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A Proud Chapter of the Society of Allied Weight Engineers
Aerospace - Marine - Offshore - Land Vehicle - Allied Industries
Notice: SAWE Tech Fair, Online starting June 22!
In 1982 the Atlanta Chapter of the Society of Allied Weight Engineers was created to serve those Mass Properties Engineers primarily affiliated with Lockheed Martin and Delta Airlines in the Atlanta area. The chapter included members with backgrounds in military transport and fighter aircraft, as well as airline operations.
As the membership shifted away from Atlanta, a new focal point was created in Savannah, Georgia to serve those primarily at Gulfstream Aerospace, as well as others in the commercial aircraft and space community. The Chapter was renamed and expanded to include all of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida and Alabama.
With the rise of new Chapters in Florida and Alabama, our Chapter now encompasses Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. We welcome all those interested in estimating, calculating, managing and measuring the mass properties of all types of products from the aerospace, land, offshore, marine and other allied industries. We are especially excited that members from Boeing in South Carolina are now part of our chapter. Our goal is to provide our members a place to meet others in the Mass Properties field, and share ideas, innovations and opportunities.
April 22, 2020 Chapter Meeting - Our first Chapter meeting of 2020 was a lunch and learn event that had to be conducted online due to the Covid-19 crisis. Following a discussion of our Chapter status and international topics, Tom Tanner and Ben Flood from Gulfstream provided a very interesting presentation entitled Mass Properties Challenges in Aircraft Interior Outfitting - Function vs. Fashion providing insight into some of the methods and tradeoffs required to satisfy customer preferences while maintaining aircraft safety and performance. Click below to view the presentation.Aircraft Interiors Presentation
December 12, 2019 Chapter Meeting - Our final event of 2019 was a dinner and social event at NaaN Apetit Authentic Indian Restaurant in Pooler, GA. Following a discussion of our Chapter status and international topics, Peter Stubbers from Gulfstream provided a very interesting presentation entitled Will it Float? Predicting Aircarft Buoyancy based on the work he is doing to improve Gulfstream's capabilities in this area. He will be presenting a paper on the topic at the SAWE International Conference in Hamburg. Click below to view the presentation.Aircraft Buoyancy Presentation
September 12, 2019 Chapter Meeting - Our 3rd Chapter Meeting of the year was another Lunch and Learn held at Gulfstream in Savannah, GA. After a discussion of our Chapter status and international topics, Damian Yanez provided a presentation on Estimating Mass Moments of Inertia - A Quick Check Method. This method can be very helpful in cases where you need to quickly estimate the MOI of a part or assembly, or check the values provided by a supplier. Click below to view the presentation.MOI Presentation
June 13, 2019 Chapter Happy Hour - For our 2nd Chapter Meeting of the year, we met for happy hour and dinner at Los Bravos Mexican Restaurant in Pooler, GA. The food and beverages were excellent, and a good time was had by all.
March 25, 2019 Chapter Meeting - For our 1st Chapter Meeting of the year, Nathan Hewitt from Gulfstream delivered a very interesting presentation on Methods and Tooling for Measuring Weight and CG of the G500 and G600 Winglets. This Lunch and Learn topic highlighted not only the fixture used, but also the math required to transform the as measured configurations into aircraft coordinates. Click below to view the presentation.Winglet Presentation
December 13, 2018 Chapter Meeting - We had a sold-out "Dinner with the President" end of year event with Bill Boze, our SAWE International President and Executive Director Elect. Bill provided an informative and entertaining presentation entitled Everything You Wanted to Know About Mass Properties Engineering but Were Afraid to Ask. The meeting was held at Vic's on the River; one of Savannah's premier fine-dining restaurants. Click on the picture to view more photos of the event. Click below to view the presentation.President's Presentation
September 27, 2018 Chapter Meeting - Tom Tanner from Gulfstream gave a very interesting Lunch and Learn presentation on Electrical Wiring Interconnect System (EWIS) Mass Properties Management and Regulations. The meeting was held at Gulsftream, and we had 14 people attend in person, and 1 via Webex. Click below to view the presentation.EWIS Presentation
June 14, 2018 Chapter Meeting - Damian Yanez gave a presentation that included a summary of the history of our Chapter and the benefits of being a member. The meeting was held at Gulsftream, and was well attended. Our Chapter supplied pizza and drinks, and we picked up four new members. Click below to view the presentation.Welcome to SAWE (Updated 10/1/2019)
International Director
Vice President
Please feel free to contact us about our chapter, our professional society, or mass properties in general using the email links provided or the Contact link below. We welcome your input!


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Heretic TOC is my personal blog. I have been at odds with "the dominant narrative" of sexual morality over the last several decades, especially as regards children's sexual self-determination and paedophilia. My aim here is to present a discourse of resistance. That probably sounds grim, but humour and cheerfulness are my weapons of choice, along with reason and research. Odd to call cheerfulness a "weapon", I suppose, but I do feel it's a good tool, at least, for combating the depression into which so many are prone to sink in these difficult times. Nor do I really intend to use humour as a weapon to hurt people, in the sense that satire can be savage. I prefer a gentler tone, in line with the kind of society I'd like to see.
I wish I could say it's optimism keeps me going, but the demented ferocity of "abuse" witch hunting is patently becoming ever more dangerous and destructive. Raging infernos burn themselves out eventually, but I doubt I shall live to see the day. Anyone who wants to know about me need only Google. Here I will just add that I am the author of Paedophilia: The Radical Case, the full text of which is accessible at IPCE , and (as Carl Toms) Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons. – Tom O'Carroll
Comments on the posts are very welcome provided they comply with the laws of the United Kingdom, where this blog is hosted, and any country from which they are sent. Comments may be edited, cut, or rejected. Please aim for the 4 Cs: Concise (maximum 200 words, preferably less), Courteous, Coherent and Content-rich i.e. opinion is fine, but better if supported with interesting information or links. No visual links though, please.
Guest blogs of up to 1000 words, but ideally 700-800, are invited. Email me initially (email@example.com) with just a brief description of the intended topic. If you have already written a piece I will consider it, but items "tailor-made" after some prior discussion with me are more likely to be accepted.

subset: commoncrawl


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5 win tickets in War Horse contest
Contest in honor of Veterans Day
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – The Morning Show has announced winners of a contest for War Horse, which is coming to the Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts in February.
Viewers nominated a veteran or military member who deserves a night out. Five winners were picked randomly from all entries. Each received four tickets to the show. Here are the winning entries:
Brian Allen, Nominated by Christena Craig
"I would like to nominate Debbie and Brian Allen for a well-deserved night out. As the parent of a child with special needs, I know how difficult it is to have that night out that is 'so needed'. Not only are they parents of a child with special needs (and a sibling), Brian serves our country while working away from the family on a full time basis. When he is home, they are busy "catching up" with life responsibilities. I cannot think of a family more deserving for this night out!"
Ernest Serna, nominated by Carol Serna
"Ernie served 30+ years in the Army. Did two tours of one year each in Viet Nam. Ernie was shot down in Viet Nam, ambushed and hit with shrapnel while eating and did not receive a Purple Heart until 2013, 47 years later. He was to humble to apply. After nine years of begging and pleading he finally signed the application and told me I could apply for him. Ernie is very proud of his time in the service and has never wanted recognition for it. He left his family many times for as long as a year and did his duty. In Viet Nam he was a forward air controller (he flew at tree top level).
He also has 34 air medals (you have to fly 25 combat missions to receive one). This is what he is most proud of. He has many more medals including the bronze star."
James Watts Jr., nominated by his daughter, Tarsh Hagan
"My daddy! My daddy (James Watts Jr.) definitely should win these tickets. My dad since the day I can remember has always been my hero!! I am truly a daddy's girl. The things he has accomplished in life every since he was 17-yrs-old he has served his country with his whole heart. He is a PROUD Army vet. He served his country for 30 years. He served in Vietnam and was awarded a purple heart. He served in Quebin Prices, Berlin, Germany when the war went up. He was 101st airborne division. He was top recruiter from 1973-1980. He was featured in the movie The Green Beret with John Wayne. He now has retired 3 times and enjoying his much deserved retirement here in Jacksonville . He also serves on the board at one of our local VFW/POW club here as well. He was married for 40 yrs to my beautiful mother who departed him in death 2 1/2 years ago (she is deeply missed). He has 7 kids, 3 adopted nieces and nephews, 30 grands and 11 great grands. He is 70-yrs-old and by the looks of him and movement to be 50-yrs-young. He is still my hero at my adult age."
Ret. Brigadier General John Bridges, nominated by his daughter, Ramona Davis
"My dad, Ret. Brig General John Bridges had a 35-yr career in the Florida National Guard, while also keeping with his passion for education, working his way from coach, to principal to Director of Educational Media in the Hillsborough County School System. My dad is the most unselfish, caring person and I would love to be able to tell him that he would be going to this show! He lives, breathes, eats, sleeps anything that has to do with war and history. Please honor my dad!"
Austin, nominated by his uncle, Gary Crumley
"My nephew has just returned from duty as his first tour overseas as a Marine concluded. I have seen the movie and feel Austin would enjoy a night out with his parents, Roy and Carla (my sister)."
War Horse tells the story of young Albert and his beloved horse Joey. It is currently playing to packed houses in London and around the world.
Copyright 2013 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text: THIS DAY IN MUSIC………………………………..on October 31st of 1970 James Taylor's album "Fire and Rain" is certified Gold just as the single reaches #3 in the US. The lyrics of the song are highly personal to James, as he sang Suzanne the plans they made put an end to you about Suzanne Schnerr, a childhood friend who committed suicide, and Sweet dreams and Flying Machines in pieces on the ground, referring to his earlier band, Flying Machine, which had split before significant success.Taylor wrote this in 1968 at three different times. He started it in London, where he auditioned for The Beatles' Apple Records. He later worked on it in a Manhattan Hospital, and finished it while in drug rehab at The Austin Riggs Center in Massachusetts. This song is about the high and low points of Taylor's life. He was only 20 when he wrote it in 1968, but was battling depression and drug addiction.This was the song that took Taylor from little-known troubadour to star of the '70s singer-songwriter movement. His first label deal was with Apple Records, the label owned by The Beatles. He recorded that album in London in the same studio where The Beatles were recording The White Album. And although it produced some Taylor classics like "Carolina in My Mind" and "Something In The Way She Moves," it sold poorly due to a combination of Taylor's heroin addiction (he had to seek treatment and couldn't promote the album) and Apple's implosion as the label fell apart. Taylor was dropped from Apple and picked up by Warner Bros. Records, where he released his second album, Sweet Baby James. The "title track" was issued as the first single but failed to chart. Taylor, however, was on the road promoting the album, and when "Fire and Rain" was released as the second single, it took off. The single "Fire and Rain" reached #42 in the UK.


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Anticipating the risks to ensure security of electricity supply
RTE is responsible for electricity supply-demand balance on the grid in real time. In order to fulfil this crucial remit, the risks are anticipated far in advance. Several forecast studies are conducted: a medium- and long-term forecast assessment published every two years (in application of the Law of 10 February 2000) and a seasonal analysis (available in French) before every summer and winter.
We also contribute to the drafting of European seasonal reports with our partners in ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity), which we set up with 41 TSOs in 34 countries.
These different publications are compiled together with all the electricity sector participants. Based on these reports, any periods of tension for electricity supply-demand balance are identified. The drivers that can be triggered are explored with the market participants to prevent interruption of power supply. Tools are deployed and cutting edge expert appraisal is performed to enhance quality of our forecasts on a permanent basis and fuel debate and decisions on tomorrow's French electricity system.


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I'm taking the liberty of assuming that there is a boatload of information about tourism in New York that will get you to all of the major sites. However, I live here. And, I have different tastes than many people. So, I'm going to provide some information for getting off the beaten track in New York City. Yes, that is possible.
From a New Yorker's viewpoint, I find it amusing to go through Times Square or 5th Avenue in the 50s. I see the streets so crowded that I end up walking in the street rather than on the sidewalk, especially through Times Square, and imagine all the tourists going home and talking about how overcrowded New York is. Yes. It's crowded here, but not that crowded. Those areas are crowded with tourists, not residents.
So, for some ways to get out of the crowd, click the more link to see the rest of this post.
Recent Updates
I plan to keep this topic as somewhat of a living document. As I think of things I'll add them, so check back. Here are the updates since I published the post.
9/30/2007 9:54 AM EDT – Added public restrooms section and link to urban park ranger led walks.
9/30/2007 4:30 PM EDT – Added science lecture section.
10/1/2007 9:42 PM EDT – Added links to the restaurants already mentioned and started a list of different restaurants.


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The term scalding, however, is most frequently used to describe the technique of heating milk to 180°F to kill bacteria, deactivate enzymes and denature proteins. Since most milk sold today is pasteurized, which accomplishes the first two goals, milk is typically scalded to increase its temperature or to change the consistency or other cooking interactions due to the denaturing of proteins.
The most common use of scalded milk involves adding chocolate to create every child's wintertime favorite: hot cocoa. Scalded and cooled milk is used in bread and other yeast dough like that used for raised doughnuts, as pasteurization does not kill all bacteria, and with the wild yeasts that may also be present these can alter the texture and flavor. The whey protein in milk can weaken gluten which prevents dough from rising properly. Scalding the milk deactivates the protein so this doesn't happen.
Milk that has been scalded is also used in yogurt to make the proteins unfold, and to make sure that all organisms that could compete with the yogurt culture's bacteria are killed. Original recipes for Béchamel sauce called for scalded milk because it was believed that adding hot liquid, including milk, to a roux would make it less lumpy and prevent it from tasting like raw flour.
In many recipes, the real reason for scalding is to infuse it with flavor. This technique used a lot in ice cream recipes, pastry cream, and other dessert recipes because milk is an excellent carrier of flavors: vanilla beans, fresh mint, lavender buds, cinnamon, and any number of other dried and fresh ingredients are good candidates.
To Scald Milk:
In a double boiler over low hear, bring the milk to 180°F. At this temperature, bacteria are killed, enzymes in the milk are destroyed and many of the proteins are denatured. If you do not have a thermometer, the scalding point can be visually determined.
When the milk begins to form a light froth and you start to see tiny bubbles around the around the edges of the pan, it has been heated to the proper temperature.To prevent scorching, be sure to stir the milk as it heats. A thin film or "skin" may form on the surface of the milk. Not only is this completely normal, but it is another way you can tell that you have achieved the correct temperature. The skin does not need to be removed and can be stirred back into the scalded milk. You can also scald milk in a glass bowl in your microwave oven, but be sure to check it every 15-20 seconds being careful to keep milk from boiling over as it will be impossible to clean your microwave afterward.


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Part #: P-MLBWSN34OT1-G5LE
Price: $4.99 12.99
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These rare minifigures come with unique packaging that commemorates the event. Each minifigure comes complete in the uniform that they appeared in during the commemorated game.
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text: Oil & Gas - Betafib MCF as viscosifier, is a 100% natural biopolymer that has a unique stability at elevated levels of temperature AND alkalinity. The presence of electrolytes has no impact on its stability. That makes it the product of choice in drilling, cementing, fracturing applications and suppletion fluids. Introduction Viscosifi cati on is one of the key operati ng factors in the oil & gas industry. In today's world, making the most of every reservoir becomes increasingly relevant. As a result, service companies are facing more challenging conditions. Increased levels of temperature, alkalinity and pressure in complex matrices demand new chemistries and innovative technological soluti ons. At the same time the requirements for environmentally friendly production and drilling fluid additives is increasing due to the growing awareness of sustainability in both society and industry. Biobased viscosifiers offer a potential solution in this challenging environment. Benefits The use of Betaf b delivers the following benefits: • Excellent particle carrying properties under low and no shear conditions • Fast enzymatic breakdown • Low dosages and synergies with clay • One viscosifier covers a broad spectrum of fluids Temperature stable up to 356 °F Unaffected by pH from 1 – 14 Stable under presence of electrolytes, also for heavy brines • Ease of handling because of down hole activation whilst remaining pumpable due to shear thinning character Applications • Drilling muds • Fracturing fluids Available products* Product MCF [wt%] Remarks Betafib 65-25 25 moist powder *Selection only; more grade available. Compatibility with electrolytes Compati bility of Betafi b with various electrolytes was demonstrated (up to 30%) e.g.: • Sodium chloride • Calcium chloride • Sodium and magnesium sulfate • Sodium carbonate • Sodium metasilicate Certifications and listings Betafib is PLONOR listed (OSPAR).


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At this time of year there is one thing that distinguishes those who cycle to college from those who take the bus. A badge that sets us apart, war wounds from a battle against external forces:
The wet thigh.
Don't pretend you understand, bus-takers. Try to imagine a large oval, a shade darker than your trousers, appearing mid-thigh whilst cycling in the rain, refusing to disappear till at least period 2. Real fun. Or not…
Cyclists, you know who you are; you who leaned into that icy wind, took sleet to the face, arrived with eye make-up even pandas would be proud of and… a wet thigh. Compulsory damp, cold legs for the rest of the day: The mark of a true trouper.
These marshmallows are for you. Let the warm spices of cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, cardamom and clove warm your cockles and wrap yourself in a cloud of icing sugar and pillowy marshmallow till the trials of the day have passed. Put them in your hot chocolate. Make radiator s'mores*. Toast them over a camp fire in the middle of the woods if you really want. Or just sit under a blanket in front of Come Dine With Me with the mixing bowl and a spoon and feel a little bit sorry for yourself. I give you my full permission, you deserve it.
*This invention is owed to the sister – my main gal. Take 2 of your favourite biscuits (I highly recommend the dark chocolate Hobnob), place a marshmallow and 2 squares of chocolate in between, making a sandwich. Wrap tightly in tinfoil and wedge in/on/down the radiator for about ½ an hour. Uncover and eat quickly before your sister can get her hands on it.
Note to self: Waterproof trousers might not be such a bad idea.
Chai Latte Marshmallows
makes 36; adapted from Smitten Kitchen
For the icing sugar dusting
65g icing sugar
1 tsp. ground cinnamon
½ tsp. ground ginger
¼ tsp. grated nutmeg
1 tbsp. vegetable oil
For the marshmallows
1 tbsp. + 1¼ tsp. powdered gelatine
100ml cold water
230g caster sugar
80g glucose syrup
½ tsp. salt
1 large egg white
1 tsp. vanilla extract mixed with 15ml water
2 cloves
3 cardamom pods
¾ tsp. ground cinnamon
½ tsp. ground ginger
¼ tsp. grated nutmeg
Sugar thermometer
Pestle and mortar
Line the bottom of a 20 x 20 x 5cm baking tin with baking paper. Using a piece of kitchen towel, grease the baking paper and sides of the tin with the vegetable oil.
Make the icing sugar dusting by mixing the icing sugar and spices in a small bowl and transfer about 1 tbsp. of the mix to the tin, tapping it around till the sides and base are covered. Tip any remaining icing sugar back into the bowl.
In a large bowl sprinkle the gelatine over 50ml of cold water and leave to stand.
Place the caster sugar, glucose syrup, salt and the other 50ml of water into a heavy bottomed saucepan and place over a low heat, stirring until the sugar's dissolved. Once dissolved increase the heat to moderate and boil the mixture, not stirring, until the sugar thermometer reaches 240°F/Soft ball stage. Remove the pan from the heat and pour the hot sugar over the gelatine, stirring until the gelatine's dissolved.
Using an electric mixer beat the mix on high speed until it becomes thick and white and has almost tripled in volume. This will take about 12 minutes if using a hand-held mixer.
Take the marshmallow spices and using a pestle and mortar crush them down as finely as you can manage. Place this chunky powder, the vanilla extract and water into a small saucepan and simmer for a minute or so. In a clean bowl, whisk the egg white till it forms stiff peaks. Sieve the spice mixture (draining out any large pieces of spice) into the sugar mixture along with the egg whites and beat until just combined. Pour the mallow into your dusted baking tin and sift some of the icing sugar mixture over the top. Chill the marshmallow, uncovered, for at least 3 hours.
Run a knife around the tin's edges and turn the pan upside down onto a large cutting board dusted with a little more of your icing sugar mix. Loosen the mallow with your fingers and onto the board, and peel the baking paper off. Using a large knife trim the edges of the marshmallows and cut into 3cm cubes. Sift the remaining icing sugar into the empty baking tin and roll your cubes of mallow through it, covering all 6 sides before shaking off any excess. Keep in a sealed container for up to a week.


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I am very excited about today's post! I created a purple mani in support of Epilepsy Awareness Month. Nail Narcotics is doing a series on her blog to spread the word about this neurological disorder and I'm thrilled to be able to spread it a little bit farther...
Colors Used: Jesse's Girl - Spring Break and Wild Thing, Essie - Lilacism, Urban Outfitters - Bandeau
Spring Break is definitely the refreshing color I needed to be rocking today. I've been looking at my nails all day, smiling like a fool lol. I've received quite a few compliments on my nails today and it's been a great way for me to spark up a discussion about epilepsy. Here are some myths/facts about the disorder that Nail Narcotics posted to her blog...
MYTH :You can swallow your tongue while having a seizure.
For those of you who took biology or have a tongue of your own you will notice that its connected to the bottom of your mouth.(if you sense sarcasm its because I'm laying it on pretty thick)
MYTH: People with Epilepsy are disabled
People with Epilepsy have the same range of intelligence and abilities as everyone else. Physically and mentally we are no different!
MYTH: Epilepsy is a disease
Epilepsy is chronic medical condition. You can not catch it
MYTH: You can't die from epilepsy
You can! Prolonged seizures can result in death.
To learn more about epilepsy, check out her blog/posts. It's also a great way to get a look at some fabulous purple mani's ;)
Until next time!
Stef <3


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Food busker John Quilter cooks posh mushrooms on toast, cabbie Joey Bone road tests three Italian restaurants and we meet one of London's only female butchers.
Food Junkies cuts straight to the core of London's food scene. With big flavours, bigger portions & the biggest characters, it's the ultimate guide to who's eating what & where. #FoodJunkies


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Getting to Know Dean Annamaria Wenner
Serving as the Dean of Students/Associate Vice President for Student Affairs at Wentworth Institute of Technology is a true privilege. In my role, I serve as an advocate for the Wentworth students, work with the four colleges on intentional interventions to assist students and oversee support services and involvement opportunities designed to enhance the college experience. I am fortunate to oversee the Division of Student Affairs, which is comprised of nine (9) offices/departments: Housing and Residential Life, New Student Programs, Student Leadership Programs, Career Services, Counseling and Disability Services, Community Standards, Wellness Education, Health Services and Flanagan Campus Center.
Since being named Dean of Students in 2006, I have been privileged to be a part of significant changes at Wentworth, contributing to the student-centered environment promised in our Mission Statement. Under the leadership of Dr. Zorica Pantic, Wentworth has increased its support for first year students, students with mental health, physical, and learning disabilities, student from underrepresented populations, commuter students and residential students. I have witnessed Wentworth Student Government grow in size, strength, and scope, working closely with administration to ensure the student voice is heard when institutional decisions are being discussed.
I have been asked to bring the students Affairs voice to table during two Strategic Planning processes, Visioning exercises, and Vice Presidential searches. Most notably, I was invited to join the Vice Presidents for Business and Finance on the Oversight Committee of the William H. Flanagan Campus Center project. From design to construction, the Wentworth students' wants and needs were paramount in each decision and detail. Working with Spagnolo Gisness & Associates and Shawmut Construction and Design proved to be a rewarding experience, especially because many of the project team members were Wentworth alumni. It was such a pleasure seeing the Wentworth degree in action.
While I have had many amazing moments during my 15 years at Wentworth Institute of Technology, Monday, March 12, 2012 was without a doubt the best day of my career, as it was the day we opened the door to the ground floor (Phase One) of the Flanagan Campus Center. It took 5 years and a lot of design and location iterations from the first conversation about the Campus Center to opening the doors on Phase One. But watching the excitement and happiness on the students' faces was well worth the time and effort. There are few things that could bring a dean of students more joy than hearing students say "this is what a real campus should feel like." (watch this video for more student reactions!)
I am confident that the next few years will bring more moments like this, as Wentworth continues to keep its vision focused on student success in and out of the classroom. I look forward to being an active part of this progress and bringing the students point of view with me each step of the way!


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The Clean Desk Is Worth It
Yesterday was Vicki's birthday and the dinner was planned to be at my house. All was well until we discovered that in the cleaning up of the wiring tangle (another story) in the basement, the oven was out and the problem was not not easily traced to the source. Texas white sheet cake mixed. No oven. Dean took it to church but the oven there left us with a thin black corner and three thicker slightly over-cooked corners. The beef noodle and crumble noodle casseroles went into the toaster oven and microwave. We had a lovely Sweet Kale (bag) salad, good conversation and a loving family. That's how it rolls at our house.
Lights on the microwave - none on the oven
I did get some flowers arranged in the dining room.
and I got my desk cleaned off and it looks so good that I am going to try to keep it that way,getting out the things I am using, then putting them away. The "away" part needs a little work, but I am up to that thanks to reading The Magic of Tidying Up.
I should have one of those tables that have a top that lifts, revealing a storage place. Then again, that lamp is a little heavy to lift every time I need something!
All is well and all is well,


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Eye and Ear Injury Lawyer
San Fernando Valley Personal Injury Attorney
The human body is a wondrous thing; millions of intricate systems are constantly working together to keep a person alive. One small organ's condition can drastically transform a person's ability to live a full life in just a matter of seconds.
A prime example of how essential certain bodily functions are is the ability to see and hear. There are infinite reasons why these senses are so important to someone's chance for a full and enjoyable life and if they are suddenly taken away in a tragic accident, it can have catastrophic implications for the remainder of the person's life.
Catastrophic injuries earn the name because of how important those bodily features are to life and the intensity and extent the effect of injury can have on a person's life. Injuries to the eyes and ears definitely qualify as catastrophic, which means that compensation after an accident is proportionately greater for such injuries if they are determined to be caused by negligence.
Eye Injuries
The eye is one of the most mysterious and complex organs of the body. Although it is seemingly small in size, it gives the brain the images and directions of the world. Any injury to the organ can cause difficultly of seeing or complete loss of vision altogether. These injuries can occur from any type of accident – all it takes is a blast of chemical odor or small piece of debris to pierce the surface of the cornea and change a person's life forever.
The risk of eye injuries is especially high in car accidents because of the shattered glass, work accidents and construction accidents. Blunt force head trauma can also cause damage to the eye system from the inside and produce symptoms of vision impairment and loss on the outside.
For anyone who was born with the ability to see, it is far too easy to take healthy vision for granted. All it takes to appreciate the sense of seeing is to image a world where the sun never rose and the lights never turned on. Without vision, a person could never witness their children growing older or see the joy on the face of a loved one. To have all of these things ripped away in a few seconds because of an accident that was another person's fault is one of the most unjust, devastating losses.
Ear Injuries
Another vital feature to the human body is the ear. Just like the eye gives the imagery of the world to the brain, the ear supplies the sounds of the world. Apart from the infinite pleasures provided by the ears, they are essential to the ability to communicate and function in society.
Hearing provides a unique connection with nature and with other people through communication and interaction that would otherwise be extremely hindered. Furthermore, the inner ear has been found to be significant in providing balance that is essential to mobility.
Ear injuries are both painful and traumatizing. Hearing dysfunction is more common that most sensory injuries because of the fragility of the inner hear. The loss or impairment of hearing can result from explosions, head trauma and motor vehicle accidents. The damage to the ear usually includes internal bleeding of the ear canal and damage to the ear drum.
San Fernando Valley Catastrophic Injury Lawyer
When someone else's mistake results in a life altering injury, you should know that you are entitled to claim compensation for the damage they caused. While money can never replace the ability to hear or see fully, it can alleviate the other burdens involved with the actual injury and recompense you for the damage through a financial avenue.
If you were involved in an accident that resulted in damage to your eyes or ears, contact a personal injury attorney in San Fernando Valley to learn about the process of filing a claim for compensation. We can help you recover the compensation you need in order to adjust to your new life and we want to see you awarded what you rightly deserve.
At The Law Offices of Gerald L. Marcus, we believe that all innocent victims of catastrophic injuries deserve to be given the maximum amount of compensation for the devastating impact of the accident to their life.
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In Fighting Sticks of Arnis we meet many grandmasters who are students of the founder of Modern Arnis, Professor Remy Presas. Among them is Datu Tim Hartman.
Tag: Escrima
The Island Art of Silat… Cover Artwork
We are pleased to release the cover artwork for our new release, The Island Art of Silat.
Fighting Sticks of Arnis… The Filipino Bolo
A film clip from Fighting Sticks of Arnis featuring knife expert Grandmaster Bram Frank teaching the large Filipino Knife or Bolo.
Fighting Sticks of Arnis: Bobby Taboada
A video clip from Fighting Sticks of Arnis featuring the grandmaster Bobby Taboada. This is part of an interview filmed in the island of Negros where Bobby Taboada talks about his childhood on the streets of Cebu city and how he started training in Arnis and the Balintawak style.
Fighting Sticks of Arnis: Rodel Dagooc
A video clip from Fighting Sticks of Arnis featuring the grandmaster Rodel Dagooc during his legendary Sunday classes in Luneta Park, Manila.
Trailer: Fighting Sticks of Arnis
In Fighting Sticks of Arnis we explore the Filipino Martial Arts with more than twelve grandmasters of Arnis guiding is across the Philippines from Manila to Cebu.
Artwork: Fighting Sticks of Arnis
Coming soon… Fighting Sticks of Arnis documentary. Featuring more than eight grandmasters of Modern Arnis and two grandmasters of Balintawak. Single and Double stick. Bolo and short knife. Empty hand and more.


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January and February were fairly low on movies I was interested in, though if you haven't seen Hidden Figures or Rogue One and they're still playing near you, get thee to a theater. (Or wait for the DVD.) Both were solid movies. But now, on to the months ahead and March is looking good.
Beauty and the Beast – March 17
I'm not a Disney fanatic, but I shared a womb with one so there's no doubt I'm going to see this movie. Beauty and the Beast is actually one of my favorites out of the older Disney movies and so far the remake looks delightful. Mostly. I adore the casting of Emma Watson as Belle and Luke Evans as Gaston, but what they did to Lumiere, Cogsworth, the Potts, and the other enchanted servants is absolutely dreadful. The teapot with human eyes is the stuff of nightmares. Aside from cringing every time one of those characters is onscreen, it does look like an enjoyable movie and it looks like they're keeping a lot of the musical numbers that make Beauty and the Beast a classic.
I am interested in seeing if they update the story any to give Belle more agency or if they add anything to the storyline. We shall see!
King Arthur: Legend of the Sword – March 24
This looks like a fun fantasy romp. The Arthurian legends have been done to death (except for the Green Knight which I live and breathe, especially in queer retellings) but this take seems to add new spice to an old story. It's hard to tell just from the trailer but there are hints that they've given it a bit of self-aware humor similar to A Knight's Tale. I expect there to be magic and sword fights and witty dialogue and it doesn't seem like this movie will disappoint in those factors.


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Soo. Last night didn't go particularly well..
Scott's timing is impeccably.. BAD. Anyway, text / call if you want to know what happened, I doubt the toad would appreciate me displaying whatever happened for all the world to see. @.@
Anyway, parents have gone to Malacca for today and tomorrow, so we're home alone, but unfortunately, we won't be throwing any mad house parties with lots of booze and loud music. XD Scott's gone to One Utama and Sara and I are home and I seem to have developed a rather nasty cold. We don't really have much to eat for lunch. ): Anyone wanna come over and feed us?? :D
Sunday, September 20, 2009
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Project Detailsx
Project Overviewx
This colossal residential and commercial development is the first phase of a five year programme. ACS have delivered the first phase on time in 20 weeks and have achieved this by effective collaborative working with the client during the procurement stage of the development.
The 24-acre Middlewood Locks scheme, which is located at the western gateway to Manchester's central business district will offer 2000 waterside homes, a hotel, offices, shops and restaurants once complete.
The scope included the complete infrastructure package including excavation, groundwork's and concreting of steel reinforced foundations and lift and staircase bases together with the reinforced concrete slabs. The total slabs floor area being 5200m2 incorporated nearly 700 tonnes of steel reinforcement and 5000m3 of concrete. As the project is a redevelopment site, the new drainage scheme is connected into existing main sewers up to 6 metres deep; some of which are constructed in brickwork.
The extensive new drainage design incorporates an attenuation tank with a designed volume of 170m3 and two heavy duty petrol interceptors each having a 6000 litre capacity.
ACS worked closely with the client during the tender period and were eventually awarded the scheme which is the first phase comprising of 571 homes, shops, restaurants and extensive new public realm.
This was a fast-track programme and ACS worked with the client to complete drainage designs whilst on site to ensure follow on trades were not delayed saving the client time and money.


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The year has gone from bad to worse for Verge (XVG) investors who are currently facing the lowest of prices in 2018. Since the Mindgeek Inc. deal made earlier in the year the price of XVG has fell from $0.22 per token to barely a tenth of that price at $0.023233 USD. This recent fall in price is heavily influenced by the overall crash in prices in the market with bears taking the market.
The recent selloff will however do the Vergefam no good as they try to recover from the massive failed partnership with Pornhub. The team has however embarked on developing the private network and partnerships to better the overall blockchain. One of this huge deal closed by the team is the Royal Queen Seeds Company, a cannabis firm operating in Europe. We will discuss further the partnership and the impact it may have in reviving the token.
Verge (XVG) is focusing on having partnerships with industries that require a privatized payment system as it blends in well with the overall business that XVG currency is focusing on. This recent partnership with Royal Queen Seeds, a company situated in Netherlands selling marijuana products will see the coin recover. The company boasts to be one of the largest marijuana stores in the Netherlands and is focusing on moving to other legalized areas in the world.
"Royal Queen Seeds is amongst the fastest growing cannabis seed companies in Europe. After building up many years of experience in growing cannabis seeds in the Netherlands, we decided to launch our own line of cannabis seeds and are now able to offer you quality feminized, auto-flowering and medical seeds at a good price." ̶ The official Royal Queen Seeds website.
The partnership will see the company accept Verge currency payments from customers with the transaction and settlement happening instantly at a low cost. Royal Queen Seeds stands to benefit from the fast transactions and worldwide access of the payment system allowing an introduction to a new market.
Once the deal was completed a tweet from the Verge official account confirmed the news, "A world known cannabis seeds producer @royalqueenseeds is now accepting @vergecurrency payments via @CoinPaymentsNET. $XVG is the future and we are happy to have you by our side. Thank you for the support and welcome to #VergeFam!"
This partnership may well face a limited impact on the overall price of XVG in the short term as the market is at weak support levels threatening a major selloff. The use case of XVG has however been introduced to a new market showing signs of future use cases in real world applications. The strong fall in price to below the $0.025 USD mark has seen the coin hit the lowest level in 2018 placing it 35th in the Coinmarketcap listings.
This recent partnership will cause a significant hike in price in the coming days as Verge (XVG) grows its transaction channels to its marijuana customers. Verge has a total market capitalization of $349,749,386 USD with a total daily volume of $3,995,840 USD worth of XVG traded.


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Technology in the Courtroom (2nd 6 weeks)SLN #: 87300
Course Prefix: LAW-793
Course Section: 018
Credit Hours: 1
Instructor(s): Ricketts;Williams
Course Description:
This course is designed to augment oral advocacy skills by introducing the effective use of demonstrative aids and courtroom technology. Students will consider whether, in a given situation, the use of demonstrative aids or technology will enhance, or instead hamper, the presentation of the advocate's position. In the discretion of the instructor, students will learn skills such as (1) Designing effective demonstrative aids; (2) Using demonstrative aids; (3) Using courtroom technology for the presentation of deposition testimony, exhibits, and other evidence; and (4) Using outside technology consultants.
No written final examination will be given; instead, there will be a team trial presentation emphasizing visual presentations that will be graded and critiqued.
Additional Information:
Credit Hours: 1
Grading Option: Letter Grade Only
Graduation Writing Requirement: No
Flexible Writing Requirement: No
Skills Requirement: No
Experiential Learning: No
Special Withdrawal Course: No
Final Exam Given: No
Attendance Policy: Per Statement Of Student Policies
* The law school has a policy that Is used To calculate credit hours. Please see the Statement of Student Policies.


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Mount Sterling\'s Highway 50 Remains Flooded
Related Story
MOUNT STERLING - A major highway in Gasconade county was completely submerged in flood water Friday morning.
MoDOT closed a portion of Mount Sterling's Highway 50 at noon Thursday. MoDOT told KOMU 8 News early Friday it was unsure when the road would re-open, but later said it is not making predications.
The National Weather Service has a river flood warning in effect for Gasconade county until 9 p.m.Friday.
The flood water frustrated some residents. Gasconade county farmer Michael Bossaller said, "When the water goes up, it has no where to go but in fields and causes tremendous amount of destruction. It can take some time to clean up - virtually impossible."
He said, "The river always wins."
The Gasconade River reached a record high of 34 feet at Rich Fountain Thursday. It remained two feet above Major Flood Stage on Friday.
MoDOT told KOMU 8 News there could be road damage underneath the flood water, meaning roads could stay even after the floods receed. MoDOT has two alternative routes people can use around this area, via Highway 19 or U.S. 54.
MoDOT advises people to use the interactive map on its website and to plan accordingly because there will be a lot of detour traffic.


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- This article was considered for deletion at Wikipedia on December 27 2019. This is a backup of Wikipedia:Arnor. All of its AfDs can be found at Wikipedia:Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Arnor, the first at Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Arnor.
Template:About Template:Infobox fictional location Template:Arnor Arnor is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings. Arnor, or the North-kingdom, was a realm of the Dúnedain in the region of Eriador in Middle Earth (their South-kingdom was Gondor). Arnor was founded near the end of the Second Age (Template:ME-date) by Elendil, whose sons Isildur and Anárion founded Gondor at the same time. The history of the two kingdoms is intertwined; both kingdoms are known as the Realms of the Dúnedain in Exile.
After the death of Arnor's tenth king, Eärendur, in Template:ME-date, his three sons divided the kingdom into three successor kingdoms known as Arthedain, Cardolan and Rhudaur. Conflict between these three kingdoms weakened their strength, and constant war against the neighbouring evil realm of Angmar and its ruler the Witch-king eventually led to their destruction. The last kingdom to survive, Arthedain, was destroyed by the Witch-king in Template:ME-date. Eriador became a sparsely populated region (apart from the Hobbit region of the Shire), watched over by the remnants of the Dúnedain, who became known as the Rangers of the North.
- 1 History
- 2 Heirlooms
- 3 Geography
- 3.1 Regions
- 3.2 Highlands
- 3.3 Cities and Fortresses
- 4 Literary Significance
- 5 Adaptations
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The name 'Arnor' probably means "Land of the King", from Sindarin ara- (high, kingly) + (n)dor (land). Arnor is the territory of Middle-earth associated with the High Kings of the line of Elendil, the kingship of which was restored at the crowning of Aragorn after the War of the Ring at the start of the Fourth Age.
At its greatest, Arnor encompassed almost the whole region of Eriador between the rivers Bruinen and Gwathló on the east and Lhûn on the west. It included Bree and the region which would later be known as the Shire. Arnor's population included Dúnedain in western-central regions and mixed or indigenous peoples. The original capital was Annúminas near Lake Nenuial.
Before the foundation of Arnor, a population of displaced Númenóreans already lived there, a result of slow emigration which had started under the kings Tar-Meneldur and especially Tar-Aldarion. The principal Númenórean haven was Vinyalondë, later called Lond Daer, at the mouth of the Gwathló. Before the arrival of the Dúnedain, Arnor was also home to Middle Men of Edain stock, and the early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population. The Númenóreans who fell under Sauron's shadow settled primarily in the region of Umbar, far to the south. Thus when Elendil arrived and founded the Kingdom of Arnor in Template:ME-date, the area was populated by people who, unlike his contemporaries in Númenor itself, were mainly still friends with the Elves, and who retained knowledge of the world's Elder Days.
Arnor's second king was Isildur, who was also the King of Gondor, where he had ruled jointly with his brother Anárion until the latter's death. When he left Gondor to take up the rule of Arnor, Isildur committed Gondor to Anárion's son; but Isildur was killed en route in Template:ME-date by orcs in the Disaster of the Gladden Fields, and his three eldest sons were killed with him. Only his youngest son, Valandil, survived: being only a child at the start of the war, Valandil had remained behind in Rivendell. In Template:ME-date, after several years being tutored by Elrond, Valandil became the third king of Arnor.
For several centuries, Arnor's rulers styled themselves High King, following the precedent of Elendil, who had ruled Arnor directly while holding suzerainty over Gondor; the rulers of Gondor, by contrast, were merely styled King. Nevertheless, Valandil and his successors never made any serious attempt to assert their overlordship in Gondor; after the death of Isildur, the two realms developed as equal and independent states.
Division and decline
With the victory of the War of the Last Alliance, which inaugurated the Third Age, Arnor's power was apparently at its zenith. The King of Arnor held the overlordship of almost all of north-west Middle-earth: all the land from the Bay of Forochel to the River Poros on the southern borders of Ithilien, and from the Blue Mountains to the Mountains of Shadow. But in reality Arnor's strength had been severely depleted by the war and the Disaster of the Gladden Fields, and the northern Dúnedain never really recovered from their losses. The first few centuries of the Third Age were relatively uneventful, but it seems that Arnor's population gradually began to dwindle even in this early period.
After the death of its tenth king, Eärendur, in Template:ME-date, dissension among his three sons led to the division of Arnor. The eldest son, Amlaith, claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to ruling only the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the kingdoms of Cardolan and Rhudaur. The former capital, Annúminas, became depopulated and fell into ruin. The capital of Arthedain was relocated to Fornost Erain on the North Downs.
This division hastened the decline of the northern Dúnedain. The three kingdoms had frequent border skirmishes over boundary disputes, but the relationship of Arthedain and Cardolan remained relatively peaceful. Rhudaur, by contrast, was unfriendly towards the two other successor states, and fought a bitter conflict with Cardolan and Arthedain over the tower of Amon Sûl and the possession of its palantír.
Around Template:ME-date during the reign of the sixth king at Fornost, the Witch-king arose in the mountains north-east of Arnor, where he founded the evil realm of Angmar. Many evil men, orcs, and other fell creatures gathered there with the intent of destroying the realm of Arnor. He was later discovered to be the leader of the Nazgûl, who were dispersed after the first overthrow of Sauron in Template:ME-date at the hands of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, but survived nonetheless. Since Gondor was still strong, the Witch-king came north to destroy Arnor instead.
Successor kingdoms
Arthedain was bounded upon the north by Forochel and the west by the Lune; upon the east by the Weather Hills and the south by the Baranduin. Cardolan and Rhudaur lay to the south and east.
The kingdom's capital was Fornost, and Bree was one of its important towns. Annúminas also lay in the territory of Arthedain, but was mostly ruinous and abandoned.
Around Template:ME-date the kingdom of Angmar appeared at Arthedain's north-eastern border. Its king, the Witch-king of Angmar, was the chief of the Ringwraiths, although this was not known to the Dúnedain at the time. Rhudaur, aided by Angmar, attacked in T.A. 1356. Argeleb I died in this conflict along the Weather Hills. When this new threat came, Cardolan placed itself under the suzerainty of Arthedain. Cardolan repeatedly sent aid to Arthedain when needed, but in T.A. 1409 Cardolan and Rhudaur were destroyed by Angmar, and Arthedain survived only with the help of Elvish reinforcements from Lothlórien and the Havens. The Kings of Arthedain reclaimed the name of Arnor for their kingdom when the line of Elendil became extinct in Cardolan and Rhudaur, and in token of this chose names using the prefix Ar(a).
After 1409 Angmar's power was temporarily broken and the North Kingdom enjoyed relative peace, although its population continued to decline. Indeed, the decline was so severe that in 1601 Argeleb II (r. 1589–1670) granted a large portion of Arthedain's best farmland to Hobbit migrants, as these lands (which they named the Shire) had become deserted. Arthedain was not badly affected by Middle-earth's Great Plague (T.A. 1636), but hostilities with Angmar resumed. King Araval (r. 1813–1891) defeated Angmar in 1851 and tried to re-populate Cardolan, but this was thwarted by the Barrow-Wights.
Arthedain spent its last decades in desperate conflict with Angmar. In T.A. 1940, seeing that both realms were under co-ordinated assault, Arthedain under Araval's son Araphant (r. 1891–1964) formed an alliance with Gondor, but in the end neither Kingdom was able to provide military assistance to the other. The Witch-king pressed the attack on Arthedain even more vigorously, while Gondor barely survived a massive invasion of the Wainriders (T.A. 1944), leaving it temporarily unable to send substantial armies abroad. Araphant and his successor Arvedui held out against Angmar as long as they could. In T.A. 1973 Arvedui again appealed to Gondor for help, and the King of Gondor, Eärnil II (r. 1945–2043), sent a fleet north under his son Eärnur. But it was sent too late: toward the end of T.A. 1974, the Witch-king captured Fornost and overran Arthedain, and the King's sons and most of the other Dúnedain fled across the Lune. Arvedui himself fled northwards and perished in a shipwreck early in T.A. 1975, taking with him the palantíri of Annúminas and Amon Sûl. Eärnur's fleet reached Lindon after Arvedui's death. The combined might of Gondor, Lindon and Rivendell, together with soldiers from the former North-kingdom, routed Angmar's army at the Battle of Fornost.
For the next several centuries after the destruction of Amon Sûl, Arnor continued to hold back the assaults of Angmar with dwindling strength and resolve. At this time no help could be sent from Gondor as it was under attack by the Wainriders, even after a re-establishment of relations with the wedding of Arnor's King Arvedui to Gondor's King Ondoher's daughter. Gondor refused Arvedui's claim to joint kingship of Arnor and Gondor, and Arnor continued to stand alone against Angmar.
Arthedain was finally destroyed in Template:ME-date, when the Witch-king captured Fornost. The next year, in the Battle of Fornost, a coalition of Elves, forces of Gondor, and the remainder of Arnor's armies routed the Witch-king's forces and destroyed Angmar. Eriador was vastly depopulated by the war, and very few people remained. The Hobbits survived relatively unscathed in the Shire, Men survived in Bree and other villages, and the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the Angle west of Rivendell, where they became known as the Rangers of the North. They became an isolated, wandering people, who defended the borders of Bree and the Shire from the perils in the wild.
The Kingdom of Arthedain had included the Shire (founded in T.A. 1601); in T.A. 1979, the Hobbits there chose a Thain to represent the royal authority.
The name Arthedain appears to be dialect Sindarin for "Realm of the Edain".
The borders of Cardolan extended from the river Baranduin (Brandywine) on the west, the river Mitheithel (Hoarwell) on the east and the river Gwathló (Greyflood) on the east and south. Its northern border was parallel to the Great East Road.
Cardolan also claimed the Weather Hills controlled by Arthedain, where the fortress of Amon Sûl (Weathertop) and its valuable palantír were located. The Weather Hills were claimed by all three kingdoms. This territorial dispute continued until Rhudaur became a vassal of Angmar after the line of the Dúnedain kings failed there.
In Template:ME-date, the branch of Hobbits known as the Harfoots crossed the Misty Mountains, and settled in the South Downs[no citations needed here] in the west of Cardolan. They were joined about a century later by the Fallohides.
When the kingdom of Angmar arose in northern Eriador, Cardolan became an ally of Arthedain against the combined might of Angmar and Rhudaur. In 1356 Argeleb I of Arthedain was slain in battle with Rhudaur, now allied with Angmar. For a while Cardolan resisted Angmar, but in 1409 a large army from Angmar broke into Cardolan and devastated the country. Arthedain could provide little aid, as it was itself under attack, and the remnants of the Dunedain fled, taking refuge in the Barrow-downs. The last prince of Cardolan died in this conflict, and Cardolan was shattered. While Arthedain recovered something of its power, Cardolan did not, and the region of the Barrow-downs entered hobbit legend as a place of mystery and danger.
In 1636 the Great Plague claimed the life of the King of Gondor, and withered its White Tree. The plague spread north along the Great Road that joined the two kingdoms, and the population of Minhiriath was decimated. About this time the plague also wiped out the Dúnedain hiding in the Barrow-downs and evil spirits came to dwell there. When King Araval attempted to resettle Cardolan two centuries later, the settlers were killed and driven off by the wights. What few folk survived could offer little aid to Arthedain in 1974, when Angmar overwhelmed the last of the kingdoms of Arnor. Until the end of the Third Age, the Dúnedain of Cardolan were only a memory, their tombs and barrows haunted by the evil wights sent from Angmar; for the Rangers that wandered over the lands were descended from the people of Arthedain. Tharbad survived until it was destroyed by floods in 2912.
The name Cardolan appears to be dialect Sindarin for "Red Hill Country".
Cardolan nominally included Tom Bombadil's country, the Old Forest, and the area that later became Buckland.
The name Rhudaur appears to be dialect Sindarin for "Eastern Forests", and indeed Rhudaur was the most easterly of the three divisions of Arnor. In reality, however, its name means "Evil Wood", although Tolkien did not leave any explanation for its origin.[1]
Rhudaur stretched from the Weather Hills to the river Bruinen (Loudwater). It shared a long border with Cardolan near the Great East Road, and with Arthedain along the line of the Weather Hills.
Rhudaur also included land south of the Road between the Bruinen and Mitheithel (Hoarwell) rivers. This was called the Angle, and it is here that the first Stoor Hobbits came into Eriador around Template:ME-date.
Rhudaur's Dúnedain population was always small, and was always only a small proportion of its people. From its beginning, Rhudaur was unfriendly towards the two other successor states, and waged a long war with Cardolan over the tower of Amon Sûl and the palantír housed there.
Over time, the more numerous Hillmen came to dominate the population, and one of their leaders, allied with Angmar, seized power from the Dúnedain during the 14th century when the local line of Isildur failed. In T.A. 1356, forces of Rhudaur and Angmar slew the High King Argeleb I in battle; the Stoors who had dwelt in the Angle fled south into Dunland, or returned east over the mountains to the Vale of Anduin. In T.A. 1409, Rhudaur was occupied by "evil Men subject to Angmar",[2] and the last Dúnedain there were killed or fled the region. Afterward Rhudaur is no longer mentioned as a political entity.
The Great Plague of T.A. 1636 devastated Eriador, including Rhudaur. In T.A. 1975 Angmar and its control over the region were destroyed by a combined army of Gondor and Lindon. The Witch-king fled, and the Hillmen vanished from the histories of Middle-earth. As far south as the Great East Road, Rhudaur became a troll-country; travellers along the Road generally hurried along their way and avoided the Trollshaws.
There is evidence that after the fall of Angmar at the Battle of Fornost the Angle became home to the remainder of the Dúnedain, and the Rangers of the North established several villages there, where their people lived until the resurrection of the northern Kingdom under King Elessar at the end of the Third Age. But northern Rhudaur remained wild and dangerous for the rest of that Age: Arador was slain there by hill-trolls in T.A. 2930, and his son Arathorn II fell in battle with orcs in T.A. 2933. In T.A. 2941, trolls captured the company of Thorin at the start of their quest in The Hobbit.
Dúnedain of the North
Template:Main Though the military threat of Angmar had been destroyed in T.A. 1974 after the Battle of Fornost, the North-kingdom was ended. The long wars and a series of natural disasters had taken their toll on the population of Eriador, and the Dúnedain especially were few in number and unable to maintain a kingdom. In T.A. 1976, Aranarth, Arvedui's oldest son, took the title of Chieftain of the Dúnedain. He and his descendants led the Rangers of the North; Aragorn II was the sixteenth Chieftain. In T.A. 3019, Aragorn as King Elessar refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the Reunited Kingdom, and again made Annúminas the capital city.
Sceptre of Annúminas
The chief emblem of royal authority in the northern kingdom of Arnor.
The sceptre originally was the staff borne by the Lords of Andúnië in Númenor, a silver rod patterned after the sceptre of the Kings of Númenor. The sceptre of the Kings was lost with Ar-Pharazôn in the downfall of Númenor in Template:ME-date. But Elendil, son of the last Lord of Andúnië, took his father's staff with him when he escaped to Middle-earth and founded the Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor. While the Kings of Gondor wore a crown, the Kings of Arnor bore the sceptre. As the Kings of Arnor ruled for several centuries from the city of Annúminas, the sceptre became known as Sceptre of Annúminas.
When the North-kingdom was divided in Template:ME-date, the sceptre passed to the Kings of Arthedain. After Arthedain ceased to exist in T.A. 1974, the sceptre, along with the other heirlooms of the House of Isildur, was kept at Rivendell, in the house of Elrond.
By the end of the Third Age, the Sceptre of Annúminas was over 5,000 years old and was accounted the oldest surviving artefact in Middle-earth made by Men. On Midsummer's Eve of 3019, Elrond brought the Sceptre of Annúminas to Minas Tirith and presented it to Aragorn, King Elessar, symbolising his kingship over Arnor as well as Gondor.
Star of Elendil
Along with the Sceptre of Annúminas, the Star of Elendil was the chief symbol of the royal line of Arnor. The original jewel was fashioned of "elvish crystal" by the Noldor and affixed to a fillet of mithril, to be worn in the custom of Númenor on the brow in place of a crown. This was worn by Silmariën of Númenor and passed to her descendants, the Lords of Andúnië, and eventually to Elendil. Elendil and then his son Isildur wore it as a token of royalty in the North Kingdom, but it was lost in the Anduin when Isildur was slain by orcs at the Gladden Fields. A replacement was fashioned by elves in Rivendell for Isildur's son Valandil, and this second jewel was borne by the subsequent thirty-nine kings and chieftains of Arnor, up to and including Aragorn.[3]
The Star of Elendil was also called the Elendilmir ("Jewel of Elendil"), the Star of the North, and the Star of the North Kingdom. The original was rediscovered by Saruman's agents searching for the One Ring, and King Elessar later recovered it from Saruman's treasure in Isengard after the War of the Ring. Elessar held both Elendilmirs in reverence; the first because of its ancient origins, the second because of its lineage from thirty-nine forebears. The King wore the replica when he spent time in the restored North Kingdom.[3]
In Robert Foster's The Complete Guide to Middle-earth the Elendilmir is identified with the Star of the Dúnedain which was given to Samwise Gamgee. However, according to Christopher Tolkien Foster was clearly mistaken, as the original Elendilmir would be too precious to give away as a gift, and the Star concerned must have been some other object.[4][5]
Star of the Dúnedain
A silver brooch, shaped like a many-rayed star, worn by the Arnor-descended Rangers of the North. It appears in The Lord of the Rings. The brooch may have been modelled on the Star of Elendil, but this is not stated explicitly.
The Dúnedain Rangers who came to Aragorn at Dunharrow wore these on their clothing, specifically to fasten to their cloaks on their left shoulder. It served as part of their identity, and the only ornamentation the Rangers ever wore in their journeys, and was also considered a badge of honour. After the events of the War of the Ring Aragorn gave a 'Star of the Dúnedain' to Samwise Gamgee, then Mayor of the Shire, but whether it was one of these brooches or some other object is not made clear.[6]
When Elendil and his sons Isildur and Anárion fled the downfall of Númenor at the end of the Second Age, they carried with them seven of the many seeing-stones, or palantíri, that had been given to them by the Elves. Of these seven, three were kept by Elendil and brought with him to the North-kingdom. These stones were placed in Annúminas, Elostirion, and Amon Sûl, and were used to communicate in the realm, with the exception of the Elostirion stone.
Annúminas Stone
The palantír of Annúminas was the stone that was placed in the first capital of Arnor on the shores of Lake Evendim. Although it was one of the lesser stones, this was the one that was most used by the Kings of Arnor when it was a unified kingdom. When Annúminas fell into ruin and the capital was moved to Fornost, the palantír was relocated as well. The stone remained in Fornost for centuries, until when the city fell in TA 1974, it was carried to safety by the fleeing King Arvedui. The palantír was lost alongside the Amon Sûl stone the next year when the ship that was sent to rescue Arvedui was lost in ice, and it remained lost at the bottom of the ice bay in Forochel.
Amon Sûl Stone
The palantír of Amon Sûl was the greatest of the three stones that resided in Arnor, and could not be lifted by a single man. The stone was placed in the great watchtower of Amon Sûl on the Weather Hills, and it was a source of great contention between the three successor realms after Arnor's division. In TA 1409, Angmar broke through Arnor's defences and razed the watchtower upon Amon Sûl, but the palantír was carried back to safety at Fornost. The stone shared the same fate as the one of Annúminas when it was drowned in the ice-bay of Forochel with King Arvedui in TA 1975.
Elostirion Stone
The palantír of Elostirion was unique among the stones of Middle-earth in that it only looked out upon the sea. The stone was placed in the tower by Elendil after his flight out of Númenor, and it remained safe after the fall of Arnor in the keeping of Círdan, and Elves would make pilgrimages to view the Straight Road back to the Undying Lands. The stone was carried back to the Uttermost West in TA 3022 aboard the White Ship.
Arnor's original capital of Annúminas was located on the southern shore of Lake Evendim (Nenuial in Sindarin, meaning "Lake of Twilight"). The Hills of Evendim (Emyn Uial in Sindarin, "Hills of Twilight") were a series of hills that stretched along the western shore of Lake Evendim. The Baranduin or Brandywine River rose from the lake, and a tributary of the river Lhûn arose in the hills.[7]
Old Forest
The Old Forest was an ancient wild woodland in central Arnor. It was nominally part of Arnor's territory (and later Cardolan's), but Men rarely entered this forest.
The Shire
The Shire was a region of gentle low-lying hills in northern Eriador inhabited by Hobbits. It was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, but was deserted during the waning days of Arthedain; it had served as hunting grounds for the King of Arnor. The Hobbits (who had migrated from Dunland and parts of Cardolan and Rhudaur) received permission from King Argeleb II to settle the lands. The Shire survived the wars and devastation that brought the North Kingdom to an end.[8]
The Trollshaws were a heavily wooded region north of the Great East Road. In ancient days the Trollshaws had been inhabited by the men of Arnor and subsequently Rhudaur, who built many castles and forts among the hills.[9] The area was frequented by Trolls, hence its name.
Minhiriath was a large region in southern Eriador between the Brandywine and the Greyflood rivers. The region was mostly an open landscape; the only forest shown on the map is Eryn Vorn along the coast of the sea. Minhiriath belonged to Cardolan after the division of Arnor, although by the end of the Third Age it was largely unpopulated.
The Barrow-downs, called Tyrn Gorthad in Sindarin, were a hilly region east of the Old Forest. The hills derived their name from barrows built there by the Dúnedain. These hills were overrun by fell spirits sent from Angmar after the Great Plague in Template:ME-date.[10]
North Downs
The North Downs were a range of hills in the northern part of Eriador, east of the Hills of Evendim and north-west of the Weather Hills. From their northernmost point the hills ran southwest to Fornost Erain, one of the principal cities of the Dúnedain of the North and the northern terminus of the North-South Road. In Template:ME-date after the fall of Fornost, King Arvedui escaped the destruction of the city and held out upon the North Downs for a little while before being forced to flee.[11]
South Downs
A range of hills in the central south of Eriador. The range was an eastern extension of the Barrow-downs, from which it was separated by the Andrath, the long narrow pass which bore part of the North-South Road (also known as the Greenway).
The South Downs lay in the territory of Cardolan.
Tower Hills
The Tower Hills, also known as the Emyn Beraid in Sindarin, were a range of hills standing on the west of Arnor, several leagues past the Shire. The hills' three towers were built at the end of the Second Age by Gil-galad for Elendil, the tallest of which was named Elostirion.[12]
Weather Hills
The Weather Hills were a bleak grass-covered[13] range of hills that lay several dozen miles north-eastward of Bree. These hills served as a line of defence against Rhudaur and Angmar early in the Third Age.[11] The tallest peak in the Weather Hills was Weathertop (Amon Sûl), where the chief palantír of Arnor was housed in a watch tower at the summit (see below).
Cities and Fortresses
Annúminas (Sindarin, "Tower of the West") was the first capital city of the kingdom of Arnor, founded late in the Second Age by Elendil the Tall. The city was situated beside Lake Nenuial and housed one of the three seeing-stones of the North Kingdom. The city was abandoned and fell into ruin following the division of the kingdom, and its palantír was removed to Fornost, which became the new capital. In the Fourth Age Annúminas was rebuilt, serving as the northern capital of the Reunited Kingdom.
The Sceptre of Annúminas, although named after the city, had a longer history.
Fornost Erain (Sindarin "Northern-fortress of the Kings" from for(n) "north" + ost "fortress"; "Norbury of the Kings" in Westron) became the capital city of Arthedain. It was located at the south end of the North Downs, about 100 Númenórean miles north of Bree. After Fornost was abandoned, the site became known as Deadmen's Dike, visited only by Rangers. At the time of The Lord of the Rings, Fornost had been abandoned for "nearly a thousand years, and even the ruins of Kings' Norbury were covered with grass".
It is not known when Fornost was founded or exactly when the kings of Arnor moved there from Annúminas, but the capital was transferred sometime after Template:ME-date, when Arnor was divided into three kingdoms.
Fornost was first attacked by the forces of the Witch-king of Angmar in 1409, when the border defence system collapsed with the storming of the Forts of the Weather Hills. The city was successfully defended by the young King Araphor, and disaster was averted.
In T.A. 1974, Arthedain and Fornost were overrun by the forces of Angmar. King Arvedui fled into the northern wastes and was lost in the Ice Bay of Forochel in 'March' 1975. The following summer, a fleet from Gondor led by Eärnur landed at Mithlond, fought the Witch-king in the plains west of Fornost, and defeated his armies, although the Witch-king himself escaped.
Fornost fell into ruin following the end of Arthedain and came to be known as Deadmen's Dike. Gandalf indicated to Barliman Butterbur that Fornost would probably be rebuilt by King Elessar.
Tower of Amon Sûl
The watchtower on Amon Sûl (Weathertop) was built sometime in the Second Age. Elendil and the Army of Arnor waited there for the forces of Gil-galad before marching to Mordor in the War of the Last Alliance. After the division of Arnor, Amon Sûl stood on the borders of all three kingdoms and was contested by each, falling under the control of Arthedain. The tower held the chief palantír of the North Kingdom, and with the rise of Angmar the neighbouring Weather Hills were fortified. In Template:ME-date a great army came out of Angmar and the Tower was destroyed. The palantír was removed to Fornost.[10]
Lond Daer
Lond Daer Enedh (Sindarin, "Great Middle Haven") was a great harbour founded at sometime during the Second Age by Númenórean explorers at the mouth of the Greyflood. The harbour was the first permanent settlement of Númenórean men in Middle-earth, and it served as shipment center for timber harvested from Minhiriath. By the downfall of Númenor the port was already in ruins; it was abandoned in favour of Tharbad.[14]
Elostirion was the tallest and the westernmost of the three towers on the Emyn Beraid. The tower was built by Gil-galad for Elendil at the end of the Second Age, and it contained one of the three palantíri of Arnor.
Literary Significance
Some stylistic analyses consider the ultimate importance of Arnor is to stand as a literary device contrasting the southern kingdom of Gondor. Arguing that Arnor and Gondor are representative of the classical dichotomy of light and dark, blessed and forsaken, good and evil - these analyses reference the abandonment by the heirs of Valandil and the absence of a White Tree as points of stylistic comparison to Gondor, with its fortresses and heavily populated capital city, its possession of a White Tree, and its well-equipped military and armaments.[15]
The division of the Númenórean realms in exile also mirrors somewhat the Western and Eastern subdivisions of the Roman Empire.[16] One empire, Byzantium, long outlasted the other and enjoyed periods of great glory, as did Gondor in Middle-earth, and just as Arnor split into smaller kingdoms, the Western Empire soon disintegrated, and whole provinces were lost to invaders such as the Franks and the Visigoths. In both Byzantium and the Western Empire, however, not one but a succession of families ruled, and whereas the Kin-strife in Gondor was an isolated episode, in both the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, internecine fighting was a common occurrence.
In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy Arnor is never mentioned explicitly, though Galadriel speaks of the fall of Angmar in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.Template:Non-primary source needed
In The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II expansion pack The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-King, Arnor appears as a non-playable faction in the story-driven campaign. Many of the most important events in the history of Arnor are depicted in-game, such as the death of King Argeleb I, the destruction of Amon Sûl, and the Fall of Fornost. Several of Arnor's Kings also make an in-game appearance during the campaign, such as Argeleb I, Arveleg I, and Arvedui. Although not playable in multiplayer by default, several mods exist that allow players to use the forces of Arnor in the games skirmish mode.
In the Lord of the Rings Online, the majority of the original regions (Bree-Land, the Trollshaws, the Lonelands, the Ettenmoors, the North Downs, and the Shire) all occupy what was once part of the kingdom of Arnor. A seventh region, Evendim, was also added to the game after its release which depicts the area surrounding Arnor's abandoned capital of Annúminas. In all seven of these regions, players may explore ruins of what were once fortresses and cities of Arnor including the ruins of Fornost, Annúminas, and Amon Sûl, as well as interact with many Non-Player Characters that make reference to the fallen kingdom.
In its 2007 supplement "The Ruin of Arnor" to The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, Games Workshop also released a line of miniatures that depict the forces of Arnor at different points in time, including the armies of the kingdom before its destruction, as well as the Dúnedain rangers that composed the remnants of Arnor's people.
See also
- ↑ Martinez, Michael (2 January 2012). "What is the Capital of Rhudaur?". Middle-earth and J.R.R. Tolkien News & Articles. http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/01/02/what-is-the-capital-of-rhudaur/. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ↑ The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Unfinished Tales, "The Disaster of the Gladden Fields", pp. 277, 278, 284.
- ↑ Template:ME-ref
- ↑ Template:ME-ref
- ↑ Template:ME-ref
- ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). "The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age (map)". Unfinished Tales. Houghton Mifflin. https://archive.org/details/unfinishedtaleso00tolk.
- ↑ Tolkien, J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings 50th Anniversary Edition. Harper Collins. p. 5. ISBN 0-261-10325-3.
- ↑ Tolkien, J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings 50th Anniversary Edition. Harper Collins. p. 201. ISBN 0-261-10325-3.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Tolkien, J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings 50th Anniversary Edition. Harper Collins. p. 1086. ISBN 0-261-10325-3.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Tolkien, J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings 50th Anniversary Edition. Harper Collins. p. 1041. ISBN 0-261-10325-3.
- ↑ Tolkien, J.R.R. (2008). The Silmarillion. Harper Collins. pp. Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age. ISBN 978-0-00-728424-5.
- ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1955), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966) George Allen & Unwin, book 1 ch. 11 p.196-197; ISBN 0 04 823045 6
- ↑ Unfinished Tales, p. 264.
- ↑ Reid, Robin Anne (2009). "Mythology and history: a stylistic analysis of The Lord of the Rings". Style 43 (4): 517–538.
- ↑ Hammond, Wayne G. (2008). The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion. Harper Collins. p. 689. ISBN 978-0-00-727060-6.
External links
Template:Middle-earth peoples and animals Template:Arda Realms Age2 Template:Arda Realms Age3


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See also: Obligation
From Middle English obligacioun, from Old French obligacion, from Latin obligatio, obligationem, from obligatum (past participle of obligare), from ob- ("to") + ligare ("to bind"), from Proto-Indo-European *leig- ("to bind").
obligation (countable and uncountable, plural obligations)
- The act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tie to someone.
- A social, legal, or moral requirement, duty, contract, or promise that compels someone to follow or avoid a particular course of action.
- A course of action imposed by society, law, or conscience by which someone is bound or restricted.
- (law) A legal agreement stipulating a specified action or forbearance by a party to the agreement; the document containing such agreement.
- X shall be entitled to subcontract its obligation to provide the Support Services. <<from an agreement>>
- 1668 December 19, James Dalrymple, "Mr. Alexander Seaton contra Menzies" in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), page 575
- The Pupil after his Pupillarity, had granted a Diſcharge to one of the Co-tutors, which did extinguiſh the whole Debt of that Co-tutor, and conſequently of all the reſt, they being all correi debendi, lyable by one individual Obligation, which cannot be Diſcharged as to one, and ſtand as to all the reſt.
Usage notes[edit]
- Adjectives often used with "obligation": moral, legal, social, contractual, political, mutual, military, perpetual, etc.
- (the act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tie to someone): commitment
- (requirement, duty, contract or promise): duty
- (requirement, duty, contract or promise): right
Related terms[edit]
course of action imposed by society, law, or conscience
legal agreement
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
Translations to be checked
Borrowed from Latin obligatio, obligationem, from the verb obligō ("tie together").
Audio (file)
obligation f (plural obligations)
Related terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- "obligation" in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Middle English[edit]
- Alternative form of obligacioun
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English 4-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Law
- en:Directives
- French terms borrowed from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French feminine nouns
- French countable nouns
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English nouns


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In South Africa I spent some blessed time with many loved ones in the Vaal Triangle, North West Province, Gauteng Province, Limpopo Province
Consider This, produced by my brother. Exploring Cape Town a little bit as a "tourist" was also fun. There was also the exquisite Cinderella on Ice performance that I thoroughly enjoyed.
From the Cape I went to my "home" -- KwaZulu Natal Province, to visit Joa and other friends, spending time in Durban, Pinetown, and Mtunzini.
My last two weeks in South Africa was spent mostly in the Vaal Triangle and Potchefstroom areas -- particularly in Potchefstroom at my Alma Mater, spending time with my Taekwon-Do gym, my academic department, and friends. An old professor of mine complimented me; a compliment that touched the very centre of my being.
I returned to Korea to find my apartment full of evil rice weevils.
snowed the most beautiful white landscapes I've ever witnessed. My first "white birthday," which I celebrated a week later with some friends, serving them bunny chows.
I took some of my students from my Literature & Visual Arts: Shakespeare Films class to "A Night of Shakespeare" performance.
I started up Pyp-Online.
I was interviewed by Master George Vitale and Mr Laun Van Le for the documentary film about Taekwon-Do, Our Moral Armor.
Contemplated Hamlet. What an excellent play.
Saw a vampire slayer.
Was shocked at the death of Kakashi.
Saw Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake.
Discovered two new places in Korea. The beautiful Yeongsuri outside of Seoul, and the artsy Garosu-gil, in Seoul.
Attended Mika's concert in Seoul, followed up by the Korea vs Greece FIFA World Cup match, showed on the big screen. It was an excellent and highly memorable night out.
Started the Seoul Martial Art Circle.
Went to Cheongju(?) to visit a friend and took a ferry trip on the biggest lake in Korea.
Nothing much happened. Read some books, watched some movies, thought some thoughts.
In Korea I travelled to Gyeongju Province. Went to the sea, Pohang and also went to see martial art sculptures from the Sylla Dynasty that I've always wanted to see in Gyeongju.
Attended a FC Seoul Soccer Game.
Went to Ocean World with the Taekwon-Do club gang.
Took a First Aid course and a CPR ccourse.
Got a scuba diving open water license. Went to Jeju Island where I did sea dives. On Jeju-Do I also got lost in a maze.
Competed in a grappling tournament.
Hosted a Hapkido workshop.
Hosted a parkour workshop.
Went to a karaoke with friends to celebrate a friend's birthday.
Went zip-lining.
Attended a Back to the Future trilogy movie marathon session. Some of the best fun I've had in a long time.
Hosted a parkour session.
Went to see Jump! for the fourth time. That is now once for every year I've been in Korea.
Worked mostly, but had the opportunity to catch up with some friends whom I haven't seen in a very long time, like Young and Laura Soh.
Many other things happened. I worked A LOT, but admittedly enjoyed most of it. I love teaching, not to mention that I taught some fabulous classes like Romantic Poetry, Shakespeare Films, and the like. I started with Taekkyeon again. I read many excellent books that helped to mould my construct of the world and watched many films. I even started to feel in love again with someone I haven't seen in a very, very long time. I also started to write regular articles for the martial art website Totally Tae Kwon Do, which in turn inspired me to become very active on my Soo Shim Kwan blog. The mere fact that I've been to two new countries this year makes me feel very blessed. While I think that the world has gone from bad to worse this year, I think it was a mostly good year for me on a personal level.


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