text:
select your language
Your online solution to meeting
ICAO English language standards
Climb Level 4 has been used by thousands of aviation specialists in more than 40
countries. Here is what some of the students think about the programme:
The course was very interesting. I think it´s very important for all aviators, because it has a lot
new vocabulary and good audios, overall it´s a good tool to improve our aviation English.
Francisco - pilot
It's really good! Couldn't imagine that studying with Climb Level 4 I'd see my English improving
like that. It's getting better. The program is amazing.
Rodrigo - pilot
I'm very happy, because I got level 4 in Ecuador (South America) with your excellent program. I
like it, this is what the people want.
Christian - pilot
I have been using Climb Level 4 since two months ago. It is the first internet-based English
course I ever had, so at the beginning I was quite doubtful about it. Now, after only two months
of use, I can say how efficient, flexible and helpful the course is. The most important thing is to
familiarize enough with it. In order to achieve this, take the tutoring sections and navigate freely
throughout the course units, just to get familiar with the environment. Very good is the
pronunciation tutor and the overall possibility to improve fluency. On my experience, improving
fluency is the most difficult task: I believe that Climb Level 4 is very good at it. Last but not least,
the "real" people behind the net. They are available at any time to help the student in any
matter, should help be needed.
Lio - pilot
Notwithstanding I still attend the course, I think it is the most useful course I've ever done. It
gives you the opportunity to melt together both grammar and technical vocabulary. Further, the
listening parts, programmed with various and different accents, may really help those people
involved in aviation field.
Roberto - pilot
Per quanto riguarda il corso, posso dire che e' molto interessante, istruttivo, fatto veramente
Giuseppe - pilot
It is the first program which I have found for ATCOs. Actually this program can use also pilots to
understand the work of controllers. If you are young student and would like to become an air
traffic controller this program is made for you. The most useful part for me is listening, I like to
listen these audio files because they are realistic. Also it is helps to prepare you for ELPAC test.
Valerijs - ATCO
My experience with the level 4 program was excellent , also I was tested in my country and I get
a 4,80 ; so I think that the next year I'll be ready to get a 5 . Thanks you for giving me the
chance to try your program , and I will share it with my mates.
Gabriel – pilot
I am really happy to perform these new english lessons and I found them extraordinary and
Marcello - pilot
According to the programme climb level 4, I can only express my pleasure that I am passing
through it. I don't have any remarks, and I hope it will help many more people, as it is helping
me now.
Nikolay - ATCO
The course is very interesting, and helped me greatly in the discovery of new words, inherent in
my work as a pilot.
Giuseppe - pilot
CL4 is a great program and the content is deep and articulated - I especially like the "different
European" accents you can experiment on with in the many lectures and cases you have
created. The user experience is excellent even if I do feel CL4 could be an outstanding tool if
coupled at times with real/human facilitators.
Vittorio - pilot
I find it very useful especially for my job, I am a pilot, but not only.
It is a new method to learn english, very easy and complete, cause you can learn all topics of
the language and you can choose the one you need to improve.
Giuseppe - pilot
I think it is a well designed program which provides us an easy way to improve our English
language skills. The independent study of it is very convenient because we can train whenever
we have spare time. My favorite part was "grammar". It is brief, well structured and easy to
Prodan - ATCO
It covers wide range of all main subjects in Aviation radiotelephony and is well organised and
very good in details. I made most of the exercises in `Listening`, but I didn't have enough time
to make them all. The exercises were interesting and I enjoyed myself while made them!
Anjelika - ATCO
About the Climb Level 4, the course is very interesting and the exercises are necessary to
improve the level.
Giancarlo – pilot
Climb level 4 is all but ICAO manual and fulfils complete requirements of ELPT
So the entire course is well done, easy to use, a nice tool to improve the english. I was very
happy to have the opportunity to study on it.
Gianluca - pilot
This program encourages everyone to work hardly to improve English. This program not for lazy
persons, because it doesn't reserve a lot of time to consider any questions. You must seriously
prepare for learning this course but then you'll receive the best results. All examples and
questions in course are given from real life, thus making learning level 4 easier.
Yury - pilot
A mon sens, le point fort du programme est de pouvoir travailler et converser avec un
ordinateur. En effet, le test ICAO ne se fait pas de façon très humaine et cela peut être très
déstabilisant pour quelqu'un qui n'est pas nécessairement habitué à parler à une machine ! Les
parties du programme qui permettent de travailler la prononciation et la fluency sont elles aussi
très bien conçues pour les personnes qui souffrent de ces handicaps. En effet, il n'est pas
toujours facil de pouvoir rencontrer quelqu'un de qualifié pour résoudre cela car l'anglais
aéronautique et sa phraséologie ne sont pas toujours facil d'accès. En particulier pour une
personne qui pratique l'aviation à titre privé, de hobby et qui a une vie active sur le côté. Ce
programme présente donc les avantages de faire évoluer chaque personne à son rythme,
d'enrichir progressivement le vocabulaire par des exercices clair, de revoir un peu la
grammaire, de faire de la compréhension à l'audition mais surtout de pouvoir travailler sa
fluency et sa prononciation. Un tout grand merci à l'équipe.
Gaëtane - pilot
I founded very useful all the topics, particularly the listening and fluency and interaction much
near to my job
Franco - pilot
I am finding out the program very interesting, easily understandable and complete. Very useful
it's the part " fluency & comprehension" to improve the pronunciation. I hope soon, with the help
of the program, to climb to a higher level.
Stefano – pilot
I can say that "Level 4" is an easy way to improve english knowledge as a whole and,
personally, I've found it to be of great help to correct and improve my own pronounce and
accent using mic and hearphones.
Marcello – pilot
I am extremely pleased with the program, unfortunately I could not manage to do all the
exercises. I did 100% of what I thought is most important for me - FLUENCY. Hope that my
results will be satisfactory.
Stefan - ATCO
It's not easy to explain why I find this course really well done but in very few words I would like
to say that is helping me a lot in refreshing and renewing my English.
Massimo - pilot
The assessment
The content
The training resources
The 9 modules
Fluency and Interactions
Try Before You Buy
How to pay
Presentation Movie
User Agreement
Aviation Links


text:
Diviyen Puspalingam
I am a very friendly person. I have also 6 years of experience in the tourism field. In addition, i am very well versed in the Kuala Lumpur city. You could contact me through my official email at ********************.
Diviyen created
Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur has many interesting attractions such as Merdeka Square, Chinatown, Petronas Twin Towers and much more. KL is also known as a shoppers paradise because there are numerous huge shopping malls where you can literally shop till you drop. You could also experience variety of new experiences such as cultures,adventures, histories and many more. 1. Merdeka Square-It was here the Union Flag was lowered and the Malayan flag hoisted for the first time on 31 August 1957. Since then, Merdeka Square has been the usual venue for the annual Merdeka Parade (National Day Parade). 2.Chinatown-Lively, colorful Chinatown is centered on Petaling Street, known for its fashion shops and a large covered market with produce, clothes and accessories. It is a place for cheap shopping spree. 3.Muzium Negara- Its facade comprises elements of traditional Malay and modern features. It was opened on 31 August 1963 and it serves as a repository of Malaysia's rich cultural and historical heritage.he displays range from showing cultural events like weddings, festivals and costumes to traditional weapons, musical instruments, arts and crafts, ceramics, and flora and fauna. 4.Batu Caves-is a limestone hill that has a series of caves and cave temples in Gombak.The cave is one of the most popular Hindu shrines outside India and is dedicated to Lord Murugan. It is the focal point of Hindu festival of Thaipusam in Malaysia. 5. Kuala Lumpur City Centre(optional)-are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and remain the tallest twin towers in the world. The buildings are a landmark of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Theater-by-the-Grove announces open auditions for our spring productions. Sign up for an audition time on the bulletin boards outside of Waller Hall B-14.
Non-majors, university, and local community members are all welcome! See IUP Lively Arts for performance dates.
by Sarah DeLappe
Please prepare a one-minute contemporary monologue (from a play written in the 21st century). Choose something age appropriate to you.
Please note: Should you be given a callback on the 15th, you should come in athletic clothes and shoes.
by William Shakespeare
Please prepare a one-minute monologue from a play by Shakespeare or one of his contemporaries. A verse piece is preferable if you want to be considered for all of the roles in the play. A prose monologue from a play by Shakespeare or one of his contemporaries
can be presented, but this will limit your casting options. The character of Feste sings and those who are interested in that part should prepare a short unaccompanied song. (It need not be a period song, but the emphasis should be on melody and meaning).
For more information, please contact Terri Williams at email@example.com.
Department of Theater and Dance


text:
Glossary covering terms and words used for autoimmunity.
Only a small proportion (10 - 15 %) of patients with autoimmune gastritis develop pernicious anemia. Nonetheless, at an estimated prevalence of 1.9% in Western adult populations at or over the age of 60 years, pernicious anemia represents the commonest cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in these populations.
Although "silent" until the end stage, the gastric lesion can be predicted years before clinical presentation by immunologic markers specific for gastric autoimmunity. The gastritis results in a deficiency of intrinsic factor, a protein which binds avidly to dietary vitamin B12 and promotes its transport to the terminal ileum for absorption. Consequently, the gastritis is expressed clinically as vitamin B12 deficiency associated with megaloblastic anemia. The anemia was indeed "pernicious" when first discovered but is now readily controlled by vitamin B12 treatment.
Thermo Scientific: Helping scientists meet the challenges they face in the lab or in the field every day.
As in all diagnostic testing, the diagnosis is made by the physican based on both test results and the patient history.


text: Blood Orange, a 27-year-old London-raised, New York-based producer, has been tapped to score a new film called "Palo Alto" from James Franco and Gia Copolla. Up until now, Blood Orange has been known mostly for his work with Solange he but made a big splash in indie scenes this year with his second solo album "Cupid Deluxe." In many ways, he's a perfect match for the film, which focuses on the promiscuous pastimes of a group of wealthy and bored teenagers in a plush suburb. Blood Orange's songwriting and production is an electronic ode to heartache. The film will be released on May 9.


text:
There are winners, and there are champions. And today – the very first day that women ski jumpers have ever competed in the Olympics – seems like the perfect day to single out a champion.
"My goal is to make the Olympic team, for girls," declared ski jumper Lindsey Van in a tv interview back in 1996. She was eleven. It would be 18 more years – until today, February 11, 2014 – that it took her dream to materialize.
Not just 18 years of training. But 18 years of – quite literally MAKING the team. As in creating it. Lobbying the Olympic Committee for it. Fighting for it in courts and in public. Willing it into being. And although Lindsey didn't win the medal we were all hoping for her, those women who did, owe her an enormous debt of gratitude for her tireless fight on their behalf.
[Today's winners were Carina Vogt of Germany; Daniel Iraschkostotz of Austria; Coline Mattel of France].
Not many of us probably even realized that women ski jumpers were excluded from Olympic competition by officials who considered the sport "too dangerous" for women. Even though the women were competing neck-in-neck with men in world championships since 2006, when the International Ski Federation allowed them in. And decades before that on slopes all over the world.
A 2011 documentary "Ready to Fly" by William Kerig, captures this struggle. It's a brilliant film, one of the most moving stories I saw at the Banff Mountain Film Festival, where it won top awards.
In 2009, Lindsey won her Gold Medal at the World Ski Championships at Liberec, CZE and held the North American record for distance (94 meters) until this year.
She was the favorite heading into the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, but of course – there was no ski jumping for women in Vancouver. And there wouldn't have been any women's ski jumping today if Lindsey and her teammates hadn't filed suit against the Olympic committee. It was a victory hard won. And bittersweet for Lindsey, whose best chance at gold was four years ago, not today at age 29.
But if anyone can claim victory, if anyone can be called "champion" for her sport and has cause to hold her head high when other women accept their medals, it's this petite skier from Salt Lake City who fought to make today's Olympic competition possible – when everyone told her to go away.


text:
Ford First AMC concept
Everybody knows about muscle cars? I mean great American muscle cars. Classic powerful cars cost a lot, but there's not much on the market.
That's why I think Ford is going to revive the old fashion car in the new concept Ford First AMC. The car will probably be built on the modernized platform of 1969 Ford Mustang. But there is no information about other technical stuffing of the vehicle.


text:
TBD VZ County Road 3810
Wills Point, TX 75169
Estimated payment ∕month**
Customize your monthly payment
Heavily treed 12+ acres in Wills Point ISD! This beautiful property features a pond as well as a variety of trees. Find the perfect spot on this acreage to build your new home! 150' north of the pond there is a 100'x60' dirt pad that the seller installed in the middle of the trees. No known building restrictions. Paved roads to the property. Entire property fenced with a gate at the front of the property. Minutes from Lake Tawakoni, which is known as one of the top Catfishing lakes in the State!
Additional Property Details
Homeowners Association (HOA)
Lot & Land
*Note: All room dimensions, including square footage data, are approximate and must be verified by the buyer.
The information contained herein is furnished by the owner to the best of his/her knowledge, but is subject to verification by the purchaser, and agent assumes no responsibility for the correctness thereof. The sale offering is made subject to errors, omissions, change of price, prior sale, or withdrawal without notice. In accordance with the Law, this property is offered without respect to race, color, creed, national origin, sex, familial status or disability. This is not intended to solicit property currently listed.
**Assumes 4.25% APR, 20% down payment, and conventional 30-year fixed rate first mortgage. Rates cited are for instructional purposes only; current rates are subject to change at any time without notice. You should not make any decisions based simply on the information provided. Additional required amounts such as taxes, insurance, home owner association dues, assessments, mortgage insurance premiums, flood insurance or other such required payments should also be considered. Contact your mortgage company for current rates and additional information.Listing Agent:Lacy Deckard
Broker:Ebby Halliday, REALTORS
Safety Rating
Commute to Work
School Districts
Results received from this calculator are designed for comparative purposes only, and accuracy is not guaranteed.
(877) 275-1762Alex.Parker@
PHMLoans.com Visit Our Website
When you decide to buy a home or refinance your mortgage, your search should start and end here. At Prosperity Home Mortgage, LLC, we strive to create an extraordinary customer experience through the efforts of knowledgeable and caring mortgage professionals where relationships are valued, and the focus is on treating every client as if they were the only client. Choose a lender you can trust to find the mortgage loan that best suits your needs.


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Union Pacific to Host Second Round of Public Meetings
Open Houses Set for Brighton on Oct. 29, Fort Lupton on Oct. 30
Omaha, Neb., October 08, 2007 Union Pacific (UP) will host two open houses to update Fort Lupton, Brighton and neighboring communities regarding the proposed construction of a classification yard and intermodal terminal on a site between Weld County Roads 4 and 10.
The railroad, in conjunction with the Regional Transportation District (RTD), is studying the feasibility and cost of relocating the two facilities from their current location in northeast Denver. Information on the nature and scope of the study will be presented at the meetings, as well as detailed updates on topics such as:
- a preliminary strategy for addressing community concerns regarding road closures, emergency access and traffic flow around the proposed site;
- engineering plans designed to reduce traffic disruption at four rail crossings in downtown Brighton;
- the potential for expanding commuter rail service to Brighton and Fort Lupton along UP's Denver-to-Greeley corridor;
- the development of emergency prevention and response protocols; and
- an overview of the potential economic and fiscal impacts of relocation on local communities and taxing districts.
This will be the second round of open houses hosted by UP in connection to the feasibility study. As with the initial meeting held in late June, the Oct. 29-30 sessions will provide an opportunity for interested citizens and other stakeholders to share their comments and concerns about the proposed relocation. Several subject matter experts will be available to answer questions.
The details of the upcoming public meetings are as follows:
|Brighton Meeting
|Fort Lupton Meeting
|Monday, October 29, 2007
|Tuesday, October 30, 2007
|5:00 - 8:00 p.m.
|5:00 - 8:00 p.m
|Brighton Heritage Academy
830 East Bridge Street
Brighton, CO
Fort Lupton High School
Under a possible agreement between UP and RTD, the classification yard and intermodal terminal would be relocated in order to make way for two FasTracks commuter rail corridors. A transload area would also be located at the new site should the relocation go through. The feasibility study is scheduled for completion in late 2007, and a final decision on relocation will be made by RTD and UP shortly thereafter.
If the two entities decide to relocate to the Fort Lupton/Brighton study area, construction would take place in 2008-2009, with the new facility opening in 2010.
About Union Pacific
Union Pacific Corporation owns one of America's leading transportation companies. Its principal operating company, Union Pacific Railroad, links 23 states in the western two-thirds of the country and serves the fastest-growing U.S. population centers. Union Pacific's diversified business mix includes Agricultural Products, Automotive, Chemicals, Energy, Industrial Products and Intermodal. The railroad offers competitive long-haul routes from all major West Coast and Gulf Coast ports to eastern gateways. Union Pacific connects with Canada's rail systems and is the only railroad serving all six major gateways to Mexico, making it North America's premier rail franchise.
For further information, contact Mark Davis at (402) 544-5459.
The statements and information contained in the news releases provided by Union Pacific speak only as of the date issued. Such information by its nature may become outdated, and investors should not assume that the statements and information contained in Union Pacific's news releases remain current after the date issued. Union Pacific makes no commitment, and disclaims any duty, to update any of this information.


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Even scientists agree that there is something to the whole idea of chicken soup–as–cold remedy, but few of us battling a cold or flu have the strength to stand there, watching over a stove. Enter slow-cooker chicken soup: Toss the ingredients in, and within hours, you'll have nourishing meals for days. Of course, there's no need to be under the weather to enjoy these easy dinner recipes. So add one to your rotation this week.
1. Slow-Cooker Chicken Noodle Soup
If you're looking for that classic fix, look no further than blogger Jaclyn Bell's take on chicken noodle soup, which is loaded with herbs and egg noodles. It takes minimal effort, she says, yet yields tender chicken and soft veggies. She makes it as soon as she feels a scratchy throat coming on.
2. Crock-Pot Chicken and Wild Rice Soup
Leave it to a Minnesotan to figure out how to make chicken soup even more hearty: Teacher and blogger Lindsay Ostrom adds wild rice to her slow-cooker chicken soup, plus flour and milk to give it a creamy consistency. The best part, she says: "When everything else is chaotic, my steady and true Crock-Pot friend gives some stability and cooks us the most cozy, comforting dinner while I'm at work."
3. Slow-Cooker Quinoa Chicken Parmesan Soup
It's a wonder this slow-cooker chicken parm soup isn't a staple at red-sauce joints nationwide: It basically tastes like, yes, chicken parm, in soup form. Also, as recipe developer Chelsea Lords points out, it's much healthier than the original because it's loaded with tomatoes and the lean protein of the chicken and quinoa, minus the fattening breading.
4. Slow-Cooker Chicken Enchilada Soup
Assembling enchiladas can take a big chunk of time, but this chicken soup version can be prepped in minutes in the morning. It's like tortilla soup, creator Rachel Currier, a New Hampshire-based blogger, says—except creamier.
5. Slow-Cooker Chicken Pot Pie Soup
Instead of using a canned cream of chicken base, recipe developer and photographer Tonia Larson makes a homemade version, which she marries with potatoes, chicken and vegetables to create the ultimate hybrid comfort food. Instant mashed potato flakes can make it even creamier, she says, and of course, the whole thing is made in a slow cooker.
RELATED: 15 ingenious slow-cooker breakfasts to make mornings extra delicious
Katie Lee cooks classic chicken noodle soupOct. 15, 201503:44
This article was originally published on February 6, 2015.


text:
Decentralized Poker Platform Launching Crowdsale
Ethereum blockchain-based gambling solution, Acebusters has announced its upcoming crowdsale, starting on September the 21st. The crowdsale will be capped and will raise funds to implement the milestones mentioned in its whitepaper and on its website, including implementing Sit-and-Go, and a decentralized, secure, p2p architecture with a guaranteed fairly shuffled deck.
A decentralized poker platform, Acebusters hs the goal of making online poker more profitable, fair, and secure than existing models. As a decentralized application it will offer the service of dealing cards and settling bets, utilising the global coverage allowed by blockchain technology to allow players worldwide to connect and create a borderless poker liquidity pool. So far, during its beta, more than 10,000 hands have been played at the tables.


text:
Hello! I'm pretty sure I've mentioned it a couple of times but I figured I'll do a proper review on one of my long time favourite skincare – LANEIGE WHITE DEW ORIGINAL AMPOULE ESSENCE!
This is not a new product, in fact, it has been around for quite a long while now. I've used it even before this latest version. I don't see a lot of people mentioning it because I know many love the Water Bank range. Don't get me wrong, I love the Water Bank range too!
The White Dew range is more of a brightening range, so no doubt, the White Dew Original Ampoule Essence focuses more on brightening dark spots and improving skin tones.
- Lightens my blemishes/ acne scars
- Brighter and clearer skin
- Light-weight texture. Suitable for combination/oily skin types
I like to try a lot of different products and after having tried others, I go back to this White Dew Original Ampoule Essence and will recall how much I used to like it. I can always see my skin looks more radiant. I will highly recommend you to check this out if you would like to clear some blemishes or dark spots. Don't expect a miracle because there is only this much a product can do for you.
Retails for SGD80.


text:
Product Categories
(Total 17 Products for Delivery By Box Transport Chain)
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-032
The automatic packing machine is a high tech product of electromechanical integration Applicable to the packaging of pharmaceutical aluminum plastic plates bottles cosmetics daily necessities hardware appliances etc and similar items can automatically complete the folding of the instructions the opening of the carton...
Automatic chain plate conveyor
Model No.: LY-SSJ18-067
Overview The chain plate conveyor can meet the requirements of separate transportation of beverage labeling filling cleaning and other equipment It can also make the single column become multiple columns and walk slowly thus generating storage capacity to meet the requirements of the sterilizer storage bottle platform...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-009
Equipment Profile This machine is an automatic folding box machine for directional research of mobile power box shaped like an aircraft It has equipment such as automatic paper supply folding box spray glue pressing molding and output finished paper box Automatic continuous operation PLC and human machine interface...
Folding Box Machine Alarm Box Middle
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-006
LY ZHJ18 002 floor cover folding box machine adopts all aluminum alloy frame light and concise mold combination using precision slideway design can adjust any specifications at will accurate and easy to replace specifications This machine adopts PLC automatic control system setting time by sensitive touch screen easy...
Folding Box Machine Alarm Box Large
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-005
Product characteristics Pneumatic control through the adjustable size of the mold of the cardboard automatic folding cover molding paper automatically locking cardboard cardboard molding does not require adhesive tape or hot melt adhesive In the end the cardboard is folded into a carton shape to facilitate the manual...
Folding Box Machine Alarm Box Small
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-002
Product characteristics The machine adopts a portable unilateral transmission mechanism operation stability simple maintenance This machine motor adopts frequency converter control automatic speed adjustment stable power The operation is adjusted with double sided teeth bar simple and convenient Using a number of...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-037
Proceeding from the market demand and production reality the company widely absorbs the long technology of plastic machine products at home and abroad uses high and new technologies to transform traditional products continuously increases the scientific and technological content of products reduces the cost of...
Folding box machine battery case
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-004
Use upper and lower entrainment to prevent bending and skidding of paper It integrates paper feeding glue spraying folding folding and pre opening boxes It is easy to operate and can be completed quickly at one time It is equipped with domestic advanced automatic high speed double spray gun thermosol machine The size...
Folding box machine sandpaper packaging
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Quality engineering has always been regarded as the company s survival food with first class testing equipment and professional quality inspection team and established after sales service system and quality assurance system The company has formed a kind of everyone is the first person in charge of product quality...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-010
Product characteristics Adopt the upper and lower clamping belt type transport prevent paper bending skid Set automatic paper spray glue folding edge folding box and pre reverse folding pre folding as one simple operation one time rapid completion equipped with domestic advanced automatic high speed double spray gun...
Folding box machine chocolate box
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-003
Use upper and lower entrainment to prevent bending and skidding of paper It integrates paper feeding glue spraying folding folding and pre opening boxes It is easy to operate and can be completed quickly at one time It is equipped with domestic advanced automatic high speed double spray gun thermosol machine The size...
Folding box machine battery packaging box machine
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-001
Product characteristics The battery packaging machine of the company adopts imported servo motor and controller operation is simple and service life is long By operating on a 7 inch large touch color screen it can be adjusted to greatly save packaging materials The packing machine has low noise fast packaging speed...
Multi functional automatic box loader
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-062
Product Overview This product is a combination of domestic and foreign advanced technology on the basis of further improvement and perfection is currently the most suitable for the actual production of new equipment The equipment is the machine electricity gas light integration of high tech products This product is a...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-051
After Sales service When the machine is installed we send technicians to the site to guide the installation of the provided equipment We are responsible for debugging the stand alone and packaging units to ensure that the user has mastered the operation maintenance and maintenance technology of the equipment in the...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-050
Each set of vibration discs is equipped with full stop shortage alarm or stop device to ensure that each bag is accurate The device has a self diagnosis function When a failure occurs it can automatically alarm or stop alarm or stop user optional and is equipped with multiple emergency stop buttons for easy operation...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-039
Main features The use of automatic open suction boxes folding instructions material feed batch number sealing box detection of waste and other processes smooth operation low noise Use PLC and human machine interface automatic control operating system stepless frequency conversion speed adjustment high degree of...
Model No.: LY-ZHJ18-038
Adopt automatic vacuum open box packaging method manually discharge material to transport machine run by chain machinery automatic ear in operation automatic feed material spray glue pressing molding The carton is placed flat on the carton bracket and the cylinder with vacuum sucker extends out The bottom of the...
Rebecca Potou May 28, 2020 5extremely quick shipping. good quality product.High recommend Dongguan City Li you machinery and Equipment Co., Ltd. company!
Mark Linczenyi May 19, 2020 5Everything goes well,will come and buy again if the Delivery By Box Transport Chain is really good.
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High Quality Products
Send Us a Message
We didn't put all products on website. If you can't find the product you're looking for, please contact us for more information.
Send Inquiry
Mr. Wang
Email:Send Inquiry
Mobile Phone:+8613711619994
Address:Zhao Xuan Science Park, 3 Cao Ling Street, Zhou Xi, Dongguan, Guangdong


text:
Welding@SVHEC provided Eugene Barksdale with the skills and certifications he needed to go from a job as an unskilled worker to a career as a welder.
After graduating from high school, Eugene Barksdale pursued a career in construction. Although he could find jobs, he found that without formal training or industry certifications he wasn't able to establish a career. Barksdale bounced from job to job with no security for his income or future. By 2016, he was ready for a change.
"I was tired of jumping from job to job. I wanted a trade--something that would always be with me," he said."
After hearing about the Welding@SVHEC program from several people, Barksdale decided to take a step towards gaining the skills and certifications he needed for a rewarding career. "At first I was thinking that it would be too hard to complete, but I kept telling myself it's now or never. I was ready for a change," he said.
Barksdale worked closely with Southern Virginia Higher Education Center (SVHEC) staff to complete the enrollment process and start the Welding@SVHEC program in November 2016. The SVHEC's welding program provides short-term, hands-on training in MIG, TIG, Stick, and Pipe welding. After learning welding basics and safety fundamentals, trainees spend 80% of their time in the welding lab.
"At first it was hard—I felt like I was using parts of my brain I'd forgotten about," Barksdale says with his characteristic smile. "But after a while I saw that I could do this, and I wondered why I hadn't started sooner," he said.
Barksdale quickly established himself as a dedicated student, and classroom leader who was always willing to lend a helping hand to his fellow trainees. "From day one, you could tell Eugene was here to learn. He was the guy that would always read ahead and wasn't shy about asking questions," said Geoff Vaughan, Welding@SVHEC Program Leader.
Just as everything was falling into place for Barksdale, tragedy struck when a serious car accident nearly took his mother's life. Eugene Barksdale's world was turned upside down as he rushed to his mother's side and became one of her primary caregivers. With every reason to give up, he pushed harder to attend class and complete his assignments.
"Eugene is 'old school' and he has the 'old school' work ethic that you rarely see today. He was here to work and to better himself and he didn't let anything stop him," Vaughan stated.
"I promised myself that I wasn't going to stop. I've started a lot of things and not finished, but I told myself I wasn't going to stop this time. Since I've been at the Southern Virginia Higher Education Center the people here have become like family. I feel like I've known them for years. Just knowing that someone has faith in you is a great thing, and really boosts your confidence," Barksdale said.
These days things are looking much brighter for Barksdale. His mother's recovery is going well, he recently completed his welding training, and he's looking forward to finding a welding position at a local company.
"Before the Welding program I'd say I had a 50-50 chance of getting a job because I didn't have any skills and I wasn't certified. Now, I have experience and certifications, and I'm looking forward to an opportunity to get out there and work. For anyone thinking of coming to school or learning a trade I would say go for it. Don't sit and wait for tomorrow go for it today," Barksdale said.
The SVHEC will recognize Eugene Barksdale and all Welding@SVHEC and IT Academy program completers at the Workforce Training Completion Ceremony on June 7th. For more information on Welding@SVHEC or the SVHEC's other hands-on training programs visit www.svhec.org/workforce.


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According to Andrew Lloyd Webber, musical theatre is losing its momentum in the UK, but STOP could just be about to buck that trend. The recently-graduated duo of Annabel Mutale Reed (book and lyrics) and Leo Munby (music) has found an impressive sweet spot by writing a concept musical that deals with one of the most pressing and universal issues of our time: a crisis of mental illness.
Waiting together at a magical bus stop, a lawyer, personal trainer, dancer, and student are forced to stop and face their internal battles. Their circumstantial relationships tease out each unique story through a series of monologues and musical numbers that are sensitively performed by an ensemble of just four actors. The unashamedly British wit of the script lures audiences into a false comfort which is then thwarted by a powerfully emotional final quarter.
Although sometimes lacking in sustained physical characterisation, all the actors give competent individual performances, as well as pulling together for exquisitely harmonised group numbers. Martha, a black lawyer played by Mutale Reed, is perhaps the most complex character of all. Her struggle to come to terms with her husband's depression, her pregnancy, her alcoholism, and everyday racism culminates in a truly heart-wrenching performance of You Matter Today. The song verges on breaking the fourth wall by offering a message of hope and encouragement, however the show's direction and writing evades over-egging the sentiment by maintaining an entirely naturalistic portrayal of a mother empowering her child. Poignant moments like this are plentiful in every character.
Credit must also go to Gemma Lowcock, the only non-original cast member, who stepped into the role of Chloe with marked ease. In the new version, Lowcock not only conveys Chloe's bipolar type two more clearly and sensitively, but exploits Munby and Reed's intelligent structure. Chloe, with her colour-coded revision cards, glues the hard-hitting stories together through endearing friendliness and unassuming humour, all while exhibiting the versatility of Munby's incredible, infectious score.
Advice, however, from an out-of-date composer whose ego could fill all 1,200 pages of Les Miserables should be consumed with caution; Claude-Michel Schönberg, with whom the show has been workshopped, has done the show few favours since January. If this was a plot-driven, lengthy epic I could understand why Munby would use a recitative "inspired by the theatrical language of Les Mis and Miss Saigon", but the additional underscore in the first half and the recitative were ill-fitted to the subtlety of the script, and became tiresome by the end. In what is also quite static staging, the underscore distracts from the compelling story-telling of the script. I can't help feeling the show could be even better if Munby and Reed stuck to their original instincts and trusted their remarkable talent.
The production also needs ironing out, with unnatural direction of movement and incomplete sound design (a soundscape, for example, would really enhance the setting), but this was likely down to unfamiliarity with the space. The simplicity should nonetheless be commended. A minimalist set and production assures that the characters and their stories remain at the forefront. And that is really where this production excels; STOP is a show that creates conversation and reinstates stories as the currency of human exchange. "Excellence isn't a duty", but boy, STOP deserves an award for excellence in story-telling.
STOP, Venue 58, until 28 August.


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|$40 per hour or $25 per half-an-hour
I can teach Piano and basic theory (grade 1 and 2 preferable) across all ages. I
currently hold a Grade 8 certificate in classical piano from AMEB (Australian Music
Examinations Board) and grade 4 theory certificate and in association with that I
received a certificate of distinction from AMEB.
I am willing to teach classical piano AMEB, piano for leisure AMEB and any other forms
such as ANZCA. I am very flexible and I will make lessons enjoyable. Whether you are
a begginer or intermediate or advanced level all are welcome.
Find others who offer Melbourne Piano Lessons
Details last updated on January 19, 2010


text: This IIPA pours a toasted orange color with a white head and decent retention. It starts off with a lot of pine and caramel upfront. Then it turns very herbal, with a hint of floral in the background and a mildly bitter finish. It is medium bodied and very crisp given the above average carbonation for this IPA. There is a good malt character, yet it's never overly sweet in the taste. They did a good job to mask the alcohol and overall it's an easy drinker that is very enjoyable.


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I have a traveling soul.
I want to travel the world. I have a secret journal full of places and things I want to see. I have always joked with Lindsay about how we need to get rich now so we can travel. I even told my mom the other day that I was going to either be a big time producer/director and travel the world for a living or be someone's assistant and travel the world. Shooting high and shooting low.
If I could just sell off everything, grab a camera, and travel I would be happy. Go anywhere and everywhere without a worry in the world. Documenting the wonders of the world. One day I will do this.
London, Paris, Tokyo, Beijing, Cancun, Thailand, Australia, Antarctica, etc. All of these places and more. I want to experience it all. I love the different cultures, the different ways of living, the foods, the smells, the everything.
This is why I can't be tied down right now. I need to go and see new places. To live somewhere completely new to me. I want to discover an area, to discover myself in a new area. I did this when I went to Orlando and I want to do it again. To reinvent myself again, to make something of my life.
I can't wait for my vacation in now less than 2 weeks. I can't wait to explore and learn and experience Wilmington. I have started my list of things to do or see but if anyone has any suggestions I am open to them. You can e-mail me at email@example.com and let me know.
And you can expect lots of new blogs and vlogs from my trip, I will even try to write daily updates.


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An especially interesting way to cope come from this comment on a forum for guitar players:
When I did my left shoulder in (broken fingers and thumbs and wrist/forearm too in past, and legs/ankles), I regained full use in about half the normal time, by learning to play the ukulele - it requires very little effort and no arm movement but the finger wiggling is apparently the best physio exercise you can do. Probably manage a ukulele whilst in plaster, did they they tell you to wiggle your fingers?Yes, the ukulele. The fellow quoted had a left arm injury, rather than right-sided like mine. But I think it might still be do-able if, after consulting with a PT professional, I decide to try it.
(One of the more constant things on my unwritten Things To Do Before I Die list has been "Learn to play a musical instrument." That list also includes "Learn to read & write music" and dozens of other tasks and aspirations.)
I've found there are lots of pre-made ukuleles available, ranging from very basic models around $70 up to more deluxe and/or electrified versions costing hundreds. For those willing to invest a little sweat-&-glue equity, there are DIY kits available, or instructions for making your own from a variety of materials, such as the legendary cigar-box uke, and even a ukulele made from cardboard.
There are a number of websites devoted to ukuleles, like the Tumblr blog Fuck Yeah Ukuleles (some images may be NSFW; a small substratum of ukulele players apparently prefer to play naked).
Besides being used as a musical instrument, some people use the surface of the ukulele as an art surface, handpainting the bodies in a multitude of styles and themes. Here's one for a fan of the ADVENTURE TIME cartoon:
|painted by Jenny7332 on deviantart.net
Some custom ukuleles have variant shapes. There's actually an Autobot theme ukulele:
|made by Celentano Woodworks
I gotta admit, tho', I'm not a big fan of Transformers, so that Autobot ukelele doesn't really excite me. But with a bit more Googling, I found a ukulele that actually transforms. Behold, the Folding Ukulele!:
The folding ukulele was designed by a guy named Brian Chan, who unsurprisingly is also an expert origamist. It comes as a DIY kit made from laser-cut bamboo and additional hardware. Reviews give it lower marks for sound quality, but the coolness factor is sky-high.
The weirdest ukulele, though, is probably a South American variant called a charango. The charango's body is traditionally made from the shell of an armadillo:
Does all this mean you'll see me with a ukulele of some sort in the future? Mmmmmm. . . maybe. I would be a lot more likely to take it up in private, rather than public. I'm not an extrovert, unlike some people:
That's John Scalzi, author of Old Man's War and other books, head honcho of the popular Whatever blog, and public ukuleleist. I like John's writing, but I gotta admit I think I admire him most for his ongoing efforts to make being a goofball more socially acceptable. Still-closeted goofballs everywhere thank you, John.


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NOTE: We had originally intended to feature China & India together, but after curating the wine list, we decided it would be better to feature India on a different session.
Taste over 50 wines over a series of 10 'voyages', as we explore the famous and the up-and-coming wine regions of the world!
Now in its third season, the Riverboat's Wine Voyages gives you the opportunity to learn more about wine whilst enjoying it with friends in a fun and social atmosphere on board Singapore's very own floating F&B and lifestyle venue.
Begin with a welcome sparkling wine and tostada chips. Once everyone is settled in, listen to a short presentation on the day's featured country/region by our guest wine specialist Akimi Yeo, followed by a guided tasting sequence of 4-5 other wines. Feel free to share your thoughts along the way, and ask questions anytime along the journey.
When we mention Chinese wine, we usually think about rice wine or baijiu (white spirit made from sorghum grain). However, China also does have a long history of 'grape wine' production, with earliest historical records of Chinese wine dating back to 100BC during the reign of the Han dynasty!
As of today, one of the most noteworthy Chinese wine regions is the autonomous region of Ningxia. Located southwest of Beijing, this rising star has produced wines that have won numerous awards in both domestic and international competitions, and is also increasingly attracting global investors.
No doubt, the quality and reputation of Chinese wine is steadily on the rise, and in this voyage, we witness the evolution of Chinese wine.
Harvest Brand Chinese Red Wine 2015
Changyu Dry Red Wine (Vintage Unknown)
Chateau Moser XV Cabernet Sauvignon 2015
Two more wines to be announced soon…
Online ticket sales closes at 5pm on the day of the event. Tickets purchased at the door will be an additional $5.
For more information, please email gs.mo1591012136c.tao1591012136brevi1591012136r@stn1591012136eve1591012136 or contact our in-house wine specialist Daryl Saw at 62785775. See you on board!
Riverboat Wine Voyages: China
10 August 2017 (Thu), 7-8.30pm
Main Deck (Level 1)
$20 online | $25 at the door
Tickets are also available at our Front Desk on board the Riverboat. If you have further enquiries, or would like to arrange alternative online payment methods, please contact our in-house wine specialist Daryl Saw at 62785775, or email gs.mo1591012136c.tao1591012136brevi1591012136r@stn1591012136eve1591012136. See you on board!


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We are proud to announce that this Sep 27th, 2:00 PM to 4:00 PM we will be hosting an Open House at 2717 East 23rd Avenue in the Renfrew Heights neighborhood, Vancoucver. This is an opportunity to visit this excellent House for sale in beautiful Renfrew Heights.
Please come with any questions you may have. In the meantime you can take a virtual tour of this Renfrew Heights House for sale.
As always please do not hesitate to give me a call at 604-263-1144 if I can answer any questions before the open house, or if you would like to book a private showing.
Fanny Wong
Dexter Associates Realty


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Foundation Center Launches Foundation Maps Professional 2.0 With Free Trial
New Features in Data Visualization Platform Deliver In-Depth Picture of Philanthropy in Communities in the U.S. and Around the World
Cheryl Loe
Communications Project Manager
Foundation Center
(888) 356-0354 ext. 701
New York, NY -- March 19, 2015. Foundation Center, the leading authority on information about philanthropy worldwide, has launched Foundation Maps Professional 2.0. The Foundation Mapsdata visualization platform, which illustrates the distribution and purposes of funding around the world through maps and charts, has incorporated two new major features. The geographic "Area Served" functionality outlines on maps the places where grant dollars are targeted apart from the locations of organizations receiving the grants. "Constellations" is a new hub-and-spokes view of the philanthropic universe that reveals funder-grantee networks in an innovative visual format. Foundation Center has also introduced a 24-hour free trial of Foundation Maps Professional 2.0and a series of free monthly webinar demonstrations.
"Funders are skilled at using their networks, practical experience, and issue-based knowledge to be effective in their work," said Lisa Philp, Foundation Center's vice president for strategic philanthropy. "Foundation Maps Professional 2.0greatly supplements this personal expertise by revealing potential new partners with similar interests, assisting in a strategic analysis of trends, and providing data that can tell stories through compelling visuals."
Foundation Maps Professional 2.0offers a variety of interactive maps, charts, and other visualizations that, when combined with robust search and filtering options, creates a picture of almost any slice of philanthropy a user can conceive. It currently includes more than 3 million grants made by 38,000 foundations to 350,000 recipients, and new data is added every week.
The new geographic Area Served feature produces maps that provide a deeper understanding of where funding is benefitting communities. This additional layer of information about where grant dollars are actually being used -- beyond the location of the grant recipient -- provides a critical level of knowledge that heretofore has been difficult to obtain, and which users have requested.
The new Constellations feature illustrates at a glance the broader ecosystem of particular philanthropic networks, which can be defined by the user using the Foundation Mapsstandard search filters. Constellations highlights the relative size of funding relationships in a network, providing a simple way for users to explore which organizations are (and aren't) connected to their areas of interest and see patterns among their peer groups. For additional context, it also offers comparative data on selected key indicators for each network.
The Foundation Mapsplatform, first launched last October, shows who is funding what and where around the world, helping funders and other nonprofits understand the philanthropic landscape and acquire the insights that inform strategic decision making. It is available by subscriptionand free accessand serves as the basis for a variety of barterand customprojects.
To help potential users better understand its many powerful interactive features, including Area Served and Constellations, Foundation Center has introduced a convenient 24-hour free trialof Foundation Maps Professional 2.0. In addition, a series of free webinars held on the first Wednesday of each month offers a personal conversation with Foundation Center experts and developers who reveal the hidden depths of the application and its practical uses. Register for the first webinar on April 1.
Foundation Mapsand the free trial can be accessed at https://maps.foundationcenter.org.
Share on Twitter: Foundation Maps Professional 2.0 features new suite of #dataviz tools for #philanthropy. Try it for free! bit.ly/fdnmaps2
About Foundation Center
Established in 1956, Foundation Center is the leading source of information about philanthropy worldwide. Through data, analysis, and training, it connects people who want to change the world to the resources they need to succeed. Foundation Center maintains the most comprehensive database on U.S. and, increasingly, global grantmakers and their grants -- a robust, accessible knowledge bank for the sector. It also operates research, education, and training programs designed to advance knowledge of philanthropy at every level. Thousands of people visit Foundation Center's website each day and are served in its five regional library/learning centers and its network of more than 470 funding information centers located in public libraries, community foundations, and educational institutions nationwide and around the world. For more information, please visit foundationcenter.orgor call (212) 620-4230.


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There's no question: Social media plays a big role in teens' lives today. It's where they connect with friends and family, celebrate major milestones, share everyday moments, and discover new passions and interests. To help them do it safely and responsibly, Scholastic and Instagram have joined forces to fill you in on what the platform is all about, give you conversation starters and show you some of the tools in place to keep teens safe.
In these materials, we focus on three ways to control your Instagram experience: how to manage privacy, interactions and time on Instagram. We've included the basics of the app, a description of the safety tools, plus a discussion guide for how parents can have an open conversation with their teens about Instagram.
For more resources, go to parents.instagram.com
A group of parents who work at Instagram talk about the tools they use to foster positive online experiences for their teens.


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Souvenirs & Gifts To Make You Smile!
Looking for the perfect souvenir? Stop by one of our unique gift shops to pick up the perfect Idlewild t-shirt or hoodie. Relive your special family memories from the park with a photo keepsake, or enjoy a book about Idlewild's long history. Magnets, keychains, plush animals, toys and more await you in every location!
Located in Olde Idlewild, this newly remodeled shop is the place to stock up on your Idlewild t-shirts, sweatshirts, jackets and other apparel. Also home to jewelry, footwear, souvenirs and much more.
In the heart of Hootin' Holler, the General Store has everything from toys, candy, specialty décor items, clothing and more! Don't forget to pick up a copy of one of two books published about Idlewild - or maybe pick up both!
This giftshop in Story Book Forest is the perfect place to pick up a souvenir for the little ones. It's filled with t-shirts, hats, toys, and more for kids. Whether you're looking for something for your little Princess or for your valiant Knight, you'll find it here.
Ricky's Gifts is your place to find soft plush animals, toys, and souvenirs, and it's also home to Daniel Tiger & Friends merchandise. Located in Raccoon Lagoon.
Located in the popular SoakZone, Aquatic Provisions is the place to visit for all of your waterpark needs - swimsuits, sunscreen, sunglasses, towels, footwear, t-shirts, cover-ups and more. Plus, we have a variety of novelty items to enhance your day of fun at the waterpark!
Guests can get their face painted in a variety of different styles, characters, and designs. Also available: hair wraps, tattoos, and customizable spin art t-Shirts. Located in Olde idlewild, with satellite locations in Hootin' Holler and Raccoon Lagoon.
Take home a photo souvenir of you and your group having fun in the park. Located in Olde Idlewild behind the Hillside Theater.
Dress up in classic carb and recreate a scene from the ol' wild west. Located in Hootin' Holler.
Handimals™ is an interactive, child-oriented destination for "hands-on" fun! Our Handimals™ Artists transform simple handprints into whimsical animal illustrations!
Visit our woodshop in Hootin' Holler for that wooden cutout that makes the perfect custom gift for anybody! Three-dimensional names, or "special requests" are carefully cut to order by our friendly Artisans. Guests may choose from base mounted presentations or wall plaques.
A truly unique souvenir that's all YOU! Located in Hootin' Holler, these Pastel Portraits can be completed in only a few minutes. Custom matting and framing options are also available!
Always good for a laugh, our Caricature Artists provide a humorous treatment of the artist's subject. Always a popular item, Caricatures are offered in black & white or color, and can be completed in about five minutes.


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CIA HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM iTtiRELEASE AS SANITIZED
Soviet Capabilities For Long Range Attack
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Extromo Sensitivity of National Intelligence
Soviet CapabilitiesRange "
In accordance with the wisbos of tho President, rjissoraination ofas been carefully limited because of the extreno sonsitivity of the information therein.
In thisish to stress that there be absolutely-no reproduction of this Satisatc, and that no revelation of the existence of this Esti-nate be made toperaonn.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE the problem CIA HISTORICAL-REVIEW PROGRAM
To estimate probable trends in thc strength andof Soviet weapon systems suitable for long rangein Soviet capabilities for such attack, projectingabout five
Major new developments are evident in Soviet programs for long range striking forces. First, as forces for attack on Eurasia are reaching planned levels, greater emphasis is being placed on forces for intercontinental attack, especially ICBMs. Second, thc Soviets are attempting lo improve their capabilities for both preemptive and retaliatory action, by measures designed to shorten reaction times and increase survivability.
The tempo of the ICBM program has quickened. The present relatively modest force level of aboutperational launchers will probably grow substantially, reaching some
'The weapon systems considered arc ground-launched missiles with rangesautical milesr more, submarine-launched missiles, heavy and medium bombers, air.lo^urtacc missiles, and advanced delivery and supporting systems such as orbital and suborbital vehicles. Emphasis Is placed on those systems designed primarily io allack land targets in North America, and in Eurasia and Its periphery.
TOP fefcCHE-T-
aunchers inn3 onwards, an increasing proportion of the ICBM force will probably be deployed at launch sites having some degree of hardening.
The USSR isubmerged-launch ballistic missile submarine system, with medium or intermediate range missiles. This improved system will probably beinto some portion of ther so existing ballistic missile submarines, andew submarine class. Soviet submarines armed with cruise-type missiles are also capable of attacking land targets. Within the next few years, Soviet nuclear-powered missile submarines will probably beregular patrols within firing range of the US.
For employment against Eurasia, the Soviets have built formidable missile and bomber forces, which they willto maintain and improve. Their limited bomberagainst North America will be tailored increasingly to conduct missions supplementary to ballistic missile attack.
The weight of nuclear attack which the USSR could launch will increase with the growth of long range striking forceseneral upward trend in weapon yields. Within the next few years, limited numbers of very high yield weapons in0 megaton range will be available for delivery by bombers and probably ICBMs. Ground-launched missile units are believed to have more than one missile per launcher, toetire capability.
In thes, the principal Soviet forces for attack on North America will be increasing numbers of ICBM launchers, supplemented by increasing numbers of nuclear-powered missile submarines and decreasing numbers of bombers.reemptive attack at that time, the USSR would be able to strike at the fixed bases of an important segment of the US nuclear delivery capability. Moreover,
Assistant Chief of SUIT (or Intelligence. Department Of the Army, believes that the number of Soviet ICBM launchers is unlikely to exceed the low side of the ranges shown lornd
'The Assistant Chief of Staff. Intelligence, USAF. estimates lhe number ol operational launchers as follows-iou;nd
-fer* Siena-
it would have some prospectortion ol its own long range striking forces could survive an initial US attack and go on to retaliate.
ith the long range striking forces we estimate it will have in thcs, however, the USSR could not expect to destroy the hardened, airborne, seaborne, and fastnuclear delivery capabilities of the US.
The Soviets regard forces for long range attack as essential for supporting anpolitical posture, deterring the West from resort to military action, andar as effectively as possible should one occur. In our view, they are building forces which they regard as appropriate to these objectives rather than attempting to achieve the very highof superiority required lo launch aattack on the West. Efforts to gear their forces better for both preemptive and retaliatory operations, along with greaterupon forces capable of attacking the US. are thc major new developments in thc Soviet programs for long range striking lorces.
In building these forces, thr Soviets put initial stress onassive capability against Eurasia and its periphery.capabilities were not neglected, bui deployment of medium range delivery systems occurred earlier and In much larger numbers. This pattern Is probably changing. Wc believe that deployment of medium range systems ts approaching the planned level, and that major emphasis is now being given to further development of forces forattack, primarily ICBMs
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
he tempo of ICBM development and deployment has quickened noticeably tn the past year or two While present force levels aie relatively modest, there is good evidence lhat the Soviets have been conducting high priority RAP on new 1CUM systems, with con-
current construction of deploymentMoreover, the Soviets are probably building new sites with some degree of
Development and Deployment. During the paslonths, activity on the Soviet ICBM lest range has intensified, wiih firings of three different types of ICBMs. The most urgent recent program aL Tyuratam has been thc development of the second generationCBM system, which is now beingTesting of theCBMlower pace. It could be available for operational useirings of the first generationCBM. which probably became operationalave beeneduced pace. We believe lhat within the nexl year or so the Soviets will begin firing new ICBMs or space vehicles which are as yet unknown to US intelligence.
The urgency apparent in theof the second generation ICBM almost certainly relatesoviet decision to deploy the first generation system in only limited numbers TheCBMery large vehicle of nearlyillion pounds gross takeoff weight, with nonstorable liquid propel-Ian Is and ladio-inertial guidance. Ground control and support facilities aielarge and Include rail service direct to launchers The second generationCnivt Is simpler and considerably less bulky, and probably employs storable liquid propcl-lants and all-inertialypicalomplex consistsail-served support area and eight or more launchers, which are
In pairs and are road-served
Hardening. All currentlySoviet launchers are deployedfixed siles, bui we believe the Soviets have
probablyrogram to construct launch sites having some degree of hardening. Considering past Soviet practices, we estimate that there will be two ICBM launchers at each site. The first of these new sites will probably be operational in3 lt is probable that such sites aie to employ either theCBM with redesigned ground supportor theCBM. Our information on the SS-fi system is inadequate to determine whether the missile employed Is even larger than thcr whether it Is smaller than the SS-7.
stimated Force Levelshe ICBM force will increase substantially above Lis present level in lhe next year or so. Our estimate of the growth of the force in this period is affected, on the one hand, by the increasing tempo of the Soviet program, and on the other hand, by the greater time and effort required to build hardened launch sites. Considering these factors, together with all the other evidence available to us, we estimate as follows the Size and composition of the ICBM force
Soft 1st Generation
1st Generation
'Trie Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.of the Army, believesthe number of Soviet ICBM launcheri is unlikely to exceed the low side of the ranges shown for mid IMS and4
'The Assistant Chief of Staff. Intelligence. USAF. estimates0 operational ICBM launchers In mM-lM2 He would eiUmate the force levels through ipfc as follows:
Mid-IMl M1 4
Medium and Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles
MRBM and IRBM sites, each with four pads, are soft, fixed, and road-served. More thanercent are deployedroad belt of Western USSR stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea. within range of NATO largets in Norway, most of Western Europe, andA lesser concentration of sites In thc Soviet Far East Is capable of bringing Japan. Korea, and Okinawa underew sites in south central USSR are within range ol US and Allied military Installations in Turkey and Pakistan. IRBMs could extend the target coverage from these various areas to include all of Spain, North Africa, Taiwan, and the northern Philippines.
We estimate' that the USSR now hasperational MRBM and IRBM launch pads. We do not have evidence that all of these launch pads are manned, and it is possible that some of them representfiring positions. The site construction program has probably slowed but not ceased. The force will probably grow over the nexl year or twootal ofaunch pads (including0fter which it will probably level oil.
Operational Procedures of Missile Unifs
IRBM, and MRBM units arcto have retire capabilities.evidence is not firm, we believe thatof two missiles is provided forpad. Preparation to file Initialsalvoes probably requires aol hours. Sophisticated methods ola high degree of simultaneityIn operalions are not believed toThc USSR is working lareaction and retire times Of strategicunits, but current system designsthc constant maintenance ofconditions approaching those of
he Soviets now have operational aboutong range ballistic missileiesel-powered "Z" class,lesel-powcied "G" class, anduclear-powered "H" class submarines. This forceotal ofallistic missiles with ranges up. The effectiveness of these submarines Is limited by lhe small number of missiles each carries, the short range of the missiles, and the requirement for to surface for launching. There is reliable evidence, however, that lhc Soviets are nowapability to launch ballistic missiles from submerged submarines. The range of the missiles may be. rogram to retrofit someof the existing force of aboutG" and "H" class submarines will probably begin soon. All of these submarines could be so equipped within lhe next two to four years.ewsubmarine class Is probably also under development to employ this new missile system; we estimate that the first suchcould become operational. The probable numbers of ballistic missilein Soviet operational units throughre estimated as follows:
he Soviet Navy has also. submarine-launched cruise missiledesigned primarily for low altitude, supeisonic attack against Western surface ships, partitularly carrier task forces They are now carriedew converted dlesel-poweicd submarines and at least four nuclear-powered submarines. We believe thil theaie now extending tlteir capability to attack land targets with missiles of this type
Lomj Range Avialion
oviet Long Range Aviation, by reason of ils equipment, basing, and deployment, is much better suited Lo Eurasian operations than to intercontinental aitack. We estimate that as ofong Rangeeavy bomberset mediumirtually all of thebombers are BADGERs.ewBLINDERS have probably now beento units. It Is unlikelyew heavy bomber will be developedecent trends indicate little change in total aircraft strength over the next two years.
STRENGTH Ol
Assistant Chief of Stall, Intelligence. USAF, believes that the Heavy bomber force will have the composition Included In the following table: Bote aias
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence. USAF. believesollow-on heavy bomber will4 The continued research and de-^vclotxnent of large supersonic aircraft substantiates thc Soviets' interest In large supersonic vehicles and indicates their intent to increase their strategic attach capabilities by such means.
attempting to overcome theof Long Range Avialion (orattack, the Soviets haveemphasis to aerial refuelingtraining in BADGER and BISONof the BEARs have been modified. air-to-surface missiles. Wethat the Soviets might plan toircraft to initial attacksAmerica.ariety offactors, but excluding combatwe estimate that the Sovietsombers over North Americamissions In initial attacks; ofhalf could be heavy bombers. Theof Arctic training and basethat aircraft wouldew bases in successivea number of hours."
Nuclear Weapons
present Soviet stockpile consistsentirely of weapons developed fromtests conducted prior toost of the weapons allotted toAvialion are probably high-yieldfromTT.now In service could delivermaximum yields in the megatonarc probably also equippedyield warheads. Naval cruise-typeand alr-to-surface missiles arewith warheads of low or mediumuse against ships, but could deliverin the low megaton range aguinstcoastalhe general trend inof weapons allotted to long rangeprobably be upwards. ew very high-
"The Assistant Chief of Staff. Intelligence. USaF. believes that the Soviets wouldumber of bases for stating and would not be restncied tn their mode of attack He further believes that the Soviets could commitircraft to initial two-way nilncKi on North America. Considering operational factors nnd allowing for noncombal at. trition.ombers could rcncri Northtargets
yield bombs ofT, orT. could now be available. It is possibleew ICBMs capable ot delivering these very high yield weapons could be available within thc next two years."
thes the USSR willto strengthen and modernize itsstriking forces, with emphasis oncapable of attacking the US.devoted to long range attack forcesaffected by the competing demands ofmilitary and nonmilitarycannot estimate with confidence thethc Soviet leaders will, make or thethey are likely to achieve In variousprograms. However, we believe lhatmixed striking capability will beICBM will be lhc dominant weapon.
ICBM Forcoi
Soviet ICBM program willariety of factors: Sovietconcepts, technical improvements,weapons programs, the nature andWestern forces, and the internationalThese factors place broad limitsfuture Soviet ICBM force but doarticular program. For thiscan only estimate the Soviet forcea broad range. All thingsbeiievo the Soviet force level Inbe within the rangeTne majority ofegree of hardening,some fully hardened To achieveside of the range, the USSR wouldcommit resources throughout thisrates al least as high as those nowIn thc ICBM program. Many ofwill probably have more than one
^etailed discussion of Soviet nuclear weapon charnctcrisUcs. sec, "The Soviet Atomic ErtercyatedOP SECRET (Limited Distribution)
missile available, loetire capability. Our estimate, reflecting the considerable range of uncertainty in any figures for this period, is as follows:
Fully Hard ew a
Approx. Total
he smaller force would give thc Soviets high assurance in an initial attack otUS soft fixed nuclear bases, scmihardened ICBM sites, communication and controland the principal US metropolitan areas. The larger force would provide an additional attack capability against some hardenedcontrol centers, and other elementsto US striking and defensive strength, and would increase the Soviet retaliatory capability. We believe that thc programmed buildup in US intercontinental attack forces makes It increasingly unlikely that the Soviets would judge that they could launch an attack on US nuclear forces and inflict sufficient damage to assure thatdamage to the USSR was acceptable.
he accuracy, reliability, and reacUon time of thc ICBM force will Improve. Better command, communications, and otherwill Increase its flexibility and capability for simultaneous attack. The bulk of thc force will probably be equipped with warheads
"The Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. De-partment of the Army, believes that the force level Is likely lo be towards the low Side of the estimalc presented in thcabove.
"The Assistant Chlet of Staff. Intelligence. USAF, believes thc operational Soviet ICBM launchers for lhcill be as follows:
ardened Piilly Hard
in therange,umber of L
missilesmissiles will prob-
ably be available To Improve theof the force, the Soviets will probablyto deploy ICBMs al launchers which are dispersed and have some degree of hardening. They will also probablyully hardened system which we believe couldoperational5
MRBM end IRBM Forces
strength In these systemshave been stabilisedperationalTo improve the survivability offorce, the Sovicls may alsomobile or hardened systems.
Submarine-La unified Forces
planners will probably look uponmissile forces as an Importantlo their ICBM strength becauserelative invulneiablllty and theirfor varying the direction and natureon the US. We believe that theof nuclear-powered submarines capableballistic missiles will benhe Soviclsalso have about two dozenequipped wiih cruise-typeaddition, dleselpowered missileremain In operation. The ranges ofmissiles may be extendedmuch. for bulllstlc. for cruise missiles. By thesome Soviet nuclear-poweredwill probably be conductingpatrols within missile range of US coasts.
Bomber Forces
ith the growth and improvement of missile capabilities, tlie Soviets would probably plan Io employ bomber forces in follow-onafter initial missile strikes had been delivered or Lo supplement the retaliatory blow ii the USSR were attacked first. Aircraft
TOP SCCRff
with improved penetration aids and nuclear weapons would probably be used for increasingly specialized missions, such as aimed reconnaissance and atlacks on hard targets. Byong Range Avi.ition will probably includeedium bombers, about one-third ol them supersonic BLINDERs. Heavy bomber strength will probably have been reduced toWc estimate as follows the strength of Long Range Aviation in thes:
e have no evidence ol Soviet plans or programs for Lhe military use of space. Wc think it highly unlikely, however, that the USSR would omit this field in its vigorous search for qualitative improvements in itsposlure and foi achievements with which to support claims of superiority. We believe that the Soviets could launch reconnaissance, communications, meteorological, navigation, or geodetic satellites at any lime There is
"The Assistant chief of Staff. Intelligence. USaF. believes that the heavy bomber force will have the composition included In the following table iscendom sirs
no evidence thai lhe Soviets are working to develop offensive space weapon systems, bul the course uf the Soviet space program to date suggests lhal any efiort in Ihls field would be directed toward an orbital bombardmentIt would be technically feasible for the Soviets to launchans of limited capability into orbit in thc, but we do not believe they could achieve an effectivecapability by the end of Lhc decade."
The capabilities of Soviet long range striking forces will be only Inunction of Lhe numbers of weapons available, their performance, and Lhe adequacy o( supporting elements Equally critical will be the way in which the Soviets employ thetr striking forces, their ability to maximize the effects of these forces under the various circumstances in which war could begin, and theirof Western capabilities and plans.
The current Sovirt targeting concept reflects the view thateneral nuclear war Is likely lo be piolracted and that victory requires the reduction ol al) elements of the western warmaking potential TheseInclude: the bases ol strategic delivery systems, nuclear weapons facilities;and governmental centers; military and war supporting industry. We have no evidence that avoidance of heavy civilian casualties is among the objectives underlying Soviet targeting.
"The Assistant Chief ol SUIT. Intel licence. USAF. believesoviet orbtUI bombardmentcould be achieved prior to thc end of the decade Based on technical conn derationsooster and techniques known to exist today or to Be within Soviet capability, he believes thatystem could be developed as early3 Thu system could be composed of orbital vehicles0 pounds giosi weight, which couldery High yield weaponEPun, initially and Inter lo
'OP GCCRgT-
Should lhe Soviets conclude th.it thc West was inevocabiy commillexl to annuclear attack on thc USSR, they would launch their available ready forces in aattack designed to Dlunl the expected Western blow The mixed force which they have available for such operations would permit flexibility of tactics and complicate Western defensive problems, but would pose seveie difficulties of coordination. Initial missile and bomber attacks against lhe US would probably extenderiod of many hours', and those against Eurasia over atew hours. We believe thai at present the Soviets would plan to employ few if anysubmarines in Initial attacks against the US; initiation of routine submarine patrols within missile range of the US could change this situation.
y thes, lhc USSR will haveubstantial missile capability tonuclear weapons against the US, intu its already (oi midable forces for strikes in Eurasia. Significant portions of Ihls force will be relatively Invulnerable to attack. The Soviets will beosition to strikeat the fixed bases of an important segment of the US nuclear delivery force, and ihey will have some prospeelortion of their own force could survive an initial US attack and retaliate with high yield nuclear weapons. With the long range striking forces we estimate that they will have in thes. however, the Soviets could still not expect to destroy the growing numbers of US hardened, airborne, seaborne, and fastnuclear delivery vehicles.
Glossary of Missile Terms TableBallistic Missiles TableMissiles TableMissUes
Tableand Heavy Bomber Weapon Systems
TOP SKBcl-
OperaUonal Capabilityale lhe hrttt operationalew missiles and launchers.
Circular Error ProbableIhe radiusircle in which, statistically, one-half of the impacts will occur, inherent missile accuracies arc somewhat better tlian thc accuraciesin the tables, which take Into consideration average operational (actors. Thc accuracies specified for naval systems include die error in thc location of rhe launching ship.
Warheadlie weight of the explosive device and Its' associated fuzing and firing mechanism.
Nosecone/ Re-Entry Vehicle-Thehousingofthe warhead plus the warhead.
Heady Missileeady missile is an ln-conimlssion missile with warhead mated,on anin-commissionlauncberinatrainedunlt which is considered ready to be committed to launch. Ready missile rate is the percentage of missiles on launcher which arc "ready missiles".
Reliability, onhe percentage oi ready missiles which wMsucceesfullycomplete countdowns and leave their launchers attimes orinutes thereafter.
Reliability. Inhe percentage of mlaailea launched which detonate as planned in the target area. within three CEPs of the aiming point).
Maximum Operational Rangeaximum range under operational conditions with warhead weight indicated. For long range ballistic missiles, the maximum range figures disregard the effect of the earth's rotation. The maximum effective range ofsuchmlssilesflrcdoncasterly trajectories would be greater than that indicated; those on wesierly trajectories would be less. In general, ballistic missiles can be fired to ranges of as shortf maximum figures listed widiout degradation in accuracy.
Readiness Conditions:
Condition Launch crews not on alert Nosecone and missile not checked out and not mated. Missile guidance system not adjusted for particular target. Missile not erected or fueled.
Conditionaunch crews in launch area and on alert. Missile and nosecone mpre-launch storage building, mated and checked out.
Conditionaunchcrewsonstatlon. MLsslle with nosecone erected on launch pad. Propellant facilities in position, anached, and ready to start propellant loading. Guidance system set.
Conditionfssile propellant loadingGuidance system checked.
Reactionime required to proceedeadiness condition to firing.
Retireime required to refire from die same pad.
GROUKD-LAUNCHED HALLtSTIC MS51LE5 totimetod Character, etic* end
Operational Capability
Operational Range
laetij al
VYelfiht <Uw)
Takeoff Weight <lbs)
or parallel
ft tor. liquid
or non-ator. liquid
Uieailo Rate
io Flight
Time i; ProTD eadineas Condi lion Is
bra,5 nvin*
5 min.
0 bra. We.
? j
Tioo, ondition
tRTO SURFACE MISSILES Esii rattednd PorfortfJinc4
Maximum Range) Utitdejicc
Aft1 L
clLdefiaed turjjAl* on land:
Accuracytithlpft Agfljurit land targeu
R'actoid Wt. (lbs)
iding with semi-active
Rcfkm ndinjp
E or nm clear
UioWarae inertialactive radar terminal homing
Midcourae only
LBfl fL
Not applicable
A ne* ftir-io-lurfaca ni^sile carriedLINDER *B* medium eotnlw, was dtaptayvd in tho iaet Soviet air stow We believe (Let tKi* OXype of a
coild become operational in
Kaliabihty on launcher
Primarily ontiohiji,sedIoaH (arcetJ
Land target*
Altitude n; LftUQOh
GrantJy reduced
roWictioci So
-reMri&Jon No
Mfc'DIUM AND It RAW BOMUKR RIlWW SYSTEMS Gntimnttidyliaivra1 PreM*
[Cakulawd jr. accordance with USQUA Spochatroaftrv**reduced Co pumkl oitor Atlevel, aod aircraft operate at altitudo* prmittwradiWrai-
Radium/ranfe (nm) 1
b bMbfead,
one rrfuel d. Wit*xAS-1
oee refuel
ono refuelS'3
ono refoetn? refuel
MM rm
lmi ran
aWM 4
Aitittdc ots/rg
Man-,- <
allitede. IC.OCC tb
lb boabioed
sj>*ec7with ASM
Combat Coiling (ft)lb bombload or
Syateai Accuracy (GBP) a. Boeabiae aecerao.0 ft ii.C ft t- ASW tcct*&e>1
Reliability (K)
av. Aircraft reaching taxM nteava in US
AMS retiabiUty onlauacber/inflight I.L AS-2
kit. as-8
iv. AS t
150 vi. *hipi;
n. va. coailet
L vn.. vs. coaxial
O ft.
X ft
it. land target*
footnote* Cop of followjna mm
FootAotan lot Table* 4
!i in- iven in 'Ji- table
era *uImbey ar* applicable io lb*of lieae aircraft,ptiaaaai
*iqa profile* oa direct Mn. Th* ana of olderaircraft, standard mm ion profiles, indirect
le*el oc other tactic* deaicnad, 0>
evade datactioa and interception aoold reduce UiaU'< ranno. Tho calculation of degradation In rango and and radius msulUni; from aaphinticsied penetration iat. lie*omplex process which can host be actomplUMI to* Individualule-of-Uiuob foilaid operatic* of heavy lumbers, the ladle* ai optimaa alii*Ht be decreasedales tot everyI* fine at Ma la-cl.
'BADGER* bv. been observedisi.OMKT, orissile.IPPRR.
BEAR* now carry one.ANGAROO, ra literombload. Th* AS-1ataiad to -eigh aboutlb-.
*ombr. *kk4 BNMwllbcat raCeeliag proa a; rang* aad.efaeliaa capa-
bitity could ho co.etoped fort any Uai*.
a* annul refueling equipment aad carries oneITCHEN; range and radtu* miaaion* incled*. dash. Radiusfor bothaiclata aad eat of large*aagas iadeoV darea oejy.
1 flonDIng accuracies Indicates are for visualot radar bccibiag againat well-defined largata with (tea-fallhese figures are not applioablo to drogue retarded bomb*,would be mueh la**
' ladaea* tbe follo-ia* operabocal ati/iUea rata*.
eacladlag coahel eunltoe t eit'aft el
base*be la coaaiiuioaance *tanddown prior lo initialb) HX ot aircraft in ecaacalnsion alrw would be launched from tUgingf aircraft launchedging baae* or directly frome* on unrefueled tni*-ftiona would arrive in Urgetdj 7a% of airetaf: laureled on refceled aueuoa* would imi ir largnt area*. CalcalaOou lor BEAR ara baaed aa arUaaTli
Arctic staging a'd aircraft. Il ahould be
noted that arllfcout pnor nalnlaaancetba in-uurnmiaaioa rateombers al hamo baiaa would br abouland for median bomber? aboal iOX.
Missile Capabilities against Northern
surface Ballistic Missiles
Missile Capabilities against Continental
Bomber Capabilities against Northernof
Bomber Capabilities against Northernof
Soviet Bomber Capabilities against Continentalof BISON
Soviet Bomber Capabilities against Continentalof BEAR
IWI jlItTLt
BESTED PY HVMUBir
CfNTRAL INTELUGFNCE AGENCY
eM-aofevo-ej by Wm Cenlrol fnlefl.genceo. lb*ood vw el th. rcapMnt and ol per tornd to koo. ban AdoV*nolvem-xtf .onovthorited by th* followinghin thee- reipecli.e
olnd Re.eofch. lor the Deportment ol Slot.
nlclhgence Agnncy. lor trie Oflice ol the Secretary ol
e. Atiklonl Chid ol Star, (or Inlelligenc*,o( iho Army, lorDeportment of Army
nlonr ChlelperoUon.or the Deparlmenl ol ihe Na*y
Au.-oml Vo* Intelligence. USAF. lo. the Deportinen. o* the Air Fore*
I. Director (oror lhe Join) Slo*
a. Director ol Intelligence, AfC, (or lhe Atomic Energy Comml.tlon
h.Director, FBI. lordn-.il lureou of In.enlgollon
I. Ovocior of USA. for the Notional Security Agency
j. Deputy Direclor ol Cental Ir-elllgence. lor on, other Deportment or Agency
Thi. copy moy be retcned. or deitroyedr.n accordance -nth applkablenj-'tfw orhe Central Iruel^geace Agnncy by orrangera.nl .Ilh the OCce of CentralA.
When art eitinare itrerxoi.rwo, recipient, moy rrrtoln Iteriod not inol on* year. Al Ihe end ol thU period, th. estimatee destroyed, .oiurned lo lhe lorwo/ding agency, or per. minion ihooW be requeued ol tho for wording agency to retain ll In accordance with2
mm ol thh eiiimoled leporotely from the tent thould b* dot-
While Houio Nation il Security Council Depart mini o' Star* Deportment ol Detente Atomic Energy Commiiwon Federal Bereav al InreWlgcoienOriginal document.


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President of India: Eligibility, Election , Powers and Impeachment
Eligibility of a President :
Article 58 of the Constitution sets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the President.
The candidate must :
- be a citizen of India .
- have completed the age of thirty-five (35) years.
- be qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
- not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.
Condition as per Article 59
- The President should not be a member of any house of Union or State legislature.
Election of the President
The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of:
elected members of the two Houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of the States – Article 54
It includes the national capital territory of Delhi and the Union territory of Pondicherry
The President's election is held in accordance with a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote
there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different states at the election of the President – Article 55
Presidents' Term of Office
The oath of office to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India and in his absence, by the senior most judge of the Supreme Court available.
An election should be held to fill the vacancy of Presidential post before the expiration of President's term – Article 62(1)
The President holds office for a five year term from the date on which he enters the office.
President can resign at any time by addressing the resignation letter to the Vice-President of India.
When a vacancy occurs in the Presidents office due to his death, resignation or removal or otherwise, the Vice-president acts as the President until a new President is elected.
An election to fill such vacancy should be held within six months from the date of occurrence of such vacancy.
A person is eligible for re-election to Presidential office.
Presidents Impeachment
President may be impeached from his office for violation of the Constitution – Article 61
The impeachment charges may be initiated by either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha and it should be signed by at least 1/4th members.
Regarding the charges a 14 days' notice should be given.
The resolution of the charges for impeachment of the President should be passed by at least 2/3rd majority
Afterwards the charges are investigated in the other House of the Parliament. If the resolution is passed in this House also with a of 2/3rd majority, then the President stands removed from his office from the date on which the bill is so passed.
The Powers and Functions of the President
Executive Powers – Article 53
All executive powers of the Union are vested in him. These powers are exercised by him either directly or through subordinate officers in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Command of the Defence Force is vested on the President and the exercises it in accordance with law.
Executive powers of the President must be exercised in accordance with the Constitution. In particular it includes the provisions of article 14 (equality before law)
President appoints the Prime Minister and other ministers; and they hold office during his pleasure.
He appoints the Attorney General of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the Chairman and Members of the UPSC, the Governors of the states, the Chairman and the members of the Finance Commissions etc.
The President can appoint a commission to investigate into the conditions of SCs, STs and OBCs.
The President also receives the credentials of Ambassadors and High Commissioners from other countries.
The President is the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.
The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person for one time, particularly in cases involving punishment of death.
The Legislative Powers
The President can summon or end a session of the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
He can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first session after the general election and the first session of each year.
He can also summon a joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
The President can appoint a member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its proceedings the positions of Speaker as well as Deputy Speaker are vacant.
He also can appoint any member of the Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceeding when both the Chairman's and Deputy Chairman's office fall vacant.
He can nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha with extraordinary accomplishments in literature, science, art and social service and two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian Community.
President's prior recommendation or permission is needed for introducing bills in the parliament involving expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India, alternation of boundaries of states or creation of a new state
When a bill is sent to the Parliament after it has been passed by the parliament, the President can give his assent to the bill or withhold his assent to the bill or return the bill (if it is not a Money Bill or a Constitutional Amendment Bill) for reconsideration of the Parliament.
When a bill is passed by a State legislature is re-served by the Governor for consideration of the President, the President can give his assent to the bill, or withhold his assent to the bill or direct the Governor to return the bill (if it is not a Money bill) for reconsideration of the State Legislature.
President can promulgate ordinances when both the Houses of the Parliament are not in session. These ordinances must be approved by the Parliament within the six weeks of its reassembly. The ordinance can be effective for a maxi-mum period of six months and six weeks – Article 123
Emergency Powers of the President
President may proclaim a state of emergency in the whole or part of India if he realises/feels that a grave situation has arisen in which the security of India on part of its territory might get threatened by war or external egression or rebellion. – Article 352
The President can declare three types of emergencies:
National Emergency:
National emergency is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory.
President can declare national emergency only on a written request by the Cabinet Ministers headed by the Prime Minister and the proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month.
National emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval, up to a maximum of three years.
Under national emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended.
The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended.
The Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended.
Such an emergency has been invoked at three instances:
1962 (Indo-China war)
1971 (Indo-Pakistan war)
1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi on account of "internal disturbance").
State Emergency or President's Rule
A State Emergency can be imposed via the following:
If that state failed to run constitutionally i.e. constitutional machinery has failed – Article 356
If that state is not working according to the given direction of the Union Government – Article 365
Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of two months.
It can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months.
If needed, the emergency can be extended for more than three years, by a constitutional amendment, for example in the case of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.
During such an emergency, the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list. All money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval.
Financial Emergency: Article – 360
President can proclaim a Financial Emergency if financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened.
This proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within two months.
This type of Emergency has not been declared so far.
Financial Powers
A money bill can be introduced in the Parliament only with the President's recommendation
The President lays the Annual Financial Statement i.e. the Union budget before the Parliament.
President can make advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses
The President continues a Finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the States.
Diplomatic powers
International treaties and agreements are signed on behalf of the President. However, they are subject to approval of the parliament.
The president represents India in International forms and affairs and may send and receives diplomats like ambassadors, high commissioners
Military powers
The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India
The President can declare war and conclude peace, subject to Parliaments' approval.
The President appoints the chiefs of Army, Navy and Air Force.
Judicial powers
The president appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice.
The President dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that effect by two-thirds majority of the members present.
The president has the right to grant pardon.
The president enjoys the judicial immunity
No criminal proceedings can be initiated against the president during the term in office
The president is not answerable for the exercise of his/her duties.


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