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I believe the most central aspect of Luhmann's Zettelkasten was the radical rejection of hierarchical organization as you might find it today in outliners, for instance where the information is arranged under headings, like so:
Philosophy Epistemology Realism Metaphysics Materialism Idealism objective idealism Plato Kant Hegel subjective idealism Berkeley etc., etc.
Instead, Luhmann opted for a non-hierarchical organization by giving every note (Zettel) a unique number that corresponded and indicated the physical place of the note (Zettel) in the boxes in which they were stored. This is in some ways like the call numbers according to which libraries organize their book collections, like the Dewey decimal system or, better, that of faceted classification by Ranganathan.
This approach allowed him both to refer to each of the notes by a fixed number and to find the physical piece of paper by its location in the Zettelkasten. So 1 was followed by 2, 3, 4, etc. His convention allowed him to have have several notes that continue any note. So 1/1 and 1/2 continue 1. Obviously, an electronic version of the Zettelkasten that has no built-in limitation on the length of notes can do without such continuations (but it does not have to do without continuations either).[1] Daniel Luedecke's Zettelkasten sports "Folgezettel" or "continuations." They seem to implement that feature.
Secondly, Luhmann's approach allowed him to branch off any topic that seemed necessary to him. So, a note on "objective idealism" could branch to both "idealism" or "transcendental idealism" or "subjective idealism." Luhmann indicated branches by letters (a, b, c etc.). Combinations of continuations, branches, and continuations of branches could lead to expressions that are just as forbidding as the call numbers of library books. There are no limits to the number of physical objects you can refer to by these scheme. Luhmann's system is a freely expandable collection of interlinked notes. It resembles a hypertext system for storing and modifying information where each page is easily reachable from any notes. It is as well as you could do in a paper-based system, I would say.
How Luhmann actually assigned numbers is not important, as far as I am concerned. It was important for his physical implementation of the Zettelkasten. It is far less important for an electronic version as a database in which every record automatically gets assigned a number already. If you decide to use a non-database version by implementing it in plain text, for instance, you need fixed numbers again. But the exact time and date of when the note was taken might be sufficient (see Christian Tietze's approach for this, i.e. search for him in this blog and follow the links).
I have decided for a database or a personal wiki which is "a freely expandable collection of interlinked ... 'pages,' a hypertext system for storing and modifying information — a database, where each page is easily" reachable from any other page.[2]Furthermore, the notes which are static in a paper system are freely editable.
You reach any note simply by enclosing the name of the note by double brackets, like so "[[objective idealism]]". In other words, you can directly link to any other page directly. And without the interference of numbers, as Tietze's system still seems to oblige you to do, or the interference of keywords or tags, as Luedecke's Zettelkasten and many other note-taking applications require you to do. Let my quote Caulfield again:
At the heart of wiki is a simple idea that names matter. Page names in wiki are not locations. They aren't a place where a document lives. Names identify ideas, patterns, theories, and data in wiki that can be recombined with other ideas, patterns, theories, and data to make complex meaning not expressible in a normal text.The same holds for having to add reference numbers or key words. They break the flow, slow you down and get between you and the ideas, patterns and theories--or so I would hold.
If you've ever had a good wiki experience, you know what this feels like in practice. Groping towards an idea on one page you realize its relation to another page and quickly make a [[Bracketed Link]] or CamelCaseAssociation to pull that idea into your web. But most non-wiki environments frustrate this fluidity. They don't want to know the name of the page — they want to know its location, which is like asking someone to give up using variables in their code and start addressing memory directly. It can be done, but it is going to kill your flow.
I have nothing against tags or categories per se. ConnectedText, the personal wiki software I use, allows you to freely assign as many as you want. But they are not the primary way of organizing your stuff. The same could be said of numbering schemes. Nor do I have anything against search. ConnectedText has a very capable search engine. But, again, I would not want to have to have to rely on search alone to navigate a system of 10,000 notes, or more.
In any case, as I have said many times before, I believe a personal wiki, or, more generally, a personal hypertext system best captures the spirit of Luhmann's system because it allows names to "identify ideas, patterns, theories, and data in wiki that can be recombined with other ideas, patterns, theories, and data to make complex meaning not expressible in ... normal text." It is no accident that many people discussing Luhmann's Zettelkasten have characterized it as a precursor to hypertext.
I should perhaps add that I consider my approach in no way as the alleinseligmachende (or exclusively salvatory) approach to note-taking. It may, indeed, be just my highly idiosyncratic way of doing things. So, take my advice (just as the advice of anyone else) cum grano salis.
1. I do believe that if you write more than 500 words, you are usually not going on in the same way on the same subject, but are making different points that deserves a new note.
2. The quote is from Bo Leuf and Ward Cunningham.

subset: commoncrawl


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|One of Peter's hands-on survival classes in the Rocky Mountains.
I am always humbled being in Peter's presence and was honored to co-teach several desert survival workshops with him. If you have a chance, take his one-day survival class which he offers around the country and pick up a copy of his outstanding manual, Surviving a Wilderness Emergency which is one of the best books on the market today. It covers how to prepare for outdoor trips and shows exactly what field-tested gear should go into a quality survival kit. Peter's website also has volumes of comprehensive articles ranging from lightning safety to the latest research on hypothermia, international travel security, and more. We will be hosting a 2-day non-overnight survival course with Peter on October 3-4 in Flagstaff.


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Here's a question that was sent to the simply youth ministry podcast:
[In the past,] I made the mistake of getting too close to our student leaders who was in their 20s, and the problem with this is that when it came time for me to pastor then, all they expected and wanted from me is to be a friend. This led to quite a lot of conflict……I guess the truth is that you can never really befriend anyone you pastor? Have you guys ever blurred the lines? How did you deal with it? And what can you guys recommend in this kind of situation?
Taiki, great question! You have written four people who are good friends and do ministry together.
Ultimately, I think the most important thing you can do is to really hone down on what friendship means for you. I'm talking about for you specifically, not friendship in general. I'll get back to this in a moment.
I think most people in the world (church and beyond) would say it's best to keep friendship and leadership separate. It definitely is easier. One leader will say, I don't want us to be friends, because if we were, they would feel comfortable to challenge me. To that person I say, have fun wallowing in your weakness.
I think that doing ministry as friends ought to be the goal and the best way to do ministry. Doing great ministry with great friends is what makes the most sense to me. This isn't necessarily biblical, we're called to love one another, but I guess that doesn't mean "close friends."
Developing your idea of friendship is important. For me, the people whom I know best are the people I "lead" the most. I put that in quotes because what I really mean is this: the more I know someone, the more I'll speak into their life—calling them out and encouraging them to take the next step. Friendship with me means to be challenged. The people I know very little, I challenge little.
Friendship and ministry never really clash. A good friendship knows that a ministry is simply an activity and much less important than friendship. In my opinion, there is something else entirely that is in conflict. This other thing is sometimes superficial (like a difference in opinion) and sometimes very serious (a pride or regret).
Let's get practical: a conflict is to friendship is what confusion is to the mind: a way to get stronger. Begin by not ending the matter too quickly by running away or pretending it doesn't exist. Work on figuring out what the REAL ISSUE truly is.
If it's an issue only in the realm of ministry, then the leader is responsible and has the authority to make the decision. it the issue is not, then resolve it as friends. If you've discovered the real issue and it's both ministry and friendship, then you didn't look hard enough.
It is easier to keep things separate, and I know many people who do. I cannot see any joy in ministry unless I am serving with friends.


text: FORGE (Finding of Rare Disease Genes) Canada is a national consortium of clinicians and scientists using new sequencing technology to rapidly identify genes responsible for rare genetic disorders that affect children in Canada and throughout the world. Launched in April 2011, the project has for objectives to: "1) Assist doctors to identify patients with rare childhood diseases. 2) Sequence the genomes of patients to identify disease-causing genetic changes. 3) Set up a national data coordination centre to streamline and improve existing large-scale sequence analysis tools. 4) Create national ethical guidelines for analyzing sequence data from entire genomes and for sharing results with families." By November 2012, FORGE had discovered 41 novel genes previously not linked to a human disease.


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I recently had an opportunity to go back to the Lonaconing Silk Mill to photograph with some friends. All of my previous trips to the mill were during the summer and the place looked so different in the winter. There were no leaves on the trees that surround the mill and snow that had fallen earlier in the day combined to throw more light inside the buildings. This "new light" made me see things differently and I also began to see things that I had missed on earlier trips. In some cases, objects and artifacts that were previously buried under a blanket of darkness were now visible, while in others the light created new opportunities to shoot subjects that I had previously photographed in a different way. The following are a few examples of images from this trip and I intend to post these and more in my Blog Image Gallery.
On a sadder note, although it is only a few months since I last photographed at the silk mill the building has deteriorated significantly. Heavy rainfall in the summer breached the roof, which was already in need of repair. several sections of the roof have already collapsed and several others are propped up with wooden supports, only extending the inevitable. As can be seen in theimages above, most of the windows are now broken and on the day I visited snow was blowing right through the building and settling on the machinery. The Lonaconing Silk Mill is now on life support and it may not survive the winter without attention. This rare example of American history is about to be lost forever.
Tags: klotz throwing company, Lonaconing, lonaconing md, lonaconing silk mill, maryland, mill, silk mill


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Ben Ben Diaries – #92 "What are mooncakes made of?" Sorry for the long hiatus as I was busy with… Read more What are mooncakes made of?
Revenge is a dish best served on Mondays
Ben Ben Diaries – #91 "Revenge is a dish best served on Mondays" "Before you embark on a journey of… Read more Revenge is a dish best served on Mondays
Happy mother's day
Ben Ben Diaries – #90 "Happy mother's day" I'm not sure how tall Ben Ben will eventually grow up to… Read more Happy mother's day
Team "Ben Ben Diaries" Goes #BuySingLit
First of all, I would like to thank the organisers of #BuySingLit, MPH, Raffles City, and of course our publisher… Read more Team "Ben Ben Diaries" Goes #BuySingLit
Ben Ben Diaries Pre-Order!
After months of not sleeping, blood (not really actually), sweat (Singapore's weather, seriously), and milk (more for the kids, not… Read more Ben Ben Diaries Pre-Order!
Investing in your child
Ben Ben Diaries – #89 "Smart son is smart" There's no way we can predict what our kids will like… Read more Investing in your child
Smart son is smart
Ben Ben Diaries – #88 "Smart son is smart" How much thought did this little one put into coming out… Read more Smart son is smart


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It s a great moment to enjoy beautiful river scenery with their wild creatures
The incredible jungle surrounds make this an amazing place to visit if you're after a truly outdoor adventure.
ORANGUTAN GREEN TOURS is under Legal Travel Agent Company Management PT. BORNEO INDONESIA HIJAU TOUR – TRAVEL. We are a local travel agent based In Central Borneo. Our business follows conservation principles and we work hard to support the National Park and to promote environmental understanding in our community.
We appreciate your interest in our local travel service and are willing to work with you to arrange a tour that meets your needs. Please review the following suggested itineraries that have met with success from documentary and film crews (Indonesia eco-tours, Australia, 2 programs Channel7, etc), government agencies, non-governmental organisations Including Orangutan Foundation International (OFI) Australia, and Sailors from over 850 yachts in the past 7 years, also Orion Cruise Expedition since 2011-2013 (over 1800 partipant) and ORION NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CRUISE 2014-2015.
We can arrange a customized tours through out Borneo and Indonesia best ecotourism destination. For over than twenty years we have been in the tourism industry and arranged and escorted tours for individuals and group, other possible option are:
Tours of Tanjung Putting National Park for orangutan tour and wildlife, also all national park around Borneo, extended visit and hiking trips through the national park. We have much experience working with study and research groups – Tours, transport and accommodation can be arranged and escorted throughout all part of Borneo and Borneo-River explore and adventure trip on some river around Kalimantan to visit remote place and Unique Dayak tribes –Tours can be arranged to suit most budgets.
we also mentioned in lonely planet http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/tanjung-puting-national-park/activities/adventure/orangutan-green-tours and travel advisor


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Eight-year-old opens a bakery to help buy a house for mum
8-year-old Jalen Bailey has an entrepreneurial spirit, and high hopes for his bakery! Read the full story behind this crafty baker, and his plans!
Some people are just born with an entrepreneurial spirit. Jalen Bailey is one of those people.
Recently, the 8-year-old decided to use that fervent, dedicated entrepreneurial spirit to help make his mum's life better. How exactly does he plan to pull it off? Easy.
His plan is to take one of his favorite hobbies, baking, and turn a profit so he can purchase his hard working mum a new house!
"I just want one that me and my mum can be happy living in," Jalen said in an interview with TODAY.
Currently, Jalen and his mother, Sharhonda Mahan, live in a small apartment in Fresno, CA, USA. It's all they can afford at the moment, but Jalen plans to improve their living situation through his effort and passion.
"I know Jalen wants me to have a bigger place, but I want the same for him," Sharhonda told TODAY. "He deserves a big kitchen to cook in and a backyard to run around in."
Jalen's no stranger to the kitchen. n fact, he started baking when he was only 5-years-old! Earlier this July, he opened Jalen's Bakery which operates out of his apartment's kitchen. Since opening he's already raised over $200.
"I love baking because it's kind of like science — and that's my favorite subject in school," says Jalen. "You get to put different baking materials into a bowl and make something new, which is what science is all about."
Since opening Jaen's Bakery, he's mainly serviced and provided his community with quality baked goods. However, he's created a GoFundMe page in an attempt to gain support on a nationwide (even global) scale!
Learn more about Jalen's bakery and his efforts to help his mum! Visit page 2 for more!
Jalen didn't randomly develop this entrepreneurial spirit just this year. In fact, he's been trying to establish himself for quite sometime. At the age of 6, he started an annual back-to-school drive at a local homeless shelter and made bracelets to sell at school carnivals.
He also took a business class in early June to learn how to start a lemonade stand, but decided to use those same skills to instead open a bakery.
"Everyone in the family kept telling him how good he is at baking and suggested doing that instead of a lemonade stand," his Mother said. "He agreed with them and the very next day, he was filling out an application to get his baking license."
As soon as Jalen acquired his license, he attended his first business mixer. While networking and socializing with local bakers, he met one who offered to donate him an oven. From there, he could bake even more cookies, muffins and banana bread!
Amazing, right? Well it doesn't stop there.
He apparently aspires to have his own baking show on network television someday! But for now, he recognizes the importance of the step-by-step process.
"Once I get enough practice, maybe I'll start making videos to post," claims Jalen.
What does mum have to say about her son's effort?
"I've never met anyone who loves being in the kitchen as much as he does," Sharhonda Mahan said. "He's got a real passion for baking and I'm so happy he's using it in such a rewarding way."
One thing's for sure, this kid's plan to help his mum is far from half-baked! Best of luck in your future endeavors Jalen!
READ: Curiosity in children: Is it a good thing or bad thing?
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Scent or sensitivity? 'Bad smell' accommodation isn't automatic
Say you have an employee who complains that certain workplace smells make him or her sick. If the employee asks for an accommodation to block out the offending odors, must you make the requested change? In some cases, yes. But you don't need to take any actions that are too expensive or too disruptive. Nor must you accommodate the employee if he or she still wouldn't be able to perform the job's "essential functions."
Still, don't shrug off bad-smell complaints. So-called "multiple chemical sensitivity" can, in some cases, be deemed a protected disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Each complaint must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and it will hinge on whether the sensitivity impairs a person's major life activity (such as breathing).
Best bet: Do your best to accommodate such requests by moving an employee's workstation or asking the person's co-workers to voluntarily refrain from wearing perfume. But, as the following case shows, you don't need to turn your business operations upside down to fix the problem.
Recent case: Desiree Nanette asked to work from home to accommodate her respiratory sensitivity to environmental smells at the office, including perfumes, cleaning chemicals, copy machines, carpets and a nearby building's use of pesticides. The employer declined her work-at-home request, but it offered to transfer her to another facility.
After returning to work from an eight-month absence, Nanette's symptoms resurfaced, and she never came back to work. The employer fired her, and she sued, alleging disability discrimination.
A district court sided with the employer because Nanette couldn't perform the essential job functions from home, including attending meetings, interacting with customers and travel. Her doctor said that even a retrofitted room probably wouldn't eliminate every one of the sensitivities she complained about. In some situations, the court said, a reasonable accommodation simply doesn't exist. (Nanette v. Snow, No. RWT 03-CV-925, D.Md., 2004)
Online resources: For more information on chemical sensitivity in the workplace, go to these Web sites: www.jan.wvu. edu/media/fragrance.html (includes a sample policy); www.dlrp.org; www.ciin.org.


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Hakim Rejects 'Circus' on Food Safety, Abou Faour Hails Mediaإقرأ هذا الخبر بالعربية
Economy Minister Alain Hakim described on Monday a recent visit by him and Health Minister Wael Abou Faour to Beirut Port as a "media circus" although the latter dubbed the media as his main ally in his campaign for food safety.
"The visit to the wheat silos at Beirut Port turned out to be a media circus," said Hakim during a press conference. "The media show is unacceptable."
"Wheat is fine because silos are hermetically closed," he said.
"Fighting corruption comes through solving important files, such as waste," he stated in reference to Abou Faour's campaign, which he said required a "clear mechanism" to guarantee its continuity.
Hakim and the health minister have been at loggerheads since last week and have exchanged accusations over the campaign that Abou Faour launched late last year.
The health ministry lashed out at the economy ministry on Friday after it rejected any responsibility for expired sugar stored at Tripoli Port.
Abou Faour has also warned that the "Lebanese are sharing wheat with rats and pigeons" at Beirut Port.
Hakim denied on Monday that he rejected the disposal of expired sugar and mockingly said: "The rat was at the port and not in the silo."
The health minister's clampdown has so far seen the closure of restaurants, slaughterhouses and other institutions for violating the standards.
Abou Faour snapped back at Hakim on Monday, saying following a tour to Tripoli Port that "the media is the main ally that stood by the food safety campaign and the citizen."
Abou Faour hailed the port authorities for clearing tons of waste at the port and for carrying out work to stop rats from entering the silos.
But the minister said the depot where vast amounts of sugar are stored do not meet food safety standards.
"The sugar has expired and the depot's situation is catastrophic," he said.
"Some of the expired sugar entered the Lebanese market" for consumption, Abou Faour added.
your right Mr Hakim corruption fight begins with our politicians whom are the richest in the world
min ayna laka haza from the president to the ministers ,mp, judges ,isf,......and so on
bou faour did his best to devastate the little food industries we had. what israelis didnt destroy in 2006 bou faour did in 2014... i wonder what is in it for him... i say we watch the "rehabilitation" tenders very closely, as well as the origin and importers of new products that will take the place of local ones.
You are either an idiot- end of discussion.
lol gotta love your powerful arguments, you really must be a smart one.
Keep ure stupid comments for you, plz.
Mowaten its a shame to make comments under the Lebanese flag as picture profile... At least change this picture and put the one of the militia you represent, ashraflak ya ashraf el nass......
i wish many abou faour will erupt from our society,i call abou faour: HOPE.
why would you censor this naharnet?
Tchad (Guest) i'm not really interested in your advice (dont take it personally, you're just a nobody posting off-topic rants under a guest name), so if you have any arguments or point of view to share please do. if not, then take your own advice and keep your* stupid comments to* yourself*, "plz"
Power to Wael Abou Faour for doing his job.
Fighting corruption has to start somewhere. I wonder what powerful commercial interest is "influencing" Alain Hakim.
Given that our judiciary is on planet Uranus, I suggest that the "media circus" should start investigating Hakim.
fighting corruption should start somewhere
let it start by abou faour and mr joumblat cause its is a shame that a corrupt is fighting corruption
who in his right mind would be against what Abu Faour is doing? Its for the good of the people. This is part of what change and reform should look like.What do they want khara jradeen w hamem in the food?
Context or no context, political gains or not, what he is doing benefits the people and that is good enough for now.
who says it really benefits the people? some doubts have been cast on the way the tests were conducted, and he pinned down hundreds of restaurants and factories where hundreds of thousands of people ate without anyone being sick... so who did he save? what did he do beside promote his own image and destroy the fragile economy?
gee, what did we do to deserve such slow people around here?
no one got sick is an indication that maybe there wasnt anything wrong in the food to start with.
also, no one sick means if any work had to be done, it could have be done smoothly, without trumpeting it all over the medias, ruining restaurants and closing down major factories that thousands of people relied on for their jobs!
seems like bou faour's "cure" did more damage than the original problem.
Enough of minimizing the status of quality of our government institutions where negligence, compelling decay in health concerns looks like more important than ones IMAGE. Ministry of ... who cares what, A mess is a mess, and people's lives are far more critical than any minister. This should be our last life line wheather Hakim or abu Faour. MINISTERS come and leave fast, their ministries should be accountable all times.


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RANGELY — The need for community colleges has never been greater; so rest assured, Colorado Northwestern Community College (CNCC) will do everything it can to address critical workforce training, economic development, and quality of life issues in our communities.
Nonetheless, there has been much discussion and debate about the funding for Colorado's higher education. I am confident that the legislature will do the very best they can in this difficult economic environment. At this point, we will not worry about the economic and legislative factors that we cannot control, but rather our focus will center on those factors we can influence such as enrollment, marketing, grant writing and private sector fundraising.
Whatever the magnitude of the final budget cuts, as president of Colorado Northwestern, I can say with confidence that we will not succumb to apathy or self-sympathy. Recessions have and will continue to come and go; CNCC has and will continue to provide northwestern Colorado with quality education opportunities. We will be prudent with our finances, yet we must also seek strategic partnerships and additional financial support for the work we do.
Our vision for growth is designed to make CNCC a major economic engine for our communities, both in helping to create a diverse economy and to assist in the economic development. With the help of our local district boards, aggressive grant writing, state controlled maintenance, and the generosity of our citizens, we have made significant investments in our infrastructure and taken bold action to address community needs.
Our decision to move forward with the major gifts campaign is anchored upon needs identified in our strategic plan, a feasibility study and numerous business and industry forums. Unfortunately, state funding will continue to create limitations on our college, but the mill levy enables us to offer a higher quality of service, while the major gifts campaign is designed to provide a margin of excellence pursuant to our expanding mission, intermediate goals, and vision for the future.
To date, the Community Partners Building Futures Major Gifts Campaign has raised more than $6.6 million toward our $8.3 million goal. Right now, the Craig campus infrastructure build-out is nearing completion (Phase I). Moreover, the campaign provided the leverage we needed to get the $21.3 million early on from the state for the academic building, in part, because the college was able to commit $2.2 million in matching funds. With ongoing community support, this long-awaited and necessary project will be ready to bid in November 2009.
In addition, we have raised more than $2 million so far toward the Craig Career and Technical Center with less than $1 million yet to raise. I am confident that the Craig community, and others who care about these plans, will invest their time and dollars, so this facility can be ready to bid this summer.
As for Rangely, we have now accepted bids for the W.C. Striegel Engineering Center, and work will start shortly on this $1.2 million renovation project. In addition, we are over halfway toward our $2 million fundraising goal for the Wellness Center.
Along with the Community Partners Building Futures Major Gifts Campaign projects in Rangely, the college is involved in a massive and necessary $6.5 million energy upgrade to provide our students a more comfortable academic and living environment. We have also made significant progress raising funds for program and scholarship support in Rangely and Craig and for necessary service center support in Hayden, Meeker and South Routt.
CNCC is and will be here for you and will continue to offer one of our greatest resources: Hope. Hope for the high school student taking classes to transfer or to learn a job skill. Hope for the person who is starting out in life and needs job skills that will allow them to reach their goals. Hope for the person who wants to improve their life and needs to learn new skills so they can get that promotion or new job. Hope for the person who needs retraining because their old job has been eliminated. Hope for a regional company that needs a trained and quality workforce. Hope for the person who yearns to continue their lifelong learning but cannot stop life to go off somewhere to school.
Now is not the time to pull back. Community colleges are needed more than ever. The nation will eventually emerge from this economic maelstrom. I am confident that we will emerge stronger than ever and that we can accomplish our vision of growth together.
By John Boyd, CNCC president


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To follow my previous blog post about the importance of using your voice effectively when communicating with people, I would like to talk about another very important aspect when generally dealing with others.
Aside from your vocal expression, there is another, somewhat hidden, form of expression a lot of us often miss — your body language.
At any given moment and whether you like it or not, your body is communicating a message to the outside world. Whether you are sitting alone at home with nobody around, or in a crowded basketball stadium, your posture, hand and leg positions, and facial expression are providing others with information about what is going on inside your head.
Now, whether others are able to pick up on those subtle signals and act on them consciously is a whole other topic. However, subconsciously, all of that information is being registered by the viewer, and stored away as a general picture of the present active or passive encounter with you.
In this blog post my goal is to demystify some suspicions or skepticism that people may have about the true value and importance of properly using your body to communicate the message you want to the world.
Julius Fast, Allan Pease, Joe Navarro — those are just some of the names in the body language world. Fast, who explored and wrote on the topic in the 1960's, re-introduced a concept that I believe was discussed as early as the Egyptians, but got lost in the sands of time. There are many possible explanations as to why the topic was not really explored in greater depth in past centuries, but this short blog post is neither the time nor the place to delve into such a deep philosophical discussion. Therefore, I shall launch right into what you're all probably thinking right now — what the hell is body language and why should I care?
You're at a friendly social gathering in someone's home. Some people are friends, others are strangers to one another. Music is playing quietly in the background, and people are engaged in informal conversation all around you. You notice three people seated on a nearby couch. Two are males and one is a female. As you sip your strawberry wine cooler, you notice that the male on the right is leaning forward and slightly to the left with legs folded and the toes on his left foot pointed toward the female who is seated on the far left of the couch. The female's body language mirrors that of the male. Legs crossed, toes pointed to the right, leaning forward and slightly to the right towards the male. The male in the middle is leaning back as far as the couch will take him with his hands folded firmly against his chest and a slightly sour expression on his face.
This is a classic example of what people may call a "third wheel." While the two people on the edges are engaged in conversation, the person in the middle feels left out while at the same time does not want to appear rude and simply get up and leave (although, in reality, it would probably be the better choice.)
Now, imagine the three people above are all speaking French. Despite the fact that you aren't able to understand a single world (or may be a couple of words here and there from your High School French days), you would be able to understand exactly what was going on. How are you able to do that? Simple. Their body language. Your mind is able to take in the picture of the interaction between the trio as a whole and decipher it given the body positions of all three individuals. You do not have to sit and listen to what each has to say to figure it out.
In the above example, the body language I painted is striking and it does not take much to understand what each person is non-verbally communicating to the world and to one another, namely the interest between the male and the female, and the out-of-placeness of the male in the middle. A lot of the times, and especially in every day encounters, we are not so cognizant of our body language. Our minds are preoccupied with work and tasks we must complete and a lot of the times we are unaware of what are bodies are telling the world.
There are a lot of body signals many of us may be universally familiar with; the folding of the arms for defensiveness, the placement of the hands behind the head to display arrogance or dominance (depending on the situation), the gripping of the arm behind the back to indicate impatience or hostility, arms akimbo to indicate readiness or aggressiveness, etc. However, there are many other bodily signals that we may not be so familiar with. For example, did you know that sitting in reverse in a chair is the equivalent of crossing your arms? The back of the chair acts as a barrier between you and the other person which also translates to defensiveness. Also, a brief touch of the lips during a conversation could be a sign of the uttering of a lie or a disbelief of the other person's words (depending on who the speaker is).
Words, although intangible, are interpreted by the mind as physical manifestations. Watch the next time you see someone fold their arms after being insulted or yelled at by a superior. The body reacts to the negative words as if they were a literal 'spear' being launched at the chest, and the body reacts to protect its vital organs, namely the heart, and lungs, from the oncoming assault.
Be careful to make a quick judgement, however. Sometimes the emotion experienced and the resulting body language may be wholly unrelated to the present situation or encounter. For example, during the conversation a person may fold their arms as they try to remember if they turned the stove off when they left the house. Also, a lot of the times, bodily expressions may be the result of a reaction to pain, cold, illness, etc. So the folding of the arms may not necessarily be indicative of uncomfortableness or insecurity, but simply a reaction to the cold temperatures or upset stomach.
Look for several signals in a cluster before you make the decision as to what the person is feeling. If, as you are speaking, a person yawns, then folds their arms and places an open hand on their cheek and leans their head on it as the eyes slowly begin to droop, that would be a good indication that the person is bored with the conversation! It would be a good time to change the topic or allow the other person a turn to speak (see: Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People.)
Now I pray that is not the body position you are taking right now as you read my post, and that, for example, your hand is stroking your chin (which indicates evaluation or decision processing) or scratching your head (indicating confusion or disagreement) but take a moment to freeze and examine what your body position is right now. Are your legs crossed, neutral, or spread apart? Are you alone or surrounded by people? Where are your arms? Your hands? Do you think that coincides with your internal feelings? You may be surprised at what you find.
I also challenge you to go out and start looking at how other people sit and stand and how their bodies react to various external situations.
So watch what your body is saying.
And thanks for stopping by.
Drop me a comment or question below, if you'd like, and I hope to see you again soon.
If you require assistance with a DUI, expungement, traffic ticket, or other criminal charges, please contact me or call me at (270) 945-2778.
The DUI Guy
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