text:
Wars, revolutions, genocides, terror campaigns, coups and assassinations: the
twentieth century saw one enormity after another. The Catholic Church was
variously a victim of and a witness to - in some cases arguably an accessory
in - some of the greatest crimes of modern times.
'When the thousand years are ended, Satan will he released from
his prison' - Revelation20:7
Herzegovina, 1981. A country under Communism; a state swallowed up, indeed, in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. A valiant light against Nazi oppression. Marshal Tito had been accorded a certain respect, however grudging, by the people he had ruled over through the post-War years. But Josip Broz - to give him his birth-name - had finally died the year before; his successors had seemed less worthy of their status. For the moment, though, their power remained in place: not until the early 1990s would civil war start to sweep Yugoslavia and the country fall apart in acrimony and bloodshed.
For the Catholic Church - as for the world - the twentieth century seemed a catalogue of tragedy. Marshal Tito's funeral in Belgrade in 1980 marked the end of a time of tyranny - but brought a new one of genocidal violence.
Nestling in the mountains not far from the Croatian border, Medjugorje was a beautiful and peaceful place - deceptively so, for the scene of a notorious massacre four decades before. In 1941, during the Second World War, over a thousand Serbs had been slaughtered by Croats from the fascistic Ustase movement and thrown into mass-graves which then remained unmarked - and yet not unremembered by a people still in pain.
Small wonder, then, that when the Virgin Mary appeared to a group of children here they should have paid particularly close attention to her view of recent history. This, the twentieth century, had, she told them, been the century over which Satan had presided. God had agreed to let him take a turn in charge of the universe as a test for his Church down here on Earth. Hence, from a parochial point of view, the sufferings of a Yugoslavia whose twentieth century had already been all but unbearable - even if in the years to come it was going to get a great deal worse. And hence a global history in which tyrannies of Right and Left had vied in cruelty, terror and violence had almost become the norm.
It should be stressed from the start that the Medjugorje visions have been controversial, even within Catholicism; senior churchmen have expressed grave doubts about the seers' testimony. What cannot seriously be disputed is that the twentieth century was to prove a particularly trying time for the Roman Catholic Church - as it was, indeed, for humanity as a whole.
Mexican Mayhem
'For the ten years from 1910 to 1920,' historian Thomas Benjamin has written, 'Mexicans devoted most of their energy to war and destruction.' A damning summary, yet one with which it's difficult to disagree. So violence against the Catholic clergy (and counter-violence committed in the Church's name) have both to be seen in the context of this wider conflagration. The Mexican Revolution was an almost unbelievably bloody and anarchic affair, its violence only very vaguely directed towards a final goal.
As elsewhere in a Hispanic world in which the Church was clearly identified with conservative landowning interests, anticlericalism and political radicalism went hand in hand. The two great rebel leaders, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, were very different characters, with widely divergent views, but neither had any time for the Catholic Church. Neither did the urban intelligentsia - many of them freemasons - whose self-conscious progressiveness made them contemptuous of a Catholicism that many workers and peasants resented as being parasitical on the poor. Attacks on priests and churches were frequent during the fighting - when the city of Durango was sacked by Pancho Villa's men in 1913, the embroidered mantle from the Blessed Virgin in the cathedral ended up adorning the shoulders of a bandit's mistress. Convents were attacked and nuns were raped; churches were plundered and burned and images desecrated.
When some sort of constitutional rule was restored in 1917, anti-Catholic feeling - far from coming to an end - was institutionalized. The 'Calles Law', while nominally just ensuring the scrupulous separation of Church and State, went a great deal further in
Rumours of the 'Death of God' in the twentieth century turned out to have been exaggerated. People turned out in their joyful thousands in 2001 to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the first vision of the Virgin Mary at Medjugorje, in Bosnia.
circumscribing the rights of the Catholic clergy. (Church property was confiscated; Catholic schools were shut down and convents closed. Even wearing a priestly cassock in public was outlawed.) It also arguably gave tacit 'permission' for cruder and more violent discrimination at grass-roots level. Certainly, that was the message that filtered down to rabble-rousers in city neighbourhoods and small towns. It isn't known how many priests were murdered: only a few dozen were openly lynched, while many hundreds fled the country. By the mid-1920s, though, between official restrictions and popular harassment, in large
Basking in their new-found power, Zapata and his men
prepare for government - and the liberation of a
landlord-ridden, priest-infested country.
For many in Mexico the Church was no more than
the spiritual arm of the ruling class; an enemy which
had to be destroyed.
parts of Mexico there were none left. An attempt by Catholic Cristeros to fight back from 1927 was met with savage violence: 90,000 were to die on both sides during this three-year civil war.
Opium and Opprobrium
In Russia, too, anticlericalism was the default position among a revolutionary caste ever mindful of Marx's view that religion was 'the opium of the people'. Through most of the Soviet republics summoned into existence by the Revolution of 1917, Christianity was represented by the Orthodox Church, but the implications for Catholicism were to be profound in the longer term.
For the first few years at least, the Soviet achievement was an inspiration for downtrodden workers in the West who saw in it the opportunity
Ransacked by Russian Bolsheviks, this tattered, messy and rubble-strewn scene is emblematic of the situation of the Catholic Church in the Soviet sphere. Allowed to eke out an ignominious existence, it could never feel any real autonomy - nor ever, really, that it was in any sense secure.
for real change; and, by the same token, they saw the Church of Rome as instinctively reactionary, a brake on progress towards a better, fairer world. Nor did the Catholic hierarchy disappoint, denouncing all attempts at social or political reform as godless Communism and driving thoughtful men and women into the intellectual embrace of the Bolsheviks.
Flirting with Fascism
For many, in Italy and in the world outside, the Lateran Treaty dragged the Church still deeper into disrepute.
Signed in 1929, it granted the Church its own little sovereign state in the Vatican City while at the same time guaranteeing its political neutrality and accepting the constitutional arrangements prevailing across Italy as a whole. As far as it went this was no great betrayal, perhaps - successive Italian governments had been pressing for something similar; and later administrations have honoured the Treaty to this day. What upset progressive Catholics was the fact that Pope Pius XI had reached this accommodation with Mussolini, the Great Dictator, and was effectively pledging the Church's allegiance to his Fascist state.
In return, Mussolini won concessions: massive compensation for the loss of the old Papal States (over which the Church had been moping and moaning since 1871, when Pius IX had made himself the prisoner of the Vatican). II Duce - despite his own personal
Not quite a pact with the devil, perhaps, but the next best thing in the Italy of the 1920s, Pope Pius XI signs his Concordat with Mussolini. In its obsessive concern with resisting Communism, the Church was to overlook all sorts of offences in its allies.
A cathedral goes up in flames at the climax of Spain's 'Red Terror' of 1936. The Left's suspicions of the Church, as the reactionaries' first line of defence, were by no means entirely unfounded, though they were certainly to some degree self-fulfilling.
scorn - appointed Catholicism the state religion, made criticism of the Church a crime, outlawed divorce and made religious education mandatory in the country's schools. All state legislation was to be reviewed to ensure that it stayed in line with canon law. No one imagined for a moment that Mussolini had undergone a Damascene conversion of any kind. He made no secret of his continuing disdain. But Fascism (till now dismissed as an ideology of thugs) had secured the respectability it had craved, whilst Pius XI declared Mussolini 'a man sent by providence'.
MUSSOLINI DECLARED HE WAS THE LEADER OF ANOTHER HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE; HIS EMPIRE WAS THE 6TH REVIVED, AND THERE WILL BE ONE MORE AT THE END OF THIS AGE - Keith Hunt
The Cross and the Carnage
In Spain, it seemed that providence favoured the overthrow of the elected government and its replacement by a murderous military dictatorship.
So, at least, it must be concluded from the Church's unstinting support for Francisco Franco and his friends. Not that this was such a surprise. Those leaders of the Spanish armed forces who staged an uprising against the elected Republican government in 1936 did so, they said, in defence of traditional Spanish values - among which Catholicism was key. On the Left, this was quite clearly understood: in the summer of 1936 it was the clergy who bore the brunt of the 'Red Terror'. Churches were burned and convents ransacked, and in a matter of weeks some 60,000 people (including 6800 priests) were killed.
Inevitably, perhaps, the Red Terror was followed by a 'White' one, as Franco's forces exacted their cruel tit-for-tat. Not that they'd needed any such excuse: hatred of the Left was deeply embedded in the
Much less serious than the slaughter of Spanish priests in real terms, but in its way every bit as significant at a symbolic level, was what Archbishop Antonio Montero Moreno has since referred to as the 'martyrdom of objects'. The bodies of priests and nuns were dragged up from crypts, their open coffins piled up in city streets; statues of saints were smashed, disfigured or put together as if to copulate; churches were turned into dance halls and storage depots;
religious vestments were seized and mock-processions held through jeering, spitting crowds. Class and religious resentments went together: typically, affluent conservatives identified with the Church. Rounded up by anarchist gangs, bourgeois believers were forced to utter blasphemies before they were shot, their executioners enjoying the thought that these well-heeled holy joes and Josephines wouldn't be dying in a state of grace.
officer-class, who wore their crucifixes and rosaries as a badge of honour, and who saw the Church as not only the emblem but the spiritual justification for the society they saw themselves as building. 'We shall,' said General Emilio Mola, 'build a great, strong, powerful state that is set to be crowned with a cross.' Where other right-wing dictators of the era attempted
Suffice it to say though that the
Catholic Church - not just in
Spain itself but beyond in Rome -
was to be an important cheerleader
for General Franco.
to absorb religious institutions into those of an all-encompassing (hence 'totalitarian') state, the Caudillo saw the Church as sacred, his administration as its protector. In Spain, in recent years, debate has been raging over whether Franco can truly be characterized as having been a 'Fascist'.
And his conservative cheerleaders are right: technically he wasn't - for what the distinction's worth. The Catholic Church cannot of course be held wholly
Christ and Caesar were too cosy by half in the Spain of General Franco. Here the Caudillo visits Cardinal Federico Tedeschini, the Papal Nuncio. Franco's regime murdered men, women and children in their tens of thousands with the Church's tacit blessing. The whereabouts of over 114,000 victims are still unknown.
responsible for the 'White Terror' and the 200,000-odd deaths it's believed to have brought; neither can the extent of its culpability be easily quantified. Suffice it to say though that the Catholic Church - not just in Spain itself, but beyond in Rome - was to be an important cheerleader for Franco. Not just during the Civil War but in the years after when his murderous regime was otherwise to a large extent excluded from the world community.
The Holy Father and the Fatherland
Friedrich Nietzsche, notoriously, had dismissed Christianity for its 'slave morality'. Turning the other cheek assuredly wasn't Adolf Hitler's style. Like Mussolini, born a Catholic, the future Fuhrer had turned his back on the Church as he grew older and began to conceive his vocation as leader of an all-conquering Aryan Fatherland.
Even for the leader of the Third Reich, though, there were realities that had to be recognized. One was the considerable number of Catholics in Germany, especially in the South. A naturally conservative constituency, they remained wary of Hitler and his National Socialists. Hence Hitler's overtures to Pope Pius XI, who hoped to secure the position of the Church in a changing Germany and find an ally in his opposition to the Communist advance in Europe.
Pius, who four years earlier had signed a similar Concordat with Mussolini, had no hesitation in agreeing to the treaty. The Concordat he signed in 1933 may have been seen by the Pope as nothing more than a diplomatic recognition of political practicalities, but Hitler was able to exhibit it as though it were a sacred blessing.
The Nazis made more uncomfortable bedfellows than the Italian Fascists had, their ugly anti-Semitism soon apparent to the world. In 1937, abashed, the
The future Pope Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, was Papal Nuncio in Germany. Here he leaves the Presidential Palace in Berlin. That Pacelli 'went native' with the Nazis is untrue - he disdained their brutish views - yet he never seems to have appreciated the enormity of their crimes.
Pope went so far as to send out an encyclical - a letter to be read in German churches - entitled Mit Brennender Sorge ('With Burning Sorrow'). It contained an outspoken condemnation of the Nazis' attacks upon their country's Jews as well as their efforts to control the activities of the Catholic Church in Germany. So horrified had Pius XI become by Hitler's influence, he'd finally concluded that he was possessed by the devil and had attempted to exorcise him at long-distance.
The Church's reputation is for dogmatic certainty (even where such certainty may be ill-advised) but it can be as woolly and ambivalent as any other institution. So it was with its wartime conduct - a dereliction of duty never really redeemed by isolated acts of humanity and courage; so it was in its prewar attitudes to the Jews. Blanket charges of 'anti-Semitism' against the Church are easily enough refuted by specific examples - but then so too are blanket exonerations. While the medieval idea that the Jews should be collectively condemned as the 'killers of Christ' was now no longer being preached, many in the Vatican still saw 'the Jews' as a deadly threat. In 1929, one spokesman, Father Enrico Rosa, drew what he clearly saw as a scrupulous distinction between an unworthy and un-Christian racial anti-Semitism and a 'healthy evaluation of the danger emanating from the Jews'. His fellow - Jesuit Gustav Gundlach teased out his argument a little further the following year. To hate the Jews because they were Jews - and, as such, intrinsically alien and 'other' - was deplorable, he argued. To hate them because they were cosmopolitan in their loyalties and damaging in their influence in the arts, the media, science and finance was quite another thing. The 'Chosen People' of Old Testament times, it seems, were now the vanguard of all that was dangerously modern; the enemies of established Western values.
'Hitler's Pope'?
The 1933 Concordat had been negotiated by a young and energetic cardinal, Eugenio Pacelli - a lover of Germany and its culture, and a conservative through and through. As Pope Pius XII from 1939, he was to steer the Church through the stormy waters of the Second World War - wrecking its moral reputation, many have suggested, in the process. Pius' characterization - caricaturing, even - as 'Hitler's Pope', is arguably harsh: relations between the two men were seldom cordial and never easy. There is little doubt, though, that Pius saw in Hitler just what the German Fuhrer saw in him: a man with whom - whatever his drawbacks - he could do business.
The Holocaust is rightly remembered as one of the very darkest episodes of modern history, the Church one of many institutions that fell badly short. And this is especially significant, given the moral authority it has historically claimed; the right it has assumed to tell its members - and the wider world - how it should live. Pius XII's defenders have pointed to the good he did - justifiably, up to a point: it's easily forgotten that the young Pacelli had actually been the author of the impassioned plea against racism in Mil Brennender Sorge. And it's been demonstrated too that, as Pope, he organized rescue measures in the Vatican City that led to the saving of a great many Jewish lives. But the good he did was invariably done by stealth. When the world looked to him for leadership he was silent - at best equivocal. An unabashed elitist, he despised National Socialism for its vulgar populism, but doesn't seem to have been as outraged by its morality as he might have been. He wasn't a Nazi; nor could he even be charged of an indifference to the threat it posed - but he was more exercised by the threat represented by Communism in the east.
What can be said of Pius goes for the Church as a whole: it isn't difficult to find ways in which good was done and evil resisted. Many individual priests and nuns performed acts of astounding courage to save Jewish families from death in Germany. And the authorities reacted, rounding up what they saw as their enemies: Dachau alone housed 2600 priests. In Poland, national resistance to the German invaders was largely coordinated by the Catholic clergy. Some 2500 priests in that country were to be executed by the Nazis. Overall, though, the fact remains that the Final Solution was a challenge dismally ducked: the Church has been struggling to reassert its moral authority ever since.
Poland Oppressed
Poland's problem, in the post-War era, wasn't to come from Nazism but from Communism. The Red Army liberated it only to take it under Soviet rule. The Church clung on here, in an excruciatingly uneasy co-existence with a socialist government that wouldn't let it flourish openly yet never felt quite strong enough to stamp it out completely. Important leaders were arrested and imprisoned - thousands tortured. As elsewhere behind the Iron Curtain, a state-sponsored pseudo-Church was created, but the people of Poland were never fooled. Even so, Catholicism struggled to maintain a meaningful presence in the country. Pope John Paul II, born Karol Wojtyla, was many years later to talk of Poland's 'Silent Church' - capable of offering some degree of comfort and continuity, but not to raise its voice in spiritual leadership.
One priest more than any other articulated the aspirations of Poles
for freedom at this time: Jerzy Popieluszko preached each week at
his Warsaw church.
When Poland's people did eventually find their voice, though, it was in response to the pastoral visit of Pope John Paul II himself, who came soon after his election in 1979. They turned out to see him in their hundreds of thousands: in all, it's estimated, a third of the Polish population came to see him celebrate a series of open-air masses. The Communist authorities didn't like it but didn't dare object. That visit seems to have emboldened Poland, helping to inspire the setting-up of Solidarnosc (the 'Solidarity' movement) in 1980.
The Church continued to lend crucial support. After General Jaruzelski's government imposed martial law in December 1981, the workers' meetings with which the Solidarnosc campaign had started were forbidden - but people could still come together to celebrate mass. One priest more than any other articulated the aspirations of Poles for freedom at this time: Jerzy Popieluszko preached each week at his Warsaw church. In 1984, its patience exhausted, the state had its agents stage a car crash for Popieluszko's
The cross has been conceived on the gigantic scale formerly reserved for Soviet war memorials and Lenin statues: Pope John Paul Il's trip to Poland (1979) - the first major engagement of his pontificate - was both a joyful homecoming and a warning to the regime.
Pope John Paul II makes a point to General Wojciech Jaruzelski. But Poland's Prime Minister was not convinced. Even so, throughout the 1980s, Catholicism remained an inspiration for patriotic Poles fighting to free their country from Communist oppression.
benefit. He escaped unhurt, but was seized and abducted a few days later. He was beaten to death, his body abandoned by the side of a reservoir, a martyr for Catholicism - and his country.
The Latin Masses
If the fight against Communism had brought out the best in the Catholic Church in Poland, the same could hardly be said of what had happened in South America. Since the 1970s, the Church had allied itself strongly with some of the most unpleasant regimes in the world in Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Generals' Argentina. Like the United States establishment, the Church had viewed the region with mounting concern for many years - since Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution of 1959, indeed.
Latin America's poor and dispossessed masses had seemed 'naturally' to be the property of the Church - a vast and unquestioningly obedient congregation. That they might now be seizing the opportunity to liberate themselves caused consternation. In the paranoia of the Cold War era, any sign of popular unrest was viewed with trepidation; any stirrings of student radicalism denounced as communistic. Even as priests in Poland risked their lives for freedom, the Church in Argentina and Chile was turning a blind eye while suspected activists were abducted, tortured and killed, their bodies dumped by roadsides or dropped from helicopters far out at sea. In Chile in 1973, the democratically elected government of the Marxist Salvador Allende had been overthrown in a bloody
The image of Father Jerzy Popietuszko is carried in procession through the streets of Warsaw in celebration of his beatification on 6 June 2010. Patriotism and piety have gone together in a Poland whose Catholic religion was repressed along with its people under Communism.
coup by the country's military, led by General Augusto Pinochet.
Three years later in Argentina, fearing a similar drift into disorder and Marxist revolution, the leading generals seized power. In both countries, the military set to work stamping out any sign of resistance, snatching up dissidents from their homes and from city streets. Most were never to be seen again: in Argentina alone, these desaparecidos ('disappeared ones') numbered getting on for 30,000. Estimates for those killed and missing in Pinochet's Chile are only slightly less.
'The disappeared cry out for Justice!' And so did their suffering mothers and other relations through the long and bitter years of Argentina's 'Dirty War'. Many priests were sympathetic - some were 'disappeared' by the Generals' thugs themselves - but the hierarchy tended to side with the right-wing regime.
Welcome as it was in many ways, the election of the Argentine Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio as Pope Francis in 2013 called attention to a time many in the Church had been trying to forget. As so often in the Church's history, a great many priests, nuns and ordinary Catholics had acquitted themselves with commitment and courage on behalf of their people: once again, though, it seemed that the hierarchy had let them down. The part played by the American CIA in supporting General Pinochet's coup in 1973 has been much publicized. Less well known is the support he received from the Catholic Church. In the days following the coup - a time in which over 3000 civilians were murdered - the Chilean Episcopal Conference asked the people to assist the government in its 'difficult task of restoring national order and the economic life of the country, so seriously affected'. In Argentina too, senior churchmen lent the military junta at least their tacit support, although many priests and nuns fought hard for freedom and justice at parish level. Unsurprisingly, the role of the future Pope Francis has been hotly contested since his appointment, although claims that he collaborated with the dictatorship, betraying his own priests, remain unsubstantiated.
Catholic Communism?
Liberation Theology may have been a bastard creed, at it inspired real heroism in many of its adherents. As first outlined by the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutierrez, the 'Theology of Liberation' demanded a radically-overhauled Catholicism which would work to bring bout change in this world, not just happiness in the next. No longer would it be the 'opium of the people': it would be a formula for revolutionary transformation of society. Many thousands of priests, nuns and lay Catholics heard Gutierrez's Gospel and were inspired.
Many were to die for their beliefs. In Colombia, Camilo Torres, announcing that 'if Christ were alive day, he would be a guerrilla,' enlisted with his
La Moneda, Santiago, was bombed by the Chilean air force in the military coup which brought General Pinochet to power in 1973. The country's elected Marxist President, Salvador Allende, who committed suicide inside his palace, had been deeply distrusted both by the United States and by the Church.
country's Marxist National Liberation Army, in whose service he was killed during his first action in 1966. Archbishop Oscar Romero, who from his pulpit led popular opposition to El Salvador's oppressive military regime, was assassinated at the altar as he said mass one day in 1980. Clerics were also well represented among the Sandinistas who came to power in Nicaragua in the 1980s, including the priest and poet Ernesto Cardenal.
The Church was not impressed. Even when its own nuns were raped and murdered by right-wing death squads in El Salvador, it seemed more concerned about the risk of Communist contamination in the Church. Pope John Paul II's experiences of life in Poland almost certainly helped to shape his sceptical reaction to Liberation Theology, despite his own well-documented
Born in Lima, in 1928, Gustavo Gutierrez grew up to become a Dominican friar - and founder of 'Liberation Theology'. So central was Christ's command to help the poor, Gutierrez argued, that his disciples had a duty to fight for revolution.
Nuns seek in vain to save the life of Archbishop Oscar Romero of El Salvador. An ally of the poor, he had been gunned down by members of a right-wing death squad while saying mass.
concern for social justice. (In September 2013, Pope Francis raised eyebrows by giving the aged Gustavo Gutierrez, by now 85, an audience. Was Liberation Theology about to get a second chance?)
Bank of Brothers
Early in the morning of 18 June 1982, the body of a man was found hanging from scaffolding underneath an arch of London's Blackfriars Bridge. Squeezed into his pockets with eight bricks for weight was $14,000 in three different currencies: this had been no ordinary suicide - if that was even what it was. The dead man was soon identified as an Italian, Roberto Calvi, chairman of the Banco Ambrosiano who had gone missing from his home in Milan some days before.
The history of South and Central America in the second half of the twentieth century was - to put it mildly - messy and unpleasant. Discussion has tended to focus on the role of the United States, and more specifically the secret activities of the CIA in what was seen as 'America's Backyard'. In Central America particularly, the interests of US business were seen as paramount: the Free World had to be made safe for United Fruit. Yet other organizations had much at stake as well - none more than the Roman Catholic Church, which looked to Latin America as a secure heartland of belief.
When we read of US support for the monstrous regime of Rafael Trujillo, who terrorized the Dominican Republic for 30 years from 1930 to 1961, we shouldn't forget the vital support he was given by the Church. At a time when even the US was losing faith in their sometime puppet, his Concordat with the Vatican (1954) came to his rescue, giving him the one shred of diplomatic legitimacy he had. That same year, while the CIA was parachuting arms with Soviet markings into Guatemala to smear Jacobo Arbenz's reforming government, New York's Cardinal Francis Spellman was burning up the wires to Archbishop Mariano Rossell Arellano in the country. A pastoral letter, read out in all the churches (to a largely illiterate population) urged Guatemalans to 'rise up as one man against this enemy of God and country'. In Nicaragua, the Somozas - Anastasio ('Our Son o a bitch'), Luis and Anastasio Jr - all had the backing of the USA, and the Church. So did the murderous Contra Front after the Somoza tyranny was overthrown. In Honduras, Costa Rica - you name the country - the Church saw cruel conservative regimes as preferable to even moderately reforming ones. If Camilo Torres' claim that Christ would have been a leftist guerrilla must be questionable, it hardly seems likely that he would have joined a right-wing death-squad or a military junta.
In the days that followed, as police became increasingly suspicious that Calvi had been murdered, financial investigators found huge discrepancies in the Banco Ambrosiano's accounts. Accusations of malpractice had been flying around for years - Calvi himself had been convicted of illegally exporting currency and sentenced to four years' imprisonment, although he had been given his freedom while he waited to appeal. There were major fraud charges pending against him too. The day before his disappearance, his secretary had leapt from her fourth-floor office window, leaving a note alleging that her boss's crimes had brought the Banco Ambrosiano down. It was certainly in deep trouble, its management collectively dismissed by Italy's finance ministry, who had established their own committee to handle its affairs.
Roberto Calvi served as President of the Banco Ambrosiano, Milan, until his suicide in 1982. His death drew unwelcome attention to the Vatican's extraordinarily intricate financial arrangements and exposed an unholy tangle of curious connections and secret deals.
John Paul I lies in state in the Clementine Chapel of St Peter's after the shortest papal reign of recent times. Inevitably, his death - after only 33 days in office - gave rise to rumour and speculation of the most lurid sort.
Calvi wasn't the first crooked financier, and he wouldn't be the last, but his was no ordinary story of corruption. As the chairman of the Banco Ambrosiano, he had become known as 'God's Banker', mainly because the Vatican Bank had owned a substantial shareholding. He had also been a prominent member of P2 - a masonic lodge that was rumoured to control the commanding heights of the Italian economy and media. (That P2 members jokily referred to themselves as the frati neri or 'black friars' - like the bridge - was said by some to have been a sign that his murder had been the work of his brother masons.)
What happened to Calvi isn't clear, and where a lack of clarity exists conspiracy theory thrives: speculation on the case has embraced everything from mafia money-laundering to channelling CIA funding to the Nicaraguan Contras. Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, head of the Vatican Bank (or, in full, the 'Institute for the Works of Religion'), took a down-to-earth approach to this worldliest of duties: 'You can't run the Church on Hail Mary's', he observed. What Our Lady would have thought of his friendships (and, said his accusers, business dealings) with convicted fraudsters and international gangsters we can only guess.
Vatican Victim?
Was Pope John Paul I a collateral casualty of these shenanigans? Within 33 days of taking office he was dead. (Amazingly enough, that doesn't make his appointment by any means the shortest papal reign in history: in fact it comes in at number 11 in a table topped by Urban VII, whose reign in September 1590 had lasted only 13 days.) By the Vatican's own account his passing was just 'one of those things' - he was hardly the first man in his sixties to have had a heart attack. But speculation was inevitable: the peculiar combination of power, wealth and secrecy in the highest reaches of the Church make its affairs attractive to conspiracy theorists at the best of times - add in
The Catholic Church has supped with so many devils down the centuries that one more won't make much difference, perhaps. Even so, it's curious to find such close and complex links between Catholic officials and Propaganda Due or 'P2', given the Church's longstanding opposition to freemasonry. (Since 1738, soon after the founding of the first Grand Lodges in Enlightenment Europe, the Church has banned its members from involvement in freemasonry.) Still, the converse should have been true as well. Born of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, the 'Craft' had traditionally taken a contemptuous attitude towards the Church and its teachings. Instead, its members had espoused a 'deist' view in which a 'Grand Architect' had designed the universe.
Given the number of scandals, political and financial, in which the lodge's Venerable Master Licio Gelli was found to have been involved, it is hard to see him as a searcher of mystic truth. If the financier had any aim beyond that of enriching himself and his friends, it seems to have been the resurrection of
Fascism in Italy - or at very least the extirpation of Communism in the country. This of course was an aim he shared both with the Catholic Church and the CIA, and with both organizations he seems to have maintained mysterious contacts down the years.
Gelli himself has withdrawn from the frontline of Italian politics in recent years: his plan for Italy's 'democratic rebirth' has been in good hands with Silvio Berlusconi, he has told the press. In backing Berlusconi's rise, the Church showed impressive tolerance in turning a blind eye to his TV empire's recipe of softcore imagery and right-wing propaganda. Its patience only snapped when the media mogul proved to have been getting too close to (allegedly under-age) girls himself at the 'bunga-bunga parties' to which he treated his friends.
Pope John Paul II isn't sure he sees the joke he's supposed to share with Silvio Berlusconi. The Polish Pope had denounced the output of the billionaire media mogul's TV stations as a 'curse', but favoured the devil he knew over his liberal opponents.
Scores were killed by a bomb in the Bologna Massacre of 1980.
No one would suggest that the outrage was the work of the Church.
But had senior Vatican officials allowed themselves to become
too closely involved with those right-wing extremists who were responsible?
freemasonry and the recipe is irresistible. It would only take the addition of the CIA and KGB to make the mix complete - and both these elements have been added by investigative writers in the years since.
Of course, the fact that conspiracy theories nourish doesn't mean that there are no conspiracies, and what might loosely be described as the 'P2 Affair' had been a conspiracy and a half. While claims that the late Pope had paid the price for trying to break the hold of freemasons within his hierarchy or for seeking to stamp out corruption remain unproven, they can hardly be so easily dismissed. That there were illicit goings-on seems certain - even if their details have been difficult to delineate - while one would hesitate to say that certain elements would have stopped at murder. Prominent P2 members had kept coming up in investigations into the neo-fascist group that organized the Bologna Massacre in 1980 - a station bombing which left 85 people dead.
II Papa and the Manias
It hardly helped that the Vatican was so cagy in the days immediately following John Paul's death, even prevaricating over who had found the body - he had died in bed. The fear of salacious innuendo apparently prevented their revealing that his death had been discovered by his female housekeeper, Sister Vincenza Taffarel - a nun who had been brought in, cynics leered, at the request of the late Pope himself.
From 'cherchez la femme' to 'cherchez the feminist': some excitable commentators suggested that the Pope had fallen foul of traditionalists in his Church with his remark that 'God is Father, and, even more, He is Mother'. Most of those who read these words took them to mean, first, that God's love transcends mortal sex-roles, and, second, that he has a 'mother's' gentleness, but some took it to represent the embrace of a revolutionary new gynotheology, replacing God with a Goddess. John Paul didn't live long enough to spell his meaning out.
In the Firing Line
John Paul I's successor, Poland's Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, paid him the compliment of taking his name as John Paul II. By contrast, his was to be one of the longest ever papacies. It was very nearly cut abruptly short, however, when, while riding in his 'popemobile' through a crowded St Peter's Square, on 13 May 1981, he was shot by Mehmet Ali Agca, a Turkish gunman. The Pope was critically injured but managed to survive.
John Paul II had become a figurehead for the
freedom struggle throughout the Iron Curtain countries.
Ali Agca had a longstanding record as a member of Turkey's ultra-nationalist 'Grey Wolves' group - a quasi-fascist organization with a well-proven readiness to resort to murder when required. Despite his right-wing credentials, Agca's testimony to investigators after his arrest pointed to the involvement of the Bulgarian secret police, and hence in turn to that of their masters in the Soviet KGB, whose interest in seeing the Pope killed or incapacitated was all too clear. John Paul II had become a figurehead for the freedom struggle in his native Poland in particular, and in the Iron Curtain countries more generally.
John Paul subsequently went to see his would-be killer in prison, where he spoke to him 'as a brother', freely forgiving him for his attack. A plot by Islamic terrorists to deploy a suicide-bomber dressed as a priest against the Pope during a visit to the Philippines in 1995 was foiled when the plan was uncovered a few days before. Had it gone ahead, it was to have been followed up with the mass-hijacking of airliners en route from Asia to the United States - with a crash-attack on the CIA's Virginia headquarters rather like those against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11.
John Paul II visited his would-be-assassin Mehmet Ali Agca in prison in Rome.
John Paul II's anti-Communist credentials were unimpeachable, one might have thought. His small-c conservatism was also well attested. He was far more indulgent towards those who hankered after the old Latin liturgy of the 'Tridentine Mass' than either of his predecessors had been.
For some, though, he hadn't gone far enough. Followers of the French reactionary rebel Marcel Lefebvre weren't happy that he hadn't done more to rehabilitate their hero. Reviving the Tridentine Mass at the Econe Seminary he had founded near Fribourg, Switzerland, Lefebvre had started ordaining priests. Given that he had effectively established his own church-within-the-Church, it wasn't hard to see why the Vatican had been irked or why even a sympathetic pope like John Paul II might have felt unable to give him more support.
Feelings ran high among the dissidents, and one the Spanish priest Juan Maria Fernandez y Krohn went for the Pope with a bayonet during a visit to Portugal in 1982. In the event he failed to kill John Paul II. Afterwards he told his prosecutors that he had acted to save the Church: he believed that the Pope was a Soviet secret agent.
Ultra-traditionalist French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre offered a real challenge, even to conservative leaders like John Paul II.
Keith Hunt


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Medical Malpractice Cover Up
When medical malpractice happens in a hospital - when the system fails, or a doctor doesn't follow the rules for patient safety or a nurse doesn't check to see life saving equipment is in place and working before there is an emergency medical event - we've seen hospitals cover up these kinds of mistakes, even when a patient is seriously injured.
Here are 3 ways hospitals cover up medical malpractice and medical mistakes:
1. They don't tell you about it. Your loved one has undergone a significant change in her condition due to a medical error and they never tell you why or how. All you know is the patient got seriously ill and much worse while in the hospital. After discharge, they may review the care and determine it was caused by a series of preventable errors, but they don't have to tell you that!
2. They don't give you all of the medical records. To cover up mistakes, they can selectively forget to copy certain records in the patient's chart or not include all of the medical records - so when you review the records you don't see anything that went wrong. Hospital administrators know you won't notice a few critical pages missing from the chart, and how would you know what to look for to make sure the medical records are complete?
3. They destroy or re-write the medical records. Obviously, this is wrong, wrong, wrong but we've seen it before in our medical malpractice cases against hospitals. Any medical record that is added to, changed or re-written should clearly state that and the original should be kept in the chart as well.
If you suspect medical malpractice led to a serious injury or death, don't wait. Get the medical records and get them reviewed by a serious medical malpractice lawyer. We help people get answers every day about medical malpractice - information you can use to help yourself and your family get the resources you now need because of a serious injury.
Looking for more information?
Download 7 Symptoms of Medical Malpractice - our free report exposing common and tragic medical mistakes to watch out for. And call us at (202) 393 - 3320 to talk about your specific situation, in confidence, and see if we can help with some of the problems you now face.
Thinking about hiring a lawyer?
Don't do anything until you read The Medical Malpractice Lawyer Evaluation Form - this will arm you with the questions to ask any potential medical malpractice lawyer in DC, Maryland or Virginia - so you can immediately vet the lawyer and make sure he or she has the experience and qualifications to handle a major medical malpractice case (its a very specialized practice - 99% of lawyers won't touch these cases). The evaluation form can help you decide on the right medical malpractice attorney for you and your family.
Remember, you only have one case. Don't get the wrong kind of lawyer.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, April 3, 2012
"Walk With Me" by Pete Kruse
Features Michael Aukofer on percussion, Aubree Kruse and Lauren Kruse on BGV's and Caleb Kruse on BGV's and harmonica. By Pete Kruse
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Posted by Peter Kruse at 9:50 PM
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1 comment:
- Patt P. said...
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- February 25, 2019 at 1:24 AM
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UTAS Home › College of Sciences and Engineering › Mathematics & Physics › Facilities › Ceduna Observatory
On the 18th of September 1995, the University acquired the Ceduna 1 Satellite Earth Station in South Australia. The site, with its 30 metre diameter antenna and several large buildings on 64 ha of land, were transferred to the University by Telstra Corporation Limited following the relocation of Ceduna's telecommunications functions to Perth. The acquisition of the landmark instrument has further boosted Tasmania's high status in Australian radio astronomy by providing the astrophysics group with control of 40% of the Australian VLBI Array. This insures that UTAS will be in a position to play a major role in this area of Australian science for many years to come.
The University, as a national centre of excellence in radio astronomy with a long tradition of hands-on experience in this field, operates the facility as a stand alone instrument and in conjunction with other antennas in a VLBI array. The antenna has dramatically enhanced the Australian VLBI array, which includes existing radio telescopes in:
by providing a vital East-West extension required to map compact radio sources in the southern sky at high resolution and to study a range of important astrophysical problems. The facility has enabled participating institutions to provide high-quality teaching and postgraduate research in astrophysics, astronomy and geodesy and will strengthen Australia's international links through participation in key multinational research programs. It is part of the Swinburne Astronomy Online Course.
The observatory is open to external users and for commercial tracking purposes. For information on acquiring observatory time, please contact the Director, Professor John M. Dickey.
Authorised by the Head of School, Physical Sciences
2 May, 2018
Future Students | International Students | Postgraduate Students | Current Students
© University of Tasmania, Australia ABN 30 764 374 782 CRICOS Provider Code 00586B
Copyright | Privacy | Disclaimer | Web Accessibility | Site Feedback | Info line 1300 363 864


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Lieutenant G.H. Borrow M.C.
Transcript of
Military Cross
77th Indian Infantry Brigade
4th Corps
Royal Sussex attd 13 Bn. The King's Regiment
Date of
Regtl. No.
Rank and Name
Lieutenant George Henry BORROW
Action for which recommended :-
Operations in Burma, February - May 1943
Throughout the operations in BURMA from mid-February to mid-May 1943, Lieut. BORROW acted as Intelligence Officer to Headquarters No. 2 Group. He insisted on accompanying the expedition despite the fact that he was suffering from jaundice. The continued privations and hardships of the campaign prevented him from ever recovering his health in the course of it, and in the latter stages he suffered intensely from internal disorders, general weakness and a malady which attacked his legs and made marching extremely difficult and painful. Despite the effects of these serious inroads upon a state of health already poor, he showed throughout the campaign a superb example of doggedness and courage which aroused the admiration of every officer and man who saw him, and inspired them all to emulate his magnificent endurance. His work as Intelligence Officer not only did not suffer from his bad state of health, but would have been remarkable for its thoroughness and efficiency in ordinary circumstances; while his behaviour under fire was exemplary. His high spirit helped immeasurably to carry the party with which he was travelling through most arduous trials until the British lines were reached; when; after an example of steadfastness and endurance which cannot often have been surpassed, he finally collapsed.
Recommended By
Lieut-Colonel S.A.Cooke
13 Bn The King's Regiment
Honour or Reward
Signed By
Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Comdr. 77th Ind. Inf. Bde.
(London Gazette 16..12.1943)


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The Government's 2019 Cyber Security Breaches Survey shows that 32% of businesses identified a cybersecurity attack in the last 12 months, down from 43% the previous year.
The reduction is partly due to the introduction of tough new data laws under the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR).
30% of businesses and 36% of charities have made changes to their cybersecurity policies and processes as a result of GDPR coming into force in May 2018.
However, of those businesses that did suffer attacks, the typical median number of breaches has risen from four in 2018 to six in 2019.
Where a breach has resulted in a loss of data or assets, the average cost of a cyberattack on a business has gone up by more than £1,000 since 2018 to £4,180.
Business leaders are now being urged to do more to protect themselves against cybercrime.
The most common breaches or attacks were phishing emails, followed by instances of others impersonating their organisation online, viruses or other malware including ransomware.
Digital Minister Margot James said: "Following the introduction of new data protection laws in the UK it's encouraging to see that business and charity leaders are taking cyber security more seriously than ever before.
"However, with less than three in ten of those companies having trained staff to deal with cyber threats, there's still a long way to go to make sure that organisations are better protected.
"We know that tackling cyber threats is not always at the top of business and charities list of things to do, but with the rising costs of attacks, it's not something organisations can choose to ignore any longer."


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|Welcome sur wohnung-haus-villa.ch. In a few mouse clicks you have access to a large choice of real estate objects, such as apartments, detached houses, semidetached houses, terraced houses, chalets, new projects and much more.
|Glide hereto with your mouse over your selected picture. Then click on that picture and you will be able to examine all the details of the chosen real estate object.
|Of course you can filter your choice after a region or a district, all Swiss cantons are listed. In another choice you find the geographic position: " alps, lakeside, rural, village… ". The typology which fits to you, like " apartment, house, chalet, loft, new project " or you choose after price range.
|We wish you a lot of success on the voyage of discovery of your dream object. We hope that this web page will provide you a lot of enjoyment in the investigation of the different objects.
From the different areas of Switzerland


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If you're in a financial position where you are considering a vacation home, it can be exciting. Maybe your family has a favorite travel destination, or you've come across a great deal, and you think you might be ready to dive in.
Last year according to the National Association of Realtors, around one in eight homebuyers were purchasing a second home.
There is a lot that goes into buying a vacation home in terms of finances and logistics that you need to keep in mind. Sometimes it can sound dreamy, but the reality is different than you expected it would be, and the following are five important things to consider and weigh before buying a vacation home.
How Much Is It Really Going to Cost?
You may be looking at just the cost of the property itself and thinking it's a great deal, but that only tells a small fraction of the story.
For example, is the house close enough to drive to, or will you be flying? If it's somewhere you have to fly to, then you may have to buy an additional car to use when you're there, and that comes with its own set of costs beyond the purchase price, such as carrying auto insurance for a rarely driven vehicle.
If you have to fly, you also have to factor in how much those airline tickets are going to cost you every time you want to go to your second home.
You'll need other types of insurance along with auto insurance, such as homeowners' insurance, and if your second home is in a place where flooding or hurricanes are likely, you'll have to add that coverage in.
Other costs that often come with a second home include utility bills, homeowners association fees, and maintenance for the lawn.
Are You Willing to Commit to One Travel Destination?
If you buy a second home in a place you love, you may be happy only to travel there but you have to ensure that's the case. You may be very limited in where you're able to go outside of traveling to your vacation home.
If you're someone who likes familiar routines, this could be fine for you, but if you are someone who has the travel bug, you might want to save your money and put it toward trips around the world versus locking yourself into one destination.
Are You Going to Rent It Out?
Some people who buy a second home will use it as a source of income when they're not there, by renting it out. It can be a good way to cover some of the costs of owning a second home, but it's a lot of work to own and rent out a property.
First, you have to ensure you can even rent it out at all. Certain neighborhoods or condo buildings might not allow this.
You also have to think about how you would rent it out—some locations in the country don't allow Airbnb, for example, so you may have to pay an agency to handle it for you.
You also then have to pay for additional maintenance, insurance and cleaning services.
Plus, the most demand for your rental is going to be during the high season wherever it's located, and that's going to cut into your ability to enjoy your home.
What Will the Taxes Be?
A vacation home is a personal residence according to the IRS if you rent it out 14 days or fewer a year. If you rent it out more than 14 days a year, it's considered a rental property. Either way, you have to report the rental income, plus there are issues like property taxes to take into consideration.
Are You Being Realistic?
The biggest thing to think about aside from the financial considerations is if you're being realistic about the potential value, monetary and otherwise, that a second home will bring to your life and the life of your family.
There are snowbirds that love their vacation homes, and they use them for months at a time.
However, if you have a young family and you're working full-time, this just isn't going to be feasible.
What can initially seem like a dream may turn into something that you rarely get time to go to, and a vacation home can quickly become a burden.
You want to make sure you have the time and willingness to use your vacation home before you make such a big purchase that's going to impact your finances and your life in so many ways.


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Hear From Us
We would love to be able to keep in touch with you to tell you all about the work we're doing! If you provide us with your email address below, we will send you our seasonal newsletter, let you know about upcoming Magic Bus UK events, and keep you up-to-date about our work to help children escape poverty.
We promise to never share your personal details with anyone other than for the purpose of processing your data. We will only ever contact you with your express consent, so if you wish to stop recieving communications from us, please write to us at email@example.com. If you would like to know more about how we will use your data and your rights regarding your personal data, please read our Privacy Policy.
Give a child a future today.
Get exclusive updates about our work.
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House of Sport
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London SE1 4YB
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 07395 586181


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This weekend is packed full of brand new releases. Nike is set to deliver a wide array of sneakers in the running and basketball space, while adidas is set to drop its own set of classic silhouettes and new collaborations that should not go unnoticed. New offerings can be expected from Jordan Brand, Converse, and Vans as well.
The drops start this Wednesday. Converse has linked up with Engineered Garments for a four shoe collaboration redesigning the classic Converse One Star, and adidas is debuting the latest Damian Lillard signature model, the Dame 4.
Thursday brings two new casual runners from Nike. A bright new "Citron" colorway of the Flyknit Trainer is releasing alongside a special colorway of the Zoom Fly SP commemorating the 2017 Chicago Marathon.
Vans is releasing a follow-up to its collaborative collection with the classic Peanuts comic strip and cartoon by dropping pairs that feature the artwork of Peanuts' illustrator Charles M. Schulz. Also dropping on Friday are a new navy blue leather colorway of the Nike SF AF-1 featuring a gum outsole, and the third shoe from Nike's "LHM" collection, an Air Force 1 with jaguar print detailing designed by Latin street artist Saner.
One of the biggest releases of the week is the second half of the Kith x Nike "Take Flight" Collection. It includes two pairs of Scottie Pippen's first official signature model, the Air Pippen 1, covered in a premium pony hair. One pair utilizes various animal prints, while the other uses a more toned down all black approach.
Most of the drops this weekend will take place this Saturday. Adidas is continuing its partnership with Reigning Champ with a new collab on the Pure Boost, releasing four new pairs of sneakers designed by Alexander Wang, and also dropping the "Crafted Energy" pack that gives premium uppers to classic models like the Gazelle, Campus, and Forum Hi.
Nike is releasing a Nike Vandal identical the OG pair from the '80s, and John Elliot is giving everyone another chance to get their hands on a pair of his Vandal collab that originally released earlier this year. The Swoosh will also be releasing a purple and white Lakers-esque colorway of the Kobe A.D. Mid, and a set of shoes for the ladies, the WMNS Air Force 1 Upstep "Floral Sequin" pack that uses denim uppers and red sequin floral patches across the uppers.
Jordan Brand's offering this Saturday is one of the best of the week. JB is dropping the second rendition of the Air Jordan 1 Flyknit, this time in the classic "Royal" colorway, as well as a girl's exclusive pair of Air Jordan 3s.
For a detailed look at everything dropping, here's a Complete Guide to This Weekend's Sneaker Releases.
Also Watch


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Taylor johansson naked watch online
Marilyn Monroe young:
Everybody works with everybody else.
Marilyn Monroe died, apparently a suicide, at the age of 36 on Aug.
The flashes show a long hallway lined with Taylor johansson naked look like robots, Taylor's face with dark eye make-up and wrapped in a black hood, and finally, a naked figure crouched on the floor of a creepy, dark warehouse.
A Space Odyssey and Rocky posters very soon.
If Taylor Swift wants to be a naked robot in her music video, we're all for it.
They were allegedly stolen from her cell phone.
Or those white peacock feathers, whose tips are probably poisoned.
So they came up with an elegant solution.
She wears a thermoptic bodysuit that allows her to become invisible.
Rupert Sanders is the director.


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|Index of /support/mkpic
Name Last modified Size Description
Parent Directory 04-Apr-2020 00:36 - mkpic 27-Apr-2014 22:33 25k mkpic.pdf 27-Apr-2014 22:37 53k mkpicdoc.pdf 24-Apr-2014 22:15 141k mkpicdoc.tex 22-Mar-2014 07:20 21k
script: mkpic - interface for making pictures with mfpic type: perl author: Wybo Dekker email: firstname.lastname@example.com version: 1.02 license: Released under the GNU General Public License -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mkpic provides an easy interface for making small pictures with mfpic. To this end you create an input file has to be created consisting of commands, one per line, with space separated parameters (or you modify the DATA section of the mkpic script, which is used if you run it without an input file). For an extensive description see the file mkpicdoc.pdf, which is part of the distribution. Changes with respect to version 0.1: - added mkpicdoc.tex to the distribution


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Buy My House For Cash In Los Angeles – Our CA Cash For Houses Program
One question we get all of the time here at We Buy Houses Los Angeles about our local Los Angeles house buying program is, "Can you buy my house for cash in Los Angeles or do I have to wait for a buyer to get a bank loan?". Great question and totally valid. 95% of … Continued


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Version 1.19 Release Log
Choose the product release you wish to view:
|Update Description
|21 Sep 2007
|Fixed adapter orientation not being saved after reboot.
|23 Aug 2007
|Optimized per-packet handling for large rulesets (more than 500).
|21 Aug 2007
|Optimized per-packet handling for large address sets.
|18 Aug 2007
|Fixed issue with high CPU load when moderate to high throughput occurred.
|28 Jun 2007
|Increased maximum number of addresses from 1,000 to 2,000.
|12 May 2007
|Fixed fault when loading over 200 addresses.
|5 May 2007
|Fixed traffic monitor not working under certain conditions.
|14 Apr 2007
|Fixed blue screen fault due to low kernel memory.


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Wife and I would like to visit Canada next week. What city would you suggest and why?
2 Answers
It would depend where you're coming from and what type of city you want to visit. Canada is huge, and therefore the cities are quite diverse. The East coast cities (Halifax, NS, Charlottetown, PEI, or St. John's, NFLD) are friendly and fun, and generally less busy. Quebec City has a sort of European feel. Toronto is busy, but lots of sights to see. Vancouver is beautiful and pretty laid back for a big city. All of the above are amazing places to visit! I hope you enjoy Canada, wherever you go! over 8 years agoAnswered by kelward via WorldNomads.com
Here are a few choices. If you want city life and prefer things in English , Toronto has lots to do from museums to night life. Montreal is also a great city, very cosmopolitan. They do speak English as long as you are in the city proper but knowledge of French would make things easier for you. If you prefer small towns and a slower pace and out of the way sights, try Nova Scotia/Halifax/Prince Edward Island. over 8 years agoAnswered by Rick L. via Ask a Nomad iPad app


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University of East London
Course Introduction
The world is filled with advertising. From street billboards to TV catchphrases, from the back of newspapers to the front of football shirts, from internet pop-ups to… well, anywhere with an empty space to fill. It's a huge, rich part of our everyday life and cultural experience – and it's changing fast.
At the University of East London, we offer you a unique insight into this exciting, swift-moving world. You'll learn all about the advertising industry: what it does, how it works and how it's changing in relation to the world that it shapes and that helps shape it.
You'll learn about branding, market research techniques and digital media production, and take a detailed look at how today's consumer society works.
Guided by industry experts, you'll have the best chance not just to study but also to learn while at work in this ever-expanding industry.
You'll be involved in work placements and consumer research projects. We'll give you the chance to study everything from promotional media practices to photography and cultural theory while you also learn the best media and digital production skills.
If you don't meet the entry requirements for a BA, you can study this course as an 'extended', four-year programme. In your first year, you'll take a foundation year which prepares you for a successful transition to the BA course.
Course Modules
Year 1
Advertising; past, present and future (core)
Branding in Theory and Practice (core)
Digital Media Development 1 (optional)
Advertising, Representation and Culture (core)
Year 2
Pitching for Business (core)
Media Planning in the City (core)
Researching Audiences, Texts and Media industries (core)
Working in the Media and Communications Industries (core)
Year 3
Promotional Culture and the Consumer (core)
Campaign Design and Execution (core)
Advertising Dissertation (optional*)
Media Production Dissertation Project (optional*)
(*you will take either the Advertising Dissertation or the Media Production Dissertation)
Mobile Media, Promotion and Exhibition (optional)
Digital Communications (optional)
Copywriting in the Creative Industries (optional)
Public Relations and Promotion (option
Start Date:
|Duration & Attendance
|Tuition fees
|Fee type
3 years
Full Time
|Bachelor of Arts (with Honours) - BA (Hons)
|European Fees
3 years
Full Time
|Bachelor of Arts (with Honours) - BA (Hons)
|Home Fees
3 years
Full Time
|Bachelor of Arts (with Honours) - BA (Hons)
|Overseas Fees


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Home > Christening Dresses
HANDMADE TO ORDER. Despatch in: 14-28 days
This beautiful dress is exclusive to Christenings & Occasions.
If the size you require is unavailable the dress will be handmade to order in 2-4 weeks
A beautifully unique baby girls special occasion dress.
This sleeveless dress is made in linen look cotton with satin ribbon to the waist and appliqué flowers to the front. The dress is fully lined and has a small amount of net to add fullness and shape. Matching headband is also available. We think that this dress is perfect for christenings, weddings (especially spring and summer weddings) and parties.
This dress has been designed by us and made by UK designers Millie Grace. Each dress is handmade in England, with each individual flower hand sewn. The dress is exclusive to Christenings & Occasions and cannot be bought anywhere else online.
Available in white or ivory and in sizes from 0-3 months up to 3 years.
Comes complete with Millie Grace keepsake protective gown cover.
**Matching Elen Bonnet now also available**
Style name: Elen
UK Orders (including Highlands and Islands):
Delivery charges
UK Standard Delivery (approx. 2-5 days from despatch)
UK Special Delivery
(Before 1p.m. next working day when ordered before 11a.m. Mon-Fri)
UK Saturday Guaranteed Delivery
(Before 1p.m. Saturday when ordered before 11a.m.Friday)
EUROPE Orders:
Delivery charges for orders to Europe are £10.99 per order.
We use Royal Mail's International signed for delivery service.
WORLDWIDE Orders (except USA & CANADA):
Delivery charges for orders outside Europe are £15.99 per order
We use Royal Mail's International delivery service.
We regret we cannot accept orders from the USA or Canada.
For further information regarding delivery times see: our delivery services
Size (age)
Chest (inches)
Length (inches)
2 yrs
3 yrs
This size guide is provided by Millie Grace. Measurements are in inches and the chest is measured all round, directly under arm and the length is from shoulder to finish.
Millie Grace dresses can be made into long length gowns. Please e-mail us for further details. There is an extra charge for this service.
We are happy to accept returns for exchange or refund within 28 days of receipt.
This excludes made to measure and personalised items which you will be notified of at the time of ordering.
For full details please see our RETURNS POLICY.
Brand: Millie Grace Exclusive
A beautifully made dress that fits perfectly. I used the measurement guide & it was spot on. My little girl looks so cute in it for her baptism. I love how simple it is but yet so stylish.
Was this helpful to you? Yes / No
This review has not been appraised.


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We are going on a "little trip"....
In 2001, Bobby and I followed the journey of our dear friends, Bill and Ruth, as they boated their way around the United States on this crazy thing called The Great American Loop. We followed along as best as we could with no Facebook and limited internet access at the time. During the course of that year, we lived vicariously through their intermittent posts and waited anxiously for sporadic emails. By the end of their travels, what was born in us was a desire to someday take this same trip in a boat of our own... someday... maybe when we retired...
In 2011, our 4th daughter was born with a severe and critical complex congenital heart defect. She was given only a 10% chance of surviving. We were prepared to have only 20 minutes with her at birth if she survived long enough to be born. By God's grace, she lived long enough to be life flighted to another state where our family lived at the Ronald McDonald House for 11 1/2 months waiting for her to get well enough to bring her home. Since her first discharge, we have learned a lot. We have learned to live life to the fullest and to truly not take things for granted. We also learned that living in one room at the Ronald McDonald House may have in fact prepared us to "live" on a boat. :-) None of us are guaranteed tomorrow, but it is even more in our face with Mia.
In 2015, we had the crazy idea that maybe that "someday for the boat trip" should be now. We discussed our potential plan with Mia's cardiologist and he was on board as long as Mia's next open heart surgery went well. So for the better part of 2015, we cautiously made plans for our family to take The Great American Loop. We were planning, but careful to not get too excited because with Mia, anything can happen.
So, with cautious optimism, Bobby took boating courses through the United States Power Squadron and we did lots and lots and lots of research. We even talked to Make A Wish to see if they could help us in any way for Mia's wish through them. She loves the water and boating so it seemed like a great fit for her wish, but it was out of their scope of wishes able to be granted.
As the end of 2015 approached, we stayed in contact with Mia's cardiologist and other doctors as well as her pharmacy to see what we would do about getting medications and medical supplies. The next big thing was obtaining a boat. With all Mia's expenses, we were very limited on our options. In a stroke of what can be nothing else than a huge blessing, the very couple that we followed their journey (and by the way are lifelong friends of our family), decided that they no longer needed the boat on which they cruised The Loop in 2001. Not only did they not need it any longer, they wanted to essentially "gift" it to us at an extremely reduced price! We met them at the bank one very cold day in early 2016 and signed paperwork for the transfer of "La Cigale".
The next big step was getting Mia through this next big open heart surgery. The plan was to do the surgery early in the spring to give her time to heal. The best laid plans.... you know the saying! Well, she has had many bumps in the road, complications and readmits, but it seems as though she is finally "holding her own", so we have decided to move forward with leaving on the boat trip, beginning August 14th, 2016. (Weather permitting). In an even crazier twist of events, we were wondering what we would do with our home while we are away and a good friend of our family was moving back to Akron for schooling and needed a place to stay.
What a fantastic way to hopefully bless someone else in this process! 15 years ago, we had considered doing this upon retirement, but after all that we have gone through with Mia, we know that tomorrow is never promised, and we find it necessary to experience this trip as a family. Some people save for retirement and never make it that long so if we need to dive into it in order for this to happen, we are ready and willing!
If we don't do this now and we lose Mia early, we will always regret it.
Will it be easy? No. Will we have bumps in the road? Of course. Will we likely visit hospitals in states we have never been to? Probably. Will it be worth it? YES!
by The Wilson Family.


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Knowing how to find out if a contractor is licensed is an important skill. It helps you become a smarter consumer and find quality service in the skilled-trades.
It's the middle of summer and your HVAC unit goes out! Who can help? A contractor! Your toilet is flooding! Who can help? A contractor! If you've ever been in a situation similar to these you know time is of the essence to repair the issue. During your search for a contractor you might be looking for who can get you help the fastest or who has the lowest rate. What you really should be checking for is if the contractor you are hiring holds a license.
A contractor provides a wide-variety of jobs that are needed for a household. These services include plumbing, HVAC servicing/installation and electrical services. Make sure your contractor is licensed to ensure your household and appliances are receiving quality work and repair. Whether you are building a home or looking to repair a leaking faucet, hire a licensed contractor.
Hiring a licensed contractor guarantees that the person you are hiring has the proper education to complete the job. They have put hours into practicing their trade in order to pass tests and obtain the required permits to perform their job. Most contractor licenses require apprenticeship programs. These programs have apprentices complete up to 10,000 hours of on-the-job training. Contractors learn valuable information during this time. This training helps contractors experience day-to-day operations as well as unique situations that may happen on the job. Licensing requirements and tests vary from state to state. A licensed contractor will perform the job systematically and correctly.
Licensed contractors meet your state and local codes. You can rest assured that your property and any work preformed on it is up to state code if a licensed contractor is taking on the job. Routine inspections are performed throughout the work on your property. Meeting state and local codes can ease the process of selling your home when the time comes. Contractors who are licensed will continually learn about advancements in their trade. This learning helps them stay updated with state and local codes.
Along with insurance, licensed contractors also hold bonds to protect you from an uncompleted project. Bonds protect customers from contractors who do not finish the agreed upon job, permit payments and any other financial issue. A surety agreement is created between the contractor and the customer to guarantee financial safety. Bonds also protect you from a job that does not meet the expectations that you and the contractor set while planning the project.
A licensed contractor will complete the job they start. There is no need to worry about if a job will be completed. If a job performed by a licensed contractor is left uncompleted, they have the potential of losing their license. Licensed contractors take pride in the fact that they are licensed and want to withhold that standard of excellence. When you hire an unlicensed contractor, there is no promise that the job will be completed. Certain requirements and regulation do not need to be met that could lead to a lack of commitment. Licensed contractors are committed to the work that they promise their customers.
The first step on how to find out if a contractor is licensed is by visiting the contractor's website. Their website should list their qualifications, certifications, training, credentials, and licensure status. The website can also provide information about your contractor's services, past projects, and reviews.
Even if a perusal of your contractor's website looks promising, you should still check their licensure status. Begin by requesting evidence of licensure from your contractor. Qualified contractors will happily provide you with evidence of their licensure and insurance. You can then use the information provided by your contractor to verify the status of their license.
There are three types of information you can use when learning how to find out if a contractor is licensed.
Each state has different requirements and licensing organizations. Your local licensing department can verify if a contractor is licensed to work in your community. Your state's Department of Labor can also provide this information. You can also request proof of liability insurance from your contractor. Then verify the contractor's license with their insurance company.
Licenses can be granted to both contractors and individuals. A licensed contractor must verify that work performed by employees meets all code requirements. If your contractor is licensed, but employees perform the work, you might want to check the licensure of the employees performing the work as well. When viewing a license, verify that the name on the license matches the name of the person presenting it to you.
Other resources for inquiring into the licensure, qualifications, and competency of your contractor include the Better Business Bureau, Angie's List, local review sites, and personal referrals. Don't be afraid to request information from your contractor on people who can vouch for the quality of their work.
A skill that will help you learn how to find out if a contractor is licensed is how to spot an unlicensed contractor. Listen to your gut! If you have a feeling that this contractor is not reputable, do not hire them. Look for customer reviews to get a better understanding of who your are hiring and what their past work looks like. Customers give the most honest take on what a company and its employees are like. Make sure to look for consistency within the reviews. Do your research and trust your judgment. Here are some potential red flags to look for when hiring a contractor.
If you find yourself dealing with an unlicensed contractor, report the contractor. In doing this, you are saving another customer from the financial and safety hazards that come with a faulty job. The organization you should report an unlicensed contractor to vary from state to state. Use your knowledge of how to find out if a contractor is licensed to benefit others!
Licensed contractors work hard to perform their trade well. It takes years of schooling and dedication to become a contractor. Do not put your property at risk by hiring an unlicensed contractor. Unlicensed contractors are the reason consumers must learn how to find out if a contractor is licensed. While they may offer substantial discounts or other incentives, the risk is much greater than the reward. Licensed contractors are working to protect the integrity of the skilled trades and perform quality jobs.
Having a license means that a contractor has met the minimum requirements to operate deemed by each state. Learning how to find out if a contractor is licensed may lead you to find that certain contractors have certifications on top of their license. These certifications mean that the company has gone above and beyond the minimum requirement. They have continued their commitment to their craft and strive to find revolutionary ways to best fix problems you may have.
Certifications can cover anywhere from stored electrical safety to microwaves. When a contractor has a certificate in a certain field they have put in the time to gain even more knowledge about that subject. While they are not required, certificates can give you further assurance that your contractor is the right and best hire.
Certified contractors grow as technology grows. They have shown a commitment to keep learning about their craft and advancing in the job market. Certifications confirm that the business is learning as technology is growing.
Contractors are very proud of their certifications and usually have them listed on their websites. Ask your contractor if they hold any certifications for specific jobs. As technology gets more and more advanced by the day, certifications serve as a clear indicator that your contractor is prepared to service your specific and changing needs.
PHCEid.org is an advocate for the Plumbing, Heating, Cooling and Electrical contractor to properly identify their licensed status for public awareness. Professional Contractors have the license or certification to work in homes and businesses. Without the proper certification and licensing to become a skilled trades professional, it compromises the integrity the trade industry. The contractors listed on the PHCEid.org website are licensed or certified according to the codes and laws set forth by each governing state and/or entity. Licensed Contractors work in compliance with local and state codes set forth by their governing trade industry board. Get more information at PHCEid.org or call 844-954-2367 today!


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Thurgood Marshall College Fund Selects Morehouse College to Receive Over $700,000 in Microsoft Software Through Its Technology Initiative
WASHINGTON, Dec. 4, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ — The Thurgood Marshall College Fund (TMCF) announced today that it has awarded over $700,000 in Microsoft software, from its ongoing Technology Initiative, to Morehouse College – the first non-TMCF member-school to receive such support.
The TMCF Technology Initiative was created to address long-term technology needs of HBCU campuses and to identify funding sources to support technology upgrades. In April 2000, TMCF commissioned a comprehensive study of technology usage at its 47 member-schools, publicly-supported Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). From that study, TMCF identified there were major needs and opportunities to upgrade technology at its member-schools.
"HBCUs look to TMCF for new opportunities and solutions, like this, to assist them with building their capacity as they continue to serve the students matriculating on their campuses," said TMCF President & CEO Johnny C. Taylor, Jr. "Using technology to improve educational outcomes is a must today; and, we are excited to provide Morehouse with these resources to assist them in building their technology capacity."
Since its inception, Microsoft has been a technology partner of the Initiative, and recently awarded TMCF with an additional $8 million software grant for 2013 and 2014. The Microsoft grant makes available Microsoft software and licenses across the spectrum of Microsoft products including operating system software, desktop applications, programming, server, site management and instructional software, which enables TMCF to assist HBCUs in upgrading institutional computers and technology.
"We are excited that the Thurgood Marshall College Fund considered Morehouse for this much-needed donation," said Morehouse College President Dr. John Silvanus Wilson, Jr. "Improving our technology infrastructure will allow us to serve our students, faculty, staff, and the community-at-large in a more robust living-learning environment."
As the nation's largest, private liberal arts college for men,Morehouse College was founded in 1867 and celebrated a huge milestone in 2013 – marking the 100th anniversary of the name change from Augusta Baptist College to Morehouse College in 1913. Morehouse College was recently recognized as the number one liberal arts college in the nation by Washington Monthly; and, has a total undergraduate enrollment of 2,189.
"Recent changes to the PLUS Loan program have cost colleges tens of millions of dollars in tuition revenue over the past two years. HBCUs, in particular, have felt an added burden with additional cuts in their federal and state funding – creating a financial crisis for both publicly-supported and private HBCUs," said Taylor. "If we are able to help any HBCU to build its capacity, such as technology, TMCF will be there to assist – ultimately helping HBCU students to realize their college dreams."
TMCF is named for the U.S. Supreme Court's first African-American Justice. Established in 1987, TMCF supports and represents nearly 300,000 students attending its 47 member-schools that include public Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), medical schools and law schools. Through its scholarships and programs, TMCF plays a key role in preparing the leaders of tomorrow.
SOURCE Thurgood Marshall College Fund


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31st Macao International Fireworks Display Contest
- Major Event
- Sep - Oct Dates to be Confirmed
The annual Macao International Fireworks Display Contest - universally acclaimed as one of the best of its kind - takes place on the Macau Tower Shorefront from mid-September to 1st October every year. Over the years, more than 100 international teams from China, the Philippines, Thailand, Chinese Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Australia, the UK, Switzerland, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain have participated in this world-class pyrotechnic shoot-out. Many visitors choose this time of year to come to Macao to enjoy an exotic holiday illuminated by spectacular displays in the night sky that can be enjoyed from many vantage points on the Macao Peninsula and Taipa Island. A Fireworks Carnival is to be held next to Macau Tower on each display night, bringing together delicacies, music, dance performances and games.


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Single Family Detached
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- 53753 mls id
- Square Feet: 1,358 sqft
- Year Built: 1895
Terrific move in ready 3 bedroom 2 bathroom home with garage, and second building with bathroom and HVAC that could be used as a business office, studio, work shop, Air BNB or many options! Home features: new roof shingles, garage siding, and doors, original wood floors, main floor bedroom with walk in closet, large kitchen and eating area, main floor and second floor bathrooms, fresh paint, and great fenced yard with raised beds and many perennials. Nestled in the center of Boone, near high school, library, churches and downtown shopping. Second building currently houses the Audubon office but could be rented out to others.
- Site Link
- Style Other Style
Related Listings
Single Family Detached
28 Pictures
This home is well cared for and move-in ready. Fresh paint throughout, new kitchen flooring, updated bathroom, new roof, spacious living room and kitchen, main floor laundry, energy efficient windows, over-sized 2 car garage 26 x 32. Close to the Middle School. Schedule a private showing to...
3 beds, 1 baths, 1,488 sqft, $114,900
Courtesy of: CENTURY 21 Signature Real Estate
Office Phone: +15152332623
Listing Agent: Gina McAndrews
Updated: 2nd April, 2020 5:39 AM.
626 7th Street Boone, IA


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