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..au contraire mon frère, ☰thereum will extremely influence 'current areas of jurisdiction'.DrGrid said:
are there any interest groups yet in existence, focusing on this problem, especially since Ethereum will be extremly influenced by current areas of jurisdiction?
I'm not sure, but if there is then contracts could theoretically enforce execution of different code sections in different jurisdictions. And if not, then the problem disappears- no enforcement agency would be able to prove that the code executed within their jurisdiction either.Otonomos said:
is there are surefire way to detect where blocks of code execute?


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Tagged: brain injury
Disappointment seems to follow swiftly on the heels of disappointment in my little life. Closely followed by a swift kicking . Are you detecting a particular tone to this post? Sorry about that. It seems that despite suggestions from our social landlord that due to our circumstances we may be eligible for an early move it now seems that we are not and that by the time we do move there will be none of the new houses that are suitable and adaptable left.
I know I shouldn't have
trusted the woman in the office gotten my hopes up but I just wanted something nice to look forward to.
In an attempt to cheer myself up I was playing old TV themes – it's a game we used to like to play, our own version of Name That Tune, but during the course of this little interlude it emerges that John can no longer remember that Jason King drove a Jensen Interceptor. The only reason I have ever heard of a Jensen Interceptor is because John used to bang on and on
and on and on and …. about Jason bloody King and his Jensen bloody Interceptor. I feel bereft.
I have a lovely report from the lovely psychologist to tell us that actually after all the brain mashing John is still average with some particular difficulties thrown in for good measure but was highly superior before. I had actually worked that one out for myself but ho hum. There are whole chunks of our life and of his own that he can no-longer remember and every time I am confronted with it I feel gutted again. It is almost seven years since this nightmare began.

subset: commoncrawl


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Technical drawing
February 5, 2013
When I was at school TD was one of those subjects I hated ( along with just about everything else, come to think about it), involving horrible stubby pencils with broken leads that always dropped out just as you'd achieved the perfect point, horrible cheap paper and wooden rulers and set squares that were covered in chips and knocks from their alternative use as makeshift weapons. I could never get on with it and always ended up with graphite stains and smears on my work. 40 years or so fast forward and I really enjoy drawing technical subjects, so when I was asked by long time clients Ivy Press to draw some exploded diagrams for a woodwork project book I was pretty happy, a nice chance to get away from having to come up with creative imagery and to be able to construct a nice grid and work out perspectives and just making everything look clean and tidy, all nice and clean and digital with no broken leads and rubbing out involved. Here's just a selection of the images involved, nothing exciting but quietly satisfying.
Ongoing work, stock images, new shop stuff blah blah……….
November 23, 2012
Rather ironically, as I'm currently illustrating a book called Blogging for Photographers,I was reading some text from said book, all about how bloggers start off with good intent then lapse into indolence and lack of direction. >sigh. Sounded a bit familiar so I decided to start just posting images as I do them ( well, ones I like anyway) and do away with the waffle, unless I'm in a waffle-ey mood, in which case I'll, err, waffle. I mention new shop stuff above as I've opened a Cafe Press account and re-opened my Zazzle shop. As it takes a bit of time to get these populated and up and running I'll post links at a later date, in the meantime here are a few recent images I've uploaded to stock, the keen eyed may notice I've gone back to owls, and I've also had a little run of new lighthouse images, for no particular reason other than I came across a sketch of one in a sketchbook of mine and as I hadn't anything else to draw I took up the illustrative baton and ran with it.
Had a stressy few days as a week ago last Friday discovered lots of nasty pixellated lines appearing all over my monitor, which became gradually worse at times, whilst other times clearing and functioning normally. As I depend 100% on my mac, which is admittedly 7 years old and well overdue for replacement, this turned into a few days stress fest, resolved by taking it to the Genius Bar in the Norwich Apple Centre, where it was diagnosed with terminal video card degenerative disease ( and not a faulty monitor, as it was a 50/50 tossup between the two components.) I ordered a new iMac from John Lewis ( same price as everywhere else but a 2 year warranty)and picked it up the next day, and not very enthusiastically started transferring all my old files and getting everything set up. It's amazing how different a new mac looks, I've been unable to upgrade mine beyond OS 10.4.11 due to it being so old, and it's great to have everything working so well and fast. Did I say everything? Err, not quite. I'd been planning to run my old software until I could afford to upgrade that too, only to find nothing would run on the new Mac. The biggest disaster was having no access to Adobe Illustrator, which I use for 99% of my work, but rather than lay out nearly £600 on a new copy I discovered that Adobe now provide software on subscription so for £17.50 or so a month I was able to download Illustrator CS6 and enjoy the luxury of the latest software and no more having to ask clients to save files down to an earlier version, in fact today a client had to ask me to do the same for them, as they only had CS5. After a few days I'm starting to feel more at home with the new mac, and finally managed to produce a few new images for my stock portfolio, nothing too exciting but just something to allow me to feel I'm back in control. Here's the portfolio….
The Doors
May 18, 2012
OK, relax, fans of 60's/70's prog rock God Jim Morrison and his band of elegantly wasted West Coast musicans, I misplacesd a plural, I'm talking about doors, of the entrance variety.
I've already got a few in my istock portfolio, I think one has sold 39 times, so not huge sellers but with potential so I've just drawn a slightly more detailed version in colour, in the hope of selling a few more.
Hopefully appearing in my portfolio and available to buy in a few days……
A photo, for a change….
May 5, 2012
I go through phases of taking photos for my iStock portfolio…
when I've really run out of inspiration for illustrations, and assuming the weather is half decent, I'll go off with my camera to see if I can find anything of interest.
I never sell a lot of photos but I do get a few that are in high double figures as far as sales go, so it's always worth having a go. I was out with my partner and her mother and brother in the little riverside town of Orford a few weeks back, and in the one crack in the clouds managed to get this shot of a little 17th or 18th century cottage. It sat in my camera until the other day when I thought I might as well process and upload it, so here it is!


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A front is a mass of air that move around like a cloud. There are cold fronts and warm fronts. A cold front is basically a mass of cold air hence the name. A cold front is a cold, moist mass of air. Cold air can't hold as much water vapor as warm air, so if a cold front goes over a large water mass it will rain soon most likely because cold front can't hold all that water so it drops it all off in the form of rain. A warm front is a mass of warm, dry air. The thing about warm air is that it can hold more water vapor. So it takes longer to rain. That's part of the basics.
Another very crucial thing about cold and warm fronts is when they collide. What happens then is it creates thunder storms. When you get a mass of warm, dry air hits a mass of **cold, moist **air it fuses together and creates large amounts of static. That static eventually turns into thunder and lighting. Sometimes, hurricanes and tornadoes form from thunder storms. With just a simple rain cloud, it can it upgraded to a hurricane or tornado. In the long run of things a front is simply a mass of cold or warm air. When they collide they cause thunder storms.


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Leafly List: The Top Cannabis Locations in Washington, May 2016Leafly StaffMay 2, 2016
May 2016
The Leafly List ranks the top dispensaries and retail stores in each of the major North American cannabis markets every month. This region-specific version is designed to provide helpful, community-based information for cannabis consumers looking for the most relevant dispensaries in Washington. It highlights the most talked-about locations in the state based on customer feedback metrics* and reviews of each location's quality, service, and atmosphere. Check out the Leafly List FAQ for more information on how dispensaries are ranked.
1. World of Weed
3202 E Portland Ave. Tacoma, WA
Not far from the Tacoma Dome sits World of Weed. This convenient location stays open until 10 p.m. every day! With lots of parking, World of Weed makes quality cannabis easily accessible to all.
Index: 96.75
Last Month: #1
What People are Saying:
"[Great] customer service! Ask for Nicole, she knows her stuff and was very helpful. Good selection, great specials. I will absolutely be going back." –kped85
2. Cannabis & Glass
605 E Francis Ave. Spokane, WA
Cannabis & Glass is a Spokane location that is focused on affordable recreational cannabis, which is why none of the flowers on its menu are priced above $10. High-quality cannabis and friendly customer service are the location's top priorities. Go see what Cannabis & Glass is all about!
Index: 94.50
Last Month: #2
What People are Saying:
"Just a great shop!!! Friendly, knowledgeable bud tenders and they have everything from your 'on a budget that day' flower/concentrate to very top shelf…hope to see this shop around awhile ????" –kaylasman69
3. The Evergreen Market – Renton
409 Rainier Ave North Renton, WA
The clean and welcoming aesthetic of The Evergreen Market is located on the south end of Lake Washington in Renton. Its diverse menu carries many of the top local products, and its education bar provides a place for patrons to learn more about the products from budtenders and other industry professionals.
Index: 92.54
Last Month: #3
What People are Saying:
"Best one I've been to so far. Customer service was on point, selection was mind boggling and the atmosphere was dope." –HafaBlaze
4. Mary Jane
13513 NE 126th Pl Suite C Kirkland, WA
A clean, upscale cannabis boutique in the Totem Lake area of Kirkland, Mary Jane gives consumers a comfortable retail experience while shopping for legal cannabis.
Index: 91.92
Last Month: #4
What People are Saying:
"Great selection on vape cartridges. Great price and great rewards program. Highly recommend." –Julkirk
5. KushMart
6309 Evergreen Way Ste C Everett, WA
Friendly service, competitive pricing, and well over 80 different strains on its menu make KushMart a premier location in Everett. What more could you ask for when you're shopping in the north end of Puget Sound?
Index: 91.42
Last Month: #5
What People are Saying:
"Incredible customer service. After a few dabs I can be quite indecisive, and the staff gave great descriptions on strains and helped me find exactly the hybrid I needed! Awesome products, great prices, my new favorite spot." –bsalva
6. The Evergreen Market – Auburn
402 16th St NE Suite A-100 Auburn, WA
The Evergreen Market's newest location in Auburn continues its mission to provide an elegant retail experience and excellent customer service with an informed staff. The inviting, modern aesthetic changes the ideas of what a cannabis dispensary should look and feel like. If you find yourself in Auburn, make sure to stop by and see what everyone is talking about.
Index: 90.67
Last Month: #9
What People are Saying:
"Love this place! What a recreational pot shop should be. The people who worked there were really helpful and […] overall it just has a really nice vibe. Can't wait to go back! " –cdubbudc
7. Green2Go Collective Gardens
214610 E. SR 397 Kennewick, WA
Green2Go Collective Gardens stocks its shelves with a broad selection of high-quality medical marijuana products. You're sure to find something that's right for you, and if you have a hard time, the location's friendly staff will help you decide between the flowers, edibles, concentrates, and more that fill the menu.
Index: 90.54
Last Month: #29
What People are Saying:
"I am so glad green2go has a retail store in the tri-cities. Knowledgeable staff- they answered every question I had!" –PurpleKracken
8. Seattle Tonics
12059 Aurora Ave North Seattle, WA
With over 2,000 square feet of retail space, Seattle Tonics is one of the largest cannabis dispensaries in the Seattle area. Its huge green sign outside makes this location hard to miss when you're driving down Highway 99. The next time you're on the north end of Seattle, stop by and check out the enormous menu of the area's finest cannabis products.
Index: 90.50
Last Month: #7
What People are Saying:
"This is my favorite dispensary in Seattle. Easy to shop…everything is displayed before you go to counter. Prices and quality are AMAZING. Security guards and budtenders are very friendly/knowledgeable." –Gretchen1984
9. Issaquah Cannabis Company
230 NE Juniper Street Suite 201 Issaquah, WA
Issaquah Cannabis Company serves the surrounding Issaquah area with affordable options and a large selection of strains and other cannabis products every day. If you live on the Eastside or are headed over the mountain pass, stop in and say hello!
Index: 89.88
Last Month: #11
What People are Saying:
"Sometimes I forget how much I love this particular shop until I visit a different store. All of the budtenders are so awesome and have such a wide range of knowledge that I disappoint myself a little when I go into other shops expecting the same level of service and professionalism." –GetGreened
10. Washington Herbal Remedies
14626 Washington HWY 99 Lynnwood, WA
Washington Herbal Remedies is a medical dispensary that takes pride in the care and compassion it shows its patients. The location's mission is simple: offer an ample selection of the highest quality medicine and exclusive strains at very affordable prices. If you are a Washington state medical cannabis patient, stop by and see why it's a top location on Leafly.
Last Month: #8
What People are Saying:
"This location was my first dispensary and quickly becoming my favorite. Knowledgeable, friendly and helpful staff always take the time to answer my questions and allow me time to browse. High quality selection with a lot to choose from. The location is convenient, though requires a few extra turns as [it's] on highway 99 and exiting is a right turn only. Atmosphere is safe and clean. Will continue to visit here. :)" –glamourgamer
Previous Washington Leafly Lists
The Leafly List in Other Regions
- Arizona
- Northern California
- Southern California
- Colorado
- Michigan
- Oregon
- Washington
- British Columbia
- Ontario
Don't see your favorite dispensary on the list? Make sure you follow, rate, and review your favorite cannabis locations to let the world know where to find the best cannabis products, service, and atmosphere.
Want to see your business on the Leafly List?
*The May 2016 Leafly List uses customer feedback metrics from April 2016


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No credit check loans
If you are currently dealing with a pretty challenging financial situation, you have most likely heard about the possibility to solve some of your financial emergencies with the help of no credit check loans. You can get an approved loan within minutes.
Instant Approval. Once we receive your application we get back to you in minutes – your time matters to us.
Bad Credit, No Credit OK! Our vast network of lenders are open to assisting people with less than perfect credit ratings to secure a loan.
No credit check lenders won't pull your credit score in order to assess your creditworthiness; instead you'll need to provide an alternative way to verify that your current financial situation can support additional financing. If the lender is ready to give you a loan without any verification then its called as a No credit check loan.
Credit inquiries done by banks and lenders when you apply for a loan show on your credit report and stay for up to two years, which may drop your overall credit score. Hard inquiries are ones that can affect your credit scores. They indicate that you are actively trying to get credit, whether that's a car loan, mortgage, student loan or credit card.
Since no credit check loans are based on your current income level and not on your past credit history, approvals are immediate as long as you submit all the documents required during your application and show that you have the ability to pay back the no credit check loans.
Fund transfer time-frame:
If online applications are completed before 11:00 A.M. EST, expect the funds to be wired directly into your bank account on the same day. Applications done after 11:00 A.M. can expect a full 24hrs to receive the funds.
What is a Short term loan?
When you need quick cash, we know the last thing you want to be doing is spending an eternity paying someone back. You may just need that extra cash boost before payday and a simple, short term cash advance is just the ticket! A short term loan is a service that provides with with a short term financial loan.
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A short term loan can be used for a number of things. The most common are: a bill payment, an unexpected expense or avoiding an NSF charge. If you need quick cash but don't want to be stuck with anything long term, apply for a short term loan and let us provide a solution for your short term cash needs now.
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Once the online application has been submitted an agent will be contacting you, by phone or e-mail, within one hour to address your application and facilitate the application process. Business hours are Monday to Friday between 10:00 A.M. and 6:00 P.M. (EST). For applications submitted after hours we will contact you first thing the next business day.


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Wedding Trends > Groom > Wedding Sherwani Designs For Mehndi In 2019 > groom-wedding-sherwani-designs-for-mehndi-22
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I went back to Thrift Town this weekend. I can't stay away from that place. I found 2 pretty good pairs of shoes, and a tie WITH VINCENT VAN GOGH'S "STARRY NIGHT" PRINTED ON IT, WHAT. God, I love the crazy ties you can only find at thrift stores.
I also got a couple of dresses. One is a gray-green shirt dress, but it's made of that stretchy cotton they make t-shirts out of, and it's a little too junky for work. But it was only $3.99 and it will be fine for weekends/Louisiana. The other one was a very nice sleeveless linen dress, it's that undyed non-color that linen often is. It looks almost new (and was from Avenue originally — swanky!), and the armholes are big enough to accomodate a shirt underneath. So I think it will be good for work, while also making a nice sundress for the weekends.
I also got this awesome dragonfly pin to add to my menagerie. Total price for everything: Just under $40.


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Free calculators and unit converters for general and everyday use.
Calculators » Math » Percentage Change
Our online tools will provide quick answers to your calculation and conversion needs. On this page, you can calculate percentage change (increase or decrease) from one value to another.
Android: Use this percentage calculator offline with our all-in-one calculator app.
Percentage change (%) = (New value - Old value) / Old value * 100
If the result is positive, it is a percentage increase. If the result is negative, it is a percentage decrease.
© everydaycalculation.com


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SPLAST, which is based in Jedlicze, Poland, has increased its injection moulding production capacity by acquiring three new system solutions from ENGEL. The automobile component and technical part manufacturer is among the first to use iQ weight control, ENGEL's new software for online process control.
ENGEL supplied SPLAST in southeast Poland with a total of three injection moulding systems. They included a large-scale ENGEL duo 5550/900, an ENGEL victory 2050H/200V/80L/400 combi for three-component injection moulding, and an ENGEL e victory 440/120 injection moulding machine equipped with iQ weight control.
SPLAST is a complete injection moulding service provider, including product design, mould manufacturing, process development, serial production and assembling. Its customers include reputable international corporations and OEMs operating in the automobile, white good, household item, and electronic industries, and the main materials to be processed are technical plastics like glass fibre reinforced polyamide and POM.
Tadeusz Sanocki, managing director and owner of SPLAST, stresses: "We are at home in challenging and innovative industries. The continuous monitoring of quality-relevant process parameters is an important competition factor to us. With iQ weight control, processes now monitor themselves and automatically readjust if necessary. This means that we have been able to reduce the risk of rejects drastically, because we are producing outstanding quality continuously."
The software, which was developed by ENGEL for injection moulding machines with electric injection units, analyses the pressure profile at screw positions in real time during the injection process and compares the measured values with a reference cycle online. Based on this, the system computes a new set of process parameters which allow changes in the melt volume and material viscosity – the two most important factors when it comes to the quality of moulded parts – to be detected immediately.
"If there are deviations from the set values, the relevant process parameters will be readjusted automatically," explaines Piotr Nachilo, managing director of ENGEL POLSKA in Warsaw. "Changes in environmental conditions and raw materials are counterbalanced before a reject can be produced, and online monitoring also reduces the amount of work for the machine operator."
Efficiency potential maximised
SPLAST and ENGEL have worked together since 2005. Marek Sanocki, also an owner and the technical managing director at SPLAST, says: "We have dealt with the same contact at ENGEL since the beginning. ENGEL is not just a supplier to us, it is also an important development partner, and we particularly value its high levels of system solution competence, which encompass its injection moulding machines, as well as process technology, mould development, and automation".
SPLAST has 17 ENGEL machines in operation, and apart from one, they were all supplied with automation systems. This includes the three new injection moulding machines, which were each equipped with an integrated ENGEL viper robot. Piotr Nachilo says, "It is especially easy to maximise efficiency potential when the injection moulding machine, process technology, and automation system are perfectly in tune with each other." Energy efficiency is becoming more and more important to SPLAST, and the plastics processor only buys hydraulic injection moulding machines with an energy saving option now.
In keeping with this, the servo-hydraulic system, ecodrive, in its ENGEL injection moulding machines controls their motors according to demand. This means that when a machine is idle, during a cooling phase for example, the motor is not running either, and therefore doesn't consume any energy. Marek Sanocki says: "Thanks to the reduction in lost energy we are now using between 30 and 40 percent less energy per machine, depending on its type and use. We have carried out energy comparison analyses on an ENGEL victory and on duo machines to create transparency for future investment decisions, and we are completely convinced by ecodrive."
This is primarily because it doesn't just lower energy costs, but also oil cooling expenses. While traditionally only part of the electrical energy becomes machine movements and the rest is converted into heat which increases the hydraulic oil temperature, this thermal load does not occur when the ecodrive system is employed. Piotr Nachilo says, "The temperature of an injection moulding machine's oil indicates how energy efficient it is." SPLAST took this aspect into consideration when planning its new production area and was able to keep the amount invested in cooling systems low thanks to the ecodrive system.


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I write about my life, my views and opinions. If in the process I make you smile, all the better
Wednesday, 19 December 2012
Childhood tears of fears
When I heard of someone outside of my extended family dying, I used to feel terribly sad for his/hers relatives. I would imagine how I'd feel in their place; how I'd cope with the grief and pain of mourning. At times tears would well up in my eyes and I'd feel the pressure build up in my chest along with the empty hollow feeling in the pit of my stomach. These fear-filled thoughts would usually enter my mind at bed time and often would make me get up. I would then sneak quietly into the living room to watch whatever happened to be on television.
Back in those days of terrestrial TV most channels would stop broadcasting around midnight, except for BBC2 when it would either switch to displaying news headlines on Ceefax or, if I was in luck, show Open University educational programs, back to back, for a couple of hours.
One particular night I was in time to watch some footage of a gas explosion that had happened that day in a primary school somewhere in South America. The disaster happened during class hours. The building collapsed, killing dozens of young children and their teachers. I remember seeing desperate parents digging at the rubble with their bare hands, frantically searching for and trying to rescue their little ones - to no avail. I felt their pain. I wept in silence as those poor mothers screamed and the fathers carried the look of absolute helplessness and heartbreak.
I knew there and then, there was no god. No way would a divine father or all-powerful creator allow innocent little children to die in such a cruel and wasteful way.
The recent tragic event at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut, USA has once again brought to the surface the despair and grief I felt as a child.
I can't bear to look at the photos of the dead children on TV, their angelic innocent faces or the distraught and anguished parents. Lives cut short, destroyed by some mad man who had little difficulty obtaining a weapon made specifically for the mass-murder of human beings.
I hope the Democrats can now act and push through the gun sale control legislation Bill Clinton fought so hard for but the Republicans successfully refuted.
Fucking Republicans! How can any "decent" person ever vote for them?
It is only a matter of time before another, and another and another Sandy Hook incident happens.
The NRA, (National Rifle Association or National Republican Association) and their cowboy members (only 4.3 million) will continue to fight to maintain the "right to bear arms" in the US constitution.
It's just like me saying I want the "right" to drive my car whilst under the influence of alcohol.
6 comments:
A very thought provoking post Joe. I remember that same thought, the moment you realise that everything grows old and dies...us included...ME included!ReplyDelete
Looking in from the outside it's hard to understand the American thoughts on this one. It seems obvious to us to simply ban guns and be done with them forever. (wars are won and lost with bloody big bombs now days...who needs a gun any more?)Replies
Indeed Tempo, they don't sell heroin and crack to the public (which kill a hell of a lot less people than guns) but insist on selling weapons made specifically to kill humans - nothing to do with hunting!Delete
- Anonymous20 December 2012 at 11:26
Agree all the way with you on this one Joe. So very sad to see something like this happen anywhere. I'm in favour of a total ban on guns, whether shotgun, hand gun or rifle, and I just can't understand how a gun owner would feel any different after what happened last Friday. Also with you on the God front: where was he yet again. Surly those children were not sinners?! If they had offended him somehow, what a callous individual he must be.ReplyDeleteReplies
Yes Dicky, certainly far too callous to be worshipped - and a misogynist !Delete
People kill people. People with assault rifles kills more people faster.ReplyDelete
I don't even understand what there is to talk about.Replies
True Angeline, why make it easier for the nutters?Delete


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Randall Stephens
A big hat tip to Matt Sutton who passed along this hilariously bleak cartoon. It's a conversation between a college student and an English professor. "Humanities is under attack . . . You will begin to question the nature of your own existence."
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
So You Want to Go to Graduate School?
Labels: Graduate Training, Humanities, Humor, Letters
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Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Nice Ice, Baby!
Hello! Here's a layout I just completed using "Vanilla Ice" by Anne Lederhose. The Vanilla Ice pack features a small engraved cone measuring approx 9cms, a pop out design measuring approx 13cms and a blank design 12.3cms. Cool hey?! ;)
I've painted my larger pop out cone white, covered my blank design with patterned paper and layered these together. I have left the small engraved cone in it's raw state. I have just used some foam tape partially underneath the smaller cone so it lies flat (as it's layered with the larger one).
I think these icecream cones are the perfect touch to any Summertime project, or for that matter, any project calling for a bit of sweetness (I love icecream all year round!).
2 comments:
Oh yeah me too...love ice creams!!! Love how you used the two cones and especially love the paper backing on the bigger one. another fantastic page...thanks and looking forward to seeing more this week!ReplyDelete
Hi Chantal, that's such a bright and cheerful layout, I love it! Your cheeky rascal LO is fabulous too. :)ReplyDelete
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Web dryer solvent vapor control means
A web that is coated or imprinted on both surfaces has a straight stretch that emerges from a dryer enclosure in which the web is heated and extends to a chill roll around which a curved portion of the web is partially wrapped. A duct-like tunnel surrounding said stretch has its outer end near the chill roll. In a preferred embodiment, a nozzle at the outer end of the upper tunnel wall blows a blade-like jet against the curved portion of the web to force it into intimate engagement with the chill roll periphery and thus prevent accumulations of solvent vapor condensate thereon. Part of the jet air deflected by the web is guided inwardly along the web by the upper tunnel wall. Air outlets just above the lower tunnel wall, near its outer end and spaced at intervals across it, provide for inward air flow under the web. Practically all vapor emanating from the web after it leaves the dryer is thus driven into the dryer.
Latest W. R. Grace & Company Patents:
This invention relates to apparatus for drying ink or coating on both surfaces of a lengthwise moving web, comprising a dryer enclosure in which the web is heated for evaporation of solvent from the ink or coating thereon and in the interior of which a subatmospheric pressure is maintained, and a chill roll which is spaced outwardly from the dryer enclosure and with which the web has partial wrapping engagement; and the invention is more particularly concerned with means for preventing accumulations of solvent vapor on the chill roll and for preventing the diffusion of solvent vapor into the air outside the dryer, both of which occurrences have heretofore resulted from evaporation of solvent from the hot portion of the web that extends from the dryer to the chill roll and partway around it.Background of the Invention
In order to effect quick drying of the ink or coating on a freshly printed or freshly coated web, the web is guided for lengthwise movement from the printing or coating rollers directly through a dryer enclosure in which it is heated to effect rapid evaporation of the solvent in the ink or coating. Air laden with solvent vapor is continuously drawn out of the dryer enclosure and passed through an incinerator or the like that converts the vapor to inoffensive gases which are discharged into the atmosphere. The rate at which air is withdrawn from the dryer enclosure is high enough for maintaining a subatmospheric pressure in its interior. Hence, there is an inflow of air at the slots in opposite walls of the enclosure through which the web enters and leaves the enclosure, and such inflow normally prevents escape of solvent vapor from the enclosure.
From the dryer the web extends to a chill roll around which it has partial wrapping engagement and by which it is cooled to harden the ink or coating on it.
It is well known that the web carries some solvent vapor out of the dryer in a relatively thin boundary layer that tends to cling to each surface of the web. More importantly, there is countinuing evaporation of solvent from the web after it leaves the dryer enclosure, because the web remains at a high temperature until it is cooled by contact with the chill roll. Heretofore it has usually been considered necessary to mount a suction hood over the chill roll and the hot stretch of web extending to it, to draw out of the press room the vapor solvents diffused from that stretch of web.
A particularly troublesome and long standing problem has been posed by the continued evaporation of solvent from the web after the web has left the dryer, in cases where the web has ink or coating on both of its surfaces. One of those surfaces must inevitably contact the chill roll, and the vapor at that surface has a tendency to condense on the cold surface of the chill roll and act as a solvent that softens and smudges the partially dried ink or coating on the web. Often the condensate on the chill roll has caused so-called blocking, wherein ink softened by solvent vapor condensate picked up from the chill roll causes stacked sheets that have been cut from the web to stick together at a station to which the imprinted or coated material is ultimately delivered.
Heretofore, the vapor-rich boundary layer that adheres to the stretch of web extending from the dryer to the chill roll has been regarded as principally responsible for smudging and blocking. An early presentation of this theory appears in U.S. Pat. No. 2,157,388, to MacArthur, issued in 1939, which says: "If the solvent vapors be withdrawn from the presence of the printed material before it cools, then undesired condensation is avoided, but this is difficult to accomplish, particularly in the case of a rapidly traveling web, due, perhaps, to a tendency of the web to sweep along with it those vapors which lie closely adjacent to its surfaces."
The recently issued U.S. Pat. No. 4,263,724 to H. Vits offers substantially the same explanation: "The traveling web tends to carry the vapor of the still vaporizing residual solvent oil along on its surface in the form of a boundary layer conveyed by the web motion, and when this layer of vaporizing solvent oil contacts the exposed portions of the cooling rolls, it can condense to its liquid phase on the roll surfaces and cause a solvent or softening action on the otherwise adequately dried ink. . ." The remedy proposed by Vits is, in general, ". . . pneumatically displacing the described boundary layer at such a position and such a rate as prevents it from contacting and condensing on the exposed surface portion of the roll or rolls with which the printing, or other coating, contacts." Vits discloses one arrangement intended for solving the problem, wherein pressure air is blown against the exposed surface of the chill roll, that is, the portion of the chill roll around which the web is not wrapped. Apparently the purpose of this arrangement is to dislodge from the chill roll the condensed solvent deposited on it by the portion of the web that it has contacted, in order to prevent such solvent from being carried on around into contact with the portion of the web that is newly arriving at the chill roll. The philosophy of this scheme seems to be to minimize the damage that can result from condensation which has occurred on the chill roll, rather than to prevent such condensation in the first place.
Another of the arrangements disclosed by Vits follows the approach of attempting to scrub the boundary layers off of the web before the web arrives at the chill roll. In this arrangement the web moves from the dryer towards the first chill roll through a tunnel which has its outer end near the chill roll and which is communicated at its inner end with the interior of the dryer. Near its outer end this tunnel is formed with a constriction that has walls closely adjacent to the surfaces of the web, and the subatmospheric pressure in the dryer enclosure is relied upon to draw an accelerated airflow through this constriction whereby additional air is induced to flow into the outlet end of the tunnel and thus along the surfaces of the web. In an alternative embodiment, inwardly opening pressure air outlets are placed in the tunnel that are likewise intended to produce a fast flow of air along the web surfaces and inwardly through the tunnel.
Merely producing a fast relative air flow along a web surface is ordinarily insufficient to sweep a vapor-rich boundary layer off of the web, as is brought out in U.S. Pat. No. 3,071,869 to Latimer et al. Furthermore, any effective dispersal of the boundary layer that occurs with the Vits apparatus will take place in a zone some distance into the tunnel from its outer end, where the inward air flow has its maximum velocity; and between that zone and the chill roll there is a substantial length of hot web along which a vapor concentration can reform.
The Latimer et al patent that has just been mentioned is concerned with webs that are imprinted or coated on only one surface, and it discloses means for dispersing the vapor-saturated boundary layer from the portion of the web that is inside the dryer enclosure, in order to speed up evaporation of solvent from the ink or coating. The expedient disclosed by Latimer et al can only disperse the boundary layer from a surface of the web that is remote from a roller around which the web is moving, and therefore it could not be employed to solve the problems which arise at a chill roll, where smudging and picking are the result of evaporation from the web surface that is adjacent to the chill roll.
Thus, in practice, it has been found difficult if not impossible to scrub the vapor-rich boundary layer off of the web just before it reaches the chill roll. It may well be that success in doing so would not achieve a complete avoidance of smudging and picking because the problem involves a phenomenon that develops at the chill roll itself. As pointed out in U.S. Pat. No. 3,452,447, issued to T. A. Gardner in 1969, when a fast moving web comes into wrapping engagement with a rotating cylinder such as a chill roll, a thin film of air tends to be trapped between the web and the peripheral surface of the roller and to underlie all of the surface of the web that is supposed to be in contact with the roller. In the case of a chill roll, the trapped air acts as an insulation that interferes with the transfer of heat from the web to the chill roll, so that the web remains hot even after it has passed around a substantial portion of the chill roll circumference. Therefore vapor continues to be emitted into the intervening air film, from which it is recondensed onto the chill roll.
This air film between the web and the chill roll appears to be a major cause of problems at the chill roll because it allows a substantial amount of condensate to build up on the chill roll surface, forming rather thick layers or ribbons from which condensate is intermittently reabsorbed by the web to resoften the ink. If the printed or coated web has good contact with the chill roll, the web will be more quickly cooled to below the vaporizing temperature of the solvent, and such condensate as forms on the chill roll is not able to accumulate on the chill roll surface because the web will continuously reabsorb it.
For forcing a web into intimate contact with a roller, the Gardner patent proposes an air bar that extends across the web and emits two jets of pressure air towards it at opposite oblique angles to its surface such that the jets converge towards one another. As brought out in the copending U.S. patent application of R. A. Daane, Ser. No. 254,989, filed Apr. 16, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,584 (which has a common assignee with the present application), it is doubtful whether the air bar arrangement proposed by Gardner would actually be effective unless web speeds were rather low and web tensions were maintained at a relatively high value. In any case, a reasonably effective air bar device of the type disclosed by Gardner would have to discharge a high volume of air at a high velocity and would therefore have to be supplied with pressure air from a powerful fan or blower.Summary of the Invention
The general object of the present invention is to provide, in web drying apparatus of the type comprising a dryer enclosure and a chill roll and wherein a stretch of hot web normally extends from the dryer enclosure to the chill roll, means for constraining substantially all solvent vapors emanating from that stretch of web to flow into the dryer enclosure so that no suction hood is needed over the chill roll, and for forcing the web into intimate contact with the surface of the chill roll to prevent the formation of an air film that insulates the web from the chill roll.
Thus it is also a general object of this invention to provide effective means, in web drying apparatus of the character described, for preventing dispersal of solvent vapors into the press room and for preventing smudging and the like at the chill roll.
It is also an important objective of this invention to accomplish the above stated objects with apparatus that is simple and inexpensive in itself and operates with relatively low expenditure of energy.
Another and more specific object of the invention is to provide apparatus of the character described wherein the nozzle device disclosed in the above-identified Daane application, Ser. No. 254,989, is employed in combination with other structure not only to bring about the expectable result of maintaining intimate contact between the web and the chill roll but also to bring about new and unexpected results, namely, preventing smudging and similar problems and preventing dispersal of solvent vapors into the press room by constraining such vapors to flow into the dryer, so that all solvent evaporated from the web can be readily passed through a vapor incinerator or pollution device for preventing air pollution.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide apparatus of the character described that effectively prevents solvent vapor from belching out of the dryer enclosure from time to time, as has occurred with most prior web drying apparatus.Brief Description of Drawings
In the accompanying drawings, which depict what is now regarded as a preferred embodiment of the present invention:
FIG. 1 is a more or less diagrammatic view in vertical section of web drying and cooling apparatus that embodies the principles of this invention; and
FIG. 2 is a view in vertical section of a modified form of web drying and cooling apparatus of this invention.Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiment of the Invention
As is conventional, a lengthwise moving web 5 of paper or the like, after having both of its surfaces imprinted with ink or coated with an ornamental or protective coating, is passed through an oven or dryer enclosure 6 wherein the web is heated to cause evaporation of the solvent from its ink or coating.
The web 5 has a straight stretch 7 that extends through the dryer 6, and that stretch is contactlessly supported by pressure air issuing from a series of air bars 8 that are mounted in the interior of the dryer enclosure. Each air bar 8 is oriented with its length extending across the width of the web, and the several air bars are parallel to one another and spaced apart at relatively small intervals along the length of the web. In addition to a set of air bars 8L that are arranged below the web to direct supporting air streams upwardly against it, another set of air bars 8U is arranged above the web to direct air streams downwardly against it and thus confine the web to straight line motion through the dryer enclosure. Pressure air is supplied to the air bars 8 from a blower 9, and such air may be passed through a heater 10 on its way to the air bars so that the streams of air that issue from the air bars not only afford floating support for the web but also heat the web from above and below, to effect evaporation of solvent from ink or coating on both of its surfaces. Alternatively, the web could be directly heated by the flames of fuel burners (not shown) that would be mounted in the dryer enclosure in a known arrangement.
An exhaust fan or blower 12 withdraws air from the dryer enclosure 6 at a rate somewhat higher than that at which the pressure air blower 9 supplies air to the air bars 8, to thus maintain a subatmospheric pressure in the interior of the dryer. The air thus withdrawn from the dryer, which is laden with solvent vapor, may be conducted to an incinerator 14 at which the entrained solvent vapor is converted to harmless gases. The heater 10 for the pressure air flowing from the pressure air blower 9 to the air bars 8 may comprise a heat exchanger whereby the pressure air is heated from the exhaust air leaving the incinerator.
To maintain the desired subatmospheric pressure in the dryer 6, its walls are for the most part imperforate. However, the web 5 moves into the dryer enclosure through an inlet slot 15 in one wall 16 of the enclosure and emerges through an outlet slot 17 in an opposite wall 18. The subatmospheric pressure in the dryer induces air to flow inwardly through both of the web slots 15 and 17, thereby normally preventing escape of vapor from the dryer.
The web 5 extends in a straight path from the interior of the dryer enclosure 6, through the outlet slot 17, to a chill roll 20 around which the web has partial wrapping engagement and which is spaced at some distance outwardly from the dryer wall 18 that has the outlet slot 17 therein. Conventionally the web may continue from the chill roll 20 to a second chill roll 22 around which the web has an opposite wrap, so that the second chill roll 22 contacts the surface of the web that was not engaged by the first chill roll 20. Although not shown, it will be understood that the web may pass around one or more further chill rolls. In any case, the first chill roll 20 is the one at which smudging is most likely to occur.
A long, straight stretch 23 of unsupported web that extends between the dryer 6 and the first chill roll 20 constitutes, in effect, a continuation of the straight stretch 7 inside the dryer that is floatingly supported by the air streams issuing from the air bars 8. When the web emerges from the dryer, it draws with it boundary layers that are saturated with solvent vapor, and solvent continues to evaporate as the web moves towards the chill roll 20, so that a substantial amount of vapor tends to be dispersed from the web stretch 23. With prior web drying apparatus, the so-called belching of smoke from the dryer oven, due mainly to dispersal of vapor from the hot web stretch just outside the dryer, required the provision of a suction hood whereby such vapor was drawn out of the press room.
In the apparatus of this invention the web stretch 23 that extends between the dryer 6 and the first chill roll 20 is surrounded by the walls of a duct or tunnel 25 that constitutes, in effect, an extension of the dryer enclosure. At an inner end of the tunnel 25, where it is joined to the wall 18 of the dryer, the dryer outlet slot 17 opens into it. The outer end of the tunnel 25 is adjacent to the chill roll 20.
The upper and lower walls 26, 27 of the tunnel 25, which are substantially flat and parallel to one another and which respectively oppose the upper and lower surfaces of the web stretch 23, are spaced apart by a relatively small distance, just sufficient to ensure that they will not be contacted by the web. The side walls 28 of the tunnel are spaced apart by a distance slightly greater than the width of the web, just sufficient to avoid being contacted by its side edges. The web stretch 23 thus has the effect of dividing the interior of the tunnel 25 into upper and lower channels 30, 31, through each of which an airstream can move inwardly. Preferably the tunnel walls 26, 27, 28 are provided with heat insulation so that solvent vapors emanating from the stretch of web 23 will not condense on their inner surfaces.
The upper wall 26 of the tunnel has its outer end adjacent to an air jet nozzle 33 of the type that is more fully described and explained in the above-mentioned Daane application. In general, the nozzle 33 comprises a straight pipe or duct 34 that has a pressure air inlet 35 at one of its ends and is plugged at its other end. The length of the pipe or duct 34 is such that it extends across the full width of the web. Holes 36 in the pipe 34, in a row along its bottom, open into the outlet portion of the nozzle 33, which is defined by a pair of downwardly convergent plates 37 that have their upper edges welded or otherwise sealingly connected to opposite sides of the pipe 34. The lower edges of the plates 37 are spaced apart to define an outlet slit 38 which extends along the full length of the pipe 34 (i.e., all across the web) and which is just wide enough to ensure that pressure air will issue therefrom at a substantially uniform rate all along its length. Typically the width of the outlet slit 38 is 0.030 inch.
The nozzle 33 is mounted at such an orientation that the jet issuing from its outlet slit 38 is directed radially inwardly relative to the chill roll 20. The nozzle 33 is situated so close to the chill roll 20 as to afford substantially only a good clearance for the web, to ensure that its jet does not broaden, disperse or lose much velocity before it impacts the web; and, specifically, the nozzle 33 should not be spaced from the web by more than about four times the width of its outlet slit 38. Furthermore, the location of the nozzle 33 should be such that its outlet is close to a line of tangency of the web to the chill roll 20, said line being the imaginary line that extends along the peripheral surface of the chill roll at the boundary between the straight stretch 23 of the web and the curved stretch of web that is partially wrapped around the chill roll. The nozzle 33 is preferably spaced a short distance in the direction of web motion from the line of tangency, so that its jet impacts the curved portion of the web, but it should not be spaced in the opposite direction from that line.
As more fully explained in the Daane application, the purpose of the nozzle 33 is to subject the web to a high pressure gradient in the direction of web motion. The air jet issuing from the nozzle 33 need not exert a force upon the web that is particularly high in itself. The factor that is significant is that within the narrow zone in which the web is impacted by the blade-like jet from the nozzle 33, that jet subjects the web to a pressure which has a rapid rate of rise in the direction of web motion; and it is this rapid change in the relationship between pressure and distance along the web that accounts for the ability of the jet to force the web into intimate contact with the chill roll periphery. Since the jet in effect squeezes away the air film from between the web and the chill roll, the web remains in contact with the chill roll after passing the jet. The nozzle is therefore located fairly close to the line of tangency--preferably not more than 1/2 inch (12 or 13 mm.) beyond it--to ensure that as much as possible of the curved stretch of web around the chill roll will be in contact with the chill roll surface.
It has been found that a nozzle 33 of the above described character, having an outlet slit width of 0.030 in. (about 0.75 mm.) is highly effective when pressure air is fed to it at 3 psig. Obviously, not much energy is consumed in supplying air at this relatively modest pressure.
The air jet issuing from the nozzle 33 moves towards the web substantially at right angles to the local surface area of the web that it impacts, and therefore the jet is so deflected by the web that about half of the emitted air moves along the web surface in the direction of web motion and the other half moves along the web oppositely to web motion. Because the outer end of the upper tunnel wall 26 is contiguous to the nozzle 33, the portion of the deflected jet that moves in counterflow to the web is constrained to enter the tunnel 25 and to flow inwardly in the upper channel 30 thereof. The inward flow of air thus produced by the nozzle 33 is of course promoted and intensified by the subatmospheric pressure in the interior of the dryer, with which the tunnel communicates through the web outlet slot 17. As a result, all vapor dispersed from the upper surface of the web between the dryer wall 18 and the jet nozzle 33 is forced back into the dryer enclosure 6 for eventual passage through the incinerator 14.
The impact of the jet from the nozzle 33 against the web is effective to scrub the vapor-rich boundary layer off of the upper surface of the web and force all of that vapor into and along the tunnel 25; therefore the portion of the jet air that is deflected along the web in the direction away from the tunnel is essentially clean air. It may well be that a vaporrich boundary layer begins to reform on the upper surface of the portion of the web that has passed the nozzle 33 and is passing around the chill roll 20, but no significant dispersion of such vapor takes place because of the relatively rapid cooling to which that portion of the web is subjected, first by the air from the nozzle 33 and then by reason of the intimate contact between the web and the chill roll 20.
As for the bottom surface of the web, which comes into contact with the chill roll 20 around a substantial portion of its periphery, there may be a vapor-rich boundary layer attached to that surface when it arrives at the chill roll, but that boundary layer will in effect be squeezed away from between the web and the chill roll by the action of the jet from the nozzle 33.
Furthermore, substantially all of the solvent vapor generated at this bottom surface of the web, up to the point where it comes into contact with the chill roll, is caused to flow into the dryer enclosure 6 by the apparatus of this invention. To that end, the lower wall 27 of the tunnel 25 has its outer end spaced a small distance from the first chill roll 20 to cooperate with that chill roll in defining a slot-like inlet 40 through which air can be drawn into the lower air channel 31. Inside the tunnel, near its outer end and adjacent to its bottom wall 27, there are a plurality of pressure air outlets 41 which open inwardly relative to the tunnel and which are spaced from one another at intervals across the width of the tunnel. The streams of pressure air emitted from these outlets induce a substantial flow of air into the tunnel through the slot-like inlet 40, and such induced air flow sweeps along with it the free vapor that is adjacent to the exposed surface of the chill roll 20 and the bottom surface of the web near that chill roll.
The air flow produced and induced by the air outlets 41 serves to impose forces upon the lower surface of the web that balance those forces imposed upon its upper surface by air moving through the tunnel from the nozzle 33. The rate at which pressure air is delivered to the outlets 41 is preferably controllable, as by means of a manually adjustable throttling valve 42, to provide for so balancing the air flows along the opposite surfaces of the web as to maintain steady, straight line motion of the stretch of web extending through the tunnel 25.
Of course the inward flow of air due to the air outlets 41 also serves to propel into the dryer enclosure 6 substantially all of the vapor that tends to diffuse from the bottom surfaces of the web, thus preventing diffusion of such vapor into the press room without the need for a suction hood. In this respect it will be observed that the induced inflow of air at the slot-like inlet 40 prevents the escape of free vapor through that aperture. Of course the airflow along the bottom surface of the web stretch 23, like that along its top surface, has some effect in cooling the web, particularly in the portion of the stretch 23 that is near the chill roll 20 and the outer end of the tunnel. However, the amount of air moved along this stretch 23 of the web is not great enough to effect any substantial amount of web cooling. Economically small rates of pressure air flow from the nozzle 33 and from the air outlets 41 are adequate to prevent condensation of vapor on the chill roll 20 and diffusion of vapor into the press room, and more than an adequate airflow through the tunnel 25 could adversely affect operation of the dryer exhaust fan 12 and the vapor incinerator 14, as well as being wasteful in itself.
The embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1 is preferred for most installations, but the modified embodiment shown in FIG. 2 may be suitable under some conditions. In FIG. 2, the nozzle 33 for producing a blade-like high velocity air jet whereby the web is forced into intimate contact with the chill roll 20 is replaced by a cooled roller 50, which cooperates with the chill roll 20 to define a nip through which the web passes in moving into its partially wrapping engagement with the chill roll 20. The cooperating rolls 20 and 50 can have an adjustable nip clearance maintained at about 0.001 in. less than the web thickness or they can be arranged in a known manner to provide a controlled nip load. The outer end of the lower tunnel wall 27 is near the chill roll 20, as in the FIG. 1 embodiment, and the upper tunnel wall 27 is similarly spaced from the cooled pressure roller 50. Air is induced to flow into the tunnel, around the outer end of each of the tunnel walls 26 and 27, by means of air jet nozzles 52, each located outwardly adjacent to one of those tunnel walls and arranged to blow air obliquely towards the outer end of the tunnel wall and towards the adjacent roller and the web. Since the substmospheric pressure in the dryer enclosure 6 will induce some air flow inwardly around the outer ends of the upper and lower tunnel walls, the nozzles 52 are so arranged as to ensure particularly good airflow on those portions of the peripheries of rollers 20 and 50 that are adjacent to the edges of the web, where accumulations of condensate are most likely to form.
From the foregoing description taken with the accompanying drawings it will be apparent that this invention provides simple, economical and effective means in web drying apparatus of the character described for preventing accumulations of solvent vapor condensate on the chill roll, thereby preventing smudging and the like, and for preventing diffusion of solvent vapor into the press room outside the dryer enclosure by forcing into that enclosure substantially all vapor emanating from the stretch of web that extends between the dryer and the chill roll. It will be apparent that the apparatus of this invention not only eliminates the need for a suction hood outside the dryer but causes the vapor which would otherwise be picked up by such a hood to be forced through the incinerator that reduces solvent vapor to inoffensive gases.
1. Web drying apparatus comprising dryer walls defining an enclosure wherein a lengthwise moving web is heated for evaporation of solvent from coating or printing on at least one surface thereof and from which the web emerges through a slot in one of said dryer walls, means for maintaining a subatmospheric pressure in said enclosure, and a chill roll spaced outwardly from said one dryer wall to which a straight portion of the web extends from said slot and around which a curved portion of the web is partially wrapped with said one surface adjacent to the chill roll, the boundary between said portions of the web being at a line of tangency, said apparatus being characterized by:
- A. nozzle means adjacent to the chill roll, having an outlet from which pressure air issues as a jet,
- (1) said outlet being in the form of a slit which
- (a) extends lengthwise substantially entirely across the width of the web and
- (b) is not substantially wider than is adequate to ensure issuance of pressure air therefrom at a substantially uniform rate all along its length,
- (2) said outlet being located and oriented to direct said jet
- (a) against said curved portion of the web at a distance of not substantially more than one-half inch from said line of tangency and
- (b) substantially radially inwardly relative to the chill roll, and
- (3) said outlet being close enough to the chill roll to avoid substantial divergence of the jet before it impinges the web;
- B. duct means defining a tunnel extending outward from said one dryer wall and into an inner end of which said slot opens, said duct means comprising a pair to tunnel walls between which said straight portion of the web extends and each of which opposes a surface of the web,
- (1) one of said tunnel walls having an outer end near said chill roll that cooperates with the chill roll to define an inlet for air that flows inwardly between said one tunnel wall and said one surface of the web, and
- (2) the other of said tunnel walls having an outer end closely adjacent to said nozzle means outlet and serving to guide inwardly along the opposite surface of the web a part of the pressure air that has issued from said nozzle means and has been deflected by the web; and
- C. air outlet means arranged to define a plurality of pressure air outlets in the tunnel which are inwardly adjacent to said one tunnel wall and to said inlet, are spaced from one another across the width of that wall, and open towards said inner end of the tunnel, for blowing air inwardly through the tunnel, inducing flow of air through said inlet, and imposing forces upon said one surface of the web that balance the forces imposed upon its said opposite surface by air moving inward through the tunnel from said nozzle means.
Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 19, 1982
Date of Patent: Jul 31, 1984
Assignee: W. R. Grace & Company (New York, NY)
Inventor: Robert A. Daane (Green Bay, WI)
Primary Examiner: Larry I. Schwartz
Assistant Examiner: David W. Westphal
Attorney: James E. Nilles
Application Number: 6/350,192
International Classification: F26B 1318;


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Links of Interest--This will connect you with other organizations and resources relevant to Dermatology in Illinois.
IDS Participation Survey--Interested in serving on the IDS Board of Directors? Are you active in a national ophthalmological society? Let us know! (coming soon)
Visits to the Illinois State Capitol -- Get a map CLICK HERE
© Illinois Dermatological Society | 10 W. Phillip Rd. Suite 120 Vernon Hills, IL 60061-1730


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"Philharmonic Soloists" Project Brings Top Players to Naxos
Naxos is embarking on a comprehensive series focused on the most important instruments of the orchestra, presented by the leading instrumentalists of the Vienna Philharmonic. Each instrument will be featured on one CD, presented in chamber music repertoire by a Vienna soloist. The series will allow listeners to explore the secrets of the unique sound of the Vienna Philharmonic through the performances of its principal players.
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A CD featuring the viola will be recorded in the spring of 2004, and the Flute CD is scheduled to be recorded in autumn of 2004. Two CDs are planned for each year until the series is completed.
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"Ocean Voyager" a film produced by Feodor Pitcairn Productions with special guest Christine Brammer, Oahu Program Coordinator, Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Program
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Shawn Carrier, Outreach Education Specialist
UH Sea Grant Hanauma Bay Education Program


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(Boston) - Approximately 1.5 million children and adults in the U.S. have autism and it is estimated to be the fastest growing developmental disability with a 10 - 17 percent increase each year. While much is known about the symptoms of autism, the exact cause of the condition is not yet defined.
A new model of the brain developed by Dr. Stephen Grossberg, professor and chairman of the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems at Boston University, and Dr. Don Seidman, a pediatrician with the DuPage Medical Group in Elmhurst, IL, sheds light on the triggers of behaviors commonly associated with autism. The paper, "Neural Dynamics of Autistic Behaviors: Cognitive, Emotional, and Timing Substrates," appears in the July issue of the journal Psychological Review, published by the American Psychological Association.
"Autism involves multiple genes and correspondingly, people with autism are known to have multiple cognitive, emotional, and motor symptoms - such as impaired development of speech and difficulty expressing emotions," said Dr. Grossberg. "The iSTART model describes the various brain mechanisms that underlie autism and how they may give rise to the symptoms of the condition."
iSTART, which stands for Imbalanced Spectrally Timed Adaptive Resonance Theory, is derived from the earlier START model developed by Grossberg to explain how the brain controls normal behaviors. The new model describes how brain mechanisms that control normal emotional, timing, and motor processes may become imbalanced and lead to symptoms of autism. START and its imbalanced version iSTART are a combination of three models, each one of which tries to explain fundamental issues about human learning and behavior.
The first, called Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, proposes how the brain learns to recognize objects and events. Recognition is accomplished through interactions between perceptually-driven inputs and learned expectations. Inputs attempt to match expectations which helps prompt the brain to anticipate input/expectation patterns.
"When a match occurs, the system locks into a resonant state that drives how we learn to recognize things; hence the term adaptive resonance," explained Grossberg.
The degree of match that is required for resonance to occur is set by a vigilance parameter which controls whether a particular learned representation will be concrete or abstract. Low vigilance allows for learning of broad abstract recognition categories, such as a category that is activated by any face; high vigilance forces the learning of specific concrete categories, such as a category that is activated by a particular view of a familiar friend's face. iSTART proposes that individuals with autism have their vigilance fixed at such a high setting that their learned representations are very concrete, or hyperspecific.
"Hypervigilance leads to hyperspecific learning which perpetuates a multitude of problems with learning, cognition, and attention," said Grossberg.
The second model, called the Cognitive-Emotional-Motor, or CogEM, model, extends ART to the learning of cognitive-emotional associations, or associations that link objects and events in the world to feelings and emotions that give these objects and events value. Under normal circumstances, arousal of the circuits in the brain that control emotion are set at an intermediate level. Either under-arousal or over-arousal of these circuits can cause abnormal emotional reactions and problems with cognitive-emotional learning.
"If the emotional center is over-aroused, the threshold to activate a reaction is abnormally low, but the intensity of the emotion is abnormally small," said Grossberg. "In contrast, if the emotional circuits are under-aroused, the threshold for activating an emotion is abnormally high, but when this threshold is exceeded, the emotional response can be over reactive. The iSTART model proposes that individuals with autism experience under-aroused emotional depression which helps explain symptoms like reduced emotional expression as well as emotional outbursts."
The third model, called the Spectral Timing model, clarifies how the brain adaptively times responses in order to acquire rewards and other goals. iSTART shows how individuals with autism experience failures of adaptive timing that lead to the premature release of behaviors which are then unrewarded.
"iSTART depicts how autistic symptoms may arise from breakdowns in normal brain processes, notably a combination of under-stimulated emotional depression in the amygdala and related brain regions, learning of hyperspecific recognition categories in the temporal and prefrontal cortices, and breakdowns of adaptively timed attention and motor circuits in the hippocampal system and cerebellum," said Grossberg. "The model clarifies how malfunctions in these mechanisms can, though a system-wide vicious circle, cause and maintain problems with them all."
According to the researchers, iSTART is a breakthrough in the understanding of the many factors that contribute to autism and provides a unifying perspective that connects autistic symptoms to brain mechanisms that have no obvious connection to the condition.
"This approach should make it easier for scientists studying normal behavior to connect their work to autism research," said Grossberg. "iSTART opens up a wide range of possible new experiments to evaluate autistic behaviors and further test and develop the model."
More information about iSTART and its component models can be found at http://www.
Founded in 1839, Boston University is an internationally recognized institution of higher education and research. With more than 30,000 students, it is the fourth largest independent university in the United States. BU contains 17 colleges and schools along with a number of multi-disciplinary centers and institutes which are central to the school's research and teaching mission.


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MAYA SARI, DIANA (2009) PENGARUH PAPARAN DEBU PABRIK SEMEN PT. SEMEN GRESIK TUBAN TERHADAP FAAL PARU WARGA DESA SUMBERARUM KECAMATAN KEREK KABUPATEN TUBAN. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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The growth of development such as industry, transportation, and others will benefit human being as well as giving the negative sides, one of them is air pollution both indoor and outdoor. Cement dust is one of pollutant which cause respiratory disorder. This research aims to know the effect of dust pieces of cement factory of PT. Semen Gresik Tuban towards Sumberarum villagers lung function. The design of this research is analytical observation with cross sectional study. The samples are 88 people. The data analysis using ChiSquare test. The result of this research showed that most of Sumberarum villagers had lung function disorder (93.2%), especially obstructive disorder (71.6%) and restrictive disorder (21.6%). Those who worked in PT. Semen Gresik Tuban had lower %VC, %FVC, and %FEV1 rather than those who did not work in PT. Semen Gresik Tuban because those who worked in PT. Semen Gresik Tuban had higher risk of getting the cement pieces. The result of ChiSquare (X2) as test independency showed that dust pieces of cement factory of PT. Semen Gresik Tuban did not significantly affect Sumberarum villagers lung function (p>0.05).
|Item Type:
|Thesis (Other)
|R Medicine > R Medicine (General)
|Faculty of Medicine > Department of Medicine (11201)
|Depositing User:
|Anggit Aldila
|Date Deposited:
|18 Jun 2012 04:06
|Last Modified:
|18 Jun 2012 04:06
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June 4, 2012
Social Video Advertising – Why You Should Care — A SPN Exclusive
In continuation of our emphasis on videos from our earlier blog, 14 video tips for businesses on Pinterest, we continue to illustrate the importance of videos in the social media sphere today.
When consumers shop online, they expect to receive the same personalized attention they get in-store, with engaging experiences throughout their decision-making process. To create those engaging online experiences, innovative marketers are turning to online video.
YouTube, king of the video marketing roost, recently celebrated its 7th birthday. The good news is that now there are others who are arriving in the space to give You Tube a run for its money. The increasing number of platforms for videos bodes well for marketers who are getting more venues for their online marketing, which will in turn contribute to the growth of social video viewing.
Following are some astounding facts about YouTube (source: YouTube):
– 60 hours of video is uploaded every minute on YouTube.
– Over 4 billion videos are viewed every day.
– YouTube is monetizing over 3 billion video views per week globally.
After investing $100 million to create content channels, YouTube has shifted focus to attract viewers into longer, more engaging videos – the kind that are, not incidentally, more appealing to advertisers. The number of minutes users spend watching YouTube videos has grown over the past year by 57% to more than 61 billion minutes in March 2012, according to ComScore. Like Google, YouTube is a building based on a foundation of clicks. It has used this foundation to gather data about videos that were getting clicks, or views, to serve up recommendations and get users to click on another video. You Tube is also tracking video viewing lengths to measure the amount of time a user spends watching a video with the purpose of determining the scope for showing longer ad videos. This shift of YouTube's focus from number of views to total time of viewing favors advertisers seeking an engaged audience.
Some of the other video sharing sites that have surfaced and stayed afloat with success are Socialcam and Viddy. According to AppData, Socialcam ranks first among the emerging video sharing sites. The month of April saw both Socialcam and Viddy's user growth surge ahead.
Socialcam is a smartphone application that allows users to capture and share videos with friends. Socialcam is an unencumbered app that has features like OS compatibility, filters, seamless integration with Facebook (compete pulse) etc. The average video length on the site is about 60-80 seconds. Armed with 51,500,000 users (mediabistro), the company is rolling out new changes frequently in a bid to add/retain users. Socialcam has also rolled out a new website designed for more engagement of users who don't have the app on their phone (techcrunch). Socialcam made the news recently; adding over 40 million users in two weeks (compete pulse). The site is slowly building on features and tools to remain in top shape. Socialcam is undoubtedly one of the video sites to watch out for. What's more, it is now home to many brands such as Brisk, Oprah Winfrey network (OWN) and Lipton Iced tea among many others (The NextWeb).
Viddy, another player in the league, has 34,300,000 users according to AppData. It is also signing up 1 million new users everyday according to The Wall Street Journal. The maximum video length on Viddy is 15 seconds. Viddy also has features like filters, integration with Facebook (compete pulse) etc. Viddy boasts of backing by many celebrities along with the millions of other users. The site drew some attention as a possible acquisition target of Facebook when CEO Mark Zuckerberg joined and uploaded a video of his dog. However, Zuckerberg only using Viddy does not signify Facebook's interest in acquiring it. A few brands have joined and made it big on Viddy, DVF, Red Bull UK, General Electric, Warner Bros Records, Southwest Airlines and The Muppet (Mashable).
With all these brands on the social video bandwagon, how can Facebook be left behind? Not for long! After a trial of trending articles, Facebook is now reportedly going to apply the same to videos (Mashable). According to TheNextWeb, this new feature will be rolled out to some users. Once the feature appears on your profile, it will auto-populate with videos your friends are watching on Facebook's Open Graph apps.
Recent research shows that consumers are watching more ad videos online and are also socially sharing them more than ever. According to the video measurement company, Visible Measures, views of social video ads (brand-driven and audience-driven) for English-speaking audiences increased to almost 1.33 billion in Q1 2012, a 78% rise over Q4 2011. Q1 2012 ad video views surpassed that of Q1 2011 by 72%. Visible Measures noted that the first quarter is typically a busy time of the year for social sharing of Super Bowl ad videos. However, the higher than average spike signifies a shift in behavior of consumers towards ad video viewership on social networking sites. All views in this report are user-initiated Visible Measures.
The automotive industry, a huge spender on offline commercials including Super Bowl ads, was the industry that saw the most ad video views this year. It is quite distantly followed by community and activism and other industries.
The best online ad format today is video. The growth of video advertising can be aided by viewers' sharing and thereby contributing immensely towards making videos a top online marketing tool. The most effective way for a video to go viral is a consumer sharing it with their network and thereby building a chain of subsequent sharing. According to eMarketer's estimation, US advertisers will spend $3.1 billion this year on video ads, a $1 billion increase from the $2 billion spent in 2011. By 2016, $9.3 billion in online ad spending will go toward videos (eMarketer).
Need more incentives to make video marketing a part of your online marketing plan? Here are a few:
Videos Can Be Effective Customer Service Tools – The size of your customer base depends on good post-sales customer service as much as on quality. So its very important for your customer service to be quick and efficient. Videos can be a great tool as your customer service communication platform. You can show the way to solve basic, simple product/service problems through videos. Videos can also be the best marketing tool for companies that are into the DIY (Do It Yourself) business.
Search Engines Love Videos! – Use as many product/service videos as possible on your company website without cluttering it. On-site videos help your site in getting pulled up in search engines. They also aid in better showcasing of your product line and contribute to increasing conversion rates. Search engines favor sites with videos and arrange their results so that sites with videos are benefitted. Make your on-site videos scalable. This helps ensure reach for long-tail keywords that drive the highest quality traffic and the best conversion rates.
Retargeting Videos – Every company/site will have potential users who have deserted the site during the conversion process. Separate videos targeting such deserters will help in getting them back on your site. Imbibe such videos with personalized offers and deals based on that customer's earlier shopping history. This kind of value addition to retargeting videos has higher conversion rates and above average order value compared to traditional banner retargeting ads.
Video marketing will be the place to be in 2012. So what are you waiting for? Be the video virtuoso and let your presence be "seen"!
Position2 is a leading Search & Social Media Marketing firm that delivers continuous growth for its customers through its proprietary "Surround & Intent Marketing" methodology. The company's adaptive technology solutions are customizable to customers' evolving marketing needs.


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Check out eleven.ch the new winter-site is up and running with a few extra features still in the works. Everything's new and there's lots to explore, but see for yourselves. Click the eleven snowboard team section and check out profiles of our riders. Video-footage to follow, but in the meantime we put some together for you on the eleventube.
But it's not just on our site there's news on the team. Our riders are just as active putting together their own sites. Check out ruffrokk.com and andreas arn, dominik bertschart, david bertschinger & homies will make sure you don't forget that hip-hip aint dead.
Some understatement please? For all of you that ain't down with bling-bling & co. we herewith present you some highlights of our EL11.08 line. Fuctionality in it's purest form, at first glance inconspicious, at closer inspection you will discover lots of multicolor threads giving it a unique look.
The EL11.08 outerwear collection is available in the colours black, anthracite, seashell and heather grey. check out all products in detail in the EL11.08 section. on our site. Complete list of retailers in the where to buy section.
Behind The Scenes
After we spent the last few weeks working on the site, here you go with a short recap on how such things evolve here at eleven:
As it goes for pretty much everything we do, the first thing we look at when facing a new mission is our collection. this year it's all about the 4 different lines and their unique farbrics, so the first thing we work on is finding the best way to communicate this through our site. visually the retailer sales guide set the direction so while our designers work on background graphics icon-designs etc. we spend some time going through the actual site deciding which segments we want put some extra efforts in and if the skeletal structure still is up to the marks of user-friendlyness. for this year we decided to further improve the navigation in the products section as well to further develop the team site. so while we're working on graphics, eleven teamshredder and web nerd munzli is burning the midnight oil getting the necessary programming work done. he is also the one assuring we're always up to speed with the latest technical innovations. so as soon as the structure is done, background and windows are designed every image needs to be edited and converted and all product must be linked with the relevant informations. the larger the collection, the more work. parallel to this we also prepare all the other information, kick our rider's asses so that they send profiles and images, put together shoplists and so on. so the site constanty evolves and arises and as soon as the pieces are assembled, just as a jigsaw-puzzle, we replace the old one with the new face.
Make sure you don't miss the next sample-sale coming up next week (24th to 27th october 07) at toni molkerei in Zurich.
See more on the eleven website.


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When it comes to resource management tools, you probably fall into one of two categories – either overpaying for a complex solution you have had for years or not even exploring options because you think they are all too expensive. Insights RM will get you the resourcing information you need without driving you crazy or emptying your wallet.
This free webinar will demonstrate the Insights RM tool, which now includes an automated data connection with MS Project, as well as integration with Power BI for customized analytics. Why overpay for complicated software – or do it all manually – when you can get the automated resource management tools you need for a fraction of the cost?


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I'm on the same colour theme, but this time for Christmas using a beautiful new stamp set that was released this month by Chocolate Baroque and I couldn't resist ordering. I love the 'negative' style snowflakes. I'm looking forward to be back 'working' with the Design Team soon.
Chocolate Baroque stamp sets used for above card: A Child is Born and Christmas Magic. The pretty die cut snowflakes are by Joy.
The background for this card was created again with Dylusions inks and gold Glimmermist spray. I added some 'blobs' of Gesso as well. I stamped over the background using a couple of the snowflakes from the set. I coloured the angel with Inktense pencils and added lots of stickles.
Here is a look at the complete stamp set, it's gorgeous:
Well that's all for this morning, thanks for your visit and have a great day,
Shirley x


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A Calm Brain: Unlocking Your Natural Relaxation System by Gayartri Devi, M.D.
Published by Dutton Adult, an imprint of Penguin
From the publisher:
Our ancestors used the fight-or-flight mechanism to protect themselves from predators. We use it to fend off daily crises. In a world filled with too many toys, too much technology, and too many choices—how can we possibly keep up? Our bodies have been trained to react to the beeps and alarms of all our different technologies, be it the ever present cell phone, an angry text message, or a frantic voicemail. The result is chronic stress and a learned inability to relax.
With a warm, lucid voice, Dr. Devi shares stories from her medical practice of ordinary people—suffering from migraines, neck pain, gastrointestinal upsets, and sleep deprivation— trying to work through life's difficulties. With practical advice she shows just how to promote a higher "vagal tone," and delivers the best news yet: you don't need more drugs. Here are the keys to more tranquil, productive, and enjoyable life.
Dr. Devi explores a paradigm shift in our understanding of the brain's relaxation mechanisms. It is hard for our brains to talk our bodies into feeling calm, but our bodies have strong wiring that makes true enduring calm possible. The body does this through the vagus nerve, a powerful conduit that taps directly into our brain's built-in relaxation system. This revolutionary science can transform your work life and your home life.
A Calm Brain is no simple self-help book; Dr. Devi is clearly an expert in brain science. She intelligently and clearly lays out the workings of the brain and the nervous system to explain first and foremost how and why we get stressed out and what happens to us physically when we do. She is actually quite gifted at such explanations, as she is clear for those who have little background in brain-based science without dumbing things down. Dr. Devi's clear expertise in her subject matter was impressive to me, but she does have a tendency to explain everything about how all of this works without offering specific steps for calming your brain throughout the book. There is a list at the very end of the book, for those who want to see the suggestions sooner, but the lack of concrete action steps throughout may bother some readers. That being said, I think that having the 200+ pages of background and understanding makes the list much more meaningful – not to mention you will certainly pick up ideas throughout her discussion of the brain.
This does seem to be a very helpful book, even when both girls are crying at the same time, I have found myself staying much calmer than I would have expected, and I am giving at least some of the credit to actually finishing this book while I was in the hospital waiting for them to be born. Recommended.
Buy this book from:
Powells | Indiebound*
Source: Publisher.
*These links are all affiliate links. If you buy your book here I'll make a very small amount of money that goes towards hosting, giveaways, etc.


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If you're suffering from a financial hardship, M&T Bank can help you find ways to possibly lower your mortgage payments.
If you're having difficulty or find yourself unable to make your mortgage payments, we have some solutions that may help you.
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Once you've completed the forms, you can send them to us in one of three ways:
Once we receive your mortgage assistance application, you will receive an acknowledgment letter. You will receive further instructions on how to complete your application if further documents are required.
We can help you with your assistance forms and answer any questions you may have. Contact an M&T Bank representative at
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Or contact us at 1-800-724-1633 at the hours listed above.
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The French capital retains its place as best student city according to the 2015 QS rankings, ahead of Melbourne and London. The survey compares more than a hundred large cities worldwide.
For the third year in a row, Paris is named 'best student city' in the world. This is what the British QS Top Universities Rankings shows in a survey that compares 116 large cities in the world according to five criteria. To be included, each city must have a population of over 250.000 and be home to at least two ranked institutions in the QS University Rankings.
According to QS, the index uses 18 indicators that are then compiled into five key categories: the city's universities rankings, student diversity, desirability, reputation with employers, and affordability. This year, QS also took into account new indicators such as security, pollution, social progress and perceived corruption. These new elements did not cost the French capital its first place.
London and Paris both receive good ratings as far as their institutions and employers' opinions of them are concerned – employers were asked which universities they preferred to recruit from. Melbourne heads the list when it comes to student diversity. Yet, the three top cities are not faring well when it comes to affordability. According to The Guardian, London's drop in position in 2014 is down to its cost of living, for which the British capital was rated 28 out of 100. The QS index shows that Mexico and Taipei are the most affordable cities.
Lyon, ranked 41, is the only other French city that makes the top 50. A total of 29 countries are represented in this year's QS Best Student Cities. Europe remains the dominant region, with 20 cities featured, followed by North America with 12, Asia with 9, Oceania with 7 and South America with 2. New entries this year are Coventry (UK), Pittsburgh (US) and Osaka (Japan).
Source: http://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/vie-etudiante/news/detail/article/paris-sacree-meilleure-ville-etudiante-au-monde-9898/


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