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The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Vol.1 c ~ e . ·co ~ OC +-' :.= .- 0 G10 THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY is a unique source of information, invaluable to ministers, teachers, and anyone interested in the study as well as the teaching of the Bible. Some of its main features are: • Concise discussion of the major theological terms of the Bible • Arranged in English alphabetical order; does not demand prior knowledge of Greek or Hebrew • Discusses the use of each key word in classical and secular Greek, the Old Testament and Rabbinic writings, the New Testament usage and reference • English edition based on Theologisches Begriffslexikon ;;.um Neuen Testament, extensively revised and enlarged • Glossary of Technical Terms giving concise definitions of specialist expressions and usage in Vol. I • Index of Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and theological subjects (Vol. I and 2 separately indexed , Combined Index to all three Vols . in Vol. 3) • Full and up-to-date bibliographies • International team of contributors 6th printing The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Vol. 1 Editor: Colin Brown THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY is, first, a basic translation, and then an extensive revision and considerable enlargement, of a German work entitled Theologisches Begrijjslexikon Zum Neuen Testament. On its first publication in German this was recognized as a major work of reference, and has since become more and more widely acclaimed as an important tool for understanding the theology and message of the Bible . Its translation and publication in this new English edition, together with the extensive revisions and extensive additions, have enlarged it so as to make it a unique source of information, invaluable to ministers , teachers, and anyone interested in the study as well as the teaching of the Bible . What the reviewers say: "This Dictionary had already proved its worth in its original German form, and the prese; nt revised and enlarged English edition will make it a much appreciated companion to the New Testament for students, preachers, and teachers throughout the English-speaking world ." (F. F. Bruce, University of Manchester) "Indispensable for advanced theological students and scholars as well as for ordinary Bible students." (Christianity Today) "The ministry of any pastor would be enriched immeasurably if he would keep this dictionary on his desk for constant reference during the time of sermon preparation . . . . it is perhaps the best buy of the year." (Eternity) "I t is an excellent work. ... I am impressed with the significance of this dictionary . It is characterized by the most thorough scholarship. " (Donald W. Burdick, Conservative Baptist Theological Seminary) (continued on back flap) ISBN ()'31()'21B9(}.X (continued f rom front flap) COMPANION TEXTS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES A Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English-Greek New Testament (Bullinger) A Dictionary of New Testament Greek Synonyms (Berry) A Grammar of Septuagint Greek (Coneybeare/Stock) A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich, and Danker) A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature .(Blass and Debrunner, Funk) A Linguistic Key to the Greek New Testament (Rienecker, Rogers) A Reader's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Kubo) A Shorter Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Gingrich) Do It Yourself Hebrew and Greek (Goodrick) Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament (Greenfield, Green) Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Thayer) New Testament Greek Primer (Marshall) The Analytical Greek Lexicon Revised (Moulton) The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament (Wigram) The Englishman's Greek New Testament (Newberry) The Greek New Testament Slidaverb Conjugation Chart (Peterson) The Interlinear Greek-English New Testament (Berry) The Interlinear Greek-English New Testament (Marshall) The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Brown) The NIV Interlinear Greek-English New Testament (Marshall) The RSV Interlinear Greek-English New Testament (Marshall) The Zondervan Parallel New Testament in Greek and English (Marshall) The Editor In its English form THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DOCTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY was edited by Colin Brown, who holds the B.D . from the University of London, the M.A., from the University of Nottingham , and the Ph .D. from the University of Bristol. His publications include Karl Barth and the Christian Message and Philosophy and the Christian Faith . Before becoming Professor of Systematic Theology at Fuller Theological Seminary, Dr. Brown was Vice-Principal of Tyndale Hall. He has been Visiting Professor at 'Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois , and at Regent College, Vancouver . Editor: Colin Brown The New Internationa' z Nde~vaN The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology TheNe'W International Dictionary of Companion Volume THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Volume I: A-F Ne~TestaDlent Theology Colin Brown GENERAL EDITOR Translated, with additions and revisions, from the German THEOLOGISCHES BEGRlFFSLEXIKON ZUM NEUEN TESTAMENT Edited by Lothar Coenen, Erich Beyreuther and Hans Bietenhard R~~ 1415 Lake Drive, S.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506 THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY Originally published in German under the title, THEOLOGISCHES BEGRIFFSLEXIKON ZUM NEUEN TESTAMENT © 1967,1969,1971 by Theologischer Verlag Rolf Brockhaus, Wuppertal. English Language edition copyright © 1975, The Zondervan Corporation Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A. and The Paternoster Press, Ltd. Exeter, Devon, U.K. All rights in this work are reserved by the publishers, and no pan may be reproduced without written permission, except for brief quotations in reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication nata Main entry under title: The new international dictionary of New Testament theology. "Translated, with additions and. revisions, from the German Theologisches Begriffslexikon zum Neuen Testament, edited by Lothar Coenen, Erich Beyreuther and Hans Bietenhard." "Companion volume: The new international dictionary of the Christian Church." Includes bibliographical references and indexes. \. Bible. N.T.-Theology-Dictionaries. 2. Bible. N.T.-Dictionaries. I. Brown, Colin. BS2397.N48 230' .03 75-38895 ISBN 0-310-21890-X Printed in the United States of America 84 85 86 87 88 - 10 9 Contents PREFACE 7 INTRODUCTION 9 T ABLE OF ARTICLES IN VOLUME I 15 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME I 25 ABBREVIA TlONS 31 TRANSLITERA TION 47 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 49 ARTICLES 73 INDEXES 745 HEBREW AND ARAMAIC WORDS 747 GREEK WORDS 751 GENERAL INDEX 762 ADDENDA 822 Preface B URY YOURSELF IN A DICTIONARY AND COME UP IN THE PRESENCE OF GOD. THIS improbable-sounding piece of advice of the late Sir Edwyn Hoskyns contains a wisdom born of experience. At first sight a dictionary may appear to contain nothing but a mass of antiquarian information. But to those who know where and how to look, the forbidding mass of material is not a barrier between the individual and real life but a bridge to a richer appreciation of it. It is when we ask, "What is the writer getting at?", "Why did he say this?", "Why did he put it like that?", "What lies behind that remark?", that we begin to see things in a new light. A theological dictionary is not a collection of prepackaged sermons or an anthology of predigested devotion. It is more like an invitation to join in the collective enterprise of quarrying and building. (The picture itself is not without affinities with the apostle Paul's picture in 1 Cor. 3: 10 if. of Christian work as a collective building enterprise.) It is as one quarries among the mass of data and tries to build something out of it that the data become alive. What was perhaps previously flat and featureless takes on new perspective and meaning. One can go even further. The great revivals of the Christian church have come about when some individual here and there has been grasped by something that his predecessors and contemporaries have taken for granted without stopping to ask why it should be so. Perhaps the greatest need for the church in the last quarter of the twentieth century is for men to stop, to ask themselves this question as they study the Bible, and then to translate their answers into action. Two things characterise this enterprise. On the one hand, one has to do it for oneself. There is no substitute for individual initiative. On the other hand, it is a co-operative endeavour. One cannot do without the work of others in unearthing facts and bringing to light insights which would otherwise be lost. But paradoxically enough, it is only when others have done this kind of work that one can see the truth in it for oneself. At all its stages The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology is a collective enterprise. The original German work on which it is based was the product of ten years of teamwork, shared by university professors, college lecturers and others engaged in various branches of teaching and pastoral work. The extensive new material which will be included in all three volumes is the work of scholars on both sides of the Atlantic. The draft translation was prepared by a team of translators which included Professor G. H. Boobyer, the Rev. Dr. Colin Brown. Mr. H. L. Ellison, the Rev. M. C. Freeman, the late Rev. Dr. George Ogg, Mr. John D. Manton, the Rev. Philip J. Seddon, the Rev. David Sharp and Dr. A. J. M. Wedderburn. 7 PREFACE A special debt of gratitude is owed to Professor F. F. Bruce, Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis in the University of Manchester. Professor Bruce has read the articles in both typescript and proof, and has made many valuable comments and suggestions. Thanks are also due to the Rev. A. C. Thiselton of the Department of Biblical Studies in the University of Sheffield for reading the bibliographies and making numerous suggestions. The bibliographies have also benefited from the comments of his colleagues at Sheffield, Mr. D. J. A. Clines and the Rev. Wesley Carr. Mr. Michael Sad grove has shouldered the heavy burden of proofreading in .the course of his doctoral studies at Oxford. The indexes have been compiled by the Rev. Norman Hillyer whose vigilant scholarship has also contributed to the correction of the proofs. Finally,the editor would like to record his appreciation of the happy co-operation at all stages of the work with the editor of the German edition, Dr. Lothar Coenen, and the German publishers, the Theologischer Verlag Rolf Brockhaus ofWuppertal and for their kind agreement to the features incorporated in the English edition. Scripture quotations in this Dictionary from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible are used by permission of the owners of the copyright, the Department of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. In the 1980 reprint of this volume the opportunity has been taken to make a number of minor corrections and to include bibliographical Addenda (see p.822). 8 Introduction S 1965 THE Theologisches Begriffslexikon zum Neuen Testament has established itself as a standard work of reference among theologians, ministers, students and all who are concerned with a closer understanding of the teaching of the Bible. It offers its readers a concise discussion of the meaning and use of the key terms of the New Testament against their background in the ancient world and the Old Testament, combining an awareness of the progress of modern scholarship with a sensitivity to the message of Scripture. The work had its origin in a double conviction. On the one hand, theology at its deepest level is concerned with the revelation of God - the God who has revealed himself in Scripture. On the other hand, this revelation came to man over a period of many hundreds of years. It was expressed in ancient languages, employing the thought-forms of bygone civilizations. In order to understand the meaning and significance of Scripture, it is necessary to understand the meaning and use of its language against the background of its history and social structures. Some fifty years ago Karl Barth compared Calvin as an interpreter with the exegetes of his own day in the following terms: INCE ITS FIRST APPEARANCE IN How energetically Calvin, having first established what stands in the text, sets himself to re-think the whole material and to wrestle with it, till the walls which separate the sixteenth century from the first become transparent! Paul speaks, and the man of the sixteenth century hears. The conversation between the original record and the reader moves round the subject-matter, until a distinction between yesterday and to-day becomes impossible. If a man persuades himself that Calvin's method can be dismissed with the old-fashioned motto, "The Compulsion of Inspiration," he betrays himself as one who has never worked upon the interpretation of Scripture (The Epistle to the Romans, ET 1933, 7). Whether Calvin, Barth (or, for that matter, anyone else) consistently attained this ideal is less important than the points that Barth makes. The goal of biblical study like that of expository preaching - is an understanding of the text which enables its message to speak directly to the reader or hearer in his contemporary situation. In this process there are two main stages characterized by the terms exegesis and hermeneutics. The latter - and it is on this that Barth focuses his attention - is concerned with reflecting on words and events from the past and interpreting their significance for us today. But before this may come about there must be the prior stage of exegesis, the elucidation of words, phrases, clauses and sentences, as their authors intended them to be understood and as they would have been understood by their original hearers. It is the exegesis of biblical terminology that is the primary concern of the present dictionary. 9 INTRODUCTION In their fulfilment of this task the authors of the individual articles have endeavoured not simply to analyse, classify and catalogue the most important words that occur in the New Testament. They have also sought to trace the meaning and use of words in secular Greek, the Septuagint and other versions of the Old Testament used by the early church in the New Testament period, comparing them with the Hebrew of the Old Testament. They have also taken into account the use of words in the Dead Sea Scrolls and writers like Philo and Josephus. Finally, the New Testament writings themselves are examined individually in order to ascertain the precise shade of meaning which each work attaches to the words used. In using a work of this kind there is always a danger of what James Barr has called "illegitimate totality transfer" (The Semantics of Biblical Language, 1961, 218). This arises when the various meanings of a word in different contexts are run together and then presumed to be present on each and every occasion that the word is used. To quote Barr's own example, the word ekklesia (church) may in various contexts mean "the Body of Christ," "the first instalment of the Kingdom of God," and "the Bride of Christ." It would be illegitimate to presume without further indication that in any given passage the word ekklesia must bear all or even any of these meanings. To answer this question, one has to ask whether the author is acquainted with a particular meaning and whether the context indicates that this was his intention. Similarly, it is illegitimate to apply without more ado the meaning of a word in secular Greek or even the Septuagint to the New Testament, unless there be some indication that the word is used in the same sense. Heed must also be given to Barr's warnings about etymologies. To know the derivation of a word is no infallible guide to its meaning. Barr observes: "The main point is that the etymology of a word is not a statement about its meaning but about its history; it is only as a historical statement that it can be responsibly asserted, and it is quite wrong to suppose that the etymology of a word is necessarily a guide either to its 'proper' meaning in a later period or to its actual meaning in that period" (op. cit., 109). Words have histories as well as etymologies. The meaning of any given word in any given context depends at least as much upon the place and use of the word in that context as upon any supposed derivation. General Structure The entire work is divided into articles under English titles, arranged in alphabetical order. These in turn contain one or more studies of the relevant terms in New Testament Greek which have been grouped under key words. Thus, the article on Baptism, Wash is divided into separate studies under the key Greek words baptizo, louo and nipto. For the sake of easy reference the key Greek word is placed in a box at the head of the appropriate study thus: 1 panri(w I. In each case there follow the principal forms of the associated Greek words and their cognates which are given in both Greek letters and transliteration together with their basic dictionary equivalents. Each article is divided into three main sections denoted by the letters CL indicating discussion of the word in classical and secular Greek, OT in Old Testament usage, and NT dealing with New Testament usage. They are arranged as follows: 10 INTRODUCTION Discussion of the word in secular Greek. Uses of the word are illustrated by references to classical literature, inscriptions and papyri. But in view of .the expressly theological interest of the dictionary discussion here is kept to a minimum. CL Discussion of the word in the Old Testament. The language of the church of the New Testament era was Greek, and the Old Testament Scriptures used by the church were largely the Greek translation of the Hebrew known as the Septuagint (LXX). The discussion is therefore based on the terms as they occur in the LXX and other Greek versions. But throughout these are compared with the corresponding Hebrew words of the Hebrew Masoretic text. (On these terms see the Glossary of Technical Terms.) This second section also includes discussion of terms in rabbinic writers, Philo and Josephus, and the discoveries at Qumran. In some instances comparison with the New Testament reveals close affinity of thought; in others there is a wide gulf between it and other religious thought. OT Discussion of the word in the New Testament, noting statistical occurrences of the word, its uses in relation to its background, and the specific emphases of individual writers and writings. NT The same method of study is followed for each separate key Greek word, except occasionally where the word may not occur or be relevant in either secular Greek (as in the case of certain proper names) or the Old Testament. Bibliographies are appended to all major articles. Scope The dictionary is expr~ssly theological in intention. Historical, geographical and archaeological information, appropriate in a general dictionary of the Bible, js here included only in so far as it is theologically relevant. The main emphasis falls on the elucidation of terms. For this reason the dictionary does not attempt to summarize the theology of Paul, John, or the Synoptic Gospels, or to trace influences upon individual writers as subjects in themselves. Nevertheless, attention is paid to the distinctive outlook of any given writer in relation to particular terms. A number of proper names have been included in so far as they have a special theological significance in the New Testament. ' Transliteration The dictionary is designed for use both by the student of Greek and by those who have no prior grounding in ancient languages. For this reason all Greek and Hebrew words are given in transliteration. Greek words are given in Greek letters with the appropriate transliteration and translation at the head of each key Greek word. Thereafter only the transliterations are given. Hebrew words are given in transliteration only. A key to the transliterations is given on p. 47. Features of the English Edition The translation has been edited to meet the needs of English readers. This has involved a certain amount of re-writing and re-phrasing for the sake of clarity. The 11 INTRODUCTION relative merits of different translations of Biblical passages have been discussed in English instead of German versions, and quotations have been taken from the English translations of published works. Where appropriate, references to important works relating to matters under discussion have been inserted. A major difference that will be immediately apparent to those who compare the present work with the German original is the complete reorganization of the order of the articles. The German original had its articles arranged according to the alphabetical order of the German titles. Each article has been given an English title set in alphabetical order. This means that the present volume contains articles from all three volumes of the German original, and also that articles which appeared in the first volume of the German are distributed throughout all three volumes of the English edition. In assigning titles to the articles, it was decided not to restrict the title to a single key word, but to include in it those words which would indicate the general contents of the article concerned. This English edition contains some 70 major articles which did not appear in the original German version. Other articles have been extended to include important new sections and other material which likewise have not previously been published. The Glossary of Technical Terms has been extensively enlarged. As the work proceeds, it is the publishers' intention to include further new material which is being prepared for inclusion in the new revised German edition. The bibliographies appended to each article have been extensively revised and enlarged. The majority are divided into two sections. The first contains a list of books and articles in English, including translations of works listed in the original German bibliography. The second section is devoted to works in other languages. This contains titles listed in the original bibliography and also other works, including important works published since the article was written. The purpose is twofold. On the one hand, it offers English readers a conspectus of relevant literature in English. By separating the two sections, they will be able to see at a glance which works are relevant to their particular needs. On the other hand, it was decided to include titles not available in English translation in order to meet the needs of the more specialist student. Certain articles in the German original contained homiletical sections which were directed to the pastoral situation in Germany and on the continent of Europe. They included references to discussions and literature which were significant in a continental setting but which are less so outside that context. In view of the different situation in the English-speaking world, it was decided with the agreement of the German publishers not to include these sections in the present edition. Biblical References Quotations from the Bible in English have normally been taken from the Revised Standard Version which is quoted by kind permission of the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. However, translations of other versions are also given at certain points where the sources are specifically stated. In certain Old Testament passages where the LXX reference differs from that of the Hebrew Masoretic Text and the English versions the variant reference is given in brackets. 12 INTRODUCTION Statistical and Lexical Information Statistical and lexical information has been drawn from the following sources: R. Morgenthaler, Statistik des neutestamentlichen Wortschatzes, 1958; E. Hatch and H. A. Redpath, A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament, I-III, (1897) 1954; K. G. Kuhn, Konkordanz zu den Qumrantexten, 1960; W. F. Moulton and A. S. Geden, A Concordance to the Greek Testament, (1897) 1963 4 ; A. Schmoller, Handkonkordanz zum griechischen Neuen Testament, 196814 ; S. Mande1kern, Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae, I-II, (1896) 1955; F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, (1907) 1955; L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, 1958 2 ; H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon revised by H. S. Jones, 19409 ; and W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 1957. Indexes Separate indexes are provided to Volumes I and II, and indexes to the complete work in Volume III. A great many words are dealt with which are not included under the main headings in the Table of Articles, so the indexes should be consulted for full details. 13 Table of Articles in Volume I TITLE KEY GREEK WORDS AUTHOR Abolish, Nullify, Reject Karapyiw d(J8r:iw e';ov(Jeviw katargeo atheteo exoutheneo J. I. Packer 73 74 74 Abomination of Desolation r:o p!5i),vypa r:r;r; epr,pwa8Wr; to bdelygma tes eremoseos G. R. BeasleyMurray 74 Abraham, Sarah, Hagar, Isaac 'Appaap Eappa 'Ayap 'IaaaK Abraam Sarra Hagar Isaak H. Seebass P. J. Budd P.J. Budd P. J. Budd 76 80 80 81 Accuser, Accuse Kar:rjyopor; eYKa}..iw kategoros enkaleo H. Bietenhard J. I. Packer 82 84 Adam, Eve 'Abap Eva Adam Heua H. Seebass C. Brown 84 87 Advocate, Paraclete, Helper napaKAr,r:Or; paraktetos G. Braumann 88 Age, Stature, Maturity "AIKia helikia R. Schippers 92 Akeldama ' AKeA.bapax Akeldamach J. A. Motyer 93 All Many niir; nOAAoi pas polloi F. Graber 94 95 Amen, Hallelujah, Hosanna dprjv aUr,Aovfa waavva amen hallelouia hosanna H. Bietenhard J. A. Motyer J. A. Motyer 97 99 100 Angel, Messenger, Gabriel, Michael aYY8AOr; rapplrjA MlxarjA angelos Gabriel Michael H. Bietenhard P. J. Budd P. J. Budd 101 103 104 Anger, Wrath (}vpor; opyrj thymos orge H. Schonweiss H. C. Hahn 105 107 15 PAGE TABLE OF ARTICLES Animal therion O"piov Animals in the NT W. Bauder C. Brown 113 114 Anoint d}..ei,pw Xpiw aleipho chrio W. Brunotte D. Milller 119 121 Antichrist dVT:iXPlUT:Or; antichristos E. Kauder 124 Apostle dnouT:e}..}..w apostello E. von Eicken, H. Lindner, D. Muller, C. Brown 126 Avarice, Greed, Love of Money n}..eove';ia ,pl}..apyvpia pleonexia phi/argyria F. SeIter G. Finkenrath 137 138 Babylon Bapv}..wv BabylOn H. Seebass 140 Bag, Box pa}..M.vT:lov y}..WUUOKOPOV mjpa ballantion glossokomon pera G. T. D. Angel 142 142 143 Baptism, Wash panT:iCw }..ovw vinT:w baptizo louD flipto G. R. BeasleyMurray 143 150 153 Infant Baptism: its Background and Theology R. T. Beckwith 154 Beat, Chastise, Scourge paUT: lYOW mastigoo M. Embry 161 Beginning, Origin, Rule, Ruler, Originator apxr, arche H. Bietenhard 164 Belly, Stomach KOlMa koilia S. Wibbing 169 Bethlehem B"OUep Bethleem P. J. Budd 169 Bind oew deo W. von Meding, D. Millier 171 Bird neT:elVOV peteinon C. Brown 172 Bi'rth, Beget, Bear, Become, Miscarriage, Regeneration, Well-born, yevvaw yivopal BKT:pWpa gennao ginomai ektroma 176 181 na}..,yyevBuia T:iKT:W BUYBVr,r; palingenesia tikto eugenes A. Ringwald J. Guhrt H. Milller, c. Brown J. Guhrt G. Bauer J. A. Motyer nh~gitimate 16 182 184 186 187 TABLE OF ARTICLES Bishop, Presbyter, Elder 8niuK07wC;; npeupvrepor; episkopos presbyteros L. Coenen L. Coenen 188 192 Bitter nlKpoc;; mKpia n IKpa{vw napan IKpaivw pikros pikria pikraino parapikraino G. T. D. Angel 201 202 202 202 Black, White, Red fli}.ar; }.evKOr; nvppor; melas leukos pyrros G. T. D. Angel 203 204 205 Blessing, Blessed, Happy ev}.oyia flaKaplOr; eulogia makarios H.-G. Link U. Becker 206 215 Blind rv¢J}.or; typhlos F. Graber 218 Blood, Sprinkle, Strangled alfla pavriCw haima rhantizo 220 nVIKrOr; pniktos F. Laubach G. R. BeasleyMurray H. Bietenhard 224 226 Boast KavX11fla kauchema H. C. Hahn 227 Body, Member, Limb fli}.or; uWfla Parts of the Body melos soma H.-G. Schiltz S. Wibbing J. A. Motyer 229 232 239 Book, Read, Letter PiP}.oC;; dvaYlvwuKW 8muroAll biblos anaginosko epistole U. Becker J. Blunck G. Finkenrath 242 245 246 Bread, Daily, Manna aproc;; 8nlOvUIOr; flavva artos epiousios manna F. Merkel W. Mundie F. Merkel 249 251 252 Broad, Wide n}.aroc;; platos G. T. D. Angel 253 Brother, Neighbour, Friend on}.',aiov era ipo c;; d&}.¢Joc;; adelphos ho plesion hetairos W. Giinther U. Falkenroth D. A. Carson 254 258 259 Burden, Heavy, Labour papor; Konoc;; baros kopos W. Mundie M. Seitz, H.-G. Link 260 262 Bury, Grave, Tomb Oanrw thapto C. J. Herner 263 Busybody, Meddle neplepyiiCoflal periergazomai D. H. Field 266 Buy, Sell, Market dyopaCw nwAiw agorazo paleo D. H. Field 267 268 17 TABLE OF ARTICLES Caesar, Consul, Governor Kaiuap f!yep.wlI vn:am.;; Kaisar hegemon hypatos J. D. G. Dunn 269 270 270 Call KaMw kaleo L. Coenen 270 Care, Anxiety p.eplp.lIa merimna J. Goetzmann 276 Carpenter, Builder, Workman, Craftsman, Trade 7:eK7:WlI tekton J. I. Packer 279 Cherub xepovp cheroub J. G. Baldwin 279 Child, Boy, Servant, Son, Adoption lI1jmo.;; na;.;; nepios pais 280 283 7:eKlIOli vio.;; teknon hyios G. Braumann G. Braumann, C. Brown G. Braumann G. Braumann, C. Brown Church, Synagogue 8KK)..11uia ekklesia L. Coenen 291 Circumcision n:ep l7:ep.lIw peritemno H. C. Hahn 307 Clothe, Naked, Dress, Garment, Cloth yvp.lIo,;; OVW ip.a7:lOli gymnos dyo himation H. Weigelt 312 314 316 Cold, Hot, Lukewarm I/IVXP°';; psychros C. J. Herner 317 Come epxop.al Ka7:all7:aw p.e)..)..w erchomai katantao mello W. MundIe W. MundIe W. Schneider 319 324 325 Comfort, Encouragement (}apuew n:apap.v(}eop.al tharseo paramytheomai W. MundIe G. Braumann 327 328 Command, Order OOyp.a 8117:0)..1j n:apayyi)..)..w Ke)..evw dogma entole parangello keleuo H. H. Esser H. H. Esser W. MundIe P. J. Budd 330 331 340 341 Conceive, Apprehend uv)..)..ap.pallw syllambano D. H. Field 343 Confess op.o)..oyew homologeo D. Furst 344 Conscience uVlleio11u I';; syneidesis H. C. Hahn, C. Brown 348 18 285 287 TABLE OF ARTICLES Conversion, Penitence, Repentence, Proselyte hmnpB,pw f.ll!:r:af.li).of.lal f.lllTo.VOla 1tpomjA.VTOr; epistrephii metamelomai metanoia proselytos F. Laubach F. Laubach J. Goetzmann U. Becker 353 356 357 359 Council, Sanhedrin UVf.lPOVA.eVW UVVMPIOV symbouleuo synedrion I. H. Marshall 362 363 Courage, Boldness TOA.f.lo.W tolmao J. A. Motyer 364 Covenant, Guarantee, Mediator ala01jKl1 eyyvor; f.lIlUITl1r; diatheke engyos mesites J. Guhtt O. Becker o. Becker 365 372 372 Creation, Foundation, Creature, Maker KaTapoA.rj KTIUlr; a11l.llovpyor; katabole ktisis demiourgos H. H. Esser H. H. Esser I. H. Marshall 376 378 387 Cross, Wood, Tree eUA.OV UTavpOr; xylon stauros B. Siede 389 E. Brandenburger, 391 C. Brown Crown, Sceptre, Rod uTB,pavOr; ,Mpaor; stephanos rhabdos C. J. Herner 405 407 Cry KP6.{W poo.w krazo boao D. A. Carson C. Brown 408 410 Cunning 1tavovpyla panourgia D. A. Carson 412 Curse, Insult, Fool dVo.fJllf.la anathema 413 KaKOA.0yBW KaTapaof.lal paKo. kakologeo kataraomai rhaka H. Aust, D. Muller W. Mundle W. Mundle T. Sorg Danger, Risk, Peril Klvavvlluw xaA.e1tOr; kindyneuo chalepos P. J. Budd 419 419 Darkness, Night vue UKOTOr; nyx skotos H. C. Hahn 420 421 David Aavla Dauid J. A. Motyer 425 Deaf, Dumb Kw,pOr; kophos P. J. Budd 428 19 415 416 417 TABLE OF ARTICLES Death, Kill, Sleep o:rroKreivw Oavaror; KaOevow veKpOr; apokteino thanatos katheudo nekros L. Coenen W. Schmithals L. Coenen L. Coenen 429 430 441 443 Defile f.llaivw p,OAVVW, p,oAva p,or; miaino molyno, molysmos J. I. Packer 447 Demon, Air, Cast Out dI1p oalp,ovlOv eK{JaAAw aer daimonion ekballo H. Bietenhard 449 450 453 Deny apviop,al arneomai H.-G. Link, E. Tiedtke 454 Desire, Lust, Pleasure emOvp,ia iJoovft opiyop,al epithymia hedone oregomai H. Sch6nweiss E. Beyreuther J. Guhrt 456 458 460 Despise Kara<ppoviw OA1YWpiw kataphroneo oligoreo J. I. Packer 461 462 Destroy, Perish, Ruin anWAela oAeOpOr; apoleia olethros 462 <pOeipw e~aAei<pw phtheiro exaleiphO H. C. Hahn H. C. Hahn, C. Brown F. Merkel J. I. Packer Determine, Appoint, Present KaOiarYJp,1 opi(w napiarYJP,1 npoxe1pi(w raaaw rfOYJP,1 npoOeap,ia xelporoviw Aayxavw kathistemi horizo paristemi procheirizo tasso titMmi prothesmia cheirotoneo lanchano S. Wibbing G. Dulon K. Munzer P. Schmidt J. I. Packer J. I. Packer J. I. Packer J. I. Packer J. I. Packer 471 472 474 475 476 477 477 478 478 Dirt, Filth, Refuse nepiIl'YJP,a, nep lKaOapp,a pvnor; aKv{JaAov KonplOv peripsema, perikatharma rhypos skybalon koprion J. I. Packer 479 Disciple, Follow, Imitate, After aKoAovOiw p,aOYJrft r; p,lp,iop,al oniaw akoloutheo matMtes mimeomai opiso C. Blendinger D. Miiller W. Bauder W. Bauder 480 483 490 492 Discipline, Prudence, Immorality, Prostitute eYKparela nopvevw aw<ppoavvYJ enkrateia porneuo sophrosyne H. Baltensweiler H. Reisser S. Wibbing 494 497 501 20 448 465 467 471 479 480 480 TABLE OF ARTICLES Distinguish, Doubt olaKpivw diakrino B. Gartner 503 Divorce anOU'l"aU lOY apostasion I. H. Marshall 505 Dragon, Serpent, Scorpion, Sting OpaKWV at/)/(; uKopnior; Kiv'l"poV drakon ophis skorpios kentrOli H. Bietenhard H. Bietenhard P. J. Budd P. J. Budd 507 509 510 511 Dream avap onar P. J. Budd 511 Drunken, Sober p.dJvw v1jt/Jw methyo nephO P. J. Budd 513 514 Dry Up, Wither ''Ipaivw xeraino P. J. Budd 515 yf/ oIKovp.iv'l aypor; xoiJr; Koup.Or; ge oikoumene agros chous kosmos R. Morgenthaler O. Flender D. H. Field D. H. Field J. Guhrt 517 518 520 520 521 Ecstasy, Astonishment, Distraction, Horror, Madness tKumulr; p.aivop.al BKnA1juuw ekstasis mainomai ekplesso W. Mundie J. Schattenmann D. H. Field 526 528 529 Egypt, Egyptian Aiyvn'l"or; Aigyptos K. A. Kitchen 530 Elect, Choose aipiop.al BKUyop.al haireomai eklegomai G. Nordholt L. Coenen 533 536 Elijah 'HAiar; Helias H. Bietenhard 543 Empty, Vain KevOr; kenos 546 p.amlOr; mataios E. Tiedtke, H.-G. Link, e. Brown E. Tiedtke Enemy, Enmity, Hate Bx8pOr; p.luiw echthros miseo H. Bietenhard H. Seebass 553 555 Envy t/J8ovew phthoneo D. H. Field 557 Escape, Flee t/Jevyw pheugo D. A. Carson 558 Eunuch euvouxor; eunouchos M. Baltensweiler 559 21 Earth, Land, World 549 TABLE OF ARTICLES Evil, Bad, Wickedness KaKOr; nOV'lPOr; kakos poneros E. Achilles 561 564 Exhort, Warn, Console, Rebuke VOU(Jerew napaKaA.f.W 8nl'rljuiw noutheteo parakaleo epitimao F. Seiter G. Braumann G. T. D. Angel 567 569 572 Explain, Interpret, Tell, Narrative e!;'lyeOf.lal 8nlAvw Bpf.l1lVeVW exegeomai epilyo hermeneuo A. C. Thiselton 573 576 579 Face npoawnov prosopon E. Tiedtke 585 Faith, Persuade, Belief, Unbelief nei(JOf.lal niarrr; peithomai pistis O. Becker O. Michel 587 593 Fall, Fall Away lujJiar:'lf.ll ninr:w aphistemi pipto W. Bauder 606 608 Fast v'lar:eVW nesteuo F. S. Rothenberg 611 Father b./3/3u nanjp abba pater O. Hofius 614 615 Fear, Awe rjJo/3or; phobos w. MundIe 621 Feast, Passover Bopnj nuaxa heorte pascha R. Mayer B. Schaller 624 632 Fellowship, Have, Share, Participate [xw KOlvwvia echo koinonia J. Eichler J. Schattenmann 635 639 Fight, Prize, Triumph, Victory b.ywv /3pa/3efov (Jp laf.l/3evw agon brabeion thriambeuo 644 648 649 V1KUW nikao A. Ringwald A. Ringwald K. Dahn, H.-G. Link W. Gunther Fire, Burn KaiJf.la niJp kauma pyr S. Solie H. Bietenhard 652 653 Firm, Foundation, Certainty, Confirm /3e/3alOr; (Jef.leAlOr; aarjJUAela KUPOW bebaios themelios asphaleia kyroo H. Schonweiss J. Blunck C. Brown J. I. Packer 658 660 663 664 First, Firstborn npwr:or; nPWr:Or:OKOr; protos prototokos K. H. Bartels 664 667 22 650 TABLE OF ARTICLES Fish ix(}ur; ichthys J. A. Motyer 670 Flesh aap?: sarx H. Seebass, A. C. Thiselton 671 /Jiw rheo D. A. Carson 682 b)J..orplOr; napol1Wr; allotrios diaspora xenos parepidemos paroikos H. Bietenhard F. S. Rothenberg H. Bietenhard H. Bietenhard H. Bietenhard 683 685 686 690 690 Foreknowledge, Providence, Predestination npoy IvwaKw npovoew npoopaw npoopKw npori(}f1/l1 proginosko pronoeo prohorao prohorizo protithemi P. Jacobs, H. Krienke 692 693 695 695 696 Forgiveness (Upif1/l1 aphiemi H. Vorllinder 697 el~or; /lOpr/Jrj axfj/la vnoaraalr; eidos morphe schema hypostasis G. G. G. G. 703 705 708 710 Freedom /;)..ev(}epia eleutheria J. Blunck 715 Fruit, Fig, Thorn, KapnOr; aVKfj rpifJo)..or; aKo)..olfl ooKav(}a karpos syke trib%s skolops akantha I R. Hensel J. A. Motyer J. A. Motyer C. Brown J. A. Motyer 721 723 726 726 725 neplaaeuw n)..fj(}or; n)..f1Pow xwpew ye/lw xopraCw perisseuo plethos pleroo chOreo gemo chortazo T. Brandt W. Bauder R. Schippers P. Schmidt J. G. Baldwin J. G. Baldwin 728 731 733 741 742 743 Flow Foreign, Alien, Dispersion, Stranger Form, Substance Thistle Fullness, Abound, Multitude, Fulfil, Make Room, Give Way ~laanopa ?:evor; napeni~f1/lor; Braumann Braumann Braumann Harder 23 Contributors Editors and Advisors Editor of the English edition General Editor of the German edition Colin Brown Lothar Coenen Greek philology, philosophy and classical background . Gerhard Fries Old Testament and Septuagint Horst Seebass Qumran Reinhard Deichgraber Rabbinics . Hans Bietenhard New Testament philology and theology Hans Bietenhard Church history and historical theology Erich Beyreuther Bibliographical consultant to the German edition Werner Georg Kiimmel Contributors to Volume I In the following list the author's work is denoted by the Greek words which follow the title. Ernst Achilles, Superintendent, Gottingen Evil, kakos, poneros Gervais T. D. Angel, M.A., M.Ed., Dean of Studies, Trinity College, Bristol Bag, Box, ballantion, glossokomon, pera; Bitter, pikros, pikraino, parapikraino; Black, White, Red, melas, leukos, pyrros; Broad, Wide, platos; Exhort, Warn,Console, Rebuke, epitimao Hugo Aust, Steinfeld Curse, Insult, Fool, anathema (part) Joyce G. Baldwin, B.A., B.D., Dean of Women, Trinity College, Bristol Cherub, cheroub; Fullness, Abound, Multitude, Fulfil, Make Room, Give Way, gemo, chortazo Heinrich Baltensweiler, Dr. theo!., Professor, Basel Discipline, Prudence, Immorality, Prostitute, enkrateia; Eunuch, eunouchos Karl Heinz Bartels, Dr. theo!., Niederbieber First, Firstborn, protos, prototokos 25 CONTRIBUTORS Wolfgang Bauder, Cologne Animal, therion; Disciple, Follow, Imitate, After, mimeomai, opiso; Fall, Fall Away, aphistemi, pipto; Fullness, Abound, Multitude, Fulfil, Make Room, Give Way, plerhos Gerhard Bauer, Starn berg Birth, Beget, Bear, etc., tikto G. R. Beasley-Murray, M.A., B.D., M.Th., Ph.D., D.O. Professor, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville Abomination of Desolation, to bdelygma tes eremoseos; Baptism, Wash, baptizo, louo, nipto; Blood, Sprinkle, Strangled, rhantizo Oswald Becker, Bonn Covenant, Guarantee, Mediator, engyos, mesites; Faith, Persuade, Belief, Unbelief, peithomai Ulrich Becker, Dr. theo!., Professor, Hanover Blessing, Blessed, Happy, makarios; Book, Read, Letter, biblos Ulrich Becker, Osterwald ii. Wunstorf Conversion, Penitence, Repenance, Proselyte, proselytos Roger T. Beckwith, M.A., Warden of Latimer House, Oxford Baptism, Wash: Infant Baptism, its Background and Theology Erich Beyreuther, Dr. theo!., Professor, Feldkirchen, Munich Desire, Lust, Pleasure, hedone Hans Bietenhard, Dr. theo!., Professor, Steffisburg Accuser, Accuse, kategoros; Amen, Hallelujah, Hosanna, amen; Angel, Messenger etc., angelos; Beginning, Origin etc., arche; Blood, Sprinkle, Strangled, pniktos; Demon, Air, Cast Out, aer, daimonion, ekballo; Dragon, Serpent etc., drakon, ophis; Elijah, Helias; Enemy, Enmity, Hate, echthros; Fire, Burn, pyr; Foreign, Alien, Dispersion, Stranger, allotrios, xenos, parepidemos, paroikos Christian Blendinger, Nuremberg Disciple, Follow, Imitate, After, akoloutheo Jiirgen Blunck, Solingen Book, Read, Letter, anaginosko; Firm, Foundation, Certainty, Confirm, themelios; Freedom, eleutheria Egon Brandenburger, Dr. theo!., Professor, Bethel Cross, Wood, Tree, stauros Theodor Brandt, Bad Salzufien Fullness, Abound etc., perisseuo Georg Braumann, Dr. theo!., Billerbeck Advocate, Paraclete, Heiper, parakleros; Child, Boy, Servant, Son, Adoption, nepios, pais, teknon, hyios; Comfort, Encouragement, paramytheomai; Exhort etc., parakaleo; Form, Substance, eidos, morphe, schema Colin Brown, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Professor, Fuller Theologi'cal Seminary, Pasadena Adam, Eve, Heua; Animal: types of animal in the NT; Bird, peteinon; Birth, Beget, Bear, Become, Miscarriage etc., ektroma (part); Child, Boy, Servant, Son, Adoption, pais (part), hyios (part); Conscience, sY'1eidesis (part); Cross, Wood, Tree, stauros (part); Cry, boao; Destroy, Perish, Ruin, olethros (part); Empty, Vain, kenos (part); Firm, Foundation Certainty, Confirm, asphaleia; Fruit, Fig, Thorn, Thistle, skolops; Glossary of Technical Terms (part); Apostle, apostolos (part) Wilhelm Brunotte, Dr. theo!., Hameln Anoint, aleipho Philip J. Budd, B.A., M.Litt.; Ph.D., Lecturer, Trinity College, Bristol Abraham, Sarah, Hagar, Isaac, Sarra, Hagar, Isaak; Angel, Messenger, Gabriel, 26 CONTRIBUTORS Michael, Gabriel, Michael; Bethlehem, Bethleem; Command, Order, keleuo; Danger, Risk, Peril, kindyneuo, chalepos; Deaf, Dumb, kophos; Dragon, Serpent, Scorpion, Sting, skorpios, kentron; Dream, onar; Drunken, Sober, methyo, nephO; Dry Up, Wither, xeraino D. A. Carson, M.A., B.S., M.Div., Ph.D., Ass. Prof., Trinity Ev. Sch., Deerfield Brother, Neighbour, Friend, hetairos; Cry, krazo; Cunning, panourgia; Escape, Flee, pheugo; Flow, rheo Lothar Coenen, Dr. theoI., Wuppertal Bishop, Presbyter, Elder, episkopos, presbyteros; Call, kaleo; Church, Synagogue, ekklesia; Death, Kill, Sleep, apokteino, katheudo, nekros; Elect. Choose, eklegomai Karl Dahn, Frankfurt Fight, thriambeuo (part) Gunter Dulon, Hamburg Determine, Appoint, Present, horizo James D. G. Dunn, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Lecturer, Nottingham Caesar, Consul, Governor, Kaisar, hegemon, hypatos Johannes Eichler, Frankfurt Fellowship, Have, Share, Participate, echO Erich von Eicken, Dr. theoI., Marburg Apostle, apostello (part) Margaret Embry, B.A., B.D., Lecturer, Trinity College, Bristol Beat, Chastise, Scourge, mastigoo Hans-Helmut Esser, Dr. theoI., Professor, Horstmar bei Munster Command, Order, dogma, en tole; Creation, Foundation, Creature, Maker, katabole, ktisis Ulrich Falkenroth, Dr. theoI., Braunschweig Brother, Neighbour, Friend, plesion David H. Field, M~A., Tutor, Oak Hill College, London Busybody, Meddle, periergazomai; Buy, Sell, Market, agorazo, poleo; Conceive, Apprehend, syllambano; Earth, Land, World, agros, chous; Ecstasy etc., ekplesso; Envy, phthoneo Gunter Finkenrath, Burscheid-Hilgen Avarice, Greed, Love of Money, phi/argyria; Book, Read, Letter, epistole Otto Flender, Villigst Earth, Land, World, oikoumene Dieter Furst, Bayreuth Confess, homologeo Burkhard Gartner, Hamburg Distinguish, Doubt, diakrino Jurgen Goetzmann, Essen Care, Anxiety, merimna; Conversion, Penitence, Repentance, Proselyte, metanoia Friedrich Graber, Riehen, Basel All, Many, pas, polloi; Blind, typhlos Joachim Guhrt, Bentheirn Birth, Beget, Bear, Become etc., ginomai, palingenesia; Covenant, Guarantee, Mediator, diatheke; Desire, Lust, Pleasure, oregomai; Earth, Land, World, kosmos Walther Gunther, Dr. theoI., Stuttgart Brother, Neighbour, Friend, adelphos; Fight, etc., nikao Hans-Cristoph Hahn, Bad Boll Anger, Wrath, orge; Boast, kauchema; Circumcision, peritemno; Conscience, syneidesis (part); Darkness, Night, nyx, skotos; Destroy, Perish, Ruin, apoleia, olethros 27 CONTRIBUTORS Gunther Harder, D. theol., Dr. jur., Professor, Berlin Form, Substance, hypostasis Colin J. Hemer, M.A., Ph.D., Cambridge Bury, Grave, Tomb, thapto; Cold, Hot, Lukewarm, psychros; Crown, Sceptre, Rod, stephanos, rhabdos Robert Hensel, Dr. theol., Bad Bergzabern Fruit, Fig, Thorn, Thistle, karpos Otfried Hofius, Dr.theol., Professor, Paderborn Father, abba, pater Paul Jacobs, Dr. theol., Professor, Munster Foreknowledge, Providence, Predestination, proginosko, pronoeo, prohorao, prohorizo, protithemi (part) Erwin Kauder, Kassel Antichrist, antichristos Kenneth A. Kitchen, B.A., Ph.D., Reader, Liverpool Egypt, Egyptian, Aigyptos Hartmut Krienke, Wuppertal Foreknowledge, Providence, Predestination, proginosko, pronoeo, prohorao, prohorizo, protithemi (part) Fritz Laubach, Dr. theol., Hamburg Blood, Sprinkle, Strangled, haima; Conversion, Penitence, Repentance, Proselyte, epistrepho, metamelomai Helgo Lindner, Tubingen Apostle, apostello (part) Hans-Georg Link, Dr. theol., Cologne Blessing, Blessed, Happy, eulogia; Burden, Heavy, Labour, kopos (part); Deny, arneomai (part); Empty, Vain, kenos (part); Fight, Prize, Triumph, Victory, thriambeuo (part) I. Howard Marshall, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Professor, Aberdeen Council, Sanhedrin, symbouleuo, synedrion; Creation, Foundation, Creature, Maker, demiourgos; Divorce, apostasion Reinhold Mayer, Dr. theol, Wis. Rat., Tubingen Feast, Passover, heorte Wichmann von Meding, Winsen/Aller Bind, deo (part) Friedemann Merkel, Dr. theol., Professor, Munster Bread, Daily, Manna, artos, manna; Destroy, Perish, Ruin, phtheiro Otto Michel, Dr. theol., Professor, Tubingen Faith, Persuade, Belief, Unbelief, pistis Robert Morgenthaler, Dr. theol., Professor, Muri bei Bern Earth, Land, World, ge J. A. Motyer, M.A., B.D., Principal, Trinity College, Bristol Akeldama, Akeldamach; Amen, Hallelujah, Hosanna, hallelouia, hOsanna; Birth, Beget etc., eugenes; Body, section on parts of the body; Courage, Boldness, tolmaO; David, Dauid; Fish, ichthys; Fruit, Fig, Thorn, Thistle, syke, tribolos, akantha Dietrich Miiller, Marburg Anoint, chrio; Apostle, apostello (part); Bind, deo (part); Curse, Insult, Fool, anathema (part); Disciple, Follow, Imitate, After, mathetes Hermann Miiller, Dr. phil., Hilchenbach Birth, Beget, Bear, Become, Miscarriage etc., ektroma (part) 28 CONTRIBUTORS Wilhelm Mundie, Lie. theol., Professor, Marburg Bread, Daily, Manna, epiousios; Burden, Heavy, Labour, baros; Come, erchomai, katantao; Comfort, Encouragement, tharseo; Command, Order, parange/lo;. Curse, Insult, Fool, kakologeo, kataraomai; Ecstasy, Astonishment etc., ekstasis; Fear, Awe,phobos Karlfried Munzer, Gauting Determine, Appoint, Present, paristemi Gerhard Nordholt, Dr. theol., Leer Elect, Choose, haireomai James I. Packer, M.A., D.Phil., D.O., Professor, Regent College, Vancouver Abolish, Nullify, Reject, katargeo, atheteo, exoutheneo; Accuser, Accuse, enkale(i; Carpenter, Builder, Workman, Craftsman, Trade, tekton; Defile, miaino; Despise, kataphroneo, oligoreo; Destroy, Perish, Ruin, exaleipho; Determine, Appoint, Present, tasso, tithemi, prothesmia, cheirotoneo, lagchano; Dirt, Filth, Refuse, rhypos, skybalon, koprion; Firm, Foundation, Certainty, Confirm, kyroo Horst Reisser, Ilten Discipline, Prudence, Immorality, Prostitute, porneuo Karl Heinrich Ringwald, Tubingen Birth, Beget, Bear etc., gennao; Fight, Prize, Triumph, Victory, agon, brabeion Friedrich Samuel Rothenberg, Korbach Fast, nesteuo; Foreign, Alien, Dispersion, Stranger, diaspora Bernd Scballer, Dr. theol., Gottingen Feast, Passover, pascha Johannes Schattenmann, Dr. theol., Ottobrun Ecstasy, Astonishment, Distraction, Horror, Madness, mainomai; Fellowship, Have, Share, Participate, koinonia Reinier Schippers, Dr. theol., Professor, Amsterdam Age, Stature, Maturity, helikia; Fullness, Abound, Multitude, Fulfil etc., pieroo Peter Schmidt, Frankenthal Determine, Appoint, Present,procheirizo; Fullness, Abound, Multitude, Fulfil, Make Room, Give Way, choreo Walter Schmithals, Dr. theol., Professor, Berlin Death, Kill, Sleep, thanatos Walter Schneider, Hanover Come, me/lo Hans Schonweiss, Dr. theol., Stuttgart Anger, Wrath, thymos; Desire, Lust, Pleasure, epithymia; Firm, Foundation, Certainty, Confirm, bebaios Hans Georg Schiitz, Dr. theol., Dortmund Body, Member, Limb, melos Horst Seebass, Dr. theol., Munster Abraham, Sarah, Hagar, Isaac, Abraam; Adam, Eve, Adam; Babylon, Babylon; Enemy, Enmity, Hate, miseo; Flesh, sarx (part) Manfred Seitz, Dr. theol., Professor, Erlangen Burden, Heavy, Labour, kopos Friedel Seiter, Rheinkamp-Repelen Avarice, Greed, Love of Money, pleonexia; Exhort, Warn, Console, Rebuke, noutheteo Burghard Siede, Coburg Cross, Wood, Tree, xylon 29 CONTRIBUTORS Siegfried Solie, Darmstadt Fire, Burn, kauma Theo Sorg, Stuttgart Curse, Insult, Fool, rhaka Anthony C. Thiselton, B.D .. M.Th., Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Sheffield Explain, Interpret, Tell, Narrative, exegeomai, epilyo, hermeneuo; Flesh, sarx (part) Erich Tiedtke, Frankfurt Deny, arneomai (part); Empty, Vain, kenos (part), mataios; Face, prosopon Herwart Vorliinder, Dr. phil., Professor, Ludwigsburg Forgiveness, aphiemi Horst Weigelt, Dr. theol., Privatdozent, Erlangen Clothe, Naked, Dress, Garment, Cloth, gymnos, dyo, himation Siegfried Wibbing, Dr. theol., Professor, Mainz Belly, Stomach, koilia; Body, Member, Limb, soma; Determine, Appoint, Present, kathistemi; Discipline, Prudence, Immorality, Prostitute, sophrosyne 30 Abbreviations 1. Old Testament Gen. Exod. Lev. Num. Deut. Jos. Jdg. Ruth 1 Sam. 2 Sam. 1 Ki. 2 Ki. I Chr. 2 Chr. 2. 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings I Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezr. Neh. Est. Job Ps. (Pss.) Provo Eeel. Cant. Ezra Nehemiah Esther Ezek. Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon (Canticles) Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations of Jeremiah Ezekiel Phil. Col. 1 Thess. 2 Thess. I Tim. 2 Tim. Tit. Phlm. Heb. Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians I Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Isa. Jer. Lam. Dan. Hos. Joel Amos Obad. Jon. Mic. Nah. Hab. Zeph. Hag. Zech. Mal. Daniel Hosea Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi New Testament Matt. Mk. Lk. In. Acts Rom. 1 Cor. 2 Cor. Gal. Eph. 3. Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Matthew Mark Luke John Acts of the Apostles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Jas. 1 Pet. 2 Pet. I In. 2 In. 3 In. Jude Rev. James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John The Revelation to John (Apocalypse) Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Ad. Dan. Ad.Est. Aristeas Ass.Mos. Bar. 1 Esd. 2 Esd. Additions to Daniel (Apocrypha, found in LXX, Theod., Vulg.): Prayer of Azariah (LXX Dan. 3 :25-45) Song of the Three Children (LXX Dan. 3 :52-90) Susanna (appended to Dan. 12) Bel and the Dragon (appended to Dan. 12) Additions to Esther (Apocrypha) Letter of Aristeas (Pseudepigrapha) The Assumption of Moses (Pseudepigrapha) 1 Baruch (Apocrypha). The Epistle of Jeremy appears at the conclusion of the Book of Baruch (Bar. 6) 1 Esdras (in LXX and Eng. versions; :3 Esd. in VUlg.) (Apocrypha) 2 Esdras, or 4 Ezra, or Apocalypse of Ezra (Pseudepigrapha) 31 ABBREVIATIONS Eth.Enoch Gr.Bar. Gr. Enoch Heb.Enoch Jub. Jud. Life Adam I, 2, 3, 4 Macc. Man. Mart.Isa. Pirke Pss.Sol. Sib. Sir. SI.Enoch Story Syr.Bar. Test. Abr. Test.xn Test.Ash. Test.Ben. Test.Dan Test. Gad Test.Iss. Test.Jos. Test.Jud. TesLLev. Test.Naph. Test.Reub. Test.Sim. Test.Zeb. Tob. Wis. 4. Qumran Writings, Dead Sea Scrolls CD IQS IQSa IQSb IQH IQM IQpHab IQGenAp IQl4 IQ22 IQ27 IQ34 4QEx· 4QpHos 4Qplsa 4QpNah 4QpPs37 4Qflor 4Qpatr 32 Ethiopic Book of Enoch, or 1 Enoch (Pseudepigrapha) Greek Book of Baruch, or 3 Baruch (Pseudepigrapha) Greek Book of Enoch (Pseudepigrapha) Hebrew Book of Enoch, or 3 Enoch (Pseudepigrapha) The Book of Jubilees (Pseudepigrapha) Judith (Apocrypha) The Life of Adam and Eve (Pseudepigrapha) I, 2, 3 Maccabees (Apocrypha), 4 Maccabees (Pseudepigrapha) Prayer of Manasses (Apocrypha) The Martyrdom of Isaiah (Pseudepigrapha) Pirke Aboth (Pseudepigrapha) The Psalms of Solomon (Pseudepigrapha) The Sibylline Oracles (Pseudepigrapha) The Book of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus (Apocrypha) Slavonic Book of Enoch, or Book of the Secrets of Enoch, or 2 Enoch (Pseudepigrapha) The Story of Ahikar (Pseudepigrapha) Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch, or 2 Baruch (Pseudepigrapha) Testament of Abraham (Pseudepigrapha) Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (Pseudepigrapha) Testament of Asher Testament of Benjamin Testament of Dan Testament of Gad Testament of Issachar Testament of Joseph Testament of Judah Testament of Levi Testament of Naphtali Testament of Reuben Testament of Simeon Testament of Zebulun Tobit (Apocrypha) Wisdom of Solomon (Apocrypha) Damascus Document Community Rule, or Manual of Discipline Messianic Rule (originally included in the same scroll as lQS) The Blessings (originally included in the same scroll as lQS) Hymns, Hodayot War Scroll Commentary on Habbakuk Genesis Apocryphon Commentary on Micah Words of Moses Book of Mysteries Collection of Liturgical Prayers Exodus Fragment Commentary on Hosea Comment!lry on Isaiah Commentary on Nahum Commentary on Ps.37 Florilegium Blessings of the Patriarchs ABBREVIATIONS 4Qtest Testimonies llQMeJchizedek Melchizedek Scroll See further K. G. Kuhn, ed., Konkordanz zu den Qumrantexten, 1960. Where possible, translations of passages from Qumran have been collated with the ET of G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, 1962. 5. Classical and Hellenistic Writers and Sources Aesch. Ag. Cho. Eum. Pers. PV Sept. Supp. Apoll.Rhod. Argon. Appian Bell.Civ. Apul. Apol. Asclep. De deo Soc. De dog.Plat. Flor. Met. Aratus Phaen. Progn. Aristid. Aristoph. Aristot. An. An.Post. An.Pr. Ath.Pol. Cael. Cat. Div.Somn. Eth.Eud. Eth.Nic. Fr. Gen.An. Gen.Corr. Hist.An. Int. Mem. Met. Part.An. Phys. Poet. Pol. Rhet. Sens. Soph.EI. Aeschylus (525/4-456 B.C.) Agamemnon Choephori Eumenides Persae Prometheus Vinctus Septem contra Thebas Supplices Apollonius Rhodius (3rd cent. B.C.) Argonautica Appian of Alexandria (2nd cent. B.C.) Bella Civilia Romana Apuleius (2nd cent. A.D.) Apologia Asclepius De deo Socratico De dogmate Platonis Florida Metamorphoses Aratus (c. 315-c. 240 B.C.) Phaenomena Prognostica Aelius Aristides (c. A.D. 117/129-81) Aristophanes (c. 450-385 B.C.) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) De Anima Analytica Posteriora Analytica Priora Athenai6n Politeia De Caelo Categoriae De Divinatione per Somnia Ethica Eudemia Ethica Nicomachea Fragmenta De Generatione Animalium De Generatione et Corruptione Historia Animalium De Interpretatione De Memoria Metaphysica De Partibus Animalium Physica Poetica Politica Rhetorica De Sensu Sophistici Elenchi 33 ABBREVIATIONS Top. Artem. AscI. Bacchyl. BGU Cicero Arch. De Or. Div. Fat. Fin. Leg. Nat.D. Rep. CIG ClI CIL CIS Corp. Herm. CPR Dem. De Cor. Lept. Meid. Democ. Diels-Kranz Dio Cass Dio Chrys. Diod.Sic. Diog.Laert. Dion.Hal. Emp. Epict. Epim. Eur. Bacch. El. Iph.Aul. Iph.Taur. Or. Phoen. FGH Hdt. Heracl. Hesiod Theog. Works Homer II. Od. IG !soc. Areop. Bus. Paneg. 34 Topica Artemidorus Daldianus (late 2nd cent. A.D.) Asclepius (Hermetic writing of 2nd-3rd cents. A.D.) Bacchylides (5th cent. B.C.) Berliner Griechische Urkunden (Agyptische Urkunden aus den Kgl. Museen zu Berlin), 1895Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) Pro Archia De Oratore De Divinatione De Fato De Finibus De Legibus De Natura Deorum De Republica Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, ed. A. Boeckh, 1828-1877 Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum, ed. J.-B. Frey, 1936Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 1863Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, 1881Corpus Hermeticum (anonymous Hell. writings of 2nd-3rd cents. A.D.) Corpus Papyrorum Raineri Archiducis Austriae, ed. C. Wessely, 1895 Demosthenes (384-22 B.C.) De Corona Against Leptines Against Meidias Democritus (5th-4th cent. B.C.) Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, I-Ill, ed. H. Diels, W. Kranz, 1952" Cassius Dio Cocceianus (2nd-3rd cents. A.D.) Dio Cocceianus, later called Chrysostomos (c. A.D. 40-after 112) Diodorus Siculus (end of 1st cent. B.C.) Diogenes Laertius (3rd cent. A.D.) Dionysius of Halicarnassus (fl. 30 B.C.) Empedocles (c. 493-c. 433 B.C.) Epictetus (c. A.D. 55-c. 135) Epimenides (fl. 500 B.C.) Euripides (c. 485-c. 406 B.C.) Bacchae Electra Iphigenia Aulidensis Iphigenia Taurica Orestes Phoenissae Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, ed. F. Jacoby, 1923Herodotus (c. 484-c.425 B.C.) Heraclitus (c. 535-475 B.C.) Hesiod (fl. 700 B.C.) Theogony Works and Days Homer (8th-7th cents. B.C.) Iliad Odyssey inscriptiones Graecae, ed. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1873Isocrates (436-338 B.C.) Areopagiticus Busiris Panegyricus ABBREVIATIONS Josephus Ant. Ap. Life War M.Ant. Menand. Epit. Her. Pk. Sam. OGI Parm. Paus. P.Fay. Philo Abr. Aet.Mund. Agric. Con/Ling. Congr. Decal. Det.Pot.lns. Deus Imm. Ebr. Exsec. Flacc. Fug. Gig. Jos. Leg. A II. Leg. Gai. Migr.Abr. Mut.Nom. Omn.Prob.Lib. Op.Mund. Plant. Post.c. Praem. Quaest. in Exod. Quaest. in Gen. Rer. Div.Her. Sacr. Sobr. Som. Spec.Leg. Virt. Vit.Cont. Vit.Mos. Philostr. Imag. VA VS Pindar Isth. Nem. Flavius Josephus (c. A.D. 37-97) Antiquitates Judaicae (Jewish Antiquities) Contra Apionem (Against Apion) Life of Flavius Josephus (Vita) The Jewish War (Bellum Judaicum) Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (A.D. 121-180) Menander (c. 342-293/89 B.C.) Epitrepontes Heros Perikeiromene Samia Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, ed. W. Dittenberger, 1903-5 Parmenides (c. 500 B.C.) Pausanias (fl. A.D. 150) B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, D. G. Hogarth, Fayum Towns and their Papyri, 1900 Philo of Alexandria (c. 50 B.C.-A.D. 45), also known as Philo Judaeus De Abrahamo De Aeternitate Mundi De Agricultura De Confusione Linguarum De Congressu Eruditionis Gratia De Decalogo Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiari Soleat Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis De Ebrietate De Exsecrationibus In Flaccum De Fuga et Inventione De Gigantibus De Josepho Legum Allegoriae Legatio ad Gaium De Migratione Abrahami De Mutatione Nominum Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit De Opijicio Mundi De Plantatione De Posteritate Caini De Praemiis et Poenis Quaestiones in Exodum Quaestiones in Genesin Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit De Sacrijiciis Abelis et Caini De Sobrietate De Somniis De Specialibus Legibus De Virtutibus De Vita Contemplativa De Vita Mosis Flavius Philostratus (c. A.D. 170--244/9) Imagines Vita Apollonii Vita Sophistarum Pindar (518-438 B.C.) Isthmian Odes Nemean Odes 35 ABBREYIAnONS 01. Pyth. Plato Alc. Ap. or Apol. Chrm. Cra. Cri. Criti. Epin. Euthyphr. Grg. Hipparch. Hp.Mi. Lach. Leg. Menex. Phd. Phdr. Phlb. Prm. Prt. Resp. or Rep. Soph. Symp. Tht. or Theaet. Tim. Pliny Nat.Hist. Pliny Epp. Plut. Mor. Vito Polyb. P.Oxy. Ps.Arist. Mund. Oec. Prob. P.Teb. Pythagoras Epp. SIG Soph. Aj. Ant. EI. Fr. OC OT Phi/. Trach. Stob. Ecl. Anth. 36 Olympian Odes Pythian Odes Plato (c. 427-347 B.C.) Alcibiades Apologia Charmides Cratylus Crito Critias Epinomis Euthyphro Gorgias Hipparchus Hippias Minor Laches Leges Menexenus Phaedo Phaedrus Phi/ebus Parmenides Protagoras Respublica (The Republic) Sophista Symposium Theaetetus Timaeus Pliny the Elder, Gaius Plinius Secundus (A.D. 23/24-79) Naturalis Historia (Natural History) Pliny the Younger, Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (c. A.D. 61-c. 112) Epistolae (Letters) Plutarch (c. A.D. 46-120) Moralia Vitae Parallelae Polybius (c. 200-after lIS B.C.) Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt et al., lS9SPseudo-Aristotle De Mundo Oeconomica Problems Tebtunis Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, J. G. Smyly, E. J. Goodspeed 1902Pythagoras (6th-5th cent. B.C.) and followers EpislOlae (Letters) Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, ed. W. Dittenberger, 1915-243 Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.) Ajax Antigone Electra Fragments Oedipus Coloneus Oedipus Tyrannus Phi/octetes Trachiniae Iohannis Stobaeus (5th cent. A.D.) Eklogai (Eclogues) Anthologion (Anthology) ABBREVIATIONS Strabo Geog. Hist.Sk. SVF Tacitus, Ann. Thuc. History Xen. Ages. Anab. Ap. Cyn. Cyr. Hell. Mem. Oec. Symp. Vect. 6. Strabo (c. 63 B.c.-after A.D. 21) Geography Historical Sketches Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ed. J. von Arnim, 1903 Cornelius Tacitus (c. A.D. 55-120), Annals Thucydides (c. 46O-c. 396 B.C.) History of the Peloponnesian War Xenophon (c. 430-354 B.C.) Agesilaus Anabasis Apologia Socratis Cynegeticus Cyropaedia Hellenica (Greek History) Memorabilia Oeconomicus Symposium De Vectigalibus New Testament Apocrypha and Early Christian Writers Act.And. Act.Jn. Act. Paul Act.Paul and Thecla Act. Pet. Act.Thom. Apc.Abr. Apc.EI. Apc.Mos. Apc.Pet. Apoc.Jn. Asc.Isa. Aug. Con! De civ. De cons. De doct. De haer. De spiro De trin. Enchir. En. in Pss. Quest.ev. Retract. Tract. in loan. Tract. in ep.loan. Barn. 1,2 Clem. Clem. Alex. Exc.Theod. Strom. Did. Ep.Apost. Acts Acts Acts Acts of Andrew of John of Paul of paul and Thecla Acts of Peter Acts of Thomas Apocalypse of Abraham Apocalypse of Elijah Apocalypse of Moses Apocalypse of Peter Apocryphon of John Ascension of Isaiah Augustine (A.D. 354-430) Confessiones (Confessions) De civitate Dei (The City of God) De consensu evangelistarum (On the Agreement of the Evangelists) De doctrina christiana (On Christian Learning) De haeresibus (Against Heresies) De spiritu et Iittera (On the Spirit and the Letter) De trinitate (On the Trinity) Enchiridion ad Laurentium sive de fide, spe et caritate (Handbook for Laurentius concerning Faith, Hope and Love) Enarrationes in Psalmos (Discourses on the Psalms) Quaestiones evangeliorum (Questions on the Gospels) Retractationes (Retractations) Tractatus in loannis evangelium (Tracts on the Gospel of John) Tractatus in epistolam Joannis I (Tracts on the First Epistle of John) Letter of Barnabas 1 and 2 Clement Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-213) Excerpta ex Theodoto Stromateis Didache Epistola Apostolorum 37 ABBREVIATIONS Ep.Diog. Ep.Laodiceans Epiph. • Haer. Euseb. Hist.Ecci. or HE Praep.ev. Gos.Eb. Gos.Egy. Gos.Heb. Gos.Mar. Gos.Naz. Gos.Pet. Gos.Phil. Gos.T. Gos.Thom. Hermas Com. or Man. Sim. Vis. Hippo!. Haer. Ign. Eph. Mag. Phil. Pol. Rom. Smy. Trail. Iren. Epid. Haer. Justin Apol.I, II Dial. Mart.Poly. Od.Sol. Origen Contra Cels. De prin. Hex. Hom. Schol. Pistis Soph. Polycarp Prot. Soph.J.C. Tert. Adv.Herm. Adv.Marc. Adv.Prax. Adv. Val. Apol. De an. 38 Epistle to Diognetus Epistle to the Laodiceans Epiphanius (c. 315-403) Haereses (Refutation of all Heresies or Panarion (Medicine Box» Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260-c. 340) Historia Ecclesiastica (Ecclesiastical History) Praeparatio evangelica (Gospel Preparation) Gospel of the Ebionites Gospel of the Egyptians Gospel of the Hebrews Gospel of Mary Gospel of the Nazaraeans Gospel of Peter Gospel of Philip Gospel of Truth Gospel of Thomas Hermas (2nd cent.) Commandments or Mandates Similitudes Visions These constitute the three parts of the Shepherd of Hermas Hippolytus (c. 170-c. 236) Refutatio omnium haeresium (Refutation of all Heresies) Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35-c. 110) Letter to the Ephesians Letter to the Magnesians Letter to the Philadelphians Letter to Polycarp Letter to the Romans Letter to the Smyrnaeans Letter to the Trallians Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 140-202) Epideixis tou apostolikou kerygmatos (Demonstration of Apostolic Preaching) Adversus haereses (Against the Heresies) Justin Martyr (c. 100-c. 165) Apology, I, II Dialogue with Trypho Martyrdom of Polycarp Odes of Solomon Origen (c. 185-c. 254) Contra Celsum (Against Celsus) De principiis or Peri archon (On the Principal Doctrines) Hexapla Homilies Scholia Pis tis Sophia Polycarp, To the Philippians Protevangelium (Book of James) Sophia Jesus Christi Tertullian (c. 160-c. 220) Adversus Hermogenem (Against Hermogenes) Adversus Marcionem (Against Marcion) Adversus Praxean (Against Praxeas) Adversus Valentinianos (Against the Valentinians) Apologeticum (Apology) De anima (On the Soul) ABBREVIATIONS De car. De praesc. 7. De carne Christi (On the Flesh of Christ) De praescriptione haereticorum (On the Proscription of Heretics) Rabbinic Writings The following are the Tractates of The Mishnah (ET, H. Danby, 1933) in the order in which they occur: First Division: Zeraim (Seeds) Berakoth (Benedictions) Peah (Gleanings) Demai (Produce not certainly tithed) Kilaim (Diverse Kinds) Shebiith (The Seventh Year) Terumoth (Heave-offerings) Second Division: Moed (Set Feasts) Shabbath (The Sabbath) Erubin (The Fusion of Sabbath Limits) Pesahim (Feast of the Passover) Shekalim (The Shekel Dues) Yoma (The Day of Atonement) Sukkah (The Feast of Tabernacles) Maaseroth (Tithes) Maaser Sheni (Second Tithe) Hallah (Dough-offering) Orlah (The Fruit of Young Trees) Bikkurim (First-fruits) Yom Tob or Betzah (Festival Days) Rosh ha-Shanah (Feast of the New Year) Taanith (Days of Fa~ting) Megillah (The Scroll of Esther) Moed Katan (Mid-Festival Days) Hagigah (The Festal Offering) Third Division: Nashim (Women) Yebamoth (Sisters-in-law) Ketuboth (Marriage Deeds) Nedarim (Vows) Nazir (The Nazirite-vow) Sotah (The Suspected Adulteress) Gittin (Bills of Divorce) Kiddushin (Betrothals) Fourth Division: Nezekin (Damages) Baba Kamma (The First Gate) Baba Metzia (The Middle Gate) Baba Bathra (The Last Gate) Sanhedrin (The Sanhedrin) Makkoth (Stripes) Shebuoth (Oaths) Eduyoth (Testimonies) Abodah Zarah (Idolatry) Aboth (The Fathers) or Pirke Aboth (Chapters of the Fathers) Horayoth (Instructions) Fifth Division: Kodashim (Hallowed Things) Zebahim (Animal-offerings) Menahoth (Meal-offerings) Hullin (Animals killed for food) Bekhoroth (Firstlings) Arakhin (Vows of Valuation) Temurah (The Substituted Offering) Kerithoth (Extirpation) Meilah (Sacrilege) Tamid (The Daily Whole-offering) Middoth (Measurements) Kinnim (The Bird-offerings) Sixth Division: Tohoro.h (Cleannesses) Kelim (Vessels) Oholoth (Tents) Negaim (Leprosy-signs) Parah (The Red Heifer) Tohoroth (Cleannesses) Mikwaoth (Immersion-pools) Niddah (The Menstruant) Makshirin (Predisposers) Zabim (They that suffer a flux) Tebul Yom (He that immersed himself that day) Yadaim (Hands) Uktzin (Stalks) Mishnah passages are referred to by chapter and section: e.g. Ber. 4:1. The abbreviations used follow the initial letters of the individual tractates. 39 ABBREVIATIONS Tosefta references are prefixed by T. and followed by a reference to the edition of M. S. Zuckermandel (1880-82), giving page and line: e.g. T. Ber. 4: I. Referenece to the Babylonian Talmud are to folio and side: e.g. Ber.59a. References to the Jerusalem Talmud are prefixed by T. J. The numbers refer to chapter, section, folio, column and line: e.g. T.J.Ber. I :4:27d:6. Other abbreviations: Ab.R.N. Mek. P.B. Pes.K. Pes.R. R. Tan.d.b.EI. Tanh. Tanh.B. Tg. Tg.O. TgJ.I. Aboth de Rabbi Nathan Mekilta (a Midrash on the Book of Exodus compiled by Rabbi Ishmael, c. 60-c. 140) Prayer Book (The Authorized Daily Prayer Book, ed. S. Singer, many editions) Pesikta de-rab Kahana (Midrash of 6th cent. named after a BabylonianPalestinian scholar of the 3rd cent.) Pesikta Rabbati (homiletic midrash) Rabbah (great; 6th cent. midrash on Pentateuch and Megilloth; e.g. Gen.R., Genesis Rabbah) Tanna debe Eliyyahu (medieval ethical midrash probably from Italy) Tanhuma (homilies collected by Rabbi Tanhuma, c. A.D. 400 and those collected in his name) Midrasch Tanchuma, I-III (IV), ed. S. Buber, 1885 Targum Targum ofOnkelos (translation of the Pentateuch into Aram. by Onkelos, a proselyte to Judaism, in the 1st cent. A.D.) Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (Targum of the Pentateuch representing a Babylonian version of the Palestinian tradition in its most developed form) See the Glossary of Technical Terms for further elucidation of rabbinic terms. 8. Reference Works and Journals AnBib ANET Arndt ARW ASTI ATD A ThANT AzTh BA Barth, CD BASOR BDB BEvTh BFBS BFChTh BHHW BHTh Bib 40 Analecta Biblica Ancient Near Eastern Texts, ed. J. B. Pritchard, 1955 2 W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 1957 (translation and adaptation of W. Bauer, Griechisch-deutsches Worterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der ubrigen urchristlichen Literatur, 19524 ) Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute Das Alte Testament Deutsch, ed. V. Herntrich and A. Weiser Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments Arbeiten zur Theologie The Biblical Archaeologist K. Barth, Church Dogmatics, 1936- (ET of Kirchliche Dogmatik) Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, (1907) 1955 Beitriige zur evangelischen Theologie H KAINH DIA0HKH (British and Foreign Bible Society), ed. G. D. Kilpatrick, 1958' Beitriige zur Forderung christlicher Theologie Biblisch-historisches Handworterbuch, ed. B. Reicke and L. Rost, I-III, 1962Beitriige zur historischen Theologie Biblica ABBREVIATIONS BJRL BKAT BNTC BSOAS BSt BuK BuL BWANT BZ BZAW BZNW CBQ Charles CNT DAC Dalm'ln Grammatik AHTTM Jesus Words DBT DCG DTh EBT EKL EMZ EQ ERE EvKomm EvTh ExpT FRLANT Funk HADOT Hatch-Redpath HDB Henn.-Schn. HNT HTR IB ICC IDB IKZ JE JES JBL JNES JQR Bulletin of the John Rylands Library Biblisches Kommentar: Altes Testament, ed. M. Noth Black's New Testament Commentaries Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Biblische Studien Bibel und Kirche Bibel und Liturgie Beitriige zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament Biblische Zeitschrift Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschafl Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Catholic Biblical Quarterly R. H. Charles, ed., Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, I-II (1913) 1963 Commentaires du Nouveau Testament Dictionary of the Apostolic Church, I-II, ed. J. Hastings, 1915-18 G. H. Dalman Grammatik des judisch-paliistinischen Aramiiisch, 1905" Aramiiisch-neuhebriiisches Handworterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch, (1938) 1967 Jesus-Jeshua, ET 1929 The Words of Jesus, ET 1902 Dictionary of Biblical Theology, ed. X. Leon-Dufour, (1967) 1972" Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, I-II, ed. J. Hastings, 1906-8 Deutsche Theologie Encyclopedia of Biblical Theology, I-III, ed. Johannes B. Bauer, 1970 Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon, I-III, ed. H. Brunotte and O. Weber, 1962" Evangelische Missionszeitschrift Evangelical Quarterly Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, I-XIII, ed. J. Hastings, 1908-26 Evangelische Kommentare Evangelische Theologie Expository Times Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments R. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (A revised edition of F. Blass and A. Debrunner, Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch, 1954 incorporating supplementary notes by A. Debrunner), 1961 G. Fohrer, Hebrew and Aramaic Dictionary of the Old Testament, 1973 E. Hatch and H. A. Redpath, A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament, I-III (1897) 1954 A Dictionary of the Bible, I-V, ed. J. Hastings, 1898-1904 E. Hennecke and W. Schneemelcher, Neutestamentliche Apokryphen, I-II, ET ed. R. McL. Wilson, New Testament Apocrypha, 1963-65 Handbuch zum Neuen Testament Harvard Theological Review The Interpreter's Bible, I-XII, ed. G. A. Buttrick et al., 1952-57 The International Critical Commentary, ed. S. R. Driver, A. Plummer, C. A. Briggs, 1895The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, I-IV, ed. G. A. Buttrick et al., 1962 Internationale Kirchliche Zeitschrift Jewish Encyclopedia, I-XII, ed. I. Singer et al., 1901-6 Journal of Ecumenical Studies Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of Near Eastern Studies Jewish Quarterly Review 41 ABBREVIA TIONS Journal of Religion Journal of Semitic Studies Journal of Theological Studies Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar uber das Neue Testament, founded. by H. A. W; Meyer, 1832 Kirche in der Zeit KidZ Koehler,Baumgartner L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libras, 1958 2 Kerygma und Dogma KuD G. W. H. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon, 5 fascicles, 1960-68 Lampe H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, revised by H. S. Liddell-Scott Jones, 19·40· Lexikonfur Theologie und Kirche, founded by M. Buchberger, ed. J. Hofer LTK and K. Rahner, I-X, 19642 S. Mandelkern, Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae 1-11, (1896) 1955 Mandelkern B. M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 1971 Metzger C. G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology, (1938) 1963 ML The Moffall New Testament Commentaries MNTC G. F. Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, I-III, Moore, Judaism 1927-30 R. Morgenthaler, Statistik des neutestamentlichen Wortschatzes, 1958 Mor~enthaler C;:. F. D. Moule, An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek, 1963 2 Moule Moultort, GNimmar J. H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, I, 1908; II ed. W. F. Howard, 1929; III by N. Turner, 1963, IV by N. Turner, 1976 J. H. Moulton and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament Moulton-Milligan lUustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources, 1930 J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Graeca, 162 vols., 1857-66 MPG J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina, 221 vols., 1844-64 MPL Monatsschrift fur Pastoraltheologie MPTh The New Bible Commentary Revised, ed. D. Guthrie and J. A. Motyer NBCR NBD The New Bible Dictionary, ed. J. D. Douglas et aI., 1962 New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. J. D. Douglas, NIDCC 1974 The New London Commentary on the New Testament also called The New NLC International Commentary on The New Testament Novum Testamentum NovT Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen NTAbh Das Neue Testament Deutsch, ed. P. Althaus and J. Behm, 1932-, NTD P. Althaus and G. Friedrich, 1956New Testament Studies NTS Numen Nu The New Westminster Dictionary of the Bible, ed. H. S, Gehman, 1970 NWDB The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. M. Cary et al., 1949, 1970' ed. OCD N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. F. L. Cross. (1957), ODCC rev. F. L. Cros~ and E. A. Livingstone, 1974 Oudtestamentische Studien OTS Pauly-Wissowa A. F. Pauly, G. Wissowa et al., eds., Real-Encyclopiidie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 1893RAC Reallexikon fur die Antike und Christentum,ed. T. Klausner et aI., 1941RB Revue Biblique RE Realencyciopiidie fur protestantische Theologie und Kirche, founded by J. J. Herzog,·ed. 3 by A. Hauck, I-XXIV, 1896-1913 RGG3 Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Handworterbuch fur Theologie und Religionswissenschaft, ed. K. Galling et aI., I-V]], 1957-65 3 RHR Revue de I' Histoire des Religions Rrclrerches de Science Religieuse RSR JR JSS JTS KEK 42 ABBREVIAnONS Sacramentum Mundi Sacramentum Verbi SAH SB SBT Schiirer SJT SNT SThZ StTh StudEv StUNT TB TC TDOT TDNT THAT ThB ThBI ThEH TheolStud ThF ThG ThQ ThR ThStKr ThV ThZ TLZ TNTC TS TU Turner, Insights TWAT TWBB TWNT UBS Vermes, Scrolls VT WMANT WTJ WuD WUNT WZ ... Sacramentum Mundi: An Encyclopedia of Theology, I-VI, ed. K. Rahner et al., 1968-1970 American title of EBT Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (phil.-hist. Klasse), 1910H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, I-VI, 1926-61 Studies in Biblical Theology E. Schiirer, A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, I, 1-2, II. 1-3, 1885-90; Vol. I revised by G. Vermes, F. Miller and M. Black, 1973 Scottish Journal of Theology Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, ed. J. Weiss, 1906-, W. Bousset and W. Heitmiiller, 1916Schweizerische Theologische Zeitschrift Studia Theologica Studia Evangelica Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments Tyndale Bulletin Tyndale Commentary Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, 1-, ed. G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren, Eng. tr. of TWAT, 1974Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, I-IX ed. G. Kittel, ET by G. W. Bromiley of TWNT, 1964-74 Theologisches Handworterbuch zum Alten Testament, ed. E. Jenni and C. Westermann, I-II, 1971Theologische Biicherei Theologische Blatter Theologische Existenz Hellte Theologische Studien Theologische Forschung Theologische Glaube Theologische Quartalschrift Theologische Rundschau Theologische Stlldien und Kritiken Theologia Viatorllm Theologische Zeitschrift der theologischen Fakultat der Universitat Basel Theologische Literaturzeitung Tyndale New Testament Commentaries Texts and Studies Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur N. Turner, Grammatical Insights into the New Testament, 1965 Theologisches Worterbuch zum Alten Testament, ed. G. J. Botterweck, A Theological Word Book of the Bible, ed. A. Richardson, 1950 H. Ringgren et aI., 1970Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament, ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, 1933-74 The Greek New Testament (United Bible Societies edition), ed. K. Aland et al., 1966 G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, 1962 Vetus Testamentum Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament Westminster Theological Journal Wort und Dienst, Jahrbuch der theologischen Hochschule Bethel Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift (followed by the narr:e of the relevant university) 43 ABBREVIATIONS ZAW ZDMG ZEE ZEK ZKT ZNW ZPEB ZPT ZRGG ZSTh ZTK ZWT 9. Zeitschrijt fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenliindischen Gesellschaft Zeitschrift fiir evangelische Ethik Zeitschrift fiir evangelisches Kirchenrecht Zeitschrift fiir katholische Theologie Zeitschrift fiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der iilteren Kirche The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed. M. C. Tenney, I-V, 1975 Zeitschrift fiir praktische Theologie Zeitschrift fiir Religions- und Geistesgeschichte Zeitschrift fiir systematische Theologie Zeitschrift fur Theologie ·und Kirche Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie General Abbreviations In a bibliography denotes works in English In a bibliography denotes works (b). in other languages accusative(s) acc. Accadian Accad. active act. Anno Domini A.D. adjective adj. ad locum (Lat.), at the place referad loc. red to, on the relevant passage adverb adv. Aleph Codex Sinaiticus aor. aorist Apc. Apocalypse Apocrypha Apoc. Arabic Arab. Aram. Aramaic Armenian Arm. art./Art. article/ Article Assyrian Ass. American Standard Version (1901) ASV Attic Att. Authorized Version (1611) AV bar/ben (Aram./Heb.), SQn of b. Babylonian Bab. before Christ B.C. circa (Lat.), about, approximately c. century cent. chapter(s) ch(s). classical c!. Comm(s). commentary lies dative dat. edited by, edition ed. Editor, denoting an insertion by [Ed.] the editor Eng. English English translation ET et alii tLat.), and other persons/ et al. things (a). 44 EV(V) f(f). fern. Festschr. fig. fl. frag. fut. gen. Ger. Gk. Heb. He!. hiph. hith. hoph. ibid. idem i.e. imp. indo infin. intrans. lntrod. JB Jud. K KJV Knox Lat. lit. loc.cit. LXX masc. English Version(s) and the verse(s) following, and the chapter(s) following feminine Festschrift (Ger.), volume in honour of someone figurative(ly) floruit (Lat.), flourished fragment(s) future genitive German Greek Hebrew Hellenistic hiphil hithpael hophal ibidem (Lat.) in the same work/ place the same id est (Lat.), that is imperfect indicative infinitive intransitive(ly) Introduction The Jerusalem Bible (1966) Judaism Kethib (the Heb. consonantal text) King James Version (A V) R. A. Knox's translation of the Bible (NT 1945, OT 1949) Latin Iiteral(ly) loco citato (Lat.), in the place already quoted Septuagint(al) masculine ABBREVIATrONS mg. mid. Moffatt MS(S) MT n(n). NEB neut. niph. NT ·obj. op.cit. OT par. part. pass. Pent. perf. Phillips plur. plup. prep. pres. pron. pseudo Q R. Rab. ref(f). reflex. RSV margin middle voice J. Moffatt A New Translation of the Bible, 1936' manuscript(s) Masoretic text note(s) The New English Bible (NT 1961, OT 1970) neuter niphal New Testament object opere citato (Lat.), in the work quoted Old Testament parallel, and parallel(s) participle passive Pentateuch perfect J. B. Phillips, The New Testament in Modern English, 1958 plural pluperfect preposition present pronoun pseudonym or pseudonymous Qere (the rabbinic reading of the OT text). In gospel criticism Q also stands for the German QueUe; or source, thought to be behind the sayings of Jesus common to Matt. and Lk. Rabbi Rabbinic reference(s) reflexive(ly) Revised Standard Version (1952) RV Revised Version (NT 1881, OT 1885) scilicet (Lat.), namely sc. section sect./§ Semitic Sem. seq. sequens (Lat.) and the following verse(s) or chapters Series Ser. singular sing. substantive, noun sub. sUbjunctive subj. Supplementary volume Suppl. sub verbo (Lat.), under the reles.v. vant word Symm. Symmachus' Gk. translation of the OT Today's English Version, 1966 TEV Theod. Theodotion's Gk. translation of the OT [Tr.) translator's note follows TR Textus Receptus trans. transitive(ly) tx. text v. von (in Ger. names) v(v). verse(s) vid.inf. vide infra (Lat.), see below vid.sup. vide supra (Lat.), see above viz. videlicet (Lat.), namely v.l. varia lectio (Lat.), variant reading voc. vocative vol. volume vs. versus (Lat.), against Vulg. Vulgate Weymouth R. F. Weymouth, The New Testament in Modern Speech, 1903 t * Hapaxlegomenon, the sole instance of a term See article indicated Form of word conjectured and not found in any extant literature 45 Transliteration Hebrew, Greek and Arabic words have been transliterated in accordance with the following system. Hebrew ~ :l b :J 11. g g d 1 1 ." y ri. i i1 h - w - z n & , ~ Ii D p IJj t) P l'l t ~ m ~ n 1.. n p ~ ~ d (h) .- e .- iI1 e Very Short Vowels -: e ~ '" 6 -: 6 e (ifvoeal) .-, 0 U S s'" q Short Vowels a ii T r :l 0 17 Long Vowels (i1);- ., s k u '. Greek a a b K fJ Y g /1 6 e d v e e; z 0 - , k r ). tf e 7r 8 th P (5,'; m -- n x - 0 P r :-= . C <....J b ...:... ,) ,) .. J <....J - v C. g C h J if = & if d ~ d. ~ r k z 1; s y YY YK Ilk <P ph ye; IlX X eh YX t .., s ·z nell If! ps av au 6 ev ell Ii rll ov Oil II VI yi t (J n f 0 h t.J If J !l k I..S 0 d Ilg (J) S Arabic I v J i w y i m 47 Glossary of Technical Terms Hans-Georg Link Supplementary material by Colin Brown --+ in this Glossary indicates a cross-reference to another entry in the Glossary. Allegory (Gk. altegoria; Lat. allegoria, allegory, lit. speaking otherwise than one seems to speak). The figurative representation or interpretation of one thing under the image of another. In theology it denotes a method of interpreting Scripture which sees in the text a meaning other than the apparently intended or historical one. The technique is found in pre-Christian literature, and was practised by the Alexandrian Jew, Philo (c. 20 B.C.-C. A.D. 50) to interpret the Law in terms of the Hellenistic philosophy of his day. It was taken over by the Christian Platonic theologians of Alexandria, Clement (c. ISO-c. 215) and Origen (c. 185-c. 254). The latter sought to follow a threefold method of interpretation, seeing in most passages a literal, a moral and a spiritual meaning. Thus the story of the blind men at Jericho (Matt. 20:29-34) is not only literally true. According to the moral meaning, our eyes must be likewise opened by the Word of God and we must come out of our Jericho. According to the spiritual meaning, the two beggars represent Israel and Judah, whilst Jericho is the world. Traces of allegory have been detected in the NT in Gal. 4:21-26; 1 Cor. 9: 8 ff.; and Reb. 7 :2, though some regard these passages as examples of --+ typology. The validity of any instance of allegory or typology turns on whether there are genuine similarities between the passage in its original intention and its spiritual interpretation. Otherwise allegorical interpretation reads into the text meanings which cannot be supported, at the expense of the intended meaning. Amoraim --+ Tannaim Analogy (Gk. analogia, right relationship, proportion, agreement; Lat. analogia, resemblance, agreement). In general analogy denotes a similitude of relations. But in theology it is found with a variety of meanings. (1) In logic it means reasoning from parallel cases. (2) Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-74) held that words applied to God have an analogical meaning. They cannot be applied strictly literally to God, for this would make God identical with man. Thus, when we call God "our Father", he is not a human being who lives in time and space and who has brought children into the world by natural procreation. But there is an analogy between human fatherhood at its best and God's fatherhood, in that there is a resemblance between the two. Without analogy it would be impossible to speak about God. (3) Philosophers of history use the word analogy in a quite different sense. Following Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923), they use analogy as a criterion for understanding and interpreting accounts of the past. Troeltsch himself believed that before we can accept an account as historical we must be able to show that it bears analogies to events as we experience them. But others have objected that this is too restrictive, as it predetermines what is possible by the historian's own experience of life. They maintain that at best analogy can only help to show what features are common to the account and 49 GLOSSARY the historian's experience of life and what are not. (4) In Rom. 12:6 the expression kata ten analogian tes pisteos means "in agreement with (or 'in proportion to') the faith." The context indicates that Paul is speaking about the use of gifts. (5) In reformed theology "the analogy offaith" is used to indicate the procedure of interpreting difficult passages of scripture in the light of passages where the meaning is clear. Anthropomorphism (Gk. anthropos, man; morphe, form). The metaphorical use of human characteristics in speaking about God. The entire ancient world including the Bible represented deity in human terms (e.g. "the Lord smelled the pleasing odor", Gn. 8 :21; the earth is God's "footstool", Matt. 5: 35). The anthropomorphic way of speaking subsequently declined under the influence of abstract philosophical thought. But -+ Analogy (2). Apocalyptic (Gk. apokalypsis, uncovering, disclosure, revelation) is used of revelations of the end of the world which are mostly bound up with a particular interpretation of the world's destiny and the cosmic history of mankind. An apocalypse is a work which contains "revelations" about the end of the world and its portents. The Book of Daniel and the Isaiah Apocalypse (chs. 24-27) in the OT and the Revelation to John in the NT are classed as apocalypses. There were numerous apocalypses in Judaism about the time of Jesus. The most important were the Books of Enoch, 4 Ezra and Baruch (-+ Pseudepigrapha). The term apocalyptist is given to writers of apocalyptic writings which are usually pseudonymous. Such authors lay claim to hidden knowledge of the end of the world through revelation which enables them to pronounce on contemporary questions. The adj. "apocalyptic" is applied to thought and speculations on the theme of the revelation of the end of the world. -+ Chiliasm, -+ Eschatology, -+ Parousia Apocrypha (Gk. apokrypto, hide, conceal; apokryphos, pI. -a, hidden, secret). Originally obscure, secret writings which were not read aloud in public worship. Later, as the -+ canon became more fixed, the term apocrypha acquired a deprecatory sense, denoting works which were rejected as uncanonical. The use of the adj. "apocryphal" to denote the books now so designated (mainly, the books in the -+ LXX but not the -+ MT) originated with Jerome (AD c. 342-420; Prologus Galeatus to the Books of Samuel). These are the books which, as he says in his Prologue to the Books of Solomon, the church reads "for the edification of the people, not to confirm the authority of ecclesiastical dogmas." In common with Luther, Article VI of the Church of England set the apocryphal books of the OT on a lower level than Scripture, insisting that no doctrine should be founded on them, but allowed that. they were profitable to read. The OT apocrypha were mainly written in Gk. Although they occur in the -+ LXX and the-+ Vulgate, they were never part of the canonical Heb. ~T. They include: 1 Esdras, 1-3 Maccabees, Tobit, Judith, Sirach, Wisdom of Solomon, 1 Baruch, Epistle of Jeremy, Prayer of Manasses, Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Children, Bel and the Dragon, and additions to Esther. -+ Pseudepigrapha. Some of the apocryphal books were originally written in Heb.: 1 Macc., Sirach, Tobit (of which both Heb. and Aram. fragments have been found at Qumran), and most probably the Song of the Three Children. NT apocrypha are early Christian writings which in their titles at least resemble those of the canonical NT. They include Gospels, Acts, Epistles and Apocalypses which sometimes claim authority for themselves by falsely claiming apostolic authorship. Some of the Gospels, like those according to the Hebrews, the Egyptians and that of Peter may occasionally embody trustworthy traditions. But those of Philip, Thomas, Marcion and the Twelve Apostles were intended to support heretical, especially -+ Gnostic views. 50 GLOSSARY Another group sought to satisfy curiosity about aspects of Jesus' life, especially his childhood and passion. The most important apocryphal Acts are those of Peter, Paul, Andrew, John and Thomas which are all probably late second century. The Epistles include one to the Laodiceans attributed to Paul and a correspondence between Seneca and Paul. The writings of the --+ Apostolic Fathers do not properly belong to the Apocrypha. Apology (Gk. apologeomai, speak in defence, answer; apologia, speech in defence, answer). The word is used in I Pet. 3 :15 of the defence or reply which the Christian should be ready to give of his hope to outsiders and opponents. Whereas the word apology denotes a particular defence of the Christian faith, apologetics is the working out and presentation of intellectual, scientific and philosophical arguments which may underlie such an apology. In the early church Apologists like Aristides, Justin Martyr, Tertullian and Origen raised the apology to the status of a distinct genre of theological literature. Apostasy (Gk. apostasia, rebellion, abandonment, apostasy; from apo, away, and histemi, stand). The deliberate repudiation of belief once formerly held. An apostate is one who thus abandons Christianity. In the post-NT church apostasy, murder and adultery were regarded for a time as unpardonable sins. Later it become pardonable only after great (in some cases, lifelong) public penance. Apostolic Fathers. A title given since the 17th century to the writers of the age immediately after the NT period. They include Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Hermas, Polycarp, Papias, and the authors of the Epistle of Barnabas, the Epistle to Diognetus, 2 Clement and the Didache. Aramaic. The Semitic language which was in common use in Palestine in the time of Jesus and which he himself almost certainly spoke. It was a sister-language of Hebrew which in later OT times had increasingly ousted classical Hebrew as the principal spoken language of the people. A few sections of the OT are written in Aramaic (Ezra 4: 8-6:18; 7 :12-26; Dan. 2:4-7:28; Jer. 10:11). Hebrew became increasingly the language of the learned, and to make the Scriptures accessible to ordinary people Aramaic paraphrases known as ---'> Targums were produced. Authenticity. The distinction between authentic and inauthentic is used in literary criticism to distinguish original parts of a passage or source from later additions and in discussion of whether a writing is to be attributed to the author whose name is associated with it. It does not necessarily imply a value-judgment on the historicity or general worth of the work concerned. Baraitha (Aram. lit., outside, external, i.e. outside the --+ Mishnah). A --+ tannaitic tradition not incorporated in the Mishnah, or a collection of such. Canon (Gk. kanan, measuring rod, bar, standard, rule). The term is found in Gal. 6:16 for "rule", and in the 2nd century the expression "rule of faith" (Lat. regula fidei) came to denote the standard of revealed truth, the basic articles of faith constituting the essential Christian confession. The words canon and canonical which had already been used by Origen (c. 185-c.254) came into general use in the 4th century with the technical meaning of the books which were received by the church as the rule of the Christian faith. The last of the books belonging to the OT canon was written several centuries B.C., but for pious Jews the question of the canon was closed about the end of the 1st century A.D. Many scholars hold that at the Synod of Jamnia (c. A.D. 100), a city which had been the seat of the great Sanhedrin 51 GLOSSARY since the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, the content of the OT was discussed and, as the -+ Mishnah may suggest, the extent of the canon finally settled. However, other scholars question whether there was actually such a synod. The core of the NT canon (the Four Gospels and the 13 Epistles of Paul) had come to be accepted in the church c. 130. But doubts persisted in some quarters about some books especially Hebrews, Jude, 2 and 3 John and Revelation, whilst some accounts and collections of books included the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas (-+ Apostolic Fathers). Athanasius' Festal Letter for 367 is the earliest exact witness to the canon as we have it today. The canon was recognized by synods at Hippo and Carthage in the late 4th century. But there was no general council of the early church which authorized the canon. Captivity. After the death of Solomon (931 B.C.) the kingdom was divided into two, Israel consisting of the northern tribes with important shrines at Dan and Bethel and the capital subsequently at Samaria, and Judah consisting of the southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin with Jerusalem as the capital. The kingdom of Israel came to an end in the 8th century B.C., when Samaria fell to the Assyrians in 722. The Assyrians took large numbers of the population captive and replaced them by immigrants. -+ Samaritans. The kingdom of Judah fell to the invading Babylonians in the 6th century B.C. who now dominated the Middle East. Jerusalem fell in 597 and was destroyed in 58l. Large deportations of the population followed. Following the fall of Babylon to Cyrus of Persia (539-530), Jews were encouraged to return from exile. But the monarchy was not restored. The final collapse of Israel is recorded in 2 Ki. 15-17 and that of Judah in 2 Ki. 23-25 (cf. 2 Chron. 36). Jeremiah and Ezekiel prophesied during the latter period, and Daniel is set against the exilic background. Isa. 40-66 consists of prophesies from an exilic or post-exilic standpoint. Ezra and Nehemiah describe events of the return. The prophecies of Haggai and Zechariah belong to this period. Casuistry (Lat. casus, fall, occasion, mishap, case). Originally a term of disparagement, coined in the 18th century. In law and ethics it signifies the attempt to resolve, formulate and judge possible courses of action in accordance with a predetermined system. If one believes that one possesses a comprehensive system of ethical values, it is possible to aim at regulative prescriptions for every action. Thus freedom of personal, responsible action is extensively limited. Religious casuistry is worked out with particular thoroughness in Jewish and Catholic moral theology. Catholic Epistles (Gk. katholikos, general, universal). The seven general NT letters which are called not after their addressees but after their authors: 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2 and 3 John, James and Jude. In contrast with the letters of Paul, the Catholic letters do not quite so presuppose concrete situations in particular churches. Their purpose is to givl< general instruction, and they are addressed to a wider circle of readers. Charisma (Gk. charis, grace, favour; charisma, gift, a favour bestowed). A gift given by grace, an endowment bestowed by the Holy Spirit. A charismatic is a person who has or claims to have special, spiritual gifts. The adj. charismatic is applied to actions or behaviour performed in the power of a special, divine enabling. Chiliasm (Gk. chilioi, a thousand). The theory based upon a literal interpretation of Rev. 20:1-5 that Christ will return to earth and reign for a thousand years before the final consummation of all things. A chiliast is one who holds this view. These terms tend to be applied to movements and people in the early church. In more recent times this belief has been denoted by the Lat. word millennium, meaning a period of 1000 years. Three rival schools of interpretation have emerged. Premillennialists hold that the second coming 52 GLOSSARY of Christ will precede the millennium. Some go so far as to say that various OT prophecies about the restoration of Israel and the temple will be fulfilled in the millennial age. Postmillennialists hold that the return of Christ will follow the millennium which may be expected during or at the close of the gospel age. Amillennialists hold that the period of a thousand years mentioned in Rev. 20 is to be taken symbolically and that it applies to the present gospel age. Satan deceives the nations no more in that the gospel is now proclaimed to the nations. He is bound, in the sense that the strong man of Matt. 12 :29 and Mk. 3: 27 is bound, by Christ, and his goods, those held captive by him, are now being plundered. Whereas others see various dispensations and more than one resurrection, amillennialists hold that the various ~ eschatological events of the ~ parousia will come together. Christology (Gk. chri6, anoint; christos, anointed one, Christ). (1) As an adj. used as a noun, the anointed one, the Christ, the Messiah. The Gk. word christos is a translation of the Heb. word malia/:!, Messiah or anointed one. (2) Christ is more properly a title rather than a name. Christo logy originally meant the doctrine of the person and work of Christ. Later a distinction was drawn between christology as the doctrine of the person of Christ and ~ soteriology as the doctrine of the redemptive work of Christ. Sometimes the distinction is drawn between Christocentric (centred on Christ) and christological (pertaining to Christ or the concept of the Christ or Messiah). Chronicler. The name given to the anonymous author or group of writers who composed 1 and 2 Chronicles. In the Heb. canon they form a single book. The division into two goes back to the ~ LXX where they are treated as a sequel to Samuel and Kings. Originally the work formed a continuous whole with the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The term Chronicles was introduced by Jerome (c. 342-420). The first part of the work (1 and 2 Chron.) depicts Israel's history from Adam to the Exile. In the centre stand Kings David and Solomon. The second part (Ezra and Nehemiah) gives an account of the return of the Jews from exile to Jerusalem, the rebuilding of the Temple and city walls, and the public reading of the Law. In contrast to the ~ Deuteronomic standpoint, the Chronicler (like the ~ priestly tradition) is particularly interested in cultic institutions and ritual. He sees the commencement of Temple worship as the focal point of Israel's history, and sees the cult with its worship of God, feasts, priests and singers as the underlying support of Israel's existence. The writings are dated between the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. ~ Captivity, ~ Deuteronomy, ~ Priestly Writing Codex (pI. codices; Lat. codex or caudex, tree trunk, book). The term was used of the wooden leaves, smeared over with wax for writing. It later came to be used for books of leaves laid over one another, as distinct from volumina which were rolls or scrolls. The Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Vaticanus are important manuscripts of the NT. Conquest. The term refers to the conquest of Canaan (c. 1240 B.C.) which followed Israel's exodus from Egypt under the leadership of Moses and the period of wanderings in the Sinai desert. Gen. 12: 1-3 tells of the original promise to Abraham. The account of the entry into Canaan, the subjugation of the opposing tribes and early life under judges is given in the books of Joshua, Judges and Ruth. 1 Samuel tells of the appointment of the first king of Israel, Saul. Cosmology, Cosmogony, Cosmic (Gk. kosmos, world). Cosmology is that branch of metaphysics which deals with the universe as an ordered whole. A cosmogony is a doctrine or myth about the origin of the universe. Cosmic means pertaining to the universe, esp. as distinguished from the earth. 53 ~ GLOSSARY Dead Sea Scrolls -+ Qumran. Decalogue (Gk. deka, ten; logos, word; lit. the ten words). The Ten Commandments (Exod. 20:1-17; cf. 34; Deut. 5:6-21. Demythologization (Ger. Entmythologisierung). In the 19th century several writers, but above all D. F. Strauss in his Life of Jesus (1835-6), claimed the presence of mythical elements in the NT. Liberal writers were inclined to dismiss certain stories as myth but insisted that these could be detached from the main historical outline. In the 20th century, however, R. Bultmann (1884-) has argued that the whole thought-world of the NT is mythological with its alleged three-decker universe of hea