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Objectives: To evaluate changes in meal patterns and in obesity related risk factors after 1 year of treatment in obese men. Design: Data from two 24-h dietary recalls, performed at base-line and after 1 year of treatment, were related to changes in medical risk factors. Setting: Academic obesity unit. Subjects: Sixty-three men, aged 44 (eight) years (mean [SD]) and Base- line Body Mass Index (BMI) 37.4 (4.6) kg m-2, who had completed 1 year of treatment. The men were subdivided by tertiles according to weight change: tertile I (n = 21), mean +0.3 kg, tertile II (n = 21), mean -5.8 kg and tertile III (n = 21), mean -14.2 kg. Main outcome measures: Weight loss, changes in meal patterns and in obesity related medical risk factors. Results: The reported mean energy intake decreased after treatment in tertiles II and III by 700 (1300) kcal (P < 0.05) and 700 (900) kcal (P = 0.001), respectively. In tertile III the energy-% from fat decreased (P < 0.05) with a reciprocal increase in energy-% from protein (P < 0.05). The frequency of snacks of a low nutritional quality decreased (P < 0.01) in tertile III together with an increase in energy-% from 'hot meals of good quality' (P < 0.05). Obesity related risk factors (anthropometry, blood pressure, serum lipid concentrations, blood glucose and plasma insulin) improved in a beneficial way only in tertile III. Conclusions: The weight loss in the successful tertile III men was to a great extent explained by fewer low quality snacks but more energy from high quality meals. These changes reflected the behaviour modification strategy recommended.
In a cross-over design, 82 women and men recorded their food intake by a precoded 7-day record book (PR) including both standard portions in household measures and photographs, and a weighed 7-day record (WR), respectively. Single 24-h urine samples, for determination of nitrogen excretion, were collected for 39 subjects during the WR period. Comparing the PR to the WR method, the mean intake of some foods, as cheese, was higher, and bread and vegetables lower. For energy and nutrients, the fat energy percent (E%) was higher, and protein E%, dietary fibre, iron, thiamin, folate, carotene and α-tocopherol were all lower. Protein intake registered by the PR method was 20% lower compared to 24-h urine samples, and 11% lower for the WR method. The results indicate that some of the standard portion sizes, used by the PR method, contributed to the observed differences in food and nutrient intakes. The subjects found it easier and less time-consuming to record their food intake with the PR than with the WR method. The time spent on processing data was reduced by 50% when using the PR method. The results of the study will be used for improvements in the design of the PR for use in large-scale dietary surveys for monitoring dietary habits.
Objective: To investigate the distribution across the different stages of change for each of the 15 participating European countries, and the effect of socio-demographic variables such as sex and education on this distribution. Also to assess the relationships between stages of change and influences of food choice, and other variables. Design: A cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally-representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire. Setting: The survey was conducted between October 1995 and February 1996 in the 15 member states of the European Union. Subjects: 14,331 subjects (aged 15 y upwards) completed the questionnaire. Data were weighted by population size for each country and by sex, age and regional distribution within each member state. Subjects were divided into five different categories according to their attitudes towards 'changing their eating habits in order to eat healthier': (1) Precontemplation; do not consider any changes, (2) Contemplation; consider changes, (3) Decision; make plans to change, (4) Action; carry out the changes, and (5) Maintenance; maintained changes for more than six months. Results: 52% of the subjects were in the precontemplation stage, whereas 31% of the subjects were in the maintenance stage. Two, one, and seven percent of subjects were in the contemplation, decision and action stage, respectively. In the Mediterranean countries, and in Germany, there were more people (55-64%) in the precontemplation stage, whereas in the Scandinavian countries there were less people in precontemplation stage (20-38%). The opposite was true for the maintenance stage, whereas women and people with a higher education level tended to be more in the maintenance stage. With respect to influences on food choice, subjects in precontemplation stage found that taste was more important, whereas people in maintenance stage found that health was more important. Conclusions: The stages of change model makes a useful distinction between people with different attitudes towards nutrition and health. Nutrition education can benefit from this distinction.
Because night work is becoming more prevalent, we studied whether feeding at different times of a 24-h period would elicit different metabolic responses and whether dietary macronutrient composition would affect these responses. Seven men (26-43 y, 19.9-26.6 kg/m2) consumed two isocaloric diets, in a crossover design. The diets were a high carbohydrate (HC) diet [65 energy % (E%) carbohydrates, 20E% fat] and a high fat (HF) diet (40E% carbohydrates, 45E% fat). After a 6-d diet-adjustment period, the men were kept awake for 24 h and the food (continuation of respective diet) was provided as six isocaloric meals (i.e., every 4 h). Energy and substrate turnover, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol were measured throughout the 24-h period. Significantly higher energy expenditure and NEFA concentration, and lower blood glucose and TAG concentrations were observed when the men consumed the HF diet than when they consumed the HC diet. Significant circadian patterns were seen in body and skin temperature (nadir, 0400-0500 h). When the men consumed the HF diet, significant circadian patterns were seen in fat oxidation (nadir, 0800-1200 h; plateau, 1200-0800 h), heat release (nadir, 0800-1200 h; plateau, 1600-0800 h), heart rate (nadir, 0000 h), blood glucose (nadir, 0800-1200 h; peak, 0000-0400 h), NEFA (nadir, 0800-1200 h; peak, 1200-2000 h) and TAG (nadir, 0800-1200 h; peak, 0400-0800 h) concentrations. Energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation, MAP and glycerol concentration did not display circadian patterns. Unequal variances eradicated most circadian effects in the HC-diet data. The increased TAG concentration in response to feeding at 0400 h might be involved in the higher TAG concentrations seen in shift workers. Distinct macronutrient/circadian-dependent postprandial responses were seen in most studied variables.
Background: Night work is becoming more common and shift workers display several metabolic disturbances. Aim: To study the endocrine responses in relation to time of day during a 24-h period and how dietary macronutrient composition affects these responses. Design: Seven males (26-43 y and 19.9-26.6 kg · m-2) were studied in a crossover design. Isocaloric diets described as highcarbohydrates (HC; 65 energy percent (E%) carbohydrates and 20E% fat) or high-fat (HF; 40E% carbohydrates and 45E% fat) were given. After a 6-day diet adjustment period, the subjects were kept awake for 24 h in a metabolic unit and were served an isocaloric meal (continuation of respective diet) every 4-h. Blood samples were taken throughout the 24-h period. Results: Insulin and leptin responses to meal intake differed with respect to time of day (p ≤ 0.05). Time of day affected glucagon, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxin (fT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3), cortisol, chromogranin A (CgA) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Meal intake decreased cortisol concentration after meals at 0800, 1200 and 0400 but not at 1600, 2000 and 0000 h. The PP's postprandial increase was greater during 0800-1600 h compared to 2000-0800 h. With the HC meals, lower glucagon and CgA concentrations (p ≤ 0.05), and a tendency for lower tT3 concentrations (p = 0.053) were observed compared to the HF meals. Conclusion: Insulin, PP, TSH, fT4, cortisol and leptin responses to meal intake differed with respect to time of day. The decreased evening/nocturnal responses of cortisol and PP to meal intake indicate that nocturnal eating and night work might have health implications.
Because ∼20% of the work force in the industrialized world have irregular working hours, it is pertinent to study the consequences of eating at irregular, especially nighttime hours. We studied the postprandial responses during nocturnal fasting vs. e+ating throughout a 24-h wake period. Seven healthy males were studied twice in a crossover design. After a 6-d diet adjustment period [high fat diet, 45 energy percent (en%) fat, 40 en% carbohydrates)] with sleep from 2300 to 0700 h, the men were kept awake for 24 h at the metabolic ward and given either 6 isoenergetic meals, i.e., every 4 h (N-eat) or 4 isoenergetic meals from 0800 to 2000 h followed by a nocturnal fast (N-fast), with the same 24-h energy intake. Energy expenditure, substrate utilization, activity, heat release, body temperature and blood variables were measured over 24 h. Energy expenditure and blood glucose, triacylglycerol, insulin and glucagon concentrations were lower and nonesterified fatty acids concentrations were higher during the nocturnal fast than during nocturnal eating (P < 0.05); however, no 24-h differences between the protocols were apparent. Nocturnal fasting slightly altered the secretory patterns of the thyroid hormones and cortisol (P < 0.05). We found no clear indication that it would be more favorable to ingest few larger daytime meals than smaller meals throughout the 24-h period. The body seems to be able to buffer small differences in meal size and timing provided energy balance is maintained
The objective was to study the postprandial responses of glucose, insulin and triglycerides to meal intake at different clock times during night work. Eleven night shift working nurses participated. Identical test meals were ingested at 19:30, 23:30 and 03:30, and contained 440 kcal/ 1860 kJ of energy (33 E% fat, 51 E% carbohydrate, 16 E% protein). The food intake was standardized three days before the first test meal. Blood samples were drawn just before the test meals were ingested and thereafter at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. The postprandial responses were estimated as the total area under the curve (AUC) and significance testing was done using repeated measures ANOVA. The highest insulin level was found after meal intake at 23:30, and the lowest after meal intake 03:30. The glucose response showed the same pattern. The insulin response to food intake in night working nurses is more pronounced in the night compared with morning and evening. The results would have implications for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in night workers.
The investigation included six drivers engaged in day driving and six drivers engaged in night driving. Changes in wakefulness were analysed by means of a questionnaire where the drivers were asked to rate their wakefulness on a 100 mm rating scale. Changes in wakefulness were analysed during intake of food with higher and lower contents of fat. The day-drivers had their intakes as breakfast and lunch, the night-drivers as dinner and between meals. No significant difference was observed between the two types of intake, meaning that the balance between fat, protein and carbohydrate does not effect the development of drowsiness
The investigation consisted of a laboratory study with 10 healthy subjects who were both sleep and food deprived prior to each experimental condition. The aim of the study was to investigate the importance of energy content and the bulk of food on wakefulness and satiation. Each subject was tested in four conditions, each with equal food composition but different energy amounts: 100, 500 and 1000 kcal and 100 kcal with low bulk content. Recordings and ratings of wakefulness and satiations were carried out throughout the investigation, starting 30 minutes before and continuing until 90 minutes after intake of the food alternatives. No differences in wakefulness could be observed after the four food alternatives. However, subjects rated themselves as more satiated after the food alternatives with higher energy content and higher bulk
Changes in wakefulness before and after exposure to carbohydrate intake were tested in 30 test persons. Changes in wakefulness were tested via EEG and subjective estimates. The intakes consisted of 400 ml glucose, 250 kcal (GI 100), 400 ml fructose, 209 kcal (GI 20), and 400 ml water. The study has indicated that intake of fructose, glucose and water had a similar stimulating effect on wakefulness in drowsy subjects immediately after intake. Our results also indicate that intake of fructose can lead to a delay in the development of drowsiness. Compared to water, a 20-30 minutes delay of the point in time when high-degree drowsiness developed, took place. There was no significant difference between glucose and water.
A six-day high-carbohydrate meal (HC; 65 E% (energy percent) carbohydrates, 20 E% fat and 15 E% protein) and a six-day high-fat meal (HF; 40 E% carbohydrates, 45 E% fat and 15 E% protein) were given to seven healthy subjects in a crossover design. On the last day subjects were kept awake for 24 hours in a metabolic laboratory while substrate utilisation and energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry. The subjects were given isocaloric meals every four hours. Results showed that hunger decreased at night (F = 4.2, p < 0.05) and linearly increased after meal intake. Macronutrient composition (fat/carbohydrates) seemed to be of less importance for hunger. Hunger and thirst were found to be strongly associated with gastrointestinal substances, for hunger the strongest being a negative correlation with triacylglycerol (partial correlation = -0.39). It is suggested that it might not be necessary for shift workers to eat full portions at night but that satiation will occur with less food. Possibly lack of adjustment of nocturnal food intake might be one reason why overweight is common in shift work populations.
This study investigated the effects of high-carbohydrate (HC) and high-fat (HF) diet on cognitive performance, and subjective and objective sleepiness. Seven male participants were kept awake for 24h in a metabolic ward. Meals were given every 4h and cognitive performance and sleepiness ratings were assessed hourly. The Karolinska Drowsiness Test (KDT, EEG derived) was performed twice after meal. Performance in simple reaction time showed a significant interaction of diet and the post-prandial period, a slower reaction time was observed for the HC-diet 3.5h after meal intake. Diet did not affect EEG measures but a general post-prandial increase of objective sleepiness was observed 3.5h after meal servings. The HC-diet was significantly associated with an increase of subjective sleepiness. The study demonstrated that the HC-diet caused larger oscillation in performance and increased sleepiness as compared to HF-diet throughout day and night.
Compared to individuals who work during the day, shift workers are at higher risk of a range of metabolic disorders and diseases (eg, obesity, cardiovascular disease, peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal problems, failure to control blood sugar levels, and metabolic syndrome). At least some of these complaints may be linked to the quality of the diet and irregular timing of eating, however other factors that affect metabolism are likely to play a part, including psychosocial stress, disrupted circadian rhythms, sleep debt, physical inactivity, and insufficient time for rest and revitalization. In this overview, we examine studies on food and nutrition among shift workers [ie, dietary assessment (designs, methods, variables) and the factors that might influence eating habits and metabolic parameters]. The discussion focuses on the quality of existing dietary assessment data, nutritional status parameters (particularly in obesity), the effect of circadian disruptions, and the possible implications for performance at work. We conclude with some dietary guidelines as a basis for managing the nutrition of shift workers.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute effects of missing a meal on alertness. The participants were ten university students between 20–29 years old, five females and five males. Participants were chosen on the basis of their good sleep and eating practices. Measurements were collected during an eight hour period starting at 8.00 AM on four separate days. During the test period, participants carried out their normal study activities while on separate days receiving either just breakfast, just lunch, both lunch and breakfast, or no meal at all. During the test period, EEG was monitored continuously while subjective ratings of performance and tiredness were collected every half-hour. The results showed that while there were neither physiological nor subjective indications of tiredness which could be attributed to meal consumption, subjective feelings of lack of energy and motivation was significantly more pronounced at the end of the workday when missing a meal or two.
Background: Because of changing food habits that may influence nutritional status it is important, especially in children, reproducibly to describe and analyse the timing and frequency of eating and the composition of different types of eating episodes. Objective: To describe eating patterns of 3-5-year-old Swedish preschool children by analysing 7 day food records using the Food-Based Classification of Eating Episodes (FBCE) model. Design: Food intakes were categorized into four types of "meals" and four types of "snacks", according to their food profile. Complete 7 day weighed and estimated food records for 109 children were processed and analysed. Results: On weekdays the children ate significantly more frequently than on weekend days, having 5.6 and 5.2 eating episodes per day, respectively. More eating episodes were classified as "meals" on weekdays than on weekend days: 72% and 60%, respectively. On average for the whole week, 43% of the daily energy intake was derived from "complete meals" (CM) and 34% from "incomplete meals" (IM). CM contributed significantly more energy and more nutrients, except for calcium, than did IM. In low-quality snacks (LS), sucrose contributed with about one-third of the energy content and the nutrient density was low. Conclusions: The qualitative FBCE model verified nutritional characteristics of the children's diet previously found in the same cohort by the traditional dietary assessment methods. Processing of the dietary data by the model to show the prevalence and temporal distribution of eating episodes appears to be an applicable tool for nutritional screening of children's eating patterns
The aim of this study was to examine possible causes of malnutrition in geriatric patients on admission to hospital by evaluation and comparison of their meal pattern between periods of working, retirement and hospitalization, respectively. Forty-five consecutive patients aged 60 years or older participated. By use of modified dietary history interviews, a retrospective assessment of food intake was carried out. A qualitative system for meal classification was then applied. In the retirement period there was a strong reduction in daily eating frequency when compared to working and hospital periods. Thus, the daily intake and also distribution of energy and nutrients seem to be reduced during retirement, which might lead to nutritional deficiency.
The food selection and nutrient intake were investigated in women with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and controls. Methods Dietary data was obtained by 24-hour recall, and 7-day recording among eating disordered patients, and by 3-day registration among controls. Results: The intake of energy and nutrients differed from controls, as expected, while there were no differences between anorectics and bulimics in this respect, except for iron. There were only minor differences among the three groups studied with respect to nutrient density. Energy percentages of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, were similar in all groups, but a subdivision of the macronutrients into respective sources showed that bulimics had a lower relative and absolute intake of carbohydrates from bread and cereals than anorectics and controls. Conclusion: Eating disorder patients, despite their marginal food intake, still met the minimum requirement for most nutrients according to the Nordic Nutrient recommendations. Abbreviations: AN = anorexia nervosa, AN/BN = anorectic bulimics, BMI = body mass index, BN = bulimia nervosa, DSM-III-R = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ED = eating disorder, NNR = Nordic Nutrient Recommendation
A validation study was performed in order to compare the observed versus the self-reported food consumption in anorectics (n = 9), anorectic bulimics (n = 6) and bulimics (n = 10). The observed meals (breakfast, lunch and/or dinner) were served in a hospital setting. Foods on plates were unobtrusively weighed before and after serving to each subject, and the foods consumed were compared with data from a 24-hour recall the subsequent day. Data analyses via a nutrient database comprised amounts of food items from seven food groups as well as energy, macro nutrients, vitamin C, calcium and iron. Analyses of recalled intakes showed consistently high correlations with observed intakes, suggesting that the 24-hour recall gives valid results, and could thus be suitable for this category of patients. This notion contrasts with previous statements, although no validation studies have been undertaken in order to support this view
Nutritional assessment is the interpretation of information obtained from dietary, biochemical, anthropometric and clinical studies. In individuals, qualitative or quantitative food consumption data may be collected by food frequency questionnaires or interviews (retrospective methods), by use of food records (prospective methods); weighed food record, estimated food record or menu record, or by observations. Nutrient values derived from food composition data or direct chemical analysis represent the maximum available to the body and not the amount actually absorbed and utilized. The design of the study is crucial and the methods for carrying it out are aimed at minimizing bias to improve internal and external validity. This paper will focus on factors of importance to improve the internal validity of dietary assessment studies; selection of method; data collection, assessment of nutrient intakes from food consumption data and evaluation of data.
Not only what we eat, but also when we eat seems to be of importance for well-being, nutritional status, and health. The regulation of food intake (amounts) operates through feed backs from the periphery reporting to the central nervous system about the energy content of the body. Timing of eating is controlled by circadian rhythms in activity and sleep, internal rhythms being entrained by the external light-dark rhythm. Disturbed behavioural rhythms, e.g. shift work and travelling across time zones, interact strongly with internal physiology. Life-style in the 24-hour society makes people stay awake, eat and sleep at the wrong times with respect to human circadian rhythms in metabolism and performance.
Food consumption was studied (repeated 24-hour recalls) during five days (four different work shifts and days off) in 16 healthy Swedish male papermill workers (rotating 3-shift). A comparison (energy, fourteen nutrients) between 24-hr periods showed a higher intake of energy and five nutrients during the 12 h work shift day compared to days off. The mean 24-hr energy-intake varied between 16,7 MJ (12 h work shift) and 13,3 MJ (days off). When only work hours were considered, the intake of energy and six nutrients were significantly higher during the morning-shift compared to the night-shift. There were no differences in the quality of the diet or the coffee consumption between 24-hr days or between 8-hr shifts. It was concluded that shift work affects 24 h nutrient intake to a very limited extent, although the distribution within 24 hours may vary.
The concept for categorization of eating episodes in dietary surveys was originally developed in studies of shift workers to compare 'meal patterns' between night and day work shifts. The concept has been further improved through experience from applications in dietary surveys in other populations. In this paper, results from categorization of eating episodes in shift workers, elderly women and men during life transition periods, elderly female leg ulcer patients and obese men and their lean controls are shown and discussed. The categorization concept is based on seven food categories with food items of similar nutrient characteristics within each category. Each eating event is categorized as any of four types of 'meals' or four types of 'snacks' due to its combination of food categories. Thus, categorization is based on visible properties (food types) but at the same time reflecting invisible properties (nutrients). Criteria is also established to sub-categorize the 'meal' types as being either 'prepared' or 'quick-prepared' from a behavioural perspective. Use of a defined and reliable concept for categorization is necessary to study eating episodes in dietary surveys, their determinants and also consequences on health and performance. Nocturnal eating during the circadian nadir might affect nutritional status. Since increasingly western populations appear to be moving from regular and planned meals to more episodic eating 'around the clock', such analyses are of increasing interest in a bio-social perspective.
Objective: The purpose of this baseline survey was to obtain comparable data on perceived influences on food choice from EU member countries as the starting point for EU healthy eating promotion campaigns and programmes. Design: A cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally-representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire. Setting: The survey was conducted between October 1995 and February 1996 in the 15 member states of the European Union. Subjects: 14,331 subjects (aged 15 y upwards) completed the questionnaire. Data were weighted by population size for each country and by sex, age and regional distribution within each member state. Results: The five most important factors influencing consumers food choice were 'quality or freshness' (74%), 'price' (43%), 'taste' (38%), 'trying to eat healthy' (32%) and 'family preferences' (29%). Subjects in different categories (age, sex, education and employment status) selected different factors as having major influence on their food choice. Demographic factors seemed to have greater effects on perceived influences than culture (country): 'quality/freshness', 'price', 'trying to eat healthy', 'family preferences' seemed to be most important in women, 'taste' and 'habit' in males. Females and older and more educated subjects were more likely than other subjects to select 'trying to eat healthy' as having a major influence. 'Price' seemed most important in unemployed and retired subjects.
The 24-h dietary intake, nutritional status parameters and psychosomatic factors of two-shift, three-shift and day workers were compared. Estimations of the dietary intake (across a work cycle) were made by use of a nutrient database. No significant differences were found between the groups for a large number of nutritional variables: intake of energy; intake and percentage of energy from protein, fat, total carbohydrates and sucrose; intake of coffee; and intake and density of vitamins and minerals. Only minor differences were found between the groups with regard to the quantitative intake of alcohol and calcium, and with regard to the quality of the diet (percentage of energy from alcohol, density of calcium). The groups differed significantly with respect to attitude towards work hours (three-shift workers being most negative in their attitude) and sleep disturbances (shift workers being most negative). The three-shift workers were more evening-oriented and they had higher concentrations of glucose in their blood. It was concluded that work hours not related to nutritional intake-at least not when total amounts across time are considered. It was also concluded that work hours were not related to Body Mass Index or blood lipids: triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol
Established nutritional science methods and a new concept for meal–classification were applied to shiftworker (rotating 3-shift) data. The frequency of meals and snacks of different nutritional quality as a function of work schedule was evaluated, as well as the content of selected nutrients (energy, fat, sucrose, dietary fibres, ascorbic acid) in these meals and snacks. The results do not indicate that rotating 3-shift work affects the nutritional quality of the diet or the frequency of different types of meals and snacks. A qualitative classification of meals and snacks might be a cost–effective strategy for data–evaluation in field studies of shift workers' eating habits when quantitative estimations of the dietary intake are to be complicated
To study the impact of work hours on eating habits the dietary intake of 96 male industrial workers on day work and two- and three-shift work was investigated using repeated 24 h recall. The intake of energy, 14 nutrients, and coffee and tea was computed, using a nutrient data base, for 8 h work and shifts (day, morning, afternoon, night) and for the 24-h periods including these work shifts. No changes in intake of energy, nutrients and coffee/tea were observed between 8 h morning and afternoon shifts, but there was a reduction in intake during 8 h night shifts. Night shift work caused a redistribution of food and coffee intake, but not an overall 24 h reduction. On the whole, the energy-intake and the quality of food intake (percentages of energy from macronutrients and density of micronutrients) were not affected by shift work, although the intake of carbohydrates was lower in day- and three-shift workers during days off. The intake of alcohol was higher during days off in all groups. In summary, two- and three-shift work in this study affected the circadian distribution of food intakes and coffee consumption, but not the overall 24-h consumption.
A preschool-based dietary survey, using 7-d records, was carried out in a suburb of Stockholm. The aim was to assess the intake of food and the quality of the diet of preschool children aged 3-5 y at preschool and at home, and to compare the dietary intake with the Swedish dietary recommendations for preschool children. The respective mean intakes of protein, fat, carbohydrates and sucrose, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake were 14, 38, 50 and 9 at preschool, and at home 14, 36, 52 and 12 on weekdays, 14, 34, 55 and 16 on weekend days. The mean intakes of seven vitamins and minerals were low only for selenium as compared with the recommended level. No differences were found in nutrient density between diet at preschool and diet at home, with the exception of dietary fibre (higher at preschool). On weekdays there was a significantly higher nutrient density for calcium, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C and dietary fibre compared with weekend days. Conclusion: The average intakes of energy and nutrients per meal at preschool compared with the recommended levels for children aged 4-6 y were low for all meals (breakfast, lunch and afternoon snack). This, however, was compensated for by home meals.
An objective, nutritionally orientated classification system is necessary to evaluate the frequency, nutritional quality and temporal distribution of eating events in dietary surveys. In this paper a system to classify eating events qualitatively with regard to the types of food items consumed is described and demonstrated. It comprises eight food categories and criteria for their combination into four types of meals and three types of snacks of various nutrient composition. The food categories represent food items of animal and plant origin, and also food products containing sucrose and beverages containing alcohol or lacking energy and nutrients. Classification requires individual data collected by established food-record or recall methods. Data on consumed amounts is not required to classify qualitatively the eating events per se, but is required for quantitative calculations of their content, composition and relative contribution to total intakes. The application of the system to dietary data (80 repeated 24-h recalls, 517 eating events) of 16 male three-shift workers showed that classification of eating events was easy and largely unequivocal compared to traditional methods. Subsequent calculations showed expected differences between eating types with regard to content and relative quality. The meal-classification system might be used as a cost-effective method to evaluate the nutritional profile of meal patterns in surveys.
OBJECTIVES - The goal of this study was to examine the effect of rotating three-shift work on the circadian distribution of dietary intake and to investigate the relationships between displaced eating and nutritional status variables [blood lipids, blood glucose, body mass index (BMI)]. METHODS - Dietary data were collected by 147 replicate 24-h dietary recalls from 22 male industrial workers in rotating three-shift work. The intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated by the use of a nutrient data base. The BMI was calculated, and blood glucose, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were measured once. RESULTS - The dietary intakes of energy, protein, total fat, saturated fat, total carbohydrates, sucrose, and dietary fibre did not differ between 24-h periods but did differ between work shifts and were lowest during the night. Correlation analyses between dietary intakes and nutritional status parameters showed that those who redistributed their eating most to the night shift had higher levels of serum total cholesterol and LDL and a higher LDL:HDL ratio; 63% of the LDL cholesterol level was explained by carbohydrate intake during night shifts. In contrast, the total intake for whole 24-h periods or across entire shift cycles was not related to serum variables or BMI. CONCLUSIONS - Dietary intake is lower during night shifts (34-37% of 24-h intake of various nutrients) than during morning shifts (43-47%) and afternoon shifts (47-59%). The redistribution of food intake to the night may be associated with metabolic disturbances in lipid metabolism.
The aim of the study was to describe the nutritional intake, meal patterns, physical activity and need for help in nine women living in their own homes and being treated for venous leg ulcers. Food habits were identified by use of interviews and food diaries completed by the women during a period of seven days. The intake of energy and nutrients from 304 eating events during seven days was calculated and meal patterns were evaluated using a qualitative system for meal classification. Physical activity and the degree of need were identified with the help of interviews. The intakes of energy and key nutrients for wound healing, such as protein, vitamin C and zinc, were not optimal according to the Swedish nutrition recommendations, although food habits were well organized. Most of the women had hardly any physical activities and the need of help and support varied, from daily visits to visits every second week.


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Mike Schinkel wrote: > > Matthew Ratzloff wrote: >> [...] Why not: >> >> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//HTML 5.0//EN"> >> >> Is that really such a bad thing? > Yes it is a bad thing. It can't be remembered by people who don't use > it day in and day out. An insignificant number of web authors understand > it and the rest just copy and paste it, possibly getting it wrong, or > worse just don't include it (I know I've been in that latter category.) > > This can be easily remembered and hence people will use it correctly far > more often: > <!DOCTYPE html> The only people who need to remember "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//HTML 5.0//EN">" are those who hand-code; these form a tiny proportion of the overall web authoring community, and are -- in the main -- sufficiently informed to have no difficulty in remember what is required. Everyone else will use an authoring tool, and that tool should be configurable to emit the correct DOCTYPE for whatever class of document the author requests. Philip TaylorReceived on Tuesday, 1 May 2007 13:38:04 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Thursday, 29 October 2015 10:15:20 UTC

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One day culture will not be enough of an excuse to commit crime against young girls, soon I hope.
Sharing her story, Memory Banda, a young woman from Malawi who managed to repel the terrible culture of 'sexual cleansing' of young girls in her community by an 'hyena' – an elderly man wandering from village to village getting paid by the victims' community to violate girls as young as 11 years old in the name of culture. Some of this girls get pregnant as a result of the first time cleansing.
Ms. Banda's own little sister got pregnant by the 'hyena' man at 11 years old, at sixteen she already had 2 husbands and three children.
Child bride, I have heard about plenty of time but a man coming round to violate young girls with parents and community's permission – this is so sickening.
Not sure about the 'hyena the service man' but Nigeria definitely has child bride issue in common with Malawi and I hope enough girls can watch this and realise they do have a choice to speak up.


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Partition table corrupted
miketoff 03 Sep 2009 17:16
Hi all,
I don't know why but the partition table of the MWBE (white) is corrupted.
Can someone send me a copy of this file (following, for example, the 'unbrick guide')???
I have the WD1000H1NC version…
Thanks for any reply.
Unfold Partition table corrupted by miketoff, 03 Sep 2009 17:16


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A wiki document, recently released by the International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL), calls to attention the virtual learning items in all 19 finalists' applications of the Race to the Top grant competition, Education Week reported. It revealed that the 10 winning states had strong online learn proposals and were ready to use Race to the Top funds to offer more online opportunities.
Here's a highlight of some proposals:
- Massachusetts' application featured already-existing efforts to direct federal stimulus funds toward creating competency-based online and blended learning courses that mix face-to-face and virtual lessons for alternative school students.
- New York is noted in the iNACOL report for the statewide technology plan it adopted in January that calls for exposing all students to online and blended learning opportunities.
- Georgia's plan indicated an interest in completely replacing seat-time standards, both in online and traditional classes. Rhode Island's pointed to a similar, already-established system.
- In Ohio's application, the state's Credit Flexibility Plan, which is being extended to all the state's schools for the first time this fall, allows students to gain high school credit through alternative experiences that include online learning, internships, educational travel, or dual enrollment in a college course.


text: Continuity is an amazing puzzle and brain-teasing game in which you have to utilize your intelligence and logical thinking skill to complete all levels. In the game, you need to take control of your tiny stickman and help him grab the key then try to reach the red door to move to another level. The most outstanding point of the game is that you have to move the pieces of space so that your stickman can go through and obtain his target. Moving the pieces of space will resolve the issue of you getting stuck and having no idea about how to go next. Try to complete a level in the short amount of time possible. Have fun!


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No New Year's Resolutions!
First of all, Happy 2012! I remember twenty years ago looking at the year 2012 and thinking "Wow, that's so far away! I'll be old by then!" Well, it's now officially 2012 and I don't think I am that old – so it just goes to show you how perspective can really change. I am, however at an age where I see many people around me (clients, family, friends) beginning to question the happiness in their lives. And on top of that, we're now, we're in that weird part of the year where everyone decides that they want to "make changes" and "be a better person" and "get healthier." You know what's odd about that? Resolutions like this never work! I've found that those who say "OK on the first of the year I will…" or "Alright, once I have a 20% increase in income I will…" or "As soon as the kids are out of the house I will…" are actually preventing themselves from making the change. In other words, New Year's Resolutions don't do what they're supposed to do!
In Love & Light
Danielle MacKinnon has been named an expert TV psychic medium, intuitive, animal communicator, and foremost expert on soul contracts. She has appeared on numerous radio shows, tv and taught along side some of the world's most renowned psychics, mediums, healers and TV experts.


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Paul Ryan has become the latest target for angry conservatives, but Joe Biden was kicking his ass all over the stage years ago during the 2012 Vice-Presidential debate.
Here are a few of our favorite zingers from that battle and be sure to check out this collection of hilarious Joe Biden memes that were circulating around the 2016 election.
1. "By the way, can you send me some stimulus money?" Ryan is well known for his opposition to the Obama administration's stimulus spending, even calling it "crony capitalism" during the debate.
Biden let him have it, citing two letters that were sent by Ryan to the Department of Energy requesting stimulus payments for companies in his congressional district in Wisconsin.
"And I love my friend here. I'm not allowed to show letters, but go on our Web site — he sent me two letters saying: 'By the way, can you send me some stimulus money for companies here in the state of Wisconsin?' We sent millions of dollars…
"I love that. I love that. This was such a bad program and he writes me a letter saying – writes the Department of Energy a letter saying: 'The reason we need this stimulus, it will create growth and jobs.' His words. And now he's sitting here looking at me."
2. "I think I got a bridge to sell you." Biden defended working class Americans and took on Romney's gaffe suggesting that 47 percent of the American people are moochers who "believe that they are victims" and feel "entitled to health care, to food, to housing, to you name it."
Biden let Ryan have it about that comment stating: "The idea, if you heard that that little soliloquy on 47 percent and you think he just made a mistake, then I think you're – I think I got a bridge to sell you".
"Romney said: 'No, let Detroit go bankrupt.' We moved in and helped people refinance their homes. Governor Romney said: 'No, let foreclosures hit the bottom.' But it shouldn't be surprising for a guy who says 47 percent of the American people are unwilling to take responsibility for their own lives. My friend recently in a speech in Washington said 30 percent of the American people are takers."
"These people are my mom and dad, the people I grew up with, my neighbors. They pay more effective tax than Gov. Romney pays in his federal income tax. They are elderly people who, in fact, are living off of Social Security. They are veterans and people fighting in Afghanistan right now who are, quote, 'not paying any tax.'"
3. Oh, now you're Jack Kennedy? Biden subtly invoked memories of the 1988 vice presidential debate when Dan Quayle compared himself to President Kennedy. His opponent Lloyd Bentsen responded: "Senator, I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. And, Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy."
RYAN: You can you can cut tax rates by 20 percent and still preserve these important preferences for middle class taxpayers…
BIDEN: Not mathematically possible.
RYAN: It is mathematically possible. It's been done before. It's precisely what we're proposing.
BIDEN: It has never been done before.
RYAN: It's been done a couple of times, actually.
BIDEN: It has never been done before.
RYAN: Jack Kennedy lowered tax rates, increased growth. Ronald Reagan–
BIDEN: Oh, now you're Jack Kennedy?
4. "Stop talking about how you care about people." Discussing tax policy, Biden discussed the fact that Republican resistance to raising taxes on America's wealthiest demonstrates their disregard for the rest of the country and went on to tell Ryan that things would be better for the middle class if Republicans would "just get out of the way" of passing a jobs bill.
Biden went on to state: "Stop talking about how you care about people. Show me something. Show me a policy. Show me a policy where you take responsibility".
5a. "[T]hat's a bunch of malarkey." In response to a question regarding last month's attack on the U.S. consulate in Libya, Ryan claimed that the Obama administration had cut defense spending to dangerous levels putting the consulate at risk by failing to provide adequate security.
Biden responded: "With all due respect, that's a bunch of malarkey because not a single he said is accurate…"
Biden went on to note:
"I will be very specific. Number one, this lecture on embassy security — the congressman here cut embassy security in his budget by $300 million below what we asked for, number one. So much for the embassy security piece".
"Number two, Governor Romney, before he knew the facts, before he even knew that our ambassador was killed, he was out making a political statement which was panned by the media around the world. And this talk about this this weakness. I don't understand what my friend's talking about here."
5b. "We Irish call it malarkey." Ryan tried to claim that the Obama administration had not been tough enough in dealing with the issue of Iran's efforts to obtain nuclear weapons, saying that the administration had sought to weaken the economic sanctions in place against Tehran.
Biden responded: "This is a bunch of stuff. Look, here's the deal".
The moderator Raddatz responded: "What does that mean, a bunch of stuff?" To which Biden answered: "Well, it means it's simply inaccurate" and in response to Ryan's comment "It's Irish" he replied "It is. We Irish call it malarkey".
6. "[T]hese guys bet against American all the time." Ryan claimed that cuts in the defense budget signal weakness to the world.
Referring to Republicans, Biden responded: "Look, I just — I mean, these guys bet against America all the time."
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Heather Nash, 34, is a mother of 6 who is a rising star on the national bodybuilding scene. She is scheduled to compete Saturday in the 2011 NGA Heart of America Natural Classic at Five Points Washington.
Here is a pick of Heather (left) with her identical twin, and pro bodybuilder, Tiffany.
And this is Heather Nash, with her children.
And Heather Nash, the competitor:


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Self Storage Industry Has Become A Growing Niche in Singapore, Asia
There are many parts of the world where space is a real luxury and Asia is one of those continents where space is thin on the ground, and now the self storage industry is taking off at a fast rate. When you consider a number of Asian countries, you think of high rise buildings positioned close together in order to get as many people into as small a space as possible.
Even in Asia, life is just as hectic as it is in the west and their needs are exactly the same. Therefore, they have belongings that they need on a daily basis and belongings that are not required all that often. This means that their belongings have to be stored. Of course, this is a difficult task because often, they find that their apartments or small houses do not have the space to store these goods and here is where the problem lies.
When you think of the likes of Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo and many other places, you can instantly understand how the lack of space can be a real problem. Even storing their every day goods can be difficult and so, there are many people who are looking for a solution. A lot of the time, they do not have the luxury of outside space such as a garage or a shed and so, they have to think about alternatives such as self-storage.
Due to the realisation that the lack of space is a problem, the self storage industry is growing in Asia and it is no surprise. Offering the people who live in these countries a storage solution is one way in which they can free up space in their home and store items that they do not use on a regular basis. Often, these people lead organised lives and so, self-storage is a solution that is welcomed in every way. The ability to safely store their belongings in a space that is designed to suit their needs, it is clear to see why it is growing in popularity.
As a self-storage business, this need has helped them to grow and it seems as though it is a niche that is going to grow because the population is so high and the need to store goods continues to grow with it. The ability to access their goods when they need them and find a solution that fits around their busy needs makes it clear to see why those who live in Asia appreciate that this is a feasible solution. These countries are densely populated and they like to lead a life that is simple which is why self-storage fits into their lifestyle and desires. This is niche that fits a purpose and that is why it is growing at an incredible rate. Tapping in to the needs of those who live in Asia can help the self storage industry to grow at a rate that will not be seen in any other area of the world and that is exactly why it is a market that needs to be targeted.


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Cardinal Health gets new leadership amidst legal action mounting against the company.
Facing rising pressure from regulators and investors over the opioid crisis,
Cardinal Health announced changes in executive leadership this morning, with CEO George Barrett leaving the pharmaceutical and medical products distributor after this week's annual meeting of shareholders.
Barrett will be succeeded by CFO Mike Kaufmann, who will serve as chief
executive officer and join the Cardinal board of directors in January. Cardinal's lead independent director, Gregory Kenny, will become non-executive chairman at the end of the annual meeting, according to a news release.
In the release, Barrett said, "As I approach a decade with Cardinal Health, it feels very natural to hand the baton to Mike, who has been a close and trusted partner to me and an integral part of driving our strategy."
The company's statement did not address mounting legal action from states and counties across the country demanding accountability from the healthcare company and other drug distributors for the nationwide opioid crisis. Kenny is quoted in the release as saying the new governance structure is based on "a wide range of factors, including the current practices of other organizations, as well as the views of our shareholders."
The Columbus Dispatch reported this morning that a coalition of investors led by the Teamsters was calling for Cardinal to take some accountability for the opioid crisis and planned to call for changes at Wednesday's annual shareholders meeting.
Barrett joined Cardinal in 2008 as vice chairman and became chairman and CEO in 2009. He has been involved in community improvement initiatives through the Columbus Partnership and co-chaired the Columbus Education Commission under Mayor Mike Coleman.


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Act Two
Click here for all of Zounds, Alack, and By My Troth published in 2016, including the first A Midsummer Night's Dream cartoons and a six-part adventure for Portia and Nerissa!
Act One
Click here for the complete collection of Zounds, Alack, and By My Troth cartoons published in 2015. Portia plans! Hamlet broods! Falstaff sings!
The Folios
Follow these links to access some of the recurring parts of the series.


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Notice on Delivery of IF2001, IC2001 and IH2001 ... 2020-01-17
All member entities,
It is hereby announced that:
The IF2001, IC2001 and IH2001 stock index futures contracts will be delivered on January 17, 2020 at the following settlement prices:
The settlement price for delivery of the IF2001 CSI 300 stock index futures contract is 4151.47;
The settlement price for delivery of the IC2001 CSI 500 stock index futures contract is 5515.93;
The settlement price for delivery of the IH2001 SSE 50 stock index futures contract is 3048.78.
China Financial Futures Exchange
January 17, 2020
- Notice on Listing of New Stock Index Futures and... 2020-01-17
- Notice on Delivery of IF1912, IC1912 and IH1912 ... 2019-12-20
- Notice on Listing of New Stock Index Futures and... 2019-12-20
- Notice on Listing of New Treasury Bond Futures C... 2019-12-13
- Notice on Listing of New Stock Index Futures Con... 2019-11-15
- Notice on Delivery of IF1911, IC1911 and IH1911 ... 2019-11-15
- Ye Chunhe, Chairman of CFFEX Supervisory Board M... 2019-10-28
CSRC Vice Chairman LI Chao Attending the Seminar... 2018-12-19
On 13 December, 2018, Asset Management Association of China (AMAC) held the Seminar on China Capital Markets and Global Asset Allocation in Beijing. CSRC Vice Chairman Li Chao attended the Seminar. In his keynote speech, Vice Chairman Li reviewed the CSRC's efforts over the years in firmly implementing the decisions and directions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to promote the two-way opening of China's capital markets, including enhancing and expanding stock connect schemes, revising QFIIRQFII rules, expanding foreign access to the futures markets, advancing the two-way opening of the securities and futures service sector, and strengthening cross-border regulatory cooperation to protect investors' legitimate rights and interests. In the context that the Chinese economy is entering into a new phase anchored on high-quality development to foster new growth areas and continuously optimize economic structure, China's capital markets are further empowered to better serve the real economy with effective tools to mitigate major financial risks and substantive measures to deepen reform and opening-up. China's capital markets welcome long-term foreign capital to participate in the domestic markets with open arms.
The Seminar was widely attended by representatives from a number of QFIIs, RQFIIs, domestic custodian banks, as well as securities and fund management companies. In sharing thoughts on the global economic trends and asset allocation, the representatives spoke highly of the progresses attained in China's reform and opening-up endeavors and the achievements made in the capital markets, expressed long-term committment in the Chinese economy and capital markets, and offered specific opinions and suggestions for further improving the QFIIRQFII regime.
Attendees to the Seminar also included officials from relevant departments at the CSRC head office, Shanghai Stock Exchange, Shenzhen Stock Exchange, China Financial Futures Exchange, and China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited.
- Remarks by Governor Yi Gang in China Development... 2018-04-03
- To Fulfill the Goal of Building a Multilevel Cap... 2017-10-23
- Capital Market Investor Protection: More Efforts... 2017-10-13
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Part 2:
During this past Sunday's drive, I passed several closed buildings and one small home that was plastered with keep out signs. I wonder about both groups but decided not to photograph the house warning me to stay away...camera's can be violating. The property, in yesterday's post, with empty
cattle pens also had all the abandoned/empty buildings. Are these fences and buildings closed forever? Or are they used seasonally. There is something sad about boarded and abandoned building...most especially in a place where there are no visible people or critters - no one to bear witness to the history of the place. Does anyone come back here...now and then? Is there an annual hustle, bustle, sweat and grime that goes with farming? Are animals bellowing in protest at being forced in from the "open range" or is that all a thing of the past? Is there dust and dirt in the air from activity or is the desert wind the only rearranger of earth here? Perhaps a look-see in the fall will reveal life afoot something other than wind, water, sage brush, trees and birds and thier much needed insects using the space.
Water or grain or something else all together?
(to be continued....)


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You can subscribe via email or RSS
It can make sense to reboot a server manually under some circumstances, for example if the load raises too high for further debugging. To enable you to issue such reboots by yourself, we allow the reboot alias command for the devop user as of now.
Reference #578


text:
This product has been discontinued
Icon - One Thousand El Bajo Boot
Product Code: icon-el-bajo-boot
- Description
- Reviews
- Customer Photos
Icon - One Thousand El Bajo Boot
El Bajo, literally translated it means "The Short One". Short perhaps in overall height, but never in performance or steez. Built on the same Goodyear welt bottom unit as its five-buckle Elsinore brother, El Bajo provides all the OG moto-presence but in a reduced two-buckle silhouette. Metal post fasteners, heavy top-grain leather chassis, and reinforced toe box and heel make for a serious piece of riding footwear. El Bajo, always up to the challenge.
- Top grain leather upper
- Goodyear welt construction
- Icon cast metal buckles
- Icon stamped metal heel plate
- Heat pressed leather shift panel
- Heat pressed moulded leather shin plate
- Axialmetric steel shank
- Medial YKK zippers


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RN Estudio
Eternals Wight Team Player #11
Size approx: 38mm to top of figure.
Material: Resin multi parts.
Contents: Resin figure parts, plastic base is included.
Description: Wight.
Product Info: Items are not painted and will require preparation and assembling.
Product Code: RNE58
Football - Figures - Fantasy - Miniatures - RNEstudio - BloodBowl - MythBowl
RN Estudio Mythbowl Eternals Wight Team Player #11
- Brand: RN Estudio
- Product Code: RNE58
- sku:
- Availability: In Stock
- Ex Tax: £10.39
Tags: estudio, mythbowl, eternals, wight, team, player, #11, fantasy, football


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The methodology combines several techniques and methods. These in turn are meant to complement each other in their thematic and geographic scope by focusing on case studies with similar characteristics and which present common challenges for research - particularly manifest in the variety of artisanal fisheries found throughout the area of study.
- Participatory research and interviewing techniques:
- Methods and tools for vulnerability and adaptation assessment;
- Specific methods such as:
o Multi-criteria models;
o Socio-economic assessment;
o Econometric modeling.
See more about methodology here (pdf)


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Many years ago, low fat was all the rage. People thought that consuming dietary fat would make us fat and unhealthy, so there was a boom in low-fat products. I mean, you are what you eat, and most of us don't want to be 'fat' — in that sense, it would be logical to avoid eating fat.
Thankfully, science happened, and people started realizing that dietary fat isn't exactly the culprit.
The industry needed something new to blame for our worsening health and ballooning weight, and carbohydrates became the chosen one. Nowadays, it's common to read and hear the advice to avoid carbs if you want to improve your health or lower your weight.
But are carbs really as bad as the media has painted? And does going low-carb really help with weight loss? Let's find out.
What Are Carbohydrates?
Actually, many types of food contain carbohydrates. The obvious, common ones are your grains and starchy foods, such as rice, bread, pasta, potatoes, etc.
Sugary or flour-based goods like cakes, cookies and pizzas contain a high amount of carbs as well.
Other foods that are high in carbs, but not necessarily thought of as 'carbs' are your fruits and vegetables, as well as legumes.
Reality is, so many types of food contain carbs. Even dairy (milk, yogurt, ice cream) contain carbs! So you can imagine if you had to say no to carbs, you'd be saying no to a lot of food.
But Everyone Says That Carbs Are Bad! (They're Actually Not)
If we had to summarize it into one statement, it would be
"No, carbohydrates are not bad."
Carbs are our bodies' main and preferred source of energy. People who are very physically active, such as endurance athletes, thrive on a high carbohydrate diet because of the physical demand that they place on their bodies. They need the energy, and they need that energy quick, so they can't afford to eat an inadequate amount of carbs.
However, many regular, sedentary folks like you and I, may also be consuming a high-carbohydrate diet (not by choice).
Carbs are a cheap and economical way to fill our bellies, and they also tend to be the high profit margin items for food companies.
If you take a look around you, carbs are EVERYWHERE. Many dishes in restaurants and eateries are high in carbohydrates (and measly amounts of anything else), and convenience snacks such as biscuits and crackers are not any different.
The issue isn't that carbs are bad for our health or that it makes us fat. The issue is we may be consuming too much of it, especially the kinds that are highly processed.
Compared to the average diet of yesteryear, our overall calorie intake has become higher, and calories from carbs have been growing disproportionately compared to other food groups such as lean protein and vegetables. Once again, we have to emphasize — carbs are not bad, we're just eating too much of them.
My Friend Lost Weight on a Low-Carb Diet! Should I Go Low-Carb Too?
Low carbohydrate diets did not gain popularity without any reason, though. One of the reasons is that many people have found weight loss success when going on a low-carb diet.
However, simply thinking that "carbs make us fat" and "avoiding carbs can help me lose weight" is an oversimplification of what's really happening. Here are a few factors:
1. Calorie Deficit
For any diet to work for weight loss, it simply has to create a calorie deficit — meaning, you have to consume fewer calories than what your body is burning.
So if you've been eating 2500 calories a day and maintaining your weight, any diet that results in you eating 2000 calories a day will cause you to lose weight eventually. The reverse is also true for weight gain.
This is no exception with low-carb diets. People who have successfully lost weight on a low-carb diet may simply be consuming fewer calories than before, or they may just be losing water weight.
2. Water Weight
Losing weight very quickly in the initial period of starting a low-carb diet is a very common sign of the body losing water weight. Carbohydrates actually encourage your body to retain water, which means a diet high in carbs results in significant water retention. For every gram of stored carbohydrate (glycogen) by the body, 3 to 4 grams of water is stored as well.
You can imagine that when you stop eating, or drastically reduce carbs, it depletes these stores, and a lot of water weight is coming off. Moral of the story is, don't be too happy when you see the number on the weighing scale dip down after a week of dieting!
3. Making Healthier Choices
Previously we mentioned how we are consuming a little too much carbs as it's such a cheap and convenient belly filler. A lot of these carb sources are refined or highly processed, which are not the most nutritious choices.
The truth is, having a "low-carb mindset" eliminates a lot of unhealthy (or not so nutritious) foods from our diet. Switching to low-carb can force us to make healthier choices, which helps with weight loss.
For example, saying 'no' to white bread means you have to fill your stomach with something else, and when you go low-carb, you don't have too many choices apart from healthy veggies or lean protein. Veggies and lean protein are generally more satiating compared to carbs (the refined ones that most of us consume), which means they help to keep our stomachs full and satisfied for a longer period of time.
Less hungry means less snacking and lower calorie intake → weight loss!
What Do We Recommend?
For most of us, there's no harm (there might even be benefits) to reducing our carbohydrate intake in the form of foods like rice, pasta, bread and cakes. However, that's not because these foods are bad, just that we're overeating them out of convenience.
There's definitely no need, though, to cut out carbs completely, even to the extent of eliminating foods like fruits because they are high in carbs in the form of its natural sugar.
If the focus is weight loss, just know that ANY diet can work equally well, be it low-fat or low-carb. But we do not recommend going on ANY kind of exclusionary diets (cutting out a food group completely), as you may be missing out on certain nutrients that your body needs.
No individual food group is the enemy, over-consumption is.


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Investigate A House Of Multiple Occupancy
Is a property near you a House of Multiple Occupancy – illegally?
Rogue Landlords overfilling their properties is unfortunately on the rise and are not uncommon.
If you know of a house that has a high proportion of tenants and the landlord does not have the relevant license, we can help.
Talk to Us [FREE PHONE]: 0800 043 1754


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Kiff Saunders and I attended the Tourism and Events Conference (http://teeconference.com) held at the MCG in Melbourne last week. It was a great event bringing together key players in the Tourism and Events industry from around the country.
What we love most about attending conferences of this nature is surrounding ourselves with like-minded people, exchanging ideas, sharing information and taking away key distinctions that we can transfer to our business. I even worked up the courage to speak something I may never have considered without the encouragement from my colleagues and peers.
Continuously committing to excellence by showing up and having a voice in these forums we stand united with all the major attractions and events in the country to acknowledge what our industry contributes to our economy and the influence we have as leaders in our fields.
Doing good was the premise of my presentation and how performing random acts of kindness is good for me, good for you and good for business. This was inspired after my Lynette Bergin fellowship journey last year and the selfless expressions of love received from people in Cappadoccia and a gentleman named Jono Fischer who runs the Wake Up Project (log on to http://wakeupproject.com.au and order your free kindness cards).
An altruistic approach to business is being a force for good and I am very proud to manage a business that has grown through giving. Giving our time, giving our experience, giving to our people and our industry are the things we do naturally without any expectation in return. As a result we continue to grow and experience some amazing things, connect with incredible people and proudly align ourselves with the leaders in our industry.
In the famous words of Zig Zaglar "You can have everything in life you want, if you will help enough other people get what they want." This sentiment continues to ring true in all areas of my life and I put to you the same pledge as I did to the people who kindly gave up their time to listen at the conference - lets make a pledge to practice 'Random Acts of Kindness' no matter the size of the gesture it is powerful and there is no better way to brighten your day by consciously making the effort to brighten someone else's day.


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internet security reviews
Computer Internet Security – Dealing With Unwanted Visitors
Computer Internet Security – Dealing With Unwanted Visitors
If you are a computer user of all types, recreational surfers, gamers, or internet marketers, the risk of attacking a computer virus does not have to be entirely new to you. Computer internet security is a big business today as evidenced by the many internet security products or internet security systems that are currently available to help protect your computer and / or network. With anywhere from 100-500 new computer viruses found every day the most important of these is a very profitable niche to be on today.
Internet Security Computer
But ideally most readers of this article will install a kind of internet security computer. Because most commercially sold computers are equipped with several types of pre-installed antivirus security and operating systems. Such as Window XP and Vista have at least one basic program running that will detect many common viruses. Provided you do your updates regularly.
Unfortunately this "free" antivirus whether part of your computer is O / S. Loaded on your computer or available as a download can only give you basic level protection. Of course this is not the best internet security available, but it is definitely much …


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I haven't been sleeping well lately.
If I don't get my hours I'm this....
Yes, I'm Nemo's dad.
Or a grumpy gills...whatever.
(I don't wanna hear it you sleep-mutants who proudly rule the world with a blink and a cat nap.)
Old girl needs 8-9 solid hours.
I'm like an infant.
So I was driving around Tuesday running some errands in my foul, sleep-deprived mood when a thought landed squarely in my lap:
That was it.
Message received loud and clear.
Recipe via Martha Stewart
I cut the recipe in half b/c I thought it sounded too big.
Plus, anytime a recipe lists the size of the baking sheet I tend to ignore it and "experiment."
Oh - I also used mini chocolate chips. Because I like them better.
These turned out delicious though.
And, (if I might make a suggestion) are THE PERFECT dunking cookie.
Mmmm hmmm.
I love cookie bars.
They turn a bad day around.
End of story.


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The 3 Best Times to Deal with Conflict


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Arsenal transfer news: Bayern Munich open talks to sign Gunners ace Alexis Sanchez as Emirates exit looms
Respected German newspaper Bild has reported the player's agent has been in contact with the German champions
ARSENAL striker Alexis Sanchez is closing in on a summer move to German champions Bayern Munich.
The Chilean has cut a frustrated figure at times this season as Arsenal's title bid faded early, and they now face a battle just to finish in the top four.
And Gunners fans will have to prepare for news of the worst kind now, with respected German newspaper Bild reporting his agent has already held talks with the German giants.
Keep up to date with all the latest news, gossip, rumours and done deals in SunSport's live transfer blog
It reports that Fernando Felicevich has spoken with Bayern over a potential summer move to the Allianz Arena.
Most read in football
And the fact that Felicevich also counts Bayerns Arturo Vidal among his clients may bring its own advantages to the prospect of Sanchez joining Bayern.
SunSport reported last week how Gunners boss Arsene Wenger insisted the Chilean hitman would not be sold to another Premier League rival.
Sanchez, 28, has one season left on his contract and has refused the club's efforts to get him to sign a new deal.
Chelsea, Manchester City and United, plus European giants Paris Saint-Germain could all rival Bayern to sign the 24-goal striker.
A major worry to Gunners fans is rumours of interest in Schalke's Leon Goretzka - that's because he is also being tracked by Bayern.
Should Sanchez become Bayern's number one transfer target, they might happily drop their interest in Goretzka as part of an agreement with the London outfit.


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Do You Use Tinder When You're Traveling?
I personally don't but that doesn't stop people from swiping right. Let us know why in the comments if you do or don't — and if you're a gal or a man.
I'm also looking for people to join a future roundtable discussion on Tinder and if you're interested in participating, shoot me an email at [email protected].
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Kurzweil PC3K6 61 note Production Synthesizer
The Kurzweil PC3K6, already loaded up with the many impressive features and sounds of the PC3, allows users to tap into the massive wealth of samples and programs developed for the legendary K Series over the past two decades. Capable of loading .KRZ/25/26 sample files, WAVE and AIFF files, as well as most of the K Series programs and setups, the PC3K6 presents a whole new world of choices to players, and once again underscores Kurzweil's commitment to the concept of non-obsolescence by design.
Main Features
- Load legacy .K2 Series files from the legendary K2000, K2500 and K2600 keyboards
- Load up to 128 MB of user samples into Flash RAM that will remain in memory even while the power is off.
- KDFX offers 16 insert effects / 2 auxiliary sends / Global Master FX
- Sound Programs can be up to 32 layers deep, with each layer supporting its own DSP tools
- VA-1 virtual synthesis engine built right into the V.A.S.T. signal path
- KB3 Tonewheel Emulation. 9 sliders provide real-time drawbar control over classic B-3, Vox and Farfisa combo organs.
- 61 note, light action keybed with velocity and afterttouch
- Read More
You can choose to delve into the extensive libraries of existing K Series samples or decide to fill the PC3K6's flash memory with your own signature samples. In either case, you'll have the most powerful version of Kurzweil's V.A.S.T technology ever developed at your fingertips to help sculpt your sounds and attain a level of detail and expressiveness truly worthy of your music. Sample files can be loaded via USB from a thumb-drive or directly from a computer.
Flash Memory
User samples that do not 'go away' when a keyboard is powered off - this is a feature that's been requested by keyboardists since the introduction of digital sampling in the early '80s. Clearly demonstrating the virtue of enduring quality, the PC3K6 offers 128 megabytes of user sample memory and compatibility with K Series files, while also taking an enormous leap forward by allowing user samples to remain intact while power is off. Once samples are loaded into the PC3K6's flash memory, there is zero load time for those samples when powering on the instrument.
Advanced program, keymap and sample editing features allow you to customise your sounds with surgical precision. You're able to map any sample to any key, tune individual samples, change the start, alt start, loop point and end point of samples and even assign a controller to adjust sample start point in real-time.
Light Years Ahead
Under the hood of the PC3K6 is simply the most powerful synthesis engine ever created by Kurzweil. Dynamic V.A.S.T. picks up where the K series left off. Having up to 32 layers per program means that emulations of real instruments can be extremely detailed and accurate, while the synthesized sounds can be extraordinarily large and complex.
Expanding upon the V.A.S.T. architecture, the PC3K6's new architecture delivers more power and flexibility combined with unprecedented ease of use. Users can now create and store their own DSP algorithms, with nearly limitless possibilities for routing.
In another huge development, Kurzweil have resurrected the VA-1 Virtual Analog Synthesizer, having built it's synthesis engine right into the new system. Hear the VA-1's power-shaped, anti-aliasing oscillators (including supersaw, triplesaw, and hard sync oscillators) combined with a newer, larger set of V.A.S.T. filters (like the classic-style 4pole low pass w/ resonance) and non-linear processors and you'll understand why the internet is buzzing about this feature.
It's The Sound
The PC3 Series's advanced synthesis architecture, along with its painstakingly-edited sample ROM, allowed Kurzweil to create a sound set that is both broad and deep, with no compromises on sound quality. Referred to by some in the music industry as 'the solid gold Swiss army knife', the PC3 line has become well known for having covered all the bases when it comes to presets. Whether it's the famous Kurzweil grand piano, the wide array of deadly-accurate vintage keys emulations, KB3 Mode, VA virtual analogue sounds or the hundreds of world-class orchestral and string section programs, the PC3K6 provides over 900 presets that let you know that it does everything and does it well.
Plug And Play
Saving, loading and updating the OS are all made easy on the PC3K6 with the inclusion of both USB Host and Device ports. You can save your user programs, setups and songs to a USB thumb-drive or directly to a computer. Samples and OS updates can be loaded from a thumb-drive or directly from your computer, and of course the PC3K6 sends and receives MIDI over USB.
Finishing Touch
In a nod to the design of classic synths and keyboard instruments from years past, the PC3K6, the top of the PC3 line, has been fitted with handsomely crafted wooden end-caps, adding an element of luxury and refinement that beautifully complements the awesome technology at the heart of every Kurzweil keyboard.
Dimensions and weight
• (H x D x L): 123 x 355 x 1000 mm / 4.84 x 13.98 x 39.37 inches
• 14 Kg / 30.86 lbs


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Suffering Serious Injuries After an Auto Accident?
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Dealing with Car Insurance Companies
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Multi-CPU Support, ECC, Registered RAM & More
May 1, 2015
Recently we rolled out a number of new feature and compatibility updates to the site.
By popular demand, we now support multi-CPU Xeon systems. With supporting motherboards and processors, you can now add multiple CPUs to your build. (Note: Opteron support isn't available yet, but it is on our roadmap.) Similarly, we've added support for registered RAM, and significantly upgraded the number of listings of ECC RAM. As with unbuffered RAM, registered and ECC RAM compatibility checking is available.
Also on the compatibility front, when evaluating power supply compatibility with video cards we now factor in the number of PCI Express power connectors. Previously if the wattage supply was sufficient but there were insufficient power connectors on the power supply, we'd recommend using a molex-to-PCIe adapter. Lately though it seems less and less video cards are shipping with those adapters, so we decided to make the compatibility stricter. Starting today, you'll see incompatibility alerts if the power supply has an insufficient number of 6, 6+2, or 8-pin PCI express power connectors for the video card(s) in your part list.
We hope you find these updates useful, and please let us know if you have any feedback or suggestions! (We also have some great stuff in the works coming soon, so stay tuned!)
Charity:Water Completion Report #2
March 2, 2015
Our second Charity:Water completion report has arrived! Thanks to your support of PCPartPicker, we were able to fund a water and sanitation project serving 223 people in Ethiopia, Africa. Our first completion report for Malawi, Africa can be found here.
This project provided a shallow borehole well and sanitation for the Timket-Keze School. Above is a map showing the GPS coordinates of the project pictured (13.63684, 38.78488).
More than 50 million Ethiopians don't have access to safe water. Most rural families survive on less than five liters of water per day and walk up to four hours to collect it from open sources. Projects like these make a real difference in people's lives, and I'm so happy to be able to be a part of it with you.
PCPartPicker is supported through affiliate commissions from participating retailers. We donate a portion of our earnings to charity. When you purchase components through retailer links on PCPartPicker, you're not only supporting this site - you're also helping provide clean water and sanitation to people in need. Thank you, from the bottom of my heart, for being a part of this and helping us make this happen.
External Hard Drives
I'm happy to announce that PCPartPicker now lists external hard drives! Whether you're including it into your part list or looking for great external storage deals, we now have you covered.
This initial rollout supports desktop and portable drives ranging in capacity from 120GB to over 20TB. We are not currently listing NAS devices yet, but hope to support them in the future.
We're continually adding new drives to our listings. However if you can't find the one you're looking for let us know in the forums and we'll get it added promptly.
Site Update, Part 2
After the release of the new site design last week we received a considerable amount of feedback. Since then we've rolled out additional improvements, style adjustments, and bug fixes. Some changes are more subtle than others, so I wanted to call them out individually.
Our first priority was to fix any bugs we introduced with the new layout. I believe we've addressed most (if not all) of the bugs found during the rollout. If there are any issues you're still seeing, send us a note over on our site feedback forum and we'll get it taken care as fast as we can.
Based on feedback, we made a number of style adjustments to the layout:
- Reduced padding in a number of areas - in page headings, filter lists, etc.
- Increased font sizes in areas where it was hard to read, such as part category lists
- Improved visibility of the part list on part category pages
- Improved visibility of the wattage breakdown on part lists
- Added delete links to saved part lists and completed builds in a more obvious place
- Doubled the number of parts shown per page when viewing part categories
With the rollout of build guides, we heard your feedback that price sliders were hard to use for lower budget systems. We've made improvements there, so please check it out again and let us know what you think.
Filter sliders also got some additional attention that I hope should improve usability. Specifically, you can now click on the slide labels and edit the value manually. Below is a demonstration on how they work:
We did receive suggestions to bring back the old site layout. That is not likely to happen. The new site layout also incorporated numerous backend changes and performance improvements that are no longer practical to backport. Additionally it would be a substantial amount of work to maintain both versions of the site.
We also received suggestions to move the filters from the left side back to the right side. We made the change in our development setup and tested it - in the end it wasn't something we felt looked right. Filters will remain on the left side.
Thank you for all of your feedback to date. We're still iterating on the site, both in appearance and in functionality. While we can't always act on all of it, we do want you to know that we read through and consider all of your suggestions. (Sometimes different suggestions conflict, other times it may not be feasible from a time or implementation standpoint.)
Site Update
Feb. 16, 2015
Today we're pleased to roll out significant updates to the site. In addition to a rework of the look and feel, we've also introduced a number of new features and performance improvements. While we're not done with all the updates we're working on, we did want to push live what we have to date.
Site look and feel: First and foremost, you'll notice a massive change in the appearance of the site. This is the first fruit of bringing on board our design lead Phil Coffman.
Site performance: We massively improved the performance of part selection pages. You should notice a difference immediately. We made not just the backend server processing but also the page load and rendering times significantly.
Part sorting: Part categories are now default sorted by popularity. We aggregate a significant amount of usage data that we then use to determine this ordering. What you'll find is that the parts you most commonly want will be right at the top (or close). We've been doing this on the mobile version since its release last May and decided to roll it out to the desktop version as well.
Part price filter: You've been asking for this for a while, and we heard you! You can now filter parts, completed builds, and build guides by price.
Build guides: Up until now only staff could publish PCPartPicker build guides. We've opened it up now so that anyone can create and publish a guide. You can also view other guides, as well as vote and comment on them. Feel like you have the best idea for an Intel or AMD based build? Create your guide!
User avatars: On comments and user pages, you can now have your own avatar. Just go to your profile page and upload your own profile image.
Build tags: Initially just for build guides, we'll be rolling out tagging support for completed builds soon too.
Sortable saved builds: We've totally revamped how saved and completed builds are displayed in your profile. You can now easily sort saved builds, completed builds, and your build guides. We have a few more improvements slated for this area, so stay tuned!
Ability to reorder completed build images: Now you can reorder your completed build images however you would like. We'll pull the first three images in the set and use those for the thumbnails when viewing the list of completed builds.
We hope you like the changes, and of course, let us know if you run into any issues!


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Tuesday, July 26, 2011
One For One
9 comments:
- Tqa London said...
I wish they sell it here in Malaysia, so I can help those kids.
- 26 July 2011 at 15:36
- onesixthreechirp said...
Nice shoes :) I wish I have one. By the way, can help the kids.
- 26 July 2011 at 23:30
- Grace said...
TOMS are so nice, but they don't sell them here :|
All the best things.. Well, in Italy there isn't a trace of them.
They're amazing with this cause, I didn't know about it!
- 26 July 2011 at 23:56
- Bibi said...
They do look really comfy, great for those chill days ^^ As for stores in the US, see here, it's the store locator :) Maybe it can be of help?
- 27 July 2011 at 01:42
- Unknown said...
I have similar ones...and I have to agree those shoes are like the comfiest shoes ever.
- 27 July 2011 at 03:55
Oh yes, you can totally buy them here :) And also order online. I love that company and their mission! I am definitely going to buy a pair for fall :) The ones you received are super cute!
- 27 July 2011 at 06:35
- Bee. said...
I've wanted a pair of TOMS for ages! Such an awesome cause too!
- 27 July 2011 at 10:27
- Simplicity Is Beauty said...
Thank you guys for all your comments! If you can get in on this cause, then that would be fantastic! x
- 27 July 2011 at 11:07
- Dirt On The Rocks said...
they do sell it in the U.S. ahhh i'm so jealous i want a pair, but I feel like they're sort of pricey. I hope I can ask my bf to get me a pair since he's a manager at a shoe store. He could probably get me a discount, haha.
- 27 July 2011 at 12:45


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When it comes to healthy eating, a little advance planning will always make things much easier. This is especially the case when it comes to lunches, as these midday meals are often all-too-easy to rush, meaning that you wind up eating something that is not as healthy as you may have liked. If you want to ensure that your lunches are as healthy as can be, yet still absolutely delicious, have a read through these tips.
Rather than counting calories or trying to work out fat percentages of different foods, try to keep things as simple as possible. Opt for natural, whole foods rather than packaged and processed foods, and try to focus on ensuring that you eat as many different colors as possible. The more colorful the fruits and vegetables that you eat, the more antioxidants, vitamins and minerals you will be putting into your body. Be adventurous when choosing vegetables of different colors, for example, opting for Chinese cabbage or mustard greens instead of lettuce.
Make Small But Healthy Changes
The best way to begin tackling unhealthy lunch choices that often become a habit is by starting off with small changes. Swap your fried chicken for a grilled fish, and do the same with your sides, opting for a fresh salad instead of a packet of crisps. This will ensure that the unhealthy trans fats that would have otherwise ended up causing havoc for your body will now be replaced by healthy fats, which will give your body the nutrients that it needs to thrive for the rest of the afternoon. You should also be trying to replace all of the unhealthier carbs that you eat with healthier carbs, such as brown rice or brown pasta instead of the white and processed alternatives. If you do not particularly enjoy the taste or texture of the whole grain versions, you can start by mixing in a small amount of them and building this up slowly, so that your tastebuds get used to it.
Cut Back on Sugar
A sugar rush may seem like a great way to help you through a long afternoon, but this only does the body more harm than good, as this energy spike has been linked to diabetes, depression and more. Again, this is something that can be easily done by replacing processed foods with natural alternatives, as the processed versions often contain a large amount of added sugar. There are many foods that will give your body a healthy boost of sugar, such as sweet vegetables, from sweet potatoes to corn to beets, berries and other fruit.
Planning healthy lunches does not need to be difficult, but it can often be hard to resist the temptation of all of the unhealthier alternatives on offer. To counter this, try to set aside a small amount of time each evening to prepare your lunch for the following day, taking the time to put together a meal that you will really look forward to.


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