text:
During panning of the video screen display, when the image nears the edge of a raster view, a strip of data in that raster view, in the region opposite the direction of panning travel, is deleted. This is replaced by new data from a strip of the backdrop viewfile representing the portion of the structure immediately contiguous to the existant raster view in the direction of panning travel. With this arrangement, toroidal panning is implemented that permits the user to pan across a view of the structure which is far larger than encompassed by an individual raster view.
|Three-dimensional display system
|Banded vector to raster converter
|Imsand et al.
|Real time toroidal pan
|Moving map display
|Raster scan display apparatus for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
|April, 1983
|Sukonick et al.
|Image display system
|Kishi et al.
|Cartographic indicator system
|Girault et al.
|Method for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
|Sukonick et al.
|Raster scan display apparatus for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
|Sukonick et al.
memory means for storing a backdrop viewfile comprising a two dimensional representation in vector format of a selected view of a complex three dimensional structure,
toroidal strip writing means for transforming strips of said vector format representation into pixel bit map data format comprising a sequence of raster views representing contiguous regions of said selected view, and
panning display means for producing from said raster views a video display which pans across said selected view,
said toroidal strip writing means including means for detecting when said display approaches an edge of the region represented by the current raster view and for thereupon causing transformation of a new strip of said vector format representation, said new strip representing the contiguous region of said selected view in the direction of panning but the newly transformed bit map data being entered into the current raster view to replace therein a prior strip representing a portion of said selected view in the direction away from panning travel.
site list storage means for storing a site list describing said complex structure in a three dimensional coordinate system, and
transformation means for accessing from said site list, and transforming into said two dimensional vector format for use as said backdrop viewfile, data corresponding to said selected view of said structure.
first means for transforming information from said site list into a vector representation of a specified two dimensional view of a defined portion of the structure represented by said site list,
file means for storing said vector representation as a "backdrop viewfile",
vector-to-raster transformation means for transforming selectable portions of said backdrop viewfile vector representation into a pixel bit map "raster view" representation of at least part of said specified two dimensional view of said structure,
pixel memory means for storing said raster view representation, and
display means for accessing from said pixel memory means and displaying on a video screen selectable portions of said raster view.
panning means, cooperating with said display means, for causing the sequential accessing from said pixel memory means of consecutive, contiguous portions of said raster view, the resultant display on said video screen comprising an image which appears to pan across the part of said structure represented by said raster view, and
transformation initiation means, cooperating with said panning means, for recognizing when the displayed image has almost reached an edge of the part of said view represented by the current raster view, and for thereupon causing said transformation means to transform another portion of said backdrop viewfile representing the portion of said two dimensional view of said structure adjacent to that represented by the current raster view in the direction of panning travel into pixel bit map representation, and to replace this new pixel bit map representation into a portion of the current raster view containing part of the view of said structure in the direction away from panning travel.
first data handling means for storing two dimensional backdrop viewfile representation of a certain view of said three dimensional structure, said storage being in a format in which surfaces are defined as vectors or polygons with respect to a two dimensional universal coordinate system,
means for accessing data from said backdrop viewfile representation, data representing a selected area of said certain view being definable and accessible with reference to said universal coordinate system,
means for transforming data accessed from said backdrop viewfile into a two dimensional bit map raster view representation of said selected area of said certain view, each raster view picture element being represented by a set of data bits associated with a two dimensional raster coordinate system representing the location along horizontal and vertical axes within the raster view of the particular picture element,
storage means for storing said data bit sets in a pixel memory and for establishing a directory listing the relationship between each data bit set in the raster coordinate system and the corresponding storage location in said pixel memory, said storage locations being specified in a toroidal coordinate system, and
video display means for accessing from said pixel memory, by utilizing said toroidal coordinate system, the bit map data required to present a desired image of said structure, and for displaying accessed bit map in raster format on a video screen.
panning control means for requesting that the displayed video screen image pan across the area of said certain view encompassed by said raster view representaton, said video display means accessing from said pixel memory consecutive different sets of pixel bit map data respectively corresponding to consecutive near adjacent regions of said area, the resultant displayed video screen image providing a pan effect,
means for detecting when, in the raster coordinate system, the displayed image has approached an edge of the selected area represented by the current raster view, and for thereupon causing said means for transforming to delete from said raster view representation a strip of data in a direction away from the direction of panning travel, and to initiate accessing and vector-to-raster transformation of additional data for replacement into said strip, a corresponding entry being made in said directory list indicating in the toroidal coordinate system the storage locations of data bit sets in the replaced strip,
said video display means thereafter accessing bit map data for subsequent consecutive images from a combination of the unreplaced and replaced portions of the raster view, by reference to the corresponding pixel memory addresses in the toroidal coordinate system.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a graphics data handling system for a computer aided design (CAD) workstation. The system maximizes rapid accessibility to arbitrarily selectable two dimensional views of a complex site stored in three dimensional representation by a host computer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In many computer-aided design applications, a host computer establishes and stores a three dimensional representation of the item being designed. For example, in the design of a chemical process plant, the host computer may assemble a site representation of the plant which consists of a list of the thousands of pipes, valves, fittings and equipment interconnections that comprise the plant. The site list may include a geometric description of each such component, together with the three dimensional coordinates which spatially locate each component within the plant site.
Advantageously, each engineer working on the plant design will have a workstation or graphics display system that interfaces with the host computer and facilitates the display of selected images of the plant being designed. Such a workstation would permit the engineer to rapidly display two dimensional views, from arbitrary viewpoints, of arbitarily selectable portions of the plant represented by the site lists in the host computer. One objective of the present invention is to provide a graphics data handling system to facilitate such rapid selectable viewpoint image display in a CAD workstation.
A particularly useful workstation configuration is disclosed in the inventor's copending U.S. patent application entitled "Graphics Display System With Viewports Of Arbitary Location And Content", which was filed on Nov. 2, 1982 as Ser. No. 438,476. That patent application, which is assigned to Cadtrak Corporation, the assignee of the present application, is incorporated herein by reference.
In a workstation incorporating the graphics display system of patent application No. 438,476 individual viewports or video images of arbitary arrangement, number, size and content may be produced on the video screen. Thus e.g., the designer may arbitrarily select which views of the plant are to be displayed. For example, he could simultaneously display a plan or elevation view of a major portion of the plant, together with an enlarged perspective view of the immediate portion of the plant piping which is undergoing design. He can use a panning capability to move the displayed viewport image across nearby or distant portions of the plant, and can zoom in to obtain enlarged views of plant details.
There are certain constraints that limit the display flexibility of such a system when utilized with a host computer that maintains what may be a massive site list. For example, if a two dimensional plan or elevation view of a certain portion of the plant is desired, relatively time consuming algorithms must be used to convert the three dimensional site list information into a two dimensional representation that is capable of being displayed on a video screen. The processing includes culling from the site list the descriptors of all of the plant components which would appear in the desired two dimensional view, and converting the geometrical descriptors of these components and their three dimensional spatial location information (as contained in the site list) into appropriate two dimensional vector or raster representations. Additional processing is required to remove "hidden lines and surfaces" from the resultant two dimensional transformation (i.e., to remove from the final display the portions of components which, though present in the plant at the displayed area, would be hidden from view by other components present in the two dimensional display). Substantial computer processing time, typically hours, is required to perform such 3D-to-2D conversion and hidden line removal. If the designer should then wish to view a different portion of the plant, even one relatively close to, but not contained within, the previously transformed region, another time consuming transformation and hidden line removal computation must be carried out. Minutes or hours may pass before the new image is available to the designer.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a graphics data handling system which maximizes the amount of two dimensional graphics data available to the designer, without requiring additional time consuming 3D-to-2D transformations to be performed. To this end, another objective is to provide a system in which backdrop viewfiles are established in advance, which comprise two dimensional vector representations of substantial subportions of the site represented in the host computer. The video images are derived from these backdrop viewfiles, which are maintained at the workstation. The designer can rapidly access the design information from these backdrop viewfiles for display with panning and zoom. By precomputing backdrop viewfiles for each of the plant subsystems on which the designer is working, the designer will have instantly available to him views of all of the local and surrounding areas of the plant which he is likely to use during a design session. There is no computation delay involved with panning within this region.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a graphics data handling organization that readily facilitates the generation and storage of backdrop viewfiles and the arbitary selection and display of viewport images of portions of the data contained within such viewfiles, with arbitary panning and zoom capability. To this end, it is an object of the present invention to provide an organization in which graphics data is handled in a set of different coordinate systems that (a) maximize the arbitary availability of such data for video display, while (b) minimizing the requirements of data storage and complex computation of image transformation.
These and other objectives are achieved by providing a graphics data handling system in which desired viewport images are derived from backdrop viewfiles that store two dimensional graphics data in vector format. These backdrop viewfiles, maintained in a "universal coordinate system" UCS, are derived in advance from three dimensional site information stored in the host computer in a "world coordinate system" WCS.
Using the appropriate input device, the operator can specify regions of the graphics data that he wishes to display. An appropriate pixel data storage controller converts the requisite data from the UCS format in the backdrop viewfiles into a desired raster view in a pixel memory. This view is in a "raster coordinate system" RCS.
The user can then specify the desired portions of these raster views that he wishes to display on the video screen. Viewport images are then generated in a "toroidal coordinate system" TCS from the raster views. These are displayed on the video screen at arbitary locations selected by the user and represented in a "window coordinate system" WiCS.
By using a track ball, cursor or like input device, the operator can pan any viewport image across the data contained not only in the corresponding raster view, but across the larger graphics image area represented in the backdrop viewfiles. As soon as a viewport image is panned near an edge of the corresponding raster view, additional graphics data is transformed from the backdrop viewfile into the raster memory in "toroidal" strip writing fashion. Panning can continue across this new graphics data without interruption. The fact that the graphics data in the raster view is changing in a toroidal fashion, and the fact that this data is being accessed toroidally for generation of the viewport image, is not apparent to the user, who sees only a smoothly panning image.
The operator may also control the zoom magnification of each viewport image. The inventive graphics data handling system incorporates a capability that both permits each raster view to be produced with a selectable magnification factor with respect to the data in the backdrop viewfile, and which independently permits the viewport image to be magnified with respect to the raster view from which it is derived.
The usefulness of the invention is best understood when the time taken to achieve the above transformations is understood. For a process plant with 2500 piping components (valves, tees, elbows, etc.) the production of each backdrop viewfile from the three dimensional site information takes approximately one hour using conventional hidden line removal algorithms on a typical medium size computer. Production of a typical raster coordinate system view from a backdrop viewfile typically takes one to five seconds using an implementation of the present invention using a 16-bit microprocessor. With such a workstation, transforming a view from the raster coordinate system to the video screen takes place in 1/60 of a second. An arbitrarily large number of raster coordinate system views (of differing viewpoint or difering scale factor) can be stored simultaneously in the raster memory, limited only by the size of raster memory provided. Smooth panning (60 screen updates per second) may take place at up to 3 inches per second.
A detailed description of the invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like numerals designate corresponding elements in the several figures.
FIGS. 1A and 1B comprise a pictorial representation of the various graphics data formats in a host computer and a CAD workstation utilizing the inventive graphics data handling system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a CAD workstation utilizing the graphics data handling system of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a pictorial view illustrating the toroidal entry of data into a raster view, and the toroidal readout of data from that raster view to produce a viewport image, as implemented by the CAD workstation of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 illustrates the memory assignment of raster view data in the pixel memory of the CAD workstation of FIG. 2.
The following detailed description is of the best presently contemplated mode of carrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate the various data formats utilized by a host computer 10 and a CAD workstation 11 (FIG. 2) employing the inventive graphics data handling system. It should be understood that the computing functions of the host computer 10 may well be performed on the workstation CPU (block 45, FIG. 2) as it would also be a general purpose computer. By way of example only, these figures depict a CAD application involving the design of a chemical process plant, however the invention is not so limited.
As the chemical process plant is developed, the host computer 10 establishes (block 12, FIG. 1A) a "site list" of all of the constituent elements in the plant. This list is established in conjunction with an index (block 13) of standard components that is also maintained by the computer 10. For example, this component list may include the name of a component (e.g., pipe section, elbow, tee, nipple, valve) together with a set of geometric descriptors for that component.
The geometric descriptors of a pipe section may comprise a pair of concentric cylinders representing respectively the inside and outside surfaces of the pipe section. The component index may indicate that there are three dimensional descriptors associated with the pipe section, namely, the inside diameter, the outside diameter (or alternatively, the wall thickness) and the length. The index may also specify a material type, manufacturer and other data.
The site list may comprise an ordered table of all of the components included within the chemical plant, together with the coordinates locating each such component within the site. Herein, this is called the "world coordinate system" WCS, and is used to specify each component location in three dimensional space.
The inset view 14 of FIG. 1A is a pictorial representation of part of a chemical process plant that might be represented by the site list in the computer 10. (No such visual image is present in the host computer, and the view 14 is provided only to aid in explanation of the present invention.) For each component of the plant there will be a corresponding entry in the site list. For example, for the pipe section 15, the list entry might specify "pipe section" (with reference being made to the index of standard components to obtain the geometric descriptors thereof), of length 10 feet, inside diameter 1 inch and outside diameter 1.5 inches. The site list will specify the location of the pipe section 15 with respect to the X, Y and Z coordinates of the WCS. For example, the center of the pipe section 15 may be situated at a position x=25 feet, y=30 feet, 3 inches and z=12 feet, 2 inches with the pipe axis parallel to the WCS x-axis. The site list may also indicate that one end of the pipe section 15 is connected to a tee (the tee 17 in view 14) and that the other end is connected to an elbow 18.
Different organizations may be used for the site list. For example, instead of listing each plant component separately, these may be arranged in groups. Thus the site list may specify as a single "pipe" a set of components that are directly interconnected. For example, in the view 14, a "pipe" 19 may be defined as having several pipe sections 15, 20, 21, 22 connected in a certain order with a tee 17 and an elbow 18. Such an ordering of "pipe" and "components" may simplify the handling of data in the site list.
Regardless of particular arrangement, however, the site list is characterized with respect to the present system as specifying the three dimensional location of each plant component in terms of the world coordinate system, i.e., a coordinate system that established the relative position of each plant component with respect to each other in the actual plant as it will finally be constructed (or in a scaled version thereof).
At the other end of the computer aided design system is a video display screen 25 which is part of the workstation 11. On the screen the designer wishes to display certain "viewport images" V1, V2 (FIG. 1B) that are two dimensional views of portions of the plant being designed. The workstation 11 utilizes the inventive graphics data handling system to optimize the conversion of data contained in the site list into a format for display on the screen 25 with maximum accessibility and selectability.
To this end, the workstation 11 generally employs a raster scan display technique set forth in the inventor's U.S. Pat. No. 4,197,590 entitled "Method For Dynamically Viewing Image Elements Stored In A Random Access Memory Array" and U.S. Pat. No. Re. 31,200 entitled "Raster Scan Display Apparatus For Dynamically Viewing Image Elements Stored In A Random Access Memory Array".
In this regard, the workstation 11 includes a control pixel memory 26 which stores raster views of selected portions of the plant represented by the site list in the computer 10. In each raster view, the graphic image is stored in the form of picture element ("pixels") each of which may represent a single dot on a video screen display (at 1:1 magnification) of that raster view.
Each pixel is represented by a set of bits in the pixel memory. If a only a black and white display is required, each pixel may be represented by a single bit, which may be "1" for black and "0" for white. Alternatively, each pixel may be represented by set of plural bits which may define a gray scale, a color, or an address to a color map which in turn defines the color of the corresponding picture element.
The sets of pixel bits which make up a complete raster view may be stored at contiguous or non-contiguous locations in the pixel memory. For example, the sets of bits representing the pixels in a complete horizonal line of the raster view may be stored in contiguous locations of the pixel memory. Similar sets of pixel data for consecutive lines in the raster view likewise may be stored in consecutive groups of locations of the pixel memory.
In accordance with the teachings of the above-identified U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,197,590 and Re. 31,200 the data in the pixel memory is accessed in real time, in synchronism with the horizontal and vertical scanning of the video display screen 25, and used to control the color and intensity modulation of the CRT. In this manner, the pixel data is converted to an actual image on the video screen 25.
Each raster view is a representation of a two dimensional view of a portion of the plant represented by the site list in the host computer 10. Five such raster views 27 through 31 are shown in FIG. 1B. Although illustrated pictorially in FIG. 1B, in fact each such raster view consists of a set of digital data stored in the pixel memory 26 and representing (in the manner just described) the individual picture elements which comprise the respective views. Within each such raster view, each pixel may be identified by a corresponding position in the two dimensional "raster coordinate system" RCS. For example, the pixel 27a at the lower left corner of the raster view 27 has the coordinates x=1, y=1 in the RCS wherein the x-axis is measured by pixel positions across each horizonal line, and the y-axis is measured by lines going from the bottom to the top of the raster view.
By way of example, the pixel 27b in the raster view 27 is located at x=370, y=20 in the RCS. This pixel is actually represented by a set of one or more bits which define an intensity or color of the corresponding pixel, and which are stored at certain memory locations in the pixel memory 26 that correspond to the RCS location (370, 20). The actual mapping or table which lists the correspondence between each pixel position in a raster view and the corresponding actual memory address or addresses in the pixel memory 26 is established and maintained by a controller 32 which is part of a graphics control unit 33 in the workstation 11.
Under operator control, any of the raster views stored in the pixel memory 26 may be displayed at arbitary positions and magnifications on the video screen 25 within 1/60th of a second. In the example of FIG. 1B, the raster view 31 is displayed at 1:1 magnification as the viewport image V2, while a portion 30a of the raster view 30 is displayed in magnified form as the viewport image V1. Such seective readout and display of the stored raster views advantageously is accomplished by the workstation 11 in accordance with the teachings of the inventor's above-identified co-pending patent application, Ser. No. 438,476 entitled "Graphics Display System With Viewports Of Arbitary Location". The display control section 34 of the workstation 11 cooperates with a viewport image requester 35 and a control table assembler 36 to read out and display the desired information from the pixel memory 26.
The desired location and size of each viewport image on the video screen 25 is specified in a "window coordinate system" WiCS that is defined in terms of pixel locations on the actual video screen. Thus the WiCS is a two dimensional coordinate system in which the x-axis is measured in terms of pixel locations across a line of the CRT screen, and in which the y-axis is measured in terms of lines on the video screen going from bottom to top. By way of example, the origin (bottom left corner of the viewport V1 in FIG. 1B is located at coordinates (400, 25) in the WiCS while the upper right corner is located at coordinates (668, 325).
While the selection and display of the various raster views may be accomplished readily and quickly, establishing the raster views from the data contained in the site list of the host computer would be very time consuming if done directly. Thus if the designer needs to display a portion of the plant which is not contained within a present raster view, even though the desired plant elements may be contiguous to those shown in the present raster views, a great deal of computation time would be required to generate the new raster view directly from the site list. This clearly is an undesirable condition.
To alleviate this problem, the graphics data handling system of the present invention utilizes an intermediate set of "backdrop viewfiles" 40 through 42 (FIG. 1A) which advantageously are resident in disc storage 43 in the workstation 11.
Each backdrop viewfile comprises a vector representation of a selected two dimensional view of a portion of the plant that is being designed. Typically, the represented portion of the plant is in the area that the designer is currently working, and is larger in extent that the region which would be selected by the designer for display as a viewport image. As discussed in more detail below, the raster views 27 through 31 are derived from these backdrop viewfiles 40-42.
The desired backdrop viewfiles are specified (block 44, FIG. 1A) to the host computer 10 by a central processing unit (CPU) 45 in the workstation 11 in response to a user input designating the region of the plant which he desires to display. For example, the user may utilize a keyboard or other input peripheral 46 to specify that he will need plan, elevation and isometric views of a particular region of the plant being designed.
From this information, the CPU 45 will establish a view definition matrix or assemblage of data which specifies to the host computer the type of backdrop viewfiles which are required, and the region of the plant which is to be encompassed therein.
As an example, the user may specify that he is interested in the region of the plant bounded by certain coordinates in the WCS. For example, he may be interested in viewing components of the plant which are physically situated in the cube that is bound by the origin (0, 0, 0) of the WCS at the left bottom front corner and the coordinates x=25 feet, y=25 feet, z=25 feet at the upper right rear corner.
The user will also specify the desired views. For example, these may include a plan view through a certain defined horizontal plane in the world coordinate system (e.g., a top view through the plane x=25 feet), an elevation view through a defined vertical plane, and an isometric view from a defined viewpoint. Such view planes and isometric viewpoints are specified in the world coordinate system.
From this view definition matrix information, the host computer generates (block 47, FIG. 1A) the desired backdrop viewfiles from the information contained in the site list. Each such viewfile consists of an ordered list of vectors which define a two dimensional image of the specified portion of the plant as viewed in the manner defined for the particular viewfile. For example, the backdrop viewfile 40 illustrated in FIG. 1A represents a top plan view of the designated portion of the plant (i.e., as viewed from the top at the plane Y=25 feet). The illustrated backdrop viewfiles 41 and 42 represent elevation and isometric views of the same portion of the plant, respectively along the plane and from the viewpoint specified in the view definition matrix.
The number of backdrop viewfiles is arbitary, as is the selection of views therein. Thus more or less than three viewfiles may be utilized by the workstation 11. Furthermore, although the three viewfiles 40-42 illustrated in FIG. 1A are of the same region of the plant, this is not necessary. Indeed, more often backdrop viewfiles of different regions of the plant may be preestablished and maintained in the disc storage 43.
Although each of the backdrop viewfiles 40-42 is illustrated pictorially in FIG. 1A, in actuality the viewfiles are not themselves in pictorial format. Rather, they are in the form of digital data representing vectors that in turn represent image lines in the selected plan, elevation or isometric view. The vectors are defined in a two dimensional "universal coordinate system" UCS. For each such backdrop viewfile, this coordinate system may have its origin e.g., at the lower left corner of the two dimensional image represented by the vectors comprising an individual backdrop viewfile.
For example, the backdrop viewfile 40 may comprise a list of vectors specified with respect to a UCS origin at the lower left corner of the represented top plan view. In the backdrop viewfile 40, the pipe section 15 may be defined by four vectors representing straight lines connecting the points having designated UCS coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y1), (x2, y2) and (x1, y2). The definition of the backdrop viewfile 40 as a list of vectors is convenient for illustration. In fact other forms, such as filled polygon patches for showing shaded raster images, may be used instead. The important point is that the backdrop file has a form that can be transformed into pixels in the raster coordinate system at high speed.
The vector listing which comprises each backdrop viewfile in the UCS is generated by the host computer. This computation may take a very long time, typically many minutes or even many hours, depending on the complexity of the plant region that is represented by the desired backdrop viewfile. As part of the viewfile generation, the host computer advantageously will remove hidden lines from each view. Thus in the elevation and isometric backdrop viewfiles 41 and 42, the portions of the pipe branch 48 which lie behind the tanks 49 and 50 are hidden from view. In these viewfiles the pipe branch 48 respectively may be represented by three separate sets of vectors that define only the portions of the pipe branch 48 which would be seen in a corresponding elevation or isometric image.
The 3D-to-2D transformation algorithms with hidden line removal utilized by the host computer 10 may be conventional. The computation of such transformation typically is very time consuming. What is not conventional in the present invention is the use of backdrop viewfiles (in a two dimensional, vector format) as an intermediate step to the generation of the raster views from which the video displays are generated. This is a significant feature of the present invention, in that the production of such raster views can be accomplished very quickly (typically in seconds) so that the selection of new views for display on the video screen does not necessitate long delays (as was required in the prior art) while the host computer generated the requisite raster views directly from the site list or other primary data. In the case of toroidal panning, continuous smooth pan can be readily accomplished as described in patent application Ser. No. 438,476.
Generation of the raster views is carried out by a backdrop-to-raster conversion and pixel data storage controller 32 which is part of the graphics control unit 33 in the workstation 11. Initially, the operator can select (using keyboard or graphical input) a set of raster views to be generated and stored in the pixel memory 26. Generally, each raster view is derived from a corresponding one of the backdrop viewfiles, and comprises a raster or pixel representation thereof. For example, the raster view 31 (FIG. 1B) is a pixel representation of the entire elevation view that is represented in vector format by the backdrop viewfile 41. The designation RCS2-1 indicates that this is the first raster view generated from the elevation UCS2 of FIG. 1A. This raster view RCS2-1 is, for example, approximately 320 pixels across as contrasted with the backdrop viewfile UCS2 which may be 64,000 dimensional units (in UCS) across, meaning that the transformation from vector to raster format (and from UCS to RCS coordinate systems) has been made with, magnification or scale factor of 1/200. The raster view 31 contains all of the pictorial information contained in the backdrop viewfile 41.
The raster view 30 of FIG. 1B is derived from the isometric backdrop viewfile 42. In this raster view, only a portion of the image represented by the backdrop viewfile 42 has been converted to pixel format, with a scale or magnification factor Sfac of approximately 1/125 (i.e., Sfac=1/125). The raster views 27-29 each have been derived from the backdrop viewfile 40, with different scale factors.
Transformation from the vector format of the backdrop viewfile to the pixel format of the raster views is relatively straightforward. For example, it may simply comprise accessing each linedefining set of vectors from the backdrop viewfile, and writing in a "1" to each pixel memory position corresponding to the loci of the line defined by that set of vectors. Since the universal coordinate system UCS and the raster coordinate system RCS are two dimensional, the transformation requires in general one addition (offset) and one multiplication (scaling) per axis, and can be performed very quickly by the CPU 45. Since hidden lines already have been removed in the backdrop viewfiles, no complex algorithms must be carried out by the CPU 45 to eliminate hidden lines from the raster views. This time consuming work already has been done in advance in association with the 3D-to-2D transformation carried out by the host computer when the backdrop viewfile was created.
As described hereinabove, the actual viewport images which are displayed on the video screen 25 are obtained by raster readout of all or selected portions of the raster views stored in the pixel memory 26. The manner in which this is accomplished by the display control section 34 in cooperation with the graphics control unit 33 is set forth in the inventor's above-identified copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 438,476. Generally, the operator first defines the size and location of the desired viewports V1, V2 in the window coordinate system. The operator next specifies what images are to be displayed in each of these viewports. Such images may be defined by indicating: (a) the specific raster view that is to be reproduced, (b) the viewport in which the view is to appear, (c) the magnification or pixel replication zoom scale factor to be used, and (d) if less than the entire raster view is to reproduced, the location within the raster view of the bottom left corner of the portion of the view that is to be displayed.
From the foregoing information, the control table assembler 36 in the graphics control unit 33 assembles a list of control words, the details of which are specified in the above-identified copending application, Ser. No. 438,476. In general, the control table includes a set of control word sequences that specify the locations within the pixel memory 26 that contains the raster view pixel data which is to be accessed sequentially to provide the video modulation information for each scanned row of the video screen CRT. The display control section 34 utilizes portions of the control word information and accessed pixel data to produce the appropriate drive signal for the video screen. For example, when scanning the video line 55 (FIG. 1B), viewport information earlier provided to the display control section 34 in the window coordinate system defines the left and right end locations 55a, 55b of the viewport V2, and specifies that the remainder of the video scan line 55 should be of the interviewport color, since it intersects no other viewport. The display control section 34 uses this information to gate pixel data to the video screen during the time that the CRT beam is traversing the scan line region between the viewport left edge 55a and right edge 55b.
In the illustration of FIG. 1B, the image in the viewport V2 is a 1-to-1 reproduction of the raster view 31 which itself is a 1:200 representation of the backdrop viewfile 41. Upon operator specification (e.g., via a keyboard or other peripheral 46) to the graphics control unit 33 of the desired viewport image, the controller 32 accesses the requisite backdrop viewfile from disc storage 43 and performs the necessary vector to raster transformation. In the case of the image requested for the viewport V2, the controller 31 would access the backdrop viewfile 41, perform a vector to raster transformation at a 1/200 scale factor, and place the resultant raster view 31 into the pixel memory 26. A table entry would be made specifying the particular pixel memory locations that contain the data representing the raster view 31.
Thereafter the control table assembler 36 will create an appropriate set of control word sequences which specify that the pixel data required to produce the desired image in the viewport V2 should be read from those certain pixel memory 26 locations that contain the raster view 31. The particular memory locations in the pixel memory 26 that are referenced by the control word sequences created by the assembler 36 may be considered as being in the "toroidal coordinate system" TCS, which is further described below.
When the operator specifies a viewport image that is to be magnified with respect to the backdrop viewfile from which it is derived, or which represents only a portion of the information available within a backdrop viewfile, the controller 32 will perform a vector to raster transformation, optionally with scale magnification, on only a portion of the information contained in the requisite viewfile.
This is illustrated by the image in the viewport V1. The operator may initially specify only the particular region, magnification and type of view that is desired within the viewport V1. For example, he might specify that this is to be an isometric view (from the viewpoint at which the isometric background viewfile 42 was developed), with a certain displayed scale (e.g., one inch on the video screen 25 representing two inches in the actual plant, in WCS). The operator would also specify that the bottom left corner of the displayed image should start at a certain location in the plant (as specified in WCS).
Using this information, the graphics control unit 33 will recognize that an appropriate raster view must be generated from the isometric backdrop viewfile 42. This raster view must include at least the region of the plant which has been requested for display by the operator. The controller 32 could then direct the production of a raster view containing only pixel information corresponding to that requested for immediate display in the viewport V1. However, since the workstation 11 contains provision for panning, it is more desirable in such instance to have the controller 32 create a raster view that contains both the image information that the operator immediately desires to see, together with image information of the surrounding area of the plant. Accordingly, the controller 32 advantageously will create a raster view 30 (FIG. 1B) which includes not only the area 30a requested for display, but also contains surrounding plant information.
From the spatial extent (e.g., in WCS) of the plant region that is requested for display, the controller 32 can determine whether or not all or only a portion of the requisite backdrop viewfile need be converted into the corresponding raster view. In the example just described, only a very small portion of the plant has been requested for display. Therefore the raster view 30 is of lesser extent than the isometric background viewfile 42 from which it is derived. To ensure that the converted view region is of adequate definition, and or to ensure that the converted raster view fills a sufficient portion of the pixel memory 26, a scale factor 1/125 is employed in the transformation.
This backdrop viewfile to raster view transformation scale factor need not be sufficiently great so that the resultant portion of the raster view (herein 30a) that is desired for ultimate display is "full size" with respect to the viewport on the video screen 25. The operator can further specify an integer display magnification factor Rfac which will be employed by the display control section 34 in creating the image within the viewport V1 from the pixel data contained in the portion of the pixel memory 26 corresponding to the region 30a of the raster view 30. This zoom factor Rfac is a pixel replication value which specifies the number of screen pixels on the CRT 25 that are to correspond with a single pixel as represented in the memory 26. For example, if a pixel replication factor of two is specified, each pixel in the memory 26 will be represented by two screen pixels in each row, and the information in each row will be duplicated in the next row.
To facilitate an understanding of how toroidal panning is implemented, FIG. 4 shows an illustrative arrangement of pixel data for the raster view 30 within the pixel memory 26. The raster view herein has 640 pixel locations in each horizonal row, and has 240 such rows, for a total of 153,600 pixel locations. Using the raster coordinate system described above with the x-axis corresponding to the pixel position in a horizontal row, and the y-axis corresponding to the row number, the lower left corner is herein (for simplicity) designated as (1, 1) in RCS and the upper left corner is (640, 240) in RCS.
Further for simplicity, each pixel position in the raster view is associated with a corresponding single memory address location the pixel memory 26, beginning at address A+1 corresponding to the RCS origin (1, 1) and extending to memory position A+153,600 corresponding to the upper right corner (640, 240) in RCS. In this arrangement, pixel data for the bottom row of the raster view is contained in memory locations A+1 through A+640 with the data in each such address corresponding to the respective pixel in the bottom row, column positions 1 through 640, of the raster view 30.
When the user specifies the region 30a (FIG. 1B) for initial display, the control table assembler 36 identifies the particular locations within the pixel memory 26 from which the raster data is to be accessed to produce the image in the viewport V1. If the lower left corner of this region 30a has RCS coordinates (170, 65) and the lower right corner has coordinates (456, 65), the pixel data for the bottom row of the displayed image in the viewport V1 will be located in the pixel memory 26 at locations A+41,131 through A+41,416. The assembler 36 will specify these addresses for accessing of the pixel data to form the bottom row of the image in the viewport V1.
Panning may be controlled by the operator through the use of a trackball or other input peripheral 46. If panning of the image in the viewport V1 is required, e.g., from the region 30a illustrated in FIG. 1B to the region 30b of FIG. 3, the operator may rotate the trackball to the left and downward. Such trackball movement is sensed by the viewport image requester 35, which then establishes a lower left corner origin position (advantageously in RCS) for the view position 30b. Smooth panning advantageously is carried out using a technique set forth in the inventor's above-identified U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,197,590 and Re. 31,200. The graphics control unit 33 in conjunction with the CPU 45 will establish a series of intermediate image positions, each specified by a lower left corner coordinate value. These are used by the control table assembler 36 to establish the control tables from which corresponding successive images are generated within the viewport V1 of the intermediate regions of the raster view 30 between the initial region 30a and the final region 30b.
At each such image location, the control table assembler 36 will designate the corresponding memory locations in the pixel memory 26 from which raster data is to be accessed to produce the corresponding intermediately situated images within the viewport V1. When panning has reached the region 30b (FIG. 3), in which the lower left corner is at RCS coordinates (40, 10) and the lower right corner is at coordinates (326, 10) the pixel data for the bottom row of the image in the viewport V1 will be obtained from memory locations A+5800 through A+6085.
Toroidal panning occurs if the operator specifies (as by continuing to move the trackball) that the panning should continue further toward the left or downward. Such continued panning would take the displayed image beyond the boundaries of the pictorial data contained within the raster view 30. Provision is made to compensate for this, using the technique of the inventor's U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,495 entitled "Real Time Toroidal Pan". This involves the deletion of a particular strip of data in the raster view 30, in an area away from the direction of travel, and its replacement with a strip of new pictorial data which represents the next portion of the view adjacent to (but not contained within) the original raster view 30, in the direction of panning travel. The result is a new raster view 30-1 illustrated in FIG. 3. Although the concept of such strip replacement is disclosed in the above-identified "Real Time Toroidal Pan" patent application, the manner in which the data for this additional strip is obtained in the present graphics data system is new, and comprises part of the present invention.
In particular, when the displayed region 30b comes within a certain relatively short distance of an edge boundary of the raster view 30, this condition is sensed by the graphics control unit 33, which then initiates the assemblage of the new raster view 30-1. The replacement of data occurs in strips. In the example of FIG. 3, the right hand portion of the raster view 30 has been deleted and replaced by graphics data that is derived by transformation from the backdrop viewfile 42. The new data (in the strip 30-1a) correspondes to the region 42-1a of the isometric backdrop viewfile 42 immediately to the left of the region that was transformed into the original raster view 30.
Advantageously, the strips that are rewritten into each raster view are of a uniform width. For example, for a raster view that is 640 horizontal pixel locations by 240 lines, vertical strips having a width of say 80 pixels or horizontal strips having a height of say 40 lines may be replaced at one time. With such arrangement, the raster view 30 is converted to the raster view 30-1 by replacing the pixel data in the vertical strip having x-axis coordinates (in RCS) between 561 and 640.
The controller 32 obtains the new pixel information for this replaced strip 30-1a by vector to pixel transformation of the graphic data in the desired area 42-1a of the backdrop viewfile 42. The transformed data for this new strip 30-1a is placed into the pixel memory 26 in the same locations that previously contained the unmodified raster view 30 data for the corresponding RCS strip coordinates. In Other words, the new information for the bottom row of the raster view 30-1 will be stored in pixel memory locations A+561 through A+640, and the pixel data for the next to bottom row of the strip 30-1a will be placed into memory locations A+1201 through A+1280.
As panning continues to the left (with respect to the viewport image V1 b derived from the region 30b), the viewport image requester 35 and the assembler 36 will cooperate to recognize that the bottom left coordinate of the newly desired image has "gone beyond" the left edge of the raster view 30. However, the new strip 30-1a of raster information already will have been entered into the pixel memory 26. Thus the assembler 36 will recognize that a portion of the newly desired image V1 c representing the region 30c in the raster view 30-1 resides at the right side of the raster view 30-1 (when considered in RCS). Accordingly, the assembler 36 will define an appropriate set of control words which specify that certain of the pixel data to create the new image V1 c must be obtained from non-contiguous regions of the pixel memory.
For example, to create the bottom line of the viewport image V1 c, the pixel data will first be accessed from memory locations A+1210 through A+1280 which contain information relating to the new strip 30-1a. This will be followed by information accessed from memory locations A+641 through A+855, which corresponds to the region 30c between the RCS coordinates (1, 2) and (215, 2). The resultant image in the viewport V1 c will appear just as though the data used to create it had been in contiguous memory locations. The user will be unaware that, in effect, the raster view 30-1 has been "wrapped around" from left to right edge.
Rewriting of horizonal strips into the appropriate raster view similarly will occur when the displayed image is panned downward or upward to the bottom or top border of the raster view 30. Similar "wraparound" accessing of data from the pixel memory will be used to produce the viewport image. The combined left-right wraparound and top-bottom wraparound constitutes a toroidal configuration. Combined with the successive strip transformation and rewriting of the manner described herein, this results in a toroidal panning capability that effectively permits the user to scan across a graphics representation that is considerably larger than is encompassed by a single raster view. Owing to the above described toroidal image generation scheme, the addressing of the pixel memory herein is referred to as being in the "toroidal coordinate system" TCS.
In accordance with the present invention, appropriate backdrop files can be created in advance which cover regions of the plant (represented by the site list in the host computer) that are considerably greater in extent than can be contained with substantial detail in a single raster view. The generation of such backdrop viewfiles may take considerable time, but can be done in advance of usage of the workstation 11 by the designer. Thereafter, as the designer uses his trackball to pan across plant regions encompassed within the backdrop files, the controller 32 can quite quickly perform the necessary vector to raster transformations, and rewrite corresponding new vertical and horizontal strips into the utilized raster views, all in real time. Thus the designer can roam freely over effectively very large scale views of the plant, without the delays which would be needed to perform time consuming direct site list to raster transformations.


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Work is underway on a project to breathe new life into a church hall belonging to one of Lancashire's oldest places of worship.
Contractors have started a major refurbishment project of the dilapidated St Peter's Church Hall, Heysham, including new heating, lighting and insulation, as well as alterations to make better use of the space and allow it to generate more income.
The church hall is adjacent to the Grade I listed St Peter's Church which dates back to the 8th century Saxon period. There is evidence of previous churches on the site dating back to the 6th century Celtic period.
Under the project the Victorian-era church hall, which was converted from stables in the 1960s, will become energy-efficient, gain improved disabled access, and be reconfigured so it can be used by the wider community.
Richard Wooldridge, an architect at Lancaster-based Harrison Pitt Architects, who is overseeing the project, said: "Because the church itself is a Grade I listed building it can't be altered in any way, which means the church hall building is vital in being able to provide space for community events, tea room and refreshment facilities, toilets and so on.
"However, the building needs a significant upgrade to enable it to make the most of these opportunities to generate income to fund the upkeep and running costs of the building."
Andrew Holmes, church warden for St Peter's, said: "We are very excited that after two years of planning the work has begun. St Peter's Hall is vital to the future mission of the church in Heysham. The new hall will welcome the many visitors with a modern coffee shop and provide space for a new parish office and meeting rooms."
The project will eventually lead to the roof of St Peter's Church being repaired using stone slate from the church hall roof.
Richard added: "The church roof has needed replacing for some time due the fact that the oak pegs supporting the stone slates have perished. The aim is to reuse the church hall slate on the church roof as testing has shown it to be the same slate. The church hall will then be re-roofed in a lighter slate prevalent locally. This is an important conservation project that will protect both buildings for future generations."
The church roof project, which will begin later in the year, has been made possible through a concerted fundraising effort by parishioners and the wider local community.
Harrison Pitt is working closely with English Heritage, The Victorian Society, the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and Blackburn Diocese, on the project.

subset: commoncrawl


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"The point is "white guilt" is often cultivated, and when it is the one sowing the seeds usually has a less than honorable agenda." (….) "Prejudice often is born of the environment children are raised in with racism being a learned behavior, one need only to watch young children play and interact to know the truth of that." (….) "What we should all be about is righting wrongs, and in doing so finding unity and common ground with those of like mind." ~Rezinate~
There is a very real difference between being ashamed of history and assuming a sense of guilt over it.
My feeling is a person isn't guilty of anything based on the color of their skin, guilt requires participation, and some would argue indifference would qualify as well.
That's kind of a fine line with multiples of variables but I tend to agree as it goes to the adage you're either part of the solution or part of the problem.
The point is "white guilt" is often cultivated, and when it is the one sowing the seeds usually has a less than honorable agenda.
I've said before in this blog that guilt related to the nations has a generational application to the government, it's approach and related policies – I firmly believe that – but an across the board all encompassing guilt for every descendent of the first euro boat people?…
View original post 519 more words


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Hey everyone. Since I noticed that in allot of Forums - especially "The Site" - the same Questions are getting asked over and over again, I want to build up a little FAQ here.
1. How do I submit a run?
2. Are Screenshots/Images allowed as proof of the run?
3. What do I do, when the game doesn't show up/exists?
4. What when I submitted a run?
5. Game Categories
6. I have got a question regarding a Game
7. Where's the (Private) Messaging feature?!
8. Often seen in the "Streaming"-Forum: Advertising your Stream
9. Searching is the KEY
How do I submit a run?
Simply click in the Search-bar in the top of the Site and type in the name of the game you want to submit the run to. When found, click on it and you're on the GAME PAGE. Here you can click on the "Submit Run"-Text in the top-left corner and fill out the form.
Are Screenshots/Images allowed as proof of the run?
This depends on the Game's community/Mods, but usually not.
What do I do, when the game doesn't show up/exists?
You can submit a new Game on this Site: http://www.speedrun.com/requestgame Be sure you read through the rules and everything and submit it properly. You got to WAIT for it's approval, usually it takes around 1-2 WEEKS! The Admins have a real-life as well and there're surely a dozens of requests send so be patient.
What when I submitted a run?
When you successfully submitted a run, you have to wait for the run to get verified/declined. When it gets approved, you'll be able to see your run on the Leaderboards. If not, you'll get a response why the run was declined. The verification usually takes three to four days, depending how active a game is. If your runs wasn't approved/denied AFTER 2 weeks or longer, you can ask on THIS Thread to become a Mod for the Game.
Game Categories
1. You have to be a Mod or Super-Mod of the Game you want to edit.
Once you edited or created the Category, you don't have to save the game since it'll save all changes.
I have got a question regarding a Game
Go to the Game's Forum and ask there. Asking a question in the overall Forums is usually useless since most of the people don't know/run the Game, so they don't know anything about it. So don't bother these people and focus on the actual Game's community.
Where's the (Private) Messaging feature?!
Like you probably noticed, it's not ready yet. It's currently in work, but hasn't the highest priority. Actually, it doesn't have a high priority at all. There's Twitch-, Twitter, YouTube- and other PM-Systems or contacting services out there, so just use these till this one is done.
Often seen in the "Streaming"-Forum: Advertising your Stream
DON'T! JUST DON'T! Seriously! The entire Site is NO advertisement platform for your stream! Your Stream will be shown on the "Streams"-Page (http://www.speedrun.com/streams) when you speedrun stuff AUTOMATICALLY! There's no need to annoy and spam the forums with these dumb threads.
Searching is the KEY
Before you ask a question, please actually SEARCH for a solution/answer beforehand. There's mostly already a Thread for the problem, so search for it first. Don't forget to also search the related GAMES-Forum if it has anything to do with the Game.
Rmac524Rmac524, KlashikKlashik and 5 others
But how do I search? FrankerZ
What is a FAQ? Kappa
I still consider PMs a high priority task as it would save both admins and users a lot of headaches.
IMHO because of what kirkq stated an admin should make a FAQ. I don't have anything against you Prefixaut but it would make it more official.
Alright, I guess I got it wrong then kirkq 😮
Requesting to add a note on how to add new categories to existing games 😉 (Post on the game's board according to a different thread on here)
Hey there, I looked everywhere on site, but I'm not able to find an email adress where we can come in contact to moderators regarding account creation details,
I've found the "contact" section of this website on the top, but on my win7 computer it just opens a textbox saying that this needs to open with another aplication, wich then lets me chose yahoo or gmail, I don't own any of those accounts, and I can't find wrtitten anywhere on site the email address to do so.
Thank you for your time
The link is just a mailto: link which tries to automatically send you to your email services New mail - The address you want is firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
That is a good question, my man. How about nowish? Blaster Master Overdrive, announced yesterday, is available via WiiWare beginning Monday.
Billed as a "reimagining of the original NES Blaster Master," Sunsoft's new game will feature eight stages capped by mutant boss battles, plus upgradable parts for the tank, like a grappling hook and drill.
The game will cost 1,000 Wii points.


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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.comments2020-05-06T03:43:08.817-06:00Secret Celebrity Palm ReadingsAlissa Hallhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-63193402029340810762014-03-06T05:06:51.786-07:002014-03-06T05:06:51.786-07:00he's still relevant, especially with his role ...he's still relevant, especially with his role in "Rock of Ages" this year. Cruise SecretsLewis n Clarkhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-89065365654799590002013-07-09T02:29:59.416-06:002013-07-09T02:29:59.416-06:00Thank you so much! That did the trick, you saved m...Thank you so much! That did the trick, you saved me more endless hours of searching for a fix.

Palmistry
hanumanthttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-90773630697920684252013-06-04T05:33:13.811-06:002013-06-04T05:33:13.811-06:00Hi there, awesome site. I thought the topics you p...
Hi there, awesome site. I thought the topics you posted on were very interesting. I tried to add your RSS to my feed reader and it a few. take a look at it, hopefully

I can add you and follow.

Palmistry Online ayshwariyahttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-58093539858742240412013-03-18T10:41:56.507-06:002013-03-18T10:41:56.507-06:00Hey Vanessa! Hugh's love line isn't terrib...Hey Vanessa! Hugh's love line isn't terribly clear, as we see in this top shot. This paragraph here talks a bit about what we can see, "Despite his hermit tendencies, Hugh can reach others emotionally, and knows how to share of himself in that way. So don't characterize him as a cold, unfeeling prick the way his character is. Hugh is no misanthrope. In fact, he has a knack for mentoring and enjoys when he gets a chance to do so in this world." I would add that he seems to have a branch reaching towards his mount of Jupiter, a sign of compassion as well as a gift at mentoring, if it really is as developed as it appears to be. Hope this helps, thanks!
Alissa Hallhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-87320725572417280942013-03-14T00:04:27.899-06:002013-03-14T00:04:27.899-06:00Hey Alissa, what does his love line say? Hey Alissa, what does his love line say? Anonymoushttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-90639855003029872322013-03-04T07:14:56.457-07:002013-03-04T07:14:56.457-07:00Thank you so much for the feedback, and what an am...Thank you so much for the feedback, and what an amazing opportunity that must have been! He has a fascinating palm. Blessings!Alissa Hallhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-13733092800770559642013-03-01T05:12:27.486-07:002013-03-01T05:12:27.486-07:00Wow Alissa Hall, VERY GOOD, Leslie Siegel Palm Rea...Wow Alissa Hall, VERY GOOD, Leslie Siegel Palm Reader to the Stars is very impressed with your reading on Micheal Jackson's palm. Leslie Siegel actually read Jackson's hand on national TV so check it out http://leslie-siegel-palm-reader.blogspot.com and all you said (in shortened form)right on!!!! I said as much about him and the way you said it only expanded it. Thanks for this. I love how you did it, and actually, your reading is much better than mine, but they edited out a lot of what I said.Scripts_Onlinehttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-67508353496755258022012-12-12T06:13:06.913-07:002012-12-12T06:13:06.913-07:00A place to get Tim Gunn's palms: http://teamc...A place to get Tim Gunn's palms:

http://teamcoco.com/content/conan-rocks-man-jeggingshopitahttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-18818647877900751562012-05-25T08:08:49.811-06:002012-05-25T08:08:49.811-06:00By my belief, and practices, there is no line nor ...By my belief, and practices, there is no line nor marking on the palm that will show age of death. It is a Mystery.Alissa Hallhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-85666892043845255772012-05-23T09:02:21.032-06:002012-05-23T09:02:21.032-06:00Hi there, Interesting article. Is it possible to ...Hi there,

Interesting article. Is it possible to tell how long a person would have lived looking at the palm lines, for example Princess Diana? You mentioned that it wasn't from the life line so what line would it be on?lilynnehttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-10431757983331111752012-03-18T03:54:41.394-06:002012-03-18T03:54:41.394-06:00This seems true as Jake doesn't get caught up ...This seems true as Jake doesn't get caught up in the Paparazzi that much. Hope you do a reading of Stephen King soon.Anonymoushttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-75961275123853868922012-02-15T02:12:15.462-07:002012-02-15T02:12:15.462-07:00Every one interested to read there Palms, Even the...Every one interested to read there Palms, Even the celebrate also. Its really the wonderful feeling if any one tell your future.Alanhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-85231936378346629462012-01-22T11:05:14.535-07:002012-01-22T11:05:14.535-07:00very interesting observation re. 'charismatic ...very interesting observation re. 'charismatic thumb'!Ruthhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-64466985674463674602012-01-12T02:07:22.183-07:002012-01-12T02:07:22.183-07:00Nice..Everyone is interested to know about there f...Nice..Everyone is interested to know about there future.Plam reading is very interesting and huge topic to study.justtyhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-8253131439941600422011-12-29T08:56:26.339-07:002011-12-29T08:56:26.339-07:00You gave him a super nice review. Here are some po...You gave him a super nice review. Here are some points I noticed:

1)Person is most interested in learning, naturally very curious, extroverted, boldly speaks his mind to people and does thing in a bold manner as well.

2) Love line ( I prefer to call is heart line) shows somewhat selfish person, who is more interested in satisfaction of his own needs and urges, rather than warmth and kindness, indicates an non-committal type.

3) Danger of Cancer in the future. Not a very healthy vitality in general. I also think that he is not a womanizer the media tells us he is.

3) Tendency towards depression, isolation and needing space.

4) Majorly restrictive lifestyle, no overindulgence... diets and self-control. Fear-driven personality.arshanskyhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-57868742343744808682011-10-28T07:52:35.202-06:002011-10-28T07:52:35.202-06:00I will put Clive Barker on my radar, great idea! M...I will put Clive Barker on my radar, great idea! Might dedicate an entire month to celebrity authors, we shall see!Alissa Hallhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-67046889231450396352011-10-28T00:07:05.185-06:002011-10-28T00:07:05.185-06:00A great man and a great read. Alissa could you do ...A great man and a great read. Alissa could you do a palm-reading of English writer Clive Barker?bullshit123https://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-28273138078271836862011-09-15T09:27:33.463-06:002011-09-15T09:27:33.463-06:00I've been doing pics, palm casts, and a few pa...I've been doing pics, palm casts, and a few palm prints, of both boys. It's FASCINATING to watch a child's palm lines... until my own kids, I never had such access to a developing palm. Kids' lines change fast, I've seen the 10 yr old's palm change drastically just over a summer as he changes and matures. Do it, Nat!! :DAlissa Hallhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-10315696630876533362011-09-14T13:53:37.487-06:002011-09-14T13:53:37.487-06:00I'm so glad you asked whether her palm changed...I'm so glad you asked whether her palm changed due to the events, or the palm was always this way and thus the events were predestined (although I doubt the actual events were predestined, and if the palm was always that way/i.e. she was born with the breaks, then I would guess that something was predestined but not necessarily the exact events that happened). Anyway, I wanted to ask that question, and then you did; bummer you don't know the answer! Jennifer might not even know. I mean, you'd have to be pretty well acquainted with the lines on your palm from a very early age... which makes me want to take pictures of the boys palms now and at various stages... have you done that with your kids?Nataliehttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-52031267956775256332011-08-31T13:57:07.557-06:002011-08-31T13:57:07.557-06:00I hate to be so catty and shallow, but I don't...I hate to be so catty and shallow, but I don't understand why someone so famous has such ugly hair. She needs a new hairdresser.
Oh, but nice reading A. ;-)Nataliehttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-64711021147687657812011-08-05T19:16:35.139-06:002011-08-05T19:16:35.139-06:00I have pure Simian Creases on both hands. Yes, I d...I have pure Simian Creases on both hands. Yes, I did have a hard time not killing lots of people when I was younger. However, now at 56 years old I more tolerant. I am also a teacher of the year and have been working with court adjudicated youth for 23 email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-19021959950964848472011-08-01T19:58:12.577-06:002011-08-01T19:58:12.577-06:00Now I'm going to have to refresh my memory and...Now I'm going to have to refresh my memory and learn about ego lines. Very informative. Thanks!Odisihttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5385874950896848982.post-70737479134702977812011-07-02T17:22:09.735-06:002011-07-02T17:22:09.735-06:00Bravo :)Bravo :)Odisihttps://email@example.com


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Here we are Canberra, it's the last day of GourMay 2017 – or the last day of sunshine before we hit the deep-freeze of winter in Canberra.
We have had some amazing dishes throughout the month and a great event that will have all guests returning to Bicicletta very soon!
We kicked off the week on Thursday with the Confit Duck Maryland from the Columns Restaurant at The National Press Club. Think of anything gourmet and you would find it on this dish including Pialligo Estate bacon, champagne-poached lobster, kohlrabi and a shaving of Majura truffle.
Next, we captured the essence of the season with the Jones & Co Autumn Crumble. Complete with a poached pear in the middle of the plate covered in a crunchy crumble of granola and pistachio. Chai crème patissier, honeycomb and vanilla bean ice-cream were added to the dish for a touch of decadence.
On Saturday our eager GourMay guests headed to Bicicletta for our Pizza and Aperol Spritz class. As two groups lined up at separate stations to make their treats, there were lots of laughs and fun to be had (including some rather chunky orange slices in the Aperol Spritz!)
With much more pizza than people, everyone left with a take-home snack and the knowledge to recreate the experience at home.
Sunday we showcased Barton favourite, EQ Café Lounge and its Atlantic Salmon for a light lunch.
To start the working week, Marble & Grain presented their luxurious Butchers Board complete with slow-roasted ribs, black sausage, venison sausage, stuffed capsicum, just to name a few.
On Tuesday we added an Italian flavour to the week with the classic Spaghetti Alle Vongole at Deakin's Local Pizzeria. The dish's flavoursome punch was perfectly matched with a glass or two of the Monte Tondo 'Mito' Soave.
Last but not least we travelled to one of our favourites suburban gems, Gryphons Caffe and Bar for the Pig and Fig Salad. Although it doesn't have the most gourmet of names, this is a delicious dish is beautifully presented with all the flavours of the season – perfect for the last day of Autumn.
Thank you to everyone who has been involved in GourMay 2017, we are already busily preparing to make the 2018 celebration of Canberra fine food and wine bigger and better than ever before, so stay tuned!


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Maryville is committed to providing care in a way that is consistent with laws and regulations.
Maryville takes great pride in its commitment to operating in a legal and ethical manner. As the health care regulatory environment is quite complex, we pledge ourselves to comply with all applicable laws and regulations and to achieve the highest ethical and professional standards.
As a part of Maryville's commitment to corporate compliance, we have designated a Compliance Officer, have an ongoing commitment to improve our formal Corporate Compliance Plan and compliance committee meetings. The purpose of our Compliance Plan is to help us maintain the legal and ethical standards that govern our business activities and provide guidance to all of us who work at Maryville. Our plan also addresses each employee's obligation to provide services according to our business's regulations and to help ensure we not only provide services according to regulations, but conduct our business activities, such as billing and record keeping, according to those regulations as well.
Our employees are dedicated to providing you the very best service in a responsible, legal and ethical manner at all times.
If you have any questions, you are always welcome to contact our Compliance Officer – Administrator Kathleen Parry – at any time.
Learn More


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Siren's Fury
(The Storm Siren Trilogy)
by Mary Weber
Series: The Storm Siren Trilogy (Book 2)
Hardcover: 368 pages
Publisher: Thomas Nelson (June 2, 2015)
Paperback: 368 pages
Publisher: Thomas Nelson (February 2, 2016)
Kindle Edition
File Size: 1781 KB
Print Length: 364 pages
Publisher: Thomas Nelson (June 2, 2015)
Publication Date: June 2, 2015
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services, Inc.
Audible Edition
Listening Length: 10 hours and 23 minutes
Version: Unabridged
Audible.com Release Date: June 2, 2015
Ratings: see review below
Note: I received a review copy of this book free from BookLookBloggers. The review posted below is based on my personal thoughts while reading the book.
My thoughts:
Siren's Fury is the second book to the Storm Siren Trilogy. Unfortunately, I don't read a book series out of sequence because I hate not knowing the back story of each and every character. Since I was the one who picked this out from the publisher's website, I had to read it. So I tried, but only 'til the first quarter. I just can't push myself in reading further as I cannot connect with any of the character. Although this is a DNF, I am not rating Siren's Fury for now. Will read again after reading book 1, which is already in my wish list.
About the book:
"I thrust my hand toward the sky as my voice begs the Elemental inside me to waken and rise. But it's no use. The curse I've spent my entire life abhorring—the thing I trained so hard to control—no longer exists."
Nym risked her life to save Faelen, her homeland, from a losing war, only to discover that the shapeshifter Draewulf has stolen everything she holds dear. But when the repulsive monster robs Nym of her storm-summoning abilities as well, the beautiful Elemental realizes her war is only just beginning.
Now powerless to control the elements that once emboldened her, Nym stows away on an airship traveling to the metallic kingdom of Bron. She must stop Draewulf. But the horrors he's brought to life and the secrets of Bron are more than Nym bargained for. Then the disturbing Lord Myles tempts her with new powers that could destroy the monster, and Nym must decide whether she can compromise in the name of good even if it costs her very soul.
As she navigates the stark industrial cityscape of Bron, Nym is faced with an impossible choice: change the future with one slice of a blade . . . or sacrifice the entire kingdom for the one thing her heart just can't let go.


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Yesterday i was using it and it was working fine, I then shut it down and went to the gym. When I came back I turned it back on and it jus kept on restarting itself after halfway through booting up. I tried to start it in safe mode, however this would not work either.
I pressed f5 when it was re-booting again and i got a msg sayin 'disable restart on system failure' I clicked that and it started to boot up again. Then it stopped and I got a blue screen saying the following error msg...
''Stop c0000135 unable to locate component. This application has failed to start because USER32.dll was not found. Reinstalling the application may fix the problem''
obviously I cant boot up to reinstall anything (either normally or in safe mode) so I am really stuck on what to do now. Also i am a DJ and I have around 30GB of music that has taken me years to collect and I really cannot afford to lose it
If anyone could please help me out with this terrible problem I would massively appreciate it
Thankyou for reading
Edited by -AaronJ-, 28 November 2008 - 06:08 AM.


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We at E. R. Sawyer Jewelers understand what a worrisome process it can be to find jewelry repair in Santa Rosa that is both trustworthy and the quality service that your valued items deserve. We'd love to help you bring new life to sentimental pieces through attention to detail and work that is made to last. We know how important it is to be able to repair those jewelry items that mean something special to you instead of simply getting rid of them, and you can rest assured that our excellent reputation for jewelry repair in Santa Rosa is worth every word. We even provide more complex services like stone setting for the gems you may want to retain from antique or heirloom jewelry, or even applying them to custom jewelry in order to make a piece truly feel like yours.
Our business has consistently thrived since we opened our doors in 1879, and our hard work to make our business a part of the community means that we are committed to serving your needs to the best of our ability. Our team of experts is equipped with years of experience in the jewelry industry, with countless certifications and specialties. Have you recently purchased or received a special antique ring that just won't fit? Has your wedding band or wedding ring started to slide off your finger, only to potentially be lost? We can help with our expertise and easy ring resizing process. Do you have a stone from a special source meant for a significant personal piece of jewelry? We have technicians equipped with exquisite skill in stone setting ready to assist in piecing together the jewelry you will hold dearest. Come to our store or contact us today for jewelry repair in Santa Rosa that puts your very special needs before all else.


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Posted on :
19 May, 2016
19 May, 2016
Directorate: Monitoring & Surveillance
SALARY : R262 272 per annum
CENTRE : East London and Port Elizabeth
REQUIREMENTS : A National Diploma or Bachelor's degree plus experience in Law Enforcement. Extensive experience in investigations. Knowledge of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 or Criminal Procedure Act 51/1977. A valid Code 08 (EB) driver's licence. Exposure to supervision. Sound personal, communication (verbal, written and report-writing) and conflict resolution skills. Good planning and organisational skills. Computer literacy in MS Office software. Experience in receiving, dealing with and investigating public complaints. Candidates must be willing to work shifts, weekends, overtime, and work at sea and travel when required.
DUTIES : Manage and participate in Special Operations/investigations to prevent the illegal harvest and trade of marine products and to safeguard endangered species. Plan and manage special operations/investigations for extended periods of time. Manage and plan sea, coastal, aerial and land patrols to prevent illegal harvesting of marine resources. Manage the implementation and enforcement of the Marine Living Resources Act, Regulations and other relevant legislation. Manage and institute criminal proceedings against offenders including issuing of written notices to appear in court, and give evidence. React on the information/complaints received. Manage, supervise and conduct inspections/investigations in the fishing industries, restaurants, fish shops, etc. Initiate, supervise, conduct, assist with an investigations/special operations relating to the Marine Living Resources Act, 18/1998. Complete documents pertaining to criminal cases (such as dockets, 7 charge sheets, evidence collection and handling evidence). Liaise with relevant role-players, the public in general and the fishing industry. Work in high risk areas at times, and in harsh environmental conditions. Monitor the landing of commercial, recreational fish and fishing vessels. Travel to the other centre when required and frequently work outside normal office hours. Represent the Department at border posts control, customs and other stakeholders meetings. Give feedback via written reports and evaluate personnel, operations and investigations. Keep and maintain all official records.
ENQUIRIES : Mr .T. Maratsane tel. (021) 402-3508
APPLICATIONS : [email protected] or fax: 086 762 2863
NOTE : Applicants are requested to specify the preference of their station by quoting the correct centre. Failure to do so will result in applications not being considered.
APPLICATIONS : Human Communications has been retained to handle all responses. Please forward your application, quoting the relevant reference number, to PO Box 1305, Rivonia 2128 or hand deliver at Suite 203, SOHO on Strand, 128 Strand Street, Cape Town or 3 Autumn Street, Rivonia, or you can apply online at www.humanjobs.co.za Applications can also be submitted electronically to Human Communications via the e-mail or fax number indicated at each post or hand delivered at any one of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries offices as indicated below (please place in the blue box marked for applications). ENQUIRIES: Naomi Nortje tel. (011) 257-8012 Gauteng: Reception, Agriculture Place, 20 Steve Biko Street (formerly Beatrix Street), Arcadia, Pretoria KwaZulu-Natal: Reception (5th Floor), Old Mutual Building, 185 Langalibalele Street, Pietermaritzburg Limpopo: Reception (Ground Floor), Magistrates Building, 103 cnr Landdros and Munnik Streets, Makhado Mpumalanga: Reception (Ground Floor), Permanent Building, 27 Brown Street, Nelspruit Eastern Cape: King William's Town: Reception (Ground Floor), Old SABC Building, 2 Hargreaves Avenue Mthatha: Reception (3rd Floor), PRD Building, Sutherland Street Western Cape: Cape Town: Reception (Ground Floor), Foretrust Building, 3 Martin Hammerschlag Way, Foreshore Stellenbosch: Reception (Support Building), Quarantine Station, Polkadraai Road
CLOSING DATE : 27 May 2016
NOTE : Applications must be submitted on a Z83 Form, obtainable from any Public Service department or on the Internet at http://www.daff.co.za/doaDev/doc/Z83. pdf which must be signed and dated (an unsigned Z83 form will disqualify an application) and should be accompanied by a recently updated, comprehensive CV as well as copies of all qualification(s) (Matric Certificate must also be attached) and ID document and driver's licence (where applicable). Non-RSA Citizens/Permanent Resident Permit Holders must attach a copy of their Permanent Residence Permits to their application. Should you be in possession of a foreign qualification, it must be accompanied by an evaluation certificate from the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA). Failure to submit all the requested documents will result in the application not being considered. Correspondence will be limited to short-listed candidates only. If you have not been contacted within three (3) months of the closing date of this advertisement, please accept that your application was unsuccessful.
Suitable candidates will be subjected to personnel suitability checks (criminal record check, citizenship verification, financial/asset record check, qualification/study verification and previous employment verification).
Successful candidates will also be subjected to security clearance processes. Where applicable, candidates will be subjected to a skills/knowledge test.
Successful candidates will be appointed on a probation period of twelve (12) months. The Department reserves the right not to make appointment(s) to the advertised post(s).
Applications submitted via e-mail, fax or online must include the post title and reference number in the subject line and a scanned, signed and dated Z83 form (a Z83 form without a physical signature and date will disqualify an application) together with all relevant documents as indicated above. Persons with disabilities are encouraged to apply


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In stock
Following the tremendous success of the prayer book from The Monks of Glenstal Abbey (100,000 Copies sold in Ireland) it was decided it should also be made available on CD. It was also decided it should be recorded in the Abbey by the Monks of Glenstal. This Glenstal Book of Prayer with newly composed meditations on the icons is a rich resource for the dark, mysterious, but exciting journey, which is prayer. It draws on things both old and new: on the wisdom of the Bible, enshrined in Benedictine liturgy, on the experience of modern monks, and on the wisdom of the Christian church throughout her long and varied history. Coming as it does from an Irish monastery it reflects in a special way the Celtic tradition with its earthy, popular and devotional prayers.
The first part of this recording is a simple "Liturgy of the Hours". This is used to dedicate and bless those two great moments of the day that bear witness to Christ: morning, when we celebrate his rising as the light of the world, and evening, when we acclaim him as the unquenchable light which never sets. Through psalms, canticles and other words of scripture, through invocation and concluding prayers, the day is hallowed and the presence of the risen Christ is gratefully remembered.
In addition elements have been included stemming from the ancient custom of consecrating special moments to the Lord in the bustle of the daily round. "Prayer Stops" are the modern equivalent of monastic "Little Hours", recalling as they do the coming of the Holy Spirit and the dramatic events of Christ's passion. They are an invitation and an opportunity to pause in the midst of work and turn our hearts to God. Night prayer (Compline), the last monastic office of the day, is included as the prayer before sleep. Its haunting psalm and canticle, its prayers for protection, it's calling upon Mary, are some of the most beautiful treasures from the storehouse of monastic prayer. They lead us gently across the bridge of sleep, from the glaring light of day to the dark cradle of the night and the world of dreams.
The second part of this recording consists of meditations on the icons featured in this booklet and a selection of prayers from The Glenstal Book of Prayer. The meditations on the icon of Saint Nicholas and the icon of Christ, both from Russia and located in the Icon Chapel at Glenstal Abbey, lead us into the rich mysterious world of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
It is our hope that this recording will be of use to many diverse groups of people. It may serve as an accompaniment to The Glenstal Book of Prayer, from which most of the texts of this recording are drawn. We hope that it will also be of value to the visually impaired; to the sick, whether at home or in hospital; and to people travelling, who may wish to use the Daily Prayer section as they are journeying to and from work.
An outline of the structure of Daily Prayer will help the listener to enter into the rhythm of the recording. A short pause for silent prayer has been left after the Scripture Readings, which the listener can lengthen as desired.
Over two hours on 2 CDs
CD1 Track List:
CD2 Track List:
St. Patrick's Mass - Philip Green
9.99 € *
The Monks of Glenstal Abbey DVD
9.99 € *


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Comet fragments best explanation of mysterious dimming star
- Date:
- November 25, 2015
- Source:
- Iowa State University
- Summary:
- Astronomers have responded to the buzz about a mysterious dimming star by studying data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. They conclude the dimming was probably caused by a family of comets passing in front of the star.
Was it a catastrophic collision in the star's asteroid belt? A giant impact that disrupted a nearby planet? A dusty cloud of rock and debris? A family of comets breaking apart? Or was it alien megastructures built to harvest the star's energy?
Just what caused the mysterious dimming of star KIC 8462852?
Massimo Marengo, an Iowa State University associate professor of physics and astronomy, wondered when he saw all the buzz about the mysterious star found by citizen scientists on the Planet Hunters website.
Those citizen scientists were highlighting measurements of star brightness recorded by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Tiny dips in a star's brightness can indicate a planet is passing in front of the star. That's how Kepler astronomers — and citizen scientists using the internet to help analyze the light curves of stars — are looking for planets.
But this star had deep dips in brightness — up to 22 percent. The star's brightness also changed irregularly, sometimes for days and even months at a time. A search of the 150,000-plus stars in Kepler's database found nothing like this.
So Marengo and two other astronomers decided to take a close look at the star using data taken with the Infrared Array Camera of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. They report their findings in a paper recently published online by The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Their conclusion?
"The scenario in which the dimming in the KIC 8462852 light curve were caused by the destruction of a family of comets remains the preferred explanation …," wrote the three — Marengo; Alan Hulsebus, an Iowa State doctoral student; and Sarah Willis, a former Iowa State graduate student now with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory.
Questions about the star were launched last month when a research team led by Tabetha Boyajian of Yale University reported on the star in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The astronomers reported how citizen scientists tagged the star's deep and irregular dips in brightness as "bizarre" and "interesting."
Boyajian and the other researchers looked at the data and investigated several possible causes. They wrote the "most promising theory" was a barrage of crumbling comets passing in front of the star.
In a subsequent paper submitted to The Astrophysical Journal, Jason Wright and colleagues at Penn State University speculated about other causes, including alien megastructures built to harvest energy while orbiting the star.
When the Iowa State astronomers studied the star with Spitzer infrared data from January 2015 — two years after the Kepler measurements — Marengo said they didn't see much. If there had been some kind of catastrophe near the star, he said there would be a lot of dust and debris. And that would show up as extra infrared emissions.
Marengo said the study looked at two different infrared wavelengths: the shorter was consistent with a typical star and the longer showed some infrared emissions, but not enough to reach a detection threshold. The astronomers concluded there were no excess infrared emissions and therefore no sign of an asteroid belt collision, a giant impact on a planet or a dusty cloud of rock and debris.
So Marengo and his colleagues say the destruction of a family of comets near the star is the most likely explanation for the mysterious dimming. The comet fragments coming in rapidly at a steep, elliptical orbit could create a big debris cloud that could dim the star. Then the cloud would move off, restoring the star's brightness and leaving no trace of excess infrared light.
And the alien megastructure theory?
"We didn't look for that," Marengo said. "We can't really say it is, or is not. But what the star is doing is very strange. It's interesting when you have phenomena like that — typically it means there's some new physical explanation or a new concept to be discovered."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Iowa State University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
- Massimo Marengo, Alan Hulsebus, Sarah Willis. KIC 8462852: THE INFRARED FLUX. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015; 814 (1): L15 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/814/1/L15