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I realised today that I have not done an FOTD for months and months I am not even sure if I have done one at all this year!! I am a bad beauty blogger, I have sat down and done a few they just never saw the light of day because I wasn't happy with the final product. Anyway enough waffle here is my current Summer daily look, I have been wearing this makeup since it started getting warm here just changing up the eyes. I will give you an example of another eye i have warn but be warned its instagramed as it wasn't for FOTD purposes.
I hope you enjoy it 🙂 oh and do excuse my beautiful hair and brows i am long overdue a beauty day!
Products used:
Bare Minerals Fair Foundation
HD Brows Blusher Number 2
HD Brows Bronzer Number 2
MUA Undress Your Skin Shimmer Highlighter
Sugarpill Kitten Parade
NARS Charade
NARS Himalayas
Smashbox Lash DNA in Jet Black
Seascape Island Apothecary Peppermint Lip Balm
Alternative Eyes:
Sugarpill Dollypop
Sugarpill Kitten Parade
Smashbox Lash DNA in Jet Black
Inglot AMC Gel Liner in 77
Let me know if you like it and if you'd like to see a video tutorial for it as I am trying to get a list together of tutorials to go on youtube as I am stuck and don't want to do the same as everyone else.


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subset: commoncrawl


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First Aid Advice for Skiers
What You Need to Know Part 1: Prevention and Frostnip?
A few years back, my wife and I were riding a quad chair at Sugarloaf in western Maine, and I started chatting up the young snowboarder sitting with us. It was a bitterly cold day – full balaclava weather – and when Lauri, a medical professional, looked over at our lift partner, she immediately interrupted us.
"You need to get inside, now," she told the teenager, with an edge in her voice that didn't invite debate. "You've got frostbite, Bad."
That's when I noticed the waxy complexion on the young man's cheeks and nose. The teen said he felt fine, but Lauri persisted. "I'm telling you, you need to go to First Aid."
As we parted ways at the top of the lift, my wife shook her head.
"That boy is going to be in a world of hurt later today," said Lauri. "Frostbite is no fun."
That's one of the most insidious things about frostbite, and several other winter-related maladies, like altitude sickness, dehydration and hypothermia. Pain isn't the first indicator that something has gone wrong. Once you start hurting, you're already in deep. So you've got to be aware, and be prepared, for anything that Old Man Winter can throw at you.
Now, consider that skiing and snowboarding often involve hurtling down a mountainside at a good clip, with lots of other folks, and you can add the threat of impact injury. Suffice to say, it can be dangerous out there on the slopes.
A big part of the Skier's Responsibility Code is being personally responsible for your own well-being. That means skiing conscientiously and within your abilities, dressing properly for the elements, and knowing when to come in from the cold. These problems can happen at fully staffed resorts, or in the backcountry. In short, they can happen anywhere.
My brother Sean, an orthopedic surgeon, is a member of the medical staff at Loon Mountain in New Hampshire, and he's seen ski-related injuries that run the gamut, from dehydration to ACL tears and concussions (and worse). Most, he says, are preventable. So with that caveat in mind, it behooves anyone heading to the hill to understand the possibility of injuries.
First, dress properly (helmets, while not required, are highly recommended), in layers, with good eye protection (polarized goggles are superior to sunglasses). Balaclavas, neck gaiters, glove and boot liners, and hard and foot warmers can be the difference between a memorable day on the hill and misery (and a great reason to invest in a boot bag, so you can easily carry these accessories). While you're at it, toss in some lip balm and sunscreen. Make sure you're properly hydrated. And have your equipment, especially bindings, checked routinely by a qualified ski technician.
Finally, remember that accident avoidance is the best option. Adhere to the general rules of skier etiquette (uphill skier must avoid the downhill skier, etc.). Most skiers and snowboarders – especially beginners – have suffered their fair share of bumps and bruises. Those are just a rite of passage. But more serious injuries, whether inflicted by Mother Nature or self-inflicted, require special care.
When body parts – typically extremities like toes, fingers, earlobes, chin, cheeks and nose – are exposed to extreme cold for a period of time, the blood vessels in those areas constrict. When body temperatures drop, the fluid within the cells can begin freezing and forming ice crystals, which can cause cells to rupture. Pretty gruesome, right?
The good news is that frostbite is far more uncommon than its lightweight cousin, "frostnip." Frostnip occurs on the surface, where exposed skin can feel stiff and numb and takes on a whitish hue, but the underlying tissue remains warm and soft. While relatively benign – frostnip doesn't require medical attention – it is usually the first step to developing frostbite. So check often. To treat, warm the exposed skin by rubbing, and covering with extra layers.
If frostnip remains unchecked, it can lead to superficial frostbite. This condition is described as hard, frozen skin that looks bluish white. While the underlying tissue hasn't yet been affected, superficial frostbite can cause blistering, and proper medical attention is required to prevent permanent injury. Further exposure can lead to deep frostbite, which affects the tissue underneath. The skin is white/blue and completely frozen, and the tissue is hard as well. Deep frostbite should be treated immediately, which if can lead to permanent injury to nerves and muscle tissue, amputation, and even death.
Continue to: Altitude sickness, impact injuries and hypothermia.
Related Posts:
Skiing Advice for Intermediates


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Committee appointed to coordinate between Mahinda-Maithri
June 16, 2015 05:43 pm
A committee comprising of six members has been appointed to coordinate between President Maithripala Sirisena and former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, with regard to the future affairs of the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) including its main coalition partner – SLFP.
The committee was appointed today during a meeting held to discuss the prevailing political situation in the country and the future political course of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) chaired by President Sirisena, who is also the SLFP's leader.
Following the speech made by President Maithripala Sirisena at the discussion, MP Kumara Welgama had brought forth a proposal for the appointing of a committee to cooperate with Mr Rajapaksa for the betterment of the party, SLFP general secretary Anura Priyadarshana Yapa told Ada Derana.
He stated that almost all members expressed approval to the Welgama's proposal. Accordingly, Mohan Seneviratne, Dilan Perera, Kumara Welgama, T.B. Ekanayake, Susil Premajayantha and Anura Priyadarshana Yapa have been appointed to the said committee.
Yapa said that all the party organisers, Provincial and Chief Ministers of the party were present at the meeting (16).


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This paper investigates the damping potential of strip dampers on a real turbine bladed disk. A 3D numerical friction contact model is used to compute the contact forces by means of the Alternate Frequency Time domain method. The Jacobian matrix required during the iterative solution is computed in parallel with the contact forces, by a quasi-analytical method. A finite element model of the strip dampers, that allows for an accurate description of their dynamic properties, is included in the steady-state forced response analysis of the bladed disk. Cyclic symmetry boundary conditions and the multiharmonic balance method are applied in the formulation of the equations of motion in the frequency domain. The nonlinear forced response analysis is performed with two different types of boundary conditions on the strip: (a) free-five and (b) elastic, and their influence is analyzed. The effect of the strip mass, thickness and the excitation levels on the forced response curve is investigated in detail.
This work focuses on efficient modelling and adaptive control of friction damping in bladed disks. To efficiently simulate the friction contact, a full-3D time-discrete contact model is reformulated and an analytical expression for the Jacobian matrix is derived that reduces the computation time drastically with respect to the classical finite difference method. The developed numerical solver is applied on bladed disks with shroud contact and the advantage of full-3D contact model compared to a quasi-3D contact model is presented. The developed numerical solver is also applied on bladed disks with strip damper and multiple friction contacts and obtained results are discussed. Furthermore, presence of higher harmonics in the nonlinear contact forces is analyzed and their effect on the excitation of the different nodal diameters of the bladed disk are systematically presented. The main parameters that influence the effectiveness of friction damping in bladed disks are engine excitation order, contact stiffnesses, friction coefficient, relative motion at the friction interface and the normal contact load. Due to variation in these parameters during operation, the obtained friction damping in practice may differ from the optimum value. Therefore, to control the normal load adaptively that will lead to an optimum damping in the system despite these variations, use of magnetostrictive actuator is proposed. The magnetostrictive material that develops an internal strain under the influence of an external magnetic field is employed to increase and decrease the normal contact load. A linearized model of the magnetostrictive actuator is used to characterize the magnetoelastic behavior of the actuator. A nonlinear static contact analysis of the bladed disk reveals that a change of normal load more than 700 N can be achieved using a reasonable size of the actuator. This will give a very good control on friction damping once applied in practice.
The damping potential of multiple friction contacts in a bladed disk is investigated. Friction contacts at tip shrouds and strip dampers are considered. It is shown that friction damping effectiveness can be potentially increased by using multiple friction contact interfaces. Friction damping depends on many parameters such as rotational speed, engine excitation order and mode family and therefore it is not possible to damp all the critical resonances using a single kind of friction contact interface. For example, a strip damper is more effective for the low nodal diameters, where blade/disk coupling is strong. The equations of motion of the bladed disk with multiple friction contacts are derived in the frequency domain for a cyclic structure with rotating excitations. A highly accurate method is used to generate the frequency response function (FRF) matrix. Furthermore, a finite element contact analysis is performed to compute the normal contact load and the contact area of the shroud interface at operating rotational speed. The multiharmonic balance method is employed in combination with the alternate frequency time domain method to find the steady state periodic solution. A low-pressure turbine bladed disk is considered and the effect of the engine excitation level, strip mass, thickness and the accuracy of FRF matrix on the nonlinear response curve are investigated in detail.
An analytical expression is formulated to compute the Jacobian matrix for 3D friction contact modeling that efficiently evaluates the matrix while computing the friction contact forces in the time domain by means of the alternate frequency time domain approach. The developed expression is successfully used for the calculation of the friction damping on a turbine blade with shroud contact interface having an arbitrary 3D relative displacement. The analytical expression drastically reduces the computation time of the Jacobian matrix with respect to the classical finite difference method, with many points at the contact interface. Therefore, it also significantly reduces the overall computation time for the solution of the equations of motion, since the formulation of the Jacobian matrix is the most time consuming step in solving the large set of nonlinear algebraic equations when a finite difference approach is employed. The equations of motion are formulated in the frequency domain using the multiharmonic balance method to accurately capture the nonlinear contact forces and displacements. Moreover, the equations of motion of the full turbine blade model are reduced to a single sector model by exploiting the concept of cyclic symmetry boundary condition for a periodic structure. Implementation of the developed scheme in solving the equations of motion is proved to be effective and significant reduction in time is achieved without loss of accuracy.
A novel application of magnetostrictive actuators in underplatform dampers of bladed disks is proposed for adaptive control of the normal load at the friction interface in order to achieve the desired friction damping in the structure. Friction damping in a bladed disk depends on many parameters such as rotational speed, engine excitation order, nodal diameter, contact stiffness, friction coefficient and normal contact load. However, all these parameters have a fixed value at an operating point. On the other hand, the ability to vary some of these parameters such as the normal contact load is desirable in order to obtain an optimum damping in the bladed disk at different operating conditions. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, magnetostrictive materials develop an internal strain that can be exploited to vary the normal contact load at the friction interface, which makes them a potentially good candidate for this application. A commercially available magnetostrictive alloy, Terfenol-D is considered in this analysis that is capable of providing magnetostrain up to 0.002 under prestress and a blocked force over 1500 N. A linearized model of the magnetostrictive material, which is accurate enough for a DC application, is employed to compute the output displacement and the blocked force of the actuator. A nonlinear finite element contact analysis is performed to compute the normal contact load between the blade platform and the underplatform damper as a result of magnetostrictive actuation. The contact analysis is performed for different mounting configurations of the actuator and the obtained results are discussed. The proposed solution is potentially applicable to adaptively control vibratory stresses in bladed disks and consequently to reduce failure due to high-cycle fatigue. Finally, the practical challenges in employing magnetostrictive actuators in underplatform dampers are discussed.
The damping potential of multiple friction contacts in a bladed disk, tip shroud and strip damper is investigated, showing that friction damping effectiveness can be potentially increased by using multiple friction contact interfaces. Friction damping depends on many parameters such as rotational speed, engine excitation order and mode family and therefore it is not possible to damp all the critical resonances using a single friction contact interface. For example, a strip damper is more effective for the low nodal diameters, where blade/disk coupling is strong. The equations of motion of the bladed disk with multiple friction contacts are derived in the frequency domain for a cyclic structure with rotating excitations and a highly accurate method is used to generate the frequency response function (FRF) matrix. Furthermore, a finite element contact analysis is performed to compute the normal contact load and the contact area of the shroud interface at operating rotational speed. The multiharmonic balance method is employed in combination with the alternate frequency time domain method to find the approximate steady state periodic solution. A low-pressure turbine bladed disk is considered and the effect of the engine excitation level, strip mass, thickness and the accuracy of FRF matrix on the nonlinear response curve are investigated in detail.
A methodology for evaluating the acoustic behaviour of two-port inhomogeneous media in experimentally unavailable thermal conditions is proposed. The method consists of an inverse estimation of the geometrical and material properties of the object at room temperature followed by a forced thermal input. The properties of interest for the inverse estimation are the spatially-varying cross-section and/or bulk properties. The underlying model relies on a transfer matrix approach, allowing for a representation of spatially inhomogeneous objects as piece-wise equivalent homogeneous fluids, while ensuring continuity conditions between successive elements. A model of non-stationary thermal conduction is used as a first approximation, where an integral formulation accounts for the cumulative effect of multiple homogeneous elements. In order to evaluate the validity of the extrapolation, a validation against a fully numerical simulation is presented in two cases, namely a simple expansion chamber and a complex muffler.
Baffle or split silencers are commonly used, e.g., in HVAC systems and as inlet/outlet silencers on gas turbines. Another application is to reduce noise from the cooling fan inlet for large IC-engines. A baffle silencer can be seen as a periodic arrangement of parallel rectangular absorbers which can be placed in a rectangular duct. The noise reduction afforded by parallel baffles depends not only on the physical properties of the lining, but also upon the angle of incidence of the sound waves impinging and the baffle length. In this paper the potential of using baffles made of Micro-Perforated Panels is investigated in particular with the cooling fan inlet application in mind. Theoretical models for the damping is derived and used to design optimum configurations. The models are based on the wave propagation in a periodic array of baffles so that only one period can be investigated in order to find the different modes. In particular the least attenuated mode is important to find in order to optimize the behavior. An important aspect is the inner structure of the MPP baffle, i.e., can it just be an empty air volume or to what extent must internal waves be prevented by putting in walls. From a stiffness point of view some inner walls might also be needed to avoid vibration problems. Due to these complexities the theoretical models are only presented for the simplest cases. In order to validate the models and to get a more complete test of different designs experiments were also carried out. During these experiments the effect of flow was also tested.
The aim of the work reported in this paper is to investigate the aerodynamic installation effects for a generic cooling fan system. This is done by treating the ducted fan as a multi-port source and performing a source characterization, i.e., determining the source strength and source reflection matrix. From the source strength, which represents the sound radiated by the fan in a reflexion free (infinite) duct, the effect of various inflow distortions can be studied. The work is part of the EU-project ECOQUEST where the data will be used to validate the acoustic prediction tools.
Engine cooling fans have long been recognized as one of the major noise sources in a vehicle. As the engine and other vehicle components are made quieter, the need to reduce fan noise has become more and more urgent. To reduce fan noise in a cost-effective manner, it is necessary to incorporate the component of noise reduction into an early design stage. In this paper a detailed experimental study on an automotive vehicle cooling system is presented. The aim is to investigate the flow generated noise, characterize the heat exchanger damping properties and investigate the use of near-field noise control by micro-perforated (MPP) shrouds and tuned MPP dampers. For the tested standard automotive cooling fan system the MPP shroud gave a reduction in the range 1.5 to 4.5 dB(A) depending on the fan speed. Also the absorption on the back-side is significantly increased which can reduce the noise further. The near-field tuned MPP damper concept is also promising and gives a reduction around 3 dB(A) at the operating points.
Measurement of plane wave acoustic transmission properties, so called two-port data, of flow duct components is important in many applications. It is an important tool for instance in the development of mufflers for IC-engines. Accurate measurement of the acoustic two port data can be used not only to determine the transmission loss but also to determine physical properties like flow resistivty as well as speed of sound and impedance. Measurement of two-port data is difficult when the flow velocity in the measurement duct is high because of the flow noise contamination of the measured pressure signals. Techniques to improve the acoustic two-port determination have been tested in this paper. A number of possible configurations for connecting loudspeakers to the flow duct have been investigated. It was found that using a perforate pipe section with about 50% porosity between the loudspeaker side branch and the duct gave the best signal-to-noise ratio out of the studied configurations. Different signal processing techniques have been tested for reducing the adverse effects of flow noise at the microphones. The most successful techniques require a reference signal which can be either the electric signal being input to the loudspeakers or one of the microphone signals. As a reference technique stepped sine excitation with cross-spectrum based frequency domain averaging was used. This technique could give good results for most cases. Using a periodic signal (saw-tooth) and synchronised time domain averaging good results could be obtained if a sufficient number of averages was used. At flow velocities higher than M=0.2 about 10000 averages were needed. Random excitation together with cross-spectrum based frequency domain averaging also gave good result if the same number of averages was used. Ordinary frequency domain averaging is not sufficient at high flow velocities. It was also shown that using cross-spectrum based frequency domain averaging an improvement could be obtained if the microphone with the highest signal-to-noise ratio at each frequency was used as the reference microphone rather than a fixed microphone.
Perforated mufflers are used by exhaust system manufacturers to improve the broadband attenuation at low frequencies, with the drawback that this normally also implies an increased pressure drop. The detailed modelling of this type of muffler depends on knowledge of the perforate impedance which is influenced by hole geometry as well as the details of the flow distribution. The existing formulas for calculation of perforate impedance are semi-empirical and a number of alternatives have been published. One motivation behind this work was to review the existing formulas for perforate impedance using accurate measured data for perforated mufflers. A modified model presented by Bauer 1977 was found to be the best. A second motivation was to show that for a detailed analysis, using 3D acoustic FEM, the mean flow can be neglected except for calculating the perforate impedances.
The use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) on automobiles to reduce the harmful effects of diesel exhaust gases is becoming a standard in many countries. Although the main purpose of a DPF is to reduce harmful emission of soot particles it also affects the acoustic emission. This paper presents a first attempt to describe the acoustic behavior of DPFs and to present models which allow the acoustic two-port to be calculated. The simplest model neglects wave propagation and treats the filter as an equivalent acoustic resistance modeled via a lumped impedance element. This simple model gives a constant frequency-independent transmission loss and agrees within I dB with measured data on a typical filter (length 250 mm) up to 200-300 Hz (at 20 degrees C). In the second model, the ceramic filter monolith is described as a system of coupled porous channels carrying plane waves. The coupling between the channels through the porous walls is described via Darcy's law. This model gives a frequency-dependent transmission loss and agrees well with measured data in the entire plane wave range.
The purpose of this paper is to present a method for characterization of in-duct aero-acoustic sources that can be described as active acoustic two-ports. The method is applied to investigate the sound produced from an orifice plate. The motivation is to obtain better data for the development of improved prediction methods for noise from flow singularities, e.g., in HVAC systems on aircrafts. Most of the earlier works fall into two categories; papers modeling the scattering of acoustic waves and papers modeling the sound generation. Concerning the scattering it is possible to obtain estimates of the low frequency behavior from linear perturbations of the steady state equations for the flow. Concerning the sound generation most of the presented work is experimental and follows a paper by Nelson&Morfey, which present a scaling law procedure for the in-duct sound power based on a dipole model of the source. One limitation with the earlier works is that the sound power only was measured on the downstream side. Also data was only obtained in 1/3-octave bands, by measuring the sound radiated from an open duct termination. Assuming plane waves and linear acoustics the flow duct singularity can be completely modeled as an active 2-port. The experimental determination of its properties is done in a two steps procedure. In the first step the passive data, i.e., the scattering matrix S, is determined using external (independent) sources. In the second step the S matrix is used and the source vector is determined by testing the system with known acoustic terminations.
Diaphragm orifices are used in duct systems to control or measure the flow rate. Such components generate complex flows and aeroacoustic phenomena, e.g., dissipation via forced vortex shedding, sound generation from eddy structures (broadband noise) and non-linear whistling. In this paper the acoustic properties (passive and active) of single and double diaphragm orifices are investigated experimentally for small Mach-numbers and low frequencies (plane waves). Using microphone arrays and wave decomposition the induct sound fields are resolved and used as input to determine the active acoustic 2-port. The work represents one of the first efforts to apply 2-port methods to characterize flow generated noise in-ducts. The motivation of this work is to obtain better understanding for noise from flow singularities in ducts, e.g., in HVAC systems on vehicles, develop and improve prediction methods and produce data for validation of CFD and other models. First the single orifice case is investigated and the 2-port data is obtained. The active (source) strength part represents a dipole type of source for which a scaling law is derived. For the passive part (the scattering matrix) a simple quasi-stationary model is tested and works well up to a few hundred Hz. Secondly the double orifice configuration is investigated and again the 2-port data is measured. To investigate the presence of orifice interaction and non-linear aeroacoustic effects, such as whistling, the double orifice data is reduced to two identical single orifices. The equivalent source data for this reduced case is then compared with the single orifice scaling law. It is found that if the separation is larger than 10 orifice diameters then orifice interaction can be neglected. Non-linear effects and tendencies for whistling were found for separations less than 3-4 duct diameters.
To reduce exhaust pollutants from diesel engines a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is normally fixed after a Catalytic Converter (CC) in an expansion chamber to create a complete After-Treatment Device (ATD). As part of the work in the EC-project ARTEMIS the authors have published a series of papers on the modeling of DPF units. Here the final and complete DPF model is presented. The model calculates the acoustic 2-port by solving the convective acoustic wave equations for two neighboring cells simplified in the manner of the Zwikker and Kosten theory. A segmentation approach has been employed to handle the actual flow, density, pressure, and temperature distribution inside the monoliths at each frequency. The theoretical results were compared with measured transmission loss data at different flow speeds and the agreement is excellent. The new complete model has also been compared with the 1-D model earlier suggested by the authors. It turns out that by using a wave number based on the Kirchhoff solution for plane waves in narrow pipes, the simple 1-D model works almost as well as the complete model. Another conclusion is that the effect of mean flow on the sound transmission through a filter is very small. Using the new model and existing models for standard pipe elements and the CC, the acoustic 2-port for a car ATD unit has been calculated and used to predict the transmission loss. The agreement between the predictions and the measured data for various flow speeds is good.
Suppressing of jet engine noise by inlet and exhaust duct liners and internal combustion engine (ICE) noise by intake and exhaust systems is an important part of developing environmentally acceptable vehicles. The acoustic liner is designed to provide an impedance boundary condition in the engine duct that reduces the propagation of engine noise through the duct. An accurate impedance boundary condition is necessary to optimally suppress the noise at different conditions. The goal of the research presented in this paper is to present a new technique to Educe and characterize the acoustic liner impedance for cases with extended reaction. This technique is depending on comparing both the measured and predicted 2-port transfer matrices. The measurement of the transfer matrix is performed using the two microphone technique, while the prediction of the transfer matrix is obtained assuming plane waves in the inner pipe and outer chamber coupled by a perforated wall impedance. By using a regression process the unknown wall impedance is then educed. The method is applied to investigate the effect of flow on the impedance of so called Micro-perforated panels (MPP). A MPP consists of a panel (here a plate made of Al or steel) with small perforations distributed over its surface. When these perforations are of sub-millimeter size they provide by themselves enough acoustic resistance and low acoustic mass reactance necessary for a wideband absorber.
Splitter or baffle silencers are commonly used, for example, in heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and as inlet/outlet silencers on gas turbines. Another application is to reduce noise from the cooling fan inlet for large IC-engines. A splitter silencer can be seen as a periodic arrangement of parallel rectangular absorbers, which can be placed in a rectangular duct. The noise reduction afforded by parallel splitters depends not only on the physical properties of the lining but also upon the angle of incidence of the impinging sound waves, and the splitter and duct dimensions. In this paper, the potential of using splitters made of microperforated plates (MPPs) is investigated, with a particular focus on cooling fan inlet/outlet applications.
A general plane wave decomposition procedure that determines both the wave amplitudes (or the reflection coefficient) and the wavenumbers is proposed for in-duct measurements. To improve the quality of the procedure, overdetermi nation and a nonlinear least-squares procedure is used. The procedure has been tested using a six microphone array, and used for accurate measurements of the radiation from an open unflanged pipe with flow. The experimental results for the reflection coefficient magnitude and the end correction have been compared with the theory of Munt. The agreement is very good if the maximum speed rather than the average is used to compare measurements and theory. This result is the first complete experimental validation of the theory of Munt [Acoustic transmission properties of a jet pipe with subsonic jet flow, 1: the cold jet reflection coefficient, Journal of Sound and Vibration 142(3) (1990) 413-436]. The damping of the plane wave (the imaginary part of the wavenumber) could also be obtained from the experimental data. It is found that the damping increases strongly, compared with the damping for a quiescent fluid.. when the acoustic boundary layer becomes thicker than the viscous sublayer. This finding is in agreement with a few earlier measurements and is also in agreement with a theoretical model proposed by Howe [The damping of sound by wall turbulent sheer layers, Journal of Acoustic Society, of America 98(3) (1995) 1723-17301. The results reported here are the first experimental verifications of Howe's model. It is found that the model works well typically up to a normalized acoustic boundary layer thickness delta(+)(A) of 30-40. For values of A a delta(+)(A) less than 10, corresponding to higher frequencies or lower flow speeds, the model proposed by Dokumaci [A note on A transmission of sound in a wide pipe with mean flow and viscothermal attenuation, Journal of Sound and Vibration 208(4) (1997) 653-655] is also in good agreement with the experimental data.
Driven by emission regulations in the US and the EU exhaust systems on new diesel engines are equipped with both a catalytic converter (CC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The CC and DPF are normally placed after each other in an expansion chamber to create a complete after-treatment device (ATD) to reduce the exhaust pollutants. The ATD unit can also affect the acoustical performance of an exhaust system. in this paper an acoustic model of a complete ATD for a passenger car is presented. The model is made up of four basic elements: (i) straight pipes; (ii) conical inlet/outlet; (iii) CC unit, and (iv) DPF unit. For each of these elements, a two-port model is used and, with the exception of the DPF unit, known models from the literature are available. For the DPF unit, a new model suggested by the authors has been used. Using the models, the complete acoustic two-port model for the investigated ATD unit has been calculated and used to predict the sound transmission loss. The predictions have been compared to experimental data taken at cold conditions for various flow speeds and show a good agreement.
In this paper two different objects for fan passive noise control have been examined: heat exchangers and inlet/outlet parallel splitter silencers based on micro-perforated panels. The first object is theoretically and experimentally examined while the second is only examined experimentally. Throughout this paper two measurement methods were used. The ISO 15186-1:2000 to test the acoustic transmission for a diffuse field and plane wave testing in a duct of a sample cut from each heat exchanger type. Based on an anisotropic equivalent fluid model a theoretical model for the heat exchanger acoustic transmission is presented. A new type of splitter silencers based on micro-perforated plates, which can add damping up 10-20 dB in the frequency range of interest (<5 kHz), are also presented.
Passive mufflers are widely employed to reduce industrial and domestic ventilation noise as well as vehicle exhaust noise. Their basic geometry is formed by a simple expansion chamber and the performance is controlled by using complex geometries or by adding porous materials inside the chamber. However, when a clean absorbent system is desirable or when the muffler must support high air flux, it is not possible to add those fibrous materials and the use of micro perforated panels (MPP) as another alternative to improve the acoustic performance become important. The purpose of this work is not only to optimize the acoustic performance of low cost simple geometry mufflers using micro perforated panels (MPP) absorbers but also to find the best shape design under a limited space constraint. In this paper, on the basis of plane wave theory, the four-port system matrix for two wave guides coupled via a MPP tube is derived and used to compute the two-port transfer matrix for a expansion chamber muffler with a MPP tube. Moreover, a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm searching for the global optimum by imitating the softening process of metal has been adopted during the muffler's optimization. To assure SA's correctness, the sound transmission loss (TL) maximization of one-chamber perforated mufflers at a targeted frequency of 1500 Hz is tested first. The result of the optimized muffler is compared with the measured results at room temperature. Furthermore, a numerical case in dealing with a broadband noise emitted from an I.C. Engine by using one-chamber micro perforated mufflers has been introduced and is discussed.
In an earlier work the authors have presented a 1-D acoustic model for diesel particulate filters (DPFs). One shortcoming of this first model is the approximate treatment of the viscous and thermal losses along the narrow channels. In the present paper this issue is analyzed in more detail, by solving the convective acoustic wave equations for two neighboring channels simplified in the manner of the Zwikker and Kosten theory. From the solution the acoustic two-port has been calculated to predict the sound transmission losses for an entire DPF unit. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data for clean filter units at room temperature and the agreement is very good and better, in particular for very small Mach numbers, than for the earlier presented 1-D model. A modified 1-D model using the classical (exact) Kirchhoff solution for a plane wave in a narrow tube is also presented. This modified 1-D model is in close agreement with the predictions of the new model. Furthermore, the earlier proposed 1-D model, which assumes isothermal sound propagation, works satisfactorily up to 800-1000Hz for a typical filter at operating (hot) conditions.
Components in ducts systems that create flow separation can for certain conditions and frequencies amplify incident sound waves. This vortex-sound phenomena is the origin for whistling, i.e., the production of tonal sound at frequencies close to the resonances of a duct system. One way of predicting whistling potential is to compute the acoustic power balance, i.e., the difference between incident and scattered sound power. This can readily be obtained if the scattering matrix is known for the object. For the low frequency plane wave case this implies knowledge of the two-port data, which can be obtained by numerical and experimental methods. In this paper the procedure to experimentally determine whistling potential will be presented and some examples are given to show how this procedure can be used in some applications for automotive intake and exhaust system components.
A benchmark problem on atmospheric sound propagation over irregular terrain has been solved using a stable fourth-order accurate finite difference approximation of a high-fidelity acoustic model. A comparison with the parabolic equation method and ray tracing methods is made. The results show that ray tracing methods can potentially be unreliable in the presence of irregular terrain.
Flow noise is a major noise source in the transportation industry from the automotive up to the aircraft industry. The characterization of the aerodynamic excitations and of the structure transmission is of primary interest in order to improve the passenger and crew comfort. One important component of the flow noise excitation comes from the wall pressure fluctuations induced by the development of turbulent boundary layers around the vehicle.
This master thesis is focused on the validation of a method to calculate structural vibrations based on aerodynamic data by the comparison with experimental data. The analysis will be done with a flat plate configuration in a wind tunnel. The strategy yields good results and it has been validated: it could be used for more complex problems.
A dominating source for the radiated acoustic noise from a train at low speeds is the traction motor. This noise originates from electromagnetic forces acting on the structure resulting in vibrations on the surface and thus radiated noise. It is often perceived as annoying due to its tonal nature. To achieve a desirable acoustic behavior, and also to meet legal requirements, it is of great importance to thoroughly understand the generation of noise of electromagnetic origin in the motor and also to be able to control it to a low level.
In this work, experimental tests have been performed on a traction motor operated from pulse width modulated (PWM) converter. A PWM converter outputs a quasi-sinusoidal voltage created from switched voltage pulses of different widths. The resulting main vibrations at PWM operation and their causes have been analyzed. It is concluded that an appropriate selection of the PWM switching frequency, that is the rate at which the voltage is switched, is a powerful tool to influence the noise of electromagnetic origin. Changing the switching frequency shifts the frequencies of the exciting electromagnetic forces. Further experimental investigations show that the trend is that the resulting sound power level decreases with increasing switching frequency and eventually the sound power level reaches an almost constant level. The underlying physical phenomena for the reduced sound power level is different for different frequency ranges. It is proposed that the traction motor, similar to a thin walled cylindrical structure, shows a constant vibration over force response above a certain frequency. This is investigated using numerical simulations of simplified models. Above this certain frequency, where the area of high modal density is dominating, the noise reducing effect of further increasing the switching frequency is limited.
Operational deflection shapes of an asynchronous traction motor for railway applications are investigated. The radiated noise from the tractionmotor on a train is, especially at low speeds, dominated by noise generated by electromagnetic forces. The tested motor is fed by a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) frequency converter for which the voltage is modulated as a series of pulses that are switched with a certain frequency. In this case, PWM force lines can be expected to influence the radiated noise. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the frequencies and deflection shapes of vibrations generated by PWM forces is of great importance for understanding and controlling the radiated noise and its spectral content. Vibration levels are measured on the stator shield and the operational deflection shapes are studied for several PWM switching frequencies and motor speeds. The deflection shapes with the largest vibration levels are determined. These are then compared to the expected excitation resulting from the pure PWM force lines. Changing the switching frequency, will shift the frequencies of the exciting forces. An appropriate selection of the PWM switching frequency is therefore important for the resulting acoustic radiation from the motor. © The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2016.
The radiated acoustic noise from a traction motor at low speeds is dominated by the noise of electromagnetic origin. For a motor operated from pulse width modulated (PWM) converters, the switching frequency of the converter will have a large impact on the noise. The total harmonic distortion of the motor phase currents and thus also the exciting forces, will decrease with increasing switching frequency. Furthermore, changing the switching frequency will shift the frequencies of the exciting forces, hence have an influence on the coincidence with structural resonances of the motor. Tests have been performed on a traction motor and a decrease in sound pressure level with increasing switching frequency has been quantified and analyzed.
We present results from numerical modelling of sound propagation from Utgrunden lighthouse in Kalmarsund to a receiver at Hammarby on the island Ö land east of Sweden in the Baltic. The propagation distances from source to shore and from shore to receiver are ca 9 km and 0.7 km, respectively. Our purpose is to assess prediction of atmospheric sound propagation by methods that use detailed knowledge of the local geometry and meteorology, by comparing model predictions of the transmission loss with experimental data. The experimental data, collected several times daily during a one-week campaign in June 2005, consist of (i) data on the transmission loss of narrow band signals from controlled sources with frequencies 80 Hz, 200 Hz and 400 Hz, (ii) atmospheric parameters as function of height from radio-soundings and balloon-tracking at the receiver location and (iii) atmospheric parameters from sensors mounted on a meteorological mast at the source location. Model-predicted soundfields were computed once per hour during the one-week period, with a windfield composed of a laminar field determined from data at the receiver, superimposed by a turbulent field determined by data from the meteorological mast. Comparisons of the experimentally observed transmission loss with predictions by the Green's Function Parabolic Equation (GFPE) method by Gilbert and Di are presented. A reasonably good fit of the model predicted transmission loss as function of time to experimental data at all frequencies is observed.
Measurements and predictions of railway-induced vibrations are becoming a necessity in today's society where land scarcity causes buildings to be put close to railway traffic. The short distances mean an increased risk of the indoor vibration and noise disturbances experienced by residents. In short, the scope of the project is to investigate the transmission loss and vibration level decrease across various junction geometries. The junctions are modelled in both the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Dynamic Stiffness Method (DSM). Resonances are avoided when possible by using semi-infinite building components.
A two-dimensional model that included Timoshenko beams was set up by Wijkmark [1] and solved using the variational formulation of the DSM by Finnveden [2]. The model is efficient and user-friendly but there is no easy way to adjust the junction geometry since the depths of the walls and the floor slabs are the same. From that study, the current topic was formulated. The results presented in this paper indicate that both the Euler-Bernoulli DS model and the three-dimensional FE model have good potential in describing the vibration transmission across the different junction geometries. The two modelling types show more similar results in the analyses of the bending wave attenuation than in the analyses of the quasilongitudinal wave attenuation. One of the probable causes is that the set length of the Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) is not sufficient at such low frequencies. Larger PMLs require bigger geometries that lead to an increase of the computational time. The other proposed reason is the fact that bending waves are created above the asymmetrical junction when the lower beam is excited by a vertical harmonic force. The flexural displacements are neglected in those cases. The results however, were good enough to be satisfactory. Three junction models were investigated and the attenuation is the highest for both wave types in the case with a beam pair attached to the "middle" of an infinite plate. The attenuation is the second highest across the edge of a semi-infinite plate and the lowest across a junction corner of a semi-infinite plate. As part of the suggested future work, the wave transmission between beam and plate needs to be investigated when Timoshenko beams are included in the DS model. In the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory the cross-section remains perpendicular to the beam axis, which is different to the behaviour of solid elements in FEM.
The pass-by noise measurements defined in a standard procedure constitute a legal test for every new vehicle. Nowadays, the improvements of the engineering process allow automotive manufacturers to reduce the vehicle development cycles. Consequently, the acoustic optimization of the vehicle applied to reduction of the exterior noise needs to be considered as soon as possible to avoid repeated road tests depending strongly on the environmental conditions. At the early stage of the development process, Renault would like therefore to use an accurate tool which predicts the engine compartment contribution to pass-by noise. This model will give indications to answer technical issues like: The influence of acoustical materials or height of the vehicle on pass-by noise in the high frequency range. In medium and high frequency domains, classical numerical methods such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) or the Boundary Element Method (BEM) are not well suited to predict the engine contribution because of the prohibitive computation time and memory occupation. Some energy methods such as statistical energy Analysis (SEA) will only give global values in each substructure and are not suited to outside airborne noise propagation. In this paper, a simplified integral energy method is developed to predict the noise induced by the engine sources during the pass-by noise test in the medium and high frequency range. We will consider a local energy balance and solve an integral equation to predict the noise emitted by the engine in a short computation time. One of the main contributions of this paper is the calculation of the visibilities between elements to take into account the presence of the engine. Standard pass-by noise measurements done on a test track are compared with those obtained by the simplified energy method.
Swedish EPA (Naturvårdsverket) noise level guide-lines suggest that equivalent A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPL) must not exceed 40 dBA at residents. Thus, in the planning of new wind farms and their location it is crucial to estimate the disturbance it may cause to nearby residents. Wind turbine noise emission levels are guaranteed by the wind turbine manufacturer only under ice-free conditions. Thus, ice accretion on wind turbine may lead to increased wind turbine noise resulting in noise levels at nearby residents to exceed 40 dBA SPL.
The purpose of the project is to evaluate the effect on wind turbine noise emission due to ice accretion. This, by trying to quantify the ice accretion on rotor blades and correlate it to any change in noise emission. A literature study shows that the rotor blades are to be considered the primary noise source. Hence, ice accretion on rotor blades are assumed to be the main influence on noise character.
A field study is performed in two parts; as a long term measurement based on the method out-lined by IEC 61400-11 and as a short term measurement in strict accordance with IEC 61400-11. These aim to obtain noise emission levels for the case of icing conditions and ice-free conditions (reference conditions) as well as background noise levels.
An analysis is performed, which sets out to correlate ice measurements with wind turbine performance and noise emission. Data reduction procedures are performed according to IEC 61400-11.The apparent sound power levels are evaluated. This is performed for the case of icing conditions as well as for the case of ice-free onditions. A statistical evaluation of icing event is carried out.
The results show that ice accretion on wind turbine (rotor blades) may lead to drastically higher noise emission levels. The sound power levels show an average increase of 10.6 dB at 8 m/s. However, this can occur at all wind speeds from 6 m/s to 10 m/s. Higher levels of noise, (55 to 65 dBA SPL) may be caused by very small amounts of ice accretion. Occurrences of higher levels of noise, in the range of 50 to 65 dBA SPL, are not common. Noise levels exceeding 50 dBA SPL are to expected 10.3 % of the time during the winter or 3 % of the time during one year. Correlation between measured ice accumulation and noise level is weak apart from large amounts of ice. This due to statistical noise. Taking into account the noise level guide-lines of 40 dBA SPL at residents, as is recommended by Swedish EPA (Naturvårdsverket), the increased levels of windturbine noise under icing conditions may force the power production to a halt.
The flexural vibration of an asymmetric sandwich beam is modelled using Timoshenko theory with frequency dependent parameters. The advantage of this approach, as compared to using modified Bernoulli-Euler theory, is the independence of the frequency dependent parameters on the boundary conditions of the beam. Using Bernoulli-Euler theory, the apparent bending stiffness would have to depend on the particular end conditions of the beam configuration in order to achieve the best possible accuracy. Using instead Timoshenko theory, with frequency dependent bending stiffness and shear modulus parameters, this problem is avoided. The results are compared to measurements and to the results obtained from a previously derived 6th order sandwich beam theory, which takes into account the effects of pure bending of the entire beam, core shear and its coupling to the bending of the laminates, and rotational inertia. The possibility of implementing the approach in existing Timoshenko beam elements in commercial FEM programs is discussed.
The energy flow corresponding to the propagation of flexural waves in sandwich beam structures is investigated. A previously derived 6th order theory describing the bending of sandwich beams is utilized and important properties such as group velocity and energy transmission through joints are analyzed and compared to those expected from classical beam theory. The results could be applied in the method of statistical energy analysis (SEA) in order to predict the vibration level of different members of composite structures composing sandwich beam elements.
Regarding the fact that huge amount of non-renewable energy is extracted, distributed, converted and consumed for electrical demands in the Building-Integrated Photovoltaic systems, using the rotational photovoltaic panels as a source of energy would be more convenient. Optimization of this system which harvests outdoor natural light and indoor artificial light is an enormous need to maximize the solar panel efficiency. In this paper to achieve the main purpose, an experimental attempt has been made to model the wall and window built PV system as economical as possible. The performance of this model is carried out on the facade of buildings with a Manual switch for rotation. The result of this experiment has shown that the system is more efficient.
Multilayered structures have many application in industry and society: they have peculiar properties and serve a variety of purposes, like structural support, thermal insulation, vibrational and acoustic isolation. This thesis concerns the prediction of sound transmission in multilayered structures. Two problems are herein investigated: the transmission of energy through structures and the transmission of energy along structures. The focus of the analysis is on the mid to high frequency range. To predict sound transmission in these structures, statistical energy analysis (SEA) is used.SEA models are devised for the prediction of the sound reduction index for two kinds of multilayered structures, double-walls used in buildings and trim-panels in vehicles; the double-walls comprise an air cavity in between flat plasterboard or glass plates, whereas the trim-panels a porous layer in between curved aluminium and rubber layers. The SEA models are based upon the wave-types carrying energy. The novelty in these SEAs is an element describing the waves in the air cavity, or in the porous layer, fully coupled to the mass-impeded external layers. Compared to measurements, the proposed SEA performs well: for double-walls, it performs better than previous models; for trim-panels, it is an original result. The parameters of the new SEA element, such as modal density, are derived from the coupling equations describing the fully coupled waves. For double-walls, these equations are derived via Newton's laws. For trim-panels, a variational approach based upon a modified Hamilton's principle valid for non-conservative systems is preferred, because it is a powerful machinery for deriving equations of motion and coupling conditions of a medium as complex as the porous layer. The modified Hamilton's principle for non-conservative systems is based upon a self-adjoint functional analogous to the Lagrangian, inspired by Morse and Feshbach's construction. A self-adjoint variational principle for Biot's equations in the displacement formulation is devised. An equivalent mixed formulation is obtained changing the coordinates of the displacement formulation via Lagrange multipliers. From this mixed formulation, the Lagrangian for a porous material with a limp frame is derived, which yields the continuity of the total displacement of the porous layer. Lagrange multipliers help to obtain the correct coupling functionals between a porous material and a solid. The Lagrange multipliers introducing the continuity of the frame and the solid displacements equal the traction of the in-vacuo frame, thus disappearing if the latter is limp. Measurements to gather material parameters for a Biot model of the porous layer have been conducted.The effects of spatial energy decay in the transmission along structures predicted by SEA is studied: a major effect is the increased relevance of indirect coupling loss factors between SEA elements. This may jeopardize the usefulness of SEA at higher frequencies.
A variational principle for anisotropic viscoelastic Biot's equations of motion is presented. It is based upon an extended Hamilton's principle, also valid for dissipative systems. Using this principle, a functional analogous to the Lagrangian is defined, starting from Biot's variational formulation based on frame and fluid displacements. Then, a mixed displacement–pressure formulation is presented, which reduces the number of variables of response from six to four. The corresponding functional analogous to the Lagrangian is derived making full use of variational calculus. The derived functionals are self-adjoint and stationary for true motion.
Spatial energy decay within elements affects the validity of SEA. This is particularly significant for chains of similar long well-connected structures such as ventilation ducts, fluid-filled pipes and rib-stiffened plates found in ships, aircraft and railway cars. The effects of spatial energy decay on the high frequency response of one-dimensional well-connected elements are herein studied by comparing calculations by an SEA, a spectral finite element method and an SEA-like model. An SEA only includes direct coupling loss factors (CLFs); conversely, an SEA-like model also contains indirect CLFs. At high frequencies, the spatial energy decay increases and SEA overestimates the energies in all elements away from the excitation. Moreover, the indirect CLFs in the SEA-like model have to be considered when evaluating the energy flows, as the accumulated spatial decay from the excitation to the observed point increases. Thus, SEA cannot predict the high frequency response of similar long well-connected elements and alternative formulations are needed.
Stationary gas turbines are widely used today for power generation and mechanical drive applications. The introduction of new regulations on emissions in the last decades have led to extensive development and new technologies used within modern gas turbines. The majority of the gas turbines sold today have a so called DLE (Dry Low Emission) combustion system that mainly operates in the leanpremixed combustion regime. The lean-premixed regime is characterized by low emission capabilities but are more likely to exhibit stability issues compared to traditional non-premixed combustion systems.
Thermoacoustic instabilities are a highly unwanted phenomena characterized by an interaction between an acoustic eld and a combustion process. This interaction may lead to self-sustained large amplitude oscillations which can cause severe structural damage to the gas turbine if it couples with a structural mode. However, since a coupled phenomena, prediction of thermoacoustic stability is a complex topic still under research.
In this work, the mechanisms responsible for thermoacoustic instabilities are described and a 1- dimensional stability modelling approach is applied to the Siemens SGT-750 combustion system. The complete combustor is modelled by so called acoustic two-port elements in which a 1-dimensional ame model is incorporated. The simulations is done using a generalized network code developed by Siemens. The SGT-750 shows today excellent stability and combustion performance but a deeper knowledge in the thermoacoustic behaviour is highly valued for future development.
In addition, measurement data from an engine test is evaluated, post-processed and compared with the results from the 1-dimensional network model. The results are found to be in good agreement and the thermoacoustic response of the SGT-750 is found to be dominated by both global modes including all cans as well as local modes within the individual cans.
The limited ductility of plant fiber biocomposites is typically caused by interfacial debonding mechanisms at low strain. This leads to damage development and premature failure. The present paper discusses recent results on cellulose nanocomposites with thermoset and thermoplastic matrices, where substantial ductility is observed. The data are presented and reasons for the observed ductility are discussed.
In the accompanying paper, the suitability of a spectral super element to predict the response to point force excitation, was demonstrated. This paper expands the element formulation to also include distributed forces, which is useful when studying distributed excitation. First the sensitivity function, i.e. the structural response to a travelling pressure wave, is found. This sensitivity function and a wavenumber frequency description of the wall pressure are then used to predict the response of a turbulence excited panel in a numerically efficient way. The predictions were validated by a conventional finite element method and also compared to measurements.
The dynamic response of vibrating structures is studied with a proposed merger of the standard finite element method with the more computationally efficient spectral finite element method. First a plate structure is modelled with a newly developed spectral super element. Then this element is coupled to other parts that can have a more complex geometry and are modelled entirely with conventional finite elements. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate and validate the developed method and studies of numerical stability are also presented. In an accompanying paper the predicted and measured response of a turbulence excited aircraft panel are compared.


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© GQ Images
It's an Indian summer in London and there's a ton of things to do. Here's a handy walkthrough
Come early July, London changes. The streets of Mayfair, the aisles of Harrods, tables at Ramsay restaurants - otherwise used to legions of Russian oligarchs, Chinese millionaires and moneyed Nigerians - are suddenly thronged by an influx of Mumbaikars, Delhiites and fellow Indians so vast in number that for a time, Harvey Nicks resembles Palladium and Mayfair's Koya feels like Delhi Gymkhana. It all adds to the rich tapestry of London life. But to know the real London, you must of course see her villages. Hampstead, Highgate and Dulwich are quaint with good gastropubs, but why not head to Bermondsey or Islington for a taste of 21st-century London? On Bermondsey Street, take your pick of cool modern dining (the Italian Zucca remains my top choice). In Islington, try Trullo for a more intimate and sophisticated version. For south-of-the-river culture, check out the White Cube art gallery or the Fashion and Textile Museum. In Islington, find out what's on at the Almeida theatre or book a gig at the Union Chapel (U2 have been known to do secret shows here). For daytime fun, go to the park and marvel at Londoners' propensity to strip down to their shorts and vests to catch what few rays of golden sun may be available. Everyone knows Hyde, Green and Regent's, but sadly, few venture to Victoria Park (just a short cab or tube ride from the centre), where you can enjoy a tourist-free afternoon in one of London's best-kept secrets. In July, Vicky Park (as it's affectionately known) hosts Lovebox - London's very own mini-Glastonbury and one of the highlights of the capital's summer season. This year, M.I.A. and Chase & Status are headlining. Check Time Out for up-to-date listings. The websites secret-london.co.uk and thenudge.com will keep you in the know and saying "no" to tourist traps like Tussaud's. While your own madame is causing carnage with the credit card, head up to Primrose Hill for a quintessentially bohemian pub crawl. Start at The Engineer (outside tables are a must) and wander up Gloucester Avenue, stopping off at The Landsdowne and The Pembroke for more London ales. After a few pints, call your lady and tell her to jump into a cab and meet you at The Queen on Regents Park Road. When she arrives, walk to the top of the hill, armed with a picnic blanket, some Sardinian delicacies from canalside Sardo and a bottle of bubbly - and watch the sun set over a glorious view taking in the entire skyline of this charming metropolis. For more active park life, go east to London's newest park, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, and swim under the stunning sweeping curves of the Zaha Hadid-designed Aquatics Centre, built for the London Olympics and recently reopened. Afterwards, scooch past the towering vermillion paperclip that is the Anish Kapoor-designed ArcelorMittal Orbital, past Westfield Stratford (one of the city's newer indoor/outdoor shopping centres) and head to Hackney. On just the other side of the Olympic Park is the heart of Hackney Wick, where you'll find a young, creative boho crowd. Here, you can catch a new play at the award-winning community theatre The Yard and sample some authentic home brew and rustic pizza at the Crate Brewery. Sit by the river on one of the outdoor picnic benches (all furniture has been made from reclaimed materials from the former industrial site) and marvel as locals repair canal boats. As for dress code, think vintage, clashing prints and messy hair.
In the evenings, keep it cool - give Mayfair a miss and aim skywards. Radio Rooftop bar, in the ME London hotel on Aldwych, serves up fine creations laced with one of the best Central London views. In Shoreditch, you're spoiled for choice: a fly corporate crowd soars to Sushisamba while hipsters hang at Coppa or the Queen of Hoxton. If you'd rather head underground, try the appointment-only Evans and Peel Detective Agency (fashioned after a Twenties speakeasy) in Earls' Court or stick to Shoreditch and go to my personal favourite, Lounge Bohemia - a Czech-themed bar with Soviet-era furniture and the vodka to match. Whatever you do in London this summer, fast-track the shopping, forget the flashy haunts and enjoy the heady mix of heights and the steady fix of delights that the hootchy and hidden underground of this great city has to offer. Kaushik Ray is an international lawyer based in London with a penchant for Becherovka and tonic. Follow his adventures @GQUrbannomad


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Time for a post about non-Camellia sinensis tea, I think. Herbs are the order of the week. I was feeling a bit under the weather earlier this week, sore throat, sniffly, feverish, so I pulled out my trusty tin of YEP tea to see if that would knock whatever virus was floating around my system on the head in time for me to go to New Zealand on my (belated) honeymoon.
Now for those of you who don't know what YEP tea is, it is pretty great stuff. I heard about it when I was at naturopathy college and have been a devotee of it ever since. The 'YEP' stands for 'Yarrow, Elderflower and Peppermint'and it is a herbal blend that is just sensational for the early stages of colds and flu. When I really feel like I'm coming down with something, if I get right on to the YEP tea and drink loads of it (I'm talking 6-8 cups a day here) I will rarely get actually sick.
It's not specifically immune-boosting or anything like that; instead it is warming and drying and in naturopathic terms this means that it helps raise and maintain the body's temperature to an optimal level so that the fever can do its job, which is burning out the bugs from your system. (At this point I should just insert this WARNING: if you have anyone, particularly young children, who have a high fever, don't use the natural remedies, get them quickly to a medical doctor or a hospital – the fever response is usually beneficial, but if it gets out of control it is extremely dangerous).
But back to more cheerful matters, like lovely herbs.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a diaphoretic (raises body temperature and promotes sweating), a circulatory stimulant (moves the blood around so all those immune complexes can circulate quickly to where the bugs are) and a mucous membrane tonic (makes it harder for bugs to attach to surfaces and also helps alleviate symptoms like sniffling and sneezing), amongst many other useful things.
Elderflower (Sambuca nigra) is a mucous membrane tonic as well, but specific for the upper respiratory system (that's your nose and sinuses for those of you playing at home); it is also anti-catarrhal (helps decrease mucous production), in part because of its tonic effect.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) does a lot of great things, like being a digestive, but in this case it's used for its circulatory stimulant and diaphoretic properties like the yarrow.
Altogether these make for pretty powerful medicine and it really does make a difference if you feel you're getting a cold or a flu. I had oodles of it earlier in the week and I am not feeling ill at all any more. I like to make it fairly strong (about 1.5-2 tsp per cup instead of just one) but because you need to drink it as hot as possible for it to have the optimal effect you shouldn't let it steep or cool for too long. The taste is minty but can be a little bitter – that's mainly the yarrow's fault – so you might like to add a little honey, which is also soothing for sore throats and antibacterial anyway. If I'm really feeling cold and miserable I add a pinch of chilli powder as well, this certainly helps to clear your head.
A side note: As I mentioned about I am going off to New Zealand, so I'll be away for a couple of weeks. But fear not, gentle readers; I will be taking careful notes about my tea (and biscuit) experiences while I'm gone and will provide updates shortly after my return!


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Forbes Hospital Medical Negligence Lawyers in Pittsburgh PA
Do You Think You Have a Malpractice Claim Against Forbes Hospital in PA?
Medical malpractice at local Pittsburgh hospitals is not a common occurrence, but when it occurs you must get experienced lawyers on your side. Forbes Hospital is a well-respected hospital in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and generally treats their patients very well. They are affiliated with Allegheny General Hospital and Jefferson Hospital. However, doctors and nurses are not perfect and mistakes can happen that cause injury to their patients. A mistake from a doctor, surgeon or nurse can have a severe impact on your health or loved ones. If you have suffered medical malpractice at Forbes Hospital, you should contact the offices of Matzus Law LLC to set up your free consultation. Our team will put you first, and our client-oriented approach aims to make you feel like you are a part of our family. We want you to be open with us to discuss your claim, and to feel like a valued member of our team. Contact our offices today to schedule a free consultation to determine whether or not you have a medical malpractice claim against Forbes Hospital.
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The Grimme 24-60
The 24-60 is in the belt systems category, and that is where it belongs, but it has other unique functions that make it incredibly useful for working with sugar beets and potatoes. It can hold 16,000 liters of potatoes or sugar beets, and you can tow it behind a tractor like an auger wagon to empty a harvester directly. Once it is loaded, you can either touch it to the end of a belt system like the SL 80-22 Quantum to load a tipper (or a train car) or you can use the machine to create 2000 l pallet boxes of crop, that can be stored on your farm neatly, stacked on a trailer, or sold. This creates an alternative to storing root crops in piles on the farm (side note, the silos at the train depots can hold root crops, so that is probably the easiest place to tuck them out of the way.)
The attacher point on this machine, and most of the other belt segments, is a bit weird. It's a trailer hitch but it attaches to a crossbar in a three point. That means you can only tow this machine with a tractor, not with a truck or behind a tipper. To fill the machine you can tip into it with a trailer (the empty prompt will appear when you're in the right place) or move it under the "pipe" (really a belt) of a root crop harvester. To empty it, align it with the input side of a belt segment. The machine's discharge belt is the one at the rear that runs across the machine, it empties on the left side (from the perspective of the tow vehicle, if you're facing it from the input end the discharge is on the right.)
Here the small beet harvester is emptying into the 24-60, the 24-60 is passing the beets onto the 80-22, and the 80-22 is emptying into the train car.
Here I'm using the 24-60 as a chaser bin to unload the harvester in motion. The small beet harvester has a capacity of 6000, so this machine can unload it nearly three times without being emptied.
The small Lizard belt segment can load a belt and serve as a tip point, but it can't be used as a chaser bin or do the next trick, loading root crops into boxes on pallets.
Making and Working with Root Crop Pallets
The 24-60 can also be used to make stackable, storable pallets of beets or potatoes that you can move with a loader. Each pallet can hold 2000 liters. The machine doesn't need anything except crop to make pallets. Note that this machine cannot do "tip anywhere" so if crops go into this machine they can only leave either in a pallet box or on a conveyor belt.
To make pallets, stop the machine somewhere relatively flat and press the key for enable pallet creation, on the gamepad it's RB+Y, on keyboard it's I. The machine will make a pallet crate out of thin air right below its discharge belt, and then slowly fill it over a few seconds. When the box is full, pull the machine forward and it will make a new pallet and start over again. If the machine runs out of crop partway through filling it will stop, and if you get more and move the discharge belt back over a partially full pallet it will resume filling it automatically. Be careful to always disable pallet creation when you're not using it, otherwise the machine will randomly make partially full pallets as you drive!
The pallets themselves work basically like the seed and fertilizer Big Bags. They can't be spilled, as we can see in this little mishap at right. When the pallet is on your machine's forks you'll see its fill level in the display at bottom-right. They cannot be emptied on the ground or into tippers directly, but if you hold them over a tip point that accepts that crop it'll slowly drain out and when the pallet is empty it disappears. This includes the 24-60 machine itself, so you can use it to make pallets and then use it to drain those same pallets onto a belt and then onto a trailer if you want. I used it to load a train car, and given the insane yield that root crops provide this kind of handling equipment is really needed, I got 63000 l out of a tiny field, that's more than the biggest semitrailer can hold, imagine how many train wagons you could fill from one of the big ones!
These little pallets are also handy for provding the small amount of root crops that pigs need to hit 100%, just stash a few boxes near the pen and it saves you from taking a whole trailer full of potatoes over to only use a small portion of it. It makes me wish that you could do this with all crops, but alas in the base unmodded game you can only box up potatoes and sugar beets.
Written by: Bluetooth the Pirate.


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Submitted by farhan on
Dear A.S.S. Editor
Malaysia is doing incredibly well in the SEA games. They are currently top of the medal standings, way ahead of second-placed Vietnam and also Singapore. Traditional powerhouse Indonesia have been left far behind in their wake. It is to be expected, after all, they are the host nation.
But Malaysia, it seems, cannot get one basic thing right. The flags of their neighbours. They seem to be bogged down by this one issue, where they have failed miserably in assigning the right flag to the right country.
This picture tells a thousand words. For some reason, Singapore had their flag changed to Thailand's. Vietnam has the Singapore flag, Thailand has the Indonesian flag, Indonesia now is under the Vietnam flag, the Philippines bears the Myanmar flag, and Myanmar in turn, is listed alongside the Philippine flag, Laos has the Cambodian flag, and Cambodia bears the Laos flag. That's eight flags out of 11 countries wrong.
Some might say this was just a technical glitch, but it is all embarrassing. They only had 4 decades to familiarize themselves with the flags of their neighbours.
Sheryl Tan
A.S.S. Contributor
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