outcomes measured here that could be represented in a binary fashion (depression).
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Survey Design
The present study formed part of the "Fragments, functions, flows and urban ecosystem services" project, looking at how the biodiversity in urban areas contributed to human health and well-being. It was conducted in the "Cranfield triangle" (52°07'N, 0°61'W), a region in southern England, UK, comprising the three adjacent towns of Milton Keynes, Luton and Bedford. This area has a human population of ca. 524,000 (2011 Census, UK) and occupies 157 km2. A lifestyle survey delivered online through a market research company (Shape the Future Ltd., Wadhurst, UK) was completed over a two-week period in May 2014 by 1023 adults enrolled in their survey database (see [32] for a full version of the survey). May is a period of reasonably mild weather when respondents were most likely to engage with nature around their home. During the survey period, there were maximum temperatures of 18.7 °C and minimum of 9.0 °C, with 39.6 mm of rainfall. The survey took approximately 20 min to complete, participants were self-selecting and were compensated with points that contributed towards a prize of their choosing. This research was conducted with approval from the Bioscience ethics committee of the University of Exeter (Project Number 2013/319). Participants provided written consent at the beginning of the online survey.
The survey collected socio-demographic and lifestyle variables that could influence health, including age, gender, the primary language spoken at home, personal annual income and highest formal qualification. As a potential confounder of recent nature exposure, we asked respondents relatively how much time they spent out of doors in the previous week (see Tables S2 and S3). Respondents were requested to provide a full UK postcode so that their neighbourhood could be characterised (at the scale of around 20 households).
2.2. Health Response Variables
Respondents provided self-reported information on five health domains:
- Mental health (binary): A measure of depression was generated based on the depression component of the short version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21; [33]). Scores were converted to a binary measure, where 0 indicates no depression and 1 indicates mild or worse depression (see Section 1 in Supplementary Materials). Proposed mechanisms for the delivery of these benefits include improved cognition in individuals with depression [34], reduced rumination and reduced neural activity in an area of the brain linked to the risk of mental illness [12].
- Physical health (ordinal): Respondents scored their own general health on a five-point scale from very poor to very good [35]. This scale is related to morbidity and mortality rates and is a strong predictor of health status and outcomes [36]. Proposed mechanisms behind benefit delivery include temperature regulation and pollution filtration by vegetation (reviewed by [27,37]).
- Social health (linear): Perceptions of social cohesion were estimated based on three previously developed scales that measure trust, reciprocal exchange within communities and general community cohesion ([38,39,40], see Section 2 in Supplementary Materials). The average score across questions for each scale was calculated, highest (4) to the lowest (0). Average scores were then summed to provide a scale from highest (12) to lowest (0). Appealing green spaces promote a sense of connection to the outside world that generalizes to most people; this allows enhanced social and community interactions, leading to improved perceptions of cohesion and well-being [41].
- Physical behaviour (Poisson): This is a self-reported indication of the number of days respondents exercised for a minimum of 30 min during the survey week (the duration recommended by the UK government) [42]. Appealing green spaces promote use [10] and willingness to travel greater distances for use [43]. Further, green exercise can enhance health benefits relative to built-up or indoor environments [30].
- Nature orientation (linear): Respondents provided a measure of their affective, cognition and experiential relationship with the natural world (nature relatedness scale) [31]. Responses were aggregated according to [31], with a higher score indicating a stronger orientation towards nature. Engagement with the natural world increases feelings of connection, unity or being part of the natural world, which has been linked to psychological health [44]. Indeed, increased nature connection has been associated with improved mental health [45] and subjective well-being [46,47].
2.3. Nature Dose
For each respondent, we generated three measures of the dose of nearby nature: frequency and duration (time spent in private green space) and intensity (quantity of neighbourhood vegetation cover). The frequency of nature dose was estimated based on the respondents' self-reported frequency of more than ten minutes spent in their own garden in the last week. Respondents selected from: never, <once, once, 2–3 days, 4–5 days, 6–7 days. The duration of nature dose was estimated based on self-reported total time spent in the garden within the last week. Respondents selected from: no time, 1–30 min, >30 min–1 h, >1–3 h, >3–5 h; >5–7 h, >7–9 h, 9 or more hours. The mid-points of the selected categories were used for statistical analysis. People experience nature from time spent in the garden through both intentional interactions, such as gardening, and incidental interactions as they immerse themselves in multiple multi-sensory nature experiences while engaged in non-nature-based activities [1]. The intensity of nature dose was measured as neighbourhood vegetation cover of ≥0.7 m in height within a 250-m buffer around the centroid of each respondent's postcode. This is the distance that was considered to influence what can be seen or experienced from a person's home on a day-to-day basis. Only those respondents who provided a full UK postcode were included in the analyses involving this variable (n = 474). The vegetation cover maps used here were derived from an airborne hyperspectral data and LiDAR; full details of their development are provided in Section 3 in Supplementary Materials. In brief, vegetation was separated from non-vegetation by those pixels (2 m resolution) with a Normalised Difference Vegetation Index >0.2 [48]. Pixels with an NDVI > 0.2 and a mean height of first return more than 0.7 m above the ground were marked as tall vegetation. Heights from discrete return LiDAR are well-known to produce biased results over vegetation [49], and so, this 0.7 m threshold may have represented a more variable vegetation threshold height. All data extraction and analysis was performed in QGIS (v2.6; [50] and in R (v3.2; [51]).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
We examined the relationships between each health response variable and potential predictors, including socio-demographic variables, self-assessment of health, physical activity, social cohesion and nature relatedness (where the predictor variable was not also a response variable). We used generalized linear models (binomial) for depression, cumulative link models for self-assessment of health, linear regression for social cohesion and nature relatedness and Poisson regression models for physical activity. The frequency and duration of nature doses are inextricably linked (duration could only be measured where respondents visited a green space at least once a week). Consequently, these variables were correlated (Spearman's rank test correlation of 0.67); to avoid multicollinearity we generated four predictor model sets for each health response: (i) socio-demographic variables; (ii) socio-demographic variables plus frequency of nature exposure; (iii) socio-demographic variables plus duration of nature exposure; and (iv) socio-demographic variables plus intensity of nature exposure. We used the MuMIn' package [52] to produce all subsets of models based on the global model and rank them based on ΔAICc. To be 95% sure that the most parsimonious models were contained within the best supported model set, we retained all models where ΔAICc < 6 [53]. We then calculated averaged parameter estimates and standard errors using model averaging [54].
One of the response variables was binary (depression), which allowed us to model the dose-response relationship with nature exposure [55]. Ordinal (physical health) and continuous (social health, physical behaviour and nature relatedness) response variables do not lend themselves easily to this approach, because there is no threshold where a score is "good" or "bad". We estimated the relative odds that an individual will have depression given their specific risk factors (e.g., age) and varying levels of nature exposure. We first ran a series of logistic regression models to test the association between depression and the predictor variables plus varying levels of each of the three categories of nature dose in turn. We used only those predictor variables that were significant in the first analysis, and using existing evidence where possible, we transformed each into a binary risk factor conveying "high" (1) versus "low" (0) risk (Table S4). We also transformed each of the nature dose variables into binary risk factors by setting incrementally higher thresholds of exposure. For example, when testing the relationship between frequency of exposure and depression, we tested a series of variables where each person's frequency of visits was categorized as less than (1) or ≥once per week (0) and less than (1) or ≥2–3 times per week (0; Table S4). For each dose, we then identified the point at which the health gains were first recorded as better than the null model on a plot of dose versus the odds ratio for use in the analysis described below (i.e., the confidence interval did not overlap with an odds ratio of one).
The population average attributable fraction was calculated to estimate the proportion of depression cases in the population attributable to each of the predictor variables (or risk factors) [56]. Each risk factor was removed sequentially from the population by classifying every individual as low risk. The probability of each person having depression was then calculated, where the sum of all probabilities across the population was the adjusted number of disease cases expected if the risk factor was not present. The attributable fraction was calculated by subtracting this adjusted number of cases from the observed number of cases. The risk factors were removed in every possible order, and an average attributable fraction from all analyses was obtained.
3. Results
The survey respondents tended to be younger, but otherwise were of a similar demographic to those in the local population (Table S2). Across the respondents' neighbourhoods, there was an average vegetation cover of 24% (±9.1% SD) and built cover of 55.7% (±14.2% SD), with most respondents having access to private gardens (91.4%). We found that four of the health outcomes, namely depression, perceptions of social cohesions, levels of physical activity and nature orientation, improved with an increasing frequency and duration of exposure to nearby nature (i.e., there was a positive association with perceptions of social cohesion, levels of physical activity and nature orientation and a negative association with levels of depression; Table 1; Figure 1). We also found that a greater intensity of nature exposure was associated with lower levels of mild or worse depression and higher levels of nature relatedness (Table 1; Figure 1). These relationships held even after accounting for potential covariates. We did not find any relationship between nearby nature and self-reported physical health (Table 1; Figure 1). Respondents who spent relatively less time out of doors in the survey week were more likely to have depression and to have worse physical behaviour, while respondents who spent relatively more time outdoors had increased nature relatedness.
The odds of having mild or worse depression were lower than the null model when the frequency of garden visits was once a week or greater, with further incremental gains until an optimum of 4−5 times a week after which subsequent benefits to mental health were limited (Table 2; Figure 2a). There was a minimum and optimum threshold at five or more hours in the duration of the total time spent in the garden, after which the levels of depression rapidly decreased (Table 2; Figure 2b). The dose-response relationship was less consistent for nature intensity. The levels of depression were lower in people who lived in neighbourhoods with 15% vegetation cover followed by no effect at 20% cover, then further incremental gains in lower rates of depression at 25%, until 35% vegetation cover was met (Table 2; Figure 2c). The optimal dose-intensity did not appear to have been met in this study (Figure 2c).
4. Discussion
We demonstrate that nature close to the home is associated with quantifiable benefits to population health. We found measurably better mental health, social health, positive physical behaviour and nature orientation with greater frequency and duration of time spent in nearby nature. We also showed lower levels of depression and greater nature orientation in people who live in greener neighbourhoods. However, we found no relationship with self-reported physical health.
We carried out a dose-response analysis to identify the point at which exposure to nature was associated with a lower incidence of depression in the surveyed population. The key challenge for the cross-sectional design used in this study is the potential existence of a circular feedback loop, where people with depression might avoid going outdoors. Thus, a lower dose of nature might be an outcome, rather than a cause of the observed depression. However, this type of dose-response analysis should not be considered in isolation; rather, it adds a thread of evidence to the growing body of literature demonstrating a link between mental health outcomes and nature dose (as per Hill's criteria for causality; [57]). As such, if the link is in fact casual, our dose-response analysis suggests that up to 5% and 27% of depression cases within our survey population could be prevented if all city residents spent 10 min or more a week in their garden or five hours or more in total, respectively; or, if neighbourhood vegetation is managed to a minimal level of 15% cover, it could prevent up to a further 5% of depression cases. If scaled-up to the urban population, this suggests that behavioural interventions that encourage exposure to nearby nature and even minimum recommended levels of neighbourhood greening could have considerable impact on population health. The potential savings associated with improving nature exposure would be significant given that in 2007, it was estimated that depression cost the English economy £7.5 billion in health costs and lost workdays [58].
We found that across four self-reported health outcomes, the frequency of nature exposure was a stronger predictor than the duration of exposure. This has implications for the design of health interventions. It has been recognised in the sport sciences that short frequent exposures are a time-efficient strategy to induce health outcomes [59]. Thus, people may be able to gain their necessary nature dose while going about their daily activities, such as walking to shops, or spending time in a room with a view of nature.
The dose-response analysis showed that all three types of exposure to nearby nature had positive associations with survey population levels of depression. The dose-response relationship observed for frequency (≥1 garden visit a week) and intensity (≥25% vegetation cover) is considered to provide some evidence of causality according to Hill's criterion (i.e., reduced levels of depression with increasing increments of dose) [57]. Visiting gardens 4−5 times a week appeared to create an optimal response and was associated with 17% lower levels of depression in the survey population; further increases in dose had limited further benefits. An optimal dose had yet to be reached for intensity, because few respondents lived in neighbourhoods with >35% tree cover, and so, the standard error was too great to detect a reliable signal. A higher duration of exposure was also associated with lower levels of depression, with a minimum and optimum threshold of significantly lower levels of depression beyond five hours of exposure. There is evidence that experiencing nature improves mood in people with depression [34], and multiple and multi-sensory elements doubtless contribute to these improvements through a variety of mechanistic pathways. Respondents who spent relatively less time out of doors in the survey week were more likely to report worse depression. Intriguingly, this suggests that relative nature experience may be a contributing factor. The type of nature exposure and the severity of depression may have important implications for the mechanistic pathway through which nature affects mental health, and thus, nature dose recommendations could be tailored for the specific needs of people with poor mental health.
Population-level studies have shown that increased green space has been associated with lower mortality from cardio-vascular disease [4] and enhanced general and self-reported health [60,61]. However, other studies found no association between green space cover and mortality, or even increases in mortality at the citywide scale [62,63]. This study further suggests that physical health benefits may be location specific depending on risk factors prevalent in individual cities.
We quantified the relationship between spending time in nearby nature and social health, showing that visiting the garden just once a week or spending up to even 30 min a week in the garden is associated with significantly greater perceptions of social cohesion between neighbours. Green space provides opportunities for more frequent encounters between neighbours that create and strengthen social ties, leading to increased social cohesion [64,65]. Subjective experiences of the views of nature from home, the quality of nature and the amount of time spent in nature have all been linked to perceiving one's community as linked and cohesive [41], illustrating that nearby nature provides a variety of benefits to community health through multiple pathways.
The frequency and duration of time spent in nearby nature were important predictors of physical activity. Although we did not assess the type of physical activity, the strong relationship does suggest that either spending time in nearby nature is a strong motivator for people to engage in physical activity or that more active people spend more time in nearby nature (reviewed by [66]). Either way, these green spaces not only provide important locations to exercise, but there is robust evidence that they also enhance the benefits of physical activity to both physical [66] and mental health [25], which may further motivate people to exercise more.
For the first time, we have quantified the relationships between doses of nature close to the home and nature orientation. Our analysis shows that once a minimal dose threshold is met, there are consistently higher levels of nature orientation with further incremental increases in dose. Our results support previous research that showed a positive relationship between time spent in the garden with nature orientation [9]. Interestingly, people who spent relatively more time out of doors had higher nature relatedness, suggesting that the recent doses of nature may contribute towards shaping nature orientation. Maintaining nature around the home may therefore be critical for both health and biological conservation, because nature orientation has been associated with improved life happiness [46,47], reduced anxiety [45] and environmental behaviour [67].
This study used a cross-sectional design, which inevitably has both advantages and limitations. The main advantage is that this allows the simultaneous analysis of multiple risk factors. The limitation is that this design cannot definitively establish a cause-effect relationship; however, these pathways are becoming increasingly well developed by other studies [11,12,13]. This study also relied on self-reported data, which may lead to common method bias. Thus, additional studies using more objective health indicators, including hair cortisol or heart rates, might be needed. Health is a complex issue with multiple drivers, and although we controlled for key socio-economic covariates known to influence health, the impact of life events, such as family emergencies, is difficult to control for. The low R2 (see Table 1) indicates a low predictive power; however, within the variables tested, exposure to green space was a significant predictor of improved health. This study was conducted over a two-week period in May when the benefits of nature are predicted to be greatest and the levels of depression may be lower [68]. Nonetheless, experiences of nature vary greatly across the year, and understanding how this variation influences nature doses and the associated health benefits is an important direction for future research. Further, studies unpicking the influence of nature exposure on health relative to factors associated with time out of doors, such as exposure to sunlight and vitamin D absorption, are required. Finally, the benefits of contact with nature vary across socio-economic groups, cultures and environments, and as such, caution must be applied when drawing conclusions applicable to broader populations. Future research needs to establish how the health benefits from nature vary across these different axes.
5. Conclusions
Nearby nature offers huge potential as an easily accessible and cost-effective approach to illness prevention. Close partnership among ecologists, health scientists and health practitioners, along with town planners and landscape architects, will be essential to capitalise on this opportunity. This will produce cost effective health policies that flexibly meet the needs of a range of communities. We demonstrate that dose-response threshold analysis has great potential in providing a framework guiding recommendations for green space management and use.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/2/172/s1, Table S1: Socio-demographic variables and the categorisation used in the analysis, Table S2: The socio-economic distribution of all respondents (n = 1023) and of the subset who provided postcodes, thus allowing their geographical location to be modelled (shown in brackets; n = 473). We also show the demographics of the local population (Census 2011), Table S3: Spearman rank correlations between socio-demographic variables, Table S4: Binary risk factors for each covariate. For those predictor variables that were statistically significant in Table 1, we transformed each into a binary risk factor conveying "high" (1) versus "low" (0) risk. We used existing evidence where possible. We also transformed each of the nature dose variables into binary risk factors by setting incrementally higher thresholds of exposure.
Thank you to Robert Bush, Brenda Lin and Julie Dean for consultation in survey development. Daniel T.C. Cox, Kevin J. Gaston, Karen Anderson and Hannah L. Hudson were funded by the Fragments, Functions, Flows and Urban Ecosystem Services project, NERC Grant NE/J015237/1. Danielle F. Shanahan was supported through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Grant DP120102857 and the Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED, Australia); Richard A. Fuller holds an ARC Future Fellowship.
Author Contributions
Daniel T.C. Cox and Kevin J. Gaston conceived of and designed the study. Danielle F. Shanahan, Richard A. Fuller and Kevin J. Gaston designed and wrote the urban lifestyle survey. Karen Anderson and Steven Hancock produced the remote sensing layers. Daniel T.C. Cox carried out the analysis. Daniel T.C. Cox, Kevin J. Gaston and Hannah L. Hudson wrote the paper. All authors edited the paper. This research has not been previously presented elsewhere.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Keniger, L.E.; Gaston, K.J.; Irvine, K.N.; Fuller, R.A. What are the benefits of interacting with nature? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 913–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hartig, T.; Mitchell, R.; de Vries, S.; Frumkin, H. Nature and health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2014, 35, 207–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- White, M.P.; Alcock, I.; Wheeler, B.W.; Depledge, M.H. Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed-effects analysis of panel data. Psychol. Sci. 2013, 24, 920–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitchell, R.; Popham, F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: An observational population study. Lancet 2008, 372, 1655–1660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donovan, G.H.; Butry, D.T.; Michael, Y.L.; Prestemon, J.P.; Liebhold, A.M.; Gatziolis, D.; Mao, M.Y. The relationship between trees and human health evidence from the spread of the emerald ash borer. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 44, 139–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kingsley, J.Y.; Townsend, M. "Dig In" to social capital: Community gardens as mechanisms for growing urban social connectedness. Urban Policy Res. 2006, 24, 525–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugiyama, T.; Francis, J.; Middleton, N.J.; Owen, N.; Giles-Corti, B. Associations between recreational walking and attractiveness, size, and proximity of neighborhood open spaces. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100, 1752–1757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, C.; Ory, M.G.; Yoon, J.; Forjuoh, S.N. Neighborhood walking among overweight and obese adults: Age variations in barriers and motivators. J. Community Health 2013, 38, 12–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, B.B.; Gaston, K.J.; Fuller, R.A.; Wu, D.; Bush, R.; Shanahan, D.F. How green is your garden? Urban form and socio-demographic factors influence yard vegetation, visitation, and ecosystem service benefits. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2017, 157, 239–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanahan, D.F.; Cox, D.T.C.; Fuller, R.A.; Hancock, S.; Lin, B.B.; Anderson, K.; Bush, R.; Gaston, K.J. Variation in experiences of nature across a gradient of tree cover in compact and sprawling cities. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2017, 157, 231–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hanski, I.; von Hertzen, L.; Fyhrquist, N.; Koskinen, K.; Torppa, K.; Laatikainen, T.; Karisola, P.; Auvinen, P.; Paulin, L.; Nakela, M.J.; et al. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 8334–8339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bratman, G.N.; Hamilton, J.P.; Hahn, K.S.; Daily, G.C.; Gross, J.J. Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 8567–8572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shanahan, D.F.; Fuller, R.A.; Bush, R.; Lin, B.B.; Gaston, K.J. The health benefits of urban nature: How much do we need? BioScience 2015, 65, 476–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, J.R.; Hobbs, R.J. Conservation where people live and work. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16, 330–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lachowycz, K.; Jones, A.P. Towards a better understanding of the relationship between greenspace and health: Development of a theoretical framework. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2013, 118, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pretty, J. How nature contributes to mental and physical health. Spiritual. Health Int. 2004, 5, 68–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaston, K.J.; Fuller, R.A.; Loram, A.; MacDonald, C.; Power, S.; Dempsey, N. Urban domestic gardens (XI): Variation in urban wildlife gardening in the United Kingdom. Biodivers. Conserv. 2007, 16, 3227–3238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goddard, M.A.; Dougill, A.J.; Benton, T.G. Scaling up from gardens: Biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25, 90–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaston, K.J.; Warren, P.H.; Thompson, K.; Smith, R.M. Urban domestic gardens (IV): The extent of the resource and its associated features. Biodivers. Conserv. 2005, 14, 3327–3349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, C.; Dickinson, K.J.M.; Porter, S.; van Heezik, Y. "My garden is an expression of me": Exploring householders' relationships with their gardens. J. Environ. Psychol. 2012, 32, 135–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ulrich, R.S. Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In Behavior and the Natural Environment; Altman, I., Wohlwill, J.F., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1983; pp. 85–125. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, S. The restorative benefits of nature—Toward an integrated framework. J. Environ. Psychol. 1995, 15, 169–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, M.G.; Jonides, J.; Kaplan, S. The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychol. Sci. 2008, 19, 1207–1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hartig, T.; Evans, G.W.; Jamner, L.D.; Davis, D.S.; Garling, T. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. J. Environ. Psychol. 2003, 23, 109–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barton, J.; Pretty, J. What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 3947–3955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, B.; Li, D.; Larsen, L.; Sullivan, W.C. A dose-response curve describing the relationship between urban tree over density and self-reported stress recovery. Environ. Behav. 2016, 48, 607–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanahan, D.F.; Lin, B.B.; Bush, R.; Gaston, K.J.; Dean, J.H.; Barber, E.; Fuller, R.A. Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature. Am. J. Public Health 2015, 105, 470–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sullivan, W.C.; Frumkin, H.; Jackson, R.J.; Chang, C.Y. Gaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 127, 182–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Powell, K.E.; Paluch, A.E.; Blair, S.N. Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How Intense? On top of what? Annu. Rev. Public Health 2011, 32, 349–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Richardson, E.A.; Pearce, J.; Mitchell, R.; Kingham, S. Role of physical activity in the relationship between urban green space and health. Public Health 2013, 127, 318–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Nisbet, E.K.; Zelenski, J.M.; Murphy, S.A. The nature relatedness scale linking individuals' connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environ. Behav. 2009, 41, 715–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanahan, D.F.; Bush, R.; Gaston, K.J.; Lin, B.B.; Dean, J.; Barber, E.; Fuller, R.A. Health benefits from nature depend on dose. Sci. Rep. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Lovibond, S.H.; Lovibond, P.F. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; Psychology Foundation: Sydney, Australia, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Berman, M.G.; Kross, E.; Krpan, K.M.; Askren, M.K.; Burson, A.; Deldin, P.J.; Kaplan, S.; Sherdell, L.; Gotlib, I.H.; Jonides, J. Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2012, 140, 300–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subramanian, S.V.; Huijts, T.; Avendano, M. Self-reported health assessments in the 2002 World Health Survey: How do they correlate with education? Bull. World Health Organ. 2010, 88, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Idler, E.L.; Benyamini, Y. Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1997, 38, 21–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salmond, J.A.; Tadaki, M.; Vardoulakis, S.; Arbuthnott, K.; Coutts, A.; Demuzere, M.; Dirks, K.N.; Heaviside, C.; Lim, S.; Macintyre, H.; et al. Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environ. Health 2016, 15, 95–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Sampson, R.J.; Raudenbush, S.W.; Earls, F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 1997, 277, 918–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bullen, P.; Onyx, J. Measuring Social Capital in Five Communities in NSW—A Practitioner's Guide; Centre for Australian Community Organisations and Management: Coogee, Australia, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Sampson, R.J.; Morenoff, J.D.; Earls, F. Reciprocated Exchange. Available online: http://dcyfernetsearch.cehd.umn.edu/sites/default/files/PsychometricsFiles/Sampson−Reciprocated%20Exchange%20(Ages%2018−older).pdf (accessed on 6 June 2015).
- Weinstein, N.; Balmford, A.; Dehaan, C.R.; Gladwell, V.; Bradbury, R.B.; Amano, T. Seeing community for the trees: The links among contact with natural environments, community cohesion, and crime. Bioscience 2015, 65, 1141–1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Start Active, Stay Active: A Report on Physical Activity from the Four Homecountries' Chief Medical Officers. 2011. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216370/dh_128210.pdf. (accessed on 15 January 2016).
- Giles-Corti, B.; Johnson, M.; Knuiman, M.; Donovan, R. Increasing walking—How important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005, 28, 169–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feral, C.-H. The connectedness model and optimal development: Is ecopsychology the answer to emotional well-being? Hum. Psychol. 1998, 26, 243–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martyn, P.; Brymer, E. The relationship between nature relatedness and anxiety. J. Health Psychol. 2014, 21, 1436–1445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Capaldi, C.A.; Dopko, R.L.; Zelenski, J.M. The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Front. Psychol. 2014, 5, 976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zelenski, J.M.; Nisbet, E.K. Happiness and feeling connected: The distinct role of nature relatedness. Environ. Behav. 2014, 46, 3–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, S. Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces; Kong, J.A., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Hancock, S.; Disney, M.; Muller, J.-P.; Lewis, P.; Foster, M. A threshold insensitive method for locating the forest canopy top with waveform lidar. Remote Sens. Environ. 2011, 115, 3286–3297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quantum GIS Development Team. Quantum GIS Geographic Information System v2.6. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available online: http://qgis.osgeo.org (accessed on 8 May 2016).
- R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2016. Available online: http://R−project.org (accessed on 8 May 2016).
- Bartoń, K. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R Package Version 1.13.4. 2015. Available online: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn (accessed on 8 December 2015).
- Richards, S.A. Testing ecological theory using the information-theoretic approach: Examples and cautionary results. Ecology 2005, 86, 2805–2814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burnham, K.P.; Anderson, D.R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Available online: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ (accessed on 18 January 2016).
- Rueckinger, S.; von Kries, R.; Toschke, A.M. An illustration of and programs estimating attributable fractions in large scale surveys considering multiple risk factors. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hill, A.B. Environment and disease-association or causation. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965, 58, 295–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Das, J.; Do, Q.-T.; Friedman, J.; McKenzie, D.; Scott, K. Mental health and poverty in developing countries: Revisiting the relationship. Soc. Sci. Med. 2007, 65, 467–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gibala, M.J.; Little, J.P.; van Essen, M.; Wilkin, G.P.; Burgomaster, K.A.; Safdar, A.; Raha, S.; Tarnopolsky, M.A. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. 2006, 575, 901–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maas, J.; Verheij, R.A.; Groenewegen, P.P.; de Vries, S.; Spreeuwenberg, P. Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2006, 60, 587–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Groenewegen, P.P.; van den Berg, A.E.; Maas, J.; Verheij, R.A.; de Vries, S. Is a green residential environment better for health? If So, why? Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 2012, 102, 996–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, E.; Pearce, J.; Mitchell, R.; Day, P.; Kingham, S. The association between green space and cause-specific mortality in urban New Zealand: An ecological analysis of green space utility. BMC Public Health 2010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Richardson, E.A.; Mitchell, R.; Hartig, T.; de Vries, S.; Astell-Burt, T.; Frumkin, H. Green cities and health: A question of scale? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2012, 66, 160–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Kuo, F.E.; Sullivan, W.C.; Coley, R.L.; Brunson, L. Fertile Ground for community: Inner-city neighborhood common spaces. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1998, 26, 823–851. [Google Scholar]
- Sullivan, W.C.; Kuo, F.E.; DePooter, S.F. The fruit of urban nature—Vital neighborhood spaces. Environ. Behav. 2004, 36, 678–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanahan, D.F.; Franco, L.; Lin, B.B.; Gaston, K.J.; Fuller, R.A. The benefits of natural environments for physical activity. Sports Med. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Restall, B.; Conrad, E. A literature review of connectedness to nature and its potential for environmental management. J. Environ. Manag. 2015, 159, 264–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Harmatz, M.G.; Well, A.D.; Kawamura, K.Y.; Rosal, M.; Ockene, I.S. Seasonal variation of depression and other moods: A longitudinal approach. J. Biol. Rhythm. 2000, 15, 344–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. The relationship between health responses (A−E) and nature exposure, comprising (i) frequency of garden visits, (ii) duration of garden visits and (iii) neighbourhood nature intensity, measured as the percentage vegetation cover within a 250 m buffer of the centre of the respondents' postcodes. We show significant relationships within the regression models outlined in Table 1, and error bars are standard errors. Physical health (B) shows the number of respondents for each nature dose that had very good (white), good (light grey), average (medium grey), poor (dark grey) and very poor (black) self-reported health. Significance (* p <0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Figure 2. Dose-response graphs showing the adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression of depression for (a) incrementally increasing frequency of visits of ten minutes or more to a private green space; (b) total duration of time spent in private green space in the past week and (c) percentage neighbourhood vegetation cover. The 95% confidence intervals are shown. An odds ratio above one indicates that an individual is more likely to have depression where the nature dose is not met.
Table 1. The relationship between five health responses and (i) socio-demographic only; (ii) plus frequency; (iii) plus duration and (iv) plus intensity.
|Mental Health
|Physical Health
|Social Health
|Physical Behaviour
|Nature Relatedness
|Model (i)
|4.62 (0.90) ***
|3.40 (0.62) ***
|−0.76 (0.25) **
|2.71 (0.09) ***
|−0.23 (0.03) ***
|−0.11 (0.03 ) ***
|−0.05 (0.03) *
|−0.03 (0.01) **
|0.05 (0.01) ***
|−0.16 (0.15)
|−0.26 (0.13) *
|−0.01 (0.13)
|−0.05 (0.04)
|0.10 (0.03) **
|Children in home
|−0.02 (0.07)
|−0.05 (0.06)
|0.06 (0.06)
|0.06 (0.02) **
|0.01 (0.01)
|Language at home
|0.27 (0.20)
|0.08 (0.17)
|0.26 (0.17)
|−0.07 (0.06)
|0.05 (0.04)
|Work days per week
|−0.08 (0.04)
|0.08 (0.03) *
|−0.02 (0.04)
|0.02 (0.01)
|−0.02 (0.01) *
|−0.03 (0.04)
|0.13 (0.03) ***
|0.18 (0.03) ***
|0.02 (0.02)
|−0.02 (0.01) **
|Frequency of 30-min exercise
|−0.02 (0.04)
|0.19 (0.03) ***
|0.11 (0.03) ***
|0.04 (0.01) ***
|Social cohesion
|−0.01 (0.04)
|0.20 (0.03) ***
|0.05 (0.01) ***
|0.04 (0.01) ***
|Nature relatedness
|−0.28 (0.26)
|−0.12 (0.14)
|0.73 (0.14) ***
|0.26 (0.05) ***
|Education (highest qual.)
|0.2 (0.20)
|0.41 (0.16) *
|0.18 (0.17)
|−0.11 (0.06)
|0.02 (0.04)
|−0.10 (0.25)
|0.47 (0.18) **
|0.17 (0.18)
|−0.04 (0.06)
|0.04 (0.04)
|0.01 (0.25)
|1.05 (0.21) ***
|0.38 (0.21)
|−0.09 (0.07)
|0.08 (0.05)
|Self-assessment health
|−1.01 (0.59)
|−0.05 (0.44)
|−0.04 (0.18)
|−0.06 (0.01)
|−1.66 (0.56) **
|0.18 (0.40)
|−0.04 (0.16)
|−0.10 ( 0.10)
|−2.55 (0.59) ***
|0.81 (0.40) *
|0.29 (0.16)
|−0.10 (0.10)
|Very good
|−2.58 (0.57) ***
|1.29 (0.41) **
|0.44 (0.16) **
|−0.10 (0.10)
|Relative time outdoors
|About the same
|−0.83 (0.19) ***
|−0.07 (0.16)
|−0.16 (0.16)
|0.15 (0.06) ***
|0.02 (0.04)
|More time
|−1.15 (0.22) ***
|−0.05 (0.18)
|−0.22 (0.18)
|0.28 (0.07) ***
|0.11 (0.04) **
|Model (ii)
|Nature exposure frequency exposure
|−0.2 (0.05) ***
|0.03 (0.05)
|0.23 (0.05) ***
|0.09 (0.02) ***
|0.07 (0.01) ***
|Model (iii)
|Nature exposure duration
|−0.06 (0.03) *
|0.01 (0.02)
|0.07 (0.02) **
|0.03 (0.01) ***
|0.04 (0.01) ***
|Model (iv)
|Nature exposure intensity
|−0.04 (0.01) **
|0.01 (0.01)
|0.01 (0.01)
|0.004 (0.003)
|0.004 (0.002) *
# No pseudo R2 available for ordinal regression. Model averaged coefficients are shown with the standard error in brackets, and the pseudo R2 is McFadden's. Positive coefficients indicate that rates of depression are higher and that physical activity, social cohesion, physical activity and nature relatedness increased. Boldface indicates statistical significance (* p <0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Table 2. Odds ratio and average attributable fraction of having depression where specific risk factors are present.
|Risk Factor
|Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|Average Population Fraction
|Higher risk < 46 years
|(1.96, 4.41)
|Self-assessment of physical health
|Higher risk < average health
|(2.25, 5.90)
|Relative time outdoors
|Higher risk < less time outdoors
|(1.76, 3.56)
|Frequency of exposure
|Higher risk < once per week
|(1.02, 1.81)
|Duration of exposure
|Higher risk < five hours per week
|(1.27, 3.54)
|Intensity of exposure
|High risk < 15% vegetation cover
|(1.17, 3.72)
An odds ratio above 1 indicates that depression is more likely to be present where the risk factor is present.
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


text:
United Fellowship Of Community Churches, International Makes Its Mark
- Details
- Category: Religion
- Published: Sunday, 27 January 2013 00:15
- Written by Lawrence A. Robinson
This article originally published in West Orlando News Online.
The United Fellowship of Community Churches International, held it's First Holy Convocation on Friday, December 7, 2012, at the Christ Open Door Community Church located on Parramore Avenue in Orlando, Fl. The UFCCI was formed about a year ago when the Inception Service was held January 20, 2012. Attendees of The Inception Service witnessed the Consecration Ceremony of the Chief Overseer, Dr. Leonard O. Holt.
Read More Comment (0) Hits: 2519


text:
Other Callsigns
My Ham Radio Interests
Other Interests
From DY3TDJ
5/5/2010 11:54:41 PM (1 comments) Add Comment
Kabalikat Civicom or simply known as KABALIKAT is presently the largest group of responsible and active radio communicators engaged in public assistance particularly during disasters and natural calamities or whenever there is need to ensure public comfort and convenience. Kabalikat utilizes all means of communication system from among the members. It is a non-stock, nonprofit organization whose noblest motivates the public welfare. Kabalikat has almost 700 chartered groups nationwide.It was organized and conceived in December 1990 to primarily raise the status of communicators to a position of high quality responsibility and importance and to enable radio enthusiasts to actively participate in public assistance particularly during calamities and emergencies or whenever there is a need to ensure public comfort and convenience.To be a Kabalikat is to devote oneself utterly to a set of moral principles, its code of ethical standards, values and adherence to service credo as a way of life. Therefore, to be a Kabalikat, one must learn to care and serve for the welfare of others and give the best what we can so that others may live. Serving others especially those in need is serving God. This is the true meaning of life of every Kabalikat.The object of Kabalikat Civicom is to diffuse the light of civilization and make known to all the needy of worthy sentiments, cultured manners affability and untrammeled intelligence in all actions. Kabalikat Civicom is not a mutual aid society, It is a mutual protection forms part of its program: every Kabalikat is obliged to protect his brethren and to strive for the brotherhood of man, the duties of man are twofold: duties towards his Creator and duties towards humanity. The different which cultivate and strive to perfect is not that between man and God but that between man and humanity.
Greetings from
Kc9slf in the USA
I am interested in a group such as yours (kabalikat).
Please get in contact with me so we can discuss further about possibly my joining
Copyright © 2020 My Ham Shack All Rights Reserved | Privacy
Policy | Terms of Use
| All Callsigns
| By OrbStone Technology


text:
It was all the way back in 2012 – which in online gaming terms seems like an eternity – that premium slot developers Play'n GO first published their Cats and Cash slot title.
Six years onwards and their game has widely achieved a cult status which is exactly why good people from this manufacturing company have decided to treat their fans with a refurbished version of the same game.
Improvements to the Classic Game
It's nothing more than Play'n GO's wish to give you all a purr-fect playing experience through an upgraded and improved gameplay.
Play'n Go have given their staple title a new breath of life by converting it from Flash to HTML5 to start with. The transition now makes it possible for players to enjoy this remarkable game on various devices and a broad range of browsers.
Significant improvements include sharper graphics and an opulent soundtrack that makes it look and sound new and fresh.
For a Slot Provider of the Year at the EGR B2B Awards, the polishing of the classic jewel from the Play'n Go cabinet was an important way of maintaining the company's legacy.
"Slot Provider of the Year is a major recognition for us as a company and it shows us, and the industry, that we are a company heading in the right direction. I believe that part of the reason that we won this award is not only because of the new innovations that we are releasing, but also because we are making sure our partners, and their players, can continue to supply and enjoy all their favourite games, past and present. It's important to look forward, but we don't want to leave too much behind.", company CEO Johan Tornqvist commented.
About Cats and Cash
The one thing that remained unchanged is the number of reels.
The new version of Cats and Cash runs on five reels and 15 paylines. As for the gameplay itself, it comes with two exciting features – Wheel of Fortune and Pick-a-Gift. These two bonuses are a perfect fit for the overall game show theme and will surely be engaging enough for all players.
This game allows you to either spin the wheel or pick a box to top up your payouts while classy cats keep you company in this exceptional video slot.


text:
Full moon
This night we had an incredible full moon, no need for lights or anything else!
This night we had an incredible full moon, no need for lights or anything else!
Okay, we do not have yet a lot of snow, but still, the first white coverage has arrived here! It even seems, that there is some snow-work waiting in the yard.
During winter it always seems so unlikely, but eventually there are nicer days to come. And this is what happened today, spring time starting and we have 17 degrees! Here is the proof:
Okay, I have to admit that the thermometer was in the sun, but still! It's the first time since couple of months (at least it feels like this) that it went over 10 degrees!
As I wrote, the autumn arrived already here in Finland and with it are the autumn storms here. As a result, we had the following little surprise on the road to our house today:
Lets see if there will be more trees coming down, it seems that there are about 200,000 people without electricity right now, but here we currently still have.


text:
Morning Shift
NEIU looks to expansion, but some neighbors say slowdown
Northeastern Illinois University is facing declining enrollment, and to fix that, the school's embarking on an ambitious new plan. It's thinks more students will enroll if it offered student housing -- and if its neighborhood weren't so sleepy. The school's planning to acquire nearby property via eminent domain, which has riled some neighbors, and created a rift in the community. We'll talk about the issue and whether universities have used eminent domain in other parts of the city to breathe more economic life into them. Photo Courtesy of Facebook


text:
Washington DC Transit Token Cuff Links
- These cuff links are crafted from authentic and rare Washington DC transit tokens, which were in use from 1960-68.
- Set in sterling silver with swivel findings, each cuff link measures approximately 7/8" in diameter.
- Each pair of cuff links comes gift-boxed with a Certificate of Authenticity.
Additional Product Information
In 2007 Tokens & Icons began the Collector's Transit Token Series to celebrate the transit histories of America's mid-sized cities. Many of the trollies and rail systems for which these tokens were once minted are now defunct. Once currency, these tokens are rare and hard-to-find mementos and, therefore, the cuff links in this collection are often subject to availabilty.


text:
This is the place and now is your time. It's time to break the hard-work-habit and get better, faster results. Uncomplicate your business. Unleash your life. Thanks for joining our community and welcome aboard!
Here's my promise: Every thing I share works. It's proven. I've got lots of experience! And I am too old to waste time. You are, too.
I've been through hell and back with business. At its worst business, can be a ball and chain of debt and overwhelm. I've spent sleepless nights wondering how I was going to pay bills and make payroll. I've been poor and been rich. Rich is better. I've uncovered basic business strategies that allow me to make my own money and live the life I want to live. That's what I want for you! If that's what you are looking for, you are in the right place.
I'm honored to help. Your success is my greatest reward. So, a few housekeeping items to get us started.
- If you use gmail, you might find my emails in your junkbox. Yikes! If so, drag the email from the "promotions" tab to the the "primary" tab. Thanks!
- I'll share my uncommonly awesome tips in emails, videos, blogs and live one-to-one conversations. Be willing to read, watch, and use the tools! Easy peasy. New thoughts, different actions, measurable better results. Fair enough?
I bet I'm not your first!


text:
My personal definition of coaching: A collaboration with the client to generate a conversation that creates a context for creativity and insight, which empowers and enables the client to become who and what they want to be in the world.
The International Coaching Federation's definition: Coaching is a partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process that inspires them to maximize their personal and professional potential.
We meet over the phone or video chat for 30-60 minutes for a number of session over a period of time depending on which package your prefer (click here for package choices.) While every session with every client is different and customized for the client's needs at that moment, they all have certain patterns to them.
In the beginning of the session, you set the agenda and we talk about what matters most to you, your goals for the session and how they fit with your long term goals.
The bulk of the session we spend clarifying your vision for what you want and getting very specific with what that means to you. Using questions, mindfulness, and Positive Psychology tools that I introduce and you approve, we tap into your own resourcefulness and inner wisdom.
As you have new insights and ideas about what you want to do next and how, we move into the last part of the session where you plan as specifically as possible what you are going to do after the call to follow through on the ideas and insights that you generated in our conversation together.
In addition to 1:1 coaching, I also offer group coaching that happens once a week for 60 minutes over a conference line or Zoom. Groups are developed around common objectives so that one participant's goal is relevant to the others as well. Each client brings an objective for the meeting and through facilitated conversation that includes all the participants, the client gains clarity and new insights of how to meet her goal.
I am a Certified Positive Psychology Coach which means that I have experience and expertise working with scientifically proven principles and tools that can create change in your life. I integrate years of experience in theater and education education with continual research on topics of leadership, emotional intelligence and human behavior.
My clients are usually high achieving women, and sometimes men, who are highly intelligent, highly sensitive, creative and tend to have some kind of artistic or spiritual interests. They are often business or community leaders who would like to make a bigger impact in their work.
What truly sets me apart is the way I engage my background in theater, education and spirituality to connect and create a safe space for the client. I empower women to connect deeply with themselves, to drop the mask, own the spotlight and inspire their audience.
I primarily focus on women leadership which means that I am able to bring specific gender related knowledge and skills to to help women navigate the mostly male dominant modes of behavior in communication that govern your workspaces and the way you allow yourself to show up in the world. Because I work with so many women, I know how to help them let go of stress, self doubt and self-criticism. .
I work well with women and some men like you who are genuine, authentic and want to align their goals and values with their actions and voice in the world. People who have been working on their own to improve themselves and are ready to step into higher ground will benefit most from working with me.
Clients who come to their scheduled sessions open and ready to grow will find liberation and empowerment. Depending on the client and the desired goals, you will see evidence of change after 3 months and feel a sense of transformation after 6 months. By then you will have some tools to keep yourself moving in the same direction.
How long it takes for clients to reach the desired outcomes varies by client, depending on what those outcomes are and how the client uses additional support and resources.
Use this scheduler or get in touch to set up a time for a complimentary exploratory coaching session. You will get a feel for how coaching would work for you what a coaching relationship would look like for us to work together.
Visit the Events page to learn about speaking engagements or workshops that I might be doing near you.


text:
Tag Archives: Historia
Historia, Historia by Eleanor Stanford (A Review)
By Ray Deck III Chicago Center for Literature and Publishing 110 pgs. | $4.99 (Kindle Editions) | free ebook with donation | Other options on CCLaP site Historia, Historia is the autobiographical account of Eleanor Stanford, a Peace Corp volunteer, … Continue reading
Posted in Book Reviews Tagged book reviews, CCLaP, Historia, historia historia, Ray Deck III Leave a comment
BOOK REVIEWERS: New Books Available for review!!
We have a number of books available for review. If interested, send links/samples to email@example.com and tell us what you'd like to review. Available titles: —But Our Princess is in Another Castle (Rose Metal Press) –Black God by Ben Spivey (Black Square … Continue reading


text:
Thermal imaging is a technique used to view the heat bodies present in the dark. This imaging is very useful because, with this imaging, one can easily see in the dark. The thermal images are not similar to the images in the visible light; they are different and are viewed with certain colors only.
There are various types of IR-cameras used for thermal imaging. Further, many thermal imaging apps have come into existence and with these apps; one can easily capture the images in the dark region.
Thermal Imaging App
The thermal imaging apps act similarly to the thermal imaging camera and they can be used easily. The thermal imaging apps can be classified into two types: thermal imaging apps for android OS and thermal imaging apps for iOS.
Thermal Imaging Apps For Android OS
Android is the most common mobile OS as of now followed by Apple's iOS platform. The android OS is effective and it can operate several useful applications at less cost. There are many types of android OS-compatible apps available in the Google play store, the top-rated free android thermal imaging apps are listed below.
Thermal Camera Simulated
This is a real-time android app that can capture the images effectively by stimulating the IR-camera. With this app, the user can have a fun time in the dark. The image obtained by this app is of high quality and hence this app ranks high in the ratings. This app is suitable for the android mobiles that have an inbuilt IR sensor. This app will not function in the mobiles without built-in sensors.
Seek Thermal
Seek thermal is also an android thermal imaging app that works along with the sleek infra-red camera. This camera can be fitted easily in almost all the android devices and hence, it can be used effectively. This app offers higher resolution images within very less time. This camera can be used both in light and dark so that the images within the light and dark regions get trapped immediately. You can use this app for hunting, outdoor tours, etc.
Seek XR Thermal Imager For Android
Seek XR Thermal Imager is a thermal device used to convert mobile phones into a thermal imaging camera.
This XR thermal imager will do all the tasks and has thermal imaging technology, the same as Seek compact thermal cameras.
This easy and intuitive add on for smartphones is the best option to budget buyers who are looking for an alternative for the expensive thermal cameras around.
Range: Seek XR Thermal Camera captures images from up to 1,800 feet away which is supreme to other thermal imagers.
Size: Seek XR thermal camera is very sleek and compact, it is highly portable and adds no extra weight to your mobile phone.
Temperature Range: The temperature range of this Seek imager is extreme and between -40°F and 626°F.
Thermal Sensor Resolution: The thermal sensor resolution of this XR thermal imager is 206×156 which is high when compared with other mobile phone thermal imagers.
Power: Seek XR thermal camera does not need any external power supply or battery as it can be powered by the attached smartphone itself.
Limitation: This Seek XR thermal imager lacks in having a visible light digital camera.
Related Post: Seek Thermal Compact PRO Review
Thermal Camera Fx
This is also one of the useful and important thermal camera apps that can record pictures and videos in dark and dim conditions. This camera app is effective and it also supports camera flash. This is a real-time application that can record and store the recorded images and videos effectively. This app is widely used along with the thermal camera.
Thermal Imaging Apps For iPhones
iPhones are operated with the help of iOS and they require specially designed thermal imaging apps. The thermal imaging apps specially designed for iPhones are given below.
Seek Thermal
The top-rated thermal imaging app for iPhone is the Seek thermal app. This app is used along with Seek thermal imaging device. This app enables the user to view the captured image using the Seek thermal camera. It is very easy to operate the Seek thermal camera and app. The thermal image obtained with the help of this app has a high resolution. This app can be used both day and night times.
True Night Vision
True night vision is also a thermal detector app that can be used effectively for determining the objects in the dark light. This app generally triggers the IR sensor placed within the camera and enables the user to view all the heat bodies in the night time. This app is specially designed for iPhones and it produces high-resolution images.
These are the top-rated mobile apps for thermal imaging.
If you feel this article is useful, share it with your friends on social networking sites.


text:
This stunning two-story home located in Clube Golfemar is perfect for golf lovers and families who want to enjoy the beautiful beaches, being in a hot location. The property has two and half bathrooms and two plus one bedrooms with fitted wardrobes, being one of them en-suite. The indoor space also comprises a fully equipped kitchen, open concept living and dinning area with a traditional style and a marble fireplace. With a south faced garden and a roof terrace overlooking the sea and neighborhood, this ready to move in cluster villa has spacious outdoors and parking spaces close to the house.
With a wide entrance through a ramp (without stairs), this house is easily accessible. The entrance is on the ground floor, where the communal areas and 2 bedrooms are, having only stairs to the lower level and to the roof terrace.
The house is equipped with air conditioning, electric shutter, double glazing windows, fiber optic TV and internet (wi-fi), electric, water heater (electric) and more.
Sold fully furnished, including all household items.


text:
ITECH SERVICES LLC DBA Woods Home Goods , (Woods Home Goods), is committed to keeping any and all personal information collected of those individuals that visit our website and make use of our online facilities and services accurate, confidential, secure and private. Our privacy policy has been designed and created to ensure those affiliated with ITECH SERVICES LLC DBA Woods Home Goods of our commitment and realization of our obligation not only to meet but to exceed most existing privacy standards.
THEREFORE, this Privacy Policy Agreement shall apply to ITECH SERVICES LLC DBA Woods Home Goods , and thus it shall govern any and all data collection and usage thereof. Through the use of http://woodshomegoods.com you are herein consenting to the following data procedures expressed within this agreement.
- Voluntarily provided information which may include your name, address, email address, billing and/or credit card information etc., which may be used when you purchase products and/or services and to deliver the services you have requested.
- Information automatically collected when visiting our website, which may include cookies, third party tracking technologies and server logs.
- Remain in conformance with any decrees, laws and/or statutes or in an effort to comply with any process which may be served upon ITECH SERVICES LLC DBA Woods Home Goods and/or our website;
- Maintain, safeguard and/or preserve all the rights and/or property of ITECH SERVICES LLC DBA Woods Home Goods; and
- Perform under demanding conditions in an effort to safeguard the personal safety of users of http://woodshomegoods.com and/or the general public.
The company also uses Secure Socket Layer (SSL) for authentication and private communications in an effort to build users' trust and confidence in the internet and website use by providing simple and secure access and communication of credit card and personal information.


text:
28 Priory Road, Milford Haven, Dyfed, SA73 2DT
Unit 1 Dolphin Court, Brunel Quay, Neyland, Milford Haven, Dyfed, SA73 1PY
Dolphin Court, Brunel Quay, Neyland (Dyfed), Milford Haven, Dyfed, SA73 1PY
12 Lower Quay Road, Hook, Haverfordwest, Freystrop, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, SA62 4LQ
12 Lower Quay Rd, Hook, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, SA62 4LR
Professional commercial photographer for interiors, exteriors, architecture, marketing, advertising, products and food....
50 Cardigan Road, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, SA61 2QN
36 St. Peters Rd, Haverfordwest, SA62 3PJ
A professional photographer with expertise in pet photography and portrait....
16 Milton Terrace, Pembroke Dock, Dyfed, SA72 6BE
11 Williamston Terrace, Llangwm, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, SA62 4JG
The Studio, Commons Road, Pembroke, Dyfed, SA71 4EA
Wedding Photography, Portrait Photography, Award winning photographer. Large format printing. Canvas wraps/stretching/printing...
wedding photography, portrait photographer, wedding photorapher
42 High Street, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, SA61 2DA
Avallenau House Avallenau Drive, Merlins Bridge, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, SA61 1XN
Preseli Heights, St Patricks Hill, Llanreath, Pembroke Dock, Dyfed, SA72 6XQ
6 Courtyard Flats, Stable Yard, Stackpole, Pembroke, Dyfed, SA71 5DE
Put simply the aim of Frames Photography is to provide affordable images of exceptional quality. Every image is comprehensively...
2 Goat Street, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, SA61 1PX