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To a certain degree, Eastern Boundary Current (EBC) ecosystems are similar: Cold bottom water from moderate depths, rich in nutrients, is transported to the euphotic zone by a combination of trade winds, Coriolis force and Ekman transport. The resultant high primary production fuels a rich secondary production in the upper pelagic and nearshore zones, but where O sub(2) exchange is restricted, it creates oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) at shelf and upper slope (Humboldt and Benguela Current) or slope depths (California Current). These hypoxic zones host a specifically adapted, small macro- and meiofauna together with giant sulphur bacteria that use nitrate to oxydise H sub(2)S. In all EBC, small polychaetes, large nematodes and other opportunistic benthic species have adapted to the hypoxic conditions and co-exist with sulphur bacteria, which seem to be particularly dominant off Peru and Chile. However, a massive reduction of macrobenthos occurs in the core of the OMZ. In the Humboldt Current area the OMZ ranges between <100 and about 600 m, with decreasing thickness in a poleward direction. The OMZ merges into better oxygenated zones towards the deep sea, where large cold-water mega- and macrofauna occupy a dominant role as in the nearshore strip. The Benguela Current OMZ has a similar upper limit but remains shallower. It also hosts giant sulphur bacteria but little is known about the benthic fauna. However, sulphur eruptions and intense hypoxia might preclude the coexistence of significant mega- und macrobenthos. Conversely, off North America the upper limit of the OMZ is considerably deeper (e.g., 500-600 m off California and Oregon), and the lower boundary may exceed 1000m. The properties described are valid for very cold and cold (La Nina and "normal") ENSO conditions with effective upwelling of nutrient-rich bottom water. During warm (El Nino) episodes, warm water masses of low oxygen concentration from oceanic and equatorial regions enter the upwelling zones, bringing a variety of (sub)tropical immigrants. The autochthonous benthic fauna emigrates to deeper water or poleward, or suffers mortality. However, some local macrofaunal species experience important population proliferations, presumably due to improved oxygenation (in the southern hemisphere), higher temperature tolerance, reduced competition or the capability to use different food. Both these negative and positive effects of el Nino influence local artisanal fisheries and the livelihood of coastal populations. In the Humboldt Current system the hypoxic seafloor at outer shelf depths receives important flushing from the equatorial zone, causing havoc on the sulphur bacteria mats and immediate recolonisation of the sediments by mega- and macrofauna. Conversely, off California, the intruding equatorial water masses appear to have lower oxygen than ambient waters, and may cause oxygen deficiency at upper slope depths. Effects of this change have not been studied in detail, although shrimp and other taxa appear to alter their distribution on the continental margin. Other properties and reactions of the two Pacific EBC benthic ecosystems to el Nino seem to differ, too, as does the overall impact of major episodes (e.g., 1982/1983(1984) vs. 1997/1998). The relation of the "Benguela Nino" to ENSO seems unclear although many Pacific- Atlantic ocean and atmosphere teleconnections have been described. Warm, low- oxygen equatorial water seems to be transported into the upwelling area by similar mechanisms as in the Pacific, but most major impacts on the eukaryotic biota obviously come from other, independent perturbations such as an extreme eutrophication of the sediments ensuing in sulphidic eruptions and toxic algal blooms. Similarities and differences of the Humboldt and California Current benthic ecosystems are discussed with particular reference to ENSO impacts since 1972/73. Where there are data available, the authors include the Benguela Current ecosystem as another important, non-Pacific EBC, which also suffers from the effects of hypoxia.
Emplacement of a tracer mixture containing C-13-labeled green algae on the sea floor of the continental slope offshore of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, elicited a rapid response over 1.5 d from the dense benthic community. Certain deposit-feeding annelids (e.g. Scalibregma inflatum and Aricidea quadrilobata) became heavily labeled with C-13 as a result Of ingestion of the algae. C-13-labeled organic matter was transported to a depth of at least 4-5 cm into the seabed during the 1.5-d period, presumably as a consequence of a feeding-associated activity. Nonlocal transport produced subsurface peaks in organic C-13 at 2-3 cm. Dissolved inorganic C-13, produced by the oxidation of the labeled algae, penetrated to 10-cm depth. The transport of highly reactive organic matter from the sediment surface at initial velocities greater than or equal to 3 cm d(-1) is expected to be an important control of subsurface benthic processes in slope environments characterized by abundant macrofaunal populations. Anaerobic processes, which are enhanced on the Cape Hatteras slope relative to adjacent areas, may be promoted by the rapid injection of reactive material into subsurface sediments. The transport, in turn, is a consequence of the dense infaunal populations that are supported by the rapid deposition of organic carbon in this region.
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) impinging on continental margins present sharp gradients ideal for testing environmental factors thought to influence C cycling and other benthic processes, and for identifying the roles that biota play in these processes. Here we introduce the objectives and initial results of a multinational research program designed to address the influences of water depth, the OMZ (similar to 150-1300 m), and organic matter (OM) availability on benthic communities and processes across the Pakistan Margin of the Arabian Sea. Hydrologic, sediment, and faunal characterizations were combined with in-situ and shipboard experiments to quantify and compare biogeochemical processes and fluxes, OM burial efficiency, and the contributions of benthic communities, across the OMZ. In this introductory paper, we briefly review previous related work in the Arabian Sea, building the rationale for integrative biogeochemical and ecological process studies. This is followed by a summary of individual volume contributions and a brief synthesis of results. Five primary stations were studied, at 140, 300, 940,1200 and 1850 m water depth, with sampling in March-May (intermonsoon) and August-October (late-to-postmonsoon) 2003. Taken together, the contributed papers demonstrate distinct cross-margin gradients, not only in oxygenation and sediment OM content, but in benthic community structure and function, including microbial processes, the extent of bioturbation, and faunal roles in C cycling. Hydrographic studies demonstrated changes in the intensity and extent of the OMZ during the SW monsoon, with a shoaling of the upper OMZ boundary that engulfed the previously oxygenated 140-m site. Oxygen profiling and microbial process rate determinations demonstrated dramatic differences in oxygen penetration and consumption across the margin, and in the relative importance of anaerobic processes, but surprisingly little seasonal change. A broad maximum in sediment OM content occurred on the upper slope, roughly coincident with the OMZ; but the otherwise poor correlation with bottom-water oxygen concentrations indicated that other factors are important in determining sediment OM distributions. Downcore profiles generally showed little clear evidence of in-situ OM alteration, and there was little sign of OM enrichment resulting from the southwest monsoon in sediments collected in the late-to-postmonsoon sampling. This is interpreted to be due to rapid cycling of labile OM. Organic geochemical studies confirmed that sediment OM is overwhelmingly of marine origin across the margin, but also that it is heavily altered, with only small changes in degradation state across the OMZ. More negative stable C isotopic compositions in surficial sediments at hypoxic sites within the OMZ core are attributed to a chemosynthetic bacterial imprint. Dramatic changes in benthic community structure occurred across the lower OMZ transition, apparently related to OM availability and quality as well as to DO concentrations. High-resolution sampling, biomarkers and isotope tracer studies revealed that oxygen availability appears to exert threshold-type controls on benthic community structure and early faunal C processing. Biomarker studies also provided evidence of faunal influence on sediment OM composition. Together, the results offer strong evidence that benthic fauna at sites across the margin play important roles in the early cycling of sediment OM through differential feeding and bioturbation activities. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sediment accumulation rates and biological mixing intensities were determined at three sites on the North Carolina slope based on profiles of naturally occurring C-14, Pb-210 and(234) Th. The three sites all were at a water depth of 850 m with a spacing of 150-180 km between sites. Sediment accumulation rates increase from south to north from values of 7 cm ky(-1) at Site I, to 160 cm ky(-1) at Site II, to 1100 cm ky(-1) at Site III. The organic carbon burial rate at these sites also increases in the northward direction from 0.65 (Site I) to 20 (Site II) to less than or equal to 150 g C-org m(-2) year(-1) (Site III). These data indicate that continental margin environments can exhibit highly variable carbon fluxes over relatively small distances on the seafloor. The rate of organic carbon accumulation at Site III is one of the highest values reported for the marine environment. Based on these accumulation rates and dissolved inorganic carbon flux estimates from each site, the seabed organic carbon preservation efficiency (i.e. the ratio of C-org accumulation rate to C-org deposition rate times 100) was estimated to vary from 6.0% to 54% to 88% at Sites I, II and III, respectively. The C-14 age of organic matter in surface sediments was older at Site III (1800 years BP) than at Sites I and II (800 years BP), indicating that Site III receives a greater proportion of old sediment from either up-slope areas or from terrigenous sources. Inventories of excess Th-234 (half-life of 24 days) were used as a tracer for particle flux covering the 100 days prior to the October 1989, July-August 1990 and August 1991 cruises. The mean Th-234 inventories al the three sites were 4.7 +/- 1.9, 8.4 +/- 6.3 and 23.1 +/- 7.3 dpm cm(-2) for Sites I, II and III, respectively. Profiles of excess Th-234 activity reveal that the biological mixing intensity is greater at Site III (mean D-b = 19 +/- 11 cm(2) year(-1), n = 5) than at either Site I (mean D-b = 6.0 +/- 6.2 cm(2) year(-1) n = 6) or Site II (mean D-b = 4.6 +/- 5.2 cm(2) year(-1), n = 9). In addition to the trend in mixing coefficients, the depth of particle mixing on a 100-day time scale generally is greater at Site III than at the other two sites. These observations of particle mixing intensity are consistent with the northward increase in the mean abundance of macrofauna (>300 microns) from mean values of 9400 m(-2) at Site I, to 21,400 m(-2) at Site II, to 55,500 m(-2) at Site III. For the three study sites off North Carolina, a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.99,p = 0.06) exists between macrofaunal abundance and the organic carbon deposition rate. An equally strong correlation (R(2) = 0.99, P = 0.04) occurs between macrofaunal abundance and the Th-234 inventories (index of 100-day particle flux). Fine-sand size glass tracer beads were dispersed at these three sites by submersible and then the field plots were sampled similar to 1 year later. The vertical distributions of beads at the three sites are consistent with a higher mixing intensity at Site III than at the other two sites, but the estimated mixing coefficients generally are lower than those determined from the profiles of Th-234. The slower mixing of the glass beads may be the result of their low food value and/or their relatively large size (compared to the surrounding fine-grained sediments).
Deep-sea trenches remain one of the least explored ocean ecosystems due to the unique challenges of sampling at great depths. Five submersible dives conducted using the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER submersible generated video of undisturbed deep-sea communities at bathyal (994 m), abyssal (3755 m), and hadal (8228 m) depths in the New Britain Trench, bathyal depths near the Ulithi atoll (1192 m), and hadal depths in the Mariana Trench Challenger Deep (10908 m). The New Britain Trench is overlain by waters with higher net primary productivity (similar to 3-fold) than the Mariana Trench and nearby Ulithi, and receives substantially more allochthonous input from terrestrial sources, based on the presence of terrestrial debris in submersible video footage. Comparisons between trenches addressed how differences in productivity regime influence benthic and demersal deep-sea community structure. In addition, the scavenger community was studied using paired lander deployments to the New Britain (8233 m) and Mariana (10918 m) trenches. Differences in allochthonous input were reflected in epibenthic community abundance, biodiversity, and lifestyle representation. More productive locations were characterized by higher faunal abundances (similar to 2-fold) at both bathyal and hadal depths. In contrast, biodiversity trends showed a unimodal pattern with more food-rich areas exhibiting reduced bathyal diversity and elevated hadal diversity. Hadal scavenging communities exhibited similar higher abundance but also similar to 3-fold higher species richness in the more food-rich New Britain Trench compared to the Mariana Trench. High species- and phylum-level diversity observed in the New Britain Trench suggest that trench environments may foster higher megafaunal biodiversity than surrounding abyssal depths if food is not limiting. However, the absence of fish at our hadal sites suggests that certain groups do have physiological depth limits. Submersible video footage allowed novel in situ observation of holothurian orientation, jellyfish feeding behavior as well as lifestyle preferences for substrate, seafloor and overlying water. This study documents previously unreported species in the New Britain Trench, including an ulmariid scyphozoan (8233 m) and an acrocirrid polychaete (994 m), and reports the first observation of an abundant population of elpidiid holothurians in the Mariana Trench (10908 m). It also provides the first megafaunal community analysis of the world's deepest epibenthic community in the Mariana Trench Challenger Deep, which was composed of elpidiid holothurians, amphipods, and xenophyophores. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Pakistan Margin is characterised by a strong mid-water oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that intercepts the seabed at bathyal depths (150-1300 m). We investigated whether faunal abundance and diversity trends were similar among protists (foraminiferans and gromiids), metazoan macrofauna and megafauna along a transect (140-1850 m water depth) across the OMZ during the 2003 intermonsoon (March-May) and late/post-monsoon (August-October) seasons. All groups exhibited some drop in abundance in the OMZ core (250-500 m water depth; O(2): 0.10-0.13 mL L(-1) = 4.46-5.80 mu M) but to differing degrees. Densities of foraminiferans >63 mu m were slightly depressed at 300 m, peaked at 738 m, and were much lower at deeper stations. Foraminiferans >300 mu m were the overwhelmingly dominant macrofaunal organisms in the OMZ core. Macrofaunal metazoans reached maximum densities at 140 m depth, with additional peaks at 850, 940 and 1850 m where foraminiferans were less abundant. The polychaete Linopherus sp. was responsible for a macrofaunal biomass peak at 950 m. Apart from large swimming animals (fish and natant decapods), metazoan megafauna were absent between 300 and 900 m (O(2) <0.14-0.15 mLL(-1) = 6.25-6.69 mu M) but were represented by a huge, ophiuroid-dominated abundance peak at 1000 m (O(2) similar to 0.15-0.18 mLL(-1) = 6.69-8.03 mu M). Gromiid protists were confined largely to depths below 1150 m (O(2) > 0.2 mLL(-1) = 8.92 mu M). The progressively deeper abundance peaks for foraminiferans (> 63 mu m), Linopherus sp. and ophiuroids probably represent lower OMZ boundary edge effects and suggest a link between body size and tolerance of hypoxia. Macro- and megafaunal organisms collected between 800 and 1100 m were dominated by a succession of different taxa, indicating that the lower part of the OMZ is also a region of rapid faunal change. Species diversity was depressed in all groups in the OMZ core, but this was much more pronounced for macrofauna and megafauna than for foraminiferans. Oxygen levels strongly influenced the taxonomic composition of all faunal groups. Calcareous foraminiferans dominated the seasonally and permanently hypoxic sites (136-300 m); agglutinated foraminiferans were relatively more abundant at deeper stations where oxygen concentrations were >0.13 mLL(-1)( = 5.80 mu M). Polychaetes were the main macrofaunal taxon within the OMZ; calcareous macrofauna, and megafauna (molluscs and echinoderms) were rare or absent where oxygen levels were lowest. The rarity of larger animals between 300 and 700 m on the Pakistan Margin, compared with the abundant macrofauna in the OMZ core off Oman, is the most notable contrast between the two sides of the Arabian Sea. This difference probably reflects the slightly higher oxygen levels and better food quality on the western side. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are widespread features in the most productive regions of the world ocean. A holistic view of benthic responses to OMZ conditions will improve our ability to predict ecosystem-level consequences of climatic trends that influence oxygen availability, such as global warming or ENSO-related events. Four stations off Callao, Peru (-12'S, Station A, 305 m; Station B, 562 m; Station C, 830 nu and Station D, 1210 m) were sampled to examine the influence of the low bottom-water oxygen concentration and high organic-matter availability within the OMZ (O(2) < 0.5 ml L(-1)) on sediments, benthic communities, and bioturbation. Sampling took place during early January 1998, an intense El Ni (n) over tildeo period associated with higher-than-normal levels of O(2) on the shelf and upper slope. Peru slope sediments were highly heterogeneous. Sediment total organic carbon content exceeded 16%, lamination was present below 6 cm depth, and filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thioploca spp.) were present at Station A, (305 m, 0, < 0.02 ml L(-1)). Deeper sites contained phosphorite crusts or pellets and exhibited greater bottom-water oxygenation and lower content and quality of organic matter. X-radiographs and (210)Pb and (234)Th profiles suggested the dominance of lateral transport and bioturbation over pelagic sedimentation at the mid- and lower slope sites. Macrofauna, metazoan meiofauna and foraminifera exhibited coherence of density patterns across stations, with maximal densities (and for macrofauna, reduced diversity) at Station A, where bottom-water oxygen concentration was lowest and sediment labile organic matter content (LOC: sum of protein, carbohydrate and lipid carbon) was greatest. Metazoan and protozoan meiofaunal densities were positively correlated with sediment LOC. The taxa most tolerant of nearly anoxic, organic-rich conditions within the Peru OMZ were calcareous foraminifera, nematodes and gutless phallodrilinid (symbiont-bearing) oligochaetes. Agglutinated foraminifera, harpacticoid copepods, polychaetes and many other macrofaunal taxa increased in relative abundance below the OMZ. During the study (midpoint of the 1997-98 El Ni (n) over tildeo), the upper OMZ boundary exhibited a significant deepening (to 190 m) relative to 'normal', non-El Ni (n) over tildeo conditions (< 100 m), possibly causing a mild, transient oxygenation over the upper slope (200-300 m) and reduction of the organic particle flux to the seabed. Future sampling may determine whether the Peru margin system exhibits dynamic responses to changing ENSO-related conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Most of our knowledge of biodiversity and its causes in the deep-sea benthos derives from regional-scale sampling studies of the macrofauna. Improved sampling methods and the expansion of investigations into a wide variety of habitats have revolutionized our understanding of the deep sea. Local species diversity shows clear geographic variation on spatial scales of 100-1000 km. Recent sampling programs have revealed unexpected complexity in community structure at the landscape level that is associated with large-scale oceanographic processes and their environmental consequences. We review the relationships between variation in local species diversity and the regional-scale phenomena of boundary constraints, gradients of productivity, sediment heterogeneity, oxygen availability, hydrodynamic regimes, and catastrophic physical disturbance. We present a conceptual model of how these interdependent environmental factors shape regional-scale variation in local diversity. Local communities in the deep sea may be composed of species that exist as metapopulations whose regional distribution depends on a balance among global-scale, landscape-scale, and small-scale dynamics. Environmental gradients may form geographic patterns of diversity by influencing local processes such as predation, resource partitioning, competitive exclusion, and facilitation that determine species coexistence. The measurement of deep-sea species diversity remains a vital issue in comparing geographic patterns and evaluating their potential causes. Recent assessments of diversity using species accumulation curves with randomly pooled samples confirm the often-disputed claim that the deep sea supports higher diversity than the continental shelf. However, more intensive quantitative sampling is required to fully characterize the diversity of deep-sea sediments, the most extensive habitat on Earth. Once considered to be constant, spatially uniform, and isolated, deep-sea sediments are now recognized as a dynamic, richly textured environment that is inextricably linked to the global biosphere. Regional studies of the last two decades provide the empirical background necessary to formulate and test specific hypotheses of causality by controlled sampling designs and experimental approaches.
Hydrothermal fluids passing through sediments create a habitat hypothesized to influence the community structure of infaunal macrobenthos. Here we characterize the density, biomass, species composition, diversity, distributions, lifestyle, and nutritional sources of macroinfauna in hydrothermal sediments in NE and SW Pacific settings, and draw comparisons in search of faunal attributes characteristic of this habitat. There is increasing likelihood that seafloor massive sulfide deposits, associated with active and inactive hydrothermal venting, will be mined commercially. This creates a growing imperative for a more thorough understanding of the structure, dynamics, and resilience of the associated sediment faunas, and has stimulated the research presented here. Macrobenthic assemblages were studied at Manus Basin (1430-1634 m, Papua New Guinea [PNG]) as a function of location (South Su vs. Solwara 1), and hydrothermal activity (active vs. inactive), and at Middle Valley (2406-2411 m, near Juan de Fuca Ridge) as a function of habitat (active clam bed, microbial mat, hot mud, inactive background sediment). The studies conducted in PNG formed part of the environmental impact assessment work for the Solwara 1 Project of Nautilus Minerals Niugini Limited. We hypothesized that hydrothermally active sites should support (a) higher densities and biomass, (b) greater dominance and lower diversity, (c) a higher fraction of deposit feeders, and (d) greater isotopic evidence for chemosynthetic food sources than inactive sites. Manus Basin macrofauna generally had low density (<1000ind.m(-2)) and low biomass (0.1-1.07gm(-2)), except for the South Su active site, which had higher density (3494ind.m(-2)) and biomass (11.94gm(-2)), greater dominance (R1D=76%), lower diversity and more spatial (between-core) homogeneity than the Solwara 1 and South Su inactive sites. Dominant taxa at Manus Basin were Spionidae (Prionospio sp.) in active sediments, and tanaids and deposit-feeding nuculanoid bivalves in active and inactive sediments. At Middle Valley, hot mud sediments supported few animals (1011 ind m(-2)) and low biomass (1.34g m(-2)), while active clam bed sediments supported a high-density (19,984indm(-2)), high-biomass (4.46gm(-2)), low-diversity assemblage comprised of largely orbiniid and syllid polychaetes. Microbial mat sediments had the most diverse assemblage (mainly orbiniid, syllid, dorvilleid, and ampharetid polychaetes) with intermediate densities (8191 ind m(-2)) and high biomass (4.23 g m(-2)). Fauna at both Manus Basin active sites had heavy delta(13)C signatures (-17 parts per thousand to -13 parts per thousand) indicative of chemosynthetic, TCA-cycle microbes at the base of the food chain. In contrast, photosynthesis and sulfide oxidation appear to fuel most of the fauna at Manus Basin inactive sites (delta(13)C = -29 parts per thousand to -20 parts per thousand) and Middle Valley active clam beds and microbial mats (delta(13)C = -36 parts per thousand to -20 parts per thousand). The two hydrothermal regions, located at opposite ends of the Pacific Ocean, supported different habitats, sharing few taxa at the generic or family level, but both exhibited elevated infaunal density and high dominance at selected sites. Subsurface-deposit feeding and bacterivory were prevalent feeding modes. Both the Manus Basin and Middle Valley assemblages exhibit significant within-region heterogeneity, apparently conferred by variations in hydrothermal activity and associaed biogenic habitats. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A transition from fully laminated to highly bioturbated sediments on continental margins is thought to derive from increased animal activity associated with increasing bottom-water oxygen concentration. We examined faunal community responses to oxygen and organic matter gradients across the lower oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on the bathyal Pakistan margin, where sediments grade from fully laminated sediment at 700m (0.12 mLL(-1) O(2) [5 mu M]) to highly bioturbated sediment at 1100 m (0.23 mLL(-1) O(2) [10 mu M]). High-resolution sampling of the seafloor (every 50 m water depth) was conducted along a single transect during inter- and post-monsoon periods in 2003 to address (a) the existence of oxygen thresholds regulating macrofaunal abundance, composition, diversity and lifestyles, (b) the interactive effects of organic matter quantity and quality, (c) associated community effects on sediment structure, and (d) potential seasonality in these processes. Macrofaunal biomass and bioturbation depth were positively correlated with organic matter availability, which peaked at 850-950 m (3.39-3.53% Org. Q. In contrast, macrofaunal diversity (HI), dominance (RID), and burrow number exhibited threshold responses at oxygen concentrations of 0.12-0.20 mLL(-1) [5-9 mu M]), with few animals and highly laminated sediments present below this concentration and most taxa present in fully bioturbated sediments above it. The highly mobile, burrowing amphinomid polychaete Linopherus sp. exhibited almost complete dominance and high density at 750-850 m (0.12-0.14 mLL(-1) O(2) [5-6 mu M]), but despite its activity, sediment laminae remained faintly visible. Formation of permanent burrows and detritivory were dominant macrofaunal lifestyles within the OMZ, allowing laminae to persist at surprisingly high animal density and biomass. Results reflect a shift from organic matter to oxygen regulation of body size and biogenic structures following the monsoon. This study suggests that for assemblages evolving under permanent severe hypoxia, food availability remains a significant determinant of animal abundance and biogenic structure depth. Oxygen influences patterns of diversity and dominance and interacts with organic matter to generate abrupt faunal transitions on the Pakistan margin. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mudball-building cirratulid polychaetes have been described previously only from the southern California margin. During a study of oxygen minimum-zone benthos in fall 1994, we observed dense aggregations of agglutinated mudballs at 840 to 875 m on the Oman margin in the northwest Arabian Sea. These were inhabited, and probably constructed, by a cirratulid polychaete species in the genus Monticellina. The mudballs were cigar-shaped, 4.5 to 25 mm long, and positioned vertically so as to protrude several millimeters above the sediment-water interface. Total mudball densities were similar to 16000 m(-2). Occupied mudballs occurred at densities of 2112 m(-2); 89% were in the uppermost 2 cm of sediment, and no occupied mudballs were found below 10 cm. Organisms other than the cirratulid were present on 1.7% of the mudballs examined, and included epizoic polychaetes, agglutinated and calcareous Foraminifera. Various polychaetes, a nemertean and nematodes were found inside tests. Mudball abundance exhibited positive associations with densities of several paraonid polychaete species, and with densities of burrowing and subsurface-deposit-feeding polychaetes. Negative associations were observed between mudballs and three tube-building taxa (two polychaetes and an amphipod). Mudball-inhabiting cirratulids are abundant in at least two low-oxygen, margin settings. We expect further sampling of bathyal environments to yield additional systems in which cirratulid mudballs are common. Such observations are valuable because mudballs appear to represent a significant source of heterogeneity that can influence macrofaunal community structure in deep-sea sediments.
Although copper (Cu) is an essential element for life, leaching from boat paint can cause excess environmental loading in enclosed marinas. The effects of copper contamination on benthic macrofaunal communities were examined in three San Diego Bay marinas (America's Cup, Harbor Island West and East) in Southern California, USA. The distribution of Cu concentration in sediments exhibited a clear spatial gradient, with hotspots created by the presence of boats, which in two marinas exceeded the effect range medium (ERM). Elevated sediment Cu was associated with differences in benthic assemblages, reduced species richness and enhanced dominance in America's Cup and Harbor Island West, whereas Harbor Island East did not appear to be affected. At sites without boats there were greater abundances of some amphipods such as the species Desdimelita sp., Harpinia sp., Aoroides sp., Corophium sp., Podocerus sp., bivalves such as Lyonsia californica, Musculista senhousia, Macoma sp., and polychaetes such as Diplocirrus sp. In contrast, at sites with boats, densities of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, Polydora nuchalis, Euchone limnicola, Exogone lourei, Tubificoides spp. were enhanced. The limited impact on Harbor Island East suggests not only lower Cu input rates and increased water flushing and mixing, but also the presence of adequate defense mechanisms that regulate availability and mitigate toxic impacts. At all three marinas, Cu in tissues of several macrobenthic species exhibited Cu bioaccumulation above levels found in the surrounding environment. The annelids Lumbrineris sp. and Tubificoides spp., and the amphipod Desdimelita sp. contained high levels of Cu, suggesting they function as Cu bioaccumulators. The spionid polychaetes Polydora nuchalis and Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata had much lower Cu concentrations than surrounding sediments, suggesting they function as Cu bioregulators. The macrobenthic invertebrates in San Diego Bay marinas that tolerate Cu pollution (e.g. P.nuchalis, P.paucibranchiata, Euchone limnicola, Typosyllis sp., Tubificoides sp.) may function as indicators of high-Cu conditions, whereas the presence of Cu-sensitive species (e.g. Podocerus sp., Aoroides sp., Harpinia sp., Macoma sp., Lyonsia californica) may indicate healthier conditions (less Cu-stressed). Parallel responses by faunas of Shelter Island Yacht Basin, also in San Diego Bay, suggest potential for development of regional Cu contamination assessment criteria, and call for functional comparisons with other marinas and coastal water bodies.
A hybrid cordgrass, formed from a cross between Spartina alterniflora (Atlantic cordgrass) and S. foliosa (Pacific cordgrass), has recently spread within the intertidal zone of south San Francisco Bay. Sediment properties and macroinfaunal community structure were compared in patches invaded by Spartina hybrid and adjacent uninvaded patches at 3 sites in San Francisco Bay (2 tidal flats and 1 Salicornia marsh). We hypothesized that (1) sediments vegetated by Spartina hybrid would have reduced sediment grain size, higher organic matter content, lower redox potential, lower salinity and reduced microalgal biomass relative to adjacent unvegetated tidal flat sediments, and (2) that differences in the sediment environment would correspond to changes in the infaunal invertebrate community structure and feeding modes. We observed 75 % lower total macro-faunal density and lower species richness in Spartina-vegetated sediments at Elsie Roemer (30 yr old invasion) than in an adjacent unvegetated tidal flat. This was due to lower densities of surface-feeding amphipods, bivalves, cirratulid and spionid polychaetes. The proportional representation of subsurface-deposit feeders was greater in Spartina patches than in unvegetated sediments. At a more recently invaded site (Roberts Landing; 15 yr invasion), Spartina patches differed from tidal flat sediments in composition, but not in abundance. Native (Salicornia) and Spartina patches exhibited similar sediment properties at San Mateo, where the Spartina hybrid invaded 8 to 10 yr earlier. No differences were detected in densities or proportions of surface- or subsurface-deposit feeders, but the proportion of carnivores/omnivores and grazers increased in the hybrid-invaded patches. These studies suggest that the invasive Spartina hybrid in south San Francisco Bay can have differing effects on sediment ecosystems, possibly depending on the location, age, or type of habitats involved.
Through extraordinary research and training of graduate students, Robert R. Hessler has profoundly influenced our knowledge of biodiversity in the deep sea. This special volume honors his contributions and presents recent advances in the study of deep-sea biodiversity on a broad range of topics. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and biosphere. Rising atmospheric greenhouse gases are bringing about significant changes in the environmental properties of the ocean realm in terms of water column oxygenation, temperature, pH and food supply, with concomitant impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. Projections suggest that abyssal (3000-6000 m) ocean temperatures could increase by 1 degrees C over the next 84 years, while abyssal seafloor habitats under areas of deep-water formation may experience reductions in water column oxygen concentrations by as much as 0.03 mL L-1 by 2100. Bathyal depths (200-3000 m) worldwide will undergo the most significant reductions in pH in all oceans by the year 2100 (0.29 to 0.37 pH units). O-2 concentrations will also decline in the bathyal NE Pacific and Southern Oceans, with losses up to 3.7% or more, especially at intermediate depths. Another important environmental parameter, the flux of particulate organic matter to the seafloor, is likely to decline significantly in most oceans, most notably in the abyssal and bathyal Indian Ocean where it is predicted to decrease by 40-55% by the end of the century. Unfortunately, how these major changes will affect deep-seafloor ecosystems is, in some cases, very poorly understood. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the impacts of these changing environmental parameters on deep-seafloor ecosystems that will most likely be seen by 2100 in continental margin, abyssal and polar settings. We also consider how these changes may combine with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., fishing, mineral mining, oil and gas extraction) to further impact deep-seafloor ecosystems and discuss the possible societal implications.
In recent years the pace of exotic species introduction and invasion has accelerated, particularly in estuaries and wetlands. Species invasions may affect coastal ecosystems in many ways. Alteration of sedimentary environments, through structure formation and burrowing, has particularly dramatic effects on coastal habitats. This study examines modification of channel bank and marsh edge habitat by the burrowing Australasian isopod Sphaeroma quoyanum Milne Edwards, in created and natural salt marshes of San Diego Bay and San Francisco Bay. Abundance and distribution patterns of this isopod species, its relationships with habitat characteristics, and its effects on sediment properties and bank erosion were examined seasonally, and in several marsh microhabitats. Mean isopod densities were 1541 and 2936 individuals per 0.25 m(2) in San Francisco Bay, and 361 and 1153 individuals per 0.25 m(2) in San Diego Bay study sites during December and July 1998, respectively. This isopod forms dense, anastomosing burrow networks. S. quoyanum densities did not differ as a function of location within creeks or location in natural versus created marshes. Burrows, which are on average 6 mm wide and 2 cm long, were associated with firm sediments containing high detrital biomass. Although erosion is a natural process along salt marsh banks, enclosure experiments demonstrated that isopod activities can enhance sediment loss from banks. In areas infested with S. quoyanum, losses may exceed 100 cm of marsh edge per year. The effects of habitat alteration by this invading species are likely to increase in severity in the coastal zone as these ecosystems become degraded.
Biological Impacts of Climate Change, Coastal Ecology, Conservation Ecology, Deep-Sea Biology, Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Life History Strategies and Behaviors, Marine Benthic Ecology, Population and Community Ecology
Mailing Address: SIO DeptScripps Institution of OceanographyUC San Diego9500 Gilman Drive #0218La Jolla CA, 92093-0218
Location: 2236 Sverdrup HallTel: 858-534-3579Fax: 858-822-0562
llevin at ucsd.edu


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The no-fault litigator for insurance carriers is receiving the Michigan Defense Trial Counsel Young Lawyers Section's Golden Gavel Award.
Tagged with: Michigan Defense Trial Counsel No-Fault LawRead More »
The no-fault litigator for insurance carriers is receiving the Michigan Defense Trial Counsel Young Lawyers Section's Golden Gavel Award.
Tagged with: Michigan Defense Trial Counsel No-Fault LawRead More »
A stunt person can't sue a stunt company or a film financier/distributor for her injuries on the set of the film "Oz the Great and Powerful," ruled the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Tagged with: Judge Cynthia D. Stephens Judge Deborah A. Servitto Judge Douglas B. Shapiro Michigan Court of Appeals Personal InjuryRead More »
Law firms and legal organizations are doing everything they can to increase minority student awareness about the legal profession. Then, once graduates get placement in a law office, the goal becomes keeping them there.Read More »
Since July 2016, this Clark Hill PLC litigator has been president of the Oakland County Bar Foundation, which promotes and funds programs aimed at increasing access, affordability and understanding of the law and legal system.Read More »
He fills the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Anthony A. Monton.
Tagged with: Newaygo County Circuit CourtRead More »
Jennifer S. Bentley, who has career-long experience in legal aid organizations, recently took the helm of the Michigan State Bar Foundation, which this year celebrates its 70th anniversary.
Tagged with: Michigan State Bar Foundation State Bar of MichiganRead More »
Enough factual evidence exists for a wrongful death case involving an underage plaintiff who drank alcohol to go to trial, a split Michigan Court of Appeals panel determined.
Tagged with: Judge Amy Ronayne Krause Judge Elizabeth L. Gleicher Judge Peter D. O'Connell Michigan Court of Appeals Negligence LawRead More »
The Institute of Continuing Legal Education's new executive director talks about his journey from private practice to helping other lawyers in their own practices.
Tagged with: State Bar of MichiganRead More »
U.S. Supreme Court nominee Neil M. Gorsuch may be a "reliable conservative," but his lack of acerbic wit could endear him before the Senate and, for that matter, among the other justices.
Tagged with: Justice Anthony Kennedy Justice Antonin Scalia Justice Clarence Thomas Justice Elena Kagan U.S. Supreme CourtRead More »
A resort on Lake Michigan can be sued for a girl's injuries after she burned her foot on hot embers buried in beach sand, ruled the Michigan Court of Appeals, saying that the Recreational Land Use Act did not apply to the case.
Tagged with: Judge Elizabeth L. Gleicher Judge Kurtis T. Wilder Judge Stephen L. Borrello Michigan Court of Appeals Michigan Recreational Land Use Act Personal InjuryRead More »

subset: commoncrawl


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From small databases to large enterprise solutions we've got experience in it all. Delivering you a flexible service and simply guiding you through our processes step by step will mean your bespoke software can be developed effectively and efficiently.
Requirements analysis
This initial phase is to define your business processes and the requirement for the software. Two documents are produced the functional specification and the user acceptance test. A draft version of both of these documents will be presented to you and your staff for comments before final release is agreed. This presentation is important because it ensures that:
• The whole document is considered, not just the first few pages.
• Members of staff who will use the software have an input as well as their managers.
Design and Development
• Identify the individual modules.
• Produce a detailed technical specification for each module and the whole system.
• Estimate the time required for the development process.
• Prototypes of some modules may be produced at the design stage so that you can provide us with initial feedback.
All applications we develop undergo the following tests:
• Module functional tests.
• System test.
• User Acceptance Test (UAT).
The module and system tests are undertaken by Lutra Systems staff, while the UAT should be carried out using your own staff.
The application can be released for staff training prior to a final deployment.
Although your software has lifetimes guarantee this relates to any bugs that have not been found during the testing phase and not to changes to the specification. However we do offer a range of support options that can be tailored to suit your requirements.
How do I get started?
The first step is to get in touch with us to explore the options. You can do this by:
- Using the 'Contact' form HERE
- Calling us on 01872 248250


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Led by: Nan Moss
One of the classic tasks of the shaman is to journey into nonordinary reality in order to obtain answers to questions, both at the request of others and for oneself. Participants in the workshop have the opportunity to engage in divination journeys for each other as well as for themselves and to gain experience in using various time-tested shamanic divination techniques. In the shamanic search to become persons of knowledge, they learn, as shamans have from time immemorial, how to converse with plant and animal spirits, how to learn about the use of quartz crystals, and how to seek and receive revelatory knowledge from visionary sources.
Prerequisite: FSS Basic Workshop, The Way of the Shaman with an authorized Foundation Faculty member.
Contact: The Rowe Center


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Marti Michell Just Squares Quilting Template Set M8029
$20.00 $17.88
Marti Michell Templates include full size quilt templates of precision laser-cut acrylic. A 1/4" seam allowance is already added. These wonderful tools are perfect for hand or machine piecers.
Use with rotary cutter or with scissors. Nested Squares 1"-5"- Package contains 5 pieces, for producing finished squares of 1", 2", 3", 4", and 5". Ideal for cutting small scraps. Made of Clear acrylic.
Fits with Just Half Square Triangles and Just Quarter Square Triangles. Set includes seam allowances and feature the same corner concept you've come to expect with all Marti Michell's templates.


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Faux greenery is not an uncommon presence in commercial space indoors these days. In fact, they are special ingredients lighting up interior spaces everywhere. What's not common to most spaces and ones which will add a unique, stunning detail to your space is this – our artificial Palo Verde Plant. Consisting of thin, intricate green branches, these artificial Palo Verde Plants are some of the most striking and unique accents around prized for their striking, interesting look. Commonly used in desert landscaping, these gorgeous, whimsical plants can also be used in any décor or landscape design for a fun look.
An excellent choice when it comes to introducing a sense of warmth and friendly appeal to the setting, faux foliage will bring a timeless, breathtaking style to space. And this is exactly what you can expect from these faux Palo Verde Plants. Measuring 36", we have silk Palo Verde Plants which can reach 84" and will make a big decorating update without big efforts.
If you're planning a special, grand theme or landscape and have unique requirements, then do get in touch with us. We will create custom artificial Palo Verde Plants exclusively for your commercial landscaping project.
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Toll Free: 800-241-2718
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[email protected]


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Barcelona's Patio | Image via Travel Channel
My husband and I have a standing date every Friday night. We started the tradition when we got married and it is still going strong (almost) three years later! I'm lactose and gluten intolerant, so I am partial to restaurants that have allergen menus or are willing to modify dishes as needed. And for whatever reason, many of our favorite date night spots are tapas or small plates restaurants. So, I figured I'd share the top small plates restaurants in DC.
Jaleo // Spanish tapas
China Chilcano // Peruvian small plates with Asian and Spanish accents
Oyamel // Mexican small plates
Zaytinya // Mediterranean small plates
Tico // American small plates with Spanish and Mexican flare
Estadio // Spanish tapas
Barcelona // Spanish tapas
Boqueria // Spanish tapas
Kapnos // Mediterranean small plates
As you can tell, we love all of Jose Andrés' restaurants (including Jaleo, China Chilcano, Oyamel, and Zaytinya). Also, in my experience they always have allergen menus which is a plus.


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Sat, 25 October 2014
From Aurora to Astoria, singer/songwriter Myles Stefan joins the podcast this week. As members of the band Mitchell Grey, Matt and Myles catch up backstage at Kollaboration NY. Get to know a little more about Myles: a Nebraskan, Bahai and all around swell guy.
Direct download: 09_LW_09__Myles_Stefan.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 4:00am PDT


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Cannot find your local Phoenix Contact site? Use our selector
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Well, it has taken a year of my life, but my masters thesis is now complete and ready to be reviewed by my supervisor and external reviewers. In hindsight I am very happy I chose to do my masters rather than a PhD – my preference in life is to be more practical rather than theoretical. Right now I'm about to get back into full-time development of Centruflow leading in to CeBIT in March next year – we have some awesome technology in the pipeline!
My thesis is titled 'Improving Centruflow Using Semantic Web Technologies'. It weighs in at 139 pages or a little under 34,000 words. I start it by quoting Blaise Pascal "I would have written a shorter letter, but I did not have the time". The thesis covers a lot of software development detail but at the heart of it is a decent chunk of maths. This surprised even me, as I am by no means a mathematician.
You may notice my writing style has become severely 'relaxed' – too much 'proper' writing in my thesis has forced my brain to try to rebel – my sentences now instead flow into each other as a series of hyphens. 🙂
If anyone is interested in checking out the thesis feel free to ask – I'm more than happy to hand send it out. The only reason I don't provide a link here is that I'd really like to know who is interested.


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August 12, 2009
In this first part, I want to share aspects of my journey from Frankfurt to Berlin, of the protest in front of the German parliament and in part two, I will share with you, our meeting with high officials in the German government at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and similar responses from Canadian, American and British elected officials who have already acknowledged a commitment to helping Ethiopians in their pursuit of freedom, justice and the respect of human rights.
The results of this past weeks events in Germany signal a new receptivity on the part of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the German media and the German public towards listening to the issues of German Ethiopians regarding changing past German policy towards funding the Meles regime, which they consider a dictatorship.
Thanks to the efforts of some very committed German Ethiopians, the reality of what was really going on in Ethiopiagenocide, crimes against humanity, corruption, government-sponsored terrorism, tribal apartheid, the harsh suppression of political rights and the potential for a destabilizing backlashwas exposed at new levels in Germany, a key donor to the current authoritarian regime of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.
Openly draconian actions by the Meles government, as they clamp down on any and every indication of resistance or free thought, are also contributing to a damaging, and perhaps irremediable, public image problem. Previous donor countries may not want to sustain the previous cozy partnership with Meles in the War on Terror as he becomes more openly known to be a dictator and perpetrator of genocide and crimes against humanity against his own people.
The meeting in Germany is a great example of how a very few devoted people were able to organize a series of events that collectively made a significant impact in our struggle for freedom, justice and the rule of law in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian people in Ethiopia are like an under-anesthetized patient, going through surgery with enough of a dose of medication to not be able to move or speak, but not enough to control the excruciating pain. They are screaming, but no sounds are coming out. Now, those Ethiopians in Germany have worked extraordinarily hard and found a way to be their voice; telling them not to have German taxpayers support a government who uses their money to harass, torture, bribe, intimidate and kill.
German Ethiopians invited me to be a guest at these events and I was very much honored to take part in what they had planned. I want to share aspects of my journey from Frankfurt to Berlin, of the protest in front of the German parliament and our meeting with high-level German officials.
Warmth of the Ethiopian People in Germany
After traveling for over seventeen hours from Canada to Frankfurt Germany, I was lifted up as I left the airport by three wonderful German Ethiopians, Mr. Elias TekleMichel, Mr. Samuel Mekasha and Mr. Tasew Tamiru all of whom I had never met in person, but all of whom I felt I already knew due to their warmth, kindness and their welcoming reception.What I experienced with them is what I have experienced in so many airports and cities where I have traveled and met Ethiopian people who are so caring, hospitable and loving. It is people like this who keep me doing what I am doing, despite the difficulties and challenges in this work. I also know how many more people, just like them, are back home in Ethiopia.
This is the beauty and wealth of Ethiopia; something that is at times overlooked when the focus is on our poverty or on our problems. I have experienced this time and time again as strangers turn into friends and then into brothers and sisters. I always say that these meetings with Ethiopians never fail to give me hope that with a new government in place in the future, that was based on principles of humanity before ethnicity and no one is free until all are free, and people who would work hard to implement such values, Ethiopia could truly become a remarkable government and a flourishing society.
The next day, just before midnight, we gathered at an Ethiopian restaurant, prior to taking off on a 700 kilometer bus ride to Berlin. At the restaurant we met with numerous others going with us, but in addition, according to some present, there were also Woyane or TPLF supporters, sitting in the restaurant eating and drinking, appearing somewhat uncomfortable. They seemed to know who I was so I went over to them to say hello and they said hello back to me.
Before the bus departed, other Ethiopians joined with us. Some of them had driven up to 400 kilometers from other cities and regions to join us in Frankfurt so we could all drive together to Berlin. I tried to talked to most of them and learn who they were.
One was a man who had brought his ten year old son along. He said he wanted his son to learn more about what was going on in the country. A number of the people were those who were still not citizens of Germany but who had filed for immigration status and were still waiting to hear. Everyone had a life story. While on the bus I talked to five young Ethiopian who travel more than 300 kilometers to join us in Frankfurt they were Mikiyas Taddesse Seyoum; Momina Ahmed; Tsige Bekele; Zemen Johannes and Nebila Seid. I talked to a wonderful couple Ms. Hana Abrahm and her husband Breiteweise Schwenfurt who travel 200 kilometers to Frankfurt. I have also talk to other Ethiopians like Belete Kelflie, Tibebu Assefa; Tamane Demissie; Tasfw Tamiru; Alebachew Adugna; Shenaye Abrere; Mengistu Shewasye; Tewdors Tadesse; Eyerus Alem; Betre Lemi; Abera Yibralm who drove over 250 kilometers to join us in Frankfurt.
At 1:45 AM the bus left. The lights of the beautiful city of Frankfurt disappeared as we drove into the darkness of the countryside, the only lights coming from a few oncoming cars. As we moved northward, I started talking to the driver of the bus Ato Teshome Zewdie. I learned that he drove buses for a living, but that he was driving this rented bus for free, even taking off two days of work to do it. This was an Ethiopian family man who still fervently loved his country of birth even after living in Germany for many years. I asked him his reasons. He said he wanted Ethiopia to become a country where his children could go back and find peace and freedom. He explained further, Being an Ethiopian is giving something back to your country, [regardless of where you live.]
At 9 AM we arrived in Berlin, a city once divided by the Berlin wall, but now unified as one so successfully that one could cross the previous line dividing East Germany from West Germany without even knowing it. Is this not what we yearn for in Ethiopia? It was a Stalinist government in East Germany that built the Berlin wall and it was the failure of that Marxist-Leninism ideology that caused the wall to fall; yet, the Meles TPLF government still clings to such Stalinist tactics in 2009! Wikipedia defines Stalinism as a term that refers to the political system of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 19281953.
The term implies an inherently oppressive system of extensive government spying, extrajudicial punishment, and political "purging", or elimination of political opponents either by direct killing or through exile, and it involves a state making extensive use of propaganda to establish a personality cult around an absolute dictator to maintain control over the nation's people and to maintain political control for the Communist Party. Does this remind you of Ethiopia today under the dictatorship of Meles Zenawi?
Warmth and Openness of the German People
The receptivity of Germans may be greater because they remember what it was like, only a few years back, to live under or neighboring such a repressive government. As we got in front of the parliament building to prepare for the rally, the TV and newspaper reporters were already present and ready to interview us; asking why we were marching, wanting to know about the Solidarity Movement for a New Ethiopia (SMNE) and wondering what results we were seeking from the German government and public. They were already well-informed on the issues of Ethiopians and had read the SMNE website.
One of the interviewers pointed out the difference between German policies towards Zimbabwe and Ethiopia as being totally different even though Meles and Mugabe were the same; questioning the reason for the double standards. We discussed how Meles had been trying to convince Germany, the US and other donor countries that he was the only one who could help fight the War on Terror, even though he was terrorizing his own people.
I told the newspaper reporter that I hoped that Chancellor Angela Merkel and her government, who have been supporting Meles, would change sidessiding with the people of Ethiopia instead of a dictator because a dictator will finally go, but the people will always remain. I told the reporter that Ethiopians were ready for change, but that we were not asking the German government to do the work for us; instead, we were asking them not to be a roadblock.
The newspaper reporter said that she had been in Ethiopia at the time of the election and she had seen for herself how much Ethiopians wanted change. She asked about the new Charities and Society Proclamation law and the new Anti-Terrorism law. I explained to her the following:
Meles has done this in order to silence the people in the Diaspora, by intimidating their families, putting the final nail in the coffin of democracy in Ethiopia. If Germans care about democracy and stability in the Horn of Africa, this is the time to re-evaluate support of the Meles regime because Ethiopians and others deserve a better government than what they have. Ethiopian Germans who now call Germany home, want their government in Berlin to do the right thing towards the Ethiopian people. They, as constituents, are demanding that their voices, as German citizens, be heard, rather than to listen to propaganda from the Meles government. They are asking their fellow German citizens to stand with them in this!
Deutsche Welle radio then interviewed two of the organizers MS. Asayesh Rauseliel, Mr. Seyoum Habtemariam and me, in Amharic. Our interview was then transmitted back home. They asked similar questions about the purpose of rally, what we wanted as results and what we thought of the new anti-terrorism law.
The March in Front of German Parliament
The march caused many Germans and tourists to stop as they were walking or to slow their cars as they drove by in order to find out more about the reasons behind the march. Marchers sang songs, carried the Ethiopian flag and held up placards or shouted out statements such as: Stop supporting dictators, Meles should be brought to the ICC for genocide and crimes against humanity, Release our political prisoners, Dont side with a dictator, Meles committed genocide in Gambella, the Ogaden and elsewhere, and No more tax support for guns to a dictator who kills our families! German police respectfully listened and led us as we peacefully marched to the office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. What a difference between protesting in a free country as opposed to Ethiopia where the police and security forces may kill you for doing exactly the same thing as we did in Berlin.
As we gathered to address the crowd, I was given the opportunity to speak. I told the audience that Ethiopians were there to tell the German government to not support a government where we would end up in a body bag for speaking out like we were freely doing in the streets of Berlin. I told them:
What we are doing here would never be allowed in Ethiopia because the government, the police and the military are enemies of the public. In Ethiopia, we could be killed, but in a free country, the police are escorting us. How can the German government support this kind of regime? This is unacceptable. In Ethiopia, it has become a criminal offense to speak of your political rights, to advocate for the disabled or for childrens or womens rights; something that could put you in jail for up to 15 years. The human values and rights we take to be so precious in western countries do not officially exist in Ethiopia. Political participation, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and all the other freedoms we uphold in Germany, are not allowed in Ethiopia.
I thanked the Ethiopian people, telling them that they had advanced the struggle and should be proud of themselves. They had become the voice of the people in Ethiopia and the feet of their fellow Ethiopians back home who could not march in Addis Ababa, but who could march, through them, in Berlin.
In a companion article, Part Two, I will share with you, our meeting with high officials in the German government at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and similar responses from Canadian, American and British elected officials who have already acknowledged a commitment to helping Ethiopians in their pursuit of freedom, justice and the respect of human rights. They have some very good advice for us to further our partnership and our effectiveness.
May God bring new partners together in effective ways!
Please do not hesitate to email me if you have comments: firstname.lastname@example.com
Part II
This is Part Two of Germany Listens as German Ethiopians Protest the Authoritarian Meles Regime!:
Will You Become Part of the Collective Voice of the Ethiopian Diaspora?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------August 14, 2009 In this second part, I will share with Ethiopians what I have learned after our meeting with high level German government officials. In addition to that, I will also share with you, similar responses from my follow-up with American, Canadian and British elected officials who have already acknowledged a commitment to helping Ethiopians in their pursuit of freedom, justice and the respect of human rights. The organizers of the Berlin march had arranged for meetings between high level German government officials and members of our group which included two very articulate German Ethiopians, Ms. Asayesh Tamiruand; Dr. Fekadu Bekele and myself. The time spent with these officials ended up being very productive. I was told that it was the first time that these kinds of meeting with Ethiopians had taken place; seeming to give signals of a new receptivity within Germany to the reconsideration of their foreign policies towards this increasingly authoritarian regime in Ethiopia. We anticipated a short meeting with some of them, but they were so very open to listening and to asking and responding to questions that one of those strategic meetings lasted over an hour and a half. This openness may indeed indicate a new change of mood that I have seen, not only in Berlin, but also when I met in May with the a US government official at the US Department of State, earlier in the month when I met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs officials in Ottawa and late in the same month with their counterparts in the United Kingdom. It may be becoming more difficult to support a regime that is increasingly being seen as a dictatorship and perpetrator of gross human rights atrocities. The Meles regime, once viewed as a stabilizing influence (not a view I share) in the Horn, is fast unraveling and is instead of promising to bring more stability, could erupt, bringing new levels of chaos and violence to Ethiopia. It is in the best interests of donor countries seeking stability in the Horn to counter this looming threat by taking deliberate leveraging action in support of a more legitimate style of government and efforts to bring about national reconciliation. These are the signs that the Meles regime is in spiraling danger of implosion; many of which were shared at these meetings: o Substantiated claims of a pattern of complicity of the Meles regime in the perpetration of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, causing Genocide Watch to refer the case of Ethiopia to the UN High Commissioner of Human Rights, calling for an investigation. o Meles cancelling his NEPAD press conference at the G-20, turning his back on all of Africa because he appeared to be afraid to face the media; allegedly in relation to the above-mentioned claims. o Passage of the Charities & Society Proclamation that makes it a crime, punishable for up to fifteen years for advocating in Ethiopia (if receiving foreign support) for human rights, childrens rights, disability rights, for ethnic reconciliation and other such societal building blocks. o Passage of the new anti-terrorism law which can be easily politically manipulated so that just about anyone could be charged with terrorism and receive long sentences or death for minor or trumped up infractions. o Kicking 42 humanitarian organizations out of the country, despite reports of worsening conditions for starving Ethiopians and other significant humanitarian needs o Sentencing popular opposition leader Birtukan Mideksa to life imprisonment and repressing any opposition that could challenge the ruling party in the 2010 Ethiopian National election. o Lack of any political space or freedom of expression o Arresting the father of a Ginbot-7 leader, an 87 year old man with diabetes for being part of a coup plot that most believe was trumped up. o Sentencing a business man, Bashir Mahktal, to life imprisonment for what most believe is retaliation against Ogadenis and the ONLF as Mahktals grandfather was a co-founder of the ONLF. o Increasing defections of top officials from the EPRDF; including the Minister of Communications and parliament members o Mass firing of police and top security officials in Addis Ababa o Lack of availability of electricity in the capital city of Addis Ababa (down to only three days a week) challenging Meles claims to double digit economic growth. o Alliance with Omar al-Bashir of the Sudan, someone indicted by the ICC for human rights crimes o Actively and significantly worsening situation in Somalia and the Horn of Africa due to widespread and well documented human rights crimes, potentially causing an Anti-German, Anti-American, Anti-UK, Anti-Canadian and Anti-West backlash against any donor governments supporting Meles. o A rising level of anger and tension within the country, reported by many sources, towards Meles and his TPLF government that many fear will break out into violence. Will You Become Part of the Collective Voice of the Ethiopian Diaspora?What we have learned after meeting with German officials is that the effectiveness of Meles lies to leaders in the west is weakening thanks to many Ethiopians who have been working very hard to break these misconceptions, becoming a voice for those who cannot be heard. This time it was our brothers and sisters in Germany, but it also includes those Ethiopians who continue to send information from the ground out of the country, those who write articles, those who operate one of the many Ethiopian websites, those who host radio stations, those who organize events, those who do research and those who do a host of other things for the good of the country. The collective voice of Ethiopians is making a difference! It was obvious in Germany this past week. This coming Sunday, another group will be raising their voice in Washington D.C. and Ethiopians in the area should support it. Gasha for Ethiopia will be holding a conference on August 16 at the Washington Marriott from 1:30 PM to 6 PM and are inviting all interested people. They are a part of the wonderful Tigrayan family of Ethiopians who have not sided with a dictator. I urge all the people who are in Washington DC to show your commitment and love for Ethiopia by attending this meeting sponsored by our Ethiopian brothers and sisters. Professor Alemariam has been invited as a key distinguished speaker. Go and listen to someone who has been writing countless in-depth, weekly articles that have exposed the truth, informed the public and encouraged Ethiopians to carry on in this struggle. Side by side with him, is Chris Flaherty, a producer of a new documentary about Ethiopia that will be shown at the conference. An American married to an Ethiopia, he is our new brother-in-law, whose love of Ethiopia is displayed as he uses this film to speak out about our country. Such events are going on all over and greatly contribute to our collective voice! We know it is paying off so let us become more intense and more collaborative in our varied efforts so the sum is far greater than the individual parts! The March to Stop Genocide and Dictatorship Belongs to Every Ethiopian!Another such event where we can show our collective voice is the upcoming March to Stop Genocide and Dictatorship in Ethiopia/Africa, a once in a lifetime event that key western government officials, who are most greatly concerned about the crisis of justice and democracy in Ethiopia, say could have a major impact on donor countries, totally changing the course of events if Ethiopians and others get behind it by showing up in huge numbers! People have already bought tickets to come from London, Johannesburg, Tel Aviv, Frankfurt, Oslo, Amsterdam, in Canada, the US and other places in the Diaspora. What a great start! How about those people nearby, especially in Washington D.C.? Can we count on you? This is a strategic chance to create a huge blow to this regimeunless Ethiopians block or sabotage the effort themselves by undermining the mission, by lack of support or by lack of participation. This could happen if Ethiopians or Ethiopian groups fail to see the big picture and only want to advance their own interests. This has happened repeatedly in the past; however, hopefully, we Ethiopians have grown beyond these self-destructive and childish games! What better way to strengthen our ability to work together in the future than for all types of groups to come together for the March, scheduled for Sunday, September 13, 2009 from noon to 5:00 in Washington D.C. in front of the US Capitol building. This march is not owned by any one group, but is for everyone who believes in justice, freedom and human rights for all, rather than for only ones own group. It is for everyone who is willing to collaborate with others. It is time to put aside more specific agendas of any particular organization and to come together for national goals and principles that uphold the rights and value of all Ethiopians. If you believe in a free Ethiopia, let us take up the hammer of justice; and together, pound the final nails in the coffin of oppression, tyranny and ethnic-fascism. Anyone who is wanting to strengthen the voice for the voiceless Ethiopians should be part of this and should also work to advance this effort among those in your groups, organizations and communities. Partisan politics and personal, political or ethnic ambitions should not interfere with any who are sincerely wanting change in Ethiopia! Again, this march is a group effort by Ethiopians of any and every background. Let this be a powerful display of people united against ethnic fascism and by their dream of an Ethiopia where none are free until all are free! In conclusion, we are seeing the signs that the Meles regime is weakening. It is now our chance to strengthen our impact by greater collaboration so that their days will be numbered and the dark clouds that are hanging over Ethiopia will disperse, leaving clearer and lighter blue skies that will be visible to all people who live in the land. Let us find new openness among ourselves to become more genuinely collaborative. Let us be patient, trusting in God and keep our hope alive. ======================================


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Currently Out of Stock - £59.99
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Update: You can still shop online with us as normal and our delivery times are unchanged.
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Great value for Money. Take care when tightening the screws as the wood did bulge a little the other side, but completely my fault!
Radiator Cover White Painted - Large
sill waiting for new parts as was damaged ..dissappointed
Wasn't best please to be honest, when built I noticed a hole at the front to the left of the Radiator cover but because I'd already assembled it I didn't think I would be able to send it back. There were are a couple of marks and scratches that I tried to wipe off.
Looks good and hides un-sightly radiator - apart from a small scratch on the top all good.


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These Broiled Ruby Red Grapefruits infused with Rosemary Maple Glaze are the perfect sweet & light breakfast.
Preheat your broiler on the hottest setting.
Spray a baking dish with coconut oil to prevent sticking. Cut your grapefruit in half, and then trim the bottom side of the flesh slightly so that they stand up without rolling over. Place them in your baking dish.
Combine your maple syrup, finely chopped fresh rosemary, ground cinnamon, and sea salt in a bowl until completely smooth.
Pour 3/4 of the mixture evenly over the grapefruits, and then place under the broiler for 10-15 minutes (on the middle rack, not super close to the broiler).
Halfway through the cooking time, brush the remaining syrup overtop the grapefruits. You want to broil them until everything has caramelized on the top. You can alternatively (carefully) do this with a handheld torch as well if you don't have a broiler.
Remove from the oven and allow to cool for 2-3 minutes. Transfer to a plate & (optionally) serve with vegan yogurt & granola.


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在阿联酋迪拜朱美拉棕榈岛(Palm Jumeriah),万众期待的地中海式风格度假别墅区——22克拉(XXII Carat)将在今年年底竣工。其内部装修极度奢华,一个浴缸价值高达100万美元。
据悉,别墅内的"天价"浴缸均由来自巴西亚马逊雨林的水晶石经专门的工匠切割、打磨而成。每块石头重量都超过1万公斤,专程从南美洲被运往迪拜,制作时间长达数百小时。这些浴缸内部极度光滑,而外部则有意不作任何处理,为的是使石头打磨前的原始模样与工匠打磨后的样子形成鲜明对比,以突出工匠的高超技艺。别墅中间闪闪发光的装饰品则由一家总部在意大利佛罗伦萨,名为Baldi Home Jewels的室内珠宝公司雕琢而成。目前,这些奢侈品有30%都已经被抢购一空。
Baldi Home Jewels公司的CEO卢卡•巴尔迪(Luka Baldi)在解释为什么人们会想要花高价去尝试那些"天价"浴缸时说到,"因为你会获得非一般的享受。在这里,你可以逃离日常工作和生活当中的压力和烦恼,与大自然来一次亲密的接触,体会那种最原始的感觉,那是快乐的最高境界。"
For the filthy rich looking to soak up a bit of luxury on holiday, a $1million bathtub might be just the thing.
The much-anticipated XXII Carat villa complex on the celebrity-peppered Palm Jumeriah in Dubai boasts some of the most expensive bathrooms in the world.
Set to open later in the year, each of the 22 properties comes complete with deep tubs carved out of precious rock crystals sourced from the Brazilian Amazon jungle.
The glimmering centrepieces were crafted by Florence-based Company Baldi Home Jewels.
Asked what it's like to bathe in one of the luxury tubs, Luca Baldi, CEO of Baldi, told MailOnline Travel that it 'transcends reality'.
He continued: 'They offer the ultimate escape from the stresses and strains of everyday life.
'An experience of blissful connection with nature, it is a primitive sensation, which reaches the highest level of pleasure.
'The residents of XXII Carat villas in Dubai will be among the first in the world to bathe in these remarkable tubs and enjoy the truly unique, magical and luxurious experience.'
Each of the precious rocks, weighing more than 10,000kg, had to be transported from South America to the Middle East.
The boulders were then split in half, before specialists spent hundreds of hours sandpapering the carved chunks down.
Mr Baldi says that thanks to the craftsmanship, the tubs have 'incredibly smooth interiors'.
The outside of the bathing vessels were then left intentionally untouched to 'highlight the contrast between nature and workmanship'.
The Mediterranean-style holiday villas at the XXII Carat, masterminded by a Russian property developer, are on the market for between £8.5million ($10.8million) and £19million ($24.5million).
Each have seven bedrooms, so that the occupiers can invite friends and family to stay.
Despite the eye watering price tag, 30 per cent of the properties have already been snapped up.
Other selling points include private beach access, landscaped gardens and a 24-hour concierge.


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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Total Peace by Sebadoh. Please check back for more Sebadoh lyrics.
Total Peace Lyrics
Artist: Sebadoh
Album: III
All I need is one true friend
I want total peace of mind
To leave the hurting world behind
I€™m not scared; I swear I€™m free
It may collapse the fear
That burns to bring the worst from me
Much too smart to sound uptight
Not to cheat what I deserve
Nothing hidden and nothing wasted
So far from dead, frustrated
Too smart to ask for more
This is all I€™ve waited for
Nothing hidden and nothing wasted
Nothing past the love I€™ve tasted
It€™s wrong but right; magic change
I finally hurt to live on up to this name
Not right; it never changes
When finally hurt to live on up to this thing
Sebadoh Lyrics
Sebadoh III Lyrics
More Sebadoh Music Lyrics:
Sebadoh - Cliche Lyrics
Sebadoh - Love Is Stronger Lyrics
Sebadoh - No Different Lyrics
Sebadoh - Nothing Like You Lyrics
Sebadoh - On Fire Lyrics
Sebadoh - Pound My Skinny Head Lyrics
Sebadoh - S. Soup Lyrics
Sebadoh - Thrive Lyrics


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Pope Francis has received a cutting from a fig tree at Lambeth Palace given to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The cutting was presented in person when Archbishop Justin Welby visited the Pope in Rome earlier this month.
The tree has been growing in front of the Guardroom in Lambeth Palace's main entrance courtyard for just over 450 years. The Ficus carica 'White Marseilles' fig tree was brought to Lambeth by Cardinal Reginald Pole when he was appointed Archbishop in 1556. He was the last Roman Catholic to be Archbishop of Canterbury.
The Cardinal had spent part of Henry VIII's reign in exile and he probably brought the tree as a cutting from southern Italy. He may have liked the fruit which is white fleshed and very rich and sweet. They are ripe when the skins turn a chartreuse colour and start to split. The tree produces a crop in July and September.
The Pope and Archbishop were due to spend part of their time together discussing Christian unity so the new cutting was intended to represent a common heritage.
Having been brought to Lambeth by Pole it was thought fitting by his successor to suggest that the one tree will bear fruit in both Lambeth and Rome as a visible sign of church relationship growing and bearing fruit from the same source.
"As we remember the precious spiritual heritage that is common to us both. I pray for the continuing work of the members of the official groups who conduct our ecumenical conversation," Archbishop Welby said in his formal address at the Vatican.
"Remembering always the desire of Our Lord that 'all may be one', we remain deeply committed to this work. I realise that that there are matters of deep significance that separate us. Yet looking back, we see that the Grace of God has led so much to happen."
Speaking of what Anglicans and Roman Catholics can share, he told Pope Francis that the recent establishment of the ecumenical Chemin Neuf Community at Lambeth Palace was to him a daily sign of hope in what could be shared spiritually.
Pope Francis said: "We cannot claim that our division is anything less than a scandal and an obstacle to our proclaiming the Gospel of salvation to the world."
His Holiness added: "We are indebted to great saints, teachers and communities; they have handed down the faith over the ages and they bear witness to our common roots."
• The North Lambeth Parish Fete takes place in the gardens of Lambeth Palace on Saturday 28 June.
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