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On the Co-Design of AV-Enabled Mobility Systems (2020)The design of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and the design of AV-enabled mobility systems are closely coupled. Indeed, knowledge about the intended service of AVs would impact their design and deployment process, whilst insights about their technological development could significantly affect transportation management decisions. This calls for tools to study such a coupling and co-design AVs and AV-enabled mobility systems in terms of different ...Conference Paper
Separate Your Domains: NIST PQC KEMs and Oracle Cloning (2020)Conference Paper
Nonlinear model predictive control for coordinated traffic flow management in highway systems (2020)The growing level of freeway traffic congestion comprises an everyday life issue with social, economic, and environmental implications for modern metropolitan areas. There is evidence that Variable Speed Limits (VSL) and Ramp Metering (RM) are two effective practical approaches to ameliorate traffic congestion. In this work we use the augmented METANET model, which is one of the most widely used macroscopic models for freeway traffic, to ...Conference Paper
Guideline to measure service provided by, and resilience of, transport infrastructure (2020)In order to optimally allocate resources to help ensure that transport infrastructure networks continue to provide acceptable levels of service immediately, or as fast as possible, following the occurrence of extreme events, the resilience of the infrastructure need to be estimated. In this paper, a guideline is presented, based on (Adey et al., 2019), that allows managers to measure the resilience of infrastructure networks. The guideline ...Conference Paper
The need for data management plans to enable the resilience analysis of transport infrastructure systems (2020)To be helpful in developing recommendations to support the standardization of infrastructure resilience assessment, members of the FORESEE project have studied the data requirements of a case study through its lifecycle phases, and asset management perspectives. This paper introduces key results in these analysis, including concepts and objectives for infrastructure data management plans, to accomplish future resilience governance ...Conference Paper
Emotion Capture among Real Couples in Everyday Life (2020)Illness management among married adults is mainly shared with their spouses and it involves social support. Social support among couples has been shown to affect emotional well-being positively or negatively and result in healthier habits among diabetes patients. Hence, through automatic emotion recognition, we could have an assessment of the emotional well-being of couples which could inform the development and triggering of interventions ...Conference Paper
Emotion Elicitation and Capture among Real Couples in the Lab (2020)Couples' relationships affect partners' mental and physical well-being. Automatic recognition of couples' emotions will not only help to better understand the interplay of emotions, intimate relationships, and health and well-being, but also provide crucial clinical insights into protective and risk factors of relationships, and can ultimately guide interventions. However, several works developing emotion recognition algorithms use data ...Conference Paper
On the Subsequent Vaulting of Churches in the Late Gothic Period: The Collegiate Church of San Vittore Mauro in Poschiavo, Switzerland (2020)While the Late Gothic construction boom had already covered large parts of southern Germany and Austria, on the territory of today's canton of Grisons in south-eastern Switzerland no Late Gothic churches were built before the mid-fifteenth century. However, as in many other Central European regions, construction activity increased considerably in the fifteenth century due to economic prosperity and the resulting population growth. ...Conference Paper
An iron-mounted stoneware façade in Paris: Charles Klein's apartment building on rue Claude Chahu 9 (2020)Previously only realized in infrastructural projects and industrial buildings, the introduction of reinforced-concrete frames in domestic and commercial architecture during the first years of the twentieth century in Paris required new solutions for the infill and the cladding of such structures. One of the first answers was to infill the concrete skeletons with non-load-bearing brickwork, and to clad the building with ceramic tiles.The ...Conference Paper


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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE refers to physical harm inflicted on one member of a household or family, by another member of the same household or family (usually between spouses). Domestic violence (sometimes called "spousal abuse") usually involves repetitive physical and psychological abuse, and a "cycle of
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subset: commoncrawl


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Our City » Departments » Parks & Recreation » Recreation & Fun » Special Events
The 15th Annual Celebrate Hillsboro, presented by Tuality Healthcare, is Saturday, July 20, 2019. We look forward to celebrating with you this summer!
Celebrate Hillsboro brings the City together on the streets of Downtown Hillsboro to honor and celebrate our thriving community.
The event features:
View the Celebrate Hillsboro 2019 Event Guide.
Stay for the After Party at 4 pm and Celebrate the event's 15th birthday with ice cream treats and music on the plaza!
10 am to 6 pm in the Civic Center lobby.
Cover band Dancehall Days goes onstage at 4:30 pm to perform their mix of Pop, Soul, Rock, and R&B.
Kalimba The Spirit of Earth, Wind, & Fire takes the stage at 6:30 pm, covering songs by the band of the same name.
Created in 2015, the Best of Hillsboro Awards survey the community to help us identify what makes our City so special.
Vote for the 2019 Best of Hillsboro Awards.
View past winners.
Musicians, roving stilt walkers, magicians, and jugglers will entertain on the streets of Downtown Hillsboro all day.
Like Celebrate Hillsboro on Facebook! #CelebrateHillsboro
See what all the fun is about! Watch a video of Celebrate Hillsboro 2018!
Email our Special Events Team or call 503-681-6120.
Free viewers are required for some of the attached documents.They can be downloaded by clicking on the icons below.


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This beautiful vintage wedding car comes straight from the 1960s.
These excellent old-fashioned wedding cars come complete with navy carpets and fur rugs.
The car seats up to seven passengers - so there's no need to worry about fitting everybody in.
This 'grand old lady' is truly striking. As an all cream wedding car it can complement any colour your choice or can be left its original colour. It's up to you.


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Hello friends and Happy Thanksgiving! Today I have a fun project to share with you using the Sweet & Simple Classic Kit. I loved the deeper reds and blues of this kit, and I really thought it would be perfect for putting together this home decor piece I had had in my mind for awhile.
I started with a small natural pallet, then using the Homemade paper from Simple Stories that was included in the kit, I covered each slat with one of the patterns. I cut a tree from the burlap paper from Fancy Pants, and then I picked some of my favorite papers out of the kit, and traced each of my kiddos hand prints for the top of my tree!
I wanted to keep the embellishing very simple on this, I really wanted that tree to take center stage. I did add in some fun details in the bottom left corner.
I wanted to add in a sentiment or title of some sort onto this, I tried many different ideas around, but finally settled on a simple "love", and I think it fits it perfectly!
Going to end this with a close up of those sweet hand prints! So excited to get this hung up!
Hope everyone has a Happy Thanksgiving, and take to time remember what is important this holiday season!!


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Community → Penn faculty
Megan S. Ryerson
University of Pennsylvania
School of Design
Dr. Megan S. Ryerson is the UPS Chair of Transportation and an Associate Professor of City and Regional Planning and Electrical and Systems Engineering. She was appointed Associate Dean for Research of PennDesign in 2018. Professor Ryerson and her team design algorithms and methods to address cross-disciplinary transportation planning challenges such as the introduction of autonomous vehicles and new infrastructure design strategies for pedestrian and bicycle safety to improve accessibility and mobility. She is the Research Director of the Mobility21 Transportation Research Center, a national University Transportation Center, and a Senior Fellow at the Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. She serves on the Board of Advisors of The Eno Center for Transportation, the Program Committee for the International Conference on Research in Air Transportation, two Transportation Research Board committees, and the Board of Advisors of the Los Angeles Metro Office of Extraordinary Innovation. In 2015 Professor Ryerson was named "Woman of the Year" by the Women's Transportation Seminar Philadelphia Chapter. Professor Ryerson received a Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 2010 and a BS in Systems Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 2003.


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Bank Nifty spot opened at 21539.20 and made a low of 21408.60 , it went up till 21565.45 before closing at 21547.75 . Had mentioned that long positions can be taken above 21510 and short positions can be taken below 21378 for the day .
Bank Nifty triggered our long trade and completed just 1 target for the day. Bank Nifty had outperformed the Nifty in the previous week so a bit of divergence in both the index was seen .
Now for this week Bank Nifty needs to break and sustain above 21620 for long confirmation, then we can expect a move till 21725 - 21805 levels initially and closing above 21850 we can expect the next move till 22010 - 22185 . Similarly Bank Nifty needs to break and sustain below 21270 for short confirmation then we can expect a move till 21160 - 21085 levels initially and closing below 21040 we can expect a further move till 20880 - 20705.
For the month of April we can expect uptrend to continue in Bank Nifty spot on a consecutive closing above 21805 and downtrend on a consecutive closing below 21083 ' . For the month of March, Bank Nifty gave a upmove of nearly 750+ points after breaking and sustaining above our monthly long confirmation level .
Those who are looking to enter fresh long positions on any corrections this week should keep a cbsl of 20708 for their positions .
For today if Bank Nifty spot sustains above 21612 we can see a initial move till 21680 & on sustaining above 21697 we may see further move till 21820 . Similarly if Bank Nifty spot sustains below 21484 we may see a initial move on the downside till 21415 & on sustaining below 21399 we may see further move till 21275 . Bank Nifty has immediate resistance near 21620 and above it near 21725 - 21825 zone .
Bank Nifty Spot Levels for the day are
Long above 21612 for 21651 – 21697 – 21820 , SL 21528
Short below 21484 for 21445 – 21399 – 21275 , SL 21568
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Disclaimer : These are my personal views and one should do their own research before entering any trades based on them . The use of the blog is agreement that the blog is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute advice in any form in the furtherance of any trade or trading decisions.


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The final version of this paper was published in: Biology and Philosophy 6: 325-340, 1991.
What's in a name? that which we call a rose,
by any other word would smell as sweet. [1]
In our century, many theories of sign and language in disciplines such as philosophy of language, linguistics and the French semiotical tradition have been afflicted by a kind of narrowness in theoretical perspective, that tends to exclude the possibility of natural signs, which are not interpreted by human beings. This is due to a very basic concept, namely the concept of the sign, the extension of which is established within our social and cultural domain. As a consequence, the signs of living nature -- the genetic code, the communication of cells in the body, or the signals of animals -- are understood in a nominalistic way, merely as concepts in the minds of scientists (which they also are, of course). Talking about a relation between the natural world and the world of scientific language can, according to one of today's most prominent semioticians in Europe,[2] only be understood as a question of "intersemiosity", i.e., as a question concerning the relation between different semiotics or sign systems, all situated within the social sphere. Certainly, such a version of semiotics has a "problem of the external world", excluding the referent of the sign from its horizon -- Nature seems to be reduced to culture-dwellt sign systems.
It is among other things in this ontological respect that the semiotics of Charles S. Peirce can bring a radically different understanding of the nature of the sign.[3] A sign, according to Peirce, is "something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity" (Peirce, 1955:99; CP. 2.228), i.e., the sign is constituted by a triadic relation between a representamen (the primary sign, i.e., the "physical" carrier of the sign), an object, and an interpretant. The relational character of the sign and its definition and the irreducibility of the object-pole of the sign is most evident in this formulation:
"A sign, or Representamen, is a First which stands in such a genuine triadic relation to a Second, called its Object, as to be capable of determining a Third, called its Interpretant, to assume the same triadic relation to its Object in which it stands itself to the same Object." (Peirce, 1955:99-100).
Peirce's concept of sign demands a treatment that is beyond the scope of this paper. Let us clarify with a few examples. Printing ink in a characteristic form on a piece of paper may be a primary sign (i.e., the representamen) of a word (i.e., an object in the system of language) and in a specific context this sign determines a reader (an interpreter) to think of a concept or imagine a detail of an event (i.e., the intrepretant), and in doing so establishing a complex relation between sign and signification similar to an aspect of some conventional meaning of the sign in that language system. Notice the distinction between the organism as an interpreter, and the effect of the sign upon that organism, i.e., the interpretant. The shrieking sound of a vervet monkey can be a representamen of a snake determining another monkey to hide in a tree, the act of hiding being the dynamic interpretant of the sign. A sequence of nucleic acid nucleotides sometimes functions as a genetic sign for a specific array of amino acids, resulting in an "object", i.e., a protein, produced in a specific context. In another situation, this very protein may act as a primary sign or as an immediate interpretant. Moreover a sequence of nucleic acids can be the object of attack by enzymes. This is not to suggest that the triadic concept of sign-action -- or the whole semiotics of Peirce -- in any way exhausts the complexities of molecular biology, ethology or linguistics, or that one can dispense with more specific theories in order to comprehend concrete phenomena of nature; the point is metatheoretical: there is nothing in the peircean semiotics which restricts sign-actions to culture or human practice. The concept of the sign in Peirce is of very general nature (and related to his metaphysical categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness, cf. Esposito, 1980), its semantic extension is broad, and nonetheless its definition and theoretical-semantic intension is highly specific.
This comprehensive understanding of signs should make it possible to make a renewed assessment of the conceptual foundations of present research into the phenomena of life and thought. If one is to do research in biology, psychology or cognitive science, and wants to grasp the aspect of nature or thought one attempts to compute or simulate, and certainly, if one thinks that such understanding should include a world-historical or evolutionary perspective, one promptly comes up against basic problems with respect to the conceptual quality of sign, information, thought, and similar "heavy" categories.
Incontrovertible as it seems, Peirce's ideas should be used to think with; thus slipping through the Scylla & Charybdis of a great many Peirce-scholarships: Scylla is the blasé state of belief, that Peirce is only actual as an interesting forerunner of present ideas in science and philosophy -- Peirce anticipated Popper's falsificationism, the evolutionism in astrophysical cosmology, he extended and improved the philosophy of signs thus founding a modern semiotic tradition, he was the father of pragmati(ci)sm, he conceived new ideas in logic and mathematics, he forestalled more recent interpretations of the concept of probability, etc. (and these statements seem to be true) -- these ideas, however, are worked out in detail, reinterpreted and expounded by more recent authors, and therefore Peirce has nothing new to tell. Charybdis is the servile state of belief, that it is possible, in a thorough-going Peirce-philology, to reconstruct a profound and coherent system of philosophy, logic, semiotics and theory of science, so that the grail of insights in Peirce's thought are just lying there, waiting to be read out of the piles of fragmentary information. As an academic petty industry this neo-peirceism may take new goods to the market, as an isolated project, however, it degenerates into exegesis and trifles. Both readings conceal the fact that Peirce has still something more to tell us, an extra insight and an extended perspective, yet demanding a constructive capitalising on his ideas. They should be brought into a clinch with vital currents in science, philosophy and culture of today. As an example, his general ideas actualise new interpretations of the chronically foundational problems of molecular biology and evolutionary theory. Thus the concept of biological information, often thought of as a mere metaphor alien to theoretical biology (Stuart, 1985), or as a member of a class of mere intentional ascriptions with no ontological significance (Nagel, 1977; Rosenberg, 1985), can now be interpreted within a richer ontology allowing for a natural evolution of sign-relationships (Hoffmeyer & Emmeche, 1990; Esposito, 1980; Anderson et al., 1984). However, his specific thoughts on the molecular nature of the "slimy" substances of life is of course restricted by the state of art in biology of that time.
I shall sketch three kinds of problems, where the Peircean insights seem to be striking as well as clarifying. The first relates to the theory of science, the second to biology in general, and the third concerns the possibility of artificial life, artificial intelligence, and by implication, the nature of cognition. As to the first, I'll point to the trivial fact that any science (whether natural science or cultural sciences as anthropology or linguistics) is concerned with the management of signs in the form of data and concepts, and can thus be studied from the perspective of semiotics. On this general level, semiotics is one among other perspectives on science such as the sociological, the historical or the logical perspective. As to the second point I'll suggest that Peirce's naturalistic concept of the sign helps to clarify what determines the peculiarity of the biological domain compared with research into the physical or other non-biological systems. To the extent that biology is the study of the living organism it is, from the semiotical point of view, the study of possible interpreters of signs. Man, however, is the only organism that have managed to make artificial sign processing systems (e.g., a word processor). My third point is that the question about the reality status of artificially produced behaviour in computational media can be approached from the perspective of semiotics.
Science as a semiotic process.
As is the case with philosophy, the scientific project is born and bred by a love for knowledge. Yet this project is just so curious, that it will not stop at mere reflection upon other peoples ideas. It will grasp and understand the world, and such an understanding can be used for many purposes. One can manipulate, sell and buy, make exchanges, win knowledge about the script of Nature and perhaps even insight into the limits to possible knowledge and the limitations of the way scientific knowledge is used. Science is a variety of sciences, that cannot be put into one generalized form, and in any science a multitude of interests takes part, which, just as feelings, can be very mixed. In the meta-disciplines such as the philosophy, sociology and history of science, the scientific activity is made an object of empirical or analytic studies, which have revealed many structures and dynamics of science as a collective enterprise. On the individual level, one may speculate if some kind of compassion or feeling (e.g., a "feeling for the organism", see Keller 1983), not only the feeling of fascination or curiosity, is among the driving forces or motive powers of science. Peirce expressed the thought, which may seem hyperbolic to many, that love is the prime mover of evolution,[4] and there may be some truth in it, even for the evolution of the sciences.
Sometimes a branch of science can contribute to an understanding of what science as a general enterprise is, and even the multiplicity of sciences is a good guarantee against ever reaching a complete and deathly agreement as to that question. The social and historical sciences can analyse some factors steering the development of the exact sciences, and ecology may stimulate an understanding of the limitations of the science of economy and its analysis of man's productive relationship to nature, but as a rule, the particular fields of knowledge preserve their relative autonomy. As with other cultural activities, self-reflection in science and in scholarship are determined by contradictory ideas that stick to a given period about society, man and nature. Thus the theory of science is multifaceted (often much more than some professional philosophers have ever dreamt), and both the theory of signs following Peirce and pragmaticism are compatible with that theory of science, that I, in good semiotic manner, have spliced together from others, and shall sketch here.
As any rat knows, science is a rather concocted type of social, rational, systematic sign-activity, going on in particular institutions organised for the purpose of knowledge-production. Therefore a science can be analysed with respect to different dimensions, among which primarily a) the theoretical, b) the historical, and c) the social dimensions are pertinent -- especially when made an object for a) philosophy of science, b) history of science and c) sociology of science. Let us consider biology as a sole example. When asking what is this thing called biology, we should try to answer on all levels -- a very complicated task, indeed.
a). With respect to philosophy of science, one can propound a generalised sign-relation for the theoretical dimension of biology (and, per analogy, any other science): Biological theory can thus be understood as a sign-supported mediation between (1) the very inner logical structure of a complex of ideas that are claimed to be a more or less general theory of living systems (i.e., biological theory as general representamen -- the field of conceptual structure), (2) the empirical field of biological systems, as constituted by the very scientific activity itself (biological theory as representing a general object), and (3) the producers and interpreters of the theory as the collective of actual agents of institutionalised bioscience (biological theory as structure of signification for a general interpretant - the sociosemiotic field). Philosophers of science often take their only stand on the logical structure of theories, hoping to discern the theoretical activity exclusively by this approach. But the theoretical dimension of biology is, via the sociosemiotic field inter alia, connected with the other dimensions of science. Biological theory can thus be understood semiotically as a triadic relation between (1) a particular conceptual structure (for example the logical structure of the theory of natural selection by variants with different hereditary determined fitness), (2) the field of observations, measurements, perceptions and concepts about something real or imagined, often roughly epitomised as "empiric" or "data" or naively conceived as "brute facts" about nature (for example what Darwin thought to see on Galapagos, or a reptile skeleton, or Brontosaurus "as it really was"), and (3) the meaningful broader interpretation of the empirical object that biologists in a given psychological, social and historical frame construct in the light of the theory as a symbol system representing the dynamics of the object (for example the biologist S.J.Gould's critical opinion of the neodarwinian explanation of the origins of species). This triad applies to a relatively high level of abstraction (general biological theory), but also in the singular scientific activity Nature's particular signs ("data" as for example what Peirce called indexical sinsigns) are mediated through those theories and that experimental praxis unfolded by the collective of concrete human interpreters. In the humanities the sign-relations with respect to the empirical field has a very different character, because the "object" itself is a cultural sign system of symbolic and often linguistic mediated processes; however, the basic triadic structure for the theoretical dimension of these Geisteswissenschaften is the same. Does this add anything to our understanding of biology, one may ask? On the general level, it represent the theoretical dimension of biology as a science among other sciences. In order to add specifically to our understanding of the structure of say, the clonal selection theory in the discipline of immunology, one has to apply a more specific analysis.
b). With respect to the history of science, the question of identifying a scientific biology in the modern sense can be posed within different theoretical frames. An interesting example comes from Foucault's comprehensive archeology of science. He argued that the phenomenon of "life", or its essence as a scientific problem, could not have appeared until relatively late in history, after a deep epistemological rupture with the complex of mere classificatory problems in classical natural history.
"To establish the great, unflawed table of the species, genera, and classes, natural history had to employ, criticise and finally reconstitute at new expense a language whose condition of possibility resided precisely in that continuum [of species] (...) Up to the end of the eighteenth century in fact, life does not exist: only living beings. These beings form one class, or rather several classes, in the series of all the things in the world; and if it is possible to speak of life it is only as of one character (...) in the universal distribution of beings." (Foucault, 1970:160).
An epistemological break implies a mental restructuralisation in the way signs of nature are perceived and interpreted by human beings in the actual cognitive process of their translation into the symbol systems of theories. Without regard to the validity or virtues of Foucault's perspective, the very question about the historical dimension of science is obviously a semiotic one, too.
c). With respect to the sociology of science, Peirce seemed to have been foreign to positions like some of the recent relativistic accounts of scientific knowledge (e.g., Barry Barnes and David Bloor of the so-called Edinburgh school). The difference may be smaller than originally thought, and one can probably unite Peirce's pragmaticism including his ontological conception of signs (that I will call semiotic realism) with a theory of science, that cannot escape being informed by the sociology of knowledge. Science is a social construction, as well as it is under an obligation to seek and tell something true about the world. The mathematical metaphor expressing Peirce's view -- that in the long run the scientific community through hypotheses and experiments will converge to the truth but never reach it, as a curve converging to its asymptote -- may seem naive in the light of the whole discussion following Kuhn, where "truth" was made paradigm-relative. But one must remember, that Peirce's fallibilistic conception of science as a trial and error process does not implicate any automatics in the progress of knowledge, or any form of positivism with respect to the apprehension of the nature of theories. A scientific hypothesis is a general assertion, which always remains underdetermined by a finite number of observations. In the short run there is no particular reason to believe that a given hypothesis, chosen e.g., because of its falsifiability, is true. So one can legitimately investigate a range of other factors in the whole context of discovery and understanding related to a specific discipline or a given paradigm, which determine the construction of hypothesis. It is obvious, that also the "technical" interest in knowledge is a co-determining constituent in the general development of the natural sciences, as for instance Habermas has argued; this constituent, however, cannot be reduced to a mere "interest in technical application" of theory, and is not exclusively determining the natural sciences.
Likewise, one cannot reduce Peirce's theory of science to some instrumentalistic or "vulgar-pragmatistic" conception of truth as practical usefulness. The pragmaticism of Peirce emphasises an intimate connection between knowledge and techne in the meaning of action or praxis, but this is in relation to the human action in e.g., the experimental activity. Peirce's anti-instrumentalism and his pragmaticism are compatible and work well with the realism as with the idea of convergence. These ideas can be applied, recursively so to say, to the theory of science itself, to generate a new idea about the convergence, in theory of science, towards many truths about the multiple sciences and the plenitude of scientific communities.
Biology consists of many disciplines, and can be conceived of as a relatively autonomous network of areas, that in all three dimensions has mutual relations as well as connections to other disciplines, both in the natural, social, and linguistic sciences and in other humanities.
With respect to the theoretical dimension of biology, it is to a considerable extent the semiotic character of concepts about biological information and coding, that determines the peculiarity of the biological domain. In this domain (approximately as in the humanities) the objects of knowledge -- the various phenomena of life -- reveal an immanent semiotic activity; Nature is full of living signs!
Signs in living nature
Biology is a natural science, indeed - a "physical science", as Peirce called it. His attempt to classify the particular sciences did not end up with some nice final result, but there is no doubt, that Peirce also regarded biology as a partly "psychical science" (as the other "psychical" human and social sciences). This is, among other things, due to the fact that
"Mind has its universal mode of action, namely, by final causation. The microscopist looks to see whether the motions of a little creature show any purpose. If so, there is mind there. Passing from the little to the large, natural selection is the theory of how forms come to be adaptive, that is, to be governed by a quasi purpose. It suggests a machinery of efficiency to bring about the end - a machinery inadequate perhaps - yet which must contribute some help toward the result. But being governed by a purpose or other final cause is the very essence of the psychical phenomenon, in general." (CP. I.269 [1902]).
Although biological disciplines are mainly dependent on chemical and physical concepts, as opposed to the humanities, the phenomena studied in biology are not a-psychical, or non-semiotic. Peirce actually speculated on the possibility, that certain physical processes, as the non-conservative and irreversible ones, were of a psychical nature. The dividing line between the human (so-called "behavioral") and the natural sciences can thus be partly dissolved; there are no such substantial differences, as have traditionally been claimed. The crux of the matter is differences in approach of the research and whether it focuses on effective causation, or final or teleological causation as a dominating theme. Neither exclude the application of semiotic concepts in the physical sciences or non-semiotic concepts in the psychical sciences.[5]
It is, firstly, possible to reconstruct a sketch of a natural history of signs, that firmly establishes the human language and other sign-actions in a natural historical perspective (by emphasising the continuity in the evolution of different sign systems from the genetic to the linguistic through the world history), and at the same time, avoids to reduce the complexity and specificity of the language-mediated cultural signs, that has to be analysed in the light of specific linguistic and other theories. A natural history of signs is compatible with, and an important element of, a general evolutionary theory. Secondly, both nature's and culture's signs can with advantage be conceived of realistically, i.e., as real existing relations, acting in the world, and not just as the delicate products of mind -- this semiotic realism is in absolutely accordance with Peirce's own evolutionary metaphysics. (For a more detailed account of the semiotics of nature and biological information, see Hoffmeyer and Emmeche, 1990).
Even if you at first comprehend semiotics as a purely non-ontological affair, only concerned with philosophy of language (Clarke 1987) or with epistemology, one is led towards realism by a kind of self-reflective movement: Semiotics as epistemology is the insight that perception, cognition, recognition (Erkenntnis), the relation between experience and its objects, is always sign-mediated, and that we never have a total immediate access to the rose ... only the name or the signs are left. (Some of these are, indeed, more concrete, sensuous and even sensual, than others, and in this sense more "immediate", but they are nevertheless signs). This insight leads us, via the discovery of analogous sign- and relation-structures in our ancestry, the living nature (e.g., the sign system of the genetic code) to an extension of the very concept of experience within an evolutionary frame. Even though we are forever thrown upon signs, we share this condition with all living beings. Subjectivity as a mode of being is not just a property of the human subject, but exists "dissolved" in smaller dose in all living cells, according to Peirce. Even a cell can thus be seen as functioning as a non-personal interpretant of the signs embodied in its genetic material, regulating its metabolism. Without explicit or implicit reference to the concepts of codes, information, or signs, one could hardly understand these relations. Even at the metabolic level they would in fact appear biologically meaningless.
Peirce comprehended these things when he told that a lump of protoplasm feels (CP. 6.133, 6.264 [1892]), yet how better by far a position of knowledge we are holding today, when we aspire to understand the real web of sign processes in evolution and ontogenesis! What goes on in a cell is not just "mere chemistry" - if one by that means simple effective causation. The "script" of the genetic code, which Roman Jakobson (1973:50ff) compared in detail with the formal structure of human language, is an instance of the general phenomenon, that one in Nature finds a complementarity of dyadic (physical, like action and reaction) and triadic (semiotic) processes. It might be termed kinesis and semiosis : certainly a living organism is subjected to the kinesis of the physical laws of motion, but it will only be more fully described and understood in the perspective of semiosis, as a sensuous being, depending upon signs from its environment and its inner processing of information. Kinesis and semiosis can be seen as instances of Peirce's metaphysical categories of Secondness and Thirdness.
One can point at other codes in the biological domain in addition to the genetic one. There is a metabolic code, regulating the "physiology" of the organism; there is an immune code in the sense of the sign structure of the cellular defence system of the body; and there is -- probably on several levels -- a neural code, carried by the nerve network of the body, and which in the brain is the substrate of higher mental processes. With respect to the human being, we are confronted here with a limit on the type of codes that biology, in its present state of art and outlook, can tell anything about: accordingly, psychology, linguistics, anthropology and other cognitive sciences must take over, to investigate the linguistic, social, and more "spiritual" codes. To describe the biological codes thoroughly is still an enormous scientific challenge, because the "epigenetic code" for example (steering the embryo's processes of growth, differentiation and morphogenesis) is still very poorly understood. Biological phenomena on various levels of organization are thus semiotic to the extent that they include processes, which today are described (within different theoretical traditions and vocabularies) as involving coding, information processing, communication, sign exchanging and interpretation.
Realising the relevance of general semiotics to the analysis of sign systems in living nature, it is also appropriate to recognise a certain inner connection between biology and semiotics.
It is a fundamental task of biology to deal with the richness of purposeful structures and purposive processes related to every organism. An organism is hardly a biological object, if it does not exhibit that teleology in the form of end-directedness with respect to survival and reproduction, maintenance of an inner dynamic process structure (homeostasis), and a selectively response to perturbations from the environment. These phenomena belong so to speak to the quintessence of the concept of organism. As hinted at above, an organism can be seen as a complex sign in the sense of being a nodal point for semiotic processes (structure and genesis of various sign systems). The organism is a spatio-temporal relational node in a web of evolutionary and ecological processes, which is not merely energetic, but involve exchange of signs. From a semiotic point of view, these sign systems are central for an account of the organism's telos, i.e., in understanding the self-organizing processes within the organism and how it is connected to the environment in a functional and biologically meaningful way. But as an organism is a complex sign (i.e., an organism is mediating a complex system of semiosis), so is the sign itself an organism (the sign has in a specific sense an organismic aspect).[6] This can be best examplified by saying that the sign and generally semiosis, sign processes, show a form of teleology. The sign is an element of an indivisible triad: sign (representamen), object and interpretant. As T. L. Short has formulated it:
"Nothing is an object which is not [at least potentially, C.E.] signifiable; nothing is a sign that is not interpretable as signifying some object; and nothing is an interpretant that does not interpret something as signifying an object. An object need not be signified and a sign need not be interpreted; but they are what they are in virtue of potential signs and potential interpretants, respectively. These potentialities are more than mere possibilities. Something is a sign in virtue of a ground -- or relation of sign to object -- that would justify a particular interpretation of it. Significance, then, is grounded interpretability. But an interpretant can only be grounded or justified in relation to some goal of interpretation." (Short 1982: 285)
Thus the interpretant can only be grounded in relation to some goal of interpretation - that I will call the perspective or horizon of the interpretation. Related to any ground and any sign is an actual or possible goal of interpretation; thus signification is in this sense grounded interpretation. Therefore, the process of sign interpretation (semiosis) is basically teleological. It does not in general or necessarily demand any conscious end or goal, but an end, which concerns an actual (eventually non-personal) interpretation of the sign as part of new semiotic processes. One can argue, that the sign manifests intentionality (Short 1981). Not as in Brentano, for whom the phenomenon is bound and restricted to human consciousness. The intentionality of signs must as suggested be seen as based on the very semiotic activity: It is implied by the quality of semiosis as Thirdness. Something becomes a sign (and therefore a Third) by standing for something else to someone or something. An interpretant (which may be an idea, a thought, some effect upon an animal, a cell, a non-personal being) has, at least to some degree, intentionality because it interprets signs, and a sign is intentional to the extent it is related to one of its potential or actual interpretants.
Does this mean that a single bacterial cell shows intentionality? Feeling a little puzzled by such a consequence one must emphasise that the phenomenon of intentionality in conscious human beings is by no means the same as the sort of generalized intentionality of signs inherent in semiotical processes on all scales of complexity including rather simple organisms. As indicated above, one must on the one hand recognise the continuity of end-directed and interpretative behaviour within a natural history of signs (the "teleological continuum" as Burks (1988) puts it) and on the other hand distinguish the different levels of organization and make use of specific theories within each level. And this is a matter of empirical research.
Artificial life and artificial intelligence.
Peirce's ideas may contribute not only to the development of theory of science and in the analysis of biosemiotic phenomena, but also to the areas of cognitive science, artificial intelligence (AI), and the latest hot-spot within computer-dependent research disciplines "Artificial Life", which could all benefit from Peirce's insights. Research in artificial life, "AL" (official designation of 1987) originates in cybernetics, automata theory and general systems research, and is, of cause indebted to classical and connectionist research in artificial intelligence. As within AI one attempts via computers to create synthetical systems, that display some of the same characteristics as non-artificial living systems. Before trying to do so, one should resurrect Peirce to ascertain the critique he would put forward to the current version of the project. He would probably be found in New Mexico at Los Alamos' Centre for Nonlinear Studies, in fierce discussion with Christopher G. Langton, one of the leading figures within the AL world.
Langton claims, that one can separate "the logical form" of an organism from its material base, and that its "aliveness" (its capacity to live and reproduce itself) will be a property of the form, not the matter (see Langton, 1989, p.11). According to the argument, this is exactly why you can synthesise life -- not just a model, but genuine life -- in a computer: first, out of the biological and chemical knowledge, you abstract those logical principles that apply to the whole of life. Next, the principles must be formalised, such that they can be implemented by a computer program. In this context one utilises the so-called bottom-up method, where relatively few and simple rules (concerning for instance how living cells react to each other) suffice. Once instantiated in the machine and running the program, interesting dynamical patterns and forms emerge out of the interactions between the multiple (simulated) cells. It is this "emergent" or collective behavior, rather than the individual artificial cell or computing unit, that Langton claims to be synthetic life.
At issue is not the building of a mechanical organism or robot, able to react purposefully to particular problems on the basis of general steering principles (the so-called "top-down" method in classical research in AI). Langton's point -- which we might call the "strong version" of artificial life -- is, that life can be studied abstractly with no attention to the material levels, since life is essentially an assembly of functions, which can be realised in the medium of the computer quite as well as in the biochemical medium of known life (Peirce's slimy protoplasm; DNA, proteins etc., in modern biology). On the level of individual cells there is a difference in kind: a natural cell is not the same as the one simulated in the computer (in fact, a cellular automaton is a mathematical object). These exist only as information structures in the computer. But -- and this is according to Langton the decisive point -- on the level of the collective behaviour of many parts, the interplay between natural cells in an organism and the interaction of "cells" in a computer are two instances of the same phenomenon: pattern-creating interaction (between cells, but also the relations between whole organisms in an ecosystem could be modelled in a similar way). Life is form and can be synthesised as such.
Peirce would have two comments to Langton: First, Langton has a point, since it is in fact possible to extend the perspective of theoretical biology, in order to let its object be not only life as it is, but also life as it could be. Life could have evolved in a different way on earth because of chance events, as it could have (and probably is) evolved in other ways on other planets. Moreover, we still could, in principle, be able to discover those quasi-logical regularities and lawfulness, that hold for all life. For this enterprise, semiotics may be a useful tool. (Peirce's view may be reinforced from the fact that when the mathematician John von Neumann in the forties analysed the general logic of self-reproduction, he was very close to Peirce's position).
Peirce's second comment to Langton is critical, though. Strong AL conceals a false dualism, viz. the claim that one can describe life functionally aloof from its material level. Form and matter do not stand to each other as two foreign modes of being, as Langton seems to presuppose. If the research program to study "life as it could be" is not connected to any study of possible material environments for life and its possible self-organisational material support, in other words the study of how forms of life and semiosis can evolve from the material and less complex, it is doomed to degenerate, perhaps into manufacture of computer games, which has little or nothing to do with biology. It is especially important to understand the constraints that harness the evolution of Nature's biological, chemical, and physical habits. This is present in what Peirce called synechism, his idea of continuity. Life does by no means exist as pure Thirdness or mere "universes of information", that have taken up residence in an accidental material; Thirdness keeps and encompasses Firstness and Secondness -- semiosis presupposes kinesis -- and less metaphysically one could say that evolution exposes a mutual interplay between analog and digital codes.
The patterns and complex behaviours that emerge within the parallel computational medium of the AL-models may well function as interesting simulations of real biological systems (which is the claim of a moderate or "weak" version of AL), but such patterns are "realized" in a non-biotic device that has no intrinsic teleology. A computer, as any other tool, may function very purposively (a computer running a program for the development of a self-reproducing data structure is a very useful instrument for implementing formal theories of life), yet it does not have a life of its own. A robot may have such an autonomy only to the extent that we abstract from its artificial genesis, its human history so to say. To understand special aspects of the construction of an organism, we may temporarily abstract from the ecology and evolution of the species in question, but we know, that we only get a part of the history of its natural generation. Nature's own "realization" of organismic form proceeds within a historical context, where form and substance are concepts of the same reality, relative to the observed level of organization. Form in abstraction explain neither the meaning of a word, the intention of a cognitive behaviour, or the end-directedness of a simple organism creating a niche for survival and reproduction, converting simple resources into organized structure.
These remarks does not exclude that AL-research can provoke or evoke a better understanding of general biological principles, but it is quite important to understand the different levels of life, including the material, in their internal connections. The point that life is not medium-independent, as a "multiple realization argument" for a computational account of life would suggest, does not mean that life could not in principle be realized in other material substrates (on other planets for example). The questions about what kind of molecules in what kind of prebiotic environments can allow for the emergence of other forms of life must be a part of a more general biology.
The project of AL can thus be criticised on biological, semiotical, as well as metaphysical reasons. Something equivalent holds for the attempts to build "artificial" intelligence (AI) or understand human cognition as rule conducted manipulation of symbols (computation) in the head. This project too suffers from a dualistic conception of the human condition.
Within AI, one of the really big mysteries is how a machine (let us say a hypothetical intelligent general problem solver) that can only process its symbols "syntactically" -- by algorithmic procedures with no concern for our interpretation of their meaning -- could ever come to just a slightest approximate meaningful "understanding" of the content of those problems, we might pose to the machine. How do the physical machine symbols achieve any meaning? If the machines do not "mean" anything with their strings of symbols, and never will, if it is only the users, that ascribe meaning to their inputs and outputs, how then can they ever be intelligent? Intelligence -- which can constitute an advantage if one is to translate Shakespeare into Danish, write a meeting report or cover the Eastern European news -- must include the capability to deal with complex contexts in a meaningful way. One has termed it "the mystery of the original meaning" (cf. Haugeland, 1985). If the meaning of computers is only lend (ascribed by human beings), they merely mean what we interpret them to mean, and they will never be able to understand anything by themselves. And that is unbearable to an AI-researcher, to whom there is principally no difference between a man and a machine, because the very human being is a symbol-manipulating machine.
Having Peirce in mind, I will remark two things. First, the concept of symbol within AI seems too narrow, and too dyadic: symbols are conceived of as mere physical marks, whose ability to represent thus exclusively results from the human subject. One should notice, however, that when the symbols enter into a complex whole system, and are interpreted by other symbolic structures in machines or organisms -- which are not just purely formal structures, but each possessing their own specific materiality (their "dynamic mode", as Pattee (1977) would say), and which eventually can learn to represent their "self" and their relation to the outer world by symbolic or non-symbolic sign relations -- one cannot a priori exclude, that the triads being mediated in this way are mindful and meaningful in the fullest sense of the word. The problem with the original meaning is arch-semiotical, and it would be fatal to believe that it can be solved exclusively by way of formalisation within the particular domain of linguistic signs. The meaning for an organism or a human being is something that extends far beyond a linguistic description.
Secondly, this means, that cognitive science must leave the logicism and the tight management-rationalism, that have afflicted at least the classical AI research. One must comprehend thinking as something which encompasses more than linguistic mediated signs, namely those signs, that stand in both inner and outer relation to the richness of iconic, indexical and other semiotic processes in nature. When Peirce said, in the famous aphorism, that "man is a sign" (cf. CP. 5.310-317), it would be a logocentric reduction of human nature, if Peirce had not precisely those exceedingly broad and partly phenomenologically based concepts of sign and thought, he in fact had. What Peirce likely meant, was, that compared with the social level (eventually with the society of seekers after truth), the individual human being is to be likened with a sign in its relation to a composite living system of signs, like language or nature itself. Man is, just as little as the sign, something in itself -- therefore a critique of AI, that takes a pure subjectivistic humanism as its starting point, will hardly be a sufficient critique.
It is true, we should "keep cool" and avoid reducing logic to psychology or biology (or vice versa). But we are left with a cognitive science, philosophically split between subjective and objective concepts of information, which too well mirrors the pervading dualism of our culture. In order to transcend dualism, it is appropriate to accept a Peircean perspective on sign and information as something, which is not purely mental or purely material. Peirce did not try to reduce logic to something else. Contrarily, he threw out a fascinating sketch of a broader logic, that may help us to understand the logical structure, not only in arguments of philosophers, but as the logos in the psychical, biological and physical reality surrounding us as a part of the cosmos.
I would like to thank Peder Voetmann Christiansen and Jesper Hoffmeyer for introducing me to the philosophy of science and semiotics. Many thanks also to Jonathan Trent and Siro Trevisanato their valuable comments to an earlier version of the paper. I am especially grateful for the help of Thomas L. Short, who thoroughly reviewed the paper with big patience and insight, and whose articles have been an indispensable inspiration.
Abbreviations as CP. 3.123 refer to volume number and paragraph in Peirce (1931-1958).
[1] Romeo and Juliet, act II, scene II, William Shakespeare.
[2] Algirdas Julien Greimas, see Greimas & Courtés (1979). This tradition, which goes back to F. de Saussure, has been incisively characterised as "end[ing] up making sign systems self-contained, largely conventional structures, referring to none but immanent objects. Extra-linguistic or extra-semiotic reality remains at best ineffable" (T.L.Short, pers. comm.) In the last decade, semioticians as Jean Petitot has revised French semiotics in the perspective of a more realistic conception of universals.
[3] I must instantly admit my skepticism towards a philosophy of science in the form of letting philosophical "first principles" or authorities define methodological prescripts of theoretical and experimental science, or in any way trying to tell the scientists what to do or think. I will not "sell" Peirce as a key to science, but rather point at the possible relevance of his theory of signs to some metatheoretical problems, such as the nature of science, the general concepts in biology, the problem of teleology, etc.
[4] Love in the sense of the Greek Agape, different from the Eros of desire, the attraction to another person, is a collective devotion, concern, and spirit of community. "Evolution" should here be taken in its widest, metaphysical sense. As a biologist, I would not nominate any candidate, whether love, God, or Natural Selection, as "prime movers" of evolution.
[5] The question about the relation between different types of causation is complicated. One may assert that Peirce's final causation can be reduced to effective causation for cybernetic and computational reasons (Burks 1988). Like many reduction claims, this is an argument for "in principal" -- not in practice -- reduction (and it leaves computation or "logical mechanism" that should account for final causes rather undefined; computation as such does not have causal powers). Or one may more pragmatically assert that the functionalist viewpoint of evolutionary biology dealing with formal and final causes and the structuralist viewpoint of developmental biology dealing with material and efficient causes simply complement each other (Rieppel 1990).
[6] Note that I am not intending to reduce the concept of sign to the concept of an organism, or vice versa, only to point at some inner connections between our conceptual understanding of semiotic and biotic phenomena.
Anderson, M., Deely, J., Krampen, M., Ransdell, J. Sebeok, T.A., Uexküll, T.v.: 1984, `A semiotic perspective on the sciences: steps toward a new paradigm', Semiotica 52(1/2), 7-47.
Burks, A.W.: 1988, `Teleology and logical mechanism', Synthese 76, 333-370.
Clarke, D.S., Jr.: 1987, Principles of Semiotic, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
Esposito, J.L.: 1980, Evolutionary Metaphysics. The Development of Peirce's Theory of Categories, Ohio University Press, Ohio.
Foucault, M.: 1970, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, Tavistock, London. [orig. Les Mots et les Choses, Gallimard, Paris, 1966].
Greimas, A.J. & Courtés, J.: 1979, Sémiotique. Dictionaire raisonné de la théorie du language, Hachette, Paris.
Haugelang, J.: 1985, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Hoffmeyer, J. & C. Emmeche: 1990, `Code-duality and the semiotics of nature.' in M. Anderson and F. Merrell (eds.), On Semiotic Modelling. Mouton de Gryter, Berlin (in press).
Jakobson, R.: 1973, Main Trends in the Science of Language, George Allen & Unwin, London.
Keller, E. F.: 1983, A Feeling for the Organism. The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock, Freeman, San Francisco.
Langton, C.G. (ed.): 1989, Artificial Life, (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol.VI), Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Redwood City, Calif.
Nagel, E.: 1977, `Teleology revisited', The Journal of Philosophy, 74(5): 261-301.
Pattee, H. H.: 1977, `Dynamic and linguistic modes of complex systems', Int. J. General Systems 3, 259-266.
Peirce, C. S.: 1931-1958, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, (Eds.: C.Hartshorne, P.Weiss & A.Burks), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Peirce, C.S.: 1955, Philosophical Wrightings of Peirce, (ed. J. Buchler), Dover Publications, New York.
Rieppel, O..: 1990, `Structuralism, functionalism, and the four Aristotelian causes', J. Hist. Biol. 23(2), 291-320.
Rosenberg, A.: 1985, The Structure of Biological Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sebeok, T.A. (ed.): 1986, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, Vol.1-3, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
Skagestad, P.: 1979, `C.S.Peirce on biological evolution and scientific progress', Synthese 41, 85-114.
Short, T.L.: 1981, `Semiosis and intentionality', Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 17(3), 197-223.
Short, T.L.: 1982, `Life among the legisigns', Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 18(4), 285-310.
Stuart, C.I.J.M.: 1985, `Bio-informational equivalence', J. theor. Biol. 113, 611-636.


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Rentals » Virtual Reality » Camera Support
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Tag Archives: receiver
Another radio, another VXO
Well, another holiday season has steamrolled past, and as usual the need to celebrate rose to the top of the charts once again. My lovely XYL is always on the lookout for a ham radio themed holiday present for me, … Continue reading
Together Again (for the first time)
Summer is winding down, and a lovely summer it was. I think the weather here in the Northeast was the best I can remember for quite some time. Sure, we had some beastly hot, humid days, but on the whole … Continue reading
Snowy day, new glue.
We've had the first snow of 2016, and it was a doozy. "Winter Storm Jonas", as it was named in the media, was a nor'easter that roared up the east coast dropping record amounts of snow. We got our share, … Continue reading
A complete digression.
Happy New Year. Now that the holidays have passed and time has started to free up a bit, I've found my way back to the bench and started to resume experiments on a space charge tube regen, And while I … Continue reading
2B Redux
My infatuation with boat anchors has begun to reassert itself this summer, with the sudden acquisition of a Drake-2B receiver. I like working with separates: a tube transmitter like the W1TS Simple Transmitter or the QRP Blowtorch, and a vintage receiver … Continue reading
Is there a pentode in the house?
I've had a little ham radio down time, as this relentless winter rewarded me with a late winter virus that laid me low for a few days. But, back on my feet and at the bench again, with some new … Continue reading
Mysteries of the Triode Revealed.
Update: My understanding of inter-electrode capacitances was incorrect as described originally in this post, and I wanted to set the matter straight before I confuse someone else: The small inter-electrode capacitances in the tube present less and less reactance as … Continue reading


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Hello fabuless fashionistas and happy fall ya all! Hard to believe that Autumn is officially here. Especially since here in our little Southern city, we have had temperatures in the high eighties! Not exactly sweater and boot weather, but that has not stopped us from shopping for some fall wardrobe items, namely at our favorite place, Goodwill!
This weekend my friend Kimmy and I headed out of Clarksville and traveled the short distance to Dickson to check out the deals at the Goodwill there. Much to my chagrin Kimmy outdid me in the thrifting department (this time), as she came away with several wonderful finds! Though I didn't leave empty handed I did find only one item, but it was funky and fun and fifty percent off so that made me feel a little better. Also I had already exhausted the three local Goodwill stores this week and luckily did find some beautiful things to start building my Fall wardrobe!
Well, I guess I may as well start with my one fabuless find. This " spring" green, (ironic, I know when we were shopping for fall fashions), tote. There was no tag that had a brand listed so I have no idea where it originally came from, but I absolutely adore it. I kinda have this thing about lip prints so I just couldn't pass it up. Especially since at half price it was only $2.00. Since the weather here is still quite summer like I thought perhaps I could carry it a few more times. In fact I carried it the next day pairing it with a pair of skinny jeans and a bright pink tee. Very casual, but the tote was my statement piece.
As I said, Kimmy was able to find more than me on this trip, (lucky girl!), and she got some great deals. Starting with a pair of gray patterned leggings by AB Studio, that were brand new. The original price tag was still attached. Retail cost $44.00! Kimmy's cost $4.49!
Look at this gorgeous black suede and leather skirt Kimmy found for only $4.99! She will definitely have to let us do a photo shoot of her wearing this fabulous find!
So as you can see I was not the ONLY one to purchase something that was not totally seasonal. These adorable polka dot sandals by St. Johns Bay were just too cute for Kimmy to leave behind!
After our little shopping spree we were hungry! After all what is a girl's day out shopping spree without a little lunch. We checked out yelp to see what Dickson had to offer in the way of eats. When we saw that there was a place called Little Bite of Everything, and that it offered BOTH burgers and cupcakes….well we knew we had found our place. Believe me it did not disappoint! We both ordered their OC burger and decided to share an order of fries so we could save room for a cupcake. Wise choice as the portion of fries was more than enough to share.
I will let you in on a little secret. When Kimmy and I get together we LOVE to talk. And talk and talk and talk…. But from the moment we took that first bite of burger, our conversation came to an almost screeching halt. The most we could manage were some ooohs , ahhhs and yums!
We have already decided we will definitely be making another trip so we can have another "Little Bite of Everything." Check out their website. littlebiteofeverything.com for more info, including menu options, prices and more. Then go get yourself a burger!
Before we headed home we checked out this cute shop called High Cotton. It has a mix of antiques, furniture, home décor, jewelry and more. Definitely a place you will want to check out when you visit Dickson.
So this concluded out little out of town thrifting trip. It was loads of fabuless fun and it just goes to show you that you don't have to travel too far from home to find new and fun places!
Till next time be thrifty and stay fabuless!


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Traffic alert: Oil Well Road blocked in both directions at Desoto Boulevard after two-vehicle crash
Here's what you should do if you have been in a crash. Naples Daily News
A two-vehicle crash blocked Oil Well Road in both directions at Desoto Boulevard on Thursday afternoon.
A trauma alert was issued, a Collier County Sheriff's Office spokeswoman said.
The Florida Highway Patrol was also monitoring a second crash on northbound Interstate 75 near Immokalee Road Thursday afternoon. The crash was cleared around 6:09 p.m. and no injuries were reported.
Check back with naplesnews.com for more on this developing story.
From February: Crash near Estates kills woman, 20; car and tomato truck collided on Oil Well Road
And: Car-truck crash on Oil Well Road just east of Estates kills Ave Maria University junior
Read or Share this story: https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/traffic/2019/03/07/oil-well-road-blocked-both-directions-desoto-boulevard-after-crash/3096262002/


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Data Capture and Scanning for Hertfordshire University
The Client
The University of Hertfordshire was originally established in 1952 (previously known as Hatfield Technical College & Hatfield Polytechnic). The University (an amalgamation of a number of higher educational establishments within Hertfordshire) is at the vanguard of a new type of emerging university – those that are business-like and business-facing Working to achieve the mission of being the most innovative and enterprising university, challenging individuals and organisations to excel.
The Challenge
CCR were engaged to digitize numerous paper based records made up from historical awards, past student records and student registration/enrolment forms from different establishments. This information was required to communicate with individuals to promote reunions, awards and events – ultimately to raise money, with timing being of critical importance due the Universities Diamond Jubilee celebrations.
In order to meet the defined project objectives a scope of works was created. This initially defined the need to receive and log all forms, sorting into each form type whilst retaining the original batch. The intention was for this scope to develop as we discovered more about the job.
Working with the client the scope of works was amended due to the differences in material structures and enhancements in the processes and actually resulted in a re-quotation of the project and a reduction in price, with a full and detailed process document was created with consultation with the client
Following on from the preparation of each batch, forms needed to be scanned and indexed to allocate searchable reference records prior to the commencement of data capture. Approximately 10,000 images were created with over 100,000 records requiring data capture. Upon completion of scanning and indexing all original hard copy data records were supplied back to Hertfordshire University for archiving. (There was the option for secure storage here at CCR)
All data fields required including name, address, course and subject were manually captured by CCR using our off shore services to reduce project costs. Further steps in this project required rigorous quality checking, return file creation and supply of all images and data.
Through this project Hertfordshire University were able to create useable alumni Information achieving the objectives through the creation of a centralised alumni database system. This system is easily updateable by both the University and the alumni member with the potential to remove the storage costs of these records.
Best practice guideline for database marketing and data storage have been met through the digitalisation of this data as well as an improvement to the Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery plans. Taking into account the changing elements of this project CCR were able to complete within the project timelines and met with the agreed final scope of works.
Data supplied to CCR in a paper format has quickly and effectively turned into actionable marketing data, working with the relevant contacts at University of Hertfordshire to meet the changing needs of the project. The University of Hertfordshire are now able to focus efforts towards effective communications with their alumni also enabling the future ability to cleanse, validate and enrich the data and to correctly target the Alumni for support and donations.


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Elon University men's basketball fell for the fourth straight year in the first round of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) Tournament in North Charleston, South Carolina. This year, it was at the hands of the University of North Carolina Wilmington 93-86.
The game was tight through the first 30 minutes, with Elon drawing the Seahawks back in to as small as a four-point margin with just over 10 minutes in the second half left to play. But Elon was unable to stop the Seahawks, who made more than 53 percent of their shots throughout the game and did so in crucial moments.
"I thought Wilmington played fearlessly and confident and aggressive," said head coach Matt Matheny. "We were affected by foul trouble in the first half, and it affected our rotation."
One of the major keys to Elon trying to advance past the first round was stopping UNCW senior forward Devontae Cacok, who is ranked second in the nation in rebounds and first in double-doubles. The Phoenix was able able to keep him fairly silent with 16 points and 12 rebounds, which is modest by his standards, but the Seahawks were able to incorporate other player into the mix to account for Cacok's relatively low productivity night.
Besides Cacok, UNCW had five other players in double digits for scoring. One of those players was freshman guard Kai Towes, who dazzled with his creative passing and rapid ball movement. Towes finished with 10 points and a game-high six assists to boot.
"They're a really strong offensive team," said senior forward Tyler Seibring. "We knew we had to do our best to get them uncomfortable from the beginning, and they made some runs early. We tried to weather the storm late and make a comeback, but it just wasn't enough."
Senior guard Steven Santa Ana went out giving it all he had, leading all players in the contest with 26 points, adding four rebounds and three assists to his stat line. But the disappointment of the loss left him at a loss for words after the game.
Seibring, who was sensational in the team's first win over UNCW this season, finished his last game with 14 points and seven rebounds. Though Seibring hung up his jersey for the last time after the game, he is focused on the memories he leaves behind even off the court.
"When we committed here, we committed to Elon, not just these four years," Seibring said, speaking for his fellow seniors. "Our hope is that our legacy is something beyond this game and something we can share with our teammates and move the program forward."
With just a few seconds left in the game, both Santa Ana and Seibring checked out of the game for one last time wearing maroon and gold and shared a moment with their head coach in front of the bench.
"There's going to come a time when you turn around and hand the torch to the guys behind you," Matheny said. "This year was not the year we hoped for record-wise, but in terms of passing the torch, these guys have carried the torch in the right way, in the Elon way."
Senior guard Sheldon Eberhardt also finished off his career tonight with a 16-point, two-rebound, two-assist game. This comes just days after Eberhardt was named the Sixth Man of the Year in the CAA. He, along with the the rest of the players in the game that were honored with CAA Honors, were recognized before the game started.
Matheny will head home empty-handed for the fourth time in five tries following the CAA Tournament. The only win Matheny has had in the tournament was in Elon's inaugural season in the conference.


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Suzuki Pakistan is going to launch the latest version of its evergreen car 'Suzuki Cultus'. The latest Suzuki Cultus is automatic and possesses the quality of auto gear shift system. The launching ceremony of Suzuki Cultus is in the process in Pearl Continental Hotel, Rawalpindi.
In addition to Suzuki Cultus, Pak Suzuki is also planning to launch three other vehicles as well. The other three vehicles are Mega Carry, GR150 and GSX-R600.
Suzuki is the largest shareholder of small auto vehicles in Pakistan especially popular for its Cultus and Mehran model. After Suzuki Mehran, Cultus is its largest selling model in a line of automobiles.
According to the initial reports, Suzuki is all set to announce the price and specs of the Suzuki Cultus 2018 while the vehicle will be available by the second quarter of the year 2018. Just like the earlier models, 2018 Suzuki Cultus will be equipped with powerful Euro II engine that ensures the speedy and quickest pickup, steady drive and optimum fuel efficiency at the same time.
Suzuki Cultus 2018 Price
The expected price of Suzuki Cultus 2018 will be
Cultus: Rs. 1,124,000
Cultus CNG: Rs. 1,199,000
Suzuki Cultus Features
- Integrated Sound System with Bluetooth
- SRS Safety Bags for Driver and Passenger
- Electronic Power Steering with Tilt Adjustment
- Anti-Lock Braking System with Electronic Stability Program
- Fog Lamps
- Side Mirrors Electronically Controllable
- K10B Engine
- Keyless Entry and Immobilizer System


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Pop-Up Submissions with special guest Daisy Waugh
Writing Is Hard!
On today's Pop-Ups we have special guest Daisy Waugh! Plus…
The Forest in the Pond by Richard James; Merlin and the Musketeers by Andrew Kirby; Revenge Sweet Revenge by Ken Cook; The Coldest Winter by Robert Louis Stevenson IV; Fallen Leaves by C Anthony Boot.
For maximum writing goodness, join us LIVE at 5pm UK every Sunday!
You can make your Pop-Up Submission here.
The winner of each show is permanently enrolled into our Pop-Up Winners Hall of Fame: an impressive achievment for any writer and a note of distinction on your writing CV.


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|Original and bright baptismal kit for boys. The theme is very original with hats, whiskers and bowtie. Black and white pattern the fabric tied to the candle in a big bow with a thick white rope. Decorations are in black. The large suitcase bag that comes with the set is black and white with the same pattern. The oil bottle is decorated with mustache and the three candles with small hats.
The set includes: a candle, a large suitcase bag, laurels, three candles, a bottle of oil, soap, underwear and towels.
|€ 254.8
|Add to Cart


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The nail can be filed down and trimmed cautiously, either at property or by a podiatrist. If the infection is gentle and considerably localized then to treat toenail fungus a doctor may possibly advise a medicated nail polish containing either Loceryl or Loprox. If the infection persists or carry on spreading then a medical doctor may prescribe an oral, systemic anti-fungal medication such as Sporanox or Lamisil. The remedy might takes about 12 weeks. Each of these drugs have some quite dangerous effects that may not be appropriate for some persons.
Low back discomfort can be triggered by participation in sports, motor automobile accidents, or any sort of injury, such as incorrect lifting performed with rotation, a direct mechanism of disk damage. It may perhaps be the result of faulty sitting or sleeping positions, faulty movement, repetitive movements at function, incorrect posture, or osteoarthritis. In any of these instances patients will present with low back pain of distinct degrees of intensity, from light discomfort to debilitating discomfort. The most typical place is above the sacrum, with frequent radiation to the buttock and hip. Often individuals have discomfort radiating to the knee or even to the ankle. Sufferers with sciatica will have excruciating pain radiating all the way down the leg.
Read More – Low Fat Desserts Recipes
There are lots of causes of respiratory allergies and allergens can come from numerous sources. Prevalent respiratory allergies are due to the inhaling of allergens such as dust, pollen, mold spores, animal dander, or cockroach or dust mite droppings. As soon as you inhale allergens, it would result in a respiratory reaction such as sneezing and runny nose. When a particular person that is sensitive comes in contact with what causes them to be sensitive, the allergen, the immune program releases a big quantity of a chemical referred to as histamine. A significant quantity of this histamine causes tissue swelling or inflammation or the tightening of muscle tissues.
Chiropractic has a 95% satisfaction rate in its therapy of low back pain. Why?
Toenail fungus is unusual in youngsters, having said that, the possibilities becomes far more as one's age increases. Roughly 48% of people today in the United States have at least 1 toe impacted by the time they are 70 years of age The uncomfortable tight fitting shoes and layers of nail polish enhances the danger of growing toenail fungus. It can also spread individual-to-person in public regions, such as locker rooms and showers. Possessing a chronic situation that have an effect on a circulation, such as diabetes or HIV also enhances your danger. The affected nail will grow to be stained and will turn really thick and overgrown. 1 may well notice stinking debris beneath the nail. The nail may perhaps disintegrate and ultimately fall off totally, or it might develop into so thick that it is extremely painful to put on footwear.
According to existing information, traditional health-related remedy of low back pain has failed. Drug therapy such as muscle relaxants and anti-inflammatory meds will give short-term relief, but will not address the trigger of the situation at all. Chiropractic has a 95% satisfaction rate in its remedy of low back pain. Why? I will clarify what I do with my individuals. As I have located out, a complex, holistic strategy to the challenge gives the greatest benefits.
Read More – Easy Low Fat Desserts
I use gentle adjustment, specifically in acute circumstances, ice to reduce inflammation and edema in acute situations. I also use EMS to loosen up the muscle, homeopathy to stimulate healing, and I use the Chinese instrument qua-sha for soft tissue massage that offers deep penetration. In some situations I use ultrasound and Acupuncture with no needles ( which is extremely essential-patients appreciate it incredibly significantly, due to the fact nobody likes needles). Besides this, I do nutrition response testing (NRT) in order to find out nutritional wants and supplement patients with complete meals supplements togive them extra nutrients, vitamins and minerals. This will assistance facilitate and speed their recovery.
Toenail fungus, also known by the term onychomycosis, is an ordinary condition that disfigures and even demolishes the toenail. The major toe and the small toe are the nails that are most likely to be impacted by toenail fungus. This situation is caused by any a single of the many types of fungi that develop in moist and warm surroundings, specifically in the shoes. As they rise, they invade and feed on the protein that creates difficult surface of the toenail.
Is Low Fat Yogurt Good For You – If your child has been diagnosed with respiratory allergies, there are really a few items you can do in your dwelling to support cut down the symptoms.


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CoolSculpting is the most used non-surgical, FDA-cleared fat reduction treatment. The CoolSculpting treatment's controlled cooling eliminates diet and exercise resistant fat. Millions of CoolSculpting treatments have been performed worldwide to date. We stand behind our work with our Real Results Promise™!
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"I dieted and exercised but my fat just laughed. I didn't know what else I could do to get rid of problem fat so I decided on CoolSculpting. […] My problem fat is gone. I am so happy that I had CoolSculpting. My stomach and legs are finally what I want them to be. They are shapely and I can again wear clothes I want. I feel so much more confident that I want to let everyone know CoolSculpting really works."
– Aileen Smith, Google My Business Review, More CoolSculpting Testimonials
"My experience at New Radiance Cosmetic Center in Ft. Lauderdale was outstanding. I had two areas treated with CoolSculpting and after only six weeks I am already very pleased with the results. Moreover, the treatment itself was very easy and relaxed. Much of the comfort of the process was due to the staff at New Radiance, who was terrific. […] I highly recommend New Radiance in Ft. Lauderdale, and Kathy in particular."
– Melinda H., via Email, More CoolSculpting Testimonials
Special Offers
CoolSculpting, reduces stubborn fat with no surgery and little to no downtime*! At New Radiance Cosmetic Centers, CoolSculpting treatments are Buy 3, Get 1 Free – 25% off! In addition, every CoolSculpting treatment comes with $750 in free bonus treatments to optimize your results!
Free bonus treatments include: $350 value Z Wave Acoustic Shock Wave treatment FREE to enhance your fat loss results by up to 60%1 and a $400 value Exilis Ultra skin tightening treatment FREE to tighten up loose skin after ridding yourself of that stubborn fat!
Freeze Away that Stubborn Fat – No Surgery, No Downtime
New Radiance serves clients in Fort Lauderdale, Miami Beach, Palm Beach Gardens, Port St. Lucie and Wellington, Florida.
CoolSculpting is FDA-Cleared as Safe and Effective
How Does it Work?
CoolSculpting cryolipolysis literally freezes fat cells causing them to program themselves to naturally self-destruct through the process of apoptosis. A vacuum is used to pull the fat away from the body between two cooling plates. The area is cooled to a precise temperature for 35 minutes. Your other cells such as skin, blood vessels, and nerves are not damaged at this temperature.
The treatment is non-surgical, no needles with little to no downtime. Specific treatment areas include: the mid-section abdomen, lower and upper back, under the chin, inner and outer thighs, arms, and buttocks banana rolls.
What Results Should I Expect?
As with any medical treatment, results can vary from person to person. With a single treatment, our clients typically see a 20%-30% reduction in fat in the treated area in a single treatment. Your body will naturally eliminate the dead fat cells for several weeks – up to several months – after the treatment.
Typically, it takes about three weeks to start seeing results. The fat elimination process takes three to four months to complete. Total possible fat reduction depends on your goals. Some choose to treat areas more than once for additional fat reduction. When treating the same area, subsequent treatments must be performed at least one month apart.
Worried that CoolSculpting may not work for you? We stand behind our work with our Real Results Promise™!
Request a Free Consultation with a CoolSculpting Specialist and Get 25% Off + $750 in Free Bonus Treatments:
Disclaimer & Patient Safety Information: Individual results vary. We stand behind our work with our Real Results Promise™. The CoolSculpting procedure is FDA-cleared in the U.S. for the treatment of visible fat bulges in the abdomen, chin/submental area, thighs, flanks, bra fat, back fat, fat underneath the buttocks (also known as banana roll) and upper arm. CoolSculpting is the treatment doctors use most for non-invasive fat removal. Click HERE for patient safety information. The information provided is NOT intended as medical advice and is for your general knowledge only. ZELTIQ, CoolSculpting, the CoolSculpting logo and the Snowflake design are registered trademarks of ZELTIQ Aesthetics, Inc. © 2017. All rights reserved.


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Gamescom may have finished but it doesn't have to end there, thanks to a handful of talented people we've got a ton of juicy cosplay pictures to feast your eyes on. The pictures below are from the popular MOBA title, League of Legends. The majority of MMO fans have played it, or at least heard of it, so we've got a little challenged for the GamerGrub readers. Take a look at the 10 pictures below, and see if you're able to successfully identify each League of Legends characters.
For some, it's eye candy, for others it's seeing their favorite game characters come to life. It's not exactly easy either, a lot of work and dedication go into making some of these costuomes
What the f*** is this?! I came for tits, not Leaugue of Legends...SMH
Regardless of one's preference, these were pretty mediocre compared to what's usually posted here...


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The Illuminating Autism FUNraiser at Pirate's Cove is an annual event that attracts hundreds of people to this waterside establishment. Those in attendance not only get to help raise money for the non-profit High Hopes 4 Autism, but they also get to enjoy a variety of musical acts.
On Saturday, singer/songwriter/guitarist Guthrie Trapp will return home to perform with a number of bands scheduled to appear. A Lillian native, Trapp is one of the busiest musicians in Nashville.
His hard work has paid off in the form of a sponsorship from D'Addario Strings and a spotlight in Rolling Stone magazine. Trapp gave Lagniappe a little insight into the Nashville scene as well as his current goals.
SC: Rolling Stone is such an iconic musical institution. How does it to get the coverage that you have?
GT: I think it was awesome! I was completely thrilled when I got that news. D'Addario had a lot to do with that. They helped me get in touch with those guys, and they wanted to do this thing called "Young Guns," where they profile a different person each month. So, I was the first one that they did, and I was thrilled. I was completely flattered and blown away that I would have a chance to do something like that.
SC: With this great coverage, have any opportunities come to light?
GT: It's just the obvious. It's great exposure. Every little thing like that helps for building your résumé and press. It's things that people like to look at and say, "Oh, this guy has done this and that." It's something great to add to the list of great things that have happened in your life. I don't believe in a lot of the hype of the press, but it certainly helps to add to that list of things. It's also great to have the validation as a musician. It's worth a lot. I don't have a college diploma that says, "Hey, my name is Guthrie, and I play guitar." It doesn't work like that in the music industry. D'Addario thought enough of me to say, "Hey, call Guthrie, and let's do something with him. He's a younger guy and actually doing some songs." I was honored and thrilled to be a part of that and work with all the companies that I have worked with.
SC: What made you choose Nashville? What was it about that town that led you there?
GT: The thing that did it was the Frank Brown International Songwriters Festival that was going on strong when I was in my teenage years on the Gulf Coast. I was going out to the Flora-Bama and sitting in a lot. Then, Frank Brown Festival would come around, and I would sit in with different players. I played with Gove Scrivenor a lot back then and Nick Branch & the Filthy Rich. So, I got to know and meet all those songwriters and did all the late night guitar sessions at the beach house until seven in the morning. I had a direct vein to Nashville. All of that was instilled into me when I was a kid. When I was in my early 20s, the obvious choice was to move to Nashville. I knew some people here already and some guys that were doing really great here like Carl Jackson. Some guys who were really big producers up here at the time told me that I should think about moving to Nashville, and I did.
I've been up here about 11 or 12 years, and everything has been going great. I've been playing on a lot of records. I've spent enough time here to where I know everybody in town. I play with a bunch of different artists here. I've got the reputation as the go-to guy for roots music and more soulful pop music like John Oates, Ashley Monroe and Shawn Camp. I've got my band 18 South and my trio is T.A.R. (Trapp, Abbott & Rhodes), which is myself, Pete Abbott and Michael Rhodes. We do a lot of stuff for D'Addario and Fender. We're working on record and did the Key West Songwriters Festival, where we were the house band. I did some stuff with Jason White, who is this great songwriter in Nashville, and a new and up-and-coming band called The Muddy Magnolias.
I've done stuff for BMI, and all kinds of random stuff. I try to keep a lot of different irons in the fire and keep my record sales going online. I did a signature overdrive pedal with Rockett Pedals. I do some Skype lessons for people all over the world and teach guitars at Carter Vintage Guitars. I'm working on another record that I plan on getting out this year, and I want to do a live DVD with T.A.R.
SC: I don't know about everywhere else, but Mobile has been inundated by Nashville bands over the past few years. Before that, it was Austin. As someone in the midst of the Nashville scene, why do you think there has been such a flux of bands out of Nashville these days?
GT: There's just so many damn people living here now. Everybody and their brother is moving here, from Robert Plant to Jack White. Actors are buying houses here. I think Jack Nicholson has a condo downtown. Everybody is finding out about Nashville. It's on the top five of the fastest growing cities in America. The best musicians in the world are living here and recording here every day. People are realizing that they can move here and buy a house three times the size of a house in California and still put a couple of hundred grand in the bank. People are realizing that it's a great place for music and to raise a family. Traffic isn't that bad. The word is out about Nashville. There are good musicians moving here from all over the world. There's a huge indie rock scene here that's bigger than Brooklyn, NY. There's just so many more people here, and there are kids here playing their asses off.
SC: I was listening to "Pick Peace" the other day. It's such a great collection of songs. You touch on so many genres, and there is still cohesion there, which is hard to do. For you, what makes a good song?
GT: Two things right off the bat would be a really good groove and a really good melody. You might be able to get away with a good groove if you don't have a good melody. You could be experimenting and jamming with jazz or something like that, and as long as you have a good groove, people are going to start tapping their foot to it and start moving around. There are a few things on my record that have a weird time signature, but it still has a groove. It has to have a good groove and accessible to the public, without being too acid jazz oriented. When I hear music, I want to hear a really good groove or a good melody or one of the two. Those are the two most important things.
SC: What's it like coming back to places like Pirate's Cove?
GT: I love going to Pirate's Cove. It's maintained its charm, but it's grown, too. Thing grow, and I get it. I love getting down there, and I wish I could get down there more often. I miss the slower pace down there.
Illuminating Autism FUNraiser
Date: June 6-8
Venue: Pirate's Cove, 6600 Hwy. 95 in Elberta, www.piratescoveriffraff.com
Tickets: $10 daily admission
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