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A logic gate is an arrangement of controlled switches used to calculate operations using Boolean logic in digital circuits. They are primarily implemented electronically (using diodes, transistors) but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays, fluidics, optical or even mechanical elements.
Basic logic gates and mechanical equivalents Edit
While semiconductor electronic logic (see later) is preferred in most applications, relays and switches are still used in some industrial applications and for educational purposes. In this article, the various types of logic gates are illustrated with drawings of their relay-and-switch implementations, although the reader should remember that these are electrically different from the semiconductor equivalents that are discussed later.
Relay logic was historically important in industrial automation (see ladder logic and programmable logic controller). Since relay contacts conduct in both directions, complex logic designs must be checked for "sneak paths" that produce unintended logic paths.
Semiconductor logic gates are not conductive in both directions, as the input signal acts as a 'trigger' to allow current out of the output, rather than allowing current straight through from input to output. However, the following mechanical variations do show the basic principles of the gates without detailing the precise internal workings. For information about how modern semiconductors really work, see CMOS.
The three types of essential logic gate are the AND, the OR and the NOT gate. With these three, any conceivable boolean equation can be implemented. However, for convenience, the derived types NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are also used, which often use fewer circuit elements for a given equation than an implementation based solely on AND, OR and NOT would do. In fact the NAND has the lowest component count of any gate apart from NOT when implemented using modern semiconductor techniques, and since a NAND can implement both a NOT and, by application of De Morgan's Law, an OR function, this single type can effectively replace AND, OR and NOT, making it the only type of gate that is needed in a real system. Programmable logic arrays will very often contain nothing but NAND gates to simplify their internal design.
AND gates Edit
The first example is the AND gate, whose truth table is shown below, left. The Boolean AND function can be implemented with two switches, A and B, as shown below, right. If a power lead is connected to switch A, and a wire connects switches A and B, then both A and B have to be "on" in order for the output of the circuit to conduct electricity and provide power.
OR gates Edit
Another important arrangement is the OR gate, whose truth table is shown below, left.
An OR gate can be constructed from two switches, arranged so that if either switch is "on", the output will also be "on". Note that the output will still be on even if both switches are on.
NOT gates Edit
A simpler arrangement is the NOT gate, whose truth table is shown opposite.
This is a special switch that when pushed breaks the current when it is pressed. The normally-closed contact of a relay can be used for this purpose.
NAND and NOR gates Edit
Using NOT gates, also called inverters, allows us to make alternate versions of the AND and OR gates, by virtue of De Morgan's Law. Note that the layout of the switches in the two circuits is swapped when we turn the switches "backwards". Also note how the output of the first pair controls the operation of the NOT gate.
This may seem like an unnecessary complication, but in fact this is very useful. By removing the NOT gate from these alternate circuits, we create the so-called NAND (for NOT-AND) and NOR (for NOT-OR) gates.
NAND Edit
NOR Edit
|Distinctive shape
|Rectangular shape
|In electronics a NOT gate is more commonly called an inverter. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble, and is generally used in circuit diagrams to indicate an inverted input or output.
|In practice, the cheapest gate to manufacture is usually the NAND gate. Additionally, Charles Peirce showed that NAND gates alone (as well as NOR gates alone) can be used to reproduce all the other logic gates.
Symbolically, a NAND gate can also be shown using the OR shape with bubbles on its inputs, and a NOR gate can be shown as an AND gate with bubbles on its inputs. This reflects the equivalency due to De Morgans law, but it also allows a diagram to be read more easily, or a circuit to be mapped onto available physical gates in packages easily, since any circuit node that has bubbles at both ends can be replaced by a simple bubble-less connection and a suitable change of gate. If the NAND is drawn as OR with input bubbles, and a NOR as AND with input bubbles, this gate substitution occurs automatically in the diagram (effectively, bubbles "cancel"). This is commonly seen in real logic diagrams - thus the reader must not get into the habit of associating the shapes exclusively as OR or AND shapes, but also take into account the bubbles at both inputs and outputs in order to determine the "true" logic function indicated.
Two more gates are the exclusive-OR or XOR function and its inverse, exclusive-NOR or XNOR. The two input Exclusive-OR is true only when the two input values are different, false if they are equal, regardless of the value. If there are more than two inputs, the gate generates a true at its output if the number of trues's at its input is odd ([1]). In practice, these gates are built from combinations of simpler logic gates.
Storage of bits Edit
Related to the concept of logic gates (and also built from them) is the idea of storing a bit of information. The gates discussed up to here cannot store a value: when the inputs change, the outputs immediately react. It is possible to make a storage element either through a capacitor (which stores charge due to its physical properties) or by feedback. Connecting the output of a gate to the input causes it to be put through the logic again, and choosing the feedback correctly allows it to be preserved or modified through the use of other inputs. A set of gates arranged in this fashion is known as a "latch", and more complicated designs that utilise clocks (signals that oscillate with a known period) and change only on the rising edge are called edge-triggered "flip-flops". The combination of multiple flip-flops in parallel, to store a multiple-bit value, is known as a register.
These registers or capacitor-based circuits are known as computer memory. They vary in performance, based on factors of speed, complexity, and reliability of storage, and many different types of designs are used based on the application.
Three-state logic gates Edit
Three-state, or 3-state, logic gates are a form of electronic logic gate in which the output has three possible states: high (H), low (L) and high-impedance (Z). The Z state exists merely to help the circuit designer and, unlike the H and L states, carries no information. This feature is used in circuits that have two or more logic outputs connected to a single logic input. A control circuit enables one output at a time depending on the logic function that is required, the other outputs being held in the Z state (also called 'disabled').
'Tri-state', a widely-used synonym of 'three-state', is a trademark of the National Semiconductor Corporation.
Miscellaneous Edit
Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, ALUs, and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors which can contain more than a million gates. In practice, the gates are made from field effect transistors (FETs), particularly metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs).
In reversible logic, Toffoli gates are used.
History and development Edit
The earliest logic gates were made mechanically. Charles Babbage [2], around 1837, devised the Analytical Engine. His logic gates relied on mechanical gearing to perform operations. Electromagnetic relays were later used for logic gates. In 1891, Almon Strowger patented a device containing a logic gate switch circuit (Template:US patent). Strowger's patent was not in widespread use until the 1920s. Starting in 1898, Nikola Tesla [3] filed for patents of devices containing logic gate circuits (see List of Tesla patents). Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as AND logic gate. Claude E. Shannon introduced the use of Boolean algebra in the analysis and design of switching circuits in 1937. Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924.
See also Edit
- Digital circuit
- Fanout
- Karnaugh map [4]
- List of Boolean algebra topics [5]
- Logic families [6]
- Race hazard [8]
- Venn diagram [9]
External links and references Edit
- Symbols for logic gates. Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO.
- Tesla's invention of the AND logic gate. Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO.
- Wireless Remote Control and the Electronic Computer Logic Gate. Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO.
- Anderson, Leland I., "Nikola Tesla — Guided Weapons & Computer Technology". ISBN 0-9636012-5-3
- Bigelow, Ken, "How logic gates work internally (for several logic families)", play-hookey.com.
- C. E. Shannon, "A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits," Transactions American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, pp. 713–723, March 1938.
- The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC [10] symbols are defined in IEC 60617-12 (1997-12), Graphical symbols for diagrams - Part 12: Binary logic elements
Further reading Edit
- Bostock, Geoff, "Programmable logic devices : technology and applications". New York, McGraw-Hill, c1988. ISBN 0070066116
- Brown, Stephen D. et. al., "Field-programmable gate arrays". Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1992. The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science. ISBN 0792392485
- Awschalom, D., D. Loss, and N. Samarth, "Semiconductor spintronics and quantum computation". Berlin, Springer, c2002. ISBN 3540421769


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EVERYTHING horse!
Seamus is an Irish Sport Horse, brought over from Ireland in 0000. He was in the states just two weeks when he got loose in a barn and did such serious damage to his eye that it had to be removed. Abandoned by his owner after the accident, Seamus went from one bad situation to another until Carol Jordan found him in 2010. "We had to put 300 pounds on him and his feet were in terrible shape, but he is the most trusting, sweet and gentle horse I have ever owned. I even showed him in dressage and he did very well."
This is the kind of heart you need for horses and horse people if you're going to invest your time and resources into a successful small business, focused on serving the equestrian community. Which is just what Carol has done with Sesroh Tack Shoppe. (Children usually get it right away, but it seem to take adults a bit longer to catch the meaning of the unusual name. Sesroh in simply "horses," spelled backwards!)
Although born on Long Island and raised in New York City, Carol attended James Madison University, and this city gal has remained in Virginia ever since. She and her husband, Vince, landed in Smithfield where they opened Sesroh in November of 2006, after recognizing a need for a full-service tack shop in the area. "We were tired of shopping on-line and returning items that were not what they appeared to be. There is nothing like seeing, feeling items, and having a knowledgeable person help you with your purchases. That was lacking in Isle of Wight."
And the community has embraced their efforts. In 2007, after being in business for just six months, Carol and Vince were named "Entrepreneurs of the Year" by the Isle of Wight County Department of Economic Development. They were also selected as "Business of the Year" in 2011 by the Isle of Wight/Smithfield/Windsor Chamber of Commerce.
Carol says that one of the secrets to their success is that, "We offer EVERYTHING horse." Walking into Sesroh's new 4,000 square foot home on South Church Street (they just moved into the new digs in November of 2015), you will readily agree.
Room after room, upstairs and down, are filled with: horse tack, show riding attire, boots (both English riding and Western), helmets, blankets, grooming supplies, stable supplies, supplements, items for dogs, purses, treats, stocking stuffers, party goodies, mugs, t-shirts, sweatshirts, back packs, lunchboxes, hats, Purina Feed (dog, cat, goat, alpaca, chicken, horse and many more), orchard grass hay, even horse underwear! There's also items made by local craftspeople such as horsehair bracelets, jewelry, paintings, drawings, books by local authors, and horse shoe art by a local welder.
Sesroh specializes in trail riding items. It also boasts the area's largest selection of Breyer Horses and "Trail of the Painted Ponies" horse figures –favorites with children. The shop is known for their popular consignment section where customers can consign or buy gently used show clothing, saddles, boots and other horse items. Sesroh also offers leather repair through local craftsman, and have started a custom decal and personalization service for cars, walls, stores, boats, clothing and saddle pads! Check them out on Etsy at SD Custom Decals.
You can see why customers are loyal and some are willing to travel to Sesroh from as far away as South Carolina on a regular basis. But the large selection is not the only draw.
As Carol says, "I LOVE to talk to people. My family hates to go anywhere with me because I will be sure to see someone I know through the shop and stop to talk. We have so many great customers that have been with us for so long and they are always happy to share their horse stories with us. Like the woman who went out to move her horses to another field after a terrible rain. As she was walking in the mud she stepped into a giant mud hole, lost her boots and was stuck. She stood there in the hole, yelling for help for quite a while. Her horses just gathered around her looking at her as if she was crazy. A neighbor happened to be driving by on his tractor and heard her yelling. He had to tie a rope around her waist to pull her out with the tractor!"
Clearly Carol enjoys what she does and the people she does it for. It's something she has been passionate about from the tender age of 10, when she took a job at a local riding stable, using her earnings to rent a horse to ride. Today, Sesroh is at the very center of the area's local Equine community. It's become a clearing house for the many activities in the area, offering a message board and Facebook page for posting information about equine services, sales and events. And with Carol at the heart of it all, this community is well-served.
Visit the shop today. Even if you aren't a horse person, you'll be greeted by Carol or one of her associates who will be happy to show you around and answer any questions you may have about "EVERYTHING horse!" Maybe you'll be inspired to find your own Seamus.
Sesroh Tack Shoppe, 1607 South Church Street, Smithfield, VA 23430, 757.356.9234
Monday – Friday: 9:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Saturday: 10:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Sunday: 11:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
Sesroh.com, Facebook Page: Sesroh Tack Shoppe

subset: commoncrawl


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Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 (PlayStation 2) review
"Someone should ban the use of the word 'extreme' when it comes to describing the sports chosen by people who wear baggy pants. Why is skateboarding more extreme than, say, darts? The risk of injury in darts is surely higher, considering it is played mostly in places that people congregate to drink vast quantites of alcohol. But, I digress. "
Community review by cheekylee (December 06, 2002)
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Sherita Traywick is an advocate for equity in education, providing connections to resources and ensuring others have access to a better quality of life. Traywick has firsthand experience working for the NYS Legislature as a Legislative Aide to Former State Senator Richard Dollinger.
Running in this election speaks to her experience and the continued service to the people of the 56th District as an Elected Member of the Greece Central Board of Education.
Traywick attained a Bachelor's Degree in Sociology/Criminology and a Juris Doctor from Quinnipiac University School of Law. She currently teaches Criminal Justice at RIT and is Executive Director of Young & Gifted, Inc. a non-profit organization dedicated to mentoring youth, and connecting families to much needed resources in the community.
Friends, never has it been more important to elect a person who can represent our voice and will act in our best interest. Vote Traywick 2020
We need to continue to look at ways to decrease the mass incarceration of those economically disadvantaged and the disparate effects on minorities. We need to look at more diversionary programs and expansion of drug and mental health courts to end our practice of mass incarceration in NYS for lower level offenses.
Each child should receive access to a quality education, and we will fight for resources in and outside the classroom so our children can succeed. We are also strong advocates for teacher wellness.
Many of our Seniors are struggling to pay higher prescription drug costs under our current healthcare system. This forces them to choose between purchasing their medicine or their daily needs... like food


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Daily, 12 p.m. – 7 p.m.
ANGL is a chain that offers the latest women's fashions, specializing in contemporary and luxurious clothing. ANGL has been aggressively expanding throughout the last decade, since opening the first store in 1992 on Melrose in Los Angeles, California.
For over 20 years ANGL has been a top store for luxurious, yet affordable clothing. Founded in 1992 on Los Angeles iconic Melrose, ANGL offers a wide variety of stylish pieces that are appropriate for the office but can easily transition for a night out with your girlfriends. A trendy and fashion forward showdown in the fashion world, ANGL provides shoppers with a variety of today's fashions, always changing to suit whatever occasion you need.


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The suspect, Harry Perry Obiajuru, popularly known as 'Colonel Harry', was said to have always gone out with two soldiers who posed as his orderlies.
He also usually drove in cars whose plate number was concealed with the United Nations plate cover permit.
Recovered from his apartment in Shasha area of Lagos were a pump action riffle, two military camouflage caps, a sword, horsewhip and two vehicle plate covers on which were inscribed UN Officers car park permit.
Investigations, according to the police, revealed that in February, Obiajuru and the two soldiers that had been acting as his orderlies, stormed a hotel in Shasha to compel four youths who refused to pay after spending four nights there.
They were alleged to have beaten the youths (three males and a female) with horsewhip before dragging them out of the hotel, when they claimed they were not with cash.


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What if you raise more than you ask for? — scroll down.
So, how much do you need, and where does it go?
Believe it or not, $8,000 isn't an arbitrary number. It's carefully calculated to include only the necessary expenses: Airfare, room, and board. Below is a budget sheet with the best estimates I have for these items. Everything else I pay for myself.
I periodically update the budget, explaining each change in a blog post. Due to the way the website is cached, these changes can take up to a week to display below. So if the total below doesn't match the amount on the thermometer or in a recent post, please check again later. Thanks for your patience. -K
The goal is to fix 270 bikes (one bike a day, 90 days per country, three countries) and I need roughly $8,000, so that's $30 per bike. At the shop where I work, tune-ups are $75, so $30 is a really good deal. Of course, if you'd like to donate less (or more!), every little bit helps. I have received donations in amounts from eight to one-thousand dollars.
Note: For logistical reasons I am only able to visit Zambia for 2 months. I will still attempt to fix 90 bikes during that time. The budget has been adjusted accordingly.
– – –
What if you raise more than you ask for?
Au natural there are some "hidden" expenses to this project — items that are necessary, but that aren't airfare, room, or board. Many of these items are listed below. If I raise more than $8000, the additional funds will go towards these items:
Item……………………………………………………..Approximate Cost
Visa to India……………………………………………$250
Visa to Guatemala…………………………………….$20
Visa to Zambia…………………………………………$50
Web Hosting……………………………………………$20
Medical Expenses (Vaccinations)……………………$1000
Bicycling is the nearest approximation I know to the flight of birds.
Louis J. Helle, Jr.


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This past weekend, there were auditions for the highly sought-after Big Brother Naija reality show. We caught up with some of the prospective contestants and tried to find out how many vowels were in the name of the show they were auditioning for.
The answers will entertain you.
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This is my Remix for the indicator holder.
I made two versions; one to hold a standard 1 inch indicator and one to hold a 10mm import indicator. The Import indicator has a smaller mounting shaft so; so height and hole size are different.
Since it can be hard to print and maintain a press fit I elected to go with a Thumb Screw Clamp.
Also found that a narrower version with just to magnets wasnâÂÂt stable enough so widened one end and went to a pattern of three magnets. I over sized the holes for the magnets and used Epoxy to bond in place.


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Why are so many Christians afraid of evangelism? Partly because we worry about what we'd say if our friend raised a challenge or a tough question about our faith.
SHORT/ANSWERS videos were designed to help you in your evangelism: they take a tough question about faith and address it in a friendly, engaging way in four minutes or less.
Over 400,000 people have downloaded, shared, or watched a SHORT/ANSWERS video. They're perfect for sharing online, watching in a small group, or showing a friend down the pub on your phone when they ask a question.
SHORT/ANSWERS are produced by the Solas Centre for Public Christianity and released under the Creative Commons License, so you're free to use/download/distribute in anyway that will help you or your church share the gospel, online or offline.
We hope you find videos, articles and resources on our website that inspire you and your community to share Jesus – and please do feel free to share these on social media or in church gatherings. If you see something that you would like to post on another website, however, please get in touch so that we can help you.


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All Saints All Souls
November 1st. All Saints Day.
We buried my mother on this day in 1961. In July, we opened the earth again and laid my father to rest at her side. He lived to be 95, she, just 33.
You know all that. But what you might not know is that when we lingered at the grave to see him through with chains and pulleys that lowered him in, we could see the edge of my mother's crypt, the same kind of concrete chamber with a lid, and we could see it, aged and weathered for 57 years, but there still, with her bones inside.
I continue to ponder the strange mystery, that after 57 years it would give me a profound sense of peace and comfort to see what I once saw but can't remember, to know that what I long for is there in the ground; to see that earth and matter has kept her body as both cradle and grave; and to realize, that by seeing this physical evidence of her existence, I know now that she was/is real, and then, for some odd reason, know myself to be real. Why would seeing her crypt matter so profoundly?
I'll be working on that for awhile . . .but I wonder, does it matter, simply because we are matter? It's how we know.
We are matter and substance, and it is our human life to be formed of clay and God-breathed. It is how we know and love and recognize as individual. It is how we keep community. Human form, material substance. Human being.
Our common life.
We will remember the saints in light by naming them out loud on Sunday, which is part All Saints, part All Souls ritual. Today, November 2nd, is All Souls', the day we remember the dead. The dead who we know and love in sacred body and whose matter we share and keep as sacred.
The matter we know and love and call by name.
Lucille. "Cille". Lucille Ruth. My mother's name.
Our faith community. On Shabbat, they 'walk in love'. We've been talking about that lately, walking in love.
How can we walk in love with our neighbors who suffered horrendous injustice and horrific violence? The News has been filled with images of mourners and processions and caskets being carried in love. Bodies massacred, sacred flesh gathered up in love and carried to cradle and grave.
I delivered white roses and a card to the Synagogue yesterday on behalf of us all. We will name them among the Saints on Sunday. We will say 11 names of people we did not know who were slain in Pittsburgh as they worshipped the Holy One who breathed them into being.
This is just the beginning part of our falling in love with our neighborhood, our spiritual challenge to walk in love.
We name names. And somehow by the naming, we keep them, like earth keeping earth, their bones, their real matter; we remember them and it makes them real and by it, we know ourselves to be real.
Our common, sacred, material life.
Our Hallowed existence.
Leave a Reply.
Reverend Ruth Pattison
Rev. Pattison serves the people of Highpoint Episcopal Community Church as the Parson, exercising her gifts for collaborative leadership through preaching, liturgy, and the pastoral arts.
October 2019


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"Be Still"
Judy Royal Glenn Photography
For the last eleven years, I have attended the Blue Ridge Mountains Christian Writers Conference in Ridgecrest, North Carolina. I go because the Lord laid on my heart a story I felt He wanted me to write and publish.
I am attending the conference this week and also love photographing God's beautiful creation. I spent my hour break Monday photographing the cedar waxwings in the small trees in front of my hotel room at the Ridgecrest Conference Center.
I posted this photo Tuesday for the conferees to remind them to find Him through His amazing creation! "Be still, and know that I am God. I will be exalted among the nations, I will be exalted in the earth!" Psalm 46:10
I would covet your prayers as I seek out the Lord's will for my photography and writing. Thank you ~ Judy:)


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Laurie Goodstein
The Associated Press and the New York Times both tried to spin a Catholic archbishop's recent exposé about the Church's sex abuse scandal as an ideological attack on Pope Francis from the right. AP's Nicole Winfield touted how Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano turned to "ultra-conservative media that have been highly critical of Francis' mercy-over-morals papacy." The Times write-up highlighted how "some conservative American bishops swiftly came to Archbishop Viganò's defense."
There was a recent outburst of respect for religion on two consecutive front pages of The New York Times, after Pope Francis changed the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Times desperately desires to get religion out of politics when it comes to companies like Hobby Lobby that refuse on religious grounds to pay for birth control, eagerly embraces Christianity when it comes to leftist issues like global warming, immigration, and now the death penalty. Friday's front page excitedly reported: "Pope Declares Death Penalty Always Wrong – Doctrine Change Could Hit U.S. Hardest."
New York Times religion reporter Laurie Goodstein forwarded "alarming" complaints from former Obama administration staffers and Islamic groups about Mike Pompeo, the current CIA director who is President Trump's choice to become the new secretary of state, and John Bolton, Trump's pick for national security advisor: "Alarms Raised On Nominee's Views on Islam." Goodstein even dredged up accusations of "modern-day McCarthyism."
President Trump, fulfilling a promise that other presidents have made but failed to keep, recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and started the process of moving the American Embassy from Tel Aviv. Times reporters were predictably aghast, both downplaying Jewish ties to Jerusalem and warning of violence and endangement of the non-existent "peace process."
Are tax cuts anti-God? New York Times religion reporter Laurie Goodstein again celebrated a protest movement by the religious left (while chiding the religious right) in "50 Years Later, New Push to Magnify Plight of Poor." The text box: "A plan to mount large protests on 40 consecutive days," keyed to the new tax bill that in Goodstein's words, "mainly benefits corporations and the rich."
Strange New Respect? New York Times religion reporter Laurie Goodstein celebrated the Mormon faith of fierce Trump critic Sen. Jeff Flake in Thursday's paper. The online headline was the goopiest: "Flake's Speech Bore Marks of Mormon Faith, Not Just Politics." The text box was pretty gushy too: "In standing up to President Trump, standing 'for what you believe in.'" Suddenly, the NYT approves of Mormonism! That's quite a change from what the paper thought in 2012, when Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney put that religion in the spotlight.
Defending attempts by Democratic senators to issue a religious test to a Trump judicial nominee, New York Times religion reporter Laurie Goodstein filed a hit piece for Friday's edition on Amy Coney Barrett, President Trump's nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit: "Links to Religious Group Raise Issues for Nominee." She wrote: "Legal scholars said that such loyalty oaths could raise legitimate questions about a judicial nominee's independence and impartiality."
It happens every year in late January -- the annual March for Life, the 44th edition happening today -- around the anniversary of the Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade that legalized abortion. It reliably draws to the nation's capital tens of thousands of pro-lifers out into the winter cold, only to be virtually ignored by a paper that routinely gives out space to far sparser liberal protests. Yet January so far has actually brought a little bit of pro-life coverage. What will tomorrow's paper reveal about today's March for Life?
The New York Times has two standards when it comes to defying the rule of federal law – it's great when it comes to left-wing causes like amnesty for illegals and sanctuary cities, awful when it comes to opposition to gay marriage. And while the Times is adamantly opposed to churches who dare to act on their opposition to gay marriage, churches can gain Strange New Respect from the paper for acting as sanctuary for illegal immigrants. Religion reporter Laurie Goodstein in Philadelphia made the top slot in Wednesday's National section with "In Trump Era, Offering a Place Of Both Faith And Sanctuary." The jump-page text box: "Houses of worship offer shelter and aid to undocumented immigrants." No "illegal immigrants" in Times-land. And two other recent pieces underlined the double standard.
Whatever it takes. Wednesday's New York Times saw the paper defending the incompetent Veterans Administration and praising "biblical imperatives," all in the name of opposing Donald Trump. In "Harsh Critic of the V.A. May Become Its Leader," by Dave Philipps, who often reports on the military for the paper. Became a fierce defender of the corrupt and incompetent federal agency and picked the odd target of Rep. Jeff Miller, considered by Trump to run the agency. The same day, religion reporter Laurie Goodstein took the biblical views of Catholic bishops seriously -- at least when they were criticizing Trump and calling for amnesty for illegals, two of the paper's favorite hobbies.
Former president Jimmy Carter gave a lecture to journalists about racist Republicans and Trump supporters, and New York Times religion reporter Laurie Goodstein lapped it up religiously: "Seeing Resurgence of Racism, Carter Plans Conference to Promote Unity." The text box to Tuesday's story paraphrased Carter's words of wisdom: "Saying the country has 'reawakened' in a bitter political climate.
The front page of Saturday's New York Times, next to the paper's already infamous front-page gun-control editorial, claimed that "Shootings in California Reshape the Campaigns." The language used by reporters Michael Barbaro and Trip Gabriel, was quite revealing. See how the Republican presidential candidates "angrily demanded...[rode a] rising tide of bellicosity... seethed with disgust for Democrats...Their language was almost apocalyptic..." Meanwhile they missed the "nuance" of Democratic gun-control proposals. And the paper's religion reporter Laurie Goodstein seemed to fear "Islamophobia" more than Islamic terrorism, though FBI stats show that anti-Semitic attacks are far more common.


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Skin Health Clinical Trials
Scientific Background
The human skin is the largest organ of the body with functions that include sensation, temperature regulation, water conservation, vitamin D synthesis and immunological surveillance. It is also the single most important determinant of human appearance, genetic heritage and identity. It is not surprising, therefore, that any impairment or disease of the skin has a profound impact on the general health, well-being and self-respect of an individual.
Skin diseases remain a major cause of disability worldwide; in 2013 they were responsible for 41.6 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally (as a reference point, the leading cause of global DALYs over the past decade has been ischemic heart disease, responsible for 150.2 million DALYs in 2013). Diseases of the skin may be infectious, congenital, degenerative, inflammatory or cancerous and affect all ages from cradle to grave. Some of the more frequent conditions affecting the skin include atopic dermatitis predominantly affecting children, acne vulgaris posing a massive burden to teenagers, psoriasis and rosacea primality affecting the adult population and ulceration and pruritis representing debilitating conditions in the aging population.
Factors that affect the health of skin include age, genetics, environment (photodamage, air pollution) and lifestyle (smoking, stress, alcohol and nutrition). In addition, the skin's microbiome is extremely important; the "mutualistically symbiotic" microbes that make up part of the skin barrier, together with a person's innate immunity, combine to form a delicate balance needed to maintain healthy skin. If this balance is disturbed, the host becomes more susceptible to inflammatory diseases and cutaneous infections. It is suggested that microbiota diversity alone can predict whether skin is healthy or not.
What Atlantia offer
At Atlantia Food Clinical Trials we have extensive experience in conducting clinical trials across a wide array of health disciplines including, but not limited to, skin and the microbiome. Our expert research team will work with sponsor(s) to design and conduct a study most suitable for their investigational product(s), agreeing and applying the most suitable measurements and statistically powering studies to ensure that study objectives are achieved and reported.
Measurements & Indications
|Skin Health Assessment (SUBJECTIVE)
|Overall Dry Skin (Xerosis) Score (ODS): 5 point clinical assessment of skin dryness
|5-Dimension (Degree, Duration, Direction, Disability & Distribution) Itch Scale: measure of pruritis
|WHO-Five Well-being Index (WHO-5): self-reported measure of current mental wellbeing
|Skin Tear Audit Research (STAR) classification system: clinical assessment of presence of skin tears
|Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ): self-assessment of sleep quality
|Dietary Analysis: FFQ, 3 day diary
|Skin Health Assessment (OBJECTIVE)
|Epidermal Hydration: Cornometer; Skin surface pH: Skin pH Meter; Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL): Tewameter; Erytherma & Melanin: Mexameter; Skin topography (wrinkle area & depth): Visiometer: Skin firmness/elasticity: Cutometer; Minimal Erytherma Dose (MED):Durham Erytherma Tester
|Profiling of skin microbiota: Sequencing, Transcriptomics, Functional Genomics, Flow Cytometry, PCR
|Profiling of skin lipids: Lipidomics


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Data BackUp and Recovery
Having duplicate copies of your most important information saved in a remote location keeps it safe in case anything goes badly wrong with your computer...
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Causes of Data Loss
Data Back-Up is very important.
Businesses or Home users need to implement a backup and disaster recovery process to prevent data loss or restore lost data.Here's why ?
- 44% Hardware Failure
- 33% Human Error
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- 3% Natural Disasters
Server or Computer Crashed?
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Now taken advantage of remote support services and continue to follow their IT suggestions.
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How to Plant Yellow Bamboo
Yellow bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata) is more commonly called Golden Groove bamboo. This green and yellow stemmed bamboo plant, popular in the United States, is often used as a living fence or privacy hedge. As the plant matures, the stems turn completely yellow. Yellow bamboo can grow up to 33 feet tall and is classified as a running bamboo, which means it will spread rapidly if it is not contained by a barrier when planted.
Choose a location that is in full sun or partial shade. Yellow bamboo grows best if it is exposed to at least 6 hours of sunlight per day. If your area suffers from cold temperatures and strong winds, choose a protected location for your bamboo plant--perhaps near a wall or next to a fence.
Set the plant in a shady area and mist the leaves and roots with water while you are preparing the planting zone.
Dig a hole with a shovel that is just an inch or so wider and deeper as the root ball. Then, use a pick to break up the sides of the hole. This creates openings for the bamboo's rhizomes.
Set the yellow bamboo plant in the hole so that the top of the roots are level with the surface of the ground. Fill in around the plant with the soil you removed from the hole.
Water the plant thoroughly. Create a slight depression around the plant, which will act as a basin to catch water. Then, surround the plant with a thick layer of mulch. Continue to water on a regular basis, letting the top of the soil dry slightly between waterings. Dip the tip of your finger into the soil. If the top inch or so is dry, it's time to water.
If you want to stop the bamboo from spreading, dig a trench around the plant and insert a plastic bamboo barrier, which are sold at most garden centers.
Related Articles
- If you want to stop the bamboo from spreading, dig a trench around the plant and insert a plastic bamboo barrier, which are sold at most garden centers.
Things Needed
- Spray bottle with mist setting
- Shovel
- Pick
- Mulch
- Watering tools


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Content Area 1: Global Prehistory
- Click on the banner above for Required Image Set. Remember, all image sets, handouts, lecture PowerPoints and assignments are available in Google Drive.
11 ARTWORKS - 4% of AP EXAM
TEST SCHEDULED FOR WEDNESDAY, 8/28. It will cover Art Basics & Content Area 1 (Global Prehistory)
Global Prehistory
Paleolithic Art:
30,000-8,000 BCE in the Near East
"Old Stone Age" 30,000-4,000 BCE in Europe
(Venus of Willendorf, Lascaux Caves)
Hunter-Gatherers, Nomadic
Neolithic Art: 8,000- 3,000 BCE in the Near East
"New Stone Age" 4,000- 2,000 BCE in Europe
Agriculture, raised livestock, organized settlements
- Earliest works are cave paintings and portable sculptures
- Conjectures are made about the meaning of prehistoric works
- No one single function and the purpose can only be guessed
- Monuments like Stonehenge show that people were able to build structures made of the post and lintel system.
- The need to create is one of the strongest human impulses.
- Focus on materials indigenous to the environment/geography
- Since context is largely unknown, focus on original location and content
Mrs. McConnell's lectures on Global Prehistory, Parts 1-3
For first test, review the Elements of Art & Principles of Design on the
Introduction page. (including Formal Analysis - CCFF).
* Need to know dates & Key ideas
* Visit Khan Academy's SmartHistory AP Art History section on Global Prehistory.
* Characteristics of artworks/architecture
* Artwork List (in Google Drive PowerPoints)
* Q Cards & Snapshot Sheets with Images
* Vocabulary
* YouTube: Stonehenge
* Visit the Bradshaw Foundation's website for more in-depth information on the Lascaux Caves.
* Smithsonian Article: "Showing Their Age: Dating Fossils and Artifacts that Mark the Great Human Migration"
* Stonehenge timeline (with pictures) of phases of the building of the monument by English Heritage
Thank you so much to Lynn Wilkinson, Mary McConnell, Valerie Park and Martha Kunz for all their quidance and resources.


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(From the left: KAM DE ZHENG, LEE HUEI MIIN, TAN YOKE WEN, THONG MENG WEI, WONG GAH JUNN, LIM CHSING CHSING, FONG YEE CHIN, CHEW ZHI YING)
The inauguration ceremony and the first Annual General Meeting of Malaysia Alumni Association of Fudan University (FDU) was held in the conference room of MY STAR TEA CITY in Kuala Lumpur Sun Plaza on January 24th, 2016. THONG MENG WEI was electedthe first president of the association at the event.
The purpose of theassociation is to bring together FDU alumni, living in or visiting Malaysia, to reconnect with fellow alumni and to strengthen ties and exchanges with FDU. The association will also help recruiting propaganda and education activities for FDU around the Globe to encourage cultural and academic communication between China and Malaysia.
President THONG MENG WEI said that there have been over 170 Malaysian studying in Fudan University since China's reform and opening up. Alumni are spread across continents. The establishment of Malaysia Alumni Association is expected to cohere the connection between alumniat home and abroad, to promote culture and art exchange, and academic activities between home and China, to offer counseling and mentoring to students who choose to study in Fudan University in the future.
President THONG MENG WEI calls on and welcomes students in Malaysia who have studied in Fudan University in the past to register as members of the alumni association. If you want to join or you have interest to study in FDU for further details, please email@example.com.
The First Council for FDU Alumni Association in Malaysia
President: THONG MENG WEI
Vice President: WONG CHIEW LIN
Secretary: KAM DE ZHENG
Finance: TAN YOKE WEN
General Members: WONG GAH JUNN, CHEW ZHI YING, LEE HUEI MIIN


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Graphics for everything.
Opportunities for everyone.
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- This event has passed.
Habitat Restoration Crew
May 11, 2019 at 8:00 am - 12:00 pmFree
How can you get your exercise for the day while helping to improve the natural habitats in Mission Trails at the same time? By coming out to lend a hand on our monthly Habitat Restoration Crew! When? Every 2nd Saturday (except July and August, due to extreme heat) from 8 a.m. to 12 noon (at the latest).
Please be sure to wear long pants and sturdy, closed-toe shoes. Also, please bring work gloves (if you have some), sun protection and a water bottle to refill. Ice water, Gatorade and snacks will be provided.
General meeting location is in the Day Use Parking Lot at the Kumeyaay Lake Campground. For more information on the exact project location, please contact Ranger Heidi at 619-668-3279.
This event is suitable for adults and children ages 16+.
Presented by Mission Trails Regional Park


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Chantelle Hernandez-Garcia, FNP-C
Practitioner Hernandez is a certified Family Nurse Practitioner. Born and raised on the Southside of San Antonio, TX. At the age of 18 she chose to serve our great nation and joined the US Navy. During her service the majority of her time was spent in Sasebo, Japan followed by Jackson- ville, FL where she met her husband Luis, who is still active duty military. She received her bachelors in Nursing and Masters in Nursing, specializing as a Family Nurse Practi- tioner from Chamberlain University.
She is currently attending University of Texas at Austin to complete her Doctorate in Nursing. Hook 'em Horns!! Her background as a RN includes emergency medicine, critical care and rehab. In her free time she enjoys trying new vegan cuisine in the area, working out and spending time with her family and three dogs.


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This page comes after the next one. They're out of order.
Used again by a woman. An oft-told story.
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Still, the German airlines that received their planes don't seem too eager to wipe out the Air Berlin livery...
|from a couple of week's ago, B738 D-ABMV performing a Eurowings flight
|from a couple of week's ago, B738 D-ABMV performing a Eurowings flight
|N62TS em voo...neste caso, sabia bem um vídeo, já que o som destas velhas glórias é algo de fantástico :)
Aparentemente está em manutenção profunda...a ver se regressa aos céus nos próximos tempos
|coming to a stop, after landing on runway 05
|arriving to the stand
|Hope your pics turned out great..Happy flying! ;)
|15133 with the Jaguar on the tail (301 Sqn Symbol), together with a 502 Sqn C-295
|D-AGER coming to a stop on runway 23
|A319 D-ASTJ and D-AGER...
Germania is a regular presence at Madeira with a few weekly flights from various origins
A shot that's an exemple on the fleet change as the B737 are leaving the fleet towards an Airbus fleet, which should receive some NEO's in a close future.
|B738 EI-FHK touching down 05...unfortunatelly, white tail...
|taxiing to the apron through Bravo with some dark clouds behind...the sun wouldn't last much more...
|TAP A321 CS-TJE chegando ao stand, em Zurique (LSZH / ZRH)
|Smoke on startup...
|push-back to runway 23
|Photo of the Week: A320 D-AIZR departing from runway 23, back to Dusseldorf
|entering the apron with some nice reflection on the fuselage
|finalizando o push-back
|descolagem da 23...
|Falcon 50 17402 da Força Aérea Portuguesa, operado pela Esquadra 504
|A320 D-ABHC landing on runway 05 still with some sun, a plane that flew previously with Air Berlinm with One World titles...check HERE
|coming to a stop with TAP A320 CS-TNY starting to taxi as the sun also goes away...
|entering the stand
|chegada ao stand...quantos de vocês já tentaram ler aquele código QR? :)
|com o outro destaque do dia a sair: o A332 da TAP CS-TOG, descolando bastante cedo da 05 para Lisboa
|push-back para a 05


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SpectaSport, a leading race chip timing company and promoter of two points series for running races in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, has announced that GetPhound Digital Marketing has renewed it's series sponsorship for 2019. "I'm ecstatic to have GetPhound back on board for the 2019 GetPhound Fall Points Series," said SpectaSport President Ken Getchell. "I know first-hand the quality of their … [Read more...]
SpectaSport Announces GetPhound Fall Points Series for Runners
SpectaSport Announces GetPhound Fall Points Series for Runners Cash Prizes at "Seasonal and Regional" Point Series for Age Group Runners Press Contact Information: Ken Getchell, President SpectaSport LLC 610-306-0574 (c) email@example.com FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: July 9, 2018; Conshohocken, PA: SpectaSport, the leading race chip timing company located in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, has … [Read more...]
Remembering A Member of the SpectaSport Community
With heavy hearts, we're remembering the life of Jesse Petersen, the original developer of the SpectaSport website, who lost his battle with cystic fibrosis earlier this month. Jesse was an incredible soul and a huge part of how SpectaSport became what it is today. Jesse lived in Florida, with his wife and two children, but even with a long-distance business relationship, we knew he was … [Read more...]
Fun 5K Races in NJ: How To Also Make Them Safe
New Jersey is home to hundreds of charity run/walks each year. There are mud runs, themed runs, food runs, family runs and many more. In fact, here are a few fun 5K races in NJ we have scheduled for the fall of 2017 that are all both a good time and supporting good causes. The Beulah Murphy Foundation 5K Run/Walk for Cervical Cancer September 17, 2017 in Rahway, NJ This race is in its … [Read more...]
The Fyre Festival Disaster: What Went Wrong According to A Professional Organizer
By now you've probably heard of the major disaster music-festival-turned-apocalyptic-meltdown Fyre Festival. If not, take a second to read this, or we can tell you the highlights: what was supposed to be a 2-day music festival with gourmet food and luxury lodging on private island, turned into a mess of bad weather, cheap tents, gross food and no music—all for a ticket pricebetween … [Read more...]


text: 2 0 By admin In GrowPosted August 26, 2019Imposter Syndrome or Messages To Do Better?This is my first blog post in a pretty long time. I stopped doing what I love most (writing) because of what I have the most (imposter syndrome). So today they're going to walk down the [...] READ MORE


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RAB's terror in Bangladesh
Rapid Action Battalion [RAB], the most notorious Para military forces in Bangladesh, which is known for its atrocities through extra judicial killing, abduction, rape and collecting ransom, has finally shown its nasty fang with Weekly Blitz editor, Salah Uddin Shoaib Choudhury.
Internationally known award winning [recipient of PEN USA Freedom to Write Award in 2005; AJC Moral Courage Award in 2006; Monaco Media Award in 2007 and Key to Engleewood City and Honorary Citizenship - USA in 2007] anti Jihadist journalist Shoaib Choudhury was kidnapped by a heavily armed gang of RAB led by Captain Shafiq on Tuesday evening.
When RAB stormed the Weekly Blitz office, they locked the editor including other employees of the newspaper and its sister concerns inside a room, seizing all cell phones and not allowing any communication, friends or legal counsel.
Almost after an hour and a half, members of the armed men took Salah Uddin Shoaib Choudhury and another senior member of the newspaper, Mahboob Ar Rahman with them while they looted cash and other valuables from the newspaper office. On arriving at the ground floor of the building, where Weekly Blitz office is located, RAB men blindfolded Mr. Choudhury. Before leaving Weekly Blitz office with the editor and other journalist, RAB's officer reportedly known to be Major Swapan, who is the Deputy Director of RAB-3 passed extremely offensive remarks on journalists and newspapers. Captain Shafiq also abused and humiliated Weekly Blitz editor and other members of the newspaper.
Salah Uddin Shoaib Choudhury and Mahboob Ar Rahman were taken to RAB-3 office and were detained there for hours. RAB men verbally abused Choudhury during these hours, repeatedly calling him a "Zionist spy and agent of the Jews". They used expletives to refer to journalists against whom RAB has a record of harassing, and the United States Congress, which passed a resolution in Shoaib's support. The verbal assault, which included numerous threats, continued for another three hours until someone RAB described as a "high government official" telephoned and ordered them to release him."
It is also learnt from the Weekly Blitz editor that RAB men demanded heavy ransom from him while Captain Shafiq told him [the editor] that he [Shafiq] is a notorious man, who has killed 29 people in the name of 'encounter', a regular practice of RAB for killing people. Shafiq and Shaidul Islam alias Swapan asked Mr. Choudhury to work as 'source' for RAB. When Weekly Blitz editor said, it is not his job to work as any source or spy for any organization, RAB men threatened that, they would do the same thing with him in future.
The matter was immediately notified with the Director General of Rapid Action Battalion and other senior officials of the government. But, there is no action yet taken against the RAB team till filling this report.
Meanwhile, Weekly Blitz editor Salah Uddin Shoaib Choudhury has sent letters to the Chief Advisor, Army Chief and other officials in Bangladesh seeking immediate investigation and necessary actions against the culprits of RAB-3 for such notoriety.
On condition of anonymity, a highly placed source within Rapid Action Battalion told Weekly Blitz that, many officials of the RAB-3 unit are greatly involved in series of criminal activities, including collecting ransom. They maintain close links with some criminal gangs as well in either making money or trapping innocent people and finally end up in extracting money. It is further learnt that, inside RAB-3 compound, most of the interrogation rooms [which are openly seen] are equipped with torturing apparatuses and many of the RAB-3 men are accused of rapid females during interrogation.
It may be further mentioned here that, since its creation, RAB has so far killed more than one thousand people in the name of encounter. More than eighty-six females had already been raped in RAB custody.
By a correspondent in Dhaka


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Fordyce spots or Sebaceous Prominence is a skin condition widely spread in both men and women. These spots are in fact a result of the obstruction of a sebaceous gland which prevents the discharge of the sebum from the body. This determines some bumps to form on the surface of the skin in areas such as the shaft of the penis, the scrotum, labia or even on the lips.
Fordyce spots are harmless, painless and asymptomatic so they should be no cause for concern. However, people who notice these lesions on visible and sensitive areas such as the genital area or the lips might suffer emotionally because it makes them insecure about their condition and their partner's reaction. This is precisely the reason why some people require a professional consultation and their removal, for cosmetic reasons.
Since they are not health threatening, practitioners do not usually recommend their patients to undergo any treatment against Fordyce spots. However, the specialists at Renew Skin and Health Clinic can suggest you some treatments if your Fordyce spots are highly visible. One of the simplest treatments is applying Tretinoin cream or gel on the affected area and combining it with alpha-hydroxyl acid which ensures faster results. However, there is a risk of getting scars as a result of using this cream, depending on the patient's skin sensitivity.
Electrodessication with radiosurgery is a non-surgical procedure used by our specialists at Renew Skin and Health Clinic and it implies the use of high-frequency electric current on the affected area which has a dehydrating effect on the bumps. Or, you can also opt for laser therapy which makes use of a CO2 laser or pulsed dye laser to vaporize the tiny spots on the skin. Both of these procedures are minimally invasive and should ensure the expected results.
Cryosurgery can also be an option in severe cases of Fordyce spots. This procedure implies the application of extreme cold to destroy the bumps on the skin. However, this method can damage the tissues surrounding the spots.
Men and women who want to immediately get rid of their Fordyce spots can contact our Renew Skin and Health Clinic Head Office and benefit from a professional consultation at the closest clinic in their area. Our specialists can recommend you one of the most effective procedures for Fordyce spots removal in case their aspect is extremely unaesthetic. What you have to remember though, is that being a cosmetic procedure, Fordyce spots removal is not covered up by the NHS.


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Northern Lighthouse Board - Procurement Portal
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UK-Edinburgh: Telemetry and terminal equipment.
Section I: Contracting authority/entity (as stated in the original notice)
I.1) Name and addresses
Northern Lighthouse Board
84 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 3DA, United Kingdom
Tel. +44 1314733131, Email: email@example.com
Contact: Colin Brolly
Main Address: http://nlb.org.uk
NUTS Code: UKM
Section II: Object (as stated in the original notice)
II.1) Scope of the procurement
II.1.1) Title: Aids to Monitoring System Reference number: Not Provided
II.1.2) Main CPV code:
32440000 - Telemetry and terminal equipment.
II.1.3) Type of contract: SERVICES
II.1.4) Short Description: The proposed monitoring system will capture real-time and historical digital and analogue telemetry data from site based instrumentation, analyse it and make decisions on whether to raise alerts, alarms etc. based on pre-configured criteria. Sites will include multiple major and minor lighthouses, buoys, DGPS, AIS stations and buildings.
Section VI: Complementary information
V1.5) Date of dispatch of this notice: 14/12/2018
VI.6) Original notice reference:
Notice Reference: 2018 - 228884
Notice number in OJ S: Not Provided
Date of dispatch of the original notice: 16/11/2018
Section VII: Changes
VII.1) Information to be changed or added
VII.1.1) Reason for change: Modification of original information submitted by the contracting authority
VII.1.2) Text to be corrected in original notice No: 1
Section Number: IV 2.7
Place of text to be modified: Amend the return date.
Instead of:
Date: 19/12/2018
Local Time: 12:00
Date: 07/01/2019
Local Time: 14:00
VII.2) Other additional information: The contracting authority considers that this contract may be suitable for economic operators that are small or medium enterprises (SMEs). However, any selection of tenderers will be based solely on the criteria set out for the procurement.
Can tenderers please note that we have extended the return date to Monday 7th January 2019 at 1400 hours.
To view this notice, please click here:
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Pool Fences
An innovative pool safety net system with a 40-year plus proven safety record. No child has ever drowned in a swimming pool protected by a correctly installed Katchakid. Our pool safety nets meet strict ASTM safety codes and make it easy to enjoy your pool safely with color options and easy removal and replacement.LEARN MORE


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Heat & cold need much more study, but heat shows promise
PainSci summary of Malanga 2015?This page is one of thousands in the PainScience.com bibliography. It is not a general article: it is focused on a single scientific paper, and it may provide only just enough context for the summary to make sense. Links to other papers and more general information are provided at the bottom of the page, as often as possible. ★★★☆☆?3-star ratings are for typical studies with no more (or less) than the usual common problems. Ratings are a highly subjective opinion, and subject to revision at any time. If you think this paper has been incorrectly rated, please let me know.
Although it's 2015, "most recommendations for the use of heat and cold therapy are based on empirical experience," not evidence, because the only evidence we have is still "limited." Malinga, Yang, and Stark review the alleged benefits of heat and cold: pain relief for both, of course, plus ice reduces "blood flow, edema, inflammation, muscle spasm, and metabolic demand," while heating increases "blood flow, metabolism, and elasticity of connective tissues." Even these aren't well-tested, and there are other possibilities that haven't been tested at all.
Based on a handful of relevant trials, they concluded that "heat-wrap therapy provides short-term reductions in pain and disability in patients with acute low back pain and provides significantly greater pain relief of DOMS than does cold therapy."
But the main take-home message from this paper is just "much more study needed."
original abstract†Abstracts here may not perfectly match originals, for a variety of technical and practical reasons. Some abstacts are truncated for my purposes here, if they are particularly long-winded and unhelpful. I occasionally add clarifying notes. And I make some minor corrections.
Nonpharmacological treatment strategies for acute musculoskeletal injury revolve around pain reduction and promotion of healing in order to facilitate a return to normal function and activity. Heat and cold therapy modalities are often used to facilitate this outcome despite prevalent confusion about which modality (heat vs cold) to use and when to use it. Most recommendations for the use of heat and cold therapy are based on empirical experience, with limited evidence to support the efficacy of specific modalities. This literature review provides information for practitioners on the use of heat and cold therapies based on the mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and the medical evidence to support their clinical use. The physiological effects of cold therapy include reductions in pain, blood flow, edema, inflammation, muscle spasm, and metabolic demand. There is limited evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) supporting the use of cold therapy following acute musculoskeletal injury and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The physiological effects of heat therapy include pain relief and increases in blood flow, metabolism, and elasticity of connective tissues. There is limited overall evidence to support the use of topical heat in general; however, RCTs have shown that heat-wrap therapy provides short-term reductions in pain and disability in patients with acute low back pain and provides significantly greater pain relief of DOMS than does cold therapy. There remains an ongoing need for more sufficiently powered high-quality RCTs on the effects of cold and heat therapy on recovery from acute musculoskeletal injury and DOMS.
related content
- "Is ice right? Does cryotherapy improve outcome for acute soft tissue injury?," N C Collins, Emerg Med J, 2008.
These two articles on PainScience.com cite Malanga 2015 as a source:
- Icing for Injuries, Tendinitis, and Inflammation — Become a cryotherapy master
- Save Yourself from Plantar Fasciitis! — Plantar fasciitis explained in great detail, including every possible treatment option, and all supported by recent scientific research
This page is part of the PainScience BIBLIOGRAPHY, which contains plain language summaries of thousands of scientific papers & others sources. It's like a highly specialized blog. A few highlights:
- Effectiveness of customised foot orthoses for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Munteanu 2015 Br J Sports Med.
- A Bayesian model-averaged meta-analysis of the power pose effect with informed and default priors: the case of felt power. Gronau 2017 Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology.
- The neck and headaches. Bogduk 2014 Neurol Clin.
- Agreement of self-reported items and clinically assessed nerve root involvement (or sciatica) in a primary care setting. Konstantinou 2012 Eur Spine J.
- Effect of NSAIDs on Recovery From Acute Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Morelli 2017 Am J Sports Med.


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Cure Arthritis Naturally
8.37. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc: Functional overlay, continued: (5) Note the amount of rotation required to produce pain in the back. Now ask the patient to keep his hands firmly at his sides and repeat: the major part of the movement will now take place in the legs. Pain occurring with the same amount of apparent rotation again suggests overlay. In many centres, if three or more of the preceding tests are positive surgery is considered to be contraindicated.
8.38. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc: Reverse Lasegue test
(1) The patient should be prone. Flex each knee in turn. This gives rise to pain in the appropriate distributions (by stretching of femoral nerve roots) in high lumbar disc lesions.
8.39. Reverse Lasegue (2): The pain produced in such a test, if positive, is normally aggravated by extension of the hip, and this should be noted. Attempt this with the knee flexed to 90° (illustrated) and also fully flexed. High disc lesions are rare compared with those affecting the L5-S1 and L4-L5 spaces. Note also that pain in the ipsilateral buttock or thigh on full knee flexion may occur in more distally situated disc prolapses.
8.40. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc (2): Look for further evidence of neurological involvement. A reduced or absent tendon reflex is a highly significant finding accompanying positive straight leg raising or positive reverse Lasegue tests, but in practice confirmatory findings of this nature may not be present. Although two spinal segments are involved in both the knee and ankle reflexes, it is common practice to assess the integrity of L4 by the presence of the knee jerk (B), and that of si by the ankle jerk (A).
8.41. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc (3): Root pressure from a disc may affect myotomes and dermatomes in a rather selective fashion (see Segmental Innervation). Note the presence of any muscle wasting. Ask the patient to dorsiflex both feet. Now attempt to force them into plantarflexion against his resistance (L4, 5).
8.42. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc (3): Shift the grip to the great toes and test the power of dorsiflexion. Repeat with the lesser toes (L4. 5). Note that many regard weakness of dorsiflexion of the great toe as a most sensitive test of the L5 root alone, a root where there is no appropriate tendon reflex available for assessment. Now test the power of plantarflexion of the great and lesser toes (SI, 2).
8.43. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc (4): Encircle the feet with the hands and test the power of the peronei against the patient's resistance (L5, SI). Test the power of the quadriceps (L3, 4) when a high disc lesion is suspected. Note that prolonged muscle weakness will be accompanied by muscle wasting. Look for this clinically, and if you suspect it compare the girths of both the calves.
8.44. Suspected prolapsed intervertebral disc (5): Test sensation to pinprick in the dermatomes of the lower limb. Test perineal sensation in suspected central disc prolapse. Diminution of sensation at the side of the foot (SI) is one of the commonest findings (see also Segmental and Peripheral Nerves of the Limbs). Note also that stocking anaesthesia may be found in diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease, and is not necessarily evidence of a nonorganic problem.
8.45. Suspected thoracic cord compression: This may be crudely assessed by testing the abdominal reflexes. Use a blunt object such as the handle of a tendon hammer to stroke the skin in each paraumbilical skin quadrant. Failure of the umbilicus to twitch in the direction of the stimulated quadrant suggests cord compression on that side at the appropriate level. (The muscles of the upper quadrants are supplied by T7-10, and the lower by T10-L1.)
8.46. Suspected thoracic motor root dysfunction: Beevor's sign: The patient is asked to place his hands behind his head, flex his knees, and sit up. Movement of the umbilicus to one side (and up or down) suggests that the abdominal muscles on that side are unopposed, i.e. there is weakness on the opposite side. (See Frame 45 for the relevant muscle innervation.) This may result from nerve root compression by an osteophyte, from a local tumour, poliomyelitis or spinal dysraphism.
8.47. Suspected ankylosing spondylitis: Check the patient's chest expansion at the level of the fourth interspace. The normal range in an adult of average build is at least 6 cm. Less than 2.5 cm is regarded as highly suggestive of ankylosing spondylitis. In addition, look for evidence of iritis, which is often associated with this condition.
8.48. Suspected sacroiliac joint involvement (1): Flex the hip and knee and forcibly adduct the hip. Pain may accompany this manoeuvre in early ankylosing spondylitis, tuberculosis and other infections, and Reiter's syndrome, but many false positives do occur with this test.
8.49. Suspected sacroiliac joint involvement (2): Note whether pain is produced by pelvic compression or by trying to 'open out' the pelvis with the thumbs hooked round the anterior spines. Alternatively, with the patient in the prone position, place the side of one hand over the sacrum and upper natal cleft: press down hard, using the other hand to assist. True sacroiliac pain may occur in women shortly before and after childbirth.
8.50. Abdominal examination: This is an essential part of the investigation of all cases of back pain. Rectal or vaginal examination may be required on the indication of the history and any other elements in the case. The sacrococcygeal joint may be examined by first grasping the coccyx between the index (in the rectum) and the thumb outside, and then gently moving the joint. In coccydynia, marked pain normally accompanies this manoeuvre.
8.51. Circulation: The peripheral pulses and circulation should also be checked in all cases. Back and leg pain caused by arterial insufficiency is usually aggravated by activity, and absence of femoral pulsation is of particular significance.
8.53. Radiographs (l):An anteroposterior and lateral are the standard projections for both the lumbar and thoracic spine. Localized views of the lumbosacral junction are a useful addition. This is a typical example of a normal lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine. In filling out the request card, if a specific-area is under suspicion state this if possible, so that the central ray of the projection can be appropriately positioned.
8.54. Radiographs (2): Normal lateral thoracic spine.
8.52. Sedimentation rate: Estimation of the sedimentation rate is a valuable screening test in the investigation of all spinal complaints. It is normal in prolapsed intervertebral disc, mechanical back pain, spinal stenosis and Scheuermann's disease, but elevated in ankylosing spondylitis, many infections and neoplasms. It is best if 25 mm is taken as the upper limit of normal. False positives are not uncommon, but false negatives are rare.
8.55. Radiographs (3): In the lateral, note first the lumbar curve: (A) typical normal; (B) loss of lordosis (most often seen in prolapsed intervertebral disc as a result of protective muscle spasm, but not confirmatory).
8.56. Radiographs (4): In the thoracic spine note (Ala typical normal curve; (B) an increased but regular curve typical of senile kyphosis. Scheuermann's disease is another frequent cause of a regular dorsal kyphosis. Kyphosis may be measured on the radiographs with the technique for assessing scoliosis (see later). 45° is taken as the upper limit of normal.
8.57. Radiographs (5): In both the lumbar and the thoracic spine note any sharp alteration in the curvature (angular kyphosis), found typically where there is pathology restricted to one or two vertebral bodies, e.g. from fractures. TB or other infections, tumour, osteoporosis and osteomalacia with local vertebral body collapse.
8.58. Radiographs (6): Now look at the shape of the bodies and the size of the discs. Compare with the bodies and disc spaces above and below. The following are normal in the child's spine: (A) anterior clefts, (B) anterior notches, (C) incomplete fusion of elements, (D) epiphyses, (E) vascular tracks (which may persist).
8.59. Radiographs (7): Note (A) disc calcification; (B) the typical appearance of Scheuermann's disease, with (C) kyphosis,
(D) anterior wedging of not less than 5° involving at least three sequential vertebrae,
(E) ragged appearance of the epiphyses. Note
(F) a central disc herniation (Schmorl's node); this is not always associated with Scheuermann's disease.
8.60. Radiographs (8): Note (A): disc narrowing at any level in the spine is the earliest evidence of tuberculosis and other infections: (B) Narrowing at L5-S1 and, less commonly, in the two spaces above occurs in long-standing disc lesions and is often associated with anterior lipping.
8.61. Radiographs (9); Note (A) increased density and the 'picture-frame' appearance of the vertebra] bodies in Paget's disease; (Bl marked narrowing and increased density seen in Calve's disease (vertebra plana); (C) any space-occupying lesion in a vertebral body (usually due to tumour or infection (but note Schmorl's nodes)); (D) corner vertebra] erosions (Romanus lesions), seen in ankylosing spondylitis.
8.62. Radiographs (10): Note the relationship of each vertebra to its neighbour. In particular, note (A) spondylolisthesis (see also later); (B) retro.spondylolisthesis (usually associated with disc degeneration).
8.63. Radiographs (11): Lipping is seen in chronic disc lesions, mainly at L5-S1. but also at the other rarer disc prolapse sites. Note (A) anterior lipping; (B) posterior lipping. Lipping is also the main feature (at all levels) of osteoarthritis. Note (C) impingement of spinous processes ('kissing spines').
8.64. Radiographs (12): Normal anteroposterior view of the lumbar spine.
8.65. Radiographs (13): Normal anteroposterior view of the thoracic spine.
8.66. Radiographs (14): In the anteroposterior view note the presence of any congenital abnormalities, such as (A) congenita] vertebral fusion, often associated with a congenita] scoliosis; (B) anterior spina bifida, in which there is failure of fusion of the vertebral body elements (this is usually symptom free).
8.67. Radiographs (15): Note also any anomalies of the lumbosacral articulation, such as (C) partial sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra, a possible cause of low back pain. Note also (D) the presence of (posterior) spina bifida.
8.68. Radiographs (16): Note (A) the presence of any localized lateral angulation of the spine due to lateral vertebral collapse, e.g. from fracture, infection, tumour, osteoporosis or other causes: (B) hemivertebra, a common cause of congenital scoliosis (note that, as illustrated, this is usually associated with an extra rib).
8.69. Radiographs (17): Look at the soft tissue shadows at the sides of the vertebrae, observing, for example, the fusiform increased density typical of a tuberculous abscess. Note disc obliteration and early lateral wedging.
8.70. Radiographs (18): Examine the psoas shadows for symmetry. Lateral displacement of the edge of the shadow, and increased density within the main area occupied by psoas, suggests a psoas abscess, typically found in tuberculosis of the lumbar or lowermost thoracic spine.
8.71. Radiographs (19): Look for lateral lipping. (A); at D12-LI it may be an early sign of ankylosing spondylitis, but there and elsewhere it usually indicates osteoarthritis. 'Bamboo spine' (B) is diagnostic of ankylosing spondylitis. Note any body and facet joint fusions and ligament calcification.
8.72. Radiographs (20): Look at the sacroiliac joints. (A) Unilateral involvement (sclerosis, cystic changes or obliteration) may occur in tuberculosis and other infections. Any asymmetry should be investigated by oblique projections and. if necessary, tomography or CT scans. Bilateral involvement (B) is common in ankylosing spondylitis, and should always be sought when this condition is suspected.
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This report may be oh so welcome especially if theres no doctor in the house Take Charge of Your Arthritis Now in less than 5-Minutes the time it takes to make an appointment with your healthcare provider Could you use some help understanding arthritis Maybe a little gentle, bedside manner in your battle for joint pain relief would be great Well, even if you are not sure if arthritis is the issue with you or your friend or loved one.


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How does a technical writer use FogBugz?
I'm evaluating FogBugz. I can mostly see how it could fit into our structure, but I have one question that I haven't been able to figure out.
Don Benson
Alexandre B. Corrêa
That sounds easiest -- all you have to do is create a DOC area or project, and all you really need to do is describe the bug as "Document bug 1234" -- which will automatically create a hyperlink. That way the companion doc bug can be handled independently of the main bug.
Joel Spolsky
Alexandre B. Corrêa
Thanks for your thoughts, Alexandre and Joel. I'm going to review this idea with our documentation people.
Don Benson
Fog Creek Home


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The following is a partial client list:
- The Business Institute with Lansing Community College
- MACET (Michigan Association of Continuing Education and Training)
- Michigan Realtors Leadership Academy
- Small Business Development Center
- Maple Leaf Regional Investors
- Distinctive Realty
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Women's Life Society Grand Blanc
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