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By Justin Nix*
American policing is currently in the midst of a legitimacy crisis, fueled primarily by numerous highly publicized fatal shootings of black citizens over the last two and a half years.[1] Arguably the most consequential was the August 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. This incident sparked protests throughout the United States and fueled the growth of the Black Lives Matter Movement and Campaign Zero, which have helped raise awareness about police use of force.[2] Since Ferguson, many claims have been made about crime, policing in general, and police use of force – particularly against minorities. I outline and discuss some of the more prominent claims below, and comment on the need for better official data, which would provide for a more informed national dialogue on police use of force. I conclude by reviewing some promising avenues for police training moving forward.
The "Ferguson Effect"
There is growing concern that the current police legitimacy crisis will ultimately cause an increase in crime. As public and media scrutiny continued to mount in the wake of police shootings, Heather Mac Donald of the Manhattan Institute warned that crime would begin to rise as officers became less willing to initiate proactive stops – a phenomenon now commonly referred to as the "Ferguson Effect."[3] The logic behind this hypothesis is that officers are aware of the heightened scrutiny surrounding their profession, realize their actions could be videoed and posted on the Internet, and as a result, are more likely to deem it unnecessarily risky to put themselves in a situation that could escalate to deadly force. Yet, evidence suggests proactive policing can be an effective way to reduce crime.[4] If officers stop policing proactively, it may become easier (and therefore more likely) for criminals to offend.
Has crime increased due to this so-called Ferguson Effect? The evidence is fairly mixed. The most rigorous study to date analyzed crime trends in 81 large US cities 12 months before and after Michael Brown's death in August 2014.[5] Pyrooz and colleagues found no evidence of a post-Ferguson rise in overall, violent, or property crime trends. However, they did find that robbery rates were rising and select cities – most of which had "historically high levels of violence, a large composition of black residents, and socioeconomic disadvantages" – had experienced increases in homicides. The authors concluded that "on the whole, there is no nationwide Ferguson Effect on crime rates." On the other hand, a separate evaluation of homicide patterns in 56 US cities concluded that increases were "real and nearly unprecedented," and possibly attributable to a Ferguson Effect.[6] Official crime statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) are also at odds with one another. The FBI's Uniform Crime Report suggests that violent crime rates increased slightly from 2014 to 2015, while the BJS' National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) suggests violent crime rates declined during the same period.[7] Of course, even if violent crime really has increased in recent months, it does not necessarily mean that de-policing is to blame.
While it remains unclear whether the legitimacy crisis has had any meaningful impact on crime rates, a growing body of evidence suggests policing has indeed been impacted. A report written for the 21st Century Cities Initiative at Johns Hopkins University, for example, suggests that de-policing occurred in Baltimore following the death of Freddie Gray.[8] Other analyses suggest that arrests and traffic stops declined temporarily in Chicago and North Charleston following the deaths of Laquan McDonald and Walter Scott, respectively.[9] A study published by the American Psychological Association found that officers working at an agency in the southeast expressed less willingness to engage in community partnership due to negative publicity surrounding law enforcement in the six months following Ferguson.[10] Another study found that officers who felt less motivated as a result of unfavorable media were less likely to express confidence in their authority as police officers.[11] Finally, yet another study revealed that post-Ferguson, many officers felt less motivated, thought that policing had become more dangerous, believed their peers experienced similar feelings, and thought citizens' views of the police had deteriorated.[12]
Research also suggests the legitimacy crisis has had an effect on citizens' attitudes and behaviors. A recent experiment revealed that citizens were less likely to view the same use of force incident captured on video as justified after Ferguson compared to before Ferguson.[13] Another recent study found that Milwaukee residents – particularly those residing in black neighborhoods – were less likely to report crimes to the police following the highly publicized beating of Frank Jude by police officers.[14] This effect "lasted for over a year and resulted in a total net loss of approximately 22,200 calls for service." The results of this study suggest that declining arrests may be a function of diminished public trust in law enforcement rather than de-policing. The reality is that both may be occurring simultaneously in some cities as a result of the legitimacy crisis that has grown out of Ferguson and other shootings across the United States.
The "War on Cops"
Another claim that has been put forth by Mac Donald and others in recent months is that the legitimacy crisis has fueled a war on cops.[15] That is, officers are being assaulted and killed in the line of duty more frequently in the post-Ferguson era. A cursory glance at the Officer Down Memorial Page certainly seems to support this notion: as of December 6th, gunfire deaths were up 67% in 2016 compared to 2015.[16] In November alone, there were 12 officers killed by gunfire throughout the United States. Yet statistically speaking, officer deaths remain rare events – and simple year-to-date comparisons can be misleading.[17]
Only one study to date has examined recent trends in police officer homicides using more sophisticated analyses – and its authors found that as of March 2016, there was no evidence to support the claim that officers were being feloniously killed more frequently in the post-Ferguson era.[18] Importantly, however, this study was unable to examine trends in non-fatal assaults due to unavailability of reliable data. The FBI attempts to track these incidents with its Law Enforcement Officers Killed & Assaulted (LEOKA) series, but researchers have documented numerous flaws – including under-reporting by agencies – which diminish its utility for determining if violence directed at police officers has increased since Ferguson.[19] It is critical for the government to compile reliable data on important issues such as these – a point to which I turn next.
Race, Police Use of Force, and the Need for Better Data
As stated at the onset, the current police legitimacy crisis is a result of seemingly excessive uses of deadly force by police officers against minority citizens throughout the United States. It is, however, unknown how frequently the police use deadly force in this country, let alone the extent of racial/ethnic disparities therein. As FBI Director James Comey recently stated at the annual International Association of Chiefs of Police Conference in San Diego:
Americans actually have no idea whether the number of black people or brown people or white people being shot by police is up, down, or sideways over the last 10 years…They have no idea of these things because we have no idea of these things. We simply don't know. As a country, we simply haven't bothered to collect the data, to gather the information.[20]
This is highly problematic. The FBI attempts to compile this information through the UCR's Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), which track justifiable homicides by police officers.[21] Unfortunately, as with LEOKA, these data are hampered by under-reporting.
Fortunately, media outlets such as The Washington Post and The Guardian have begun tracking fatal encounters between police and citizens.[22] These data indicate that police killed roughly 1,000 people each year in 2015 and 2016.[23] These data furthermore suggest that black citizens are killed by police more often than would be expected based on population figures: they accounted for 24% of all fatal police shootings in 2015, yet only represent 13% of the US population. Black men accounted for 40% of all unarmed persons fatally shot by police in 2015, yet make up only 6% of the US population.[24] Still, these numbers must be interpreted with extreme caution for two reasons.
First, although these data are an improvement over the SHR, they remain incomplete. Missing from these data are non-fatal shootings – of which there are an unknown number. Often when the police discharge their firearms, no one is killed: bullets may wound but not kill, or altogether miss individuals. But importantly, these shootings still involve an intent to kill on the part of the officer. One recent study found that of 230 police shooting incidents that occurred in St. Louis from 2003 to 2012, only 37 suspects (16%) were killed.[25] A Texas Tribune analysis of police shootings in 36 Texas cities from 2010 to 2015 revealed that 247 out of 656 shootings (about 38%) were fatal.[26] If similar patterns operate at the national level, it would mean that The Washington Post's data are missing anywhere from 1,600 to 5,200 non-fatal shootings. Without knowing anything about these shootings, it is impossible to determine whether minorities are disproportionately shot by police beyond extrapolations based on the available fatal shootings data.
Second, using population figures to draw conclusions about racial disparities in police use of force is misleading. Adjusting the raw number of citizens killed by police in this manner assumes that it is equally likely for every citizen to be killed by a police officer. Yet, in order for an officer to use force against a citizen, the officer must first initiate contact with the citizen. And numerous studies have been published to date, which suggest that police disproportionately make contact with black citizens – who are more likely to be stopped, searched, and arrested.[27] The evidence with respect to the effect of race on the decision by police to use force, however, is less conclusive: some studies suggest police are more likely to use force against minorities, others suggest no relationship between suspect race and police use of force, and still others suggest that race effects are rendered non-significant upon accounting for the suspect's level of resistance.[28] In any event, without reliable national data on police use of force, researchers are forced to make a difficult methodological decision: analyze existing national data and note its limitations, or analyze data from a small selection of agencies and note that findings are probably not generalizable to the 17,000+ other police agencies in the United States.[29] This conundrum makes it incredibly difficult to discern the extent to which race influences police use of force.
Nevertheless, experimental studies provide reason to believe that race influences officers' decision to shoot. The problem, however, is that studies disagree on the direction of the race effect. For example, in "shoot/don't shoot" simulations, participants are shown pictures of black and white suspects holding either guns or some other object (e.g., a cell phone) and must quickly press the "shoot" or the "don't shoot" button. Results suggest participants decide to "shoot" more quickly when they are presented with armed black suspects than armed white suspects.[30] This finding suggests that implicit racial bias might influence officers' decision to shoot in the real world.[31] On the other hand, recent studies utilizing far more realistic video simulations have found evidence of counter bias; in other words, officers were actually more hesitant to shoot minority suspects than white suspects even though they had shown signs of implicit bias upon taking the Harvard Implicit Association Test.[32] In this way, race still exerted an effect on the decision to shoot – only the effect favored minorities. The authors speculate that such a finding might be attributable to a fear among officers of the backlash that would ensue if they mistakenly shot an unarmed minority suspect.
Studies like these are helpful because they can isolate the effect of race on the decision to shoot while controlling for other relevant factors such as appearance (e.g., clothing and body type), demeanor, compliance, neighborhood context, and the nature of the incident (e.g., domestic disturbance, violent crime, traffic stop). The only drawback is that they are carried out in a laboratory setting – and may not be indicative of reality. That is, a mistake made during a simulation does not carry the same consequences as a mistake made in the real world. Using the data compiled by The Washington Post in 2015, my colleagues and I found that black suspects were significantly more likely than white suspects to have been unarmed when fatally shot, and the "other minority" group was significantly less likely to have been posing an imminent threat to officer safety when fatally shot.[33] These correlations were significant while holding other relevant factors constant – including age, signs of mental illness, city crime level, and region of the United States. But again, the data used for this study were missing an unknown number of non-fatal shootings – so findings must be interpreted cautiously.
Perceived racial/ethnic disparities in police use of deadly force continues to fuel the police legitimacy crisis. Given the seriousness of this legitimacy crisis and evidence suggesting the negative effects it has on both the police and the public, it is unfortunate that we are left to guess how often police fire their weapons and the extent to which there may be racial/ethnic bias in their decision to do so.
Policing in America is undeniably at a crossroads. Moving forward, it will be imperative for police agencies to be more transparent, particularly with their use of force policies and data. A couple of recent developments hold promise in this regard. First, the FBI has pledged to compile more complete national data on fatal police-citizen interactions – similar to the efforts of The Guardian.[34] With better data, we can have a more informed dialogue about the use of force by police, and the extent of racial/ethnic disparities therein, in the United States. Second, in May 2016, a new bill was introduced to Congress, which, if passed, would create a national use of force standard and require officers to undergo de-escalation training.[35] Given the number of studies that have shown citizens value being treated with procedural fairness – such that they in turn become more likely to accept police decisions, comply with their requests, and cooperate in the form of reporting crimes – agencies would be wise to train their officers periodically on how to utilize procedural fairness during citizen interactions as but one way to de-escalate potentially volatile situations.[36] Research furthermore suggests there are a number of ways that increased awareness of implicit bias can serve to reduce the likelihood that it influences officer decision-making.[37] As such, agencies should also pursue implicit bias awareness training as one possible step toward reducing racial/ethnic disparities in policing outcomes like the use of force.[38]
Reversing the ill effects of the current police legitimacy crisis will take time and it is unlikely that there is any single "fix." In the meantime, studies have shed light on ways that police supervisors can shield their officers from negative publicity and the "Ferguson Effect," initial inquiry regarding the war on cops suggests officers are not significantly more likely to be feloniously killed since August 2014, more complete use of force data appears to be on the horizon, and agencies have already begun seeking out procedural justice and implicit bias awareness training.
*Justin Nix is an assistant professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Nebraska, Omaha. He earned his PhD in Criminology and Criminal Justice in 2015 from the University of South Carolina. His research interests include police legitimacy, procedural fairness, and police use of force. His work has been published in a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including Justice Quarterly, Journal of Criminal Justice, and Criminology and Public Policy.
[1] Including, but not limited to: Michael Brown in Missouri, Laquan McDonald in Illinois, Tamir Rice in Ohio, Walter Scott in South Carolina, Mario Woods in California, Alton Sterling in Louisiana, and Keith Lamont Scott in North Carolina.
[2] Black Lives Matter, http://blacklivesmatter.com/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Campaign Zero, http://www.joincampaignzero.org/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[3] See Heather Mac Donald, The New Nationwide Crime Wave, The Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-nationwide-crime-wave-1432938425 (last visited Nov 29, 2016); Others have similarly referred to a "YouTube" or "Viral Video" Effect. See also Andrea Noble, Police Fear 'YouTube Effect' Affecting Work, Contributing to Rise in Violent Crime, Wash. Times, Oct. 25, 2015, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/25/police-fear-youtube-effect-affecting-work-contribu/ (last visited Jan. 31, 2017).
[4] See Anthony A. Braga & David L. Weisburd, The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence, 49 J. of Res. in Crime & Delinquency 323 (2011); Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices, National Research Council of the National Academies, Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence 217-251 (Skogan, W. and K. Frydl, eds., 2004).
[5] David C. Pyrooz et al., Was There a Ferguson Effect on Crime Rates in Large U.S. Cities?, 46 J. of Crim. Just. 1 (2016).
[6] Richard Rosenfeld, Documenting and Explaining the 2015 Homicide Rise: Research Directions (2016), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249895.pdf (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[7] Crime in the United States, FBI (2016), https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/violent-crime (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Jennifer L. Truman & Rachel E. Morgan, Criminal victimization, 2015, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv15.pdf (last visited Jan. 31, 2017). Note, however, that the NCVS does not include homicide statistics.
[8] Stephen L. Morgan & Joel A. Pally, Ferguson, Gray, and Davis An Analysis of Recorded Crime Incidents and Arrests in Baltimore City, March 2010 through December 2015 3, http://socweb.soc.jhu.edu/faculty/morgan/papers/MorganPally2016.pdf (last visited Jan. 31, 2017).
[9] Rob Arthur & Jeff Asher, Gun Violence Spiked – And Arrests Declined – In Chicago Right After The Laquan McDonald Video Release FiveThirtyEight (2016), http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gun-violence-spiked-and-arrests-declined-in-chicago-right-after-the-laquan-mcdonald-video-release/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Associated Press, N. Charleston traffic stops halved since Walter Scott shooting WNCN (2016), http://wncn.com/2016/04/04/n-charleston-traffic-stops-halved-since-walter-scott-shooting/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[10] Scott E. Wolfe & Justin Nix, The Alleged "Ferguson Effect" and Police Willingness to Engage in Community Partnership, 40 Law and Human Behavior 1 (2016).
[11] Justin Nix & Scott E. Wolfe, The Impact of Negative Publicity on Police Self-legitimacy, Just. Q. 1 (2017).
[12] See Justin Nix & Scott E. Wolfe, Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect: The Role of Managerial Organizational Justice, 47 J. of Crim. Just. 12 (2016). Fortunately, officers who perceived greater fairness within their organization (e.g., respectful treatment by superiors, having a voice in decisions/policies, and decisions such as promotions and disciplinary actions being fairly distributed throughout the organization) were less sensitive to negative publicity and public scrutiny. Fair treatment has the added benefits of fostering trust in the organization and increasing the likelihood that officers will treat citizens respectfully and fairly during interactions. See Rick Trinkner, Tom R. Tyler & Phillip Atiba Goff, Justice from Within: The Relations Between a Procedurally Just Organizational Climate and Police Organizational Efficiency, Endorsement of Democratic Policing, and Officer Well-being, 22 Psychol., Pub. Pol'y, & L. 158 (2016); Justice Tankebe, The Making of 'Democracy's Champions': Understanding Police Support for Democracy in Ghana, 14 Criminology and Crim. Just. 25 (2013). It is thus crucial for police leaders to emphasize fairness in today's world of policing. See Scott E. Wolfe & Justin Nix, Managing Police Departments Post-Ferguson, Harvard Bus. Rev. (2016), https://hbr.org/2016/09/managing-police-departments-post-ferguson (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[13] Scott E. Culhane, John H. Boman & Kimberly Schweitzer, Public Perceptions of the Justifiability of Police Shootings: The Role of Body Cameras in a Pre- and Post-Ferguson Experiment, 19 Police Q. 251 (2016).
[14] Matthew Desmond, Andrew V. Papachristos & David S. Kirk, Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community, 81 Am. Soc. Rev. 857 (2016). Note that this incident occurred in 2004, long before Ferguson. Nevertheless, it similarly involved allegations of excessive force against an unarmed black male, and garnered a lot of media attention in the Milwaukee area.
[15] Chuck Canterbury, Letter to US President from FOP National President Canterbury (2015), http://www.ilfop.org/PressRoom/tabid/81/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/15/Letter-to-US-President-from-FOP-National-President-Canterbury.aspx (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Heather Mac Donald, The war on cops: how the new attack on law and order makes everyone less safe (2016).
[16] The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP), ODMP RSS, http://www.odmp.org/ (last visited Dec 6, 2016).
[17] See, e.g., Is There A 'War On Police'? The Statistics Say No, Nat'l Pub. Radio (Sept. 17, 2015), http://www.npr.org/2015/09/17/441196546/is-there-a-war-on-police-the-statistics-say-no (last visited Jan. 31, 2017) ("It's misleading to compare one year to another year. . . . When we're talking about 780,000 state and local police officers who are interacting with people on 67 million occasions every year, the increase from five to eight, or five to 10 — statistically, it doesn't look significant.")
[18] Edward R. Maguire, Justin Nix & Bradley A. Campbell, A War on Cops? The Effects of Ferguson on the Number of U.S. Police Officers Murdered in the Line of Duty, 33 Just. Q. 1 (2016).
[19] Law Enforcement Officers Killed & Assaulted, 2015, FBI (2016), https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2015 (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Joseph B. Kuhns et al., Understanding Firearms Assaults against Law Enforcement Officers in the United States (2016).
[20] James B. Comey, The True Heart of American Law Enforcement, FBI (2016), https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/the-true-heart-of-american-law-enforcement (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[21] United States Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Supplementary Homicide Reports, 2012 (ICPSR 35023) (2014), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/35023 (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[22] Police shootings 2016 database, Wash. Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2016/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Kenan Davis et al., The Counted: The Definitive Map of US Police Killings in 2015 Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-map-us-police-killings (last visited Nov 30, 2016). See also Killed By Police – 2016, http://killedbypolice.net/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Mapping Police Violence, http://mappingpoliceviolence.org/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Fatal Encounters, http://www.fatalencounters.org/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[23] The two sources arrive at different totals because The Washington Post's data is restricted to fatal shootings, whereas The Guardian's data includes deaths in custody and vehicle collisions.
[24] Wesley Lowery, Aren't More White People Than Black People Killed by Police? Yes, but No. Wash. Post (July 11, 2016), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/07/11/arent-more-white-people-than-black-people-killed-by-police-yes-but-no/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[25] David Klinger et al., Race, Crime, and the Micro-Ecology of Deadly Force, 15 Criminology & Pub. Pol'y 193, (2015).
[26] Jolie McCullough et al., How Often do Texas Police Shoot At People? No One Knows, Tex. Trib. (2016), https://apps.texastribune.org/unholstered/ (last visited Nov 30, 2016).
[27] Andrew Gelman, Jeffrey Fagan & Alex Kiss, An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's "Stop-and-Frisk" Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias, 102 J. of the Am. Stat. Ass'n 813 (2007); Robin Shepard Engel & Jennifer M. Calnon, Examining the Influence of Drivers' Characteristics During Traffic Stops with Police: Results from a National Survey, 21 Just. Q. 49 (2004); Tammy Rinehart Kochel, David B. Wilson & Stephen D. Mastrofski, Effect Of Suspect Race On Officers' Arrest Decisions, 49 Criminology 473 (2011).
[28] William Terrill & Stephen D. Mastrofski, Situational and Officer-based Determinants of Police Coercion, 19 Just. Q. 215. (2002); John D. McCluskey & William Terrill, Departmental and Citizen Complaints as Predictors of Police Coercion, 28 Policing: An Int'l J. of Police Strategies & Mgmt 513 (2005); Joel H. Garner, Christopher D. Maxwell & Cedrick G. Heraux, Characteristics Associated with the Prevalence and Severity of Force Used by the Police, 19 Just. Q. 705 (2002).
[29] Phillip A. Goff et al., The Science of Justice: Race, Arrests, and Police Use of Force (2016), https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/featured/the-science-of-justice-race-arrests-and-police-use-of-force (last visited Nov 30, 2016); Roland G. Fryer, Jr., An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences In Police Use of Force (Harv. Univ., Working Paper, 2016), http://scholar.harvard.edu/fryer/publications/empirical-analysis-racial-differences-police-use-force (last visited Feb 20, 2017).
[30] Joshua Correll et al., The Influence of Stereotypes on Decisions to Shoot, 37 Eur. J. of Soc. Psychol. 1102 (2007).
[31] For an excellent discussion of implicit racial bias and policing, see Rick Trinkner & Phillip A. Goff, The Color of Safety: The Psychology of Race and Policing, The SAGE Handbook of Global Policing 61 (Ben Bradford et al. eds., 2016).
[32] Lois James, Stephen M. James & Bryan J. Vila, The Reverse Racism Effect: Are Cops More Hesitant to Shoot Black than White Suspects? 15 Criminology & Pub. Pol'y 457 (2016).
[33] Justin Nix et al., A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015: Further Evidence of Implicit Bias, 16 Criminology & Pub. Pol'y 1 (2017).
[34] Justice Department Outlines Plan to Enable Nationwide Collection of Use of Force Data | OPA | Department of Justice (2016), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-outlines-plan-enable-nationwide-collection-use-force-data (last visited Dec 1, 2016).
[35] Preventing Tragedies Between Police and Communities Act of 2016, H.R. 521, 114th Cong. (2016).
[36] Procedural fairness is comprised of four elements: treating a person with respect/dignity, neutrality in decision-making, allowing the person to have a voice in the process, and appearing to have trustworthy motives. See, e.g., Tom R. Tyler, Why people obey the law (1990); Kristina Murphy, Tom R. Tyler & Amy Curtis, Nurturing Regulatory Compliance: Is Procedural Justice Effective when People Question the Legitimacy of the Law? 3 Regulation & Governance 1–26, (2009); Jonathan Jackson et al., Just authority: Trust in the police in England and Wales (2012); Tom R. Tyler & Yuen J. Huo, Trust in the law: encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts (2002); Scott E. Wolfe et al., Is the Effect of Procedural Justice on Police Legitimacy Invariant? Testing the Generality of Procedural Justice and Competing Antecedents of Legitimacy, 32 Journal of Quantitative Criminology 253–282, (2015).
[37] Katherine Spencer, Amanda Charbonneau & Jack Glaser, Teaching & Learning Guide for Implicit Bias and Policing, 9 Social and Personality Psychology Compass 705–708 (2015).
[38] See Fair & Impartial Policing, http://www.fairimpartialpolicing.com/ (last visited Dec 1, 2016).


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There can be any number of reasons to want to stop payment on a check. Stopping the payment on a check means canceling the check so it will not be paid. This process can be very simple if you follow a few easy steps.
1.Gather needed information. To cancel a check, you must have the legal authority to do so either as an owner of the account or as a legally recognized agent. You will also need certain information to make a cancellation request with your bank:You need the name or names of the owners of the account on which the check was written. This includes all names on a joint or company account.You will also need your phone number and the address as it appears on the check.Make sure you write down the account number on which the check was drawn, the check number, and the date written on the check.You also need to have the amount for which the check was written and the name of the party to whom the check was made payable.Your bank will also ask you the reason for the stop payment request, so make sure you know why.[1]
2.Verify payment status. Check with the bank to see if the check has cleared. This means that the person you wrote the check to has been paid the amount it was written for. You can ask the person or company that it was issued to. You should also verify the status of the check with your bank. This can be done over the phone or online. You cannot cancel a check that has already been paid.
3.Consider the cost. There is usually a charge for the service, regardless of whether payment is actually stopped or not. [2] This varies from bank to bank. Depending upon your relationship with the financial institution, fees may not be required or will be forgiven. If you know there will be a fee, you may not want to place a stop payment because of the extra cost. If a check is worth less than the amount of the fee, let the payment go through. If you receive an overdraft fee, it is about the same price as a stop payment fee at most banks.Be aware that overdraft fees can be incurred again and again if the money is not replaced.[3]
4.Deal with stolen checks. There is no fee for placing a stop payment on lost or stolen blank checks. If your check book is stolen, get a police report right away. This is especially needed if there was more than one check stolen. Then take the report to the bank at the branch where you do business. You may want to consider closing the account and opening another one. •If you want to close your account, the bank will have a manager or a loss-prevention specialist to help you. They can flag your account for special care. They can also help you to transition to a new account as necessary. [4]
5.Deal with an unstopped payment. You may not always be able to put a stop payment on a check. It also may not always be convenient to do so. A stop payment cannot be processed if you paid with a cashier's checks or if the check has already been paid. It also cannot go through if there was not enough time to process the request. If you can't cancel the check, try contacting the payee directly. Request that they do not deposit the check or to arrange for reimbursement in another form.[ [4]
1.Gather needed information. Once you have all the necessary information, you need to contact your bank, credit union, or savings and loan. You then need to request a cancellation. This can usually be done in by phone or in person in the branch. Make sure you have all the information handy. You don't have to be the person who signed the check, but your name needs to be on the account. •Save your time and theirs by preparing first.The average amount to cancel a check at the bank is $30 to $35. Check with your bank to find the exact amount you will have to pay.You shouldn't have a problem stopping payment. The bank is obligated to take the request regardless of the reason you give. They usually just want to know if they need to be on the lookout for fraud.[6]
2.Handle the situation online. If possible, placing a stop payment online can be easier, faster and cheaper than doing so in person. You can do this through your online banking website. Since your bank already has most of your information attached to your account, it is much easier than trying to do it in person. You should confirm the account number the check was drawn on. You then have to enter the check number, the amount it was written for, who it was written to, and the date written on the check. •This option may result in fees $5-$10 lower than in person.You can typically find this option from your online banking homepage. If you cannot find it, enter "Stop Payment" in the search box and follow the links to "Request Stop Payment." Then you can enter the above information. [7]
3.Take care of other transactions. You can stop payments on other types of activity on your account other than written checks. Holds can be placed on pre-authorized debits or electronic checks using the same procedures. You just need different information. You will need to know the company name, account number, amount of the transfer, and the Automated Clearing House Merchant ID. You can use the company ID instead. Both of these numbers can be found by looking at the last transaction you had with the company. •You will need to do this 3 business days before the payment is due. This allows time for the cancellation to be processed.A computer in responsible for taking care of this process. This means that the information needs to be complete and correct. There will not be a person there to figure out the missing information.[8]
4.Determine the timeline.It is important to ask your bank when the stop payment will take effect. This can be immediately, within 24 hours, or at the end of the next business day. It depends on your bank and the situation. You should also ask how long it stays in effect. Banks will generally get rid of stop payments from the system after 6 months. This can vary.
3.Deal with the Payee. Now that the check is cancelled, you need find other way to arrange payment. Depending on the reason for canceling the check, you may want to make other arrangements with payee of the check. You will probably want to request that the check be returned to you in most cases. You know that stop payment will not remain in effect forever. Getting the check back will make it impossible for it to be cashed once the time period has ended. With this, you avoid having to place a new stop payment again in the future. That means you will not have the cost and hassle again. [8]

subset: commoncrawl


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Our goal here at Los Amigos is simple to open not just a restaurant serving delicious, made from scratch Mexican food at every day prices, but a place where
guests of all ages could come together to experience the unique flavors, along with the art and culture of Mexico all in a casual, comfortable setting.
We love to talk about our made from scratch dishes, each one made from the heart and crafted with pride. We use only the freshest, finest ingredients in all our dishes from our scratch made salsas, sauces and sides, to our hand rolled enchiladas, our delicious margarita and the best variety of tequilas on the county with traditional TexMex items and unique House Specialties.
Here at Los Amigos, our team members have a sense of pride in everything we do, from the food & drinks we serve to the gracious hospitality we provide. Regardless of the occasion for a birthday party to a corporate meeting or just a get together we are the perfect place to be. On each visit, we're happy to "welcome you into our home" and our passion ensures you have a great experience each and every time. Extraordinary flavor, impeccable service and memorable experiences at every day value.
We count with banquet room to accommodate parties or private meetings is also equipped with a HD proyector to simply watch a game or do a presentation free of charge when you eat with us.


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Fish Feeding Behavior, You Must Know
Aquatic animals like fishes are living in both freshwater and salt water. They are herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. The foods are different, depending on the fish species. The behaviors of smelling, touching or intaking things into mouth are different, owing to their utmost chemo-receptors of the fish species. Some species are well at smelling, touching, or tasting the foods or non-foods. Although the different species eat different kinds of foods, the feeding behavior of them are mostly followed with three basic stages.
The first stage of feeding consists of a visually directed orientation to the pellet followed by rapid intake into the fish mouth or oropharynx. The intake was produced by protrusion and opening of the fish jaws, along with depression of the floor of the branchial region. The pellet was transported immediately to the anterior pharynx, where it could be trapped between the palatal organ and the floor of pharyngeal cavity.
The second stage of feeding involves in sorting the edible or inedible things, which are consisted of two apparent behaviors. The first sorting behavior was rinsing, where adduction of the lower jaw and opercula produced a flow of water through the mouth and out the gill slits. The second behavior is back-washing, which is involved with adducting the opercula, protrusion of the upper jaw without opening the mouth, and depression of the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity. This behavior produces a reverse flow of water through the gill slits into the oropharyngeal cavity. Both sorting behaviors are infrequent and brief with unflavored pellets.
The third stage of feeding consists of the conclusion of the feeding sequence through either ingestion or rejection of the foods. Following sorting, the fish transported the unflavored foods to the posterior mouth, where the foods were masticated and swallowed. Rejection consists of compression of the oropharyngeal cavity and protrusion of the mouth, resulting in the foods being forcefully ejected from the oral cavity. Often, once the rejected food is outside of the fish mouth, the fish continues to seek other foods and follow the above consequence feeding behaviors.
Generally, when the fish feels hungry, it appears to seek foods and when the stomach is distended, the information of fullness in the stomach sends to the brain to reduce feeding response to the point of cessation. Since the foods are digested and passed through the intestine, the fullness of the stomach reduces and the brain causes to search for more foods. The time to empty the foods in the stomach influences the return of appetite, which assesses how many times the fish will feed within one day period.
This article is reviewed from: Gustatory control of feeding behavior in goldfish (Charles F. Lamb & Thomas E. Finger, 1995).
If you have something new to share with us, please comment below or share this post with your friends.


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Here's The Problem: Suri Cruise has a Blog dedicated to her. It's called the Suri Cruise Fashion Blog. What will Suri wear next???? OMG I'm DYING to know! A romper? A tiny tee that cost more than my rent? Some sparkly high heels? The possibilites are endless!
Actual Problem: At that age, the only exclamation over your clothes should be Osh Kosh B'Gosh!


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Praise for Village of the Ghost Bears
"Jones delivers a finely laddered plot . . . but the real fun, as always, lies
in the dozens of mini-lessons he gives on hardscrabble Alaskan life."
—Entertainment Weekly
"You can't fake the stuff Stan Jones pulls off in Village of the Ghost Bears . . . A writer of muscular words and stark images, Jones sets up his scenes like film shots."
—The New York Times Book Review
"In the fourth book of this enchanting series set in Alaska . . . [Jones has] created a richly populated universe you'll be sorry to leave."
"Chilling . . . Fascinating."
—USA Today
"Fans of Tony Hillerman's Jim Chee novels will appreciate the direct, wistful storytelling style of Stan Jones. And if life in northwest Alaska seems bleak with its poverty and hard cold, the strong bonds connecting Nathan Active to the people he serves and lives with have their own appeal. Most of all, Village of the Ghost Bears is a solid crime story—one good for any armchair detective."
—Sacramento News and Review


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We believe in giving you as many options as possible. After you make your purchase, you will be able to preview your pet on over 100 different designs! That way you pick out exactly which artwork is perfect for your pets unique personality!
Custom T-Shirt
Wouldn't it be amazing to be able to take your pet with you everywhere? Well, now you can! Express your love for your best friend by keeping them by your side every day of the week with a custom T-Shirt!
Step 1: Choose your Shirt Size.
Step 2: Upload a photo of your furry friend :)
Step 3: Complete your purchase
Step 4: Pick your favorite design out of our selection of over 100 backgrounds!
Step 5: Sit tight and let our talented team of graphic designers take care of the rest. Your order should be arriving any day :)
The Luv Paws Promise
Our artists design your custom pet artwork with love, care and attention. Capturing your pet's unique personality and facial expression, and turning your pet photo into an incredible one of a kind piece of art, ready to show off in your home.
- Uni-Sex
- 100% cotton
- Pre-shrunk


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WARNING: You are browsing the documentation for version 2.0 which is not maintained anymore. If some of your projects are still using this version, consider upgrading.
Symfony CMF
The Symfony CMF project makes it easier for developers to add CMS functionality to applications built with the Symfony PHP framework.
2.0 version
This work, including the code samples, is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.


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Many of us now know that sitting at your desk for 40+ hours a week, is not the best option for your personal health. It increases the risk of diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Thankfully many furniture manufacturers have started to take notice in recent years and have since produced some great standing desk options.
The Mito Desk offers an electric height adjustment option
Standing desks have been said to offer the following health benefits:
- Increased energy
- The ability to burn more calories
- Standing Desks may help blood sugar levels return to normal more quickly after eating. (which in turn helps keep energy levels up, regulates hormones, and promotes good metabolism)
- Improved productivity
- Standing Desks can reduce the risk of shoulder and back pain
- Greater work collaboration. Employees are more likely to interact, when they are already in a standing position
Of course too much of anything can be harmful. The desk user should try using a standing desk for small increments at first, typically for two to four hours a day. It is important to start with these shorter increments in the beginning, and listen to your body. Don't force yourself to stand too long. Gradual transition is key.
In addition, make sure to focus on your posture, and stand as straight as you can. Make sure to position your computer screen at eye level, 20-30 inches away from your face. Wrists should be flat on your desk, and your arms relaxed close to a 90 degree angle. Always make sure to wear comfortable shoes, therefore not shifting your weight around.
The Drive Yan Workstation features an electric height adjustment option
Lastly, make sure to not place all of your weight on one foot, and avoid locking your knee. This can strain your lower back and neck. Leaning over can also cause additional back strain.
*The Drive Ogi Workstation offers an electric height adjustment option
Be sure to check out the many standing desk options at Executive Desk Company today!


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The funky dancing begins at the onset of dawn, and it is a private affair – a ritual that starts with cooing, and the low hum of interplay seems almost meditative.
The guys strut like flamboyant show-offs, and the gals act like they'd rather not be bothered, yet they linger. A neck patch of brilliant orange balloons when the male mating call grows more persistent; the females remain indifferent, uncooperative.
The courtship – 15 males to two females, in this case – is witnessed while slightly crouched in a wooden blind that accommodates four people. This is no duck blind: The oblong box is on ground, not looming above the creatures of our attention.
For almost three hours, we sit relatively wordless on little benches and peek out of unobtrusive holes, making sure to not reveal our silhouettes. One glimpse of an interloper, and this odd mating dance would end abruptly.
In the background are the honks, chirps and twitters of meadowlarks, woodcocks, bobolinks, geese and other feathered creatures.
Dozens of people this month will rise in chilly darkness to watch prairie chickens prance, hop with wings aflutter, stake out and protect territory within their booming ground. The males do all the talking, about 50 feet in front of us, appearing shortly after we settle inside of our wooden nest.
What began as a word-of-mouth opportunity for serious birders has turned into a way to draw casual tourists into central Wisconsin for an unusual, close-to-nature experience that can't be duplicated elsewhere in the state.
For one weekend per year, conservationists lead nature lovers to remote wildlife management areas that contain greater prairie chickens (one of three kinds of prairie chickens in the U.S.).
Until 1955, prairie chickens could be hunted in Wisconsin. They have since been designated a protected species. The flock, which could be found in every county at the beginning of that century, today totals just 1,200. Ninety percent live in the central part of the state.
"If they're doing well, then the grasslands are doing well," says educator Jodi Wieber Hermsen. She works for the Golden Sands Resource Conservation and Development Council, a nine-county environmental agency, based in Stevens Point.
The prairie chickens are skittish, maybe even a little paranoid. They require a lot of room to roam and prefer grassland habitats with no trees. They want to be able to see what is 360 degrees around them, and seeing nothing (as in humans or other predators) is a good thing. Mating won't happen until the birds feel comfortable enough in their surroundings.
When the female birds fly away at sunrise, it's also our signal to leave the roost, and the booming ends for another day.
Our race to meet the chickens began at 3 a.m., with the din of a hotel alarm clock in Wisconsin Rapids. A deceptive map and vast pond of darkness would scramble all sense of direction; soon one country road looked no different than the others.
So what should have been an easy 15-minute drive south, to an unlit parking lot near an intersection, turned into a speeding frenzy that nearly bumped off a whitetail. The confusion lasted more than one hour, at one point weaving into Rome, population 600 – way off course, with no place to ask for directions.
It was after 5 a.m. at our arrival, and event organizers set a 4:30 deadline, so visitors can be in place before any hint of daylight. From the parking lot, we were hurriedly led down a dusty road, parked and followed a fence on foot, until reaching a set of reflectors and the bird blind.
It would have been far less stressful to find the meeting spot in daylight, so it seems halfway familiar during total darkness.
Other advice? Don't get fueled up on coffee before settling into the blind for three hours. There is little dancing that you can do if nature calls.
The annual Prairie Chicken Festival, April 18-20, always is during Earth Day weekend. A $2 wristband provides access to nature workshops, guided hikes and the annual Wisconsin Center for the Book's Literary Bash.
Activities occur in and near Wisconsin Rapids, at Rapids Mall, Necedah National Wildlife Refuge, Historic Point Basse in Nekoosa and Buena Vista, Paul J. Olson, Mead and Sandhill wildlife areas.
A prairie chicken calling contest at 2:30 p.m. April 19 at Mead is a first-time event.
A few predawn spots in blinds remain, to watch prairie chickens perform their mating ritual. The cost is $25, which includes breakfast cooked outdoors and access to the other festival events. Daytime grassland birding tours also require reservations. For more: www.prairiechickenfestival.org, 715-343-6215.
Festival organizers allowed us free access to the flirting prairie chickens, in conjunction with our appearance at the 2007 Literary Bash.


text: In freelancing clients often request from freelancers to use time tracking / screenshot monitoring services. Even if clients do not require that – there are still many reasons for a freelancer to use such services – clients will value it. Lets see how a freelancer can track time for himself, and then share the time and screenshots with client.


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Of course, very few will argue against the opinion that the "cool grey" Air Jordan XI was the biggest retro release of 2010, or that the "white cement" Air Jordan III will be the biggest one of 2011. However, other retro basketball sneakers have released and are yet to release that will definitely bring some older sneakerheads back a couple of years or give some new sneakerheads a taste of history. One such retro drop is the Nike Air PR1 Air Pressure retro pictured here, which has recently popped up at select online Nike retailers in this OG colorway. How many of you think these are worth hunting down?
Via HighSnobiety.
Nike Air PR1 Air Pressure Retro
The "original" pumps…..not Reebok. Classic. Would be better if they were true retros with a functional pump.
I love any nike retro which has the base of a Jordan 4
how much are original 89's worth. i got a pair in my closet. size 11.5


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NEW YORK — Claiming nearly half of southern Mississippi residents believe insurance executives are on a par with child molesters, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. said Wednesday it's seeking a change of venue for lawsuits stemming from damage caused by Hurricane Katrina.
Mississippi has been a hotbed for lawsuits against insurers following the Aug. 29. 2005 hurricane, which destroyed coastal Mississippi and damaged homes as far as 100 miles inland. All told, Katrina caused more than $38 billion in destruction in four states.
State Farm is the largest homeowners' insurer in Mississippi. Other major carriers include Allstate Corp. , Nationwide Financial Services Inc.'s parent Nationwide Mutual, Zurich Financial Services and St. Paul Travelers Cos. Inc. .
The insurers face about $20 billion in lawsuits from claimants in Southern Mississippi who say the carriers failed to pay their insured losses. Among those filing the suits is attorney Richard Scruggs, best known for his successful battle against the tobacco companies.
State Farm said in its motion that it is seeking to have a case moved to northern Mississippi, where damage from Katrina was minimal and perceptions about insurers are different.
To support its motion, State Farm commissioned a survey which showed that 88 percent of southern Mississippi homes were damaged, and only 12 percent of those in the northern part of the state.
Forty-nine percent of southern Mississippians agreed with politicians' statements that insurance executives ought to be held in the same low esteem as child molesters and that "insurers will lose every case," the survey said.
If State Farm succeeded in getting its cases moved, it's likely that other insurers would do the same, said Robert Hartwig, chief economist of the Insurance Information Institute.
"There's been wall-to-wall coverage of insurance there, often adverse," said Hartwig. "It's quite reasonable to want a change of venue."
Scruggs, who represents many of the Mississippi plaintiffs, could not be reached for comment.
Robert Rusbuldt, chief executive of the Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of America, said State Farm deserved a fair hearing. But he said insurance company "inefficiencies," including having to speak with up to five different adjusters, had created many of the barriers to settling claims.
"I hope the insurance industry will be better prepared for the next disaster," he said.
Copyright 2012 Thomson Reuters. Click for restrictions.


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Oscar nominations on the 10th! Yay! I'm taking a look at the state of the race, because…uh…tradition. This time: Actor.
- Daniel Day-Lewis, Lincoln
Ladies and gentlemen, your lockiest lock. Day-Lewis has noms for In the Name of the Father and Gangs of New York along with wins for My Left Foot and There Will Be Blood. No one needs me to say anything more about him or his performance.
- Denzel Washington, Flight
- Hugh Jackman, Les Miserables
Sure, Denzel's character isn't necessarily as much a stretch for him as some would have you to believe. That doesn't make him any less good. He's got noms for Cry Freedom, Malcolm X, and The Hurricane, and wins for Glory and Training Day. If Hugh Jackman is shaky here, it is only because Les Miserables wasn't the unanimous success some expected it to be. And because Tom Hooper screwed over his non-Anne Hathaway actors. Jackman has no Oscar nominations to his name. Fun fact, though. His Golden Globe nomination this year was his second. Any guesses as to which film led to his first? Obviously, it was Kate & Leopold. Never change, Globes.
- Bradley Cooper, Silver Linings Playbook
- John Hawkes, The Sessions
I'm certainly not claiming this category is set in stone, but the above five gentlemen have hit all of the major precursors (Globes, Critics Choice, and most importantly SAG), so you'd have to bet on them. Bradley Cooper took some Tropic Thunder advice and didn't go full retard, which should be Oscar catnip, especially if they take to the rest of the film, as it seems like they will. I realize this is going to make me sound (even more) like an idiot, but it is only while writing this up that I'm realizing the import of Hawkes not being able to move for his performance. Full body movement is so vital to the other four actors mentioned above, making Hawkes's performance that much more impressive. With a prior nomination for Winter's Bone, if he misses, it is because not enough people saw the film. Or an insufficient Oscar campaign, I guess.
- Joaquin Phoenix, The Master
Still haven't seen this one. The Master's buzz has fallen faster than perhaps any other contender this year, and Phoenix missing the SAG was tough. But Phoenix has two prior nominations (Gladiator and Walk the Line), the film has been out long enough for people to have seen it, and there are a sizable number of fervent Paul Thomas Anderson fans.
- Richard Gere, Arbitrage
- Jean-Louis Trintignant, Amour
- Anthony Hopkins, Hitchcock
- Jamie Foxx, Django Unchained
Gere was pretty decent, and it is the type of role you would think could get him a nomination, I'm just not sure he has enough showy scenes. Though word on the street is that there is growing support for him. Pretty impossible to get any sort of read on Amour, and Riva has been generating more buzz than Trinignant. But my understanding is that if you are for one, you are probably for both of them. Sure seemed like all the stars were aligned for an Anthony Hopkins nominations. But the movie is entirely inessential and he is content to let Hitchcock's girth do all the acting. I'm kind of surprised there hasn't been more buzz for Jamie Foxx. He's quite good in the movie and has a nomination for Collateral and a win for Ray.
- Channing Tatum, everything
- Logan Lerman, The Perks of Being a Wallflower
- Liam Neeson, The Grey


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Donor Mother – Anne Peterson
Anne Peterson was a founding board member of Gift of Life – Years before she expected to become a donor mother. When she lost her son Bryan Barrow due to a car accident, she decided to speak up and encourage other families to discuss organ and tissue donation and learn how to give the gift of life.
Share This Story!


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Genesis 41:16
"Joseph answered Pharaoh, 'It is not in me; God will give Pharaoh a favorable answer.'"
Pharaoh asks if Joseph will be able to interpret his dreams and Joseph says that God will answer Pharaoh's request. Rather than taking credit for the previous interpretations, Joseph is quick to give credit to God. He relies on God rather than his own abilities, though it would have been easy to take credit in hopes that doing so would free him from prison.
We too need to rely on God rather than ourselves- even when it seems like God isn't doing anything. Joseph sat in prison for two years waiting for God to help him. We may be waiting, but we can never wait too long for God's perfect timing.
LORD, help me to lean on You for every need at every moment. In myself, I am incapable of success, but with you anything is possible.
This Week's Reading Schedule:
2/6: Genesis 39-40
2/7: Genesis 41
2/8: Genesis 42-43
2/9: Genesis 44-45
2/10: Genesis 46-47


text: Using Your Fan and Air Conditioner in Beaverton Posted April 13, 2016 Stay comfy and save some money simultaneously as the weather gets warmer – what could be better? This time in-between seasons and in-between the running of your furnace and air conditioner, you possibly haven't flipped your cooling system on yet and could just be using ceiling fans to cool your home when necessary. But did you know that running your fans with your air conditioner throughout the summer could in fact be more comfortable and also save you more money? Here's how you can use your ceiling fans and your air conditioner correctly together: Adjust air direction Contingent on the season, ceiling fans have the option to run clockwise or counterclockwise. Air should be moving down during the summer months to circulate more air down. To test which way your fan is traveling, you can stand below the fan and check if you feel the breeze, and if not, alter the course of the fan's movement. While ceiling fans don't generate cool air, they can make you feel colder through the wind chill effect. Raise your thermostat The ideal way to cut costs this summer is by increasing your thermostat a couple of degrees. With the use of your ceiling fan, you won't even sense the higher thermostat temperature and your coziness shouldn't be affected too much. For every degree you add to the temperature in your home, you're helping your air conditioner to work less and feasibly saving yourself money. Turn off your fan when you're not home Everyone should treat their ceiling fans like their lights; when no one is in the room, it's better to turn them off. Turning on fans in rooms without anyone in them limits the advantages from the wind chill and wastes energy in your home. Here at Garoken Energy Co. Inc. in Beaverton, we are all about ensuring your comfort while saving you a few bucks. We want you to make the perfect decisions for your home and know all the options to make your summer as efficient and comfortable as possible. If you have any questions about using your fan and air conditioner together, give us a call at 503-374-1934 and talk with one of our air conditioner professionals. Back To Blog


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When it comes to planning your wedding, we all know most of the budget will be put towards the wedding venue. It is a great idea to learn how to shave some pounds off your venue spend and savings you make can be put towards other costs.
Holding a midweek wedding will almost certainly save you precious pounds. Most wedding venues will offer midweek package discounts, so if you are able to hold your wedding on a Thursday or Friday instead of Saturday or Sunday then this could be a real winner.
Take into consideration other hidden costs at your wedding venue, such as a corkage charge if you are planning on providing your own alcohol, this is usually per bottle, and to be honest it could work out cheaper for your venue to provide your drinks.
Your chosen wedding venue will have a list of suppliers who they work with closely on events. Contacts such as venue decorators and photographers, it may be worth asking if they could point you in the right direction, or your venue may offer venue decorations, chair cover hire etc as part of the wedding package.
Another benefit to using suppliers who know the venue, especially when it comes to photographers, is they will know the best places for the best photos – so it's worth asking your photographer if they have worked at the venue before hand.
If you are planning on holding both your ceremony and reception/evening reception at the venue, this could save you costs also, with not needing to hire transport to and from another venue and your home. Some venues have in house entertainment with may be included in a wedding package.


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Application Development in Ingres: ABF
Code: ABF
Days: 4
You will learn:
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
- Use the ABF development environment to develop or maintain applications
- Create screens using the Visual Forms Editor (Vifred)
- Write efficient 4GL code
- Write efficient applications which adopt appropriate locking strategies
Course Style
This course introduces the ABF development environment and guides delegates through the development of an application using the Actian Visual Forms Editor (Vifred) and Actian/4GL. It starts by creating an application using simple frames and gradually adds more complex frames. The course uses lectures and demonstrations and extensive practical work.
Who Should Attend
Developers who have to write or maintain ABF applications.
Introduction to the Ingres Product And Ingres SQL (IngresSQL)
Key Topics
- creating forms
- editing form fields
- creating frames
- 4GL operation types
- messages
- error handling
- loops
- submenus
- repeated queries
- activation blocks and validation
- changing form properties dynamically
- records and array processing
- tablefield processing
- master/ detail processing
- passing parameters
- calling procedures
- global variables and constants
- built in procedures
Next Course
Ingres Reportwriter (IRW)


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Whenever you are creating content for your site, you must always focus on producing plagiarism free content. If you have material copied from another source, then it will affect your website in multiple ways. First of all, you will end up losing good rankings, and the search engine can put a penalty on you. If you are not sure whether your content is plagiarism free or not, then you can always check the content with the help of multiple tools. Copied content can create endless problems for you in the future. You will not be able to enable monetisation on your website if you are publishing copied content.
There are various free tools available for checking the copied content before posting it on your website. If you have no idea how you can review the copied content before publishing, then you can use the tools that we are about to discuss in this post. Let's have a look at different free tools to find you have copied content on your website.
Grammarly has become one of the famous tools for multiple reasons. Most of the bloggers and writers are using this particular tool. Grammarly offers various features including an excellent plagiarism checker. If you want to check the plagiarism of your website, you can just log into your Grammarly account, and you can run plagiarism checker. If you are willing to pay, then this application has multiple benefits for you. You can quickly check the copied content with references by using Grammarly. Apart from plagiarism checker, you will find this app extremely useful for writing articles on your website. It will let you know of all the grammar mistakes that you are making in your article.
Every blogger is familiar with Copyscape, and it is one of the best tools to check the plagiarism in any document. Moreover, you can efficiently use this particular tool. It has an easy to use interface which makes things more comfortable for the beginners. You can just put the URL in the search field, and it will show the copies of your page on the web. It is the best way to check your content for plagiarism. If you are hiring a writer for your blog, you must choose the one that will provide you Copyscape pass content.
Plagiarism checker is another great tool that you can use to check the copied content in your document. The tool is designed for the students to check their research papers and essays. If you are creating an assignment and you want to test the plagiarism of the document, then you should consider running the text through this plagiarism checker. It will allow you to get the percentage of the copied content and source of the content as well.
Another great tool that you can use to check the copied content. If you are searching for the right tool that will help you monitor your document with multiple options, then this particular tool will provide you three options to test the text for plagiarism. You can check the plagiarism by uploading the file, entering the whole document, and inserting the URL of the article that you want to check. Moreover, this tool supports more than 190 languages as well.
Here is another free way to check your document for the copied content. You can use this tool for free, and you just have to enter the URL of your article, and it will provide you with the details of the copied content you have in your document or report. It also lets you know about the similarity of the text with any other material online.
DMCA Scan gives you both free and pro versions. You can check the article for plagiarism and copied content in your document. It has multiple features for the webmasters that you can use, and it can be the best option for large and small businesses online. The premium version of this tool offers multiple and enhanced functionalities including DIY case manager, website scanner and website detective.
If you are looking for another quick plagiarism checker tool, then you should consider using Plagium. It will allow you to paste the article containing 25,000 characters and you can check the plagiarism in the document without any problems. Moreover, it will also give you email alerts about the copied content and then you can forward it to the one who has written the content. The tool also has a premium version, and if you are willing to pay, then you can use its premium version as well.
Duplichecker is a great free tool available online, and you can use this particular tool to get the desired results. If you are looking to check the unpublished article, then this tool can come handy. You can paste the article, and you can also upload the article to check for the possible plagiarism in the article. It will use the indexes of the major search engines to report the plagiarism in the content.
WorldEssays is a free tool that is available for checking the copied content in your document. This tool can be used to check plagiarism for 100 texts per month. If you are a student or a teacher, then this particular tool will come handy. You can check English and Spanish essays with the free plagiarism checker. You can easily find out whether the writing is original or not.
Scanmyessay is also a free tool for checking the copied content in any document. You can use this tool to check the plagiarism percentage in a particular document. The software is available for free downloading, and you can just use the software to monitor the unpublished articles. You can also download the plagiarism reports as well.


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Coronavirus (COVID-19) Preparedness Information Learn More
The Marion Clinic
The Marion Clinic is an established rural health clinic located in Perry County. It provides primary health care to the residents of Marion, Alabama and surrounding communities.
The patient population served ranges from pediatrics to geriatrics. The clinic has eight general exam rooms, one trauma/procedure room and three additional exams rooms for specialists.
Hours of Operation:
Monday - Friday: 8:00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m.
*There is a physician or nurse practitioner on-call 24 hours a day.
Services/Tests Offered
- Adult/Pediatric Immunizations
- Cast Application
- CDL Physicals
- Contraceptive Counseling
- EPSDT Exams
- Home Health and Hospice Referrals
- Home Visits
- Lab Tests
- Minor Trauma
- Minor Surgery
- Pap Smears/Women's Health
- Patient Education
- Pulse Oximetry
- Respiratory Treatments
- Routine/Industry/Sports Physicals
- Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy
- Therapeutic Ultrasound
- X-rays


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New ginger beer brand aims to help the homeless
A former Greene King marketing manager has launched a 4% abv ginger beer brand that will donate a share of its profits to charities like Centrepoint that tackle homelessness.
Hawkes comes in a 50cl bottle with a screw cap and is inspired by tales of 19th Century London "hawkers" who roamed the streets selling ginger beer.
Founder Simon Wright said: "Listening to the experiences of a young homeless woman I met and realising how lucky I am was all the inspiration I needed to create Hawkes and find partners like Centrepoint. There's a chance we can really make a difference and create a unique win-win for everyone.
"Retailers get a category enhancing brand, which they can be proud to sell and drinkers get a beautiful drinking experience with the knowledge it's bringing social good. I started Hawkes knowing that I needed to create a great liquid and marry that with a brand that clearly stands for something and is built on a set of values and ethics. I'm really looking forward to working with like- minded partners and seeing where the journey takes us."
Hawkes is focused on growing its distribution throughout London in 2013 and is also targeting major multiples.


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After the resounding success of Pico's Story last week, my Interviews With Pets series is back with another feline. Leia is Donna's cat from What The Redhead Said. I am a huge fan of Donna's blog and she has featured previously on my Inspirational Parents series. So it seems only right that we hear the insider gossip on Donna from her buddy Leia.
1. What's your name, what sort of animal are you and what makes you a brilliant pet?
My name's Leia and I'm a black cat. Not any special kind of cat, just a pretty ordinary cat but I am most certainly a brilliant pet. Why? Because I'm always there. I'm waiting at the window when my family come home, I'm the first to say good morning and I even sit and keep them company whilst they have dinner – watching all that food on their plates.
2. Tell me about the person or family who live with you
I live with my Mummy and Daddy and the two noisy ones who think I'm their sister. I feel more like another parent though really, always watching over them. They're a nice bunch, they give me lots of cuddles and remember to feed me when I miaow enough.
3. Pets always choose their families for a reason so what do you love about yours?
I love that they let me occupy their space. I like to sleep under their arms whilst they watch TV, across their chests or even on top of their heads. They don't seem to mind. They're very accommodating.
4. Try as we might to find the perfect family, they never live up to our expectations. What do yours do that drive you mad?
My family forget how much I love to sleep on their beds and they always close the downstairs door each night, forgetting that I might want to keep them company overnight too. They also send me off on holidays every so often, to a place they call a Cat-A-Ree. I'd rather be at home with them but I always know they'll take me home again.
5. What do your family love the most about you?
They all seem to love how little I am. They think I'm still a kitten but I'm ten now, a proper grown up cat. Not quite senior though! Everyone says I'm cute and they love to tickle my tummy. They also love finding me asleep on their beds when I've snuck up there when everyone's at those places they go to every day. Work?!
6. What do your family do that they're really proud of?
My family seem to be happy just at the realisation they have got through another day. Survival, apparently. But, they're also proud of our home. It's not a bad place to live. It has comfy sofas to lay on, doors to miaow at so they know I want to go through them, food. Yes, it has lots of food. I think I'm quite proud of our home too.
7. What do your family do that make you proud of them?
They look after me. Being responsible for someone else is quite a big task and I'm proud of them for feeding me, remembering to put that yucky flea stuff on me, taking me to the animal doctor when I'm not very well and giving me cuddles. The cuddles are the best bit.
8. How can humans resolve the tragic truth that so many pets are unwanted or mistreated?
Pets are unwanted? Am I unwanted? I don't feel unwanted. I'm not mistreated either – apart from when the noisy ones try and dress me up. That is complete injustice. But, humans should only get pets if they have the space for them, the food and things that they need, the time to look after them and spare love too.
9. It is said that pets don't live as long as humans because they don't have as much to learn. What words of advice do you have that humans could learn from?
Humans need to spend less time on the unnecessary things. Why do they wear clothes? Have showers? Use those funny metal things to eat with? It's all just a waste of time and resources. Humans, do what a cat would do. Cats are good, be like cats.
10. What are the little things that make your family one in a million?
They always remember my Birthday. They hang up a stocking each Christmas from Santa Paws and they have given me extra cuddles every day since my brother went away. I know I annoy them sometimes but they don't seem to mind.


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On this page
Trade Parts Program
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As well as our comprehensive stock we have our well trained staff on hand to talk through your options. Genuine Parts and Accessories ensure that your car is safe and reliable. All Parts and Accessories come with a 12 month warranty and a competitive pricing structure ensures value for money. Parts are also fitted by our highly skilled and experienced technicians. Once you have been informed what is required, we will fit your part at a convenient time for you.
A selection of parts and accessories we stock, include: wipers, bulbs, tyres, lubricants and seasonal products such as de-icer.
For express parts delivery, please call our Soham garage on 01353 720779 or our King's Lynn garage on 01553 762984 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Are you an IMT or bodyshop in East Anglia that needs a reliable and professional delivery service, supplying Honda parts? If so, please contact our Soham garage on 01353 720779 or our King's Lynn garage on 01553 762984 and order today. We have an excellent account structure in place and a 6 month trade part promotion from Honda. For excellent deals on car batteries and more, email the parts team on firstname.lastname@example.com.
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My Honda will give you the very latest information for all our new models, with loads of facts, figures and high quality images.


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Dependable Supply Chain Services
Los Angeles Corporate Headquarters
2555 East Olympic Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90023
Tel: (323) 526-2288
Toll Free: (800) 924-4744
Fax: (323) 526-2289
3PL Customer Service
Extension 5911
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Ext. 5910
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Ext. 5912
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Ext. 5910
3PL Contact Form
Click here to contact us via the website.
Wouldn't it be nice to know from an expert that your company-wide transportation spend is as low and cost effective as it can be from the moment you sign the purchase order until the second that last pallet of goods arrives at your customer's dock?
Introducing TOP: Transportation Optimization Program
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We Provide:
That's oversimplified but you get the picture.
Why Choose Dependable to Analyze Your Supply Chain?
Our uniqueness in the 3PL market begins with our transportation and warehousing divisions and our transportation assets. As an asset-based 3rd party logistics provider, we own many tractors, trailers, and warehouses. Our 1.5 million sq ft warehouse and distribution center in Los Angeles sits strategically close to ports and airports, as do the rest of our California warehouses. Because we have a fully-developed international freight network through our sister companies, our 3PL capabilities skyrocket our reach to well beyond California for warehousing and distribution.


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I recently shared my thoughts on the newly released Flour, too cookbook. It offers a great mix of savory and sweet items from the famed Flour Bakery + Cafe locations in Boston. I was thrilled to try the delicious Hot and Sour Soup recipe from the book, and have added it to my arsenal for all future cravings.
The book is filled with so many other fantastic recipes that I simply couldn't resist trying one out for a picnic by the Charles River in Boston with my very best friend!
There were too many options, which means I will be working my way through all of them in time, but for this occasion I decided to adapt the Roast Lamb with Tomato Chutney and Rosemary Goat Cheese to use beef instead. The meat was incredibly aromatic, with garlic and rosemary rubbed all over it.
I can't stress enough the importance of cutting the beef as razor thin as possible. If the slices are even slightly too thick, it becomes difficult to bite into the sandwich and tear them apart.
Sweet and sour flavors from the easy-to-prepare tomato chutney are a perfect compliment to the rare meat, along with lightly herbed softened goat cheese to add a bit of tang.
Freshness from the greens finishes off this picture perfect picnic fare.
I made the Flour Focaccia, which was springy, flavorful, and exactly what is used at Flour, but it left quite a bit of greasy residue in the paper bag I stored it in (it IS focaccia after all), so in the future my want-to-be-thin self might swap it out for a lighter bread option. Just because.
All in all, this was a very popular sandwich, made even more enjoyable by wonderful surroundings and excellent company! I would happily make this again, and definitely look forward to trying more innovative recipes from this book.
Roast Beef (or Lamb) Sandwich with Tomato Chutney and Rosemary Goat Cheese
- 1 1/2 to 2 pound beef roast top or bottom round (or lamb top round or boneless leg of lamb)
- 2 teaspoons kosher salt
- 1 teaspoon ground black pepper
- 2 garlic cloves
- 2 teaspoons finely chopped fresh rosemary
- 1/2 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
Tomato Chutney:
- 1 teaspoon vegetable oil
- 1/4 small onion cut into 1/4-inch dice
- 2 tablespoons granulated sugar
- 2 tablespoons red wine vinegar
- 1 (14.5-ounce) can "no salt added" diced tomatoes, with juice
- 2 tablespoons golden raisins
- 2 tablespoons dried currants
- 1/8 teaspoon kosher salt
- 1/8 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
- 1/4 cup minced fresh flat-leaf parsley
Rosemary Goat Cheese:
- 8 ounces fresh goat cheese at room temperature
- 1/2 teaspoon finely chopped fresh rosemary
- 1/2 teaspoon finely chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley
- 1/2 teaspoon finely chopped fresh thyme
- 1/4 teaspoon kosher salt
- 1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper
- 8 slices good quality white or wheat bread
- 4 cups loosely packed mesclun greens or other mild lettuce
- The night before, rub the beef (or lamb) all over the salt and pepper, cover with plastic wrap or place in a container with a tight-fitting lid, and let rest overnight in the fridge.
- The next day, take the beef out of the fridge. If using leg of lamb, roll the lamb into a bundle and tie together tightly with kitchen twine. Rub the surface with the garlic, rosemary, and olive oil. Let rest at room temperature for 1 hour.
- About 20 minutes before you are ready to roast, preheat the oven to 300 degrees F and place a rack in the center of the oven.
- Place a roasting rack on a baking sheet, and put the roast on the rack. Roast for 50 to 60 minutes for a 1 1/2-pound roast or 65 to 75 minutes for a 2-pound roast, or until the thermometer inserted into the center of the roast registers 130 degrees F. Start checking after 45 minutes. Once it hits 100 degrees F, the cooking goes quickly, so check every 5 minutes or so. When the internal temperature reaches 130 degrees F, remove the roast from the oven and let cool. Let the roast rest in the fridge for at least 3 hours or up to overnight.
- Meanwhile, make the tomato chutney: in a medium skillet, heat the vegetable oil over medium-high heat. Add the onion and cook, stirring constantly, for about 2 minutes, or until softened a bit. Add the sugar and vinegar and stir for 1 minute until the sugar starts to dissolve. Add the tomatoes, raisins, and currants and bring to a simmer. Reduce the heat to low and simmer, stirring occasionally and using the back of a wooden spoon to press down on the tomato pieces to break them up. The chutney should darken and the liquid will eventually evaporate. Let reduce and thicken for 10 to 15 minutes. Stir in the salt, pepper, and parsley; remove from the heat and let cool. The chutney can be stored in an airtight container in the fridge for up to 1 week.
- To make the rosemary goat cheese: in a small bowl, combine the goat cheese, rosemary, parsley, thyme, salt, and pepper and mix with a wooden spoon until well blended. The rosemary cheese can be stored in an airtight container in the fridge for up to 1 week; bring to room temperature before using so it spreads easily.
- Trim the well-chilled beef of any fat and slice it against the grain as thin as possible (very important because if it's thick at all it will be hard to bite into). Set the slices aside.
- Lay the bread slices out on a clean, dry counter and spread four of the slices with the chutney, dividing it evenly. Spread the remaining four slices with the goat cheese, again dividing it evenly. Top each of the chutney-spread slices with an equal amount of the greens. Top each goat cheese-spread slices with 5 to 6-ounces of the sliced beef (you will have leftovers). Close each sandwich, then cut in half and serve.


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The cauldron has a pull up tag !!
Up close of the beautiful SparkleNSprinkle Embossing Powders ~
EP MulberryEP415, EP Orange MarmaladeEP323, EP PearEP420
Happy Friday !!!
Hope everyone had a great week so far ! I have been very busy , in a good way ! Lots of fun projects in the works !! Can't wait to share them with you ! Today I am kicking off my Halloween layouts and decor with this layout I made using my silhouette and cricut . I used a file from My Scrap Chick called Spooky Night Trio. I used some of my Sparkle N Sprinkle Embossing Powders as well. I followed the sketch from Stuck on U sketches , I love their sketches , they are always so much fun . I love this picture of my sons, Matias and David and their cousin David ( lots of David's in our family ) with their great grandmother Alice . It is so much fun celebrating Halloween with her , she always gets in the spirit !
Hope you enjoy and have a wonderful weekend.
Recipe ~ My Scrap Chick~ Spooky Night Trio , Silhouette~ Frame and swirls, bat, Cricut ~ Wrap it up , Picturesque, Tim Holtz Distress Ink Black Soot, SparkleNSprinkle Embossing Powders~EP MulberryEP415, EP Orange MarmaladeEP323, EP PearEP420
Challenges 4 Fun ~ Stuck on U Sketches ~ Sketch Challenge, Silhouette~ Frame or Flower, Craftin'Desert Divas~Linky Party Sentiment, Silhouette Challenges ~ Critters, 2 Creative Chicks ~ Halloween Linky Party , Cameo Creations Challenges ~ Halloween/ Patterned Paper, Rose Blossom Garden ~Halloween Theme ,


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Luftrausers E3 2013 trailerPosted Jun 13, 2013 8:13am PDT - 48 downloads
Luftrausers heads to E3 2013 from Devolver Digital and Vlambeer.
Luftrausers PS3 & Vita announcement trailerPosted Mar 21, 2013 11:50am PDT - 148 downloads
The dogfight 'em up from Ridiculous Fishing and Super Crate Box creator Vlambeer is dive-bombing PS3 and Vita this spring, as well as PC, Mac and Linux.
Luftrausers teaser trailerPosted Aug 28, 2012 11:58am PDT - 126 downloads
The skies are aflame with blood with the developers who brought you Serious Sam: The Random Encounter in Luftrausers.
Serious Sam: The Random Encounter 'Launch' TrailerPosted Oct 24, 2011 12:21pm PDT - 14 downloads
Fight through a world gone made as Mentals attack your every move in Serious Sam: The Random Encounter.
Serious Sam: The Random Encounter 'Gameplay' TrailerPosted Oct 07, 2011 11:23am PDT - 16 downloads
Serious Sam: The Random Encounter gets a turn-based 2d RPG gameplay trailer.


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There is a growing "meme" (in the original sense of the neologism) that the ubiquity of cameras in the past decade or so has, like every other complaint about recent technology, "ruined us."
Then there's this one:
Just as the original "selfie" was taken in 1839, people taking photographs "instead of intervening" in various crises long predates smart phones. Indeed, it's the basis of photojournalism. The main difference between "now" and "then" is that Peter Parker and Jimmy Olsen's careers are now fairly obsolete, as more news agencies get their "on the scene" photos and videos from average people.
My Grandpa Hathaway had a bad hip. He walked, when he did, with a cane for as long as I knew him, and most of the time he sat. He was already about 70 when I was born, and my understanding was that he was disabled long before that. I still remember listening on the extension when Grandma called in February 1988 and said, to my dad, "Your father has a touch of cancer."
Devastated by the diagnosis, Grandpa stopped even making the journey from his first floor bedroom to his basement rec room. However much was health and however much was depression, he stayed in bed and occasionally went out to the living room. We had moved to South Carolina the year before, and my grandparents spent 2 months at our house while we finished up the school year in Pennsylvania. They enjoyed their time, and when we came up to visit for spring break, my parents invited them to come spend a few more months.
We all drove down in two cars, my aunt Barbara accompanying us for the trip.
When we arrived in Sumter, Grandpa's "routine" stayed about the same, only now he got up in the morning and sat on the lounge chair in the screened patio.
Until, after a few days, my Mom was cleaning the pool and tripped. Suddenly, the invalid came to life. He started laughing, "Ho! Ho! Nancy fell in the pool! I need to get my camera!" He jumped up out of the lounge chair, ran into the house, through the living room and into his room and got the camera. Mom said it was worth it to get him out of bed.
Times really haven't changed all that much.


text: Nail Technician Complete Course I have received my hand trainer but there are no nail beds on the hand trainer? is this how its meant to be? Do i attach a tip to the han... Laura Garratt, 4 years ago Last reply: Louise Dorrington, 4 years ago 2 2 me toos 8 8 replies Problem


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by Melinda Pillsbury-Foster
On the Spring Equinox, at the exact moment when the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth are balanced, bells are rung across the globe. Many over look it, but thousands remember.
The original Earth Day has been celebrated in this way since 1970, when first established by the Earth Society. The mission was, "Peace, Justice, and Care of the Earth."
Many ideas blossom momentarily and then die because they are not nurtured. The woman who has kept the mission of Earth Day alive over the last decades overcame astonishing difficulties to accomplish this goal.
Helen Garland accepts the difficulties as a price worth paying in service to her ideals, expressed in the mission statement.
Helen's life as a volunteer began after World War II, when she graduated from Sarah Lawrence. Excited by the founding of the United Nations, she began work as a volunteer in New York, striving to bring the power of cooperative effort to people in diverse nations around the world so they could solve the problems confronting them.
Helen, today admits she was far too trusting, as were many of her contemporaries.
As CEO of the Earth Society, the second oldest NGO of the United Nations, she realizes, sadly, the U.N. has long since been co-opted by corporate interests.
The take over began almost as soon as the U.N. was founded, and to her surprise, three men, Maurice Strong, George H. W. Bush, and Robert O. Anderson, in charge of the take-over, placed enormous focus on her.
Moved by what she saw happening environmentally, she began began working in the Kennedy White House in 1962 as a volunteer to ensure Americans had clean water and air. A group came together with this shared goal. Buckminster Fuller, originator of the geodesic dome, Patrick Horsbaugh, originator of Environics, Margaret Mead, and others, now legendary, believed in our mutual stewardship of the Earth. Their dedication continued past the Kennedy assassination, gaining a growing consensus among all Americans, only later politicized.
After the first Earth Day took place in 1970 a group headed by Dennis Hayes, armed with six million dollars provided by oil companies, stole the name, 'Earth Day,' and began lavish publicity to offset the original. The April event kept control in the hands of big oil.
Peace, Justice, Care of the Earth, remains the goal.
When you understand, the power is, again, your own.