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THE FUNDAMENTAL RAPTURISTS TEACHING by Keith Hunt There are a few ... well about 4 to be specific, fundamental faults with the fundamental Christian teaching they call "The Rapture of the Saints." First: they try and use the Jewish "wedding ritual" to uphold their idea that the New Testament teaches the "secret rapture." While parables and types are used in the Bible, a person needs to be very careful in HOW you use them, for it is a fact that all analogies, figures, types, etc. break down eventually. The fine example is the parable of the "Unjust Judge." It is clear that the unjust judge is representing God the Father, but the analogy breaks down right away in trying to believe all aspects are reality, for anyone who reads the Bible knows God the Father is PERFECT and is never "unjust." Trying to figure the Jewish wedding ritual and custom into the setting of the coming of Christ, is folly, for there is not ONE WORD in the New Testament by Christ or any other apostle of the New Testament church that they ever used the Jewish wedding custom in all its aspects for the return of Christ - a coming in secret, gathering His bride the church, returning to heaven for ... however long, and then return once more with the saints to this earth for a 1,000 years; making the coming of Jesus Christ a TWO PART process. Second: the understanding by the fundamental Christian teachers concerning Daniel 9 is TOTALLY INCORRECT, just as MANY fundamental Bible Commentaries like Albert Barnes, Adam Clarke and others will soon point out. Those fundamental teachers of yesterday NEVER understood Daniel 9 as many of the fundamental teachers of the last 100 years have taught it. The modern teaching by many of Daniel 9 is relatively new and it is VERY INCORRECT!! Understanding Daniel 9 as it was understood by the old fundamental teachers of the 19th, 18th, 17th, century, would for starters BLOW AWAY the modern teaching of the "secret" rapture or TWO PHASE coming of Christ Jesus at the end time. The truth of Daniel 9 is fully, in detail explained on this Website. Third: Jesus nor the apostles EVER taught a "secret" and "open" second coming of Christ. It is a folly to mark off all the Scriptures concerning a "visible" or "open" second coming, and then mark off all the Scriptures that are supposed to be proof of an "invisible" or "secret" coming of Christ. What ALL of these verses are doing is LOOKING AT THE SAME EVENT FROM TWO DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. Just as we have the so- called "synoptic Gospels" of Matthew, Mark, and Luke; often covering the SAME story but from slightly DIFFERENT perspectives; so it is with the Second Coming of Christ. There is a perspective for the saints to keep in mind and there is a perspective for the world as a whole and the nations upon it, to keep in mind. Forth: the bottom line is that the word "rapture" is really the RESURRECTION of the saints from the grave and the CHANGING from mortal to immortality the saints who are alive when Jesus returns to earth. All of this is tied up in the subject of DEATH, the IMMORTAL SOUL teaching, the RESURRECTION of the saints of all ages, and the CORRECT PUTTING of ALL the Scriptures TOGETHER correctly, to understand the SECOND RETURN OF JESUS TO LIVE ON THIS EARTH. As a child growing up reading my Bible, I NEVER ONCE came to the conclusion that Jesus was to return the second time in TWO PHASES!! Is the Bible that hard to understand? Can a child come to understand the BASIC teachings of the foundational doctrines of the Lord? Well Jesus said that unless you become AS A CHILD, you will never enter the Kingdom of God! I submit to you that all the basic doctrines of the Lord can be understood by a child. Now the child will have to read all the Bible, yes indeed, and will have to BELIEVE the simple clear verses FIRST on any given foundational teaching, then understand the ones that seem to contradict or the ones harder to understand IN THE LIGHT of the EASY SCRIPTURES to understand. It is a case of putting the HORSE ***BEFORE*** THE CART and not the cart before the horse! Let me cover here also this idea: the Lord can come at any second! The fundamentals get this teaching from Jesus saying we cannot know the day nor the hour of His coming, and that He may come at a time we do not expect. All of that is very true from the point that NONE but the Father knows the hour and the day Jesus is to be sent back to this earth. And it is also true from the perspective that most of the time, most people do not know when they shall die; and after death there is the RESURRECTION to life, the next second after death is life at the coming of Christ in the form of a resurrection to meet the Lord in the air, in the clouds, and to be with Him forever more. But, the New Testament makes it ABUNDANTLY CLEAR that the ONE AND ONLY COMING OF CHRIST WILL ONLY TAKE PLACE AT THE ***LAST*** TRUMPET, THE 7TH TRUMPET OF THE BOOK OF REVELATION. THERE ARE CERTAIN EVENTS TO TAKE PLACE ON THIS EARTH ***BEFORE*** JESUS IS TO RETURN!! SO IN THAT SENSE OF PROPHECY, JESUS CANNOT COME AT ANY SECOND. IT IS JUST THAT SIMPLE. JESUS CANNOT COME AT ANY SECOND PER SE. YES, HIS COMING CAN BE ANY SECOND FOR YOU, FOR THE NEXT SECOND AFTER YOUR DEATH IS THE RESURRECTION FROM THE DEAD AT THE COMING OF THE GLORIOUS ONE RETURN OF CHRIST TO EARTH. TO FULLY UNDERSTAND WHAT I'VE JUST SAID, IS TO FULLY UNDERSTAND WHAT DEATH IS, AND THAT INCLUDES THE KNOWLEDGE THAT THE IMMORTAL SOUL TEACHING IS UTTERLY FALSE AND IS NOT TAUGHT IN THE BIBLE. THERE IS A FULL IN-DEPTH STUDY FROM A FUNDAMENTAL PROTESTANT, ON THIS WEBSITE, CALLED "DEATH - WHAT THEN?" THERE ARE OTHER STUDIES ON THIS WEBSITE ABOUT THE TRUTH OF THE MATTER THAT NOT ONE MORTAL HUMAN PERSON HAS GONE TO HEAVEN EXCEPT JESUS THE CHRIST. THEN ON THIS WEBSITE THERE IS THE TRUTH ABOUT THE RESURRECTION AND THE PUTTING TOGETHER ALL THE VERSES ON THE SUBJECT, THAT THEN SHOW CLEARLY THE TEACHING OF A "SECRET" RAPTURE OR A "TWO PHASED" RETURN OF CHRIST TO EARTH, IS TOTALLY FALSE!! IT'S TIME FOR YOU, IF YOU HAVE NOT DONE SO, TO BLOW THE DUST OFF YOUR BIBLE, TO SEARCH THE SCRIPTURES, AND COME TO SEE WHO TEACHES THE TRUTH OF THE WORDS OF THE LORD!! ..................... Entered on this Website January 2009
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Ball games can sometimes be tricky to photograph, but they give you the opportunity to capture a heart-pounding moment of sporting action that can be as vivid as the game itself. Make sure you're up to date on shooting movement – from selecting the right shutter speed to knowing when to press the button. You don't want to miss the action!
Winners and highly commended finishers will gain LumeJet prizes worth £30, as well as exposure across Photocrowd.
Crowd-voting only: The winner will receive a LumeJet voucher worth over £30 - earning you either a high-quality 1m print or equivalent value products! The winner and high-placed finishers will also gain exposure on Photocrowd's 'Best photos' page and could make it onto our social media channels!
LumeJet voucher may be used against any online order and international shipping in a single transaction at lumejet.com within 28 days.
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Online Counseling
Welcome to El Camino College Online Counseling Services. These services provide a variety of options that allow students to connect with the El Camino Counseling Staff online.
You may make an appointment with a counselor by clicking on the Schedule Appointment calendar on counselor's card. If you receive a message with No Available Appointments that would indicate that all appointments are booked.
Your second option would be to chat with a counselor online (No appointment is required). Simply click Knock on Door on the counselor's card if you see a green light. Chat sessions will be for quick general questions only. NO STUDENT EDUCATIONAL PLANS WILL BE MADE DURING CHAT SESSIONS.
Video chat with Counseling on Cranium Cafe


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On this date in 1919, Dáil na hÉireann, Ireland's national legislature, met for the first time, as an outlawed body, in defiance of the British imperial establishment.
Michael Collins represented Cork South in the First Dáil; while also taking part in organizing the armed campaign for self-determination.
(Excerpts from the book:)
"On the day of the Dáil's first meeting, a guerilla military campaign commenced. A bold ambush led by Dan Breen at Solohedbeg seized a shipment of gelignite (an explosive for military use.) This marked the start of the War of Independence 1919 – 1921.
Although this military action was not approved in advance by the Dáil (which had not convened before it took place) Michael implicitly accepted responsibility on behalf of the IRB, of which he was now a member of the Supreme Council. Following some debate, he ultimately won the cooperation of Arthur Griffith. Thereafter, Dáil support for the military campaign became official."
Read more:
"The Assassination of Michael Collins:
What Happened At Béal na mBláth?"
by S M Sigerson
Paperback or Kindle edition here:
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Since I've been trying to cut back on book buying lately, I wanted to change up the challenge a little bit today and talk about authors I will jump to request arcs for. Some of these are specific authors, but I also have a specific type of person I will tend to gravitate toward when … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: Auto Request Authors/ Books
Top Ten Tuesday: Childhood Favorites
I'm excited for this post, because I don't really think or talk about a lot of the books I read as a kid on here. There are a few that really stick in my mind, the ones I checked out of the library before I was "allowed", or the ones I just checked out every … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: Childhood Favorites
Top Ten Tuesday: My (Non-NetGalley) TBR
Sooo I somehow wound up having 2 TBR posts back to back. Oops!!! Definitely unintentional, since I usually don't look at the TTT prompt until the moment I sit down to write it. However! I have lots of books that are not from NetGalley on my summer TBR. There Will Come a Darkness by Katy … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: My (Non-NetGalley) TBR
Top Ten Tuesday: More like Bottom Ten Amirite?
Did anyone really think I would blow off this prompt? xD I love talking about my unpopular bookish opinions, because I usually find other people who feel the same way I do. I don't like to just bash on books or authors (especially authors) for the fun of it, but it can be frustrating to … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: More like Bottom Ten Amirite?
Top Ten Tuesday: Amazing Plague Books
This week is all about books in our favorite genre. I'm going for a sub-genre today. I am obsessed with books about plague, or other forms of incurable illness. Going to keep this list short, but I 100% recommend all of these titles!!! Rosemarked by Livia BlackbourneGive the Dark my Love by Beth RevisThe Poppy … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: Amazing Plague Books
Top Ten Tuesday: Books my Boyfriend isn't Allowed to Touch
I've missed quite a few Tuesdays, but I'm excited for this one! This week we're talking about our most precious book babies. The ones we won't loan out, or even allow those closest to us to touch. Since I live with my boyfriend, I'm going to talk about the books that I don't allow him … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: Books my Boyfriend isn't Allowed to Touch
Top Ten Tuesday: It's Raining Books!
This week's challenge is rainy day reads, which for me would be books I like to reread. I feel like I did that list fairly recently, so instead I want to blow a strong wind through my TBR and blow away some books that I no longer want to read. There are a lot of … Continue reading Top Ten Tuesday: It's Raining Books!


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A Final Goodbye?
Throughout Season 2, each episode has explored power: the tyranny of those who have it, the disempowerment of all women and the feeling of hope and hopelessness intertwined. Episode 10 stands out amongst the others as the most horrific episode to date. Gilead is depicted as its most brutal through a number of gut-wrenching scenes that leave the viewer feeling depleted. The episode is so disturbing and ominous that it is hard to watch in one sitting as all aspects of the world of Gilead are heightened, bringing tension to its peak. There are two main features that are explored: the upending of rituals and final goodbyes.
The episode begins with Emily enduring her Commander's monthly routine, accompanied by June's voice as she measuredly lists ways to deal with the ritual rape, stating that one must detach themselves and "treat it like a job" in order to cope. For the Handmaids, this is commonplace. For the viewer, it still feels impossible to see the normality in it. By witnessing the Handmaids succumb and accept this routine, the viewer voyeuristically observes the cruelty and immorality on another level. The beginning scene is incredibly hard to watch. However, the mood shifts when the Commander begins to have a heart attack. YES! This scene is important, as it breaks down the ritual as commonplace when Emily upends the rules. The Wife asks Emily to call an ambulance, yet Emily replies, "Chances are better if I lay on my back afterwards" using the ritual against her oppressor.
The upending of rituals is further evident in the birth ceremony sequence. We see a flood of Handmaids entering and placing pillows on the bed, the Marthas are arranging flowers around the house, Serena and the wives are gathered in a separate room together breathing ridiculously with a harp playing in the background, whilst the men stand in Waterford's office downing whiskey and smoking cigars. Everyone knows their place. Though the ritual is quickly overturned when we realise that it is a false labour. Serena storms in and stares down June, who is sitting on the bed with a smug smile. Did June fake the labour herself? We may never know.
If there was any hope that June and Serena would be able to form a civil relationship – as civil as can be under these circumstances – this episode demolishes it. Often we feel sympathy for Serena yet hate her all over again. Serena insists that June should be induced, and this leads us to the most horrific scene yet. There is a lot of non-consensual sex in The Handmaid's Tale, however, the performative nature of the ritual and the Handmaids' behaviour causes us to view each rape scene a little bit differently to other scenes television offers us. The ritual is upended in this case as Serena and the Commander violently rape June in order to help the baby to be born naturally. June's monologue comes back into play as we gradually see her detach herself, stating in the end, "I'm not here". June is virtually out of her body; expressionless. One of the most horrifying elements of this scene is the fact that June personally pleas to Serena during the ordeal. Yet, Serena's merciless and callous response is an unbelievable betrayal.
You cannot help but think that this is the last time we will see June in this house. The episodes title, "The Last Ceremony", may encompass all aspects of her life in Gilead as there are many instances where it may feel like the last time: the last birth ceremony, the last time the Commander rapes her, the last time she sees her daughter and possibly a final goodbye to Nick. The reunion and goodbye scene between June and her daughter Hannah has got to be the most heart-breaking of the entire series. There is a rawness and realness in this encounter that is so difficult to achieve and palate. Moss' acting is at its most superb. At first Hannah is hesitant, however, as the conversation ensues, they find their way back to each other. Hannah asks, "Am I ever going to see you again?", and June responds with a smile stating, "I'm gonna try". Yes, tears were in the works in this scene.
The Last Ceremony leaves a number of questions unanswered. In the last few minutes, we see guards approaching the house, Nick thrown into a van and a birds-eye view shot of June walking alone in the forest. These events occur in such rapid succession that it is hard to discern what is happening. Is there a bitter-sweet sense of hope in the ending? Did the Commander set Nick and June up by sending the guards to the home? Would the Commander intentionally abandon June considering that he knows it is not his baby? I guess we will have to wait and find out next week.
Favourite quote: "I shouldn't have expected you to understand. You have no idea what it is like to have a child of your own flesh and blood… and you never will."


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Archive for the 'Uncategorized' Category.
France is a big country. It is also a country of enormous variety so deciding where to spend your holiday in France takes some thought!
However you like to spend your holiday, lazing on the beach, doing various sporting activities, visiting historical sites or sampling local food and wine, there is a place in France … Read More
The so-called 'low season' is when we start to see some interesting offers from our hosts in France. This is a small selection of the current ones. Make sure you sign up for the cross Channel ferry company newsletters and be the first to hear of the special offers on crossings that they often come up … Read More
We are delighted to be partnering with this very special self-catering holiday accommodation in Burgundy, which is in a fine location near the vineyards of Maçon and Beaujolais in the southern part of the Burgundy region. The accommodation has been created in a wing of a stunning small chateau which is in a hilltop setting … Read More
Wishing you all health and happiness in the year ahead and hoping the coming months will be filled with love and laughter! We will continue to share with you our love for France and all things French through our accommodation website, our boards on Pinterest, our tweets on Twitter and our posts on Facebook. Hopefully we will … Read More
So the children have gone back to school and a relative calm has been restored to the French countryside. I can't help but reflect on the wonderful and encouraging feedback that we have received from so many of our clients this summer. This is, after all, what makes my job worthwhile and reassures me that … Read More
Fancy an August short break on a small family-owned vineyard estate with the classic vineyards of Saint Emilion and Pomerol just a stone's throw away? This beautiful guest house accommodation still has good availability in August and I should also mention that they have just lowered their prices which puts them very much in the … Read More
If you haven't yet booked your holiday to France, why not make your destination Burgundy, a mere 5 hour drive from the port of Calais. This British-owned self-catering studio near Dijon still has availability for 1 week starting 6 August for a family of up to 6 people in a double and two twin-bedded rooms. … Read More
Crikey, hasn't Christmas come around quickly this year! Or is that just me? It feels like Noel has been lurking there in stealth mode for the past 51 weeks and then he pounces and you suddenly realise just how unprepared you are! But whatever your plans for the festive period, may I take this opportunity … Read More
They are all the rage in France these days – they are gypsy caravans for all appearances, but luxuriously kitted out to provide quality accommodation for the visitor who is looking for that slightly different bed and breakfast or self-catering experience. We are lucky to be working with two hosts in France who have seen … Read More
If you are yet to book your Spring or Summer holiday in France, why not consider one of the following self-catering accommodations which still have some availability over the coming weeks and even through into the summer months
In the Pas de Calais area; If you don't want to travel too far into France then … Read More
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Free Radicals
Free radicals are "single charged", unpaired electrons that are very active and always ready to steal other electronics, causing oxidation. Types of free radicals include the hydroxyl radical (OH.), the superoxide radical (O.2), the nitric oxide radical (NO.) and the lipid peroxyl radical (LOO.).
These atoms with single-charged, unpaired electrons are chemically very active due to their instability. These free radicals are always in search of stabilizing themselves by undergoing chemical reaction with other atoms and molecules. They rob other atoms of their electrons in order to stabilize themselves and in this way oxidation reaction takes place. An example of the oxidation of iron is the change of color of slice of apple, which turns brown, soon after it is cut. The apple slice cut and placed in open air undergoes oxidation and its color changes to brown after a short time. The resulting brownish discoloration is because of the oxide thus formed.
The free radicals play an important role in many life sustaining processes. For instance, free radicals help in phagocytosis of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens by white blood cells. These white blood cells produce active specie of oxygen as part of microbiocidal and citocidal processes. Thus free radicals help white blood cells to eliminate foreign invading organisms.
Antioxidant Defense
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules, especially free radicals. In 1954, Denham Harman, found that free radicals accelerate aging process. However, biologial systems and processes have their own protective mechanisms against damaging effects of activated species or free radicals. Free radical scavangers, chain reaction terminators, e.g., SOD and glutathione peroxidase system, and "solid state" defense, including melanins, help do away with the damaging effects of free radicals to some extent.
The way free radicals are tamed is that chemical oxidant donate electron to free radical and convert it to non-radical form.
Melanin is, on the other hand, a stable radical former. It would scavenge old electrons to form stable radical specie after terminating radical chain reaction.
Causes and sources of Free Radical Formation
Internal Sources
When body suffers from inflammations or infections, the white blood cells are produced in abundance in order to kill viruses, bacteria and other pathogens. In this process they produce free radicals.
External and Environmental sources
The environmental causes of free radical formation include smoking, radiation or ultraviolet rays, electromagnetic waves, environmental pollution - pesticides, heavy metals - and food preservatives, etc.
Smoking, including passive smoking, can cause formation of free radicals. According to one estimate, one cigarette smoked can produce 100 trillion free radicals! (Source: Society for Free Radical Research).
Each cell of human body is exposed to 10 billion molecules of Superoxide every day, under normal metabolic conditions (Source: Linus Pauling Institute). For instance, if a person's weight is 68 kg, (s)he would be exposed to estimated 1,800 g of superoxide in any one year.
More than one hundred chronic diseases are said to be, directly or indirectly, related to adverse effects of free radicals. Oxidation process may lead to disease or disease related bypass. It is here where anti-oxidants play their role.
Free Radicals' threat to health
According to Society for Free Radical Research, Malaysia, 32,000 people die of free radical related diseases (Tan Sri Datuk Dr Augustine S. H. Ong, "Threat of Free Radicals", Society for Free Radical Research ASEAN/Malaysia). Furthermore, each human cell is attacked 73,000 times by free radicals every day.
Diseases which may possibly be caused by free radicals excess in body include: Cancer,Heart disease, Stroke, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Enlarged Prostate, Polysitic Ovarian syndrome, MS, Bowel cancer, Fibromyalgia, Diabetes, Auto-immune diseases, Infertility, Crohn's, Diverticulitis, Chronic fatigue, Osteo-Arthritis, Ulcerative colitis, Endometriosis, Diabetes, Dental problems, Lupus, Raynauds, Allergies, Cataracts, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sinusitis, Peptic Ulcer, Bowel cancer, Hypertension, and Chronic depression.
Cancers are caused by uncontrolled cell division leading to tumors formation. The cancer cells compete with the normal cells for nutrition and thus normal cells' growth and development is retarded or inhibited. cancer cells themselves would spread to different parts of body and start growing there, thereby damaging all these parts of body where they spread.
In 1989, famous nobel prize winning Professors Harold E. Varmus and J. Michael Bishop found that gene mutations in normal cell DNA is responsible for triggering the cancer growth in normal cells. These transformations take place when genes are exposed to carcinogens (cancer causing substances). Thus every human being is a potential candidate for being affected by cancer. The chance of getting cancer can be reduced by reducung the exposure of carcinogens. Unfortunately free radicals are also carcinogens and their exposure to cell DNA needs to be reduced.
Free radical damage to Cell
Cardiovascular disease and free radicals
Mainly Cardiovascular Diseases and cerebrovascular diseases are result of narrowing blood vessels of heart and brain. The narrowing results from deposition of arteriosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis is direct result of free radical oxidation.
There are to types of lipoproteins in the body (1) Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) and (2) High density Lipoproteins (HDL). The HDLs are considered to be "good" lipoproteins (or good cholesterol). The LDL, after series of changes converts to bubble-like substances. These substances accumulate causing narrowing of blood vessels. The narrowing progresses and blocks the blood vessels completely in extreme cases. These accumulating substances can also detach leading to transformation into blood clots or infarctions. If this occurs in coronary arteries, it can lead to myocardial infarction (Heart Attack) and if this occurs in cerebral arteries, stroke may result.
Oxidative stress after re-perfusion
Once stroke has occured, the re-perfusion of the affected tissue leads to formation of more free radicals. Furthermore, the body's own white blood cells, which invade the damaged tissues will lead to formation of still more free radicals.
Free radicals produced by White Blood Cells may also cause certain diseases. For instance, free radicals may affect and damage beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas to cause abnormalities in sugar metabolism and hence diabetes mellitus.
Free radicals and Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a disorder that affects nerve cells, or neurons, in a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. In Parkinson's, neurons that make a chemical called dopamine die or do not work properly. Parkinson's disease manifests results in trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face; stiffness of the arms, legs and trunk; slowness of movement, poor balance and coordination. (More at MedlinePlus)
Why the neurons that make dopamine die? According to one theory these neurons die because of unstable and potentially damaging molecules - free radicals - generated by normal chemical reactions in the body.
One can find many references regarding involvement of such oxidative stress in pathobiochemistry of Parkisnon's Disease. Journal of Neurology published a study (Koutsilieri E, Scheller C, Grünblatt E, Nara K, Li J, Riederer P., 2002 Sep;249 Suppl 2:II1-5; PMID: 12375056) which concludes: "a great body of evidence points to the view that OS [oxidative stress] is a major component underlying the pathobiochemistry of PD [Parkinson's Disease]. Together a genetic disposition and endogenous/exogenous toxic events of various origins result in a synergistic cascade of toxicity which leads to dysfunction and finally to cell death of dopaminergic neurons. Again, OS plays a significant role in generating cell death signals including apoptosis."
Free radicals, eye function and cataracts
According to research article from Medscape/WbMD, written by Pierfrancesco Morganti, PhD; Giuseppe Fabrizi, MD; Cesare Bruno, "the stratum corneum is exposed to a peroxidative environment that includes air pollutants and ultraviolet (UV) solar light.[Witt EH, Motchnick P, Packer L. Evidence for UV light as an oxidative stressor in skin. In: Fuchs J, Packer L, eds. Oxidative Stress in Dermatology. New York, NY: Dekker; 1993. Thiele JJ, Podda M, Packer L. Tropospheric ozone an emerging environmental stress to skin. Biol Chem. 1997;378:1299-1305. Weber SU. Oxidants in skin pathophysiology. In: Sen CK, Packer L, Haimmen O, eds. Exercise and Oxygen Toxicity. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Science; 1999.] Free radicals play an important role in skin aging and in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, such as coronary heart disease, cataractogenic process, and skin cancer.[Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998. Wiseman H, Goldfarb P, Ridway T, et al. Biomolecular Free Radical Toxicity: Causes and Prevention. London, England: J Wiley Ltd; 2000. Thiele JJ, Dreher F, Packer L. Antioxidant defense systems in skin. In: Elsner P, Maibach H, eds. Drugs vs. Cosmetics: Cosmeceuticals? New York, NY: Dekker; 2000:145-188.]
Free radicals, skin aging and skin cancer
By googling and PubMed search, one can find large number of articles pertaining to effects of free radicals on the skin's aging process. According to Free Radical Research Group, University of Paris, France, "Cutaneous aging is the result of genetically determined or intrinsic aging superimposed by degenerative changes due to actinic irradiation, also called photoaging. The manifestations of cutaneous aging, as it relates to the perception of age, is caused by ultraviolet light, in particular in those parts of the body exposed daily to solar radiation. Free radical generation in the skin by UV light and from other sources..." The research article further adds: "The decrease in antioxidant enzymes and small molecular weight antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin E and ubiquinone upon exposure to UV light is an indication that the pro-antioxidant balance can be overwhelmed by acute or chronic photo-oxidative stress. Antioxidant supplementation is therefore a means for prevention or at least retardation of premature cutaneous aging" (PMID: 1450595)
As its now known that ultraviolet radiations are the major creators of free radicals, which are unstable oxygen molecules with only one electron instead of two and because electrons are found in pairs, the molecule must scavenge other molecules for another electron. When the 2nd molecule looses its electron to the 1st molecule, it must then find another electron repeating the process. This process can damage cell function and bring about changes in genetic material, RNA and DNA. Free radical damage causes wrinkles by activating the metalloproteinases that break down collagen. They can cause cancer by changing the cellular genetic material, RNA and DNA.
According to National Cancer Institute, USA, "When an oxygen molecule (O2) becomes electrically charged or "radicalized" it tries to steal electrons from other molecules, causing damage to the DNA and other molecules. Over time, such damage may become irreversible and lead to disease including cancer." In case of skin, the cell DNA is affected by these free radicals, especially those being produced due to ultra-violet light and reactive oxygen species.
Hanson Kerry M.; Gratton Enrico; Bardeen Christopher J. carried out research in 2006, published under title "Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin" in Free Radical Biology and Medicine 41 (8): 1205–1212, found that that the absorption of three sunscreen ingredients into the skin, combined with a 60-minute exposure to UV, leads to an increase of free radicals in the skin, if applied in too little quantities and too infrequently... However, they found that newer creams may not contain these specific compounds.
Free Radicals, rheumatism and inflammatory diseases
F Brenbaum, Department of Rheumatology, Hopital Saint Antoine, Paris, while reviewing the book "Free Radicals and Inflammation", writes: "Searches for key words such as "reactive oxygen species and inflammation" in the PubMed database turn up 1000 papers - 900 of which will have been written within the past 10 years! It is obvious that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory diseases. However, these systems are complex, and there is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species also play a part in almost every stage of the body's defence and repair processes" (Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, British Medical Journal).
"Free Radicals and Inflammation" is written by P G Winyard, D R Blake, C H Evans. It is very good book on the subject and deals with the role of both oxygen- and nitrogen-centred free radicals in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the bactericidal action of inflammatory cells is well known. It suggests that free radicals and the inflammatory response are inextricably linked. The widespread involvement of radicals in human disease seems inevitable, because inflammation is such a conspicuous component of human disease.
The book integrates contributions from leading research groups who have been investigating the role of radicals within the context of all stages of inflammation, such as the recruitment of inflammatory cells, their bactericidal action, inflammatory tissue destruction and inflammatory cell death by apoptosis.
Copper-zinc protein obtained from bovine liver was found to have anti-inflammatory properties because it scavanges for superoxide-free radicals. This discovery led to the concept of free radical-mediated damage as a mechanism underlying inflammation. Peter C. Bragt of Medical Biological Laboratory, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Rijswijk, The Netherlands, got published a research paper "Free radicals as a target of anti-rheumatic drug therapy" In this paper, published in journal "Inflammation & Research", he discusses some recent advances in this fascinating area of research.
Free Radicals and pulmonary emphysema
Cigarette smoke inactivates alpha 1-antitrypsin in lungs which promotes proteolytic injury to lung tissue. This extracellular proteolysis is hypothesized to be the major cause of pulmonary emphysema and oxygen-derived free radicals and neutrophil elastase are thought to play an important role in its pathogenesis. [Kanazawa H, Kurihara N, Hirata K, Fujimoto S, Takeda T. First Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan; "The role of free radicals and neutrophil elastase in development of pulmonary emphysema"; Intern Med. 1992 Jul;31(7):857-60]. For details of this study, please visit PubMed (PMID: 1333306).
Daniela Volonte‡, Beth Kahkonen§, Steven Shapiro¶, YuanPu Di§ and Ferruccio Galbiati‡1 of Departments of ‡Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, §Environmental and Occupational Health, and ¶Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania published a research study in the Journal of Biological Chemistry (December 22, 2008, doi: 10.1074/jbc.C800225200; February 27, 2009). According to its findings, "Free radicals play a role in aging and age-related human diseases, including pulmonary emphysema. Cigarette smoke represents a source of oxidants and is considered an environmental hazard that causes pulmonary emphysema". For study abstract, please check out Journal of Biological Chemistry
The use of antioxidants may thus have a role to prevent this condition.
Free Radicals and aging process
Dr. Denham Harman, M.D., Ph.D., was the first scientist to propose theory of aging. According to him, the indiscriminate chemical reactivity of free radicals possibly lead to random biological damage. This proposition is now considered a major theory of aging. The theory implies that antioxidants (for instance, vitamins E and C), which prevent free radicals from oxidizing (removing electrons from) sensitive biological molecules, slows the aging process. Dr. Harman launched his proposition by demonstrating, for the first time, that by feeding a variety of antioxidants to mammals, their life span can be extended.
Harman D.writes in the "The aging process" published in the Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Science, U S A. (1981 Nov;78(11):7124-8), "Aging is the progressive accumulation of changes with time that are associated with or responsible for the ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and death which accompanies advancing age. These time-related changes are attributed to the aging process. The nature of the aging process has been the subject of considerable speculation. Accumulating evidence now indicates that the sum of the deleterious free radical reactions going on continuously throughout the cells and tissues constitutes the aging process or is a major contributor to it."
The study further concludes "In mammalian systems the free radical reactions are largely those involving oxygen. Dietary manipulations expected to lower the rate of production of free radical reaction damage have been shown (i) to increase the life span of mice, rats, fruit flies, nematodes, and rotifers, as well as the "life span" of neurospora; (ii) to inhibit development of some forms of cancer; (iii) to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; and (iv) to slow development of amyloidosis and the autoimmune disorders of NZB and NZB/NZW mice."
In addition, studies strongly suggest that "free radical reactions play a significant role in the deterioration of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems with age. The free radical theory of aging provides reasonable explanations for age-associated phenomena, including (i) the relationship of the average life spans of mammalian species to their basal metabolic rates, (ii) the clustering of degenerative diseases in the terminal part of the life span, (iii) the beneficial effect of food restriction on life span, (iv) the greater longevity of females, and (v) the increase in autoimmune manifestations with age. It is not unreasonable to expect on the basis of present data that the healthy life span can be increased by 5-10 or more years by keeping body weight down, at a level compatible with a sense of well-being, while ingesting diets adequate in essential nutrients but designed to minimize random free radical reactions in the body." Abstract of this study is available on National Library of Medicine web site. PMID: 6947277 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Byung Pal Yu has came up with a nice book named, "Free Radicals in Aging". The author examins the role of free Radicals in the aging proces. He presents new findings regarding the involvement of free radicals in the aging process. The book covers the basic elements of free radical biochemistry, free radicals in cellular damage, anti-oxidant defenses, implications of free radicals in a variety of age-related diseases, and future directions of free radicals in gerontology. The book also discusses the effects of exercise on free radicals and the aging process. Free Radicals in Aging is an excellent reference for gerontologists, pathologists, and other researchers interested in this increasingly important topic.
Free Radicals and lung aging
The maximum capacity of the lungs may decrease as much as 40 percent between ages 20 and 70. Pérez R, López M, Barja de Quiroga G. of Department of Animal Biology-II (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain published his research findings in "Free Radical Biology and Medicine" (1991;10(1):35-9). According o him although lung aging is not accelerated during old age due to a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of the tissue, nevertheless, findings are compatible with a continuous damage of the lung tissue by free radicals throughout the life span. (Full abstract on PubMed)
Kazuhiro Ito, PhD* and Peter J. Barnes, MD, FCCP of National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK, published their research findings in "Chest" (2009 Jan;135(1):173-8) under title "COPD as a disease of accelerated lung aging". They found that there is increasing evidence for a close relationship between aging and chronic inflammatory diseases. COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, which progresses very slowly and the majority of patients are therefore elderly."
According to them there is evidence that the accelerated "aging of lung in response to oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD, particularly emphysema. Aging is defined as the progressive decline of homeostasis that occurs after the reproductive phase of life is complete, leading to an increasing risk of disease or death. This results from a failure of organs to repair DNA damage by oxidative stress (nonprogrammed aging) and from telomere shortening as a result of repeated cell division (programmed aging). During aging, pulmonary function progressively deteriorates and pulmonary inflammation increases, accompanied by structural changes, which are described as senile emphysema. Environmental gases, such as cigarette smoke or other pollutants, may accelerate the aging of lung or worsen aging-related events in lung by defective resolution of inflammation, for example, by reducing antiaging molecules, such as histone deacetylases and sirtuins, and this consequently induces accelerated progression of COPD." (Published in "Chest" PMID: 19136405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].
Heart Aging
Heart disease is a leading cause of death. The muscles of heart thickens with age and as we age, our heart compensates for clogged arteries by working harder and raising blood pressure. These changes put the heart at risk and impact our quality of life. No one can deny fact that 40 percent of deaths for people aged 65 to 74 are from heart disease and this figure jumps to 60 percent for those over 80. As we age, our arteries become stiffer and less flexible causing our blood pressure to increase. The heart has to adjust to the increase in blood pressure by pumping harder and changing the timing of its valves. These adjustments leave the heart more vulnerable.
Free radicals, reproductive health and infertility
Ashok Agarwal,Sajal Gupta,and Rakesh K Sharma1 of Center for Advanced Research in Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Sexual Function, Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology; The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA has given a very nice literature review on the role of "Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction".
According to the review, "in a healthy body, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants remain in balance. When the balance is disrupted towards an overabundance of ROS, oxidative stress (OS) occurs. OS influences the entire reproductive lifespan of a woman and even thereafter (i.e. menopause). OS results from an imbalance between prooxidants (free radical species) and the body's scavenging ability (antioxidants)."
"ROS affect multiple physiological processes from oocyte maturation to fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy. It has been suggested that OS modulates the age-related decline in fertility. It plays a role during pregnancy and normal parturition and in initiation of preterm labor."
Regarding cancer development, the review mentions, "Most ovarian cancers appear in the surface epithelium, and repetitive ovulation has been thought to be a causative factor. Ovulation-induced oxidative base damage and damage to DNA of the ovarian epithelium can be prevented by antioxidants.
The review further states, "There is growing literature on the effects of OS in female reproduction with involvement in the pathophsiology of preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, free radical-induced birth defects and other situations such as abortions. Numerous studies have shown that OS plays a role in the pathoysiology of infertility and assisted fertility. There is some evidence of its role in endometriosis, tubal and peritoneal factor infertility and unexplained infertility.
The article also reviews the role OS plays in normal cycling ovaries, follicular development and cyclical endometrial changes. It also discusses OS-related female infertility and how it influences the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques. The review comprehensively explores the literature for evidence of the role of oxidative stress in conditions such as abortions, preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, fetal embryopathies, preterm labour and preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The review also addresses the growing literature on the role of nitric oxide species in female reproduction. The involvement of nitric oxide species in regulation of endometrial and ovarian function, etiopathogenesis of endometriosis, and maintenance of uterine quiescence, initiation of labour and ripening of cervix at parturition is discussed. Complex interplay between cytokines and oxidative stress in the etiology of female reproductive disorders is discussed. Oxidant status of the cell modulates angiogenesis, which is critical for follicular growth, corpus luteum formation endometrial differentiation and embryonic growth is also highlighted in the review. Strategies to overcome oxidative stress and enhance fertility, both natural and assisted are delineated. Early interventions being investigated for prevention of preeclampsia are enumerated. Trials investigating combination intervention strategy of vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation in preventing preeclampsia are highlighted. Antioxidants are powerful and there are few trials investigating antioxidant supplementation in female reproduction. However, before clinicians recommend antioxidants, randomized controlled trials with sufficient power are necessary to prove the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in disorders of female reproduction. Serial measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers in longitudinal studies may help delineate the etiology of some of the diosorders in female reproduction such as preeclampsia. (Full review is available on PubMed Central.
Need to decrease the damaging effects of free radicals
As its clear that free radical damage to human cells can end up causing various health problems. If these cause damage to pancreatic cells, insulin production may decrease, for instance, resulting in diabetes mellitus. If this happens prematurely, for instance, at the age of 40 years, the rest of the life will be dependent on medication and treatments of diabetes mellitus. Stroke at 60 can paralyze life permanently. Alzheimer's disease can have crippling effect on life as early as mid sixties and early seventies! These health problems can lead to premature death as well and if this happens, the rest of the family, loved ones, all nears and dears will suffer and experience the burden of the tragic event. When we are young, we work hard and expect good retirement. It's, therefore, very important, to prevent the damages caused by free radicals to avert the unwanted tragic events in life prematurely.
Endogenous protection mechanism
Three enzymes in the body neutralize extra free radicals and try to keep body in balance. These are:
Coenzyme Q10: It is obtained from highly purified fish oil. It is lipid soluble strong antioxidant that is produced by body and stored in the cells. It is involved in energy production in the body, reduces blood pressure and strengthens the heart. Beef, sardine, spinach and peanuts are good sources of Co-Q10.
Using natural antioxidants in food is best way of tackling the free radical damage. However, when natural antioxidant in food intake are not enough, one may need antioxidant supplementation.
Antioxidant rich food
In a USDA research study (June 09, 2004 print edition of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, a peer-reviewed publication of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society) which is considered as most comprehensive analysis of the antioxidant content of commonly consumed foods, so far, artichokes and beans, contain surprisingly high levels of disease-fighting antioxidant compounds. Beside these, cranberries, blueberries, Russet potatoes, pecans and cinnamon are all excellent, although lesser-known, sources of antioxidants, which are thought to fight cancer, heart disease and Alzheimer's.
Nuts and spices are also good sources of antioxidants but one can't consume large quantities of these edibles. Ground cloves, ground cinnamon and oregano have highest antioxidant levels.
Cranberries, blueberries, and blackberries ranked highest among the fruits studied. Beans, Artichokes and Russet potatoes were tops among the vegetables. Pecans, walnuts and hazelnuts ranked highest in the nut category.
Here is a ranked list of the top 20 fruits, vegetables and nuts:
However, the total antioxidant capacity of the foods does not necessarily reflect their potential health benefit, which depends on how they are absorbed and utilized in the body. It is because of this reason, most people tend to consume antioxidant supplements.
[Sources: American Chemical Society. "Largest USDA Study Of Food Antioxidants Reveals Best Sources." ScienceDaily 17 June 2004. Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, Barikmo I, Hvattum E, Remberg SF, Wold AB, Haffner K, Baugerod H, Andersen LF, Moskaug O, Jacobs DR Jr, Blomhoff R. A Systematic Screening of Total Antioxidants in Dietary Plants. Journal of Nutrition 132:461-471, 2002.]
Links to useful articles on other web sites
More links to be added here soon.
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About place: Dahshur
It is worth combining the trips to Dahshur and Saqqara. Dahshur is only two kilometers of the Saqqara's necropolis, so they can be considered a single burial complex. In Dahshur there are five relatively well preserved pyramids the most curious of which is the diamond-shaped «red pyramid», the main attraction of Dahshur.
Thanks for adding of this publicaton to:
TOP - 3 Sights Egypt


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Iron Daka Round Mirror
By nkuku
Industrially-inspired table mirror with bold black features for daily use
Please note:
- Shipping to UK Mainland only
- Please allow 1 week for delivery
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Industrially-inspired table mirror with bold black features for daily use
Using a bold and black design, this industrially-inspired table mirror is the perfect addition to a dressing table or sideboard. As the mirror is perched on the sand, the hands-free design makes it ideal for observing one's aesthetic. The hand forged iron gives a tactile and sturdy feel that is guaranteed to imbue your room with richer depth and texture. The Iron Daka Round Mirror's black silhouette is bold yet, its size adds more delicate detail. Crafted from sustainably sourced products, this item is ideal for those that are ethically aware of their purchases.
Key Features:
– Bold black aeshetic
– Round mirror
– Pivot hinges
– Hand forged
– Sustainably sourced materials
– Crafted by skilled artisans
– Materials: Iron
– Dimensions: 34 x 27 x 15cm
Additional information
|2.46 kg
|181.2 × 33.8 × 19.3 cm


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Dr. Hargraves honors a colleague's memory
SOE faculty member helps ease burden on financially strapped students
December 16, 2018
Dr. Rosalyn Hobson Hargraves is an associate professor in the VCU School of Education's Department of Teaching and Learning. She was featured in the December issue of Black & Gold & You, an e-newsletter produced by the VCU Office of Development and Alumni Relations.
When VCU associate professor Loraine Stewart, Ph.D., died from cancer in 2015, a group of her colleagues in the School of Education decided to honor her memory by establishing a scholarship in her name.
Rosalyn Hobson Hargraves, Ph.D., associate professor in the School of Education and the College of Engineering, was a founder of the Loraine M. Stewart Endowed Scholarship in 2016. The fund supports undergraduate and graduate students who plan to teach early/elementary education, Stewart's academic specialty.
"For me, it was just really wanting to find a way to commemorate her," says Hargraves, who has been a VCU faculty member for 23 years.
She is also passionate about easing the burden on financially strapped students.
"I am a huge proponent of scholarship opportunities for our young people," Hargraves says. "Too often, I come across students who are working two jobs, worried about how they're going to buy their books, just trying to make ends meet and, at the same time, go to school. Any type of scholarship fund that I potentially could support for a student is vitally important."


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Chemical Treatments for Bed Bugs
Have a Bed Bug Problem? Call Today!
Hi-Tech Pest Control has been serving our local Michigan communities for over 30 years!
Bed bugs are resistant to the chemicals found in chemical treatments for bed bugs
Most people don't realize that the bedbugs found today are much more resilient than the bed bugs found 50 years ago. Due to their adaptive nature, today's bed bugs are actually immune to some of the chemical methods used in the past, such as DDT and the pyrethroid class of insecticides, due to the fact that the genes of these bed bugs have adapted and mutated so many times that they actually have a thick cuticle that can't be penetrated by insecticides. Furthermore, the toxic insecticide is converted by the bugs' high level of enzymes into a much less toxic substance, making bed bugs resistant to most at-home chemical treatments. These resistant bed bugs left behind by the unsuccessful chemical treatment will then mate, creating a new generation of these super bugs.
Chemicals cause bed bugs to scatter and spread
Spraying bed bug chemical treatments directly on bed bugs can seldom kill them; however, most are resistant to these chemicals. Typically, the only thing chemicals do to a bed bug is cause them to scatter and spread to additional locations in your house, worsening the problem. Many people attempt to spray the perimeter of infected areas, causing the bed bugs to burrow even further into the cracks and crevices in your home until the residue wears off. This compounds the problem, as bed bugs can go up to a year without feeding and will wait patiently for said residues to wear off before searching for new places to feed. Localized infestations are much easier to treat; you do not want bed bugs to spread in your home.
Bed bugs hide in unreachable locations
Bedbugs love hiding in small cracks and crevices that are unreachable to the bed bug chemical treatments, such as cracks in the walls, the inside of books, and inside of appliances such as TVs or VCRs. It can be nearly impossible to reach these bugs. Furthermore, it can be very dangerous spraying chemicals on some of these items, electronics in particular.
Lots of home owner pre-treatment required in this invasive process
In order to contact as many bugs as possible, the exterminator will need to have access to nearly every square inch of the infested room, including beds, dressers, and nightstands. Preparing for a bed bug chemical treatment can be very time-consuming for the homeowner.
Chemical treatments for bed bugs do not kill bed bug eggs and require multiple treatments as the eggs hatch
Bed bug eggs typically hatch every 5 to 16 days and are not affected by chemical treatments. Therefore, once the eggs hatch, the nymphs will seek shelter from these treatments, increasing the need for multiple treatments. This process can drag out for weeks or even months, putting your furniture and other belongings in danger.
Chemicals are toxic
A cumulative effect of residual pesticides can be built up in these chemical treatments for bed bugs due to the fact that multiple treatments are required. These pesticides are deemed safe, but at what level?
Contact Us
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Troy, MI 48084
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Monday – Sunday 8:30am to 10:00pm
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Services include: Bed Bug Removal, Bed Bug Exterminator, Pest Control, Exterminator Company, Home Pest Control, Insect Control, Pest Control Companies, Pest Control Service Service Areas: Detroit MI, Troy MI, Bloomfield Hills MI, Birmingham MI, Auburn Hills MI, West Bloomfield MI, Bloomfield MI, Royal Oak MI, Southfield MI, Farmington Hills MI, Northville MI, Oak Park MI, Warren MI, Saint Clair Shoes MI, Ann Arbor MI, Walled Lake MI, Clinton Township MI, Wixom MI, Milford MI, Plymouth MI, Livonia MI, Westland MI, Dearborn MI, Novi MI, Ypsilanti MI, Wayne MI, Huntington Woods MI, Farmington MI, Canton MI Rochester MI, Dearborn Heights MI, Clarkston MI, Oakland MI, New Hudson MI, Grosse Pointe Park MI, Grosse Pointe MI, Oakland County MI, Berkley MI, Ferndale MI, Commerce MI, Eastpointe MI, South Lyon MI, Hamtramck MI, Highland MI, Keego Harbor MI, Rochester Hills MI
Pest Control Services | Residential Pest Control Troy MI | Bed Bug Exterminator MI


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Posts Tagged 'Pix Patisserie Portland'
Satisfy Your Sweet Tooth! Pix Patisserie is Now Delivering Nationwide | Chocolate Eggs, Peeps, Pixie Bars
Stay home and let a bit of tasty, colorful fun come to your door. Pix is shipping the following items 2-3 day Priority Mail via USPS.Read More
Portland-Area Pick-up & Delivery w/ Pix Patisserie | Chocolate Eggs, Conservas, Beer & Wine
Pix would like to offer you five ways you can still get your Pix fix, because you just might need something to make you smile in the coming weeks (and yes, months).Read More


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Did you know that you could shop on our www.chainreactioncycles.com/us/en website?
Water bottle cage bracket with stealthy built-in tool case and hidden tool that's easily accessed with a simple twist.
The tool's smooth, machined profile is comfortable in the hands and includes 2/2.5/3/4/5/6mm Allen wrenches, Phillips head and T25 Torx wrenches for precise adjustments.
*Please Note: Does not include cage or water bottle.
Buy Topeak Accessories from Chain Reaction Cycles, the World's Largest Online Bike Store.
Need help? Have a question?Get in contact with us


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Project Description
When replacing an existing roof or building an extension, a roof lantern is a great way to bring more natural light into your space. Roof lanterns are a great way to turn a tired, old flat roof into a stunning feature within your home, or equally if you are thinking of extending your home, adding a roof light to your extension can create a wonderful light and warm space for all the family to enjoy.
Unlike glass roof products of the past, our roof lanterns offer extremely good thermal efficiency. Available with thermally broken frames, overall U-values of up to 0.1w/m2 can be achieved, making glass roof lanterns a great alternative to a conservatory roof, creating a light filled space that is usable all year round.
We are able to use high performance glass with many of our roof lanterns making them customisable for all sorts of situations including; enhanced heat reflection for those south facing aspects, increased U-values improving thermal performance, UV protection protecting your furniture and fabrics, easy clean self cleaning glass and reduced visible light transmission softening the impact of natural light for increased comfort.
Design versatility:
The versatility of the aluminium box section rafters and creative design solutions have removed the requirements for outdated bulky hood covers on lantern roofs and Edwardians.
Increased strength and thermal efficiency:
Increased roof strength means the design aesthetics and clear sightlines achievable using the slim Atlas profiles remain unmatched by any other manufacture, creating a roof that can suit any dwelling.


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Add a pop of colour to your decor with our vast selection of hand-painted pots by Toast & Honey Studio.
They are lovingly hand-painted in Melbourne and are lightweight so they are easy to move around your home or courtyard. They look gorgeous on their own or when paired with a stand. Due to the artisanal nature of these pots, each one is unique. We regularly have different styles and colours available in-store.
These beautiful planters are stocked exclusively at Hass & Co Botanics in the Perth region and come in three convenient sizes:
Small: 340mm D x 290mm H $139.95
Medium: 400mm D x 340mm H $199.95
Large: 500mm D x 420mm H $259.95
They are fully weather-sealed so they can be enjoyed indoors or out.
*Please visit us in-store to see what colours and styles are currently available.


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Isner, Schwartzman eliminated from Cincinnati Masters
Cincinnati (US), Aug 14 (IANS) Ninth seed John Isner from the United States and 12th seed Diego Schwartzman of Argentina, both favourites to win the men's singles title at the 2018 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tennis tournament here, were eliminated in the first round.
On Monday, the American lost to compatriot Sam Querrey 6-4, 6-7 (5) and 7-6 (5), while the Argentine was defeated by Switzerland's Stanislas Wawrinka 6-2, 4-6, 6-3, reports EFE news agency.
Serbian Novak Djokovic won against American Steve Johnson 6-4 and 7-6 (4), who managed to save up to eight match balls before giving up.
Spaniard Pablo Carreno Busta, 13th seeded, and France's Lucas Pouille, 16th seeded, made it to the next round after beating France's Richard Gasquet 6-3, 2-6, 6-3 and Briton Andy Murray 6-1, 1-6 and 6-4, respectively.
France's Benoit Paire beat Spain's David Ferrer 6-2, 6-2 and is set to compete in the next round against the winner of the match between 11th-seeded Belgian David Goffin and Greece's Stefanos Tsitsipas, who was a finalist at the 2018 Canadian Masters in Toronto.
France's Jeremy Chardy beat Spain's Fernando Verdasco 6-1, 6-2, and will face 8th-seeded South African Kevin Anderson in the next round.
Others who qualified for the next round were Japan's Kei Nishikori, who beat Russia's Andrey Rublev 7-5, 6-3; and Germany's Peter Gojowczyk, who knocked out Portugal's Joao Sousa 2-6, 6-4 and 7-5, and will face second seed and seven-time champion Roger Federer in the next round.
Spaniard Rafael Nadal, who won the Canadian Masters in Toronto on Aug. 12, cited his need for "rest" as a reason for his absence in Cincinnati.
The Cincinnati Masters awards $5.7 million in prize money, according to the official website of the Association of Tennis Professionals.


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Shop for signed football shirts and jerseys, autographed by the world's greatest football and soccer players. All items come with fast worldwide shipping, free UK delivery, a certificate of origin and in most cases photo proof of signing! We also offer frames for signed football shirts. You can be safe in the knowledge that your autographed shirt is 100% genuine!
Showing 1–48 of 588 results
Showing 1–48 of 588 results
Shop for signed football shirts from all of the world's greatest players and teams. It's a widely unknown fact that the kit used to play football is governed by the rules of the game. These rules range from how large the logo is allowed to be on the football shirt to the length of the shorts! There mustn't be anything on the kit which may prove a danger to either the player or an opponent. It is also a rule that should two teams of the same colour face each other then the away team must change its colours to its away kit, which must be of a different colour!
The first evidence of an item of football kit was from 1540 when Henry VIII was reported to be the first person to play the game with a pair of football boots. Coloured football jerseys were first heard of in 1840 when teams played at public schools. The colours were used much like house colours at school to define opposing teams. Clearly, it wouldn't make sense having players in the same coloured football shirts as they wouldn't know who to pass to from any reasonable distance!
With organised football commencing in the 1860's it became common for teams to adopt standard colours. With no numbers being sewn onto the shirts until much later, players were identified by the colour of their caps or long socks!
In 1890 the Football League developed rules which included teams having to wear different coloured football shirts. By the 1970s teams had developed firm identities and the old-style woollen shirts and knickerbockers were a thing of the past. The collecting of sporting autographs took off in the same decade with supporters hanging around after the match in the hope they could meet the players who would sign autograph books and pieces of memorabilia.
Major advances in garment technology came in the '80s and '90s with new materials being used to wick away moisture while keeping players cool in summer and warm in winter. Sponsorship also took off in a major way with huge international companies seeing the massive benefit in getting their logos on to football shirts, with games being broadcast worldwide.
Our signed football shirts come fully guaranteed that they are 100% authentic and genuine. Most of the autographed football jerseys on this page have been obtained in person, with photographic evidence of each signing. On the rare occasion, we do not, we fully guarantee the signature with a certificate of authenticity. Shop with confidence and pick up one of our collectables today! We also offer the option to add frames for your signed football shirts.
Bask in the confidence that our shirts are 100% authentic. Our scouts are present at every major game and tournament encouraging the major football stars to sign the shirts. That is why wherever possible we get photographic proof of the signing process.
Firmastella has more authentic signed football shirts than any other company online. We want you to proud of your new shirts, safe in the knowledge that is it completely genuine!


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Ask us about Preventative Maintenance Agreements
Let us design your new system. Whether you need a sound system, video system, or conference room Armbruster uses expert engineers to design a system unique for your space.
Keeping your AV equipment properly maintained can significantly extend the life of your AV system. Professional calibration, cleaning and tuning your AV equipment will ensure your AV system will be running at its best. Contact us to view the variety of service plans Armbruster A/V has to offer and see which one best suites your AV system.
After Armbruster AV installs your system we offer a 1 year service contract.
The operator of the equipment is vital to a smooth presentation. It is necessary to have all operators of the equipment to be trained. A certified technician will train anyone how to use all existing audio video equipment.
Copyright © 2020 Armbruster A/V - All Rights Reserved.
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¶ "Here's What Trump's Team Has Gotten Wrong About Climate Change So Far" • President Donald Trump is not the only official in the government to doubt human-caused climate change. His skepticism is shared by many others in his administration. This week two new reports again prove that Trump's team simply has it wrong. [The Weather Channel]
¶ "As Massachusetts Unveils New Climate Rules, More Progress Needed on Transportation Emissions" • Massachusetts has issued new regulations to reduce the emissions causing climate change. They are a positive step, but the state needs to go further, and this includes working across state lines to cut transportation emissions. [Union of Concerned Scientists]
¶ Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority is set to host a combined solar and methane power plant at a landfill, believed to be an Australian first. South Australia gets 57% of its electric power from renewable sources, meeting a 50% target eight years early. Over the last nine months reported, solar power met 7.6% of demand. [pv magazine]
¶ India installed an impressive 4.8 GW worth of solar in the first half of 2017, according to new figures published by Mercom India Research. This fact is all the more impressive when you consider that the country only installed 4.3 GW in all of 2016. Utility-scale solar accounted for 4,290 MW and rooftop solar 475 MW. [CleanTechnica]
¶ Capital investment in global oil and gas supply fell by 38% between 2014 and 2016, the IEA said, but still comprises around 40% of the total. This drop has allowed spending on low-carbon energy supply, including electricity networks, to reach a record 43% of the global, total spend last year. This is a rise of 12% from 2014 levels. [Petroleum Economist]
¶ India's renewable energy program is proceeding at such a rapid pace that its contribution to total power generation will equal that of coal in 2026 and surpass it the following year, according to projections made in the second volume of the Economic Survey. At present, coal provides 55% of India's installed power capacity. [EnergyInfraPost]
¶ Canadian Solar Inc. and EDF Energies Nouvelles announced a partnership in the 92.5-MWp Pirapora III PV project in Brazil, through the sale of 80% interest in the Project by Canadian Solar to EDF EN do Brasil. The Pirapora III project has started construction and is expected to reach commercial operation in the fourth quarter of 2017. [solarserver.com]
¶ JSW Energy will invest up to ₹40 billion ($623 million) to build electric cars, batteries and charging infrastructure, part of the power company's diversification plans to drive future growth, its chief executive said. JSW plans to roll out its first electric car by 2020, making it the first non-automotive company in India to enter electric car business. [News18]
¶ Growth in the deployment of offshore wind in Europe must triple if countries are to have any chance of meeting the goals of the Paris climate agreement, a study said. Research by a joint team from Ecofys and parent company Navigant found that 45% of Europe's power requirements would need to come from offshore wind to meet the target. [reNews]
¶ North Carolina's HB589 included an amendment to set an 18-month moratorium on developing onshore wind power. In the wake of its passing, 50 small businesses, community groups, environmental organizations, and elected officials sent a letter to Governor Cooper urging him to embrace offshore wind for the state's energy plan. [North American Windpower]
¶ Last month, the New York Independent System Operator's CEO told a House subcommittee that it planned to integrate a price on carbon into its market dispatch within three years after the Brattle Group published a report on potential impacts. The Brattle Group has released the report, so the clock has started on carbon pricing in the state. [Utility Dive]
¶ Utility customers in Waterloo, Iowa, will soon receive more of their electricity from cost-effective renewable energy. Waterloo Utilities' not-for-profit wholesale power supplier, WPPI Energy, has entered an agreement with Invenergy. WPPI Energy will buy the output from Invenergy's 132-MW Bishop Hill III Wind Energy Center. [hngnews.com]
¶ Sandia National Laboratories is testing whether one of the largest and most polluted lakes in California can be transformed into one of its most productive and profitable. The 350-square-mile Salton Sea has high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural runoff. Some algae that thrive on these elements may be used to make biofuel. [Biomass Magazine]
¶ South Miami has a new "Solar Requirements" section in its Land Development Code. The city enacted its new residential solar mandate, making it the only municipality between California and Florida to enact a law mandating that solar power be installed in newly built homes or those subject to major renovation. [Miami's Community Newspapers]
¶ Millions of customers who have been footing the bill for a now-abandoned nuclear power project for years may get a temporary reprieve from rising bills, as South Carolina's state-owned utility dropped plans for two rate hikes. Santee Cooper's board canceled the approval process for average increases of 3.5% in 2018 and 3.9% in 2019. [Santa Cruz Sentinel]


text: Got painted pink! And have you ever tried to paint a 14 month olds toenails?! Haha! I have never painted her toes before, but I thought it was time! After I got finished she just looked and looked at them. It was so cute! She has her Easter Dress, her matching bow, her purse, and now she has her toenails decorated too. Mommies toenails are painted the same color because, as you know, we like to coordinate!


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(results will display both Free Papers & Poster)
Identification of potential microbial ophthalmological procedure risk factors: multiple operating suite surfaces and air volume cultures
Poster Details
First Author: S.Georgiadou GREECE
Co Author(s): A. Kanellopoulos G. Chatzilaou
Abstract Details
The purpose of this work is to apply an elaborative, protocol of patient and caregiver flora sampling along with multiple surfaces and air sampling of a modern ophthalmological ambulatory surgical center.
LaserVision.gr Clinical and Research Eye Institute, Athens, Greece
In all operating rooms and supporting areas, air sampling was performed with a specialized device and using 2 different materials, one that involves bacteria and one that involves fungi and microbial sampling. Microbial load from the surfaces was assessed using the contact plate test, again with two different materials, one for fungi and one for bacteria. Three distinct staged levels (1, 2, and 3) were assigned, based on the anticipated microbial load. All cultures and the subsequent analysis of results were performed by a specialized microbiology laboratory (Hellenic Pasteur Institute).
Operating room microbial load results, reported in cell forming units/cubic meter (cfu/m3): level 1: average 200 cfu/m3, level 2: average 120 cfu/m3, level 3: average 88 cfu/m3 and were all found to be bacterial. The results of the microbial load population on the surfaces of the halls, reported in culture forming/plate (cf/plate) were: level 1: average 5 cf/plate, level 2: average 2 cfu/plate, level 3: average 3 cfu/plate, all of which were bacterial related.
The Protocol provides accurate information not only for the classification and the microbial population, and of surveying on their exact position within the surgery theater rooms. This protocol offers the possibility to the surgery group employed in the interventions to supervise the effectiveness of decontamination methods and techniques to enable the surgeons to design optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis and highlights areas of interventions with the highest and lowest microbial load. FINANCIAL DISCLOUSRE: One or more of the authors travel has been funded, fully or partially, by a company producing, developing or supplying the product or procedure presented


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A vintage charm depicting Surya, the Sun God in Hindu religion, accompanies a spear crystal point, aqua chalcedony and other stones.
Surya is the name of the main sun god in Hinduism. The same name comes from the Sanskrit word for "sun." Surya stands for willpower, courage and vitality.
The charm and stones swing from shimmery labradorite stones and sterling silver chain.
Approximately 37" long. Part of our Talisman Collection.
Shipping Info
Every order over $75 gets free US Postal Service Priority Mail shipping.


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About Us
Senior Help Southampton is owned and managed by Bob and Kate Woolley.
They have always lived in the local area and have played an active and influential role within the community.
Bob was an Acting Inspector in the Hampshire Special Constabulary and has been a volunteer in countless community projects. Kate has a passion for animal care and wildlife and is deeply committed to making a positive difference to the lives of older people.
The fight to keep loneliness and isolation at bay from elderly people is at the heart of what we do. Born from experience with our own ageing relatives, we're driven to ease the pressure on families and provide affordable non-medical care of the highest quality. Senior Help will work with you to ensure that the right person is there for your relatives when they need them. With Senior Help, you'll be in safe hands.
Our Vision
Senior Help wants home companionship to be affordable and of the highest standard so that more people can enjoy a stimulating and worthwhile later life.
Our Mission
We want to enable everybody regardless of age to stay healthy and cared for. We aim to support older people through the years, providing the very best non-medical companionship.
Our Guarantee
We are dedicated to giving older people and their families the best possible companionship at an affordable price. Every effort is taken to maintain the highest standard of non-medical care.


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Work with Hisense to Create a Blue Ocean of Display Products
The recent years have witnessed the rapid development of Hisense's performance. As one of Hisense's leading optimal film product suppliers, KDX has also enjoyed fast growth. Currently, KDX has supplied products to more than a hundred customers, including Hisense, and provided them with customized solutions. KDX has become a leading global supplier of display optimal film.KDX has established a partnership with Hisense as early as 2013. From 2014, it started the mass production and delivery of optimal film for backlight units (BLU) and many optimal film products have been supplied in large quantity for five consecutive years. In May 2017. KDX's high-end prism composite materials broke the monopoly of Korean manufacturers and KDX became Hisense's first domestic supplier of prism composite mat
Join Hands with Auto Dealers to Develop the Auto Aftermarket
As the value of China's auto aftermarket has topped 1 trillion yuan, KDX, a leader of polymer materials, has taken advantage of the world's largest optimal film industrial cluster and pursued innovative development in the auto aftermarket. Within just three years, it has achieved success in the window film market and became the largest supplier in China. By continuously developing innovative auto film products, enriching product lines and improving the product system, KDX has maintained close cooperation with auto manufacturers and dealers to drive the development of the auto aftermarket. So far, KDX has worked closely with nearly 30 carmakers, including BMW, Audi, FAW-VW, FAW Toyota and GAIG Honda, and more than 240 4S groups and auto dealers including China Gran
Jointly Create a Brighter Future of Optimal Film with BOE
For more than a decade, KDX has adopted an innovation-driven strategy, made continuous and profound technical changes and built a materials platform covering the whole industry chain. By working with its extensive customer base, KDX has been innovating and upgrading its products and businesses. BOE, among others, is a typical customer and partner of KDX.In April 4, KDX built a optimal film industrial cluster, providing core optimal film products for Chinese liquid crystal display panel enterprises. KDX's new products gradually passed the test of Hefei BOE Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. Soon after that, KDX was included in BOE's supplier system. In 2012, KDX signed a strategic cooperation agreement on optimal film with BOE and became BOE's leading optimal film supplier. Since 2014, mo


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"I think God won't forgive me…"
Registration for our Annual Walk and 5k Run for Life is now open! We hope to see you all on Saturday, September 22nd!
Register today and start getting sponsors.
"I think God won't forgive me..."
Please pray for our client "Mia" who came back to us after finding out she was pregnant again, but is struggling with the guilt of her previous abortion. Please pray that the words of hope spoken to her by her counselor would find deep roots and that she would find the healing that only Christ can provide. Please also pray for the life of this new little one she carries.
If you or someone you know is struggling with a past abortion(s): click here.
Volunteer Training Starting October 4th
Is God calling you to step out in faith and serve Him in this mission field ? Our Volunteer Training is a 9-week course where you will learn communications skills, evangelism, how to minister to women and men experiencing crisis pregnancies, and more. Join us and see where God would have you serve.
For more information or to register click here or call Angela at 410.431.5000.
We're Hiring
The Pregnancy Clinic Ministry is looking to add to our team. For inquiries, please email a cover letter and resume email@example.com. For detailed job descriptions, click here.
Due to the busyness and importance of caring for our clients, we would ask for no phone calls.


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Grant Application Resources
Investigators are encouraged to contact NCCAM Program Officers before submission of grant applications.
General Resources
Links to policies, writing tips, deadlines, forms, and more.
- Who can apply for funding
Lists of organization requirements, eligible institutions, and more.
- Guidance for NCCAM application cover letters
- Grant-writing advice and sample applications
Useful Web sites to help you plan, write, and apply for a research project grant.
- Deadlines (application receipt dates)
- Natural Product Integrity Policy
- Dissemination and Implementation Research: NCCAM Interests
- Electronic submission (NIH)
- Application forms and instructions (NIH)
- How your application is reviewed
Details and additional information about the NIH application review process.
- All About Grants Podcast (OER)
- Grantee Policies
- Resources from NCCAM Presentations at Integrative Medicine & Health 2012
Clinical Research Resources
- Applying for NCCAM Clinical Trials Grants
- Considerations for NCCAM Clinical Trial Grant Applications
- Guidance on Designing Clinical Trials of CAM Therapies: Determining Dose Ranges
- NCCAM Clinical Research Toolbox
- International Interventional Clinical Studies: NCCAM Special Considerations
Pre-Application Teleconferences
- T90/R90 Pre-Application Teleconference (January 24, 2013)
- K24 Pre-Application Teleconference (September 7, 2011)
- R34 Pre-Application Teleconference Q&A (August 5, 2010)


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The MHR Network is an online, HIPAA-compliant charting and client management system created specifically for mental health professionals.
When designing the MHR Network, one of the components we knew was critical to our system was the assessments area. For that reason, we wanted to ensure we covered several key assessment forms (PAIP, CGAS, ADT, CDT, etc.) used by many mental health providers. Another key form we added was the SOAP note, which is very commonly used and makes it possible for members to complete their assessment work faster and with more consistency.
What Are SOAP Notes?
Often times we can find ourselves trying to remember something specific someone said or wishing we had gone into more detail when completing notes in meetings. SOAP Notes are a way for therapists to ensure their notes are complete and organized while working with clients. The SOAP process is very popular among professionals because of its simplicity and organization. It provides a flow of thinking that organizes separate thoughts in a cohesive manner. The acronym, SOAP, stands for:
Subjective relates to the information the therapists interprets during the session and how the client has observed their own progress throughout treatment. This is typically based on a professional opinion or someone actually experiencing the situation. Not a third party's opinion.
Objective relates to information that can be observed by someone without any necessary training. Making notes of more obvious acts and vocalizations. This can be easily observed by third parties not involved in the situation or have any professional therapist background.
The assessment is the therapist's professional opinion after considering the subjective and objective information. This is where notes are taken on improvements made or if there needs to be a new direction taken with treatment.
Lastly, is the plan. This space is reserved for setting a new plan and goals until a specified time period. This can be until the next meeting with the client or point in time that relates to the treatment. What do they need to work on? What direction will this put the client in?
Who Uses SOAP Notes?
SOAP notes can be used by any therapist or counselor looking for a way to analyze, plan, and treat a client's situation. The MHR Network provides multiple templates to make your job a little bit easier and stress-free. On the website, you can select a SOAP notes template for a client visit and record your meeting. It is as simple as that.
How is The Use of Templates Beneficial?
Organization and consistency can help ensure your recordings of happenings with patients is complete. Between fully booked days, administrative tasks, and the other work distractions, SOAP notes allow you to quickly record your thoughts and form clear goals. The MHR Network makes this easy with an online SOAP template that you can quickly and easily add to your client's records.
Join the MHR Network today and you can immediately begin managing client profiles, medication, and insurance data, send semi-custom documents (i.e. informed consent, HIPAA privacy, payment agreement etc.) for signature, book appointments, record encounters, manage client billing, invoices, & receipts, maintain client assessments, manage compliance and goals, records status notes, refer to a built-in ICD-10 / DSM-V, create, manage, and print CMS-1500's for each client, and create crisis reports for walk-ins.


text: Dave Carty - March 21, 2011 Understanding the 95 Percent Rule With Trained Gun Dogs Your dogs aren't perfect? Neither are mine... By Dave Carty It's easier to overlook an infraction when you have a bird in hand, and crackerjack performers are usually cut a little more slack than mediocre plodders.Arizona, the final day of the Mearns quail season, 2008: Hanna and I are several hundred yards into the climb, the truck still in view on the two-track dirt road below us. Suddenly, I watch the little dog hesitate, ease into another tentative step and then freeze mid-stride, one leg folded under her chest, that glorious white tail reaching for the cool desert sun.No small amount of training has gone into this three-year-old setter. Since part of my livelihood comes from writing about dogs, and since, ostensibly, I'm supposed to know what I'm doing, I have a professional interest in getting them to a certain level and keeping them there. Ha. Hanna's apparently rock-solid point is all for show. She cocks one ear back, gives me a sidelong glance and then dives nose-first into the covey. Birds blow out like shrapnel from an IED. They buzz up the mountain above me, over and through the mesquite and oaks, and behind them is Hanna, yipping like she's lost her mind, doing her best to run them to earth. For the next five minutes, all I see are flashes of white as she dashes through the trees, chasing one bird after the next. My whistles and screams have no effect whatsoever.READ: Beeper Collar Training Tips Finally, she tires of the game and comes trotting sheepishly back to me, promptly flushing a pair of birds that have been holding tight during the entire fiasco. And off she goes again. I train just a couple new dogs each summer, but I have a stock phrase that I tell both dogs' owners: The best you can expect from any well-trained dog is that he will obey you 95 percent of the time. You can fudge that percentage up or down a little, but you can't do away with it entirely. To those who would accuse me of covering my butt, I plead guilty as charged. But the dog that never disobeys has yet to be born on this earth.Why that is so is probably irrelevant, and more to the point, I really don't know. Even the best dogs seem to have to blow off their training once or twice a year, fully aware of the punishment that will follow. In fact, it is often the dogs with the most drive, the most desire and the most intelligence that are the worst offenders. Apparently, the visceral thrill of throwing off their shackles is just too much to resist. And it isn't just pointing dogs, either. "Generalizing" means training your dog to respond to the same command — in this case, "kennel"--in multiple locations. Without generalizing, the dog may obey in one place but not another.Ever attend a spaniel or retriever field trial? If you haven't, it's an eye-opening experience. A well-trained retriever or spaniel can do things that, from a pointing dog man's perspective, are just short of miraculous--multiple marked retrieves at obscene distances, rock-solid steadiness under intense pressure, the flawless execution of complicated hand signals. And yet, talk to any of the folks who have spent years training one of these animals, and they all have their stories: of the time their best dog broke and ran away, or decided to ignore a line, or chased a cat.My own experience with spaniels is considerably more modest: I owned a springer 30 years ago and never really trialed it much. Even so, I'd put a lot of time into him and got him to where he was reliably steady to wing, shot and fall. It had taken years. Then, one winter day, I was sitting in a duck blind on the Missouri River, waiting on a flock of mallards I'd called in to swing close enough for a shot. My spaniel Poke, who was sitting beside me, whined in anticipation. That was as far as it usually went; he knew the rules. When a drake cupped up just above us, I dropped it in the decoys.Then all hell broke loose. Poke, who had been through this drill hundreds of times before, snapped. Rather than run three feet around the netting and willow blind I'd constructed, and ignoring my repeated commands to sit, he charged through the middle of the blind, towing 10 feet of netting, willow branches and debris into the water. He grabbed the duck and, still towing the netting around his neck, laboriously paddled back to shore. It was quite a performance.Is there any way to correct for this type of behavior? I'll give you a politician's answer for that: yes and no. When you train a dog in a specific command in several different locations, it's called generalizing. The command doesn't change, but the location the command is given in does. This is crucial to building reliability in a dog's response to a command. Why? Because dogs assume that a command is specific to the area they received it. Hunting more than one dog at once can have a mutually corrupting effect on their response to commands.In other words, if you teach your dog to whoa in your backyard, it may assume that the same command given in your front yard--or in the field--is irrelevant. Generalizing teaches a dog that a command has to be followed no matter where it's given.If you generalize every command you teach, you'll definitely lessen the number of disobeyed commands in the field and, over time, yourdog's percentage of obeyed commands will go up. But will it ever get much past 95 percent? Nope.This is a tricky balancing act. How much slack should you cut your dog, knowing that perfection is never really possible? Is his disobedience an aberration, or is it the beginning of a downward slide to complete rebellion? These are questions I've struggled with for years and have no pat answers for.My own uneasy acceptance of bad behavior in my dogs is considerably tempered by the individual dog's track record. By and large, good dogs get cut a little slack; chronic offenders may get none. Powder, my Brittany, for example, grew out of her rebellious stage years ago. She's been a model citizen ever since, happy to do what I ask of her and eager to please. But there's one flaw in her otherwise sterling character: She hates to back.It's not like she's forgotten how to do it. She and I worked this out years ago, and when she knows I'm watching, she's content, if not always happy, to oblige. But remove me from the picture and it's a different story. She'll sidle up to a dog on point, make an elaborate charade of not having seen it, and then ease on past before locking up. If it didn't annoy me so much, it would be funny.Lots of otherwise eager-to-please dogs have similar hitches in their repertoire. Last year, a really fine young setter I had in my kennel, a dog who did everything I asked of it and did it well, decided that retrieving was above and beyond her particular job description, and no amount of force-breaking could change her mind. I've had other dogs who would whoa but not recall on the whistle, several who would recall on the whistle but not whoa and a whole bunch who refused to heel.Repetitive drilling on "whoa" and other commands will reinforce obedience, but it won't guarantee perfection. In nearly every case I was able to work them through their sticking points, but later, on actual hunts, those problem areas would sometimes pop up again. One of my own setters, for instance, also shows a distinct disdain for retrieving. Hunted by herself, Scarlet will happily fetch everything I send her for, exactly as she's been trained. But hunt her with another dog and she's more than happy to let the other dog do the fetching chores. I'd rather she put a little more effort into it, but she's 10 years old and it just isn't worth the aggravation at this point to try to bring her around. So I put up with it. Maybe I shouldn't. Is it worth the extra days and weeks of extended training to get a dog that much closer to perfection? For some, it undoubtedly is. But here's the deal: That kind of dedication is a lifelong commitment. My four dogs, three of which are trained to a fairly high level (the fourth is a puppy and has just begun training), are what most would consider well-trained animals. They whoa when they're told to whoa, retrieve what I send them to retrieve and come when they're called.READ: Overcoming GunshynessAt home, though, it's a different story. I turn my dogs out of the house or kennel several times a day to air them out, and it's not at all unusual for them to ignore me the first time I call them back. It's a little embarrassing; I'm supposed to be a professional.Sure, I could slap a collar on them and give each of the little buggers a wake-up call, and when they get particularly cavalier about obeying commands, I do. But they've been through this drill before and are well aware of what a collar around their neck means. So I put up with it, chalking it up to the 95 percent rule. And sure enough, their indifferent behavior at home rarely carries over into the field. Are they perfect? No way. But they're not bad, and I can live with that. GET THE NEWSLETTER Join the List and Never Miss a Thing. Sign Me Up


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Cycling Industries Europe is a new advocacy voice for the cycling business in Europe. Becoming a member of CIE is a message to your current and potential business partners, customers and suppliers that your company is committed to the strength of the industry as a whole, and to the benefits cycling can bring to society. Companies are invited to use the CIE logo in their own communications and in support of their Corporate Social Responsibility goals.
Joining CIE is about making a commitment to the future of cycling in Europe. The most important step is for you to make your company's commitment known – see the examples below. Once you have become a member you can join our networks and get fully engaged in our advocacy campaigns, Expert Groups and projects. You will also be asked to agree to our internal procedures and to pay a membership fee. This fee according to the size of your business, start-ups can pay as little as €500 per year, while global giants will pay our Platinum Members' rate. Associations can support CIE by joining as Associate members. Contact us for a discussion about making your commitment to cycling in Europe.
Why we joined
"We know that we have to win the support of governments if we want to double cycling in Europe and continue to strengthen the cycling industry for the benefit of all companies. I think every European cycling company should join Cycling Industries Europe in order to increase the importance of the bicycle in cities of the future. I am delighted to take a place in the group."
Tony Grimaldi,
CEO, CyclEurope
"nextbike has joined CIE because we are convinced that the cycling industry needs to become more visible in Europe and demonstrate its positive impacts on the society. An association like CIE can be the perfect forum to achieve this. My personal focus within CIE is to support building a network of bike sharing service operators who collectively work towards mutually benefitting topics."
Ralf Kalupner,
Founder & CEO, nextbike
"Our membership with Cycling Industries Europe directly supports the growth of our cycling business. Through advocacy, industry events and policy development, we see CIE as a key partner in the growth of our business, the cycling industry and smart mobility."
Raymond Gense,
Director Future Technology & Public Affairs, Pon Holdings
"Cycling is increasingly seen as a significant part of the solution for many problems we have in our cities/societies like congestion, pollution and lack of physical exercise. Working hard as an industry together with the support of governments to double cycling in Europe and strengthen the cycling industry is very important to Accell Group. Therefore we are very happy to be a member of Cycling Industries Europe."
Ton Anbeek,
CEO, Accell Group