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House Exterior Remodeling:
Skill Level:
2-3 (Basic to Intermediate)
Time Taken:
4-8 hours per wall.
Bruce W. Maki,
Once the old siding was removed we spent a few hours doing some
important preparation work. The main purpose of this work is to
improve the insulation value of the walls and prevent water damage
if rain should penetrate behind the siding.
Improving the insulation has two components: Increasing the R-value
of the total wall assembly, and reducing the amount of air
infiltration, which is commonly known as draftiness.
After the siding had been stripped the
house looked completely different. Like many older
houses, this house has solid wood sheathing nailed
across the studs.
This house is different from most older homes because
it has awnings over the windows. These added some
complication to the siding replacement job.
We removed the siding all the way down to
the water table trim, which is the 2-part
white-painted set of boards just above the foundation. I
think the original purpose of the water table was to
kick the rain water outward and keep it from getting
near the foundation. Or maybe it's strictly decorative.
I've seen people leave the water-table attached to
the house during siding replacement, but we intend to
increase the thickness of the wall (by adding foam
insulation), so we removed the trim.
Many years ago, probably during the
1970's, somebody had blown-in insulation installed. This
operation involves drilling holes through the siding and
sheathing, then inserting a nozzle to inject expanding
foam into the space between the studs.
The holes in the siding are plugged afterwards, but
these plugs don't always stay put.
These holes are pretty big, about 2½
inches in diameter. We have found old bird's nests, and
bird skeletons, in other wall cavities.
If a plug becomes loose it creates a perfect home for
If you look in the hole, you can see the back of the
lath and the plaster that oozes between the lath boards.
This is supposed to be an insulated wall. Why is
there so much insulation missing?
When you consider that the only material on top of the sheathing
was a layer of paper and the clapboard siding, it becomes obvious
why this old house was so drafty. And that blown-in formaldehyde
insulation was terribly lame because it shrank after curing, leaving
half-inch gaps all around it. That stuff did nothing to reduce air
infiltration, I suspect it actually increased draftiness because of
the holes and the ill-fitting plugs.
At this stage many builders would apply a house wrap, such as
Tyvek or Typar, to reduce air infiltration and form a barrier to
water droplets that get past the siding. I've read about some
problems with those materials, because they can stop water droplets
from going anywhere, which can cause all sorts of problems such as
water damage to siding and trim.
Here's a problem:
Notice the complex millwork (red arrow) where the
soffit corner meets the vertical corner trim. We would
like to remove the corner trim, install ½" thick
foam insulation, and then replace the corner trim.
But... this curvaceous soffit board prevented easy
relocation of the vertical boards.
A view of the other side. This board
encloses the soffit where it meets the gable-end of the
We could have removed that board and cut it 1/2 inch
narrower. But that amount of trouble, plus the effort in
replacing the corner trim, was not worth the outcome...
gaining a narrow strip of additional insulation.
By adding a layer of foam we are causing the siding and some of
the trim to "stand off" the wall by a fraction of an
inch... the thickness of the insulation. There are several factors
that limit how thick this new insulation can be. We used ½ inch
foam. I'll discuss the reasons later.
I have worked on many old houses, and I've noticed that over the
years nails become loose. This isn't necessarily a problem, but it
does allow more structural twisting and flexing during strong winds.
This movement is called racking, and it doesn't help
anything. Racking can be noticed by all the creaking sounds during
windy weather.
I've also noticed a lot of badly rusted nails around the exterior
parts of old houses. Sometimes these nails have corroded down to
nearly nothing. That can't be good.
When I see a wall or roof that has been stripped down to the
sheathing, I see a big opportunity... a chance to make
repairs and improvements at minimal cost and effort. Most carpenters
I've known just hammer in any loose nails and proceed with the job.
I have read about studies that show that wall sheathing secured with
deck screws can be up to 3 times stronger than sheathing secured
with nails. My experience in construction and demolition agrees with
that conclusion, so I figure... why not add a little extra holding
After hammering in the loose nails, we
used a collated screw gun to drive 1-3/4 inch deck
screws through the sheathing into the studs. This tool
made short work of fastening the sheathing to the wall.
A closer view. This is actually two tools:
When combined with a drywall or deck screw gun, the
DS200 can drive a lot of screws in a hurry. For fifty
bucks this thing is amazing, and it fits MANY popular
screw guns.
Sometimes the screws didn't go all the way
in, so we had to finish driving them with my impact driver. This happens because the operator
momentarily stops pushing on the screw gun which causes
the bit to stop spinning.
Once you get the hang of it, almost all of the screws
go in with no problem.
Along the edge of the vertical corner
boards there was a thick mess of old paint. When we
caulk between the edge of the new siding and that
vertical trim I wanted a clean wood surface for the
caulk to adhere to. This is important because if we
simply caulked to the old paint, and the paint later
breaks away, that will create a gap for rain to get
behind the siding or trim.
To scrape away this paint we used a narrow paint
scraper with a triangle-shaped carbide insert. Carbide
stays sharp for a long time and can tolerate hitting
Once the sheathing had been fastened we could start covering the
The first covering was 15# felt, also
called tar paper. This is meant to act as a water
barrier. Since tar paper is a moisture retarder, and not
a true vapor barrier, water vapor can pass through it
slowly, over time. But if any rain gets behind the
siding and foam, this layer of protection should keep
liquid water from getting into the walls and causing
structural damage.
We installed the felt with a hammer tacker, which is a staple gun
that you swing like a hammer. An ordinary staple gun works too, but
it's a lot slower.
We fastened a strip of 1/2" plywood at
the bottom of the wall. The bottom edge of this plywood
lies exactly at the bottom edge of the water table trim.
We snapped a chalk line first, stretching from the
existing water table boards at each corner. Later, the
new water table trim will be aligned with this plywood,
so accuracy here will affect the entire project.
Why put plywood here? I wanted a good nailing base for the new
water table trim, but more important, I wanted the lower edge of the
wall assembly to be completely solid. I have heard of bugs (like
termites) and small animals digging through soft materials like foam
insulation, so I wanted a solid line of defense facing any critter
that crawls up the foundation wall looking for a warm home.
We continued installing pieces of felt.
Since felt is only 3 feet wide, it's easier too handle
than housewrap, which is 9 or 10 feet wide and comes in
large, unwieldy rolls.
At this point there were three rows of felt
installed. Each sheet of felt needs to overlap the piece
below by at least 2 inches.
We installed 1/2" thick polyisocyanurate foam insulation (also called rigid
foil-faced foam) over the felt. The foam was
fastened with 2" cap nails, which are ring-shank
nails with a plastic cap that resists tearing through
the foam.
In a pinch I have used roofing nails to install foam
insulation, but if a big windstorm comes along the foam
may go flying.
Cutting foam insulation is easy... I just use a drywall T-square
(or a long straight-edge) and a sharp knife. But handling foam in
breezy weather can be tricky... the wind can easily fold a sheet in
half. I just hold it by a corner and let it flop like a flag.
Here we've progressed farther up the wall.
There can be a lot of ladder lifting and moving when
doing siding work on a two-story house.
We used a couple of 8 foot step-ladders for the first
10 feet of height, and then progressed to extension
ladders for the remainder.
We continued nailing up the foam
We also applied that pink tape to the joints, which
prevents a lot of air infiltration. We are relying on
the foam to act as an air and water barrier, which is
the function of house wrap materials.
For the foam to work properly and prevent drafts, it
needs to be sealed tightly at the joints and where it
meets windows, trim, etc.
We caulked the gap where the foam met the
corner trim boards.
Any spots where the foam gets damaged (like when you
miss the nail head) needs to be caulked or patched with
tape. No, not duct tape.
We applied foam all the way to the peak of
the gable, even though above that window awning the foam
is useless, since the attic lies behind that part of the
But we needed to put something on the wall to
maintain that 1/2" thickness all the way to the top.
Using the foam was the easiest method.
More Felt:
After the foam had been installed we applied another
layer of 15 pound felt. Many people would say this felt
is not needed, but I have my reasons for using a second
It's cheap, it's fairly easy, I can't see any harm, and it will
form a very thin layer of slightly breathable material that might
help errant water dissipate. Maybe. And there is another reason I'll
explain in the article about
installing fiber-cement siding.
It was a decision between 1/2" and 3/4" foam.
Anything thicker would have made the new siding protrude
too far from the existing window and corner trim. I
would prefer the thicker insulation, but the available
length of nails for the fiber-cement siding limited how
much space we could put between the wall sheathing
and the siding.
Hardiplank® siding can be installed with roofing
nails and a coil roofing nail gun. This greatly speeds
up the siding installation process. But the longest
roofing nails our nail gun could accept was 1-3/4".
The siding is a little more than 1/4" thick, I
want the nails to penetrate one inch into the wood. That
leaves an additional 1/2" of nail length... so
1/2" foam is the thickest we could use.
Materials Used:
Copyright © 2005
Written March 25, 2005


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Alloy Forms is part of Scale Structures LTD, which is a division of Ad Infinitum LLC of Kansas.
Alloy Forms features unpainted, cast metal vehicle kits with many details.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Twitter Updates
- RT @MariInTokyo: You won't ever know if what you did personally helped. That's the nature of public health. When the best way to save lives… 2 months ago
- I'm not sure if it was the DM or the trip to the airport and the chat with the human, but @Allegiant canceled my fl… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 2 months ago
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Tag Archives: Wyoming Public Radio
Gary Small wins fourth Native American Music Award
The Native American Music Awards have been lauding Sheridan, WY-based Gary Small for his broad ranges of styles and talents for years. His latest album, "Hostiles and Renegades" has a heavy reggae influence. I wrote spots about his for Wyoming … Continue reading
Posted in Freelance, News, Production, Radio Tagged Gary Small, Music, National Native News, Native American, Northern Cheyenne Tribe, reggae, world music, Wyoming, Wyoming Public Radio Leave a comment
Fremont County waiting on SLIB decision to replace unsafe courthouse (May 20, 2013)
This spot came from reporting I did about Wyoming's cash-strapped judicial branch. Riverton's Circuit Court has overflowing dockets… and the building it's in is unsafe, to boot. See it, behind the storage containers placed around it as a security measure? … Continue reading
Posted in News, Radio Tagged budget, bullet, courts, economy, Fremont County, funding, government, Judicial Branch, legal, Riverton, safety, security, State Loan and Investment Board, Wyoming, Wyoming Public Radio Leave a comment
Peer mentoring program aims to prevent substance abuse and keep kids in touch with tribal heritage (May, 17, 2013)
The Wind River Indian Reservation has incredible people and beauty there, and a disproportionate amount of bad news. I was excited to hear about a dynamic plan to tackle drug, nutrition, and emotional issues early by empowering kids to be … Continue reading
Posted in Feature, News, Production, Radio Tagged Alcohol, drugs, education, Ethete, Fort Washakie, mentoring, Native American, prevention, training, Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming, Wyoming Public Radio, youth Leave a comment
Arapahoe School Superintendent leaves after pivotal school year (May 17, 2013)
The once-faltering Fremont School District 38 in Arapahoe turned a complete 180 since Superintendent Jonathan Braack took the helm in January 2012. Enlarge image Credit Rebecca Martinez During Jonathan Braack's time as superintendent of Fremont School District 38, the Arapahoe … Continue reading
Wyoming Judicial Branch says there's nothing left to cut (May 10, 2013)
A thriving energy industry kept Wyoming strong while the rest of the country succumbed to an economic recession. But now, the energy industry — coal and natural gas markets, specifically — is slowing, bringing the state economy with it. The … Continue reading
Posted in Feature, News, Radio Tagged budget, Circuit Courts, courts, economy, judge, Judicial Branch, Judiciary, justice, legal, Riverton, safety, Wyoming, Wyoming Public Radio Leave a comment
Elk Antler Auction benefits habitat at National Elk Refuge (May 10, 2013)
Elk antlers are huge in western decor. There are a ton of them in the Jackson Hole area, especially for the National Elk Refuge… but that's off-limits to the public. So I interviewed a spokeswoman there about how they gather … Continue reading
Posted in Interview, Radio Tagged Antlers, Boy Scouts of America, business, Elk, government, jackson hole, National Elk Refuge, Open Spaces, wildlife, Wyoming, Wyoming Public Radio Leave a comment
Small movie theaters struggle to switch from film to digital
During a recent reporting trip, I stopped into the single-screen Ritz theater in Thermopolis, Wyoming. Locals say the only other thing to do in town is visit the famous hot springs there, which, while amazing, get old after a while. … Continue reading
Posted in Feature, News, Radio Tagged 35mm, business, digital changeover, digital projector, economy, Edie Rollings, entertainment, film, Hollywood, movie industry, movie theater, movies, small town, The Ritz, Thermopolis, Wyoming, Wyoming Public Radio Leave a comment


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Read the review of a stay at the Grand Californian Hotel - Club Level, with full access to the newly remodeled Veranda club.
We got to eat at Lamplight Lounge - and even the private Office room! Check out our review and photos :-)
Disneyland will celebrate Mickey Mouse's 90th birthday with a special cavalcade down Main Street on the actual day, November 18th.. The party itself celebrating Mickey will continue across all Disney Parks through 2019, featuring the World's Biggest Mouse Party.
Dia de los Muertos returns to Disneyland Resort this fall! Guests can enjoy experiences at both parks from September 7 - November 2, 2018!
Planning next year's DLR getaway? Good news - 2019 Packages are now available to book online! Our friends at Magical Partners Travel are also happy to help!
Bing Bong's Sweet Stuff is Now Open at Pixar Pier in DCA, and the Holidays at the Disneyland Resort will officially return November 9th, and run through January 6th 2019.
Thoughts on Pixar Pier, Summer at Disneyland Resort, and Miscellaneous FP Musings :-) ...
The new Play Disney Parks App offers interactive play time among groups in select queues at both WDW and Disneyland. In Disneyland Park, the Pixar Pals Dance Party is a fun activity for all to enjoy in the evenings.
Disneyland announced Tuesday that it will be lifting several blockout dates in June for AP Holders, and also offering a summer discounted ticket for AP holders to "bring a buddy" and celebrate Pixar Fest at Disneyland Resort.
We got to use the new Mobile Ordering system at Disneyland, and it's super easy and user friendly! Also, Disney has announced changes with blockout dates to the AP Program, beginning in June 2019 and impacting those renewing June 2018 and thereafter.
A Guest Post from We Cain Travel on a recent stay at Paradise Pier Hotel, the new Pixar touches, and what may be on the horizaon for this Disney hotel.
Pixar Pier preview party announced for the public - but for a price. Mickey's Halloween Party Dates and pricing are live for 2018! Tickets go on sale to AP's June 5th and the public on June 12th.
Mickey's Tales of Adventure Breakfast at Storyteller's Cafe and Donald Duck's Seaside Breakfast at PCH Grill are new character dining experiences now open for booking and start serving on July 10th.
With the makeover of Pirates of the Caribbean and the introduction of Redd, the independent female pirate at the auction scene, Disneyland Park will feature the new character in person to greet Guests.
Lots of Pixar Pier News this week, featuring a preview of Pixar Pal A Round (formerly Mickey's Funwheel), the new Incredicoaster, and in other news - the new ice cream shop Salt & Scoop coming to Downtown Disney!
This was originally posted on We Cain Travel, but gives an insight into a Disneyland Regulars view of Disneyland Paris :-)
We had fun checking out a brief sample of Pixar Fest last night, including the Pixar Play Parade in Disneyland, new decorations, and Paint the Night in DCA!
The Pixar Fest Kicks off April 13th with Paint the Night's debut at DCA, and with it come some new festive monorails! In other news - Mobile Ordering is coming to Disneyland (much like at WDW)!
Rainy days offer a break in the spring crowds at DLR! The Egghunt is a hit again this year, and the Food & Wine Festival is all over DCA!
It's official - Super Heroes are coming to Disney parks around the globe, and that includes the Disneyland Resort. A new Super-Hero themed land will replace Bug's Land at DCA in 2020. Bug's Land will close at the end of the summer in 2018.


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June is LGBT Pride Month, and traditionally it's been both a time for reflection on gay history and struggles (originally created to commemorate the Stonewall riots of June 1969), along with a colorful, pride-ful celebration of many important achievements and milestones. Since Independent Lens is naturally a film-centric space, we decided to honor the occasion by reaching out to a few filmmakers who've made documentaries for Independent Lens, asking them to contribute their own picks for the gay-themed films (features or documentaries) that affected them most profoundly. While one important film deservedly gets mentioned twice, it's an appropriately diverse list. [updated 2016; originally posted 2014]
Macky Alston, who directed Love Free or Die (Independent Lens, 2012), winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival, writes:
French trailer for Fassbinder's Querelle
"The first queer film to rock my world I never saw. It was [Rainer Werner] Fassbinder's Querelle. I loved the poster and all the film stills I could find from it so much, I think that, by the time I could get my hands on it, I didn't want to be disappointed. I wanted the film I fantasized it to be to hold my imagination, rather than [be] something that fell short. The first queer film I actually saw, or at least first film with gay love in it, I watched in a hotel room after midnight with my first love sleeping by my side. We were young and dreaming of freedom. As my love slept, I watched Making Love [1982, directed by Arthur Hiller; starring Harry Hamlin, Michael Ontkean, and Kate Jackson], and for the first time on the television that had once given me The Brady Bunch I saw a path I could follow."
Filmmaker Roger Ross Williams, whose powerful documentary God Loves Uganda [official site] aired on Independent Lens in May, 2014, wanted to point out several films that had an impact on him:
- "Parting Glances had a huge influence on me because it was the first time I saw the reality of the HIV/AIDS crisis and gay life in NY on the big screen."
- My Beautiful Laundrette: "This film about race and sexuality made me realize that a well-made film could be political, entertaining, and sexy all at the same time."
- The Crying Game: "I was blown away by the dialogue this film sparked around gender, both good and bad."
- Outrage: "This provocative documentary [by Invisible War director Kirby Dick] about the destructive hypocrisies of closeted gay politicians who lobby for anti-gay legislation was the spark that got me thinking about my film God Loves Uganda."
Yoruba Richen's film The New Black [Independent Lens, June 15, 2014] explores the issue of gay marriage from within the African American community, and she's also producing the upcoming documentary The Fire This Time about young African American lesbians who were threatened and attacked in the West Village of New York City. Richen told us a few films come to mind when thinking of gay-themed features and docs that stayed with her:
- "Brother Outsider, the Bayard Rustin documentary, was really seminal to me."
- "My friend Rodney Evans's film Brother to Brother, set during the Harlem Renaissance."
- Marlon Riggs's documentary Tongues Untied: "What was powerful about it when I first saw it (I saw it again more recently) was the intersection of race and sexuality, how he explored the lived experiences of race and sexuality in that film were things I hadn't been seen in any film before."
- "Watermelon Woman, Cheryl Dunye's film, which I remember seeing in the theater in the '90s, was really important to me in terms of both storytelling and in terms of seeing a lesbian character at the forefront at the story, interpreting our history."
Johnny Symons is a Bay Area documentary filmmaker whose films include Daddy & Papa (official site) and the Independent Lens film Ask Not (official site). Currently, he is in production on Out Run. Symons writes:
"When I think about LGBT films that most influenced me, I think back to myself at age 23. I had recently arrived in San Francisco, was immersed in gay and HIV activism, and dreamed of one day being a documentary filmmaker. I remember two stunning film screenings—both at small, packed movie houses in the Mission District—that particularly inspired me. The first was the world premiere of Tongues Untied, an experimental, politically charged, and intensely personal film about the black gay male experience by renowned Bay Area filmmaker Marlon Riggs. A few months later, I saw the West Coast premiere of Jennie Livingston's Paris Is Burning, which documents New York's underground 'ball' scene, where contestants compete for trophies, glory, and a chance to transcend their often marginalized lives. The response to both films was staggering—thundering applause that helped launch them on to widespread acclaim both inside and outside of the LGBT community.
"Together, these films illustrate how two directors can tackle similar subject matter—race, culture, community, violence, HIV, and the use of performance as a means of liberation and transformation—using dramatically different approaches. Tongues Untied is alternately forceful and humorous, angry, and poignant, unpredictable and carefully crafted—a call to action made specifically by and for the black gay male community. In contrast, Paris Is Burning is an ethnographic exploration of ball culture made by a white lesbian, marked by intimate interviews and compelling observational footage on and off stage. To me, the films were testament to the fact that both insiders and outsiders can tell moving and powerful stories thorough documentary.
"Nearly 25 years have gone by since then. Marlon Riggs died in 1994, his life and brilliant career tragically cut short by AIDS. Jennie Livingston hasn't made another feature documentary [editor's note: she's actually working on a new one now]. But these two films continue to be legendary, capturing a critical moment in LGBT history and continuing to inspire filmmakers, performers, and activists."
For David Weissman, who himself made two seminal films about gay history, We Were Here (Independent Lens, 2012) and 2002's acclaimed The Cockettes (co-directed with Bill Weber), it's not as much a film that comes to mind as a film festival:
"I remember going to the very first Gay Film Festival in San Francisco in early 1977. There were about 50 of us, maybe 100, watching a few short films projected on a Super 8 film projector, with sound from a portable cassette tape recorder that never quite remained in sync with the films. 37 years later, it's mind-boggling how the world has changed, with this year's Frameline San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival screening hundreds of films from around the world with an extraordinary range of styles and subject matter.
"I participate in the LGBT film world not only as a filmmaker but also as co-programmer (with Russ Gage) of QDoc in Portland, Oregon, which is the only film festival in the world devoted exclusively to LGBT documentaries. So while I think it's important to think about what we watch, I also want to encourage our community to think about how we watch. It's remarkable to have access to so many quality LGBT films, both documentary and narrative, on PBS, HBO, and elsewhere, and streaming. But there is nothing like the experience of watching those films on a big screen, with a room full of other LGBT folk sharing our laughter, tears, and inspiration as we watch our history, culture, politics, and all our diverse stories as told by so many extraordinary filmmakers.
"If you're fortunate enough to live somewhere with an LGBT Film Festival, support it, and enjoy!"
Here's a trailer David put together for the 1995 Frameline festival:


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Okay, so the age old question, are cloth diapers really cheaper? Because at around $23 each for fitted pocket diapers it seems awfully expensive. Granted it is a large initial investment, but it is in fact cheaper when you think long-term….
The average child will be in diapers for 2 ½ years and require about 7000 diaper changes. Besides the fact that kids diapered in cloth generally potty train faster because they can feel when they're wet, we'll use 7000 changes for arguments sake.
Now, multiply those 7000 diaper changes by the average cost of disposable diapers ($0.25 each in Canadian dollars) and you get $1750. This doesn't include the cost of about 1500 wipes which is around $100 in total. So the grand total cost to use disposables for one child is at least $1850.
Keep in mind that this figure does not include the cost of gas for getting to and from the store to purchase diapers, nor does it include the cost of 'pull-up' type diapers that parents often use during the potty training phase which are quite a bit more expensive than $0.25 a diaper.
Now to use cloth diapers you are looking at between $23.95 and $25.95 each and we usually recommend at least 12 – 16 diapers, so let us use the highest numbers and take 16 diapers at $25 for our calculations. 16 diapers at $25 each gives you $400. Note we don't charge shipping on orders over $200 so there is no shipping cost to factor in. Add to that the cost of reusable cloth wipes (2 packages of 10 totaling $42 and we get $442.
But what about the added cost of laundering them yourself you say? Well, the cost of laundering your own diapers, including detergent, electricity, natural gas for heating the water, and depreciation for the washer and the dryer comes to about $430 so our grand total cost of cloth diapering with one of the most expensive systems is $872.
Clearly $872 is less expensive than $1850 for disposables.
In fact, it's $978 less expensive. And I don't know about you, but I can think of a lot of things I'd rather do with $978 than give it to large multinational diaper companies for the privilege of putting diapers in landfills and bleach and chemicals next to my baby's delicate skin.
Now, if on the other hand, you are really cost conscious, then instead of using the more expensive pocket diapers like FuzziBunz, you could use a prefold and cover system like BUMMIS.
If you do that, your cost savings is even better. In this case you can diaper your baby for about $331 plus the cost of laundering ($430) for a total cost of $761. A $1089 savings.
And to sweeten the deal further, consider that the cost of cloth applies to only one child. What if you have more than one? Then you incur another $1850 for disposables, but $0 for cloth, because you already have the cloth diapers and they will generally stand up to use for more than one child. So, the cost of cloth for subsequent children is only the cost of home laundering.
Finally, the re-sale value of used cloth diapers is quite high. There are many websites dedicated to the re-sale of used cloth diapers and they retain their value very well. Thus you recoup some of your cost, making cloth diapers an even more obvious choice. Need we say more?
Want to calculate your personal cost-savings of cloth diapering without using averages? Want to compare your cost savings using a combination of disposables and cloth or experiment how to save even more by using pre-folds plus FuzziBunz? Then try this fantastic link: Cloth Diaper Cost Calculator


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Adstrip made by Beunheas
I've made this adstrip with a Highres texturemap, so your logo or text is bright.
When you scale 'scale Z' to a higher number then 1 the adstrip will curve, so you can put it on a round tank or something else.
There are 3 examples in de I3D File, to show you how it works.
Scale 1 is almost flat, you can not scale it to 0 or lower then 1 because then the texture will change.
It is also washable!
You have the rights to:
-Put it on your own mods;
-Put it on your mod and release it with my name in de credits;
-Upload it on other sites as long as you use the original download linK!
-It is not allowed to upload it with a other name in the credits, it is very clear, I've put it everywhere in the i3d and texture. So there is no excuse you didn't use my name in the credits!!
Have fun with this mod,
All credits go to me:
Beunheas Modding INC


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This company has a full-fledged site that lures people to take their writing course online. When emailing them in just asking questions, they respond rapidly.
Once enrolled, i.e. paying for the course, one email is sent, and nothing afterward. Any emails sent to them are returned, and nothing can be done to have your money returned
Their sites lists a "full money back guarantee, " but that is obviously not true, as you can not get any contact to them once you pay for enrollment.


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Never fear........i'm not fighting with mamabear.
But........my new obsession is a tiny bit her fault.
And my dad's.
Yep.......that wonderful man!
You see, I really like the direction my house/decor is going.
Whites, creams, rustic woods and signs, metallic, burlap, western.
Hahahaha........yes, it's ALL going on in here:)
I think I'm rebelling against living in Florida and the HOT weather we get
9 months out of the year.
Anyway, I realized what is missing in my house.
A barnwood accent wall!
And that is exactly what my mom has in her family room.
(Her colors are darker and warmer than mine though)
For me, in my very light house, that wall would be awesome!
The contrast is really popular and very fresh, too.
Now if only I could get wooden beams for the ceiling.
Oh wait.......she has those too.
From old railroad ties!
I mean, just look at some of these rooms.
Accent walls, tables stairs, beams, shelves, beds........
you name it, it's happening right now!
But I have no way to do this, so I use accent pieces.
Better than nothing............
unless my mom lets me do a makeover in her room.
it wouldn't take much..........it could be AWESOME!
Okay, I'll stop.
But before I do,
look at some of these wall hangings made from barnwood.
LOVE them!
United states barnwood cut out source: All things thrifty
"purpose" sign, upper left corner: lissalaneous thoughts


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by Ben HorvathGo to go not to get there. Escape to The Mentawai
A surf holiday is good for business.
Hey workaholics please take note – scheduling a surf holiday is good for business. Blow off any feelings of guilt. Leave that old school Hellman or wild girl image behind, believing that you can burn the candle at both ends and never need a break.
Work attitudes have evolved. Sure we still have a long way to go, but a large percentage of employers and highly successful business owners now realize that taking a break can and does enhance productivity in the long run.
However, one alarming survey I read a few years back showed that half of the respondents were considering skipping their annual vacation, or worse still taking their work with them on their trip.
A more recent study, one that makes a lot more sense to me, clearly stated that 80 percent of small business owners who took a holiday were way more productive at work when they got back. More importantly it stated that a third of men who actually take this sensible step are less likely to die of heart disease.
We need to embrace those facts.
Burnout can and does damage your reputation and subsequently your business. You really need to be at the top of your game when at work. No one enjoys being stale or bored. Take an example from sports stars who take regular end of season or even mid season breaks. Fatigue, boredom or lack of interest can lead to lazy responses and poor output, risking relationships with key stakeholders.
So, here are seven reasons why taking a surf holiday is good for business.A good barrel is good for the mind, body and soul! Supersuck in Sumbawa
1 – Go to go, not to get there!
The office, factory or indeed any workplace is hardly the place for absolute inspiration. Shock horror, contrary to popular belief, your work/office environment is rarely the place that generates your most inspirational ideas or problem solving techniques. You rarely get creative or transforming, inspirational ideas while at work under immense pressure. A change of scenery on a surf trip, will not only improve your surfing, but it will also work wonders in regard to freshening your ideas up at work. When you relax, creativity usually flows. Your mind ticks over, starts asking different questions, you have a different take or perspective on things. You clear your mind and come back to work fresh, no longer tired.
"Vacations help us change the view, which can spark an idea or kick start creative thinking." – Rieva Lesonsky, CEO GrowBiz Media.
Escape your comfort zone. Jump on a catamaran and surf New Caledonia's Outer Atolls
2 – Get out of your comfort zone!
Escaping on a surf holiday is a challenge in more ways than one, because you are escaping from your comfort zone. Not only will you be surfing different waves, so you can try different turns and hopefully get shacked, but on the work front you will have to ensure the office is organized in your absence. It is the perfect chance to delegate; it is really beneficial to check out how the office copes without you. You will have to organize your emergency contact procedures just in case, but ideally there should be no other contact with the office.
"Without vacations, we all become droids on network steroids, perhaps the president included." – Lexy Funk, CEO Brooklyn Industries.
Only a surfer knows the feeling. Take a D'Bora boat charter in The Mentawai
3 – Only a surfer knows the feeling!
This is a no brainer. Every surfer can relate to that natural high or feeling of contentment when totally surfed out after an epic day of waves. The bonuses are obvious. There is an unexplainable natural stoke. You feel better, sleep well and your mood is lifted – natural endorphins. Stress and anxiety dissipate, whilst heart and blood pressure return to normal levels.
"Vacations are extremely important. I come back energized and refueled and some of my best innovation either happens on vacation or immediately following because I have left my stress at the office." – Julie Jumonville, CEO of UpSpring Baby
Give your brain a break. Kandooma chillax zone.
4 – Give your brain a break!
Almost 4 decades have passed since the glory days of The Bob Hawke Surf Team. Australian work life is getting more and more hectic and competitive.
The majority of office workers have to deal with brain flooding where data in the form of emails, text messages and other documentation is a constant across the desks. Their brains are like sponges – they can only take so much. But on a surf holiday ideas and exotic vistas can strengthen the neural connections and stimulate mental activity.
If you are seriously concerned that taking a surf holiday would allow your competitors to get ahead, think again. Research shows that the benefits of emotional stability and the mental relaxation process after a vacation will reposition you back at the top of your game.
Your brain will be buzzing and you will be on a motivational high when you get back. Now that should worry your competitors a lot more.
Network with like minded friends while you are away. Shesurfs Maldives trip
5 – Network with new friends whilst away!
While you are on a surf trip in paradise, you will no doubt meet new like minded people and you will engage with a bunch of them in chilled surroundings. They may well be in a similar line of business or completely the opposite. Either way they may be great new contacts, clients or just buddies worth maintaining contact via your LinkedIn, Face book or instagram account as a minimum.
The opportunities are endless. Never discount the potential to discover new leads, explore potential new markets, plan revenue generating ventures, and new partnerships. Some of the most inspirational discussions happen over dinner and or drinks on surf holidays. Most of the time such convo's evolve organically and the follow is usually chilled out, minus and the pressure of general business connections.
Internet lounge – You can surf Kandooma Right and still get your work done in The Kandooma Internet lounge
6 – You will never know unless you go!
The Office, factory or your workplace will still be functioning while you are getting barreled! Hey if you are a business owner, you need to relax and realize the office can function well without you. You will be able to immediately judge whether your delegation of tasks and projects are on track to success in your absence or not. The old adage you will never know unless you go applies.
If you are an employee or a team leader, the same principle still pretty much applies. Yes, the office can do without you but in your case, you have shown that your organizing skills are excellent and that you have successfully planned ahead. The projects will all meet their deadlines and the team is working well together. Now that should impress your boss!
Don't worry be happy. Mellow out between surfs at Aloita.
7- Don't worry be happy!
Maybe you can buy stoke? Large accounting firm Ernst and Young compiled an interesting survey. They discovered that those who take more holiday time get consistently better grades on their performance assessment at year's end. Overall their KPI's were on average 8-10% better. Holidaymakers had greater job satisfaction and were more likely to stay with a particular company. All this and they didn't even factor in tube time or stoke?
Bottom line – forget that old school unfounded work ethic that longer hours mean dedication and higher productivity. Bullocks!
Take a surf holiday already!


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Braemar Seascope, one of the largest chartering, sale and purchase shipbroking firms in the world, says in its latest Quarterly Container Ship Fleet Statistics, that 2013 boxship deliveriers will exceed the record set in 2008- 1.7 m TEU will be delivered next year, a staggering 9.5% growth YOY.
Reports by another well-known name in the industry indicate that container shipping is in danger of being subject to a double whammy: record deliveries coupled with supply imbalances, thanks to the phenomenal growth of the 8000+ TEU fleet.
Clarkson's, another leading industry player, says in a concurrent report that the trade will continue to suffer growing supply imbalances, explaining that the huge 260% expansion of the container fleet this century has been marked with uneven growth across size sectors, with the largest ships showing massive growth. From 2000, when there were just 10 VLCSs in the world- less than 0.1m TEU total- there are now 454 VLCSs around with a combined capacity of 4.5m TEU. Another 218 are on order and will raise global boxship capacity by half when delivered. "In comparison, the sub-3,000 TEU fleet has grown by just (!) 66% in capacity over the same period, and has in fact been shrinking since March 2009," a report says.
Braemar, too, confirms the trend, reporting that 48 ultra large boxships- 10000 TEU or more- will be delivered in 2013. Moreover, the period of 2011-2014 will see annual deliveries of these averaging a staggering 50 units per year.
Breaking up statistics, Clarkson's reports that ownership of container ships is split evenly between operators and charter owners at present, but this too is skewed across size sectors. Operators currently own 62% of the VLCS fleet; however, they account for 74% of the VLCS capacity on order.
"The current delivery schedule suggests fleet growth is likely to slow significantly from 2014, with just 1.4m TEU scheduled to be delivered after next year. However, this growth will continue to be heavily concentrated in the larger sizes - 73% of current orderbook capacity is on vessels over 8,000 TEU. The sub-3,000 TEU orderbook has fallen to historically low levels - less than 0.2m TEU - equivalent to just 4.7% of fleet capacity in this size range. As such, although there are a number of emerging supply imbalances, the dominance of VLCSs in the pattern of fleet growth may prove the most significant in the medium-term," Clarkson's says.
Braemar's container analyst Jonathan Roach feels that demolition will offset some capacity increases. "Supply growth this year has been actively countered with plenty of cellular demolition," he says. "During the first three quarters of 2012, containership demolition reached in excess of 220,000 TEU and we estimate by the end of the year the TEU capacity scrapped will reach the 300,000 TEU level. This represents the equivalent of approximately two per cent of the 1stJanuary 2012 fleet. Historically, the biggest year for cellular scrapping was 2009, with 370,000 TEU was sent for recycling."


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Photo courtesy of Jim Pressler
Spain Park wrestlers (from left to right): Gaven Pudlik, Jack Rivers, Jaxon Bast and Emmanuel Thuo
Over the course of the year, the Hoover Sun will keep you up to date on the various Hoover and Spain Park high school athletic teams. For previous weekly updates, click here.
The Hoover High School girls basketball team continued its winning ways last week, as the Lady Bucs (12-0) earned three victories. On Tuesday, they trounced Central-Tuscaloosa, 67-33, behind 20 points from Eboni Williams and 15 points from Joiya Maddox.
Hoover then dispatched Class 5A No. 2 Wenonah on Thursday, 68-57. Skyla Knight led the way with 17 points, while Williams added 16 and Maddox added 11. The Lady Bucs closed out the week with a 53-51 victory over St. Francis (Ga.) on Saturday at the Queen of the Hardwood Invitational in Atlanta. Miya Kimber drained a pair of game-winning free throws in the final seconds of the fourth quarter to seal the win. Maddox scored a team-high 17 points, while Williams had 11 points.
The Hoover boys (11-3) also had a good week, despite dropping a game.
The Bucs defeated Central-Tuscaloosa on Tuesday, 73-52, behind a double-double from Trey Jemison. He scored 17 points, collected 13 rebounds and tallied five blocks. Jamari Blackmon also contributed 15 points in the win.
On Thursday, Hoover fell in overtime to Class 5A No. 3 Wenonah, 71-68. Jamari Blackmon paced the Bucs with 26 points. Jemison scored 21 points, and Marion Humphrey had 13. Hoover then rebounded on Saturday against Kennesaw Mountain (Ga.), securing a 62-53 victory. Jemison registered another double-double with 15 points and 15 rebounds. Blackmon totaled a team-high 24 points in addition to six rebounds; Humphrey had 15 points and eight rebounds.
The Hoover boys will take the week off before hosting the Big Orange Classic Dec. 27-29. The Hoover girls will host their version of the Big Orange Classic this Thursday through Saturday. The Lady Bucs will begin tournament play on Thursday with games against Bessemer City and Stone Mountain (Ga.).
Spain Park
After a week off, the Spain Park High School basketball teams resumed action last Thursday. That day, the Lady Jags traveled to Gadsden City and came away with a tight 51-48 victory.
The boys played their only game of the week on Thursday, as the Jags fell to McAdory, 64-46. The Jags' record now sits at 3-8.
On Friday, the Lady Jags hosted Carver-Montgomery and won, 69-54, to improve to 8-2 on the season.
This week, the girls play reigning Class 5A champion Wenonah on Wednesday night in the Steel City Showcase before hosting the Lady Jag Classic Thursday through Saturday. They open play in the tournament against Pleasant Grove on Thursday evening.
The boys play once this week, at Grissom on Friday.
On Saturday, the Spain Park High School wrestling team traveled to Hendersonville, Tennessee, to compete in the Beech Wrestling Invitational hosted by Beech High School. The tournament was won by Wilson Central. The Jaguars, the only Alabama school in the tournament, finished seventh.
Spain Park had four medalists:
- Jack Rivers (120 pounds): second with two pins
- Jaxon Bast (220): second with two pins and one decision
- Emmanuel Thuo (126): fourth with one pin and three decisions
- Gaven Pudlik (138): fourth with one pin and one major decision
- Submitted by Jim Pressler
-- What did we miss? What else would you like to see mentioned? For any suggestions, feel free to email sports editor Kyle Parmley at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Pretty crepe printing kurti
An amazing range of women kurtis in soft and solid colors that looks perfect for regular wear and Party Wear. With beautiful designs and patterns, these apparels are very stylish and comfortable too. Get rid of the 'regular' look this season wearing this kurti by Indian Manufacturer.
SHREE SHUBHLAXMI DRESSES All Rights Reserved.(Terms of Use)
Developed and Managed by Infocom Network Ltd.


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The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan is presently on the island of Bermuda to bring unity to a community being impacted by the escalating youth violence. Since Sunday, July 19, Final Call Assistant Editor Ashahed Muhammad has been posting photos and coverage on his blog.
Here is an excerpt of a post by Bro. Ashahed related to Minister Farrakhan's major address to thousands on Monday, July 20 at the National Stadium in Hamilton, BERMUDA:
"Despite intermittent rain showers, thousands of Bermudians came to hear the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan deliver a message to the residents of the island paradise concerned about a recent increase in violence among the youth.
Rather than leaving the National Stadium because of the rain, many of the over 3,000 in attendance popped open their umbrellas and put on their rain coats, remaining attentive during the 2-hour message in which Min. Farrakhan addressed the spiritual, economic, social and political ills plaguing not only Bermuda's residents, but society as a whole."
To view exclusive photos and read more on the grounds coverage by Ashahed Muhammad visit: ashahed.blogs.finalcall.com


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Here is a fact: Master De la Riva will sweep you. Fact number two: he will show you his sweep and the defenses to it but still sweep your ass again. That's one thing I truly admire about DLR, his openness to share, exchange and evolve. Many of you may think DLR guard is one dimensional or just a transition point in your game, well it's not. Master De la Riva has created and refined his guard system into a work of beauty over the past 30+ years. Despite his intimate knowledge of body positioning and leverage he still continues to evolve and adapt to today's modern game by developing situational variations. The simplicity and effectiveness of his hook is used by almost ever top grappler at some point in there game. Despite that fact some people still hate on the DLR guard system.
So put down your cheesecloth fruit bag, and take a sip of your favorite


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Diesel Emissions Quantifier (DEQ)
The Diesel Emissions Quantifier (DEQ)
- Provides an interactive, web-based tool for users with little or no modeling experience.
- Evaluates clean diesel projects and upgrade options for medium-heavy and heavy-heavy duty diesel engines.
- Estimates baseline emissions, reduced emissions, cost effectiveness for NOx, PM2.5, HC, CO and CO2, and PM-related health benefits.
- Cannot provide estimates for Category 3 marine engines.
- May not be used for State Implementation Plans (SIPs) and Conformity. Consult your EPA Regional Office or SIP and Conformity guidance documents.
Helpline and Resources
DEQ Helpline: email@example.com
You may need a PDF reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA's About PDF page to learn more.
- Truck Stop Electrification Facility: Emission Reduction Calculation (PDF)(1 pg, 121 K, June 5, 2017)
- Hybrid Engine or Vehicle: Emission Reduction Calculation (PDF)(1 pg, 78 K, June 5, 2017)
- Trailer Refrigeration Unit: Emission Reduction Calculation (PDF)(1 pg, 100K, June 5, 2017)
- Diesel Emissions Quantifier Default Values (PDF)(2 pp, 200 K, April 2017)
- Locomotive Idling Guidance
- Shore Power Technology Assessment at U.S. Ports
- Diesel Emissions Quantifier Health Benefits Methodology (PDF)(46 pp, 1 MB, August 11, 2010, EPA-420-B-10-034)


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At MERA ViYAH we specialize in Bridal Hair and Makeup and treat every Bride as an Individual.
Upon your initial enquiry we will aim to provide you all the necessary information and answer any questions you may have; we offer optional Hair and Makeup Trials so you can get a feel of the makeup on the skin and have a visual of your preferred hair and makeup style.
Once you have secured your Bridal Booking a free 'Final Consultation' takes place approximately 2 months prior to your Special Day.
We actively listen and identify your needs to ensure we capture every detail of the makeup and hairstyle look, from your duppatta setting down to the eyelashes!
We will ensure that every detail of your hair and makeup requirements are noted, your preferred choice of colors style and theme, including many other important factors which only the MERA ViYAH team take into consideration.
We submit our professional recommendations to assist you in making the final decisions of your Special Day.
On the day we will come completely prepared, together with all your individual Consultation Notes…. Now all you need to do is relax and let the MERA ViYAH Team bring out 'your' inner beauty.
Our Aim is to help you Feel Confident, Look Amazing, Turn Heads and Sparkle!
Everyone can enjoy the MERA ViYAH touch; we now offer exclusive Pro Hair and Makeup packages for family and friends.


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ServicePRO® Resources - Audio/Video Tutorials
Lifecycle of a Service Request
This A/V presentation describes how support reps work on and resolve requests in ServicePRO. It covers workspaces, dispatching and updating requests, using the knowledge base, and some advanced workflow concepts.
Document Management
Document management allows you to access and administer all documents attached to the requests that you have access to including editing and encrypting the attachments.
Knowledge Management
Knowledge management allows users to add, edit and delete knowledge base articles also called Best Solutions. . All requests have common elements such as workflow, prioritization, options for automatically communicating updates with requesters and other reps, and more.
Manage Assets
This feature allows adding, editing and de-activating an asset
Manage Products
This feature allows adding, editing and de-activating products
What is RBAC?
Role Based Access Control (or RBAC) allows you to restrict access to requests and other information in the system. You can specify who can perform what actions on requests within what queues.
This feature allows you to generate a quick visual overview of how requests are being handled by your service desk.
Initiating a Project Request
A process through which a project request is logged in ServicePRO.
Business Hours
This feature allows you to set the actual hours that your business is in operation, and only those hours will be used elapsed time calculations for the purposes measuring SLA.
Skilled Based Queues
Concept behind creating skilled based queues in ServicePRO
User Options
This section allows you to personalize ServicePRO. Among these options are to change your current password, modify font colors in memos, or set up your email accounts to work with ServicePRO.
System Options
The section allows you to configure system wide option that will affect all ServicePRO users.


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Stitch Night at the Shop
Heritage Designs Quilting & Needlework Shop hosts a free monthly get-together called
"Loose Threads". The 2015 Loose Threads starts Tuesday March 24.
"Loose Threads" is an evening social get-together held the fourth Tuesday of each month, March through October. Bring a stitching or handwork project and relax among friends. We'll have light refreshments, but feel free to bring a brown bag lunch or snacks of your own. Bring your own beverages. This event doesn't have a defined membership so you can come whenever it fits your schedule; there's no fee. It's just a fun social evening for stitching!
The Shop will remain open at 5:00 pm and close around 8:30 pm. You can come for an hour or for an entire evening!
The only thing we ask is that you call Heritage Designs at 319-622-3887 or email us firstname.lastname@example.com to register each month when you plan to attend. We have limited space, so your name will go on the list for that month when you call and we'll take names as long as space is available. If you've signed up for an evening and find you won't be able to attend, we'd appreciate knowing so that your spot can be offered to someone else that month.
During your stitching time you can shop if you'd like, and take advantage of any specials going on at the time. This is a great opportunity to meet new friends and learn from each other, as we enjoy a fun stress-free evening among friends who share a passion for quilting and the needle arts. So we hope you can join us, Tuesday March 24th, for Loose Threads!
Please RSVP the shop at 319-622-3887 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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- This event has passed.
Animation Dingle Film Festival
March 18, 2016 - March 19, 2016
Animation Dingle is an annual event each March, that comes together to celebrate the best Animation Features, Series and Shorts that the Irish and International Animation industry has to offer. Animation Dingle is a major component of the Dingle International Film Festival and works closely with JAM Media, running jointly alongside the main event for the last 4 years, now established as a core component of its screenings, speakers and activities.
Having been to many interesting film events over the years I can honestly say with hand on my heart the Dingle film festival is by far the best craic I've ever had at a film festival. This may have been influenced by Dingle's scenic beauty, the fantastic company or my pride in receiving the Murakami Award. When The Wind Blows was a major reason for my becoming an animator.
– Oscar winner, Richie Baneham (Avatar, Lord of The Rings Trilogy)
In 2015 Animation Dingle held Ireland's first ever Animation Awards ceremony in association with Animation Ireland; it is home to the Murakami Award for animation, (recipients including Jimmy T. Murakami, Richie Baneham and Tomm Moore). Festival has had presentations from Disney, Nickelodeon, Walker Books, Penguin, Scholastic, RTE, CBBC, Cartoon Saloon, JAM Media, Brown Bag Films, Kavaleer, Treehouse Republic, Salty Dog Pictures, Geronimo.


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Coming up with creative, healthy school lunch ideas for your kids day in and day out is exhausting enough without having to consider food intolerances. And gluten-free is a big one.
Whether by choice or necessity, going gluten-free has become an increasingly common way to eat—and one that could be great for the overall health of your family. But going gluten-free means no bread, no crackers and no snacks that we typically lean on for easy school lunches. There are lots of alternatives out there, and here we offer a few ideas to get your creative juices going.
Vegetable and tofu fresh rolls
In the spirit of letting the kids help, these fresh rolls made with gluten-free rice paper wraps are possibly the most fun, make-ahead school lunch idea. You can stuff them with virtually anything your kids might eat, and pair them with a sweet and savory almond butter dipping sauce that's such a treat your kids might forget about dessert.
Makes 8
Prep Time: 20 minutes Cook Time: 0 minutes Total Time: 20 minutes
For the peanut sauce:
1/2 cup creamy unsalted almond butter
2 tablespoons tamari
2 tablespoons rice vinegar
1 tablespoons maple
Juice from 1 lime
5 tablespoons hot water (or more)
¼ teaspoon salt
For the rolls
8 large (10-inch) rice paper wrappers
1 large carrots, peeled and sliced into rounds
1 medium bell peppers, seeded and sliced into ¼-inch strips
1 cucumber, sliced into rounds
6 ounces cooked vermicelli rice noodles
Fresh mint leaves
Fresh cilantro leaves
½ pound firm tofu, cubed
First make the peanut dipping sauce by mixing together all the ingredients for the sauce in a jar and shaking to combine. Taste, and adjust the seasonings to your taste. Add more warm water, if needed, to make a smooth sauce. Set aside.
To make the rolls, first fill a wide, shallow bowl with lukewarm water. Soften the rice paper wrapper by dipping one of the rice paper wrappers into the water and swirl it around until the entire surface is evenly moistened (20 to 40 seconds). It should start to feel softened and malleable. (If the rice paper rips or tears, you softened it for too long.)
Place the softened rice paper onto the wet surface. Arrange some carrots, cucumbers, peppers and a few herbs in a line about 1 inch from the bottom edge of the wrapper. Line the tofu above the vegetables and then fold the bottom part of the rice paper wrapper over the vegetables. Continue rolling the everything toward the tofu, then wrap up. Continue rolling until you reach the top and form a roll.
Place the finished spring roll on the platter. Repeat for the remaining spring rolls.
Spinach quesadillas
Corn tortillas are the best gluten-free vehicles for anything that would typically go in a wrap or sandwich. Quesadillas, which are usually just cheese, are a hit with almost any kids because they're basically a healthier form of pizza. Make them even better by stuffing that cheese and tortilla with veggies, such as tomatoes or spinach, or a protein like chicken or ham.
Makes 2
Prep Time: 5 minutes Cook Time: 5 minutes Total Time: 10 minutes
1 cup baby spinach
2 corn tortillas
2 slices mozzarella cheese (or any melty cheese)
In a small skillet over medium heat, warm the spinach with a splash of water until wilted. Transfer to a cutting board and finely chop.
In the same skillet, add the tortilla and top with cheese. Cook until the cheese is just melted, 4 to 6 minutes. Stuff with the spinach and serve.
Quinoa salad with mango, raisins and red bell peppers
This salad keeps well in the refrigerator, covered, for a couple of days, and is best served at room temperature, making it perfect for packed lunches. Quinoa is nutty, mild and has a nice texture, so it's typically a grain kids love. It's also a perfect gluten-free carb that can hide all sorts of veggies and fruits inside.
Makes 4 side salads
Prep Time: 20 minutes Cook Time: 0 minutes Total Time: 20 minutes
For the dressing
¼ cup olive oil
¼ cup lemon juice
1 teaspoon honey
½ teaspoon kosher salt
Freshly ground black pepper, to taste
For the salad
½ cup cooked quinoa
1 can (15 ounces) chickpeas, rinsed and drained
¼ cup raisins
1 small mango, chopped
1 cucumber, seeded and chopped
1 red bell pepper, chopped
1 shallot, chopped
¼ cup finely chopped flat-leaf parsley
In a small bowl, combine all the dressing ingredients and whisk until blended. Set aside.
In a large bowl combine the remaining ingredients. Toss the salad with the dressing and pack in little containers to go.


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Weeks pass; pages flipping in the wind,
we stare but can't touch each other the entire time.
A constant chaperone, a miniature drunkard, stumbles between us.
As he falls asleep on duty, I sneak closer to you,
his eyes blink open, and his glare bores a hole,
I go back to my place,
frustrated, but not ashamed.
My lips are chapped sandpaper in the heat of the summer,
and need your velvet kiss to heal me.
The wet of yours seap in like a salve,
You are across a canyon, but i can hear your every whisper.
I miss you, and I need you.
When he's asleep lets sneak off, and rediscover each other.
Lets sneak away when we get a chance


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About Us
We believe in doing things the right way and holding ourselves to a standard our families, customers, consumers, partners and shareholders can be proud of. Our more than 54,000 team members take pride in providing consistent, high-quality, affordable products to retailers, food service providers, restaurants and consumers around the globe.
Our vision is to become the best and most respected company in our industry, creating the opportunity of a better future for our team members.
As a leading global poultry and prepared foods company, Pilgrim's has 36 production facilities and 16 prepared foods facilities across the U.S., Puerto Rico, Mexico, and the U.K. and Continental Europe. Pilgrim's has the capacity to process 45.2 million birds per week and produce 13.3 billion pounds of live chicken annually.
Our Strategy
It's our passion for excellence that continues to drive us to be the best, and we seek opportunities to diversify and grow our business, while responding to the needs of our team members, customers and consumers through four distinct strategies:
By providing well-recognized brands and innovative, value-added, premium products that are driven by our strategies and grounded in our seven core values, we will continue to create growth and development opportunities—just as we have for the last 70+ years.
Our Values
Invest With Us
It is our mission to create value for you, our investors, over the long-term.


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Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
For a number of years, I have searched for a way to help students understand and apply knowledge of pharmacology to nursing practice. The graduate nurse is frequently responsible for instructing the client and the client's family regarding the safe administration of medications. The study of pharmacology is constantly changing as new drugs are constantly being approved for public use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The recent test plan approved by the National Council Licensure Exam devotes 13%–19% of the Physiological Integrity section to pharmacology. This chapter contains useful information to help you look at the classification and generic name of drugs. If you can remember the drug classification, frequently you can understand why the drug was ordered.
- NCLEX Pharmacology Books: Staff Picks
- Pharmacology Essentials: Three Areas of Pharmacology
- Pharmacology Essentials: How Nurses Work with Pharmacology
- Pharmacology Essentials: Time-released Drugs
- Pharmacology Essentials: Administering Medications
- Pharmacology Essentials: The Seven Rights of Administering Medication
- Pharmacology Essentials: Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs
- Pharmacology Essentials: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Pharmacology Essentials: Beta Adrenergic Blockers
- Pharmacology Essentials: Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides)
- Pharmacology Essentials: Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety)
- Pharmacology Essentials: Phenothiazines (antipsychotic/Antiemetic)
- Pharmacology Essentials: Glucocorticoids
- Pharmacology Essentials: Antivirals
- Pharmacology Essentials: Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
- Pharmacology Essentials: Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
- Pharmacology Essentials: Histamine 2 Antagonists
- Pharmacology Essentials: Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Pharmacology Essentials: Anticoagulants
- Pharmacology Essentials: More Drug Identification Helpers
- Pharmacology Essentials: Herbals
- Pharmacology Essentials: Drug Schedules
- Pharmacology Essentials: Pregnancy Categories for Drugs
- NCLEX: Immunologic disorders
- NCLEX: Hematologic and lymphatic disorders
- NCLEX: Musculoskeletal disorders
- NCLEX: Reproductive system disorders
- NCLEX: Renal and urologic disorders
- NCLEX: Cardiovascular disorders
- NCLEX: Eye disorders
- NCLEX: Clinical Toxicology
NCLEX Pharmacology Books: Staff Picks
- Kathryn Cadenhead Colgrove RN MS CNS, Christi Doherty DNP MSN RNC-OB CNE
- F.A. Davis Company
- Edition no. 3 (09/12/2018)
- Paperback: 512 pages
- Bradley J. Wojcik, Chase Hassen
- Nurse Superhero
- Kindle Edition
- English
- NCLEX RN Drug Guide 300 Medications You Need to Know for the Exam
- Kaplan Nursing
- Kaplan Publishing
- Edition no. 7 (08/01/2017)
- Paperback: 336 pages
- Jon Haws
- Kindle Edition
- English
- Jonathan Small
- NCLEX Preceptor
- Kindle Edition
- Edition no. 5 (01/19/2014)
- English
- Chase Hassen
- Nurse Superhero
- Kindle Edition
- English
Pharmacology Essentials: Three Areas of Pharmacology
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
It is important to note that the study of pharmacology includes three areas:
- Pharmacokinetics: This is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Elderly clients and clients with renal or liver disease frequently have difficulty metabo- lizing and excreting medications. These clients can develop drug toxicity more easily than those with no renal or liver impairment.
- Pharmacodynamics: This is the study of how drugs are used by the body. For example, pharmacodynamics of oral hypoglycemics explain how the blood glucose is reduced by stimulating the pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin, by also making insulin receptor sites more sensitive to insulin, and by increasing the number of insulin receptor cells. These drugs are effective only if the client's pancreas is producing some insulin.
- Pharmacotherapeutics: This is the study of how the client responds to the drug. A client might experience side effects such as gastroin- testinal symptoms to a number of medications, including antibiotics. Side effects might cause discomfort but are usually not severe enough to warrant discontinuation of the medication. Demerol (meperidine HCl) is a narcotic analgesic that can cause nausea and vomiting. To prevent these side effects, the physician frequently orders an antiemetic called Phenergan (promethazine) to be given with Demerol. These drugs have a synergistic effect that provides pain relief while preventing the discomfort of side effects.
Adverse effects of medications result in symptoms so severe that it is necessary to reduce the dosage or discontinue the medication completely. Antituberculars and anticonvulsants are two categories of medications that can have adverse effects on the liver. The nurse should carefully assess the client's liver function studies as well as assess for signs of jaundice that indicate drug-related hepatitis, in which case the medication will be discontinued.
Pharmacology Essentials: How Nurses Work with Pharmacology
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
Nurses are expected to utilize their knowledge of pharmacology to:
- Recognize common uses, side effects, and adverse effects of the client's medication
- Challenge medication errors
- Meet the client's learning needsGenerally, the medication the nurse is expected to administer depends on the area of practice and the assigned client. The following medication classifications are commonly prescribed for adult clients within a medical/surgical setting:
- Anti-infectives: Used for the treatment of infections. Common side effects include GI upset.
- Antihypertensives: Lower blood pressure and increase blood flow to the myocardium. Common side effects include orthostatic hypotension. Other side effects are specific to types of antihypertensive prescribed.
- Antidiarrheals: Decrease gastric motility and reduce water content in the intestinal tract. Side effects include bloating and gas.
- Diuretics: Decrease water and sodium absorption from the loop of Henle (loop diuretics) or inhibit antidiuretic hormone (potassium-sparing diuretics). Side effects of non–potassium-sparing diuretics include hypokalemia.
- Antacids: Reduce hydrochloric acid in the stomach. A common side effect of calcium-and aluminum-based antacids is constipation. Magnesium-based antacids frequently cause diarrhea.
- Antipyretics: Reduce fever.
- Antihistamines: Block the release of histamine in allergic reactions. Common side effects of antihistamines are dry mouth, drowsiness, and sedation.
- Bronchodilators: Dilate large air passages and are commonly prescribed for clients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. A common side effect of these is tachycardia.
- Laxatives: Promote the passage of stool. Types of laxatives include stool softeners, cathartics, fiber, lubricants, and stimulants.
- Anticoagulants: Prevent clot formation by decreasing vitamin K levels and blocking the clotting chain or by preventing platelet aggregation.
- Antianemics: Increase factors necessary for red blood cell production. Examples of antianemics include B12, iron, and Epogen (erythropoetin).
- Narcotics/analgesics: Relieve moderate to severe pain. Medications in this cate- gory include opioids (morphine and codeine), synthetic opioids (meperidine), and NSAIDs (ketorolac).
- Anticonvulsants: Used for the management of seizure disorder and the treatment of bipolar disorder. Medications used as anticonvulsants include phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), and lorazepam (Ativan).
- Anticholinergics: Cause the mucous membranes to become dry; therefore, oral secretions are decreased. Anticholinergics such as atropine are often administered preoperatively.
- Mydriatics: Dilate the pupils. Mydriatics are used in the treatment of clients with cataracts.
- Miotics: Constrict the pupil. Miotics such as pilocarpine HCl are used in the treatment of clients with glaucoma.
Pharmacology Essentials: Time-released Drugs
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
The following abbreviations indicate to the nurse that the drug is time-released. These preparations should not be crushed or opened:
- Dur = Duration
- SR = Sustained release
- CR = Continuous release
- SA = Sustained action
- Contin = Continuous action
- LA = Long acting
Enteric-coated tablets and caplets are those coated with a thick shell that prevents the medication from being absorbed in the upper GI tract, allowing the medication to be absorbed more slowly. Spansules are capsules containing time-released beads that are released slowly. The nurse should not alter the preparation of these types of medications. The physician should be notified to obtain an alternative preparation if the client is unable to swallow a time-released preparation.
Pharmacology Essentials: Administering Medications
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
When preparing to administer medications, the nurse must identify the client by reviewing the physician's order. She must also administer the medication by the right route. Many medications are supplied in various preparations. The physician orders the method of administration. The choice of medication administration is dependent on several factors, including the desired blood level, the client's ability to swallow, and the disease or disorder being treated.
Pharmacology Essentials: The Seven Rights of Administering Medication
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
The nurse is expected to use the seven rights when administering medications to the client. These include five rights of drug administration, plus two from the Patient's Bill of Rights.
The Patient's Bill of Rights was enacted to protect the client's well-being, both mentally and physically. The client has the right to refuse treatment, which can include medications. The nurse must document any treatment provided to the client. Documentation of care given must be made promptly to prevent forgetting any details and to ensure that another nurse does not duplicate medication administration.
The seven rights of medication administration are
- Right client: Identification of the client must be done by asking the client to state his name and checking the identification band.
- Right route: The physician orders the prescribed route of administration.
- Right drug: Checking both the generic and trade names with the physician's order ensures that the right drug is administered. If the client's diagnosis does not match the drug category, the nurse should further investigate the ordered medication.
- Right amount: The nurse is expected to know common dosages for both adults and children.
- Right time: The nurse can administer the medication either 30 minutes before the assigned time or 30 minutes after.
- Right documentation (from the Patient's Bill of Rights and legality issues in nursing): This right is different from the others in that it must be done to prevent duplicating drug administration.
- Right to refuse treatment (from the Patient's Bill of Rights): The client has the right to refuse medication or treatment.
Pharmacology Essentials: Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
It is important to know that drugs generally have several names. The following list explains these different names for you:
- Chemical name: This is often a number or letter designation that tells you the chemical makeup of the drug. This name is of little value to the nurse in practice.
- Generic name: This is the name given by the company that developed the drug, and it remains the same even after the patent is released and other companies are allowed to market the medication.
- Trade name: This is the name given to the drug by the originating company. After the drug has been released to the market for approximately four years, a trade-named medication can be released by an alternative company. The trade name will be different, while the generic name will remain the sameIt is much safer for the nurse to remember the generic name rather than the trade name because the trade name will probably change.
Approximately 80% of the time generic drugs in the same category have common sylla- bles. If you can identify the commonality within the generic names, you can more easily learn the needed information for the NCLEX. The sections that follow look at some commonly given categories of drugs and help you to recognize the commonalities in the names. As you will see, each drug has a common part in its name, which will help you to quickly identify a particular drug by the common part of the name for that drug category.
Pharmacology Essentials: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
This category of drugs is utilized to treat both primary and secondary hypertension. These drugs work by inhibiting conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Notice that all the generic names include the syllable pril. When you see these letters, you will know that they are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
When working with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, it is important to know the potential side effects. The following list details the possible side effects/adverse reac- tions with this drug category:
- Hypotension
- Hacking cough
- Nausea/vomiting
- Rashes
- Angioedema
The following items are nursing considerations to know when working with ACE inhibitors:
- Monitor the vital signs frequently.
- Monitor the white blood cell count.
- Monitor the potassium and creatinine levels.
- Monitor the electrolyte levels.
Pharmacology Essentials: Beta Adrenergic Blockers
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
Beta adrenergic blockers are drugs that help lower blood pressure, pulse rate, and cardiac output. They are also used to treat migraine headaches and other vascular headaches. Certain preparations of the beta blockers are used to treat glaucoma and prevent myocardial infarctions. These drugs act by blocking the sympathetic vasomotor response.
Notice the syllable olol. When you see these letters, you will know that these drugs are beta blockers.
The potential side effects/adverse reactions of beta adrenergic blockers are listed here:
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Nausea/vomiting
- Diarrhea
- May mask hypoglycemic symptoms
The following list gives you some nursing interventions for working with clients using beta adrenergic blockers:
- Monitor the client's blood pressure, heart rate, and rhythm.
- Monitor the client for signs of edema. The nurse should assess lung sounds for rales and rhonchi.
- Monitor the client for changes in lab values (protein, BUN, creatinine) that indi- cate nephrotic syndrome.
- Teach the client to:
- Rise slowly
- Report bradycardia, dizziness, confusion, depression, or fever
- Taper off the medication
Pharmacology Essentials: Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides)
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
Anti-infective drugs include bactericidals and bacteriostatics. They interfere with the protein synthesis of the bacteria, causing the bacteria to die. They are active against most aerobic gram-negative bacteria and against some gram-positive organisms.
Notice that these end in cin, and many of them end in mycin. So, when you see either of these syllables, you know these are anti-infectives.
Anti-Infective Drugs
The following list highlights some possible side effects/adverse reactions from the use of anti-infectives (aminoglycosides):
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Seizures
- Blood dyscrasias
- Hypotension
- Rash
The following are nursing interventions you need to be aware of when working with clients using anti-infectives (aminoglycosides):
- Obtain a history of allergies.
- Monitor intake and output.
- Monitor vital signs during intravenous infusion.
- Maintain a patent IV site.
- Monitor for therapeutic levels.
- Monitor for signs of nephrotoxicity.
- Monitor for signs of ototoxicity.
- Teach the client to report any changes in urinary elimination.
- Monitor peak and trough levels.
Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs
Pharmacology Essentials: Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety)
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs are used for their antianxiety or anticonvulsant effects.
Notice that all these contain the syllable pam, pate, or lam.
Benzodiazepines(Anticonvulsants/Sedative/Antianxiety) Drugs
The following list gives you some possible side effects and adverse reactions from the use of this classification of drugs:
- Drowsiness
- Lethargy
- Ataxia
- Depression
- Restlessness
- Slurred speech
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Diplopia
- Nystagmus
- Nausea/vomiting
- Constipation
- Incontinence
- Urinary retention
- Respiratory depression
- Rash
- Urticaria
The following are some nursing interventions to know when working with the client taking benzodiazepines:Monitor respirations.
- Monitor liver function.
- Monitor kidney function.
- Monitor bone marrow function.
- Monitor for signs of chemical abuse.
Pharmacology Essentials: Phenothiazines (antipsychotic/Antiemetic)
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs are used as antiemetics or neuroleptics. These drugs are also used to treat psychosis in those clients with schizophrenia. Some phenothiazines, such as Phenergan (promethazine) and Compazine (prochlorperzine), are used to treat nausea and vomiting.
Notice that all these contain the syllable zine
Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic) Drugs
The following list gives you some possible side effects and adverse reactions from the use of phenothiazines:
- Extrapyramidal effects
- Drowsiness
- Sedation
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Dry mouth
- Agranulocytosis
- Photosensitivity
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
The following are some nursing interventions to know when working with a client taking phenothiazines:
- Protect the medication from light.
- Do not mix the liquid forms of Prolixin (Fluphenazine HCL) with any beverage containing caffeine, tannates, or pectin due to physical incompatibility.
- Monitor liver enzymes.
- Monitor renal function.
- Protect the client from overexposure to the sun.
Pharmacology Essentials: Glucocorticoids
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs are used in the treatment of conditions requiring suppression of the immune system or to decrease inflammatory response. They are also used in Addison's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and immune disorders. These drugs have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, and anti-stress effects. They are used for replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease); as immunosuppressive drugs in post-transplant clients; and to reduce cerebral edema associated with head trauma, neurosurgery, and brain tumors.
Notice that all these contain sone or cort.
The following list gives you some possible side effects and adverse reactions from the use of this drug type:
- Acne
- Poor wound healing
- Leukocytosis
- Ecchymosis
- Bruising
- Petechiae
- Depression
- Flushing
- Sweating
- Mood changes (depression), insomnia, hypomania
- Hypertension
- Osteoporosis
- Diarrhea
- Hemorrhage
The following are nursing interventions used when working with a client taking gluco- corticoids:
- Monitor glucose levels.
- Weigh the client daily.
- Monitor blood pressure.
- Monitor for signs of infection.
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs are used for their antiviral properties. They inhibit viral growth by inhibiting an enzyme within the virus. Herpetic lesions respond to these drugs. Clients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often treated with this category of drugs either alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. These drugs are also used to treat herpetic lesions (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella infections (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), herpes simplex (fever blisters), encephalitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Notice that all these drug names contain vir.
Antiviral Drugs
The following list gives some side effects and adverse effects that are usually associated with this drug category:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Oliguria
- Proteinuria
- Vaginitis
- Central nervous side effects (these are less common):.
. Tremors
. Confusion
. Seizures
. Severe, sudden anemia
The following nursing interventions are used when working a client taking antivirals:
- Tell the client to report a rash because this can indicate an allergic reaction.
- Watch for signs of infection.
- Monitor the creatinine level frequently.
- Monitor liver profile.
- Monitor bowel pattern before and during treatment.
Pharmacology Essentials: Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
This drug type is used to help the client lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to decrease the potential for cardiovascular disease. Notice that all these contain the syllable vastatin. It should be noted that many advertisements call these "statin" drugs. These drugs should not be confused with the statin drugs used for their antifungal effects. These can include nystatin (trade name Mycostatin or Nilstat). Table 1.8 lists some of the cholesterol-lowering agents.
Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs
Here is a list of side effects and adverse reactions that could occur with the use of cholesterol-lowering agents:
- Rash
- Alopecia
- Dyspepsia
- Liver dysfunction
- Muscle weakness (myalgia)
- Headache
The following nursing interventions are used when working with a client taking cholesterol-lowering agents:
- Include a diet low in cholesterol and fat in therapy.
- Monitor cholesterol levels.
- Monitor liver profile.
- Monitor renal function.
- Monitor for muscle pain and weakness.
Pharmacology Essentials: Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs block vasoconstrictor- and aldosterone-secreting angiotensin II. They are used to treat primary or secondary hypertension and are an excellent choice for clients who complain of the coughing associated with ACE inhibitors. Notice that all these contain sartan.
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
The following list gives some side effects and adverse effects that accompany the use of angiotensin receptor blockers:
- Dizziness
- Insomnia
- Depression
- Diarrhea
- Nausea/vomiting
- Impotence
- Muscle cramps
- Neutropenia
- Cough
The following nursing interventions are used when working with a client takingangiotensin receptor blocker agents:
- Monitor blood pressure.
- Monitor BUN.
- Monitor creatinine.
- Monitor electrolytes.
- Tell the client to check edema in feet and legs daily.
- Monitor hydration status.
Pharmacology Essentials: Histamine 2 Antagonists
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs are used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid reflux, and gastric ulcers. They inhibit histamine 2 (H2) release in the gastric parietal cells, therefore inhibiting gastric acids.
Notice that all these contain the syllable tidine.
Histamine 2 Antagonist Drugs
The following list gives some side effects and adverse effects associated with histamine 2 antagonists:
- Confusion
- Bradycardia/tachycardia
- Diarrhea
- Psychosis
- Seizures
- Agranulocytosis
- Rash
- Alopecia
- Gynecomastia
- Galactorrhea
Following are some nursing interventions when working with a client taking H2 antago- nists:
- Monitor the blood urea nitrogen levels.
- Administer the medication with meals.
- If the client is taking the medication with antacids, make sure he takes antacids one hour before or after taking these drugs.
- Cimetidine can be prescribed in one large dose at bedtime.
- Sucralfate decreases the effects of histamine 2 receptor blockers.
Pharmacology Essentials: Proton Pump Inhibitors
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs suppress gastric secretion by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system. They are used in the treatment of gastric ulcers, indigestion, and GERD.
Notice that all these drugs contain the syllable prazole and should be given prior to meals.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
The following list gives some side effects and adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitors:
- Headache
- Insomnia
- Diarrhea
- Flatulence
- Rash
- Hyperglycemia
Some nursing interventions to use when working with a client taking proton pump inhibitors are as follows:
- Do not crush pantoprazole (Protonix). Use a filter when administering IV panto- prazole.
- Advise the client to take proton pum inhibitors before meals for best absorption.
- Monitor liver function.
Pharmacology Essentials: Anticoagulants
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drugs are used in the treatment of thrombolytic disease. These drugs are used to treat pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarction, and deep-vein thrombosis; after coronary artery bypass surgery; and for other conditions requiring anticoagulation.
Notice that all these drugs contain the syllable parin and are heparin derivatives. The client should have a PTT check to evaluate the bleeding time when giving heparin. The antidote for heparin is protamine sulfate.
Anticoagulant Drugs
The following list gives side effects and adverse effects of heparin derivatives:
- Fever
- Diarrhea
- Stomatitis
- Bleeding
- Hematuria
- Dermatitis
- Alopecia
- Pruritus
Nursing interventions to use in caring for a client taking an anticoagulant (heparin derivative) include the following:
- Blood studies (hematocrit and occult blood in stool) should be checked every three months.
- Monitor PTT often for heparin (therapeutic levels are 1.5–2.0 times the control). There is no specific bleeding time done for enoxaparin (Lovenox); however, the platelet levels should be checked for thrombocytopenia.
- Monitor platelet count.
- Monitor for signs of bleeding.
- Monitor for signs of infection.
Pharmacology Essentials: More Drug Identification Helpers
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These are some of the commonly given medications that allow you to utilize the testing technique of commonalities. Looking at these similarities will help you manage the knowledge needed to pass the NCLEX and better care for your clients.
Here are some other clues that can help you in identifying drug types:
- Caine = anesthetics (Lidocaine)
- Mab = monoclonal antibodies (Palivazumab)
- Ceph or cef = cephalosporins (Cefatazime)
- Cillin = penicillins (Ampicillin)
- Cycline = tetracycline (Tetracycline)
- Stigmine = cholinergics (Phyostigmine)
- Phylline = bronchodilators (Aminophylline)
- Cal = calciums (Calcimar)
- Done = opioids (Methodone)
Pharmacology Essentials: Herbals
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
Herbals are not considered by some to be medications. They are not regulated by the FDA and can be obtained without a prescription. They do, however, have medicinal properties. Herbals are included on the NCLEX in the category of pharmacology. The list that follows includes some common herbals used by clients as well as some associ- ated nursing precautions:
- Feverfew: This is used to prevent and treat migraines, arthritis, and fever. This herbal should not be taken with Coumadin, aspirin, NSAIDs, thrombolytics, or antiplatelet medications because it will prolong the bleeding time.
- Ginseng: This is used as an anti-inflammatory. It has estrogen effects, enhances the immune system, and improves mental and physical abilities. This herbal decreases the effects of anticoagulants and NSAIDs. It also should not be taken by clients taking corticosteroids because the combination of these two can result in extremely high levels of corticosteroids. High doses cause liver problems. A client with hypertension and bipolar disorder should be cautioned regarding the use of ginseng because this herbal can interfere with medications used to treat these disorders.
- Ginkgo: This improves memory and can be used to treat depression. It also improves peripheral circulation. Ginkgo should not be taken with MAO inhibitors, anticoagulants, or antiplatelets. It increases the bleeding time in clients taking NSAIDs, cephalosporins, and valproic acid. Clients with seizure disorders should not take ginkgo because it can exacerbate seizure activity.
- Echinacea: This is used to treat colds, fevers, and urinary tract infections. This herbal can interfere with immunosuppressive agents, methotrexate, and ketoconi- zole.
- Kava-kava: This herb is used to treat insomnia and mild muscle aches and pains. It increases the effects of central nervous system (CNS) suppressants and decreases the effects of levodopa. It can also increase the effect of MAOIs and cause liver damage.
- St. John's Wort: This is used to treat mild to moderate depression. This herbal increases adverse CNS effects when used with alcohol or antidepressant medica- tions.
- Ma Huang: This is used to treat asthma and hay fever, for weight loss, and to increase energy levels. It increases the effect of MAOIs, sympathomimetics, theophylline, and cardiac glycosides.
Pharmacology Essentials: Drug Schedules
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
It is important for the nurse to be aware of the drug schedules because several questions might be asked on the NCLEX exam regarding safety. The list that follows character- izes the various drug schedules:
- Schedule I: Research use only (for example, LSD). These drugs are not medically safe to take and have a high potential for abuse.
- Schedule II: Requires a written prescription for each refill. No telephone renewals are allowed (for example, narcotics, stimulants, and barbiturates).
- Schedule III: Requires a new prescription after six months or five refills; it can be a telephone order (for example, codeine, steroids, and antidepressants).
- Schedule IV: Requires a new prescription after six months (for example, benzodiazepines).
- Schedule V: Dispensed as any other prescription or without prescription if state law allows (for example, antidiarrheals and antitussives).
Pharmacology Essentials: Pregnancy Categories for Drugs
Focus topic: Pharmacology Essentials
These drug categories might also be included on the NCLEX exam. It is important for the nurse to know which categories the pregnant client should avoid:
- Category A: No risk to fetus.
- Category B: Insufficient data to use in pregnancy.
- Category C: Benefits of medication could outweigh the risks.
- Category D: Risk to fetus exist, but the benefits of the medication could outweigh the probable risks.
- Category X: Avoid use in pregnancy or in those who may become pregnant. Potential risks to the fetus outweigh the potential benefits.
NCLEX: Immunologic disorders
NCLEX: Hematologic and lymphatic disorders
NCLEX: Musculoskeletal disorders
NCLEX: Reproductive system disorders
NCLEX: Renal and urologic disorders
NCLEX: Cardiovascular disorders
NCLEX: Eye disorders
NCLEX: Clinical Toxicology