text:
The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods
Publication Year: 2017
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473957992
Online research methods are popular, dynamic and fast-changing. Following on from the great success of the first edition, published in 2008, The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods, Second Edition offers both updates of existing subject areas and new chapters covering more recent developments, such as social media, big data, data visualization and CAQDAS. Bringing together the leading names in both qualitative and quantitative online research, this new edition is organised into nine sections: 1. Online Research Methods 2. Designing Online Research 3. Online Data Capture and Data Collection 4. The Online Survey 5. Digital Quantitative Analysis 6. Digital Text Analysis 7. Virtual Ethnography 8. Online Secondary Analysis: Resources and Methods 9. The Future of Online Social Research The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods, ...
- Chapters
- Front Matter
- Back Matter
- Subject Index
Part I: ONLINE RESEARCH METHODS
Part II: DESIGNING ONLINE RESEARCH
Part III: ONLINE DATA CAPTURE AND DATA COLLECTION
- Chapter 4: Research Design and Tools for Online Research
- Chapter 5: Nonreactive Data Collection Online
- Chapter 6: What's New? The Applications of Data Mining and Big Data in the Social Sciences
- Chapter 7: Of Instruments and Data: Social Media Uses, Abuses and Analysis
- Chapter 8: 'Big Social Science': Doing Big Data in the Social Sciences
Part IV: THE ONLINE SURVEY
- Chapter 9: Overview: Online Surveys
- Chapter 10: Sampling Methods for Online Surveys
- Chapter 11: Online Survey Design
- Chapter 12: Online Survey Software
- Chapter 13: Improving the Effectiveness of Online Data Collection by Mixing Survey Modes
Part V: DIGITAL QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
- Chapter 14: Online Social Networks: Concepts for Data Collection and Analysis
- Chapter 15: Scale, Time and Activity Patterns: Advanced Methods for the Analysis of Online Networks
- Chapter 16: Social Simulation and Online Research Methods
- Chapter 17: Games and Online Research Methods
- Chapter 18: Data Visualisation as an Emerging Tool for Online Research
Part VI: DIGITAL TEXT ANALYSIS
- Chapter 19: Online Tools for Content Analysis
- Chapter 20: Sentiment Analysis for Small and Big Data
- Chapter 21: Artificial Intelligence/Expert Systems and Online Research
- Chapter 22: The Blogosphere
Part VII: VIRTUAL ETHNOGRAPHY
- Chapter 23: Ethnographies of Online Communities and Social Media: Modes, Varieties, Affordances
- Chapter 24: Online Interviewing
- Chapter 25: Online Focus Groups
- Chapter 26: Tools for Collaboration in Video-based Research
- Chapter 27: CAQDAS at a Crossroads: Affordances of Technology in an Online Environment
Part VIII: ONLINE SECONDARY ANALYSIS: RESOURCES AND METHODS
- Chapter 28: Online Access to Quantitative Data Resources
- Chapter 29: Secondary Qualitative Analysis Using Online Resources
- Chapter 30: Finding and Investigating Geographical Data Online
- Chapter 31: Mapping Spaces: Cartographic Representations of Online Data
Part IX: THE FUTURE OF ONLINE SOCIAL RESEARCH
- Chapter 32: Engaging Remote Marginalized Communities Using Appropriate Online Research Methods
- Chapter 33: Web- and Phone-Based Data Collection Using Planned Missing Designs
- Chapter 34: Social Cartography and 'Knowing Capitalism': Critical Reflections on Social Research and the Geo-Spatial Web
- Chapter 35: Online Environments and the Future of Social Science Research
- Chapter 36: Online Research Methods and Social Theory
Copyright[Page iv]
SAGE Publications Ltd
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Editor: Judi Burger
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At SAGE we take sustainability seriously. Most of our products are printed in the UK using FSC papers and boards. When we print overseas we ensure sustainable papers are used as measured by the PREPS grading system. We undertake an annual audit to monitor our sustainability.
Introduction & editorial arrangement © Nigel G. Fielding, Raymond M. Lee and Grant Blank, 2017
Chapter 1 © Raymond M. Lee, Nigel G. Fielding and Grant Black, 2017
Chapter 2 © Rebecca Eynon, Jenny Fry and Ralph Schroeder, 2017
Chapter 3 © Karsten Boye Rasmussen, 2017
Chapter 4 © Claire Hewson, 2017
Chapter 5 © Dietmar Janetzko, 2017
Chapter 6 © Ayelet Baram-Tsabari, Elad Segev and Aviv J. Sharon, 2017
Chapter 7 © Martin Innes, Colin Roberts, Alun Preece and David Rogers, 2017
Chapter 8 © Jonathan Bright, 2017
Chapter 9 © Vasja Vehovar and Katja Lozar Manfreda, 2017
Chapter 10 © Ronald D. Fricker Jr, 2017
Chapter 11 © Vera Toepoel, 2017
Chapter 12 © Lars Kaczmirek, 2017
Chapter 13 © Don A. Dillman, Feng Hao and Morgan M. Millar, 2017
Chapter 14 © Bernie Hogan, 2017
Chapter 15 © Javier Borge-Holthoefer and Sandra González-Bailón, 2017
Chapter 16 © Corinna Elsenbroich, 2017
Chapter 17 © Harko Verhagen, Magnus Johansson and Wander Jager, 2017
Chapter 18 © Helen Kennedy and William Allen, 2017
Chapter 19 © Roel Popping, 2017
Chapter 20 © Mike Thelwall, 2017
Chapter 21 © Edward Brent, 2017
Chapter 22 © Nicholas Hookway and Helene Snee, 2017
Chapter 23 © Christine Hine, 2017
Chapter 24 © Henrietta O'Connor and Clare Madge, 2017
Chapter 25 © Katie M. Abrams and Ted J. Gaiser, 2017
Chapter 26 © Jon Hindmarsh, 2017
Chapter 27 © Christina Silver and Sarah L. Bulloch, 2017
Chapter 28 © Louise Corti and Jo Wathan, 2017
Chapter 29 © Patrick Carmichael, 2017
Chapter 30 © David Martin, Samantha Cockings and Samuel Leung, 2017
Chapter 31 © Matthew Zook, Ate Poorthuis and Rich Donohue, 2017
Chapter 32 © Brian Beaton, David Perley, Chris George, Susan O'Donnell, 2017
Chapter 33 © William Revelle, David M. Condon, Joshua Wilt, Jason A. French, Ashley Brown and Lorien G. Elleman, 2017
Chapter 34 © Harrison Smith, Michael Hardey†, Mariann Hardey and Roger Burrows, 2017
Chapter 35 © Michael Fischer, Stephen Lyon and David Zeitlyn, 2017
Chapter 36 © Grant Blank, 2017
First edition published 2008Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937391
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
List of Figures[Page ix]
- 5.1 Vertical (bottom left) and horizontal enlargement (bottom right) of a data matrix (top) 79
- 5.2 Analytical options resulting from vertical and horizontal enlargement 79
- 6.1 The annual number of publications that mentioned the term 'data mining' in different disciplines 93
- 7.1 Social media honeycombs of top 5 platforms 112
- 7.2 Platform usage by age 112
- 7.3 Social media volumetric timeline for the Wales NATO Summit 119
- 8.1 The structure of a Tweet 129
- 8.2 Twitter activity during the UK's 2015 general election 131
- 8.3 Scatter plot compared with 2D histogram 133
- 8.4 A simple Python script displayed in Notepad++ 135
- 9.1 A simplified hierarchy of computer-assisted survey information collection (CASIC), computerized self-administered questionnaire (CSAQ), online surveys, Internet surveys and web and email surveys 145
- 9.2 Spurious links between statistical inference and the components of Internet surveys: survey management, survey mode and ICTs 148
- 9.3 Solicitation and data collection modes through centralized data management 154
- 10.1 An illustration of sampling 163
- 10.2 Logos for various Internet survey software companies 165
- 10.3 Top 20 countries with the highest Internet penetration as of 31 December 2013 172
- 11.1 Scrolling design 188
- 11.2 Paging design 189
- 11.3 Matrix question 189
- 11.4 Welcome screen 189
- 11.5 Thank you message 190
- 11.6 Example of radio buttons (vertically aligned) 191
- 11.7 Example of checkboxes 191
- 11.8 Dropdown menu with one item initially displayed 191
- 11.9 Example of a visual analogue scale 192
- 11.10 Example of a slider bar 193
- 11.11 Typical response process 198
- 13.1 Cumulative response rate over time to survey of Chinese environmental movement organizations 224
- 13.2 Cumulative response rate over time to the 2013 WSU Doctoral Student Experience Survey 226
- 13.3 Response rates by mode, for ten treatments across five studies using the 'web-push' approach 228
- 14.1 Three prototypical graph structures. From left: a star graph, a lattice graph and a hybrid of the two, a small world graph 242[Page x]
- 14.2 A sociogram representation of the author's Facebook friendships in 2008. Nodes are arranged using a variant of a standard force-directed layout. The convex hulls were produced using the Girvan–Newman algorithm 244
- 14.3 An example schema for filtering emails in a mail store. The outer zones imply all mail in the inbox and the inner zones refer to mail that fits certain qualities, such as mail that has been reciprocated 249
- 15.1 Schematic representation of reduction techniques 262
- 15.2 Core-periphery structures and role identification 267
- 15.3 Networks encoding temporal information 269
- 15.4 Illustration of modular and nested structures 271
- 15.5 Temporal evolution of modularity and nestedness in a social network 272
- 16.1 Segregation model 281
- 16.2 Bounded Confidence model 282
- 16.3 A model of the English housing market 285
- 16.4 Work place segregation 286
- 18.1 'Iraq's Bloody Toll' by Scarr (2011) 311
- 18.2 'Iraq: Deaths on the Decline' by Cotgreave (2014) 312
- 18.3 Screenshot of the Seeing Data website showing 14 common chart types 314
- 18.4 'The purpose map' by Kirk (2016) 314
- 18.5 EU-born residents as share of local non-UK born, England and Wales 318
- 18.6 Screenshot of 'Migration in the Census' 319
- 18.7 Modifiers of 'immigrants' in the tabloid press, 2010–2012 321
- 18.8 Modifiers of 'immigrants', all publication types, 2010–2012 322
- 18.9 Screenshot of frequency analysis with annotation, all publications 322
- 18.10 Screenshot of modifiers of 'asylum seekers', all publications 323
- 19.1 Example Textual Content Analysis window 334
- 24.1 Screenshot of the virtual interface during synchronous chat 421
- 26.1 Three video-based data sessions 455
- 26.2 The MiMeG Interface includes video windows, playback controls, annotation controls and windows for other media (transcripts, images, etc.) 461
- 26.3 Embodied resources for indicating action on-screen: pointing, gesturing, enacting 465
- 28.1 Breakdown of social science specialist data repositories by country, Re3data.org, 2015 493
- 28.2 UK Data Service Discover catalogue search on the word 'unemployment' 497
- 28.3 UK Data Service Discover Catalogue record for the January to March 2015 Quarterly Labour Force Survey 498
- 28.4 Frequency table in Nesstar from the Quarterly UK Labour Force Survey, 2015 499
- 28.5 Time series chart from the OECD of GDP by expenditure for the US and UK, in UK.stat 499
- 28.6 Search results for the term 'unemployment' from the ICPSR data catalogue 500
- 28.7 2011 UK Census mapped with context in DataShine 7 504
- 30.1 Alternative representations of map scale 530
- 30.2 Four scenarios to illustrate the effects of accuracy and precision in address referencing 531
- 31.1 Types of thematic maps 545
- 31.2 Character of the distribution of phenomena influences the map type 546
- 31.3 (a) Distribution of Tweets containing the term pizza and (b) distribution of Tweets containing the term pizza aggregated to counties 551[Page xi]
- 31.4 (a) Odds ratio formula and (b) formula for lower bound of confidence interval 552
- 31.5 (a) Odds ratio of pizza tweets by county and (b) Lower bound of confidence interval for odds ratio of pizza tweets by county 554
- 31.6 Lower bound of confidence interval for odds ratio of pizza tweets by county for (a) Digiornos, (b) Little Caesars (c) California Pizza Kitchen 555
- 31.7 Lower bound of confidence interval for odds ratio of pizza tweets for (a) slice (b) deep dish 557
- 31.8 Temporal distribution of Digiornos pizza tweets versus deep-dish pizza 558
- 33.1 The effective sample size is a function of the observed standard error of the correlation and is Ne = (1−r2)/2r + 2 587
- 33.2 Participants' age by gender 588
- 33.3 Participants' education by gender 589
List of Tables[Page xiii]
- 3.1 Data quality dimensions and measurement definitions 40
- 3.2 Data quality dimensions in the hierarchical conceptual framework 41
- 3.3 Representational mapping of the states of the Real World (RW) and the Information System (IS) 42
- 4.1 IMR-dedicated resources, information and meetings 58
- 4.2 Software tools for IMR surveys and experiments 60
- 4.3 Useful resources and tools for IMR interviews, observation and document analysis 63
- 5.1 Email logs (simulated data) 83
- 9.1 CASIC modes according to interviewer involvement 144
- 10.1 Sources of survey error according to Groves (2004) 165
- 10.2 Types of online survey and associated sampling methods 167
- 10.3 As reported in Dillman (2007), using an alternate survey mode as a follow-up to an initial survey mode can result in higher overall response rates 173
- 10.4 Sampling strategies for online surveys by contact mode 178
- 12.1 Typical user types, their main needs and likely priorities 207
- 12.2 Core design decisions in survey software and additional considerations 209
- 12.3 Model of survey data life cycle and corresponding steps of conducting an online survey 210
- 13.1 Demographic differences between web and mail respondents in three studies 227
- 19.1 Some computer programs for content analysis and their URL 342
- 21.1 Research tasks in online research 367
- 24.1 Decision-making checklist for type of online qualitative data collection 418
- 24.2 A comparison of the characteristics of offline and online interviews 419
- 24.3 Benefits and drawbacks of Skype interviews 423
- 25.1 Focus groups tasks' suitability to online medium 436
- 25.2 Online focus groups tools 443
- 28.1 Access categories for microdata: UK Data Service and ICPSR 496
- 28.2 Summary of in-house data processing and enhancement procedures at the UK Data Service 496
- 30.1 Example sources of online geographical data 533
- 30.2 Example mapping and spatial analysis tools online 536
- 30.3 Further resources for online geographical data in the social sciences 539
- 33.1 Highest education attained, by age 588
Notes on the Editors and Contributors[Page xv]The Editors
Nigel G. Fielding is Professor of Sociology at the University of Surrey and a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. He co-directs the CAQDAS Networking Project, which provides training and support in the use of computer software in qualitative data analysis. His research interests are in new technologies for social research, qualitative research methods, and mixed method research design. He has authored or edited 20 books, over 65 journal articles and over 200 other publications. In research methodology his books include a study of the integration of qualitative and quantitative data (Linking Data, 1986 and 2014, Sage, with Jane Fielding), an influential book on qualitative software (Using Computers in Qualitative Research, 1991, Sage; editor, with Ray Lee), a study of the role of computer technology in qualitative research (Computer Analysis and Qualitative Research, 1998, Sage, with Ray Lee), two four-volume edited sets on Interviewing in the Sage 'Masterworks' series, and the Handbook of Online Research Methods (ed., with Ray Lee and Grant Blank; Sage, 2008, second edition 2016). He presently serves on the President's Task Force on the Future of Mixed Methods.
Raymond M. Lee is Emeritus Professor of Social Research Methods at Royal Holloway University of London. He has written extensively on a range of methodological topics. These include the problems and issues involved in research on 'sensitive' topics, research in physically dangerous environments, the use of unobtrusive measures, and the role of new technologies in the research process. His current research focuses on the historical development of interviewing techniques.
Grant Blank is the Survey Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. He is a sociologist specializing in the political and social impact of computers and the Internet, the digital divide, statistical and qualitative methods, and cultural sociology. He is currently working on a project asking how are cultural hierarchies constructed in online reviews of cultural attractions. His other project links sample survey data with census data to generate small area estimates of Internet use in Great Britain. He holds a PhD from the University of Chicago.[Page xvi]The Contributors
Katie M. Abrams' expertise is at the intersection of strategic communication and food system issues. She uses qualitative and quantitative approaches in her research and has conducted numerous focus groups. She studied agricultural communication at Purdue University (BS) and University of Florida (MS, PhD). Currently, she is an assistant professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Communication at Colorado State University.
William Allen is a Research Officer at the Migration Observatory, in the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford. His research and published work examines the links among media, policy-making and public perceptions about migration issues. He is also interested in how non-academic groups, particularly those in civil society, engage with migration data, research and statistics.
Ayelet Baram-Tsabari (PhD, Weizmann Institute of Science) heads the Science Communication research group at the Faculty of Education in Science and Technology at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Prof. Baram-Tsabari is a member of the Learning in a Networked Society (LINKS) of the Israeli Center for Research Excellence (I-CORE). She is a member of the PCST Network's scientific committee and of the Israel Young Academy, and chairs the research committee at the national council of the Second Authority for Television and Radio. Her research interests include online public engagement with science, and science communication training for scientists.
Brian Beaton is a doctoral candidate in the Faculty of Education at the University of New Brunswick and a researcher with the First Nations Innovation project. He is a Research Associate of the Keewaytinook Okimakanak (KO) Research Institute and the former Coordinator of KO's Kuhkenah Network. He worked with KO from 1994 to 2013 building and supporting a variety of community-owned telecommunications infrastructures and social enterprises that are operational in remote and rural First Nations across Ontario and other parts of Canada.
Javier Borge-Holthoefer received a PhD in Computer Science from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) in 2011. He currently leads the Complex Systems group at the Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3) of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (CoSIN3). His research stems from Interdisciplinary Physics and it deals with complex social systems and urban science. Among other appointments, he has taught at the Department of Computer Science and Mathematics and at the Department of Psychology (both in URV). Before joining the IN3, he was a member of the COSNET Lab and held a position as a post-doctoral fellow at the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza (2011–2013). He then moved to Qatar to work as a Scientist at the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), Hamad bin Khalifa University (2014–2016). With more than 30 peer-reviewed articles, his work has been published (among others) in Science Advances, Social Networks, Scientific Reports, EPJ Data Science, Physical Review E, PLoS One and Europhysics Letters. Dr Borge-Holthoefer has also contributed a book and several chapters around the problem of disease and information spreading on complex networks.[Page xvii]
Karsten Boye Rasmussen is associate professor in the areas of organization and information technology at Department of Marketing & Management at University of Southern Denmark. He is a sociologist and data scientist and has continued using his experience from data archiving in data warehousing, business intelligence, organisation, methods and metadata in teaching, development and research. Current research is focused on small and medium sized companies and their use of IT comprising websites and the research often includes an angle on data use and methods like nonresponse and unobtrusive measuring in content analysis.
Edward Brent is Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. He is also founder and President of Idea Works, Inc., a software technology company applying expert systems and artificial intelligence to categorizing and coding qualitative data. Applications include automating grading and feedback for student essays. He has written extensively in computers and the social sciences, with emphasis on expert systems and artificial intelligence.
Jonathan Bright is a Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute who specialises in computational approaches to the social and political sciences. He has two major research interests: exploring the ways in which new digital technologies are changing political participation; and investigating how new forms of data can enable local and national governments to make better decisions. is a doctoral candidate in personality and health psychology at Northwestern University. Her research focuses on computational models of personality, with an emphasis on individual differences in affective experience. She is currently designing a simulation that blends elements of Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Revelle's Cues-Tendencies-Actions model.
Ashley Brown is a doctoral candidate in personality and health psychology at Northwestern University. Her research focuses on computational models of personality, with an emphasis on individual differences in affective experience. She is currently designing a simulation that blends elements of Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Revelle's Cues-Tendencies-Actions model.
Sarah L. Bulloch has experience working with multiple methods and in multiple contexts. She has analysed large UK and international datasets, applying advanced quantitative analysis, including structural equation modelling and multilevel analysis. She has also worked to apply qualitative analysis approaches to video, textual and image data, often using a range of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS). Sarah has worked at various UK universities, as well as at a large disability charity. At the time of publication she teaches at the CAQDAS Networking Project, University of Surrey as well as providing consultancy in research methods training.
Roger Burrows is currently Professor of Cities in the School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape at Newcastle University. Prior to this he was a Pro-Warden and Professor of Sociology at Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. He has also worked at the Universities of York, Teesside, Surrey, East London and Kingston. A sociologist by background he has published over 130 articles, chapters, books and reports on digital sociology, methods, urban sociology, housing, health and other topics. Between 2005–2007 he was the national coordinator of the ESRC e-Society programme. His current research is on the neighbourhood consequences of the super-rich in London.
Patrick Carmichael is Professor of Education and Director of Research Development at the University of Bedfordshire in the United Kingdom. He has conducted research and [Page xviii]written widely on themes in education and social research more generally, including technology-enhanced learning and research; research ethics; and interdisciplinary and inter-professional working. From 2008–2012 he was director of the ESRC-EPSRC research project: 'Ensemble: Semantic Technologies for the Enhancement of Case Based Learning'.
Samantha Cockings is Associate Professor in Geography at the University of Southampton. Her research interests are focused around the geographical representation of population, including automated zone design, spatio-temporal population modelling and analysis of population health. She developed the methods employed by the Office for National Statistics to produce Output Areas and Workplace Zones for the 2011 Census and is part of the team which develops and provides advice on using AZTool, an automated zone design software tool employed by researchers from various academic and non-academic sectors worldwide. She teaches geographical information systems, health geography and general geographical representation concepts and practices to a broad range of undergraduate, postgraduate and applied audiences.
David M. Condon is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Medical Social Sciences at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. His research focuses on the development of individual differences assessment models and the application of these models to predict a wide range of important life outcomes.
Louise Corti is an Associate Director at the UK Data Archive based at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK and currently leads the UK Data Service functional areas of Collections Development and Producer Relations. She works closely with data producers from all sectors to ensure that high quality data are created, acquired and shared for research and teaching. Louise's research activities are focused around methods for sharing and reusing social research data and she has directed a number of research awards relating to data support, management and sharing. She was instrumental in helping operationalise the ESRC's Research Data Policy from 1995 and extending this to fully accommodate qualitative data. Louise publishes and edits regularly in books and journals on many aspects of data management, data sharing and reuse of social science data.
Don A. Dillman is Regents Professor of Sociology and Deputy Director for Research in the Social and Economic Sciences Research Center at Washington State University in Pullman. He is author of a well-known book on survey design, Internet, Phone, Mail and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (Dillman, Smyth and Christian) now in its fourth edition (Wiley, 2014) and many articles on survey design. A former President of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, his current research emphasizes the development of design principles for conducting high quality mixed-mode surveys of the general public and other survey populations.
Rich Donohue is a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Kentucky and the principle curriculum designer of New Maps Plus, an online graduate education program focused on web mapping. His scholarship bridges the technical implementation of emerging geospatial technologies with GIScience and Web Cartography research. His teaching focuses on web map interface design in support of cartographic interaction and Geovisualization.[Page xix]
Lorien G. Elleman is a PhD psychology student at Northwestern University. His research interests include: exploring personality at the facet and item levels to increase the magnitude of correlations between personality and life outcomes, geographical clustering of personality and sociodemographic correlates, and constructing new behavioral measures of personality using big data.
Corinna Elsenbroich is a computational social scientist with a background in philosophy, computer science and policy research. Her main research interests are agent-based modelling, social ontology and epistemology and collective intentionality and reasoning. She has published several articles on methodological aspects and on models of opinion dynamics, extortion racketeering and a book Modelling Norms (with Nigel Gilbert, Springer, 2014). She currently works on modelling collective reasoning and decision making, on methodological innovation in the social sciences and policy research.
Rebecca Eynon is as Associate Professor and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford where she holds a joint academic post between the Oxford Internet Institute (OII) and the Department of Education. Her research examines the connections between digital education and inequalities in a range of settings and life stages. Her work has been supported by the British Academy, the Economic and Social Research Council, the European Commission, Google and the NominetTrust. Prior to joining Oxford in 2005, she was an ESRC Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Sociology, City University, London.
Michael Fischer is the Professor of Anthropological Sciences (Kent, UK), Director of the Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing and Vice President of the Human Relations Area Files (Yale), and Director of HRAF Advanced Research Centres (Kent and Yale). Fischer was a pioneer in the 1970s microcomputer revolution, agent based modelling in the 1980s, WWW technology in the 1990s, and complexity and big data in the 2000s. Recent work includes 'The Cultural Grounding of Kinship: A Paradigm Shift', L'Homme n. 210 (2014, with D. Read and F.K. Lehman), and 'Applied Agency: Resolving Multiplexed Communication in (and between) Automobiles', IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, (2015 with S. Applin), and author of Applications in Computing for Social Anthropologists, Routledge (1994).
Jason A. French is a doctoral candidate in personality and cognitive psychology at Northwestern University. His research examines how to measure interests in the broader context of ability and temperament. He has focused on the development of scientific interests.
Ronald D. Fricker Jr is a Professor and Head of the Virginia Tech Department of Statistics. He holds a PhD and an MA in Statistics from Yale University, an MS in Operations Research from The George Washington University and a bachelor's degree from the United States Naval Academy. A Fellow of the American Statistical Association and Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute, Dr Fricker is the author of Introduction to Statistical Methods for Biosurveillance (CUP, 2013) and more than 80 other publications.
Jenny Fry is a senior lecturer in publishing at Loughborough University. Her research is focused on digital scholarship and disciplinary cultures. She has been an investigator on a number of externally funded projects – most recently on an AHRC funded project investigating open access mega-journals and the future of scholarly communication. Her teaching focuses on [Page xx]the social shaping of technology, digital cultures and research methods. Prior to joining Loughborough University in 2007 she was a research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute.
Ted J. Gaiser is an entrepreneur and adjunct faculty member in the Sociology Department at Boston College, where he received his PhD. His experience includes consulting, technology management, and leading and supporting academic online research endeavours. His research has been on online social forms and online research methods. He was one of the first to present and publish on online focus groups, earning him the Founder's Award of Merit from The Social Science Computing Association.
Chris George is a graduate student in the Interdisciplinary Studies program at the University of New Brunswick. Chris, whose home community is Eel River Bar First Nation in New Brunswick, is currently conducting research on 'Nikmájtut Apoqnmatultinej: Reclaiming Indigeneity via ancestral wisdom and new ways of thinking' that is exploring how indigenous methodologies can be conducted within western educational institutions.
Sandra González-Bailón is an assistant professor at the Annenberg School, University of Pennsylvania, where she leads the DiMeNet research group (Digital Media, Networks, and Political Communication). She received a PhD in Sociology from Oxford University (Nuffield College) and spent five years as a Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute. Her research areas include network science, data mining, computational tools, and political communication. She has authored more than thirty journal articles and book chapters, and written op-eds and commentaries for several international outlets on the role that social media plays in collective action and political mobilization. She is the author of the book Decoding the Social World: When Data Science meets Communication (forthcoming with MIT Press) and the editor of The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication (forthcoming with Oxford University Press, co-edited with Brooke Foucault-Welles).
Michael Hardey† was a Reader in Medical Sociology at the Hull-York Medical School (HYMS) until his untimely death in March 2012. Prior to this he worked at the Universities of Newcastle, Southampton, Surrey and Essex. He made huge contributions to the early literature on e-health and digital sociology more generally. He also worked on the sociology of lone parenthood. He was the co-author (with Roger Burrows) of 'Cartographies of Knowing Capitalism and the Changing Jurisdiction of Empirical Sociology', a chapter published in the first edition of this Handbook, important elements of which remain in the chapter updated for this second edition.
Claire Hewson is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at The Open University. She has a long standing interest in using the Internet in primary research, and has collected data online using a range of methods, including experiments, surveys and psychometrics. She regularly delivers workshops and training sessions on the topic, acted as workshop convenor and editor for the recent British Psychological Society (BPS) guidelines on ethics in Internet-mediated research (2013), and has just published the fully revised 2nd edition of her co-authored book Internet Research Methods (Sage, 2016).
Christine Hine is Reader in Sociology in the Department of Sociology at the University of Surrey. Her main research centres on the sociology of science and technology with a particular interest in the role played by new technologies in the knowledge production process. She also has [Page xxi]a major interest in the development of ethnography in technical settings, and in 'virtual methods' (the use of the Internet for social research). In particular, she has developed mobile and connective approaches to ethnography which combine online and offline social contexts. She is author of Virtual Ethnography (Sage, 2000), Systematics as Cyberscience (MIT, 2008), Understanding Qualitative Research: The Internet (Oxford, 2012) and Ethnography for the Internet (Bloomsbury, 2015) and editor of Virtual Methods (Berg, 2005), New Infrastructures for Knowledge Production (Information Science Publishing, 2006) and Virtual Research Methods (Sage, 2012).
Feng Hao received his PhD from Washington State University and is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee. His research interests include the interactions between human society and natural environment, employing multiple methodologies to analyze the anthropogenic ecological impact, public opinion about the environment, and the environmental movement. His publications have appeared in Social Science Quarterly, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, and Rural Sociology. Cross-national projects include comparing environmental concern of the general public in China and the United States.
Mariann Hardey is a lecturer and member of the Marketing Group at Durham University Business School, UK. She is a social media professional and academic and the BBC North East commentator for social media and digital networks. She read literature at the University of Sussex and later undertook a research MA followed by a PhD at the University of York. She has published articles in journals such as Information, Communication & Society, the International Journal of Market Research and The Open Medical Informatics Journal and has also published numerous book chapters.
Jon Hindmarsh is Professor of Work and Interaction in the School of Management & Business at King's College London, UK. He analyses work practice and social interaction using video-based approaches drawn from ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. He has undertaken studies in settings including control rooms, operating theatres, research labs, dental clinics and museums and galleries. Furthermore, he engages in interdisciplinary research to explore the potential for these studies to inform the design and deployment of new technologies. He co-authored Video in Qualitative Research (Sage, 2010) with Christian Heath and Paul Luff; co-edited Organisation, Interaction and Practice: Studies of Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis (CUP, 2010) with Nick Llewellyn; and co-edited Communication in Healthcare Settings: Policy, Participation and New Technologies (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) with Alison Pilnick and Virginia Teas Gill.
Nicholas Hookway is Lecturer in Sociology in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Nick's principle research interests are morality and social change, social theory and online research methods. He has published recently in Sociology and British Journal of Sociology and his book Everyday Moralities: Doing it Ourselves in an Age of Uncertainty (Ashgate) is forthcoming in 2017. Nick is current co-convenor of the The Australian Sociological Association Cultural Sociology group and is an Associate Editorial Board member of the journal Sociology.
Bernie Hogan (PhD Toronto, 2009) is a Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford. His methodological work focuses on various forms of online [Page xxii]data capture, particularly in terms of social networks. His theoretical work focuses on theories of online identity and their consequence for social cohesion and privacy. He has published widely in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters and peer-reviewed conference proceedings. His latest work, in collaboration with the IMPACT group at Northwestern University focuses on the reliable capture of social, sexual and drug use data. He has received numerous awards including Best Dissertation from the Communication and Technology section of the International Communication Association.
Martin Innes is Director of the Crime and Security Research Institute, and Universities' Police Science Institute at Cardiff University. His research has been highly influential across policy, practitioner and academic communities, both nationally and internationally. He is the author of three books and numerous scholarly articles on aspects of policing, reactions to crime and counter-terrorism. He has acted in an advisory capacity to policing and security agencies, and governments in the USA, Canada, Australia and Holland. He serves on the Professional Committee of the College of Policing.
Wander Jager is working at the University College Groningen and is the managing director of the Groningen Center for Social Complexity Studies. He is working on social complex issues like diffusion of green technology and practices, littering behaviour, crowd behaviour, man–environment interactions, societal polarisation, migration, dynamics of depopulation and dealing with flooding risks. He has published widely in the field of social complexity, and has been guest editor for special issues such as 'The human actor in ecological-economic models' (Ecological Economics), 'Complexities in markets' (Journal of Business Research), 'Agent-Based Modeling of Innovation Diffusion' (Journal of Product Innovation and Management) and Social Simulation in Environmental Psychology (Journal of Environmental Psychology).
Dietmar Janetzko studied psychology, philosophy and computer science and holds a PhD both in psychology and education. He is a professor of business computing and business process management at Cologne Business School in Germany. His research interests focus on statistics, data mining, and quantitative analysis of data sourced from the Internet and social media.
Magnus Johansson is a researcher and lecturer at the Department of Game Design, Uppsala University, Campus Gotland. His research interest is often focused on the player and groups of players from a qualitative perspective, often observing the activity of play and how players interact when playing. Previous publications deal with the social aspects of online games such as norms, social rules, harassment, anonymity and toxic gaming. Other perspectives that Johansson have studied include how to create socially believable non-player characters and how to design and evaluate games from a usability perspective.
Lars Kaczmirek is vice scientific director and heads a team which develops and conducts population studies at the department Monitoring Society and Social Change at GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences in Germany. He is also adjunct assistant research scientist at the Center for Political Studies (CPS), Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan. Lars studied psychology with minors in neurology and computer science and holds a PhD in psychology from the University of Mannheim. He is co-founder and co-editor of the journal 'Survey Methods: Insights from the Field' and has served on the board of the German [Page xxiii]Society for Online Research (DGOF) both as executive, treasurer and program chair for many years. He is passionate about reducing survey error and has published on various topics in survey research such as questionnaire design, mixed-mode, eyetracking, survey software tools, human–survey interaction, and social media research.
Helen Kennedy is Professor of Digital Society at the University of Sheffield. She recently published a monograph entitled Post, Mine, Repeat: Social Media Data Mining Becomes Ordinary (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). Other recent research includes Seeing Data (www.seeingdata.org), which explored how non-experts relate to data visualisations. She is interested in critical approaches to big data and data visualisations, how to make data more accessible to ordinary citizens, and how people live with data. Over the years, her research has traversed digital media landscapes, covering topics from web homepages to data visualisation, from race, class, gender inequality to learning disability and web accessibility, and from web design to social media data mining and data visualisation.
Samuel Leung is Senior Teaching Fellow in Civil Engineering and Surveying at the University of Portsmouth. His research interests are geomatics and spatial analysis and he has been involved in the development of online geographical referencing resources for social scientists and Pop247 spatio-temporal population modelling methods. Previous to his current position, he has worked as an instructional designer on the Population Analysis for Policies and Programmes project at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and immediately before that as a Research Fellow on a range of e-learning and geography research programmes funded by JISC and ESRC at the University of Southampton.
Stephen Lyon is Senior Lecturer at Durham University, UK. His primary research is on cultural models, kinship systems and politics in Pakistan. He has worked with development organisations and Pakistan government departments on agricultural resource management to develop robust predictive models of farmer behaviours using computational tools. He was an early adopter of the internet in the field and may have produced the world's first anthropology field blog (called Weekly and Monthly Updates from the Field). He has authored and edited numerous publications in which he outlines how he has used computers and software in the field and for data analysis.
Clare Madge is a Reader in Human Geography at the University of Leicester. She has written extensively about a range of methodological topics, including feminist methodologies, creative methods, ethics and geographical fieldwork and internet mediated research. She developed a training resource in online research methods with a team based at the University of Leicester (see http://www.restore.ac.uk/orm/).
Katja Lozar Manfreda is an associated professor of statistics at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Her doctoral thesis (2001) was globally the first one in the area of web survey methodology. She was also among the founders of the WebSM site in 1998. She publishes in the area of web surveys and her most cited work (Lozar Manfreda et al. 2008) has become a citation classic.
David Martin is Professor of Geography at the University of Southampton. His research interests include all aspects of the geographical representation of population and have included [Page xxiv]establishment of methods for automated zone design used for publication of small area statistics from the 2001 and 2011 censuses in England and Wales, methods for the gridded modelling of population data, spatio-temporal modelling of small area populations and linkage of administrative population data sources. He is a co-director of the Economic and Social Research Council's (ESRC) National Centre for Research Methods, UK Data Service and Administrative Data Research Centre for England and was Coordinator of the ESRC Census Programme from 2002–2012.
Morgan M. Millar received her PhD in Sociology from Washington State University and is Research Instructor at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, in the Medical School Division of Epidemiology. Her primary interest is in survey methodology. Her publications have appeared in Public Opinion Quarterly and Survey Practice. Her current research is examining linkages between social status and the development of cancer.
Henrietta O'Connor is Professor of Sociology in the School of Media, Communication and Sociology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests focus on the sociology of work, youth employment and gender. She also has an active interest in research methods ranging in scope from her work on online research methods to more recent research based around the secondary analysis of qualitative data, qualitative longitudinal research and community restudies.
Susan O'Donnell is an adjunct professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of New Brunswick and a senior researcher at the National Research Council of Canada where she is Vice-Chair of the Research Ethics Board. She has published extensively with her First Nation partners on technology use in remote and rural First Nation communities, including work on research methodologies. O'Donnell is currently the principal investigator of the First Nations Innovation project (http://fn-innovation-pn.com) and the First Mile project (http://firstmile.ca) in partnership with First Nation organizations in Atlantic Canada, Quebec and Ontario.
David Perley is the Director of the Míkmaq-Wolastoqey Centre at the University of New Brunswick and an instructor at UNB and St. Thomas University. He is a co-founder of the Wolastoq Language and Culture Centers in Tobique and St. Mary's First Nations in New Brunswick. David is the former Chief and Councillor of the Maliseet Nation at Tobique and has been employed as consultant for federal and provincial departments over the years specializing in Aboriginal Education. His research work supports indigenizing the curriculum with Maliseet and Míkmaq language and resources.
Ate Poorthuis is an Assistant Professor in the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences at Singapore University of Technology and Design. His research is focused on the possibilities and limitations of the analysis and visualization of big data to better understand how our cities work. He is the technical lead on The DOLLY Project, a repository of billions of geolocated social media, that strives to address the difficulties of using big data within the social sciences.
Roel Popping is at the Department of Sociology, University of Groningen. His research interests include methodology, with a specialty in text analysis and interrater reliability. He has applied the text analysis methods in particular on historical shifts in public opinion, values, and scientific knowledge, primarily within the context of post-1989 Central and Eastern Europe.[Page xxv]
Alun Preece is Co-Director of the Cardiff University Crime & Security Research Institute and Head of the Knowledge and Data Engineering Group in the School of Computer Science and Informatics. His research interests focus on techniques for information provisioning and decision support in complex environments. He was UK Academic Technical Area Lead (2011–2016) for the 10-year joint US/UK International Technology Alliance in Network and Information Sciences, involving a consortium of 26 US and UK academic, industry and government partners, led by IBM and funded by the US Army Research Laboratory and the UK Ministry of Defence.
William Revelle is a professor of psychology at Northwestern University. As a personality psychologist, his interests range from the biological bases to computational models of personality as means to understand the sources and consequences of individual differences in temperament, cognitive ability and interests. He is particularly interested in applying quantitative methods to studying psychological phenomena.
Colin Roberts is Operations Manager for the Universities' Police Science Institute, Cardiff University, and leads the Institute's research programme on counter-terrorism policing. He holds a PhD from the University of Surrey and an MA in social justice from the University of London. With Professor Martin Innes he worked on the National Reassurance Policing Programme and invented a community intelligence technology for the capture and analysis of signal crimes and disorders. In recent years Colin's main interests have focused on counter-terrorism policing, the time dynamics of conflict, social media analytics and computational methods.
David Rogers is currently employed as a Research Assistant in the Cardiff University School of Computer Science and Informatics. He is applying his interest in Big Data and the Semantic Web to his current work within the OSCAR team developing real-time web collection and analysis tools to provide situational awareness through social media. He is also studying for his PhD titled 'Text Mining of Extremist Narratives on the Web' in which he is looking to evaluate to what degree Web data can be converted into actionable intelligence related to extremism in terms of reliability, usability and timeliness.
Ralph Schroeder is Professor and director of the Master's degree in Social Science of the Internet at the Oxford Internet Institute. Before coming to Oxford University, he was Professor in the School of Technology Management and Economics at Chalmers University in Gothenburg (Sweden). His recent books are Rethinking Science, Technology and Social Change (Stanford University Press, 2007) and, co-authored with Eric T. Meyer, Knowledge Machines: Digital Transformations of the Sciences and Humanities (MIT Press, 2015). He is currently working on a book about digital media and globalization.
Elad Segev (PhD, Keele University) is a Senior Lecturer in Digital Media and Communications at the Department of Communication, Tel Aviv University. He is the author of Google and the Digital Divide (Chandos, 2010), and International News Flow Online (Peter Lang, 2016). His research interests include web mining, network analysis, international news, Americanization and globalization, cultural diversity, digital divide, information search, and new applications and methodologies in social science and communication. His studies are published among others in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Public Understanding of Science, [Page xxvi]Journalism, Political Communication, and the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology.
Aviv J. Sharon is a PhD student at the Faculty of Education in Technology and Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Aviv completed his MSc in Life Sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science and his undergraduate studies in Biology and Science Education (with distinction) at the Technion. He has also taught biology and biotechnology at a public high school in Haifa, Israel. His research interests lie in the interface between science education and science communication. More specifically, his work examines expressions of science literacy in authentic online environments, especially in the context of controversial personal health decisions. His work has appeared in Public Understanding of Science and PLOS ONE.
Christina Silver manages the CAQDAS Networking Project, based in the Department of Sociology at the University of Surrey, UK, which provides information, advice, training and on-going support in the use of software designed to facilitate qualitative and mixed methods research. She has trained thousands of researchers to harness CAQDAS tools powerfully and undertaken her own research using qualitative technologies. Christine has published widely in the field, including co-authoring Using Software in Qualitative Research: A Step-by-Step Guide with Ann Lewins (Sage Publications) and has developed Five-Level QDA with Nicholas Woolf, a CAQDAS pedagogy that transcends software products and methodologies (www.fivelevelqda.com).
Harrison Smith is a PhD Candidate at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Information. His research focuses on the political economies of geospatial media, surveillance, and mobile digital culture. His thesis explores the economic and cultural implications of location data to inform new methods of audience targeting and clustering for mobile and location based marketing. Harrison is also a research assistant for geothink.ca, a Canadian geospatial and open data research partnership between Canadian universities, municipalities, and the private sector. There, his research focuses on the economic potential of the geospatial web and the sharing economy.
Helene Snee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Her research explores stratification with a particular focus on youth and class. Helene is the author of A Cosmopolitan Journey? Difference, Distinction and Identity Work in Gap Year Travel (Ashgate, 2014), which was short-listed for the BSA's Philip Abrahams Memorial Prize for the best first and sole-authored book within the discipline of Sociology. She was also a contributor to Social Class in the 21st Century (Pelican, 2015). Helene has published journal articles on youth transitions and educational choice; narratives and representations of difference and inequality; and digital methods.
Mike Thelwall is Professor of Information Science and leader of the Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group at the University of Wolverhampton, which he joined in 1989. He is also Docent at the Department of Information Studies at Åbo Akademi University, and a research associate at the Oxford Internet Institute. His PhD was in Pure Mathematics from the University of Lancaster but he is now a social scientist focusing on quantitative methods. His research involves identifying and analysing social and general web phenomena using quantitative-led research methods, including text analysis, link analysis and sentiment analysis, and he pioneered an information science approach to [Page xxvii]link analysis. Mike has developed a wide range of tools for gathering and analysing web data for Twitter, YouTube, MySpace, blogs and the web in general. His 500+ publications include 278 refereed journal articles, 28 book chapters and three books, including Introduction to Webometrics. He is an associate editor of the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology and sits on three other editorial boards. He led the Wolverhampton contribution to the EU funded projects Acumen, CyberEmotions RESCAR, CREEN, NetReAct, Rindicate and Wiser, and has been funded for research by JISC and non-profit organisations in the UK and Italy. He has also conducted evaluation contracts for the EC (several times), the UNDP (several times), the UNFAO and a UN university. He was a member of the UK's independent review of the role of metrics in research assessment (2014–2015).
Vera Toepoel is professor at the Department of Methods and Statistics at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. She did her PhD on the Design of Web Questionnaires and is the author of many papers about online survey methodology and the book Doing Surveys Online published by Sage in 2016. In addition, she is the Chairwoman of the Dutch Platform for Survey Research and President's delegate of RC33 Methods and Logistics of the International Sociological Association.
Vasja Vehovar, PhD is a professor of statistics at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and the head of Centre for Social Informatics (cdi.si). In recent years his main research interest has been web survey methodology. Within this context, he led methodological experiments with web surveys in 1996, co-established the WebSM.org site in 1998, published series of papers and chapters with leading publishers, launched open-source software for web surveys (1KA), and in 2015 co-authored the monograph Web Survey Methodology (Sage).
Harko Verhagen is an associate professor at the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University. His research has focused on agent-based simulation of social interaction, social interaction in and around computer game play, social ontology and agent models, use of social media in online education, and issues of design for hybrid social spaces. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed papers, book chapters etc. and guest edited special issues of journals such as Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, and Logic Journal of the IGPL. His publication list is available via http://harko.blogs.dsv.su.se/.
Jo Wathan is a Research Fellow in the Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester. She has worked on a number of projects relating to data use, data enhancement and teaching with data particularly in relation to major UK surveys and census microdata since completing her PhD based on the Labour Force Survey. Since 2012 she has spent most of her time in two user focused roles within the UK Data Service; as lead for microdata in the census team and as training coordinator. However, she also undertakes some teaching. She spends her spare time working with and enhancing historical census microdata.
Joshua Wilt is a postdoctoral fellow in the department of psychological sciences at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. His research investigates the affective, behavioral, cognitive, and desire (ABCD) components that are relevant to personality structure and function. His current work examines ABCDs within the context of personality traits and narrative identity.
David Zeitlyn has been doing research in Cameroon for more than 30 years on many topics including divination, sociolinguistics, endangered languages and history. In this work he has explored many ways in which computer assisted research can be undertaken, most recently using computer games and agent based models as elicitation tools. Among other topics he has published on photography and on archives (Annual Reviews 2012) and recently (Oct. 2015) edited a special issue of History and Anthropology. David Zeitlyn has been a research Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Oxford since 2010. Previously he taught at the University of Kent for many years.
Matthew Zook is a Professor of Economic and Information Geography at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, KY. His interest centers on how the geoweb (particularly the practices surrounding user-generated data) and understanding where, when and by whom geo-coded content is being created. He studies the interaction of code, space and place interact as people increasingly use of mobile, digital technologies to navigate through their everyday, lived geographies. Of special interest is the complex and often duplicitous manner that code and content can congeal and individualize our experiences in the hybrid, digitally augmented places that cities are becoming.
Companion Website[Page xxviii]
Welcome to the companion website for The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods, Second Edition, edited by Nigel G. Fielding, Ramond M. Lee and Grant Blank.
The resources on the site have been specifically designed to support your study. Visit https://study.sagepub.com/onlineresearchmethods2e to find:
- Editor and Contributor Biographies
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- Colour Illustrations
- Glossary
Name Index
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ScoutComms and Milblogging Partner to Produce First Military Influencers Conference
ScoutComms and Milblogging Partner to Produce First Military Influencers Conference
Event will help influential voices in the military and veterans' communities grow and reach new audiences
FREDERICKSBURG, VA – ScoutComms announced today the formal launch of a partnership with MilBlogging to produce military and veterans' community-focused conferences in the coming year, starting with the Military Influencers Conference on October 22-24, 2017 in Dallas, Texas.
The Military Influencers Conference will bring together a dynamic set of speakers and attendees focused on the military and veterans communities as influencers, digital entrepreneurs, business owners and leaders for two days of workshops, updates, and inspiring conversations. This first event will be hosted at the Sheraton Dallas Hotel, with lead sponsor USAA.
MilBlogging is owned by retiring Army noncommissioned officer Curtez Riggs, who saw an opportunity to revive a recognized brand name in the community to help a wide range of influencers and entrepreneurs in the military and veteran communities reach a wider audience and be more successful in telling their stories and building their communities and audiences.
"We are thrilled to partner with ScoutComms to produce the Military Influencers Conference and other opportunities in the future," said Riggs. "We're building an incredible agenda for this conference and ScoutComms brings years of experience and knowledge of the community, as well as award winning public relations skills, to our efforts."
ScoutComms is a communications and consulting firm with unmatched knowledge and experience in the nation's veteran and military communities. The firm supports a diverse array of for-profit and not-for-profit organizations that employ, empower and serve veterans, service members and their families.
"When I first met Curtez and heard about his efforts I knew we had to work together to help create a unique, fun, informative and impactful event," said Army veteran Fred Wellman, CEO and Founder of ScoutComms. "We're excited to help get more of our many friends, clients, and leaders in the military and veterans communities down to Dallas to learn, collaborate, and build better businesses, organizations and communications platforms to support, empower and reach millions of servicemembers, veterans and their families."
ScoutComms is a Certified Benefit Corporation founded in 2010 by Wellman with the mission to empower veterans and military families through impactful initiatives and collaborative partnerships that lead to greater awareness of veterans' needs. ScoutComms' efforts have led to the expansion of veterans' access to resources that promote their economic, physical and mental well-being.
The firm's work has resulted in a host of awards and recognitions, including being recently ranked as the nation's sixth-fastest-growing PR firm by O'Dwyer's PR News, a 2016 'Best for the World' B Corp, and many more including two coveted Silver Anvils from the Public Relations Society of America.
To learn more about ScoutComms, visit the company's website and B Corporation profile.
ScoutComms is a communications and consulting firm with unmatched knowledge and experience in the nation's veteran and military communities. We support a diverse array of for-profit and not-for-profit organizations that employ, empower and serve veterans, service members and their families. We offer a wide range of qualitative and quantitative services, including public relations, advocacy, market research and strategy development. Based in the Washington, D.C. area, we are an award-winning Certified B Corporation and one of the first registered Benefit Corporations (B-Corps) focused on veterans and military families. Benefit Corporations are for-profit entities that want to simultaneously answer to two bottom lines: profit and societal impact. Visit us online at www.ScoutCommsUSA.com. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.
MilBlogging was originally founded in 2005 by a deployed servicemember seeking to share his story from the front lines. Over the years, MilBlogging became a "buzzword" and aggregator for military content creators, and a conference that sparked change across the Department of Defense. In early 2016, Curtez Riggs, a transitioning soldier, acquired the business and embarked on a mission to empower digital entrepreneurs, veteran business owners and other members of their community to grow their business, expand their digital reach and ultimately impact their community. The Military Influencers Conference will be the first organized event under the new MilBlogging umbrella. Learn more at www.milblogging.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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What are the duties of a Lance Corporal?
Purestock/Purestock/Getty Images
Lance corporal is a rank found in the British Army. Lance Corporals are required to supervise a small team of up to four soldiers called a section. According to the Ministry of Defence (MoD): "They also have opportunities to specialise and undertake specialist military training." This rank is just below a corporal.
According to the Military Factory, as of 2010 a lance corporal earned a monthly salary of £1,500 to £2,600 depending on time in service.
Military Occupational Specialty
A Marine lance corporal has a military occupational speciality. This means that whether they are cooks or infantry soldiers, they are trained as combat soldiers. The duties of a lance corporal change depending on his MOS, but when it comes to basic operational duties, the Marine lance corporal must lead the soldiers below him, the privates and privates first class (PFC). He performs this duty by example, arriving at the work site on time or early, performing the jobs assigned with little or no supervision, and always being prepared to take on another assignment.
Leadership Duties
A Marine platoon is broken up into squads. Most of these squads are led by corporals or sergeants, but when manpower is low, a lance corporal is put in charge of a squad. Each squad is made up of separate teams, and lance corporals are in charge of those teams that have four or five Marines assigned to them. This leadership duty requires the lance corporal to know the mission of his team and to carry out that mission to the letter. Again, lance corporals are expected to lead the Marines reporting to them by example.
Physical Fitness Requirements
A Marine lance corporal is required to pass a physical fitness test (PFT) as are all Marines. However, lance corporals are in the unique position of being the highest enlisted rank and one rank below the NCO. Achieving a higher rank requires the lance corporal to perform well on the PFT, not only to get promoted, but to be an effective leader of his subordinates. The PFT consists of three sections: pull-ups, sit-ups and a timed three-mile run. The higher the total score, the more points a lance corporal receives toward promotion.
Marine Corps Manual
Every Marine is required to know the Marine Corps manual. Not only does a lance corporal have to know the manual, but he has to ensure that each Marine below him knows the manual as well. This training duty of the lance corporal takes place in garrison on specific training days. The manual covers general orders, the history of the Marine Corps, and other pertinent knowledge that every Marine must know to be eligible for promotion.
- Purestock/Purestock/Getty Images


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From your car to your secretary, we have desks for every office at Best Price Seating+. It's easy to work while you're on the go, just strap one of these innovative auto desks into the passenger seat and you can work when you're stuck in traffic or even while you're eating a quick lunch! These auto desks provide you with a stable work area in your car that has all the room you need to quickly complete work. Plus, they even have compartments and spaces to organize your PDA's, cell phone, files and other office supplies!
We have u shaped desks from popular brand names such as OFM, Boss, and Offices to Go offering configuration variations with plenty of space to hold computers, printers, telephones, fax machines and other office equipment. Our secretary desks will give your administrator all the room and space he or she needs to get their work done. These desks come in a variety or shapes and sizes that can fit comfortably in any size office. You'll find the perfect desk for all your needs at Best Price Seating+.


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SPY Guide: The Best Gifts for Men Who Love to Grill
We're pretty sure everyone would agree that there are few things better in life than grilling out on a warm summer's day, surrounded by friends. With delicious barbecue on your plate and a beer in hand, heaven on Earth isn't far away. Because of this, grilling accessories always make a great gift. Here's a list we've put together featuring a few of our grilling out favorites to gift shopping just a little bit easier.
If you buy something because we told you about it, we may receive compensation from retail partners.


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Since 2012, the Graduate Student Initiative (GSI) of the Hemispheric Institute of Politics and Performance (Hemi) has joined together graduate students from throughout the Americas in a tri-lingual conference that explores areas of academia arguably excluded by dominant culture. That means, those areas of life that impact our social and political worlds which academic institutions, built on years of hegemonic structure, have neglected to take seriously- That's my interpretation of course. Read more here)
One of such subjects is the subject of fashion as it relates to politics and embodiment.
Thus in 2013, Drag King, drummer, adjunct faculty, and PhD candidate Kelly McKay and I joined together to create a space within the Hemispheric Institute's GSI to discuss fashion. For those of you who have been reading my blog, you are familiar with my stance on fashion being a vehicle for political discourse, awareness raising, and social change. For those who are new, I have since 2005 explored both the fashion collection and the fashion show as sites to galvanize attention around environmental and social issues in an imaginative way- ranging from creating a collection that embodies the perspective of animals affected by the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill to a collection inspired by an Anti-GMO artistic action that sought to intervene in GMO-crop distributor, Monsanto, partnering with the Mexican government in taking over organic corn. Peruse the site to get to know my work.
Our "Playing Dress Up" workshop returned for a second year to the Hemispheric Institute's Graduate Student Initiative. This year, we had participants from the US, Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, who presented their work on various themes, from pandrogeny- or living beyond the binary confines of masculine-feminine, to kikis, camaraderie, and ways that fashion can create community for those alienated by dominant culture.
This year, we had the honor of being joined by Elisa and Lily Mandelbaum, founders of style site and style-aficionado safe haven, StyleLikeU.
StyleLikeU is a site that showcases people who know themselves- people with such a clarity of mind and spirit that it inspires you, as the viewer, to know yourself.
Many of their earlier videos showcased the closets of these self actualized individuals. but recently, they have launched a new project, "The What's Underneath Project," which showcases the unraveling of that person. And yet, through their undressing and revealing of painful parts of their past, the individual is shown all the more majestically.
In many ways the What's Underneath Project showcases those who have reconciled their past and are able to stand boldly in their present, knowing themselves, knowing where they've come from and inspiring us to do the same.
Elisa and Lily joined our group of PhD students, fashion artists, musicians and scholars in doing a "What's Underneath" workshop, but with a special twist for the GSI's theme "Bodies in Transit."
Instead of merely removing clothing as questions are being asks, the subject had the opportunity to take off, exchange garments, or remain sartorially the same.
Prior to this workshop, we had the opportunity to share with one another our "Fashion Manifestos." a statement that would go on to describe how we would dress if our bodies were an active resistance against the oppressions we faced.
From that, working group participants either dressed accordingly, or brought an entire to change into.
Many of the themes discussed included:
- Rape culture and rape / dressing to deter the objectifying male gaze / dressing in a way to surpass gendered boundaries;
- Dressing to appear "older"- when ageism makes those smaller than the body type of dominant culture belittled;
- Cultural appropriation vs. cultural appreciation;
- Dressing beyond gender normative confines;
- Dressing to highlight brownness and femmness.
The second day of our working group consisted of group presentations, where everyone presented current PhD theses, video projects, alter ego projects, and other interests.
(Photos by ReciclaGEM)
(Photo by Manu Mojito)
The third day entailed a closing discussion at Brooklyn based, hemispherically American, fair trade fashion boutique, Carolina K, where we all viewed the video of Melanie Gaydos, discussed beauty and discussed our own objectifying gaze that we may bestow upon ourselves and those we other.
In future blog entries, you shall hear about the fascinating work of our 10 work group participants, the evolution of the What's Underneath Project, and further discussions on dressing in ways that challenge and engage notions of appropriation, dominant culture, gender binaries and normativities, ageism, and the many provocative themes that emerged from this conference.
Special thanks to Leticia, Kerry, Olga and the entire Hemi GSI team for organizing a space for us, for this, and for elevating discussions of embodiment. You have sparked some amazing collaborations that will continue to platform these questions and, we hope, inspire consciousness-expanding around fashion and positive social change.
Fashion, Gender Play, and Embodiment,
Fashion, Gender Play, and Embodiment,


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My anger has been strong again lately. It's not focused anger. I'm not angry at God, or at the young man whose actions killed you. I'm angry at everything! I'm angry that life goes on, and I'm angry that yours didn't.
When you first died, I tried to fill our lives with other young people, but it's not the same. They aren't you. That horrible hole that's been left in my life will never be filled, and that hurts!
People lie when they say time heals. It doesn't. Maybe the pain doesn't come as frequently, but when it comes, it's just as strong. I miss your love, Rob. That faith and trust and sometimes adoration that you and Lori had for me doesn't come from anywhere else. And the bond that was between us was like nothing else I've ever experienced. I feel so damned angry that I've lost it with you!
I'm realistic enough to know that when something is lost, all focus goes to it. And I know I still have my husband Chuck, my daughter Lori, my grandson Christopher and Lori's new baby who will soon be here…and for them I'm grateful. But what do I do with the loneliness I have for you? How do I fill that or temper it? I don't think I can. I think I'll just have to learn to live with it.
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The short film to "You Rock My World," the Top 10 hit single from Michael Jackson's Invincible, features guest appearances from Chris Tucker, Michael Madsen and Marlon Brando, in one of his final film appearances.
Buy/Listen to 'Invincible' - https://michaeljackson.lnk.to/invincible!rock2
Written and Composed by Michael Jackson, Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels and Nora Payne
Produced by Michael Jackson for MJJ Productions, Inc. and Rodney Jerkins for Darkchild Entertainment
From the album Invincible, released October 30, 2001
Released as a single August 22, 2001
Director: Paul Hunter
Primary Production Location: Los Angeles, California
Michael Jackson's short film for "You Rock My World" was one of two short films produced for recordings from Invincible, Michael's sixth album as an adult solo performer. As a single, "You Rock My World" was a No. 1 hit in France, Spain Portugal, Poland and Romania, and reached the Top 10 in another 16 countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy and Australia. In the United States, the single reached the Top 10 of Billboard's Hot 100 (his 28th career Top 10 single in America), Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles, Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic Top 40-marking Michael's fourth consecutive decade with a Top 10 hit since the 1970s.
The ambitious, 13-minute "You Rock My World" short film features guest appearances from Chris Tucker, Michael Madsen and Marlon Brando (in one of his final film appearances). Michael and Chris follow a beautiful girl (Kiyasha Dudley) into a club, where Michael attempts to woo her from a potential suitor (Madsen). Michael's seduction causes a fight between an enforcer (Billy Drago) and himself, which results in a fire breaking out in the club. Michael briefly encounters the club's boss (Brando) before escaping with Chris and the girl.
The "You Rock My World" short film won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video in 2002.
Follow the Official Michael Jackson Accounts:
Spotify - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleSI!ytrock2
Facebook - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleFI!ytrock2
Twitter - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleTI!ytrock2
Instagram - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleII!ytrock2
Website - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleWI!ytrock2
Newsletter - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleNI!ytrock2
YouTube - https://MichaelJackson.lnk.to/invincibleYI!ytrock2


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Results 1 – 24 of 460 – Find a great selection of Orange Bedding Sheets & Pillowcases at low prices everyday. Online shopping for Home & Kitchen from a great . 1-24 of over 5,000 results for Home & Kitchen : Bedding : Bedding Sets & Collections : European. . NEWLAKE Cotton Bedspread Quilt Sets-Reversible Patchwork Coverlet Set, European Gorgeous Floral Pattern, King Size. . Chesterch Prevoster Satin Embroidery Duvet Cover Set Luxury European . Results 1 – 24 of 547 – European Made Pure Linen Sheets Set (Flat, Fitted and 2 Pillowcases). 100% Fine Organic and Natural Flax (Queen, Natural). Massive Bed Linen Sale! Up To 60% OFF our most popular quilt covers, sheet sets and bathroom ranges! . Linen House Jerome Pink European Pillowcase. Get free shipping on bedding basics, duvet covers, comforters, sheets, and more. . Coverlet Set Lyssa King Channel Coverlet Set Lyssa Greek Key European. Items 1 – 96 of 236 – Shop online for Luxury Sheets: Bed Sheets, Sheet Sets & Pillowcases with Free Shipping and Free Returns. Bloomingdale's like no other . Results 1 – 24 of 256 – Online shopping for Home & Kitchen from a great selection of Sheet & Pillowcase Sets, Fitted Sheets, Pillowcases, Decorative Pillowcases, . Shop bedding at IKEA. Choose from our large selection of bed linen, bed sets, sheets, pillowcases and duvet covers to match your bedroom. . width: 162 cm. Buy online Save to list. STILLSAMT duvet cover and pillowcase(s), light orange . When it comes to bedding, there's really only one thing that matters – comfort. That's why all of our bed linen is super soft and cosy to give you a better night's .
Continue reading "Building Energy Efficiency Into Your Orange Bed Sheet Set"


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We have all seen the celebrity selfies of their slim waists and curvy hips while they are wearing their waist trainers. After Kim K's Instagram post waist trainers were at the top of every diva and style queens must have list. Due to their popularity there has been an explosion in companies selling the most wanted item of the year, so how do you know which ones are the best? Not to worry we did the hard work for you. Below is a list of the best of the best when it comes to waist trainers today.
Waste trainers can be found everywhere from Walmart to Amazon to high end boutiques. So which ones are worth buying and does price really matter when it comes to getting the best waist trainer?
A brief history on waist trainers:
First let's start by explaining what a best waist trainer is. These little gems are not a new invention they are actually scattered throughout history. Remember in the movie Titanic, when Rose is getting ready for dinner and her mother is cinching her corset up? Rose is wearing a waist trainer, otherwise known as a corset. Women throughout history have been finding ways to create hourglass curves to drive men crazy!
What goes into making a waist trainer?
The best waist trainer for women does not require rib crushing lacing to achieve the intended results. With the new materials available today waist trainers are easier to put on and a lot more comfortable then their predecessors. Latex, eye hooks, Velcro and steel seem to be the materials of choice today.
Best waist trainer by popularity:
The most popular waist trainer is the Yianna Women's Underbust Latex Sport Girdle Waist Training Body Shaper. It has received thousands of reviews and has a pretty high satisfaction rating. While it is one of the more expensive waist trainers on the list it appears to be worth the money.
Best waist trainer by customer review:
The Playgirl Label Strong Steel Boned Waist Reducing Trainer Underbust Shaper Corset 32" Black received the highest customer satisfaction ratings in the polls we reviewed. This waist trainer is more expensive than the others on the list but going off of happy customer reviews this corset appears to be worth the expense.
Best waist trainer overall:
The Camellias Women's Waist Trainer Belt – Body Shaper Belt for an Hourglass Shaper received the highest overall score. This waist shaper features a Velcro strap making it easy to put on and remove. It also comes in a multitude of colors and is very reasonably priced. Made of neoprene, this waist shaper is comfortable, stretchy and adjustable making it an excellent choice for anyone interested in using a waist trainer to lose unwanted fat around their midsection.
So if you are serious about getting rid of those last few stubborn pounds hanging around your abdomen a waist shaper may be just the thing you are looking for. Whether wearing it to work out and get the benefits of sauna therapy or simple wearing one under your outfit to give you sexy curves waist shapers seem to be a trend that will never go out of style.


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Mr Annan sees patients privately for most gynaecological conditions, with a specialist interest in urogynaecology. You can access his services through any medical insurance you may have or pay-as-you-go for any care.
Every consultation takes place personally with Mr Annan at one of the private hospital locations he practices at within Essex and East London. Wherever possible he offers a one-stop outpatient service to consult, investigate and diagnose within the same appointment.
Should treatment be recommended, all surgical procedures are performed by Mr Annan himself. There is little or no waiting time for surgery, your treatment can start as soon as you are ready.
So, whether you need a simple investigation or minimally invasive surgery, Mr Annan can care for you from diagnosis through to treatment for a variety of conditions.


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The C&A Foundation has chosen eight winners for its 'Meaningful Innovation for Family Farming – Sustainable Cotton Challenge' programme in Brazil, which was launched late last year to support innovation among smallholder organic cotton farmers. The winning proposals were chosen from more than 40 applications and selected by a panel of 22 judges, made up of specialists from research companies, international organisations, NGOs and government agencies. They will each receive €100,000 from the programme and begin implementation this month.
Four of the chosen proposals were by entrepreneur Gilberto Barros. They included a manual cotton baler, which allows cotton farmers to bale their cotton on their own property using small pressing machines, along with hydraulic-pneumatic press for oilseeds, capable of removing up to 40 ltr of oil from seeds by-products such as cotton, corn and sesame. His other accepted proposals were a hammer mill for crushing seeds, which uses a similar technic to the hydraulic-pneumatic press to create a machine to crush seeds to feed livestock, and cotton seeds retriever, a safer method for removing cotton fibres using a flame instead of chemicals.
Other chosen initiatives were 'Motorized Harvesters', by Joélcio Carvalho, a backpack equipped with a suction tube for harvesting cotton, and 'Simplifying Renewable Energy' by Flávio Luna, a project which enables farmers to produce oil and other by-products from corn and sesame on their own property.
According to C&A Foundation, Brazil is the world's fifth largest producer of cotton, however organic cotton production accounts for just 1 per cent of overall volumes in Brazil.


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Raw Sugar TRQ for FY 2016 Increased
Effective May 18, the Department of Agriculture is increasing the fiscal year 2016 raw cane sugar tariff-rate quota by 127,006 metric tons raw value to a total of 1,244,201 MTRV. This action is being taken after a determination that additional supplies of raw cane sugar are required in the U.S. market. USDA states that it will closely monitor stocks, consumption, imports and all sugar market and program variables on an ongoing basis and may make further program adjustments during FY 2016 if needed.
Raw cane sugar under this TRQ must be accompanied by a certificate for quota eligibility and may be entered until Sept. 30. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative will allocate this increase among supplying countries and customs areas.


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'Espinhado' Woolen Tote Bag
Inspired by the traditional herringbone pattern (locally known as 'espinhado') of Serra da Estrela , the highest mountain chain in Portugal, we designed a woolen fabric tote bag with different herringbone patterns and cotton coloured lining (it may be different from the displayed image).
Thanks to a highly efficient system of strong snap buttons, the same straps can be used on our other bags. It is also possible to change between straps of different lengths. Ecological and sustainable.
Carefully handcrafted for our A Needle in the Haystack collection.
Genuine leather snap straps (hand or shoulder size) available.
Composition: Woolen fabric; lining - cotton, genuine leather snap straps
Details: Hand-stitched genuine leather label; lining colour may change
Measurements (approx.):
Length - 43 cm/16.9 inches
Height - 48 cm/ 18.8 inches
Care: dry-clean only; iron medium heat. Please remove the straps before cleaning.
Product code: AP_TTB_1
Hand size snap straps5 in stock
Shoulder size snap straps2 in stock


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Ikon Adds To Leadership In Sydney And Brisbane
Ikon has bolstered the leadership ranks of its Sydney and Brisbane offices, appointing two senior media and marketing practitioners following ongoing growth in both states.
In Sydney, experienced media professional Jason Smith has joined as Agency Director, reporting to Managing Partner James Sawyer. He brings more than 19 years' experience gained at agencies including Joy, Bohemia, Zenith and Carat both in Australia and the UK.
Ikon Sydney Managing Partner James Sawyer said in addition to further developing Ikon's services and diversifying its client base, Smith would be a key support in leading the agency and client teams.
"Jason's background and breadth of experience will drive the Ikon Sydney business forward," he said. "With skills honed across three continents, he has a wealth of knowledge to offer the Ikon business, combined with a collaborative leadership style and a focus on strengthening existing client relationships.
"Jason's experience in leading large integrated full-service clients combined with his background in strategy is perfectly suited to our needs here at Ikon, guiding the client leaders of the future," Sawyer continued.
Smith said of his appointment: "I was drawn to Ikon given we share an unwavering commitment to executing communications ideas that will affect consumer change.
"Developing strong relationships with clients, my team, creative and media partners alike to achieve measurable business results has always been a priority and one that fits well with Ikon's proven approach. Teamed with a strong focus on strategy, I am excited by the prospect of working with Ikon's existing team, and through its growth in the future."
In Brisbane, Richard Woof has joined as Client Service Director and brings more than 20 years' marketing experience gained predominantly in the UK with leading agencies such as OgilvyOne in Surrey.
During his career he has worked on a range of consumer brands, notably Ford of Europe where he led the first project to implement 3D animations online, as well as working with global tech providers to help organisations digitally evolve. An expert in both B2C and B2B marketing, his interest is in user experience and behaviour, and how content and context influence the way people decide what, how and when to buy.
At Ikon Brisbane, Woof (an avid traveler himself) has been tasked with working on one of the agency's largest accounts, Flight Centre Travel Group. Reporting to Ikon Brisbane Managing Partner Chris Ernst, Woof will form an integral part of the growing agency which has more than 60 staff.
"We're incredibly excited to add Richard to both the Ikon Brisbane family and more specifically the Flight Centre team. His depth of experience in assisting brands on their digital evolution paired with a genuine passion for consumer behavior and its impact on purchase decisions will be invaluable," Ernst said.
"He's also an authentic and passionate person who strives to make a difference, very much fitting the fabric of our business which is hugely important to us."
Woof said of the appointment: "I'm thrilled to be joining Ikon to work on the Flight Centre account. Flight Centre is a massive brand with huge equity in Australia. Everyone there and at Ikon have such passion for travel, so I'm excited to be part of the team."
The new appointments follow the announcement that Ikon had unveiled a new national structure as it looks to take a broader, cross-city focus.
Ikon is part of WPP AUNZ, Australasia's leading marketing communications group.


text: Have you upgraded your intercooler or are you thinking about it in the future? Let's face it; when you remove the OEM intercooler cover and the TMIC from your engine bay, it leaves behind a rather utilitarian-looking motor with four exposed coil packs, a pile of wires, and sensors, which are not pleasing to the eye. We have the solution for your Mazdaspeed.


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Pain, swelling and redness are symptoms of a foot injury. You should not ignore these problems, but instead, seek the help of your local podiatrist. At Foot Health Podiatry in Manhattan, NY, Dr. Sorelis Jimenez and Dr. John Fletcher treat patients for a variety of foot and ankle issues, including acute and overuse injuries. You can be back to full health and function with their expert help.
What's the most common foot injury?
It's the ankle sprain, a tearing of one or more of the three ligaments which support the ankle bones and help the ankle move and flex. Sudden twisting motions on uneven surfaces such as grass or an incline cause sprains.
Fortunately, sprains usually are self-limiting, says the American Podiatric Medical Association, and they heal themselves without surgery or casting. However, to be sure you have a mild sprain (which will not worsen or lead to ankle instability), see your Manhattan, NY, podiatrist for an examination, X-ray imaging and treatment plan.
Other foot injuries
Because feet are so complex and constantly used, they are prone to fractures from:
- Trauma (heavy object dropped on a toe, for instance)
- Overuse (stress fractures result from running)
- Structural weakness due to disease processes such as osteoporosis
These fractures may be closed, in which the bone ends remain joined, or open, where the bone ends separate and even pierce the skin. Open fractures may require surgery as do Jones fractures in which bleeding occur with the break.
Besides fractures, your podiatrists see and treat these foot injuries:
- Plantar fasciitis, an overstretching of the broad band of connective tissue which crosses the foot between the heel and the base of the toes
- Turf toe, a sprain of the big toe caused by repetitive upward stress or catching of the toe in grass or artificial turf
- Achilles tendinitis, a painful inflammation of the tendon which connects the calf muscle to the heel (the cause is rapid and intense physical activity)
First aid
Treat the pain and swelling associated with any foot injury immediately with this effective first aid protocol:
- Rest
- Ice (20 minutes on and 20 minutes off)
- Compression (with an elastic bandage)
- Elevation (at heart level)
Also, to avoid injury, warm up before you exercise, and wear the right shoes for your activity. Proper support is key to keeping your feet and ankles healthy and functional.
Contact us
If you experience a foot injury, call Dr. Jimenez or Dr. Fletcher at Foot Health Podiatry right away for advice and a same-day appointment if necessary. Call us at (212) 845-9991.