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Tuesday, August 31, 2004
The most horrifying obligation I can imagine. Reading it brings out the darkest misogynist in me and makes me question whether we should ever have been trusted with the vote. A comrade who's planning the bachelorette party with this over eager monster forwarded this to me. These women are in their 30s, by the way. This is why some men hate women. Seriously.
I got your message, and I can't do Wednesday since I have class until 10. I have classes Tues, Wed, Thurs and will be away this weekend for my girlfriend's wedding. But I could meet next Thursday after 7:30 pm.
I think the biggest thing is just letting the girls know to reserve that weekend for XXXX's bachelorette fun in XXXXXXXX!!! We can take care of the details as they come, but I want to make sure as many girls can come as possible!
We can talk via email if you like - seems like it might be easier.
Here are some ideas I have:
I like the idea of your hot tub!!! We'll have to work that in somehow. I was also thinking a sleepover would be fun - does anyone have a big enough house? And would be willing to have the girls over? We could do it at my place, but I have a tiny place.
Saturday afternoon/early evening we could start with games, gifts, and prizes. Then limo/club/dancing night Saturday, sleep over and brunch on Sun AM? Or we can even make it a Friday - Sunday thing too. What do you think?
Girls bring a colored feather boa (black is fine) for when we go out to the clubs! So we can stand out and draw attention to our group and glam it up and be fabulous! XXX will have fancy white one for bride to be. I'm pretty certain XXX will not want to wear a tiara, but I can make a pretty veil just in case she is down with wearing it.
Here are some ideas for games:
Each girl brings lingerie that reflects her own personality for the "guess whose" game. These are gifts that the bride to be will be keeping. Or we could just do regular bachelorette gifts. If girls want to bring something kinky and fun, all the better! Whatever they are comfortable with.
Some other games:
1. Bachelorette Oath of Secrecy - signed contract all the girls need to sign
2 Create XXX's Wedding dress out of toilet paper (3-4 teams w/one model) - this one is fun!!! Makes for great pictures too!
3. Draw XXX's wedding dress on top of your head on a piece of paper
4. Guess who's panties/lingerie that is (gift giving time)
5. guy Scavenger Hunt Game (for one of the nights out - this one is awesome. I've made this for every bachelorette party and it never fails to be fun! Think Polaroid camera, think looking for guys with the best ass, best abs, biggest feet! nicest eyes, guy whose name is Mike, etc. all posing with XXX for Polaroid, all added to her necklace so by the end of the night she has all these polaroids of her and guys with fabulous bods! Hahaha!
Well, those are my ideas. I'll talk to XXX about the limo. Let me know what you think about the Fri to Sun OR the Sat to Sun sleepover. I'm thinking we need to reserve the limo for Saturday night though, right? Okay, talk to you later. Have a great day ladies!
Comments: Post a Comment


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How to change the category base prefix in WordPress
NOTE: the last image in this tutorial may differ from the text.
Hello. Today I'm going to show you how to change the category base prefix in WordPress. This is gonna be a short and simple one.
1. In the admin dashboard, hover over "Settings" and in the drop-down menu click "Permalinks".
2. Scroll down to the "Optimal" section and in "Category base" enter the prefix you want to use.
3. Click "Save Changes". Your prefix should now be working.
Thank you for taking this tutorial and I'll see you guys later.

subset: commoncrawl


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Emergency Alert
Secure Site Login
County Liaison to CART: Bill Hamilton Email: email@example.com
Small Animal Coordinator
Kim Zelonka Email: email@example.com
Large Animal Coordinator
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June 9, 2019 — June 13, 2019
05:30 pm — 08:00 pm (CDT)
446 S Gay St
Auburn, AL 36830
Make your VBS the mane event! This epic African adventure engages the whole herd. At Roar, kids explore God's goodness and celebrate a ferocious faith that powers them through this wild life.


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Just to keep you abreast of what is going on with my second site, the First Class Blogger Award Blog
We launched the site on December 26, 2010 and gave the award to eight sites. They are listed below. We got a warm welcome from lots of people so far and we hope to continue awarding great sites with the award. If you get the chance stop by the site and let us know what you think. Here are the first week's recipients!
December 26, 2010
17 And Baking
…And They Lived Blogging Ever After
It Would Be Mine
Kelley's Break Room
Simply Solo
Sweet & Crumby
January 2, 2011
Blogging Dangerously
Sweet Pea's Kitchen
Te'Kia's Blog
January 9, 2011
Brown Girl In The Red, White & Blue
Over A Cup Of Coffee
Scary Mommy
Where The Butterflies Go
Related Articles
- About The First Class Blogger Award (firstclassaward.wordpress.com)
- Importing Your Blog from Blogger into WP Platform (forthelose.org)
- A Few Erectional Changes (morningerection.wordpress.com)
- Versatile Blogger Award from Dawn (morningerection.wordpress.com)


text: Martin Garrix needs very little introduction to the Ibiza crowd, the young, talented artist has bcome one of the island's top residents, on the back of a series of amazing open-air perormances. Ibiza 2019 kicks off on Thursday July 4. Martin Garrix renews his love affair with Ushua�a Ibiza on Thursday July 4, as he kick starts yet another summer on Playa d'en Bossa. Previous summer's have taught us that the talented artist will invite a selection of the world's most innovative talent to join him in the elevated booth for a day into night extravaganza of big room house! Make sure you have your tickets in advance.Your Booking Voucher and Tickets Upon purchase you will be receive an instant printable booking voucher by email which will be redeemable for your physical ticket in one of our outlets listed below. All outlets are situated in promenent positions in San Antonio, Ibiza Town, Playa den Bossa and Figueretas. If you pick up your tickets from one of our listed bars you will also be entitiled to a free drink when you present your booking voucher. El Kiosko, San Antonio Ibiza My Property, Playa d'en Bossa Tantra Café, Playa d'en Bossa El Chupito Bar, Ibiza Town Disco Ticket Point, Ibiza Town El Divino Café, Ibiza Town Tango Bar, Ibiza Town Zoo Bar, Ibiza Town Info Ticket Point, Figueretas


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Carpet One Near Greenbank
If you're ready to give your Greenbank-area home a new look with brand new, top-of-the-line flooring, look no further than Carpet One. Greenbank-area Carpet One stores can be counted on to supply your Washington home with the best flooring selection, expertise, installation, and protection in the industry. We have everything from quality ceramic tile to laminate flooring and so much more.
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Do you have a leaky tap? We can fix that and any other plumbing problem, saving you time and money. Whether your sink is blocked, you need a shower installed or you're after an emergency plumber, we serve Southend, Rochford, Hockley, Leigh-on-Sea and the surrounding areas.
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30 Min. Readings (Min. of 5-7 ppl.) 3 hrs. $100 per person ($100 deposit required)
15 Min. Readings (Min. of 10-13 ppl.) 3 hrs. $60 per person ($100 deposit required)
Psychic parties are fun for all of your guests. Some events are: Birthday Parties, Anniversary Parties, Bridal Showers. For large groups, Carole offers an approx.15 minute reading for each of your guests.
Hosting a Psychic Party in your home is a unique, illuminating and memorable way to spend time with family, friends or co-workers! It's also a wonderful idea for your Special Event: Birthday Party, Bridal or Baby Shower, Graduation Party, Anniversary Party, Bar and Bat Mitzvah, Holiday Party…you name it! Your guests will love the event and talk about it for a long time to come.
Psychic Parties are available for all groups and special occasions:
* Personal Friends
* Co-Workers/Company Parties
* Wedding Receptions
* Showers
* Birthdays
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* Anniversaries
* Family Gatherings
* Surprise Parties


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This Spring I will be showing at : Chiltern Hills Art Fair, Chesham, on Sat 16th March, 11am-4pm. Sally Evans Artist & Maker Fairs at Liston Hall in Marlow on 13th April, 10am-4pm, & Thame Town Hall on 18th May 10am-4pm.
I will also have work on show at The Little Bird Gallery in Wendover, during March, as part of the Sally Evans show.
I worked in the Display & Visual Merchandising Industry for many years, mostly in Central London Department stores, including Liberty. This has lead to a wide range of skills and influences, as Retail doesn't stand still! All the while I was quietly learning the Jewellery trade in the background, for personal enjoyment. I first designed and sold Bridal Tiaras, through a high end Bridal designer, but soon fell in love with designing more eclectic yet classic ranges of jewellery that can be worn everyday, but look unique and outstanding on the wearer.
Commissions are always wonderful, as there is a joy in working with the client, finding the story behind the piece, often leading me down a new rabbit hole of things to learn, which is a lifelong road.....
Follow me on Facebook fb.me/alisonberthelsenjewellery or Instagram alisonberthelsenjewellery and you will see my bespoke commissions and see what directions I am going in next!


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We ensure to deliver Technological products and services transfer red with Standard Certificates/Guarantees of Origin, approved by certain globally acclaimed and well-known Renewable Energy/Environmental protection organizations/Institutions.
Our water and renewable energy solutions are comprised of combination of one or more renewable generation technologies. Knowing that solar is nowadays cost competitive with wind, towards future, wind and solar are expected to become the largest generation sources of renewable energy. We consider the Water and Energy industry and business ecosystem with a focus on competitive, clean energy solutions, including cutting edge technological projects.
SADRAB as a group of highly trained and agile engineers provides a platform for the growth of innovative ideas, which works best in response to the climate threats and geographical concerns of Iran and middle east region. We provide a vast choices of services, including planning and engineering, supply and Procurement, installation and commissioning, then in continue, we support you with operation and maintenance services for all water and energy systems.
Mission-based services performed by our technical experts, dedicated to reliable operations and economical costs.
Since Sustainability is an integral portion of our work values. Here are given Some of Our contributions with diligence to facilitate provisions of the followings for our customers/clients or partners:
1. Improving the operational energy efficiency, including reducing the carbon footprint of the operations in water and energy systems with green technologies.
2. Expanding cooperation and commitments with business partners/clients on environmental issues recruiting innovative solutions.
3. Supply of main equipment, installation and maintenance tools, periodic system testing and checkups, performance inspection devises and efficiency enhancement tools for the renewable energy market of Iran and middle east region.
4. Providing Consultation and solution for Energy consumption and efficiency, for Industrial or residential applications using tools like, Heat exchange systems, HVAC consumption optimizations, building management system (BMS), Energy-Smart Building Systems (ESBS), Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV), solar thermal/electrical back ups, waste heat recovery.
5. Renewable energy plant performance monitoring, HSE consultations, Quality Auditory for installation and maintenance procedures in both residential and industrial applications.
6. Coordination with standard certificate representatives for renewable energy systems in Iran.
7. Arranging and holding workshops and training courses in collaboration and conjunction with active partners/universities or institutes.
8. Participation and/or sponsorship of fairs, conferences and seminars in the field of Renewable Energy.


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Christian Song Lyrics that need music:
Read the book - "2", true story about signs from God
Read it for FREE
Christian Poems
Listen to Christian Poetry!
Signs from God
Flat Earth Answers God's Design
Incorrectly Speaking in Tongues
Cross along the 39th latitude and 93rd longitude
How do you get Baptized in the Holy Spirit?
Shape of a cross over the United State
En Espanol - muestras de dios coincidencias
To READ in
Ups and Downs
Click below to listen Now
Ups and Downs Music and Vocals by Joshua Holbrook
Shakin' my fist and wonderin' why
I aint never found God but I wasn't really lookin'
I aint gonna find the answer
I've heard about Jesus but never met Him
Email Me if you want to make this song yours by adding the music arrangement to this Christian Song.


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With the freezing temperatures in January we've been really busy, but in February things always slow down a little. That's normal, but we always like to be busy, so we've worked with our supplier and this month we're able to pass reduced pricing along to all our customers, including you!
For a limited time, we can give you an extraordinary heating system discount – up to $1,420 in savings on a new high-efficiency furnace. And when you qualify for the special 60-month financing we have available right now, it means you can get new high-efficiency heating for as little as $68 a month. That's right – $68 per month. This truly is an amazing deal.
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The offer expires on February 28, 2018. Call Family Danz now at (518) 427-8685 for more information, or fill out the form below to get the savings.


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The Friendship Bracelet gets a new lease of life this season, as designers present their fresh takes on this traditional gift with a sentimental twist.
Friendship Bracelets are taking the fashion world by storm this Spring, and about time too! I still remember the fun I had making my own friendship bracelets for my friends and family when I was younger… being homemade they never lasted very long, but it always put a smile on someone's face to receive a gift that is traditionally symbolic of friendship.
While friendship bracelets are traditionally handmade, it's fantastic to see the trend for friendship-style bracelets spreading to the world of designer jewellery! The custom for the receiver of a friendship bracelet is to wear it constantly until the knots wear through – to remove it before then is supposed to be a sign that the friendship is over. But it's not always practical to wear a bracelet all the time, especially as it starts to wear out! The trend for designer friendship bracelets means you can give something a gift with the same symbolic meaning, which they can treasure forever.
At fabulous we're delighted to be stocking the brand new designer friendship bracelets from one of our favourite, established designers, Azuni. Azuni have updated the traditional friendship bracelet by inscribing special messages onto Sterling Silver and 18ct Gold Vermeil plates, elegantly hung from Silk cord in three gorgeous colours.


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Marriage & Family Therapist – Independent Contractor
Ann Arbor, MI
Identity Counseling Psychology PLLC is an Ann Arbor counseling and psychotherapy practice helping adults, adolescents and children. We specialize in therapy for anxiety, depression, relationships, grief and trauma, and we are seeking a passionate part-time or full-time Marriage & Family Therapist to join our growing practice. This is an independent contractor (1099) position at our office in Ann Arbor, MI.
What you'll bring:
- LMFT, LMSW, LP, or LPC
- Some clinical experience
- Interest in family and couples therapy
- Interest in seeing 10-25 patients per week
Preferred (not required):
What we'll bring:
- Competitive fee split
- Office space
- Patient referrals
- Credentialing services
- Billing services
- Additional administrative services (call screening, note system, phone system, email)
- Customizable/flexible feel (clientele served, days worked, etc.)
- You'll be a part of a great and diverse small group of clinicians
If interested, please send resume to email@example.com, or fill out the contact sheet below.
Identity Counseling Psychology PLLC
2350 Washtenaw Ave, Suite 4
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
(734) 645-8944


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Fight Aging! Newsletter, October 10th 2011
October 10th 2011
The Fight Aging! Newsletter is a weekly email containing news, opinions, and happenings for people interested in aging science and engineered longevity: making use of diet, lifestyle choices, technology, and proven medical advances to live healthy, longer lives. This newsletter is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. In short, this means that you are encouraged to republish and rewrite it in any way you see fit, the only requirements being that you provide attribution and a link to Fight Aging!
- Actuaries and Public Understanding of Longevity Science
- The Changing Understanding of Aging
- Commentary Divorced from Reality
- In Search of Epigenetic Predictors of Longevity
- The Financial Challenges of Cryonics
- Discussion
- Latest Headlines from Fight Aging!
The scientific and popular science publishing industries are not the only road by which public understanding and support of longevity science can increase:
"People who make decisions involving very large amounts of money are not necessarily right any more often than the rest of us, but they do put in a great deal more groundwork and research in the course of making these decisions. In the gargantuan life insurance and pensions marketplace, where the long-term success of multinational conglomerates rests on good predictions of life expectancy, that amounts to a lot of time spent thinking about the near future of human longevity and medical technology.
"I look on all this activity in two ways: firstly, it is a useful pathway for wider education on longevity science. The actuaries are aware of research and its implications long before the general public, and they are also hooked into business machinery that widely publishes their analysis and viewpoints. As a result, many people will be convinced about the prospects for engineered human longevity by the materials produced by the financial industry rather than those produced by patient advocates, scientists, and the medical industry.
"Secondly, the work and publications of actuaries are a barometer for how compelling and widespread the arguments have become for significantly extending healthy human life through biotechnology. In this, I tend to pay attention to the pace at which their estimates are changing rather than the estimates themselves - it is my opinion that great financial upheaval lies ahead as sudden, large, and uncertain gains in life expectancy for older people are unlocked by advances in biotechnology. Present estimates are rather tied to the slow model of incidental life extension rather than the far more uncertain timeframe for the arrival of ways to achieve deliberate slowing and reversal of aging."
A series of open access review papers aimed at an audience unfamiliar with modern aging research are linked in the following Fight Aging! post:
"I stumbled upon a series of open access review papers today, entitled "The Changing Understanding of Aging," written by a veterinarian for an audience of practitioners largely unfamiliar with the history and present state of aging research. As a consequence it's very readable for the layperson, and it really doesn't matter that the papers are as much focused on the animal kingdom as on human research: at the high level much of what is the case for the mammals we keep as pets is also the case for humans - the same theories apply. Only the details of our biochemistries are different, which does lead to greatly differing life spans and rates of aging, but all proceeding according to much the same fundamental mechanisms."
Why is it that the prospect of rejuvenation biotechnology causes people to spout nonsense about class warfare, death before inequality, and the like, when little of that happens for radical progress in cancer therapies, or regenerative medicine to build new organs?
"there is something about the idea of greatly extending human life through medical technology that sends otherwise sane people off the deep end. Mention the topic and you'll hear screeds on class warfare, relinquishment of progress in medicine, death before inequality, and visions of immortal tyrants lording it over mortal serfs. Nonsense, the lot of it, all utterly divorced from the history that shows us time and again exactly how change, even radical change, progresses in a technological society - but people say this stuff anyway. ... People react to the prospect of rejuvenation biotechnology in ways that are completely different from their reactions to, say, the highly effective next generation of cancer therapies. You don't hear people declaring that late stage treatments for cancer will split the world into warring factions of haves and have nots, or that all development must be halted until it can be offered to everyone. If you walk through all the varied nonsense spouted on the topic of society and radical life extension, and replace rejuvenation with stem cell heart therapies, or cures for cancer, or organs such as blood vessels grown to order - then you might start to see just how nutty it sounds. Medical technologies just as revolutionary have emerged in the past, and will continue to do so without being hoarded, restricted to the rich, tearing the world asunder, turning brother against brother, and causing cats to lie with dogs."
The study of epigenetics is growing in breadth, which means that researchers are starting to search for correlations between epigenetic changes and longevity:
"The DNA in every one of our cells is better thought of as a whirling, dynamic machine rather than a static blueprint. It is in motion, a blur, a thousand thousand feedback loops involving the production of proteins that selectively alter the process of producing proteins. The amount of any one specific protein in a given cell produced from its DNA blueprint rises and falls dynamically, in response to environmental conditions, time of day, status of the cell's internal machinery, and a million other variations tuned by evolution. The epigenome is this dynamic partner to the static genome, a catalog of how genes become tagged and the changes that result from those tags. Epigenetics is the study of how DNA interacts with the machinery of protein construction to selectively modify the output in response to circumstances - and what that then means for cells, organs, and the operation of the body as a whole.
"Just as there are genetic variations that subtly contribute to human longevity, we should expect there to be equally subtle epigenetic variations - though more complex, and harder to uncover. Research here contributes to the grand debate over the degree to which aging is programmed: is the epigenetic contribution to aging a matter of growing disarray in the processes of tagging and correcting levels of protein production, arising due to damage, or are there signs of programmed changes in levels of protein production that cause damage and dysfunction?
"The educated guess at this point is that the way in which natural, unmodified life span emerges depends a little on the DNA blueprint, a lot on the environment, but just as much on chains of chaotic happenstance in the enormously complex operations of metabolism. We might consider that last line item a form of stochastic accumulation of molecular damage to cells: even with all other things being equal, individuals will age at somewhat different rates because initially small, localized differences in biological damage snowball over time into widely diverging system-wide outcomes."
Industries that offer products and services that span decades face challenges relating to the devaluation of currency that are generally not well understood by most businesses:
"Long-standing businesses must index everything they do to the changing - almost always falling - value of their regional currency, but very few smaller businesses do this in any sort of a deterministic way. Your average talented and determined fellow willing to start a company knows a lot about the business itself, but generally isn't very knowledgeable regarding currencies, inflation, finance, and so forth. That sort of expertise doesn't emerge in a company as a matter of course until it becomes much larger. So smaller businesses deal with the falling value of money by raising their prices as best they can on an ad hoc basis, but this is ever a challenge for products that involve very long memberships. Trying to raise rates on existing customers is, frankly, one of the hardest things a business can do. But raise rates they must, as modern paper currencies have long been set on a relentless spiral of devaluation.
"This happens because politicians and government bureaucrats can use the strategic devaluation of their national fiat currency as a way to generate significantly more revenue for a given level of public upheaval than can be achieved through direct taxation - so of course they tend to do exactly that. This is why inflation exists, and is arguably why fiat currencies continue to enjoy such wide, legally-enforced use. So fiat currencies are somewhat systematically, somewhat opportunistically devalued over time in ways that result in a transfer of wealth from the public at large and into the control of politicians, bureaucrats, and their close supporters.
"The cryonics industry is presently running into [this] issue]. It offers products that are commonly paid for over decades, or where decades might elapse between the ink drying on a contract and the actual provision of service. The industry is decades old, but never grew to the point at which experience in managing the consequences of currency devaluation and other long-term strategic issues would naturally emerge amongst the major players in a field. At Alcor, this manifests as a growing underfunding issue, and to the credit of the present management they are openly publishing their current thinking on the matter."
If you have an interest in cryonics, I strongly suggest you read the Alcor document; it makes for interesting reading. I think an organization willing to put out a document that talks through their issues in this way is an organization with the right mindset to come to a solution. Openness is a virtue in this modern world.
The highlights and headlines from the past week follow below. Remember - if you like this newsletter, the chances are that your friends will find it useful too. Forward it on, or post a copy to your favorite online communities. Encourage the people you know to pitch in and make a difference to the future of health and longevity!
Friday, October 7, 2011
It is the common wisdom that retirement from active work speeds the process of decline - and there are all sorts of reasonable explanations as to why this might be the case, but insofar as actual supporting evidence goes you're not going to find much of a consensus. That said, here is an unusual paper amongst those in search of a correlation between retirement and a shorter remaining life span: "Mortality hazard and length of time until death are widely used as health outcome measures and are themselves of fundamental demographic interest. Considerable research has asked whether labor force retirement reduces subsequent health and its mortality measures. Previous studies have reported positive, negative, and null effects of retirement on subsequent longevity and mortality hazard, but inconsistent findings are difficult to resolve because (1) nearly all data confound retirement with unemployment of older workers, and often, (2) endogeneity bias is rarely addressed analytically. To avoid these problems, albeit at loss of generalizability to the entire labor force, I examine data from an exceptional subgroup that is of interest in its own right: U.S. Supreme Court justices of 1801-2006. Using discrete-time event history methods, I estimate retirement effects on mortality hazard and years-left-alive. ... Estimates by all these methods are consistent with the hypothesis that, on average, retirement decreases health, as indicated by elevated mortality hazard and diminished years-left-alive. These findings may apply to other occupational groups characterized by high levels of work autonomy, job satisfaction, and financial security."
Friday, October 7, 2011
Extreme Longevity notes an Italian study: "Sardinia [is] especially rich in male centenarians. The present study was undertaken to quantify and determine which particular lifestyle and nutritional variables endemic to Sardinia males accounted for their extreme longevity. The authors point out that no genetic differences have been found between Sardinian males and less long-lived males found elsewhere in Italy so they reasoned lifestyle choices were more likely causative of their longevity than genetic factors. The researchers specifically compared the frequency of several dietary choices and lifestyle factors between men of Sardinia and Italian men not from Sardinia. It was particularly surprising that diet alone didn't account for the differences. The frequency of meat, cheese, wine, grain and nut consumption was identical in the two groups. Total daily caloric intake was slightly but insignificantly lower in the Sardinian men. The most significant difference found was in the distance to work and average slope of the terrain between the men of Sardinia and those from other regions. The researchers conclude it is likely the large amount of daily physical exercise required to walk long distances up steep mountain climbs that has led to the increased longevity of Sardinian males. They point out the effect of physical exercise on extending longevity is becoming widely recognized, appearing at the conclusion of many scientific articles."
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Researchers continue to explore what stem cells might be able to achieve for the regeneration of serious injuries: "adult human mesenchymal stem cells may have an important role in the treatment and repair of spinal cord injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are found mainly in the bone marrow and are the focus of many clinical trials that investigate potential methods of neurological repair and other regenerative applications. ...Although mesenchymal stem cells are widely known to be used in replacing damaged tissue, these stem cells may also recruit endogenous cells (those made within the body) to help accelerate the repair process. ... For the first time, [researchers] examined the use of human MSCs to prompt repair of spinal cord injuries in transgenic (genetically engineered or altered) zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish are especially valuable to researchers due to invertebrate characteristics that are similar to those of humans, the transparency of their bodies and their ability to initiate regeneration of damaged tissue. The study demonstrates that human MSCs affix to the injury site and influence spinal cord cells to accelerate the repair process. ... Our results indicate that MSC therapy not only augments recovery after spinal cord injury, but also accelerates the recovery time"
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Via ScienceDaily: "Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer. Rather than presenting as a well-defined tumor, glioblastoma will often infiltrate the surrounding brain tissue, making it extremely difficult to treat surgically or with chemotherapy or radiation. ... [scientists] developed a method to combine a tumor-homing peptide, a cell-killing peptide, and a nanoparticle that both enhances tumor cell death and allows the researchers to image the tumors. When used to treat mice with glioblastoma, this new nanosystem eradicated most tumors in one model and significantly delayed tumor development in another. ... This is a unique nanosystem for two reasons. First, linking the cell-killing peptide to nanoparticles made it possible for us to deliver it specifically to tumors, virtually eliminating the killer peptide's toxicity to normal tissues. Second, ordinarily researchers and clinicians are happy if they are able to deliver more drugs to a tumor than to normal tissues. We not only accomplished that, but were able to design our nanoparticles to deliver the killer peptide right where it acts - the mitochondria, the cell's energy-generating center. ... In this study, our patients were mice that developed glioblastomas with the same characteristics as observed in humans with the disease. We treated them systemically with the nanoparticles. Once the nanoparticles reached the tumors' blood vessels, they delivered their payload (a drug) directly to the cell's power producer, the mitochondria. By destroying the blood vessels and also some surrounding tumor cells, we were able to cure some mice and extend the lifespan of the rest,"
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
MItochondrial function, structure, and damage are clearly important to longevity, both within and between species, so it should be no surprise to find mitochondrial DNA haplogroups associated with variations in human longevity: "Human longevity is a complex heritable genetic trait. Based on substantial evidence from model organisms, it is clear that mitochondria play a pivotal role in aging and lifespan. However, the effects that mitochondrial genome variations have upon longevity and longevity-related phenotypes in Zhuang people in China have yet to be established. By genotyping 15 variants for 10 haplogroups in 738 Zhuang subjects, including 367 long-lived individuals and 371 controls, we found that haplogroup F was significantly associated with longevity in females of Zhuang population of China. Additionally, haplogroup F was related to higher HDL levels in long-lived individuals. Further analysis suggests that the non-synonymous variant m.13928G>C in haplogroup F was also associated with longevity in female Zhuang Chinese which might account for the beneficial effect of F."
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
The Volokh Conspiracy on the correlations between health and wealth in a region, a connection with compelling evidence both before and after the Industrial Revolution: "for most of history, gains in human life expectancy were made at the beginning, not the end of life. It is true that older people have always been part of society, but they were less numerous and more weathered than today's seniors. ... But that is not the end of the story. Rather, it is the beginning of a new chapter where humanity takes on ill health and death at later ages. Indeed, those efforts have already had an impact on the growth of life expectancy. ... For many years, it's been clear that there is a positive correlation between health and wealth, but it was most commonly thought that wealth creates health. While it is certainly true that the rich can afford to take better care of themselves, it is now known that health also begets wealth. Put another way, poor health causes a decline in productivity for the simple reason that it's very difficult to work effectively when you're in ill health, thereby increasing the chances of falling into poverty. ... based on the available research, if there are 'two countries that are identical in all respects, except that one has a 5 year advantage in life expectancy,' then the 'real income per capita in the healthier country will grow 0.3-0.5% per year faster than in its less healthy counterpart.' While these percentages might look small, they are actually quite significant, especially when one considers that between the years of 1965 to 1990, countries experienced an average per capita income growth of 2% per year. When countries only have an average growth of 2%, an advantage of 0.5% is quite the boost. Now, those numbers are based only on a 5 year longevity advantage. What if a country had a 10, 20, or 30 year advantage? The growth may not continue on a linear basis, but if the general rule holds - a jump in life expectancy causes an increase in economic growth per capita - then having a longer-lived population would facilitate enormous differences in economic prosperity."
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
An unpleasant conjecture outlined via EurekAlert!: "The brain damage that characterizes Alzheimer's disease may originate in a form similar to that of infectious prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob, according to newly published research ... Our findings open the possibility that some of the sporadic Alzheimer's cases may arise from an infectious process, which occurs with other neurological diseases such as mad cow and its human form, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The underlying mechanism of Alzheimer's disease is very similar to the prion diseases. It involves a normal protein that becomes misshapen and is able to spread by transforming good proteins to bad ones. The bad proteins accumulate in the brain, forming plaque deposits that are believed to kill neuron cells in Alzheimer's. ... Researchers injected the brain tissue of a confirmed Alzheimer's patient into mice and compared the results to those from injected tissue of a control without the disease. None of the mice injected with the control showed signs of Alzheimer's, whereas all of those injected with Alzheimer's brain extracts developed plaques and other brain alterations typical of the disease. ... We took a normal mouse model that spontaneously does not develop any brain damage and injected a small amount of Alzheimer's human brain tissue into the animal's brain. The mouse developed Alzheimer's over time and it spread to other portions of the brain. We are currently working on whether disease transmission can happen in real life under more natural routes of exposure." It's probably best not to get too worked up about this sort of thing, concerning though it is. Many conditions can be made to be transmissible through the intervention of biotechnology, but that doesn't mean they are normally so in any meaningful way, and the prion diseases are not easy to transmit. The assumption at this point, based on the weight of evidence, should still be that Alzheimer's is something that in the vast majority of cases your body does on its own, and you bear a level of risk strongly associated with your lifestyle choices.
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
From FuturePundit: "Myelin is insulation around nerves and is essential for the conduction of impulses along nerves. The ability to grow pure populations of cells that make myelin brings us closer to effective treatments for multiple sclerosis and other diseases characterized by the loss of myelin. ... Scientists [found] a way to rapidly produce pure populations of cells that grow into the protective myelin coating on nerves in mice. Their process opens a door to research and potential treatments for multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and other demyelinating diseases afflicting millions of people worldwide. ... These results matter to us all. Why? We all suffer from a demyelinating disease called aging. One of the reason older folks have harder times with memory recall, coordination, and other mental tasks is that myelin deteriorates with age. The ability to restore myelin is an essential rejuvenation therapy. Therefore the pursuit of effective treatments for MS and other demyelinating diseases will yield useful therapies for brain rejuvenation. Just about any therapy aimed at repairing damage caused by a specific disease will also be useful for rejuvenation. Aging causes very diffuse damage to all the tissues in the body. When enough of that damage accumulates in a single organ or structural element disease emanating from a specific location emerges. But the localized disease is really just part of a bigger pattern of damage accumulation. So therapies aimed at repair of specific locations in the body will have a great deal of overlap with therapies aimed at full body rejuvenation."
Monday, October 3, 2011
An increasing weight of evidence links ongoing to damage to blood vessels in the brain with loss of cognitive ability as people grow older. Here is another example: "Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) are an important indicator of cerebral small-vessel disease, and their prevalence increases with increasing age. Little is known about the functional consequences of MBs in the aging population. In this study we investigated whether the presence and location of MBs are associated with cognition in the PROSPER study. ... For 439 subjects the number and location (cortico-subcortical, deep white matter, basal ganglia, and infratentorial) of the MBs was recorded. Difference in cognitive performance between subjects with and without MBs was calculated by entering the variables sex, age, white matter hyperintensity volume, infarction, and MBs in a linear mixed model. Differences in cognition between subjects with and without one or more MBs at different anatomic locations were assessed using the same model. ... We found that after correction for sex, age, white matter hyperintensity volume, and infarction, subjects with infratentorial MBs had a significantly lower score on the Immediate Picture-Word Learning test, Delayed Picture-Word Learning, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. ... Our data demonstrate that in elderly individuals at increased vascular risk, infratentorial MBs are associated with loss in cognitive functioning." The only practical, widely available ways to slow down blood vessel aging at the present time are exercise and calorie restriction, but future therapies - such as those built upon the SENS platform - will have to do better and actually reverse damage in the old.
Monday, October 3, 2011
Here's a popular press article that discusses the concept of actuarial escape velocity: "Someone you know could live to be 1,000 years old, according to Aubrey de Grey ... Even for people in good health, cells become damaged through the course of a human life, de Grey said. It's a solvable problem, he said, by providing maintenance to damaged cells. He cited stem cell research and using bacteria as possible means of restoring cells to their youthful state, which would lengthen life - perhaps infinitely. 'It's all about restoring organs and tissue to the way it was before it suffered some sort of damage,' he said, comparing the process to the maintenance that can keep cars running for decades.The research that could lead to these techniques is further along than most people realize, de Grey said, and could begin providing therapies within the next 25 years. Or not, he added, but the possibility exists that today's 20-somethings could be alive in 3011. Not only would they be alive, but they'd be able to live well, he said. The progress toward treatments that can provide such longevity will be incremental, though. The therapies that might exist in 25 years may restore a 90-year-old's body to a 60-year-old's health, but would not extend life indefinitely, he said. The key is reaching what de Grey called 'longevity escape velocity' - the rate of aging combined with the rate of the medical advancements that will prolong life to before-unthinkable lengths. An 80-year-old in 2011 hasn't much hope of living forever, he said, but the younger a person is, the better their chances of living in an age when drastically age-prolonging therapies exist."


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Description and interpretation of the famous painting 'The Starry Night' by Vincent van Gogh!
Vincent van Gogh - The Starry Night
One would think that van Gogh stood here on a hill and simply transferred what he saw to the screen. In reality, however, the painter was already in a mental hospital due to psychological difficulties, which he was only allowed to leave accompanied. The motif corresponds to the view from his room and will probably have been created later from memory.
We know from letters that Vincent himself was not very satisfied with the result of this work. Nevertheless, in Vincent's own words, the starry sky offered something of a religious refuge.
Only eleven stars and the bright crescent moon break through the blue-soaked and image-dominating sky.
In the middle of the picture you find a light vortex in the clouds. Does it signal the origin of the world? At least it is not the earthly life that plays the main role here. Only a cypress burns up like a fire on the left and connects the two worlds. The village, the mountains - unmoved they lie still in the bottom of the picture. However, the village is largely invented and feeds on the artist's imagination and his memory of his Dutch homeland. The horizon line is low and provides a stage for the moving sky.
The painting is stylistically post-impressionist, as it expresses the painter's subjective and emotional feelings. The expressive forms with which he expresses this impression certainly originate from Gogh's state of mind - but they also point to the epoch of Expressionism of the same name and now following.
© the artinspector / alexandra tuschka


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Pulapaka Susheela is an Indian Playback singer. She was born in a year of 1935. She is the recipient of five National Awards and numerous state awards, Susheela is widely acclaimed as a singer and is well Known for her mellifluous vocal performances for thousands of films songs across South Indian languages. She is also considered one of the rich voiced singers whose pronunciation of the syllables to be more clear and precise in any of the languages she sang. In a career spanning more than four decades, she has recorded numerous songs in Varios Indian Languages including Telugu, Tamil, Malayalamm, Kannada, Hindi, Bengali, Oriya, Sankrit Tulu, Badaga.
She was born in Telugu speaking family in Andhra Pradesh, India as the daughter of Pulapaka Mukunda Rao a leading advocate in Vizianagaram, Vizianagaram District, Andhra Padesh State. The noted banker Pulapaka Seethapathi Rao, Former managing director of state Bank of Hyderabad was her father younger brother along with Pulapaka Ragupathi Rao. She is married to Mohan Rao they have a son named Jayakrishna and two granddaughter named Jayashree and Subashree. Her daughter in law Sandhya Jayakrishna is a singer who debuted with A. R. Rahman in Iruvar. After completion of schooling, Susheela joined in Maharaja's Music College, Vizianagaram, and completed Diploma in Music from Andhra University in First Class at a very early age.
In 1950, music director Pendyala Nageswara Rao was on the look out for some fresh voices to sing for his new film compositions. He approached the AIR to help him shortlist some of the finest singers who have performed for the Radio. AIR sent forward five singers of whom Susheela was selected after some thorough audition tests. She was immediately signed on for the Tamil film Petra Thai (1952) for a duet song "Edhuku Azhaithhai" with A. M. Raja. This was subsequently made in Telugu as Kanna Talli for which she recorded the same duet with Ghantasala. This resulted in her long term employment with AVM Studios singing for their productions alone with a fixed monthly salary. The studio owner A. V. Meiyappan hired a Tamil trainer for Susheela to hone her Tamil pronunciation skills. Thus Susheela began her illustrious career gaining abundant knowledge about music and language. She debuted into Kannada language with the film Maadidunno Maaraya in 1954.
With S. Janaki and Vani Jayaram taking over the Southern film songs center stage from 1985 and K. S. Chitra beginning her career, Susheela slowly shifted her focus from films to Devotionals and Light Music. But she continued to get to sing melodious film songs from 1984–1999 though she had after 1985 cut down on offers for singing in films. She even won awards for songs in Telugu films – Vishwanatha Nayakudu in 1987, Godavari Pongindi in 1989 and Tamil film Varam in 1989. She sang duets with Kishore Kumar in 1986 for the film Singhasan – "Chalta Hai Do Dilon Ka Kaise Sansaar" and "Tere Liye Maine Janam" which became popular. She also concentrated more on stage shows across the Globe where many associations world wide invited her to perform for their organised shows. She recorded more than 1000 devotional songs for various audio companies. In 1988, acclaimed music composer Naushad insisted her to sing "Janaki Jaane" for his Malayalam film Dhwani. She also recorded few of her career best songs for Illayaraja, A. R. Rahman and others in the 1990s. "Kannukku Mai Azhagu" from the film Pudhiya Mugam (1993) composed by Rahman was praised all over for its lyrical content and rendition. She had hit songs in Tamil till 2005 and sang many devotional and folk songs from 1986–2005 and did many live shows from 1990 to 2005.
Bengali Singers
Hindi Singers
Kannada Singers
Malayalam Singers
Oriya Singers
Tamil Singers
Telugu Singers


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A confidential Prayer Chain is available for special requests; please contact the parish office.
Our Prayer Shawl Ministry group provides shawls to people in need due to illness or loss. For more information, please contact the parish office.
The Safe Church program ensures that our churches are places of safety from harm of misconduct that can occur in situations when there is an imbalance of power. The Safe Church program and a Criminal Record check are required for parish council members, paid staff, envelope secretary, children & youth workers, pastoral visitors, and all others who handle money and volunteer staff.


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AIWA MM FX500 Portable Audio.
Download AIWA MM FX500 Portable Audio Support User Manual.
This page contains information about obtaining MM FX500 Portable Audio Driver, technical specification manual. Find free links to obtain the manual and guides containing AIWA MM FX500 Portable Audio specification, and AIWA technical information. Some systems do not have direct operational drivers download links for user manuals and support guides or repair manual, these can be obtained directly from AIWA support website. Manual includes configuration information for AIWA MM FX500.
The site only contains MM FX500 drivers and support site manuals, technical guides,MM FX500 specification info, owner service help, computer instruction manuals,troubleshooting used for MM FX500 maintenance and we will provide a manual download link.
|MM FX500 System Configuration:
|The MM FX500 Portable Audio has the following configurations with a fixed price range by AIWA.
CPU, Memory, Hard Drive Configuration:
|This specs provided was complete with a Intel Celeron M n/a Serial ATA-300 ATA-100 PC Card,Cardbus 250 GB n/a, supports up to 6MB via SO-DIMM slot Intel GMA 950 14.1 64 MB 128 MB. The Portable Audio memory add up to 2048 MB, with standard memory 512 MB (1 x 512 MB), memory installed MMCMMC with 2 Expansion Sockets/Slots.
|MM FX500 User Manual Download:
|Download MM FX500 User Manual
Some of the popular computer manufacturers include.
Some of the popular laptop manufacturers include.
All other manufacturers are listed on the manufacturer list page in alphabetical order, browse throuh the manufacturer page to locate your computer, laptop, motherboard or other devides user manual, you will have to register on the website to download user manuals.


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Amstrad MP-3 TV Tuner x 3 and CT-1 Radio/Alarm Clock | eBayI'm interested in the French with scart.There anyone around here that search any of the others? and live in u.k.
Ah damn, saw it too late and it's UK only, otherwise I might have put in a bid. However, it's strange - two of the TV tuners have a three-position switch, what's up with that?
Off-topic, ZX81 But I had never heard of HRG. The demo is impressive!IMG 07681 - YouTube
Oooh, good choice - PC Engines are awesome :-)
I'd just committed myself to an NEC PC engine a few hours earlier which was beyond my budget for this month and I think the Shipping on the 6128+ from Greece to UK is the final deciding factor. But thank you ever so much for the kind offer it is very much appreciated.
And may I mention the Tatung Einstein makes a fantastic shelf for it. It's like they were meant to go together
Oooh, good choice - PC Engines are awesome :-)Not that Plus-es aren't of course...!
Yea, the shipping cost is annoying.But if you're lucky you'll find a seller who has TWO machines you want. Then you'll save on postage.
Indeed. Have you had chance to test them both yet?
I still need to do some homebrew for my PCFX. That takes the PCE awesome and raises it...
And may I mention the Tatung Einstein makes a fantastic shelf for it. It's like they were meant to go together
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|Don S. Davis ~ Sightings
Various people report on meeting the deceptively dangerous Don Davis.
Many a fangrrrl has fallen under the spell of his 'awww shucks good ole country boy persona' and tendency for self-deprecating comments, and have either wanted to give Don a big hug or help him work on his self-esteem problem.
Sel believes him by far the most dangerous of 'da Boys'.
Selmak's report on the Joisey Creation Con August 2004
Gilder's report on Gatecon 2003
Several spies report on the Virginia Con 2005
Selmak's report on the Joisey Creation Con 2005
Lesley at Gatecon, plus photos @ Gatcon2003
Various Dorabelle Photos
Facts Con 2005
Don at the Chicago Creation Con 2006 ~ Sela
Don at the Chicago Creation Con 2006 ~ Erin
Dragoncon 2006 ~ Tricia
Dragoncon 2006 ~ Kitha & Lashek
Don with the Thank You Banner at Dragoncon 2006
Don at Marscon 2007
Don at the Vancouver Creation Con 2007 ~ Triskele927
Don at the Vancouver Creation Con 2007 ~ Switch842
Don meets Smiley, Vegemite Fangggrl Melbourne, Oz 2007.
Don meets Julie, Bankstown, Oz 2007.
Fangrrrrl Tricia hugs Don at the Secaucus Creation Con August 2005


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Because of the post I wrote last week about Third Wave Feminism and the infamous "Google memo" that resulted in a male engineer being fired, I decided to interview a friend of mine about her experience in the engineering field. She is 26. Her name is Colleen.
What is your current occupation?
My current title is 'Customer and Product Support Representative' in John Deere's Turf and Utility platform. Prior to this role, I worked in the Performance and Reliability Engineering department.
How do you feel you are treated as a female employee by your co-workers? By your supervisors?
For a corporate business, John Deere has a very amicable work culture. I do not feel like my gender has held me back in any facet of my professional life at Deere.
Do you have any incidences of having been discriminated at work because you are a woman?
My industry is so heavily male-dominated and my current position is very dealer/customer facing, I actually think being a woman has been beneficial. I recently went on a week-long trip to Scotland where we traveled to five different golf courses and met with over 50 customers. I was the only woman present the entire trip. It's kind of funny after a while you don't really notice it. And don't get me wrong, you definitely have to be willing to work hard and demonstrate that you know what you're doing. But once you establish those relationships, some of my biggest supporters have been the men I've worked with.
How do you figure out if you are being paid the same as a man who has the same job?
I have never actually tried to compare salaries with a male counterpart at this point, but I do know Deere has a pretty standard, entry salary for engineers with a Bachelor's degree regardless of gender. I think the bigger discrepancy between genders (at least in industry) is not at the entry level, but at higher grade levels. For example, there are zero women on the Turf and Utility Platform Engineering Managers' level. The current Engineering Global Director is actively working to change that, though, which I think is pretty inspiring.
In college, what was your motivation in going into engineering?
I was lucky enough to have close family members (an aunt, an uncle, and cousins) who worked for Ford as engineers. Based on my affinity for all things math and science, they encouraged me to pursue engineering. It was great to be able to talk to family members who could vouch for engineering and all of the opportunities it could open up.
Did this motivation date earlier in your education?
I knew I loved math and science (especially chemistry) since I was a little girl, but I kind of fell into engineering as a major in high school once I started talking with family members.
What do you like about your job today?
The best thing about my current position is being able to resolve issues for our customers. Even a few hours of downtime can mean thousands of dollars for our customers, so being able to provide a solution can make a real difference. I truly enjoy being out in the field with our field staff, dealers, and customers. And I love that every day is a new challenge.
Would you call yourself a feminist today? Why or why not?
I would consider myself a feminist purely based on the definition. I feel like a lot of people associate feminism with active protesting, which I wouldn't say I do. But I do try to support it through outreach programs that encourage young girls to pursue STEM interests/curriculum/careers.
How would you define feminism?
I think in its simplest form, feminism is simply equal rights regardless of gender.
Would you say that most of your friends who are women would identify as feminists?
I'm not sure. I do think that the word feminism has gotten a bad "rap," which is really unfortunate. I think all women (and men) should identify as a feminist. I think most people who don't, simply don't understand the definition of feminism.
What barriers do you think exist today for women and careers in the United States or aren't there any?
I think women in this country are actually extremely fortunate. While there are still certainly barriers (less than 10% of Fortune 500 CEOs are women), it is still attainable in this country. Not every country can say that. That's why I'm such an advocate for groups that introduce girls to science and math at a young age. Getting girls excited about math (and keeping them excited through middle and high school) can make all the difference.
Consider your childhood. Were you treated differently by your parents in comparison to your brother? If yes, how did or do you deal with that?
I don't think I was treated too differently. I grew up with very democratic parents, so I think that made a huge difference. After my first year of baseball in third grade, my dad did tell me I had to start "playing softball with the girls," so I quit. But I don't think my baseball career was going too far, anyways.
What toys did you play with?
I really like the "designing" part of the toys I had growing up. Either staging the dollhouse, or dressing up Barbie dolls. I never really enjoyed "playing house." That was always too abstract for me. I seem to remember having a lot of toys where I would set up cities or build houses. I also shared a lot of toys with my younger brother, so there were a fair amount of Legos in my childhood. I think growing up with a brother and a dad I was really close to kept me interested in "boy" stuff – throwing the football around, playing video games, etc. I was never really worried about whether something was girly or not, I just did what I liked. And really my parents always encouraged that.
What would you change about girls' education today?
Definitely getting girls interested in math and science earlier and then keeping them interested. I think a lot of girls show a passion for those subjects at an early age, and then by middle school will shy away from them to "impress" a boy, or not be seen as too nerdy or too smart. You would think that in this day and age that would no longer be relevant, but it definitely still happens. I think providing the encouragement to pursue those interests during that age is critical.
Were you raised in a religious household? If yes, do you think that contributed to how you were treated as a girl?
My father was raised Catholic and my mother was raised Lutheran (Catholic light, as she called it), but we honestly only attended church when my brother and I were very young. By the time I was 9 or 10 (he was 7-8), he and I were both so busy – me with dance and him with baseball/football – that I think my parents needed some down time. I don't know that attending church (service, mass, etc.) was ever really a priority for them, either.
How would you identify yourself today – religious, agnostic, atheist?
I probably associate most with agnosticism. I believe in something bigger than us, but not necessarily the way Christianity sees it.
What advice would you give to young girls today in terms of pursuing non-traditional careers for women?
At this point I'm only four years into a full-time career, but I already see so many future opportunities with my engineering background. I plan to start an MBA program in the spring of 2018. With a technical background and my MBA, I think the only limit on my career is what I choose to pursue.
Karen L. Garst
The Faithless Feminist
August 12, 2017
Has the Women's Movement Made Sufficient Progress?
The Case Against Miracles
Dangerous Illusions by Vitaly Malkin
Civilization Was Invented by Women. What Gave Men the Right to Ruin It?
Respectability Among Heathens: Black Feminist Atheist Humanists


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Objective: To analyse the annual incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with lithium-induced nephropathy (LiN) in Australia.
Design, setting and participants: Retrospective cohort study of patients commencing renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Australia. We compared patients with LiN with all other RRT patients between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2011, using Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry data.
Main outcome measures: Numbers and characteristics of incident RRT patients, primary kidney disease (LiN or other, based on clinical diagnosis).
Results: LiN contributed to 187 people in Australia commencing RRT between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2011. The incidence rate increased from 0.14 cases/million population/year (95% CI, 0.06–0.22) in 1992–1996 to 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67–0.90) in 2007–2011. This increase is unlikely to be attributed solely to demographic changes in Australia. LiN patients were more likely than non-LiN patients to be women, to be white, to smoke, and to have a higher body mass index, but were less likely to have undergone renal biopsy.
Conclusions: Rates of ESRD attributed to LiN are increasing rapidly. Currently accepted lithium dosages and duration of treatment might induce ESRD in a large cohort of patients. We encourage clinicians to exercise discretion when prescribing lithium, check renal function regularly, stop lithium if there is a deterioration in two consecutive readings, and consider substitution with other drugs.
In 1949, John Cade reported the use of lithium in the treatment of manic–depressive illness, thus ushering in the era of psychopharmacology.1 Clinicians soon observed that patients receiving long-term lithium therapy developed polyuria, suggesting that it might cause renal tubular damage.2 Many years later, evidence arose that it might also reduce renal function, although the initial report included some patients with lithium toxicity.3 A meta-analysis of 1172 patients across 14 studies found that 15% of patients had a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR).4 This led to a discussion of the lithium level sufficient to control symptoms but not to create permanent renal damage.5
Controversy regarding the level of risk persisted. One authority rejected the possibility of renal damage;6 however, a recent meta-analysis of 365 studies disagreed with this but concluded that the risk of renal replacement therapy (RRT) was low (18/3369 patients [0.5%]).7
The need for an epidemiological survey was advocated;8 however, until now, this has only been done within restricted geographical foci, with uncertain denominators associated with incidence rates. A study involving two Paris hospitals and a questionnaire sent to all nephrologists in France found that 0.22% of all RRT patients had received lithium treatment, without any other symptoms of lithium intoxication.9 A Swedish study of two regions found that 0.81% of RRT patients had kidney disease attributed to lithium-induced nephropathy (LiN), and 1.2% of lithium-treated patients had raised serum creatinine levels. These patients had consumed lithium for at least 12 years and their incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was sixfold greater than that of the general population.10 Another study found that patients receiving lithium for 15.6 years had a lower GFR compared with that of controls.11 The evidence suggests that ESRD occurs after long exposure to lithium, up to 23 years.10-12
Our study addresses the need for a nationwide survey of the epidemiology of ESRD associated with LiN. We investigated details of all patients commencing RRT within Australia with clinically diagnosed LiN. Analysis was performed on a de-identified data extract from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA). Release of the data for this purpose was approved by the ANZDATA Executive.
We collected data from ANZDATA for all patients who commenced RRT with renal failure attributed to lithium toxicity between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2011. We compared these patients with those who commenced RRT with renal failure due to other causes over the same period. We noted whether patients at the time of commencing RRT were smokers, whether diagnosis was via biopsy (available after 1 April 1997), and serum creatinine levels at time of entry (available after 1 April 1998). Estimated GFR was calculated using the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula.13 ANZDATA contains information about patients who receive chronic RRT (dialysis or transplantation) in Australia,14 and is noted for its completeness. We used Australian Bureau of Statistics information concerning number, age and sex distribution of the Australian population.15
We used Pearson χ2 and Mann–Whitney U tests to compare patient characteristics between groups. We compared biopsy rates and trends over time between LiN and other patients using logistic regression, with time by LiN interaction included. We directly standardised incidence rates for age and sex to the 1 June 2006 Australian population, with age in 10-year cohorts for patients aged 0–79 years, then a single cohort of patients aged ≥ 80 years. We used linear regression to investigate changes in age of commencing RRT, and Poisson regression to investigate the mean number of comorbidities.
No patients commenced RRT associated with LiN before 1991. However, between 1991 and 2011, 187 patients did so, compared with 38 316 patients who commenced RRT with renal disease attributed to other causes.
LiN patients were more likely than other patients to be women, to be white, to smoke and to have a higher body mass index, but were of similar age and less likely to have undergone renal biopsy (Box 1). Among 172 LiN patients with available data, 42 (22.4%) underwent a diagnostic kidney biopsy. Biopsy rates of LiN patients decreased over time (odds ratio per year, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64–0.84; P < 0.001), which was more rapid than biopsy rates in non-LiN patients (P < 0.001 for the time by LiN interaction).
The number of patients commencing RRT associated with LiN increased over time, both in raw numbers, per population and as a proportion of all RRT patients. There were 0.14 cases per million population per year (95% CI, 0.06–0.22) in 1992–1996 and 0.78 (0.67–0.90) in 2007–2011. As a proportion of all incident RRT patients, LiN increased from 0.19% in 1992–1996 to 0.70% in 2007–2011 (Box 2). Age- and sex-standardised incidence rates were slightly lower than crude incidence rates for recent years (Box 2 and Box 3).
We found a marked increase in the incidence of clinically diagnosed LiN leading to RRT, rising from 0.14 cases per million population per year in 1992–1996 to 0.78 in 2007–2011. LiN accounted for 0.19% of all new RRT cases in 1992–1996, and 0.70% in 2007–2011. The former figure is close to the incidence reported in France in the late 1990s,9 while the latter is close to the incidence found in a recent Swedish study (0.81%).10 The similarity between standardised and crude incidence rates suggests that demographic changes do not explain the increase in the incidence of LiN.
Registry data have some limitations. Some cases of LiN may have been missed, especially early in the time series, when awareness of LiN may have been low. LiN is largely a clinical diagnosis, and most patients do not undergo biopsy. LiN patients commencing RRT were less likely to undergo biopsy, and rates are decreasing compared with those for other RRT patients. Diagnostic bias is possible with any registry data. Nephrologist awareness of irreversible LiN may have increased over time, with the publication of recent epidemiological studies10 and a systematic review.7 As such, the propensity to diagnose LiN as a cause of ESRD may have increased over time. Unknown confounders may also potentially increase rates of both bipolar disorder and kidney disease. Existing data do not allow us to determine numbers of patients with ESRD associated with LiN who are not recorded in ANZDATA, because they do not receive RRT. However, most people with ESRD in Australia do commence RRT.16 Data on the number of patients receiving long-term lithium treatment in Australia are not readily available.
We conclude that LiN is an uncommon cause of ESRD but is becoming more common. Many cases of LiN could be avoided through careful diagnosis of bipolar illness, restricted prescription of lithium, and careful follow-up of lithium serum levels and renal function. Improved record keeping, such as a lithium-monitoring book17 or electronic records, is important. We suggest that renal function (based on estimated GFR derived from serum creatinine levels, and proteinuria tests) and serum lithium levels should be monitored more frequently than 6 months, and certainly more than every 12 months, which some authors have suggested.18 This is most important for patients who have received lithium for many years. Clinicians should consider stopping lithium and using other suitable mood stabilisers (eg, sodium valproate19) if two consecutive readings suggest decreasing renal function, or if the estimated GFR is < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2.20
1 Characteristics of patients commencing renal replacement therapy (RRT) with lithium-induced nephropathy and all other patients in Australia, 1991–2011
No. (%)* of patients with lithium-induced nephropathy
No. (%)* patients with other types of kidney disease
Number of patients
38 316
Median age, years (IQR)
60 (53–66)
61 (47–71)
76 (40.6%)
22 714 (59.3%)
< 0.001
28 (15.0%)
14 133 (36.9%)
< 0.001
Median body mass index, kg/m2 (IQR)
28 (23–33)
26 (22–30)
< 0.001
38 (20.3%)
4749 (12.4%)
Median eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (IQR)
7.2 (5.4–9.9)
7.2 (5.3–9.7)
European ancestry
183 (97.9%)
30 733 (80.2%)
< 0.001
42 (22.4%)
10 079 (26.3%)
eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, calculated using four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula;13 only available for patients who commenced RRT after 1 April 1998. IQR = interquartile range. * Unless otherwise indicated. † Not available before 1997.
2 Number of patients commencing renal replacement therapy (RRT), 1987–2011
No. of patients receiving lithium
Crude incidence rate/year/million population (95% CI)
Standardised incidence rate/year/million population (95% CI)*
Proportion of all incident RRT patients (95% CI)
0.02 (0–0.07)
0.02 (0.00–0.07)
0.20% (0–0.49%)
0.14 (0.06–0.22)
0.13 (0.05–0.21)
0.19% (0.08%–0.30%)
0.36 (0.20–0.52)
0.32 (0.18–0.47)
0.40% (0.27%–0.53%)
0.51 (0.42–0.59)
0.43 (0.36–0.51)
0.48% (0.35%–0.62%)
0.78 (0.67–0.90)
0.65 (0.54–0.76)
0.70% (0.55%–0.85%)
* Standardised incidence rates were directly age- and sex-standardised to the 1991 populations. † Both patients in 1991.
Received 3 April 2013, accepted 10 October 2013
- 1. Cade JF. Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med J Aust 1949: 349-352.
- 2. Trautner EM, Morris R, Noack CH, Gershon S. The excretion and retention of ingested lithium and its effects on the ionic balance of man. Med J Aust 1955; 42: 280-291.
- 3. Hestbech J, Hansen HE, Amdisen A, Olsen S. Chronic renal lesions following long-term treatment with lithium. Kidney Int 1977; 12: 205-213.
- 4. Boton R, Gaviria M, Batlle DC. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and treatment of renal dysfunction associated with chronic lithium therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 10: 329-345.
- 5. George CR. Renal aspects of lithium toxicity. Med J Aust 1989; 150: 291-292.
- 6. Schou M. Lithium. In: Dukes MNG, Beeley L, editors. Side effects of drugs annual. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.
- 7. McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, et al. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379: 721-728.
- 8. Wells JE, Cross NB, Richardson AK. Toxicity profile of lithium. Lancet 2012; 379: 2338.
- 9. Presne C, Fakhouri F, Noël LH, et al. Lithium-induced nephropathy: rate of progression and prognostic factors. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 585-592.
- 10. Bendz H, Schön S, Attman PO, Aurell M. Renal failure occurs in chronic lithium treatment but is uncommon. Kidney Int 2010; 77: 219-224.
- 11. Tredget J, Kirov A, Kirov G. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on renal function. J Affect Disord 2010; 126: 436-440.
- 12. Janowsky D, Buniviciute J, Hu Q, Davis JM. Lithium-induced renal insufficiency: a longitudinal study of creatinine increases in intellectually disabled adults. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31: 769-773.
- 13. Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GL; MDRD Study Group. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: A0828.
- 14. Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Thirty fifth annual report. McDonald S, Clayton P, Hurst K, editors. Adelaide: ANZDATA, 2012.
- 15. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian demographic statistics, Mar 2012. Canberra: ABS, 2012. (ABS Cat. No. 3101.0.)
- 16. Sparke C, Moon L, Green F, et al. Estimating the total incidence of kidney failure in Australia including individuals who are not treated by dialysis or transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 61: 413-419.
- 17. Gerrett D, Lamont T, Paton C, et al. Prescribing and monitoring lithium therapy: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency. BMJ 2010; 341: c6258.
- 18. Malhi GS, Tanious M, Bargh D, et al. Safe and effective use of lithium. Austral Prescriber 2013; 31: 18-21.
- 19. Bowden C, Gogus A, Grunze H, et al. A 12-week, open, randomized trial comparing sodium valproate to lithium in patients with bipolar I disorder suffering from a manic episode. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 23: 254-262.
- 20. Kripalani M, Shawcross J, Reilly J, Main J. Lithium and chronic kidney disease. BMJ 2009; 339: b2452.
Publication of your online response is subject to the Medical Journal of Australia's editorial discretion. You will be notified by email within five working days should your response be accepted.


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Hilbig's prose demands sentence-by sentence commitment. It gravitates to the dark and dense, and occasionally surreal.
Kai Maristed
Book Review: "To the Back of Beyond" — Extreme Ambiguity
Evidently, plain-spoken language plus doubt and apprehension equate to novels that, once opened, are very hard to put down.
Book Review: "My Marriage" — An Extraordinary Rediscovery
Despite the pain of inhabiting Alexander Herzog's disintegrating world, I absolutely could not put My Marriage aside.
Book Review: "The Last Weynfeldt" — The Virtues of a Wry, Cosmopolitan Vibe
In this enjoyable novel, Martin Suter has chosen to sidestep depth in favor of colorful characters fine-honing their hopes and dreams..
Fuse Book Review: Michel Houellebecq and the Wages of "Submission"
If you've recently been mourning the end of the Novel of Ideas—take heart. And dig in, for Submission offers a smorgasbord.
Fuse Book Review: "Imperium" — A Shock-Packed Pastiche of History
In this entertaining satire of empire, Christian Kracht makes use of a nihilistic magic realism, without the sweetness one normally associates with that mode.
Book Review: The Fiction of Norway's Per Petterson — The Early Bonds That Bind
I Refuse is one of those novels that only truly comes clear on a second reading, when certain initially apparently innocuous, easily passed-over sentences reverberate with revealed meaning.
Fuse Book Review: "Blood Brothers" — Down-and-Out in Germany's Zero Hour
Anyone interested in understanding Europe in the 20th century, or in the fascinating metropolis that is Berlin, or in a riveting depiction of down-and-out youth who refuse to surrender to the system–will want to pick up Blood Brothers.
Poetry Review: "Breathturn into Timestead" — A Magnificent Guide to the Enigmatic Poetry of Paul Celan
Once you have wrestled with Paul Celan's poetry, you may find yourself with a changed and sharpened sensibility to image and language.
Fuse Book Commentary: Patrick Modiano — An Oddly Elliptical Choice for the Nobel Prize for Literature
Patrick Modiano's simple sentences pull one in; the nostalgia of loss and pain of youth and the hunt for a vague, romantic Other are easy to relate to.


text:
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Cigarette smoking is usually explained as inhaling and exhaling the smoke produced from the burning cigars or cigarettes and pipes. The act of smoking originates from Native Americans, when it was used for the medical purposes and as a part of their rituals, but gradually it was spread all over the world.
Reasons for smoking
Since smoking has many side effects and causes many diseases, many studies and researches have been carried out in order to establish what causes people to choose to start smoking, and they showed that the main reason behind the smoking is depression. These researches also showed that in the majority of cases, one starts to smoke at the young age and after some time becomes addicted. While some adolescent acquires the habit of smoking from their parents who are smokers, there is also a number of adolescents who acquire this bad habit by watching smoking in various films.
The smokers tend to find some pleasure while smoking, and the act of quitting it is a very difficult and possible only for those who are mentally strong. The main ingredient of cigarettes is the main culprit for development of addiction to smoking, and it is estimated that when one smokes for about five months, he/she becomes addicted to the nicotine and thus to the smoking as well.
Effects of smoking
Tobacco is made of even 4,000 chemicals that may cause some health disorder. Some ingredients of the tobacco smoke are nicotine, carbon monoxide and ammonia, as well as aldehydes, acrolien and tar.
The main cause of the lung cancer is tobacco smoke, but unfortunately, the negative effects of smoking do not stop here. Smoking tends to cause cardiovascular and heart diseases, as well as mouth cancer. When a pregnant woman is smoking, it is very dangerous for the health of her baby and it may cause certain serious consequences for the normal development of the baby. The blood flow to the uterus is decreased due to nicotine and when that occurs, the baby in the womb does not get enough amounts of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary, so that even death of the baby may occur in some severe cases.
Passive smoking
Passive smokers are those people who do not smoke by themselves, but nevertheless, they involuntarily do inhale the smoke of those other smokers who are around them. The passive smokers may also develop some disease due to passive smoking, such as heart diseases and breast cancer.
- www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm
- healthfinder.gov/api/Outlink/Search/https/smokefree.gov/quitting-smoking/reasons-quit/health-effects?_label_=how+smoking+affects+different+parts+of+the+body
- Photo courtesy of iwishiwashannah by Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/10818720@N08/2057637129


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Ohio State's executive vice president and provost Joseph Steinmetz has been chosen as the new chancellor of the University of Arkansas, pending approval from the Board of Trustees of the UA system.
"With the help and input of the faculty, staff, students, search committee and search firm, I feel we exceeded that expectation and I'm honored to bring Dr. Steinmetz from an institution as respected and renowned as Ohio State to the UA System. He is certainly the right chancellor at the right time to continue UA's progress into the future," said University of Arkansas System President Donald Bobbitt in a UA press release.
Steinmetz will be UA's sixth chancellor and is set to officially begin there on Jan. 1. Daniel Ferritor, the university's interim chancellor who has been operating in this role since the retirement of former chancellor G. David Gearhart in July, will continue to hold the position until then.
Earlier this month, Steinmetz was named one of three finalists for the position, and traveled to Fayetteville, Arkansas, on Oct. 13 to present at a public forum at the university, according to an Oct. 12 press release from UA.
Steinmetz, who has a background in behavioral neuroscience, is known for unifying the former five colleges of arts and sciences into the large College of Arts and Sciences after coming to OSU in 2009. Before becoming the provost — OSU's chief academic officer — in 2013, he was the vice provost for arts and sciences and executive dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.
Previously, Steinmetz was dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Kansas and was a faculty member at Indiana University for 19 years.
"I want you to know that my six-plus years at Ohio State as executive dean and more recently as executive vice president and provost have been wonderfully rewarding and I have appreciated the opportunity to work with all of you on behalf of all the faculty, students and staff at The Ohio State University," Steinmetz stated in an email obtained by The Lantern that was sent to faculty and staff Wednesday morning.
But this position wasn't the first one Steinmetz has been in the running for this year.
In August, Steinmetz was announced as the third of four candidates for president of the University of Iowa. He visited the campus in Iowa City, Iowa, but ultimately was not chosen for the job.
Earlier in March, he was named a candidate for president of the University of Texas, but he withdrew his name from consideration because he said he was comfortable staying at OSU.
OSU President Michael Drake said he thinks UA is "fortunate indeed" to have Steinmetz as the new chancellor.
"Joe has been a dedicated scholar and administrative leader at Ohio State," Drake said in an emailed statement. "He has led our faculty, staff and students in elevating the important work of the university and championed our efforts to balance access, affordability and excellence across the institution. We will miss our friend and colleague, but he leaves with our hearty congratulations and best wishes."
In the UA press release, Steinmetz said he is looking forward to joining the UA community.
"I thoroughly enjoyed meeting with faculty, students and staff when on campus and felt a deep sense of excitement about the future of the institution from everyone I met there. It is a special place," he said.
OSU spokesman Chris Davey said the university plans to make an announcement regarding an interim provost next month.
"In the coming weeks, President Drake will consult deans, faculty and others regarding our options for an interim provost," Davey said in an emailed statement. "A national search for a permanent appointment will begin soon thereafter. We will ensure there is a robust transition plan that continues our trajectory of excellence."


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About Woodroe
Woodroe Thompson is the National Bishop for the Church of God of Prophecy – Eastern Canada, overseeing 32 churches. He holds a Master of Divinity degree from Tyndale University College and Seminary in Toronto Ontario Canada.
He holds a Master of Divinity degree from Tyndale University College and Seminary in Toronto Ontario Canada.Involved in ministry for more than 30 years, his experiences range from youth ministry to pastoral ministry. He served 18 years as senior pastor of North Park Worship Centre in Brampton, Ontario,
and hosted the CTS television program, "Nite Lite Live" for several years. Among other awards, Bishop Thompson is the recipient of the inaugural "Men of Excellence" award from the Canada Glass Awards, Canada's leading gospel awards show, which recognizes achievements in the Canadian Christian, Inspirational, Jazz, and Urban music market.
He has also received the National Heroes Memorial Award, from the Canadian Jamaican Diaspora Christian Alliance.Bishop Woodroe Thompson is Executive Producer and Host of Let's Talk Television Ministry on Yes Tv Sunday nights at 11:00 pm.Married to Pauline for 36 years, they have two sons Adrian, Christopher, and three granddaughters. The Jamaican native is an avid reader, loves movies, and enjoys playing table tennis. He has a passion for serving Christ and serving others