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Maryland State Colonization Society Papers, 1827-1871, MS 571
Click here to view the index of digitzed microfilm courtesy of the Maryland State Archives
*Funded through Department of Education Grant.
(accessibility limited to D.O.E. grant partners)
Descriptive Summary
Maryland State Colonization Society Papers, 1827-1871
Maryland Historical Society
Baltimore MD 21201-4674
The Johns Hopkins University
At a meeting of the Maryland Historical Society on March 9th, 1885, John H. B. Latrobe, its President, read a paper entitled Maryland in Liberia, based on a collection of documents in the custody of the Society. The Preface to the printed copy of Mr. Latrobe's paper (Fund-Publication, No. 21, Baltimore, 1885) set forth the history of these documents as follows: When the Maryland State Colonization Society closed its active operations in 1863, Dr. James Hall, who had been its agent and business manager, and the editor of the Maryland Colonization Journal, arranged carefully all the books and papers of the Society and placed them in the custody of the Maryland Historical Society.
Maryland Historical Magazine. Vol. 32, September, 1937
As a matter of fact, however, it was not until fourteen years after the date mentioned by Mr. Latrobe that the papers of the Maryland Colonization Society were delivered to the Historical Society. On October 9th, 1876, the Rev. Dr. E. A. Dalrymple read a letter from Dr. James Hall, expressing a wish to deposit
with the Historical Society the `Archives of the Colonization Society,' and, upon motion duly made and seconded, it was voted to refer the matter to the President and the Librarian with power to act. Four months later, on February 12th, 1877, a letter from Dr. Hall to Mr. Latrobe was read, notifying Mr. Latrobe that Dr. Hall had sent to Mr. Gatchell, Assistant Librarian, an inventory of the `Archives' sent to the Historical Society for safe-keeping. This inventory, dated January 22nd, 1877, listed 23 items In Manuscript and 12 items of Printed Matter, and was accompanied by a letter thanking Mr. Gatchell for the kind assistance afforded in arranging this matter of transfer and deposit of the Archives of one public institution to the custody of another.
Mr. Latrobe himself, in the Preface mentioned above, remarked that: The material has not by any means been exhausted. Indeed, this should be regarded as a considerable understatement of the situation, for the papers of the Maryland State Colonization Society are so voluminous and cover so many phases of the work of the Society in both America and Liberia that it would be impossible to exhaust them in a number of essays similar to Mr. Latrobe's. Over fifty years have passed since Mr. Latrobe addressed the Historical Society, and no further attempts have been made to use the material gathered so carefully by Dr. Hall and deposited with the Historical Society. It might be of interest, therefore, to give some account of the large collection still reposing in the original cabinet and untouched for many years until February 1937. For purposes of convenience to students and others, the papers have been classified arbitrarily under certain headings according to their subject matter.
Container List
I. Minutes (Box 1 and 2)
A. Records of the Meetings of the Board of Managers, Feb. 1831-Nov. 1902
The Records provide a full history of the administration of the Maryland State Colonization Society and are an excellent source of information on the colony in Liberia.
Volume I contains the organization records of the Colonization Society, and includes an interesting report by Dr. Ayres, agent of the group, on his trip to the various counties of the state to form branch societies.
Volume 2 has a copy of the Ordinance for the government of Maryland in Liberia, showing the administrative set-up there; and has a copy of the deed for the land in Africa, giving the price paid in terms of muskets, kegs of powder, cloth, kettles, hats, beads, iron pots, looking glasses, knives, jugs, pitchers, bowls, fish hooks; scissors, etc.
Volume 3 has the Third Annual Report of the Board of Managers, giving an interesting detailed account of the first settlement at Cape Palmas. It reflects the steps taken to raise funds, even to the extent that each member of the Board sold a certain number of Oratorio tickets for the benefit of the colonization project. Numerous other reports throw light on the early history of the movement and the colony.
Volume 4 includes the Seventh Annual Report, which discusses fully the social and economic problems at Cape Palmas, as do all succeeding reports. A circular distributed among the people of Baltimore in 1841 seems to indicate that some colonization business was transacted at saloons. This book concludes with the Ordinance providing for the maintenance of `Public Worship' in Liberia.
Volume 5, like all the minute books, has a vast amount of correspondence relating to colonial affairs, reports, instructions, etc., not included in the regular letter books. There is also a copy of the articles of agreement between the Colonization Society and the people of Maryland in Liberia in 1854, when self-government became an actuality. The report of the Managers on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Society reviews past history and congratulates the members on the success of their efforts, rejoicing particularly that the territory at Cape Palmas was purchased without giving the natives presents of Ardent Spirits.
Volume 6 covers the period after the active work of the Society ceased, and shows the gradual decline of enthusiasm, the less frequent meetings, and the slow disintegration of the organization. The final records deal with the disposition of small sums in the treasury.
B. Proceedings of the Executive Committee, Mar. 1831- May 1834 (Box 2)
The Proceedings are very brief and supply only the barest outline of what was done. Volume 1 includes some financial accounts. Volume 2 duplicates the record during 1833.
II. Correspondence Received
The twenty-eight volumes of Letter Books are an exceedingly large and valuable collection of source materials. They include every letter received by the Colonization Society from home and abroad, filed in chronological order of writing. These letters deal with a vast array of subjects, and include countless communications from Liberia, official and personal. Correspondence from all parts of Maryland and from distant regions of the United States indicates the wide sweep of the Society's activities. The first nineteen volumes are bound uniformly in brown leather; the rest are pasted in the black files customary at the time, are less well preserved, and are more difficult to consult. The entire collection, except the first volume, is indexed either by date or by the name of the writer.
A. Letter Books, May 1827 - July 1833 (Box 3)
Letter Books, August 1833 - December 1836 (Box 3 and 4)
Letter Books, January 1837 – October 6, 1838 (Box 4 and 5)
Letter Books, October 9, 1838 - October 5, 1843 (Box 5 and 6)
Letter Books, October 5, 1843 – March 1849 (Box 6 and 7)
Letter Books, June 1849 – February 1856 (Boxes 7-9)
Letter Books, March 1856 – December 1860 (Boxes 9-11)
Letter Books, January 1861 – December 1867 (Box 11 and 12)
Letter Books, January 1868 – September 1872 (Boxes 12-14)
B. Letter Books, Shipping, April 1857 – October 15, 1857 (Box 15)
The Letter Books, Shipping are the only parts of the correspondence received which deal with a special subject and are set aside by themselves. The papers in them are shorter than those in the general letter files, they are all from American sources, and they deal entirely with business matters. They are pasted in the usual files, and are indexed by names. The Bills of Lading show the quantities and prices of goods shipped to Africa. They include an interesting array of receipts on the forms of many old firms: Adams Express Company, Cromwells New York and Baltimore Steamship Line, New York and Baltimore Transportation Line, American Express Company, Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Company, Powhatan Steamboat Company, Merchants and Miners Transportation Company, United States Express Company, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Harnden's Express, Harrisburg Transportation Line, etc.
Letter Books, Shipping, October 1857 – September 10, 1860 (Boxes 15-17_
Letter Books, Shipping, September 19, 1860 – November 1865 (Boxes 17-19)
Bills of Lading, 1856 – 1860
C. Letter Books, Foreign, January 1834 – June 1834 (Box 20)
The Foreign Letter Books contain copies of letters received from Liberia, and consist chiefly of official reports. They discuss all the problems of the colonial settlement, and present this material in paragraphs headed by the subject titles of the matter related therein.
Letter Books, Foreign, August 1834 – June 1843 (Box 20)
III. Correspondence Sent
A. Letter Books, Press, June 1854 – Oct. 13, 1856 (Box 21)
The Letter Press Books are impressions of a large number of letters sent out by the Colonization Society, many of them written by Dr. James Hall. Each volume has nearly five hundred pages, and most of the letters are very legible. They are indexed under the names of the persons addressed. They touch on all phases of the Society's activities, but particularly interesting are the papers written at the time of the establishment of the Republic of Liberia in 1857. Volume 4 is concerned largely with Dr. Hall's letters written during his trip to Africa in 1860-61. The journey may be traced through its various stages: preparation, sea voyage, visit to Monrovia, trip down the coast with stops at Mesurado, off Bassa, at Cape Palmas, etc., at sea again, in the Chesapeake, and home. The latter portion of the book covers Dr. Hall's next trip to London-derry in Ireland, Newport in England, and back again. Many of the letters in this volume are badly faded.
Letter Books, Press, Oct. 13 , 1856 – July 8, 1861 (Box 21-23)
Letter Books, Press, July 1861 – Sept. 1866 (Box 22 and 23)
B. Letter Books, Press – Shipping, Apr. 1857 – Apr. 1860
The Letter Press Books, Shipping correspond among the letters sent to the Letter Books, Shipping among the letters received. Each volume contains nearly five hundred pages of correspondence dealing with goods sent to Africa, and the actual lists with prices are included in some cases. Volume 6, for instance, has on pages 404-07 an inventory of the ship `Golconda,' listing all its equipment and supplies. A few other matters appear intermittently, and the entire collection reflects Dr. Hall's delightful charm of style. These letters, like those of the regular Letter Press Books, are indexed by the persons addressed.
Letter Books, Press – Shipping, Apr. 1860 – Apr. 6, 1867
Letter Books, Press – Shipping, Apr. 6, 1867 – January 1870
C. Books, Corresponding Secretary's, Oct. 1832 – Apr. 1840
One of these volumes is labelled: Letter Book, containing Copies of all Letters addressed by the Corresponding Secretary to different persons on business of the Society. This adequately reveals the nature of this class of the letter books. They include directions, suggestions, and reports on activities. Only Volume 1 is indexed.
D. Letter Book, Latrobe Letter Book, July 1836- Jan. 1840
These volumes contain a similar set of letters, all of them written by John H. B. Latrobe, who served as the Colonization Society's first Corresponding Secretary and became President in March 1837. Volume 1 consists largely of letters to Dr. Hall while the latter was Governor of Maryland in Liberia.
Letter Book, Latrobe Letter Book, Feb. 1840 – Nov. 1852
E. Book, State Manager's, Apr. 1832 – Dec. 1862
The State Managers' Book contains local correspondence, most of it written for the Board of Managers by Charles Howard, with the usual index. Noted almost at random is an interesting letter addressed in April 1832 to the President of Hayti, asking if there was a place for colored people in that island.
F. Books, Agent's, Jan. 1834 – Oct. 1848
The Agents' Books are copies of letters sent by the Rev. William McKenney, the Rev. Ira Easter, and Dr. James Hall while serving as agents of the Colonization Society. They show the activities of the Society in Maryland, particularly in regard to the colored people going to Africa. Included are the instructions to the captains of the ships taking the emigrants over the ocean and to the colonial officials in the settlement at Cape Palmas. Volume 3 has in the front copies of letters from the mercantile house of J. R. Gordon and Company to its clients, April-December 1842, apparently not concerned at all with colonization affairs.
IV. Miscellaneous Letters and Minutes
A. Original letter, fifty-eight pages in length, from Robert Goodloe Harper to Charles B. Caldwell, Secretary of the American Colonization Society, giving ideas on colonization in Africa before the movement gained headway. This letter, dated at Baltimore, August 20th, 1817, is an extremely interesting document covering all phases of the subject and showing Harper very favorable to colonization.
B. Package of around sixty letters to the Board of Managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, dealing chiefly with emigration to Africa during the year 1832.
C. Collection of around seventy-five letters from the Rev. William McKenney to numerous correspondents, 1834-35. These papers seem to be a peculiarly full and valuable source of information on all phases of colonization activities: emigrants, whites and blacks to serve as missionaries and teachers, the purchase of supplies, colonization itself, etc. A letter written January 24, 1934 to Senator H. T. Emory presents a keen analysis of the situation in Maryland at that time. Particularly interesting are two letters to John McDonough in New Orleans, dated February 12th, 1834 and March 10th, 1835, which sketch the first moves for colonization by the Maryland Society. The first was written on seeing notice of McDonough's application to the Louisiana Legislature for permission to educate his slaves; the second approves the plan heartily as giving the slaves the Gospel and the prospect of freedom in the land of their forefathers.
D. Report of the Executive Committee on Dr. James Hall's account, and other papers, 1836.
E. List of contributions to the Maryland State Colonization Society, 1836, unpublished in the official `Journal.'
F. Package containing letters to the Board of Managers, and a large number of minutes and proceedings of the Board, 1837.
G. Annual report of the Home Agent, 1837.
H. Reports of travelling agents, etc., 1848-49.
V. Invoice Books, Oct. 1833 – Apr. 1860
The Invoice Books give lists of all the goods sent to Liberia, with prices of the various articles and names of the vessels on which they were shipped. Among the items enumerated are: clothing, food, books, medicines, household supplies and furnishings, etc. The ships with the largest cargoes were the `Ann' ($8,316.11), the `Niobe' ($7,131.40), and the `Liberia Packet' (Voyage A, $5,518.13; Voyage B, $5,615.69). The vessels with the smallest shipments were the `Columbia' ($596.03), the `Liberia Packet' (Voyage D, $1,303.35; Voyage H, $1,460.78), and the `Trafalgar' ($1,470.89).
VI. Financial Records
The financial records of the Maryland State Colonization Society are amazingly complete from start to finish, and it is doubtful whether more material could be desired on this phase of the colonization problem.
A. Day Books, Mar. 1831 – Nov. 1880
The Day Books contain records of all financial transactions at the Colonization Office in Baltimore, receipts and payments entered in the order of their occurrence. Marginal numbers refer to pages in the Journal where the various items may be found.
B. Journal, Mar. 1831 – July 1880
The Journal gives the accounts of the Colonization Society in less detail than the Day Books, but the sums are identical. Marginal numbers refer to the pages in the Ledger where the accounts are listed individually.
List, Contributions to the Society, 1836
C. Ledgers, Mar. 1831 – 1839
The Ledger contains individual accounts, with the credit and debit columns balanced. Included are the expenses of the different expeditions to Liberia, the accounts of agents, and special funds, such as the public farm in the colony, the `Cape Palmas Packet' (a newspaper), and the like. Numbers refer to pages in the Journal whence the sums are extracted, and there is an index loose in the front.
Ledgers, 1835 – Dec. 1864
D. Balance Sheets, 1831 – 1844
A package has in it balance sheets of the Maryland State Colonization Society for the years 1831-44 inclusive. They seem to indicate total expenditures of $189,940.43 for those first fourteen years of the Society's existence.
E. Bank Books, 1832 – 1840
The first bank book has a record of deposits in and withdrawals from the Union Bank of Maryland, balanced at the bottom of each page. At the end there is a list of subscribers to the `Maryland Colonization Journal,' 1843-45. The second bank book covers a longer period of time, with three years' duplication. In the front are the accounts of Dr. George Keyser, General Agent, for 1835.
F. Bills, 1833 – Aug. 1837
Ten packages contain bills for debts owed by the Colonization Society from 1833 to 1864, inclusive. There are itemized lists of supplies of all kinds, so that the collection provides a vast store of material on the economic history of the middle nineteenth century. The rise and fall of prices is only one phase which catches the eye more quickly than others. An example of the kind of thing found here is a list of medicines bought in October 1854 from J. Irwin Smith, druggist, 122 Pratt Street Wharf. Included are such familiar items as magnesia, calomel, gum arabic, iodine, black pepper, sugar of lead, bicarbonate of soda, ammonia, etc. The total bill is $95.49. Further insight into customs of the times may be gained from odds and ends like the monthly bills for postage, sent out by the Postmaster of Baltimore on regular printed forms.
Bills, Aug. 1837 – June 1846
Bills, Nov. 1846 – 1864
G. Check Book, Dec. 1853 – 1875
The Check Book has the stubs of 387 checks, with notations of the purposes for which drawn. Among the items listed are: office rent, salaries, travelling expenses, expeditions, medicines and foodstuffs for voyages, etc.
H. Checks, 1837 – 1875
There are five packages of cancelled checks, covering, with one brief period omitted, the entire history of the Colonization Society.
I. Canceled Drafts, 1847 – 1865
Three packages of cancelled drafts.
J. Manager's Accounts
1. Four packages containing vouchers for expenditures by the State Managers and some cancelled checks, 1832-33.
2. Accounts of the Rev. William McKenney with the State Managers, 1833-36.
3. Rough draft of the annual account of the Managers for the inspection of the Legislature, 1834.
4. Five packages of cancelled checks drawn by the State Managers, 1834-51.
5. Three packages of receipts to Managers of the State Fund, 1835-37.
K. Traveling Agent's Books, 1850 – 1859
The books were kept by the Rev. John Leys and the Rev. P. D. Lipscomb during their service as agents travelling through Maryland soliciting funds for the Colonization Society. Information given includes dates, names, residences, and the sums given or subscribed; there are many signatures.
L. Contribution Book, 1839 – 1845
The Contribution Book lists contributors and subscribers by localities, with notations of the amounts given and paid. It includes subscriptions to the `Cape Palmas Packet' during 1838-45.
M. Account Books, 1831 – 1851
1. Account book of Ira Easter, agent, 1831-37.
2. Individual accounts, 1833-39.
3. Accounts of the Colonization Society with the State of Maryland, balanced, 1833-51.
4. General account book, giving receipts and expenditures, 1835-42.
VII. Special Funds
A. Colonial Accounts, 1838 – 1860
1. Thirty-four semi-annual accounts of the colony in Liberia, 1837-52 inclusive, sent to the Maryland Society by Governor John B. Russworm and other officials. Each report contains detailed figures on the expenses involving all phases of colonial activity: contingent expenses, poor and sick fund, dash account, farm, fortification, medicine, emigrants, repairs, roads, store, mill, jail, ladies school, colony school, nurses home. There is here an immense amount of valuable data on life in Liberia up to the time of the establishment of the Republic.
2. Package containing semi-annual reports of the colonial agency at Cape Palmas, 1833-36, transmitted by Dr. James Hall, Agent.
3. Package containing semi-annual accounts of Dr. Oliver Holmes, Agent, 1836, with interesting inventories of the supplies on hand.
4. Package containing semi-annual accounts of Dr. Samuel McGill, Agent, 1853-54.
5. A similar package containing accounts of Joseph T. Gibson, Agent, 1854-60.
B. Stevens Correspondence,
Copies of letters sent and received regarding the fund donated by John Stevens of Easton, Maryland, for building a vessel to carry emigrants to Liberia. Included are accounts of the ship `M. C. Stevens' for 1856-63.
C. Hall School Fund, 1875 – 1894
Copies of letters sent concerning the use of the Maryland State Colonization Society funds left after the cessation of active work for the support of a school in Cape Palmas. The transcripts are prefaced by a statement of Dr. James Hall giving the history of the Society and of the School Fund.
D. Maryland Colonization Journal
Accounts of Subscribers, 1838 – 1843 (with index)
1. Individual accounts of subscribers, 1838-43, with alphabetical index (loose) giving places of residence and page numbers in record book.
2. Subscribers listed by localities, no dates; three successive compilations, including exchanges. Lists in back all post offices in Maryland, with the postmasters and their compensations. Inserted throughout are lists of the members of the Legislature in the form of clippings from the `Baltimore Sun.'
3. Subscriptions for 1843-45, signatures and payments (see Bank Book 1, where this item is to be found).
Geographical List of Subscribers
Subscriptions, 1843 – 1845 (see also VI "E" book 1)
VIII. Commissions and Reports
(Boards and Agents)
A. Commissions, 1832-37, from the State of Maryland to the Board of Managers for the removal of free people of color to Africa. Signed by Governors George Howard, James Thomas, and Thomas Veazey.
B. Package containing reports of the Board of Managers and committees, 1833-36, with a few letters about slaves to be sent to Liberia.
C. Printed copies of the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Annual Reports of the Maryland State Colonization Society, 1835-43, in pamphlet form for distribution to members and the public.
D. Loose copies of the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Thirteenth, January 1852, January 1856, and January 1858 Reports of the Board of Managers of the Colonization Society. There are duplicates in six instances.
E. Bound volume containing the Third to Eighth (inclusive) Annual Reports, 1835-40.
F. The Eleventh Annual Report of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States, published in Washington, 1828.
G. The Forty-ninth Annual Report of the American Colonization Society, Washington, 1866.
IX. Census Records and Vital Statistics of Maryland in Liberia
A. Census of free blacks in Maryland, 1832, compiled by the sheriffs of the various counties in compliance with the legislative Act of 1831, passed as a result of fears aroused by Nat Turner's insurrection in Virginia. There are the original records for Allegany, Anne Arundel, Calvert, Caroline, Cecil, Charles, Dorchester, Frederick, Kent, Montgomery, Queen Anns, St. Mary's, Somerset, Talbot, and Washington Counties.
B. Census records of Maryland in Liberia:
1. Book with lists for 1837-43, dividing citizens according to sexes and ages, and giving occupations. bound
2. Loose copies of census figures for 1837 and 1843, duplicated in the book.
3. Register of births, deaths, and marriages for 1842.
4. Report of military strength, 1844.
5. Lists of ship arrivals, scholars, imports, exports, births, deaths, and marriages during 1845.
6. Census figures for 1848, with statistics of acres cultivated and the different kinds of trees on them.
7. Census figures for 1849 and 1852.
X. Manumissions and Emigrants
A. Manumission Books, Lists: , 1832 – September 1834
The lists of persons manumitted include the name, age, by
whom manumitted, how (deed, will, or sale), the date, the county, when freedom is to commence, and (rarely) remarks.
Manumission Book Lists, Sept. 1834 – 1860
B. Manumission Books, Copies, 1832 – 1860
The copies of the manumissions are taken from the original documents sent in by the county officials, and they are numbered to correspond with the names in the lists. Volume 1 contains at the end a list of 533 emigrants during 1832-38, giving age, by whom manumitted, county of record, occupation, destination, how sent, when sent, and the amounts paid.
C. Manumissions, Copies, 1832 – Apr. 5, 1849
Twenty-nine packages of certified copies of deeds of manumission, wills, and bills of salc, 1832-60, sent to the Colonization Society by county clerks and registers of wills. These papers are numbered to agree with the lists, but give much fuller information; they are the documents copied into the books just described.
Manumissions, Copies, Apr. 1849 – 1860
D. Emigration
A volume containing a list of the colored people sent out to Africa by the Maryland colonization group from 1831 to 1862, giving ship, date, name, age, county of origin, and occasional remarks.
E. Charter Parties
One package of charters for vessels to take negroes to Liberia during 1835-37, supplying full data about the ships and their use for colonization purposes.
XI. Liberian Colonization
A. Land Deeds
1. A book containing copies of eleven deeds made between 1834 and 1849 by native chieftains, with confirmations by the headmen of the various districts concerned.
2. A package containing the original deeds, plus one other marked Null. The treaties give considerations paid for the land in the form of mutual defence, advantages from the trading posts, schools, General Benefit, and presents or `dashes.'
B. Travels: MISSING
1. A package of journals or diaries of sundry tours in Liberia during 1844-45, including two made by Governor Russworm. MISSING
2. The journal of Messrs. Stewart and Banks' journey to the Pah Country in 1845, filling twenty-nine pages and accompanied by a chart of the terrain traversed. MISSING
Both sets of journals are extremely interesting reports on the country and the people, with accounts of numerous colorful incidents.
C. Miscellaneous Affairs
1. A package of documents relating to the trial of James Thomson in 1837, with the original of Thomson's own statement. He was accused of adultery with native girls while connected with the Episcopal mission, and confessed, but was acquitted for lack of evidence.
2. The correspondence between Governor Russworm, Captain Ramsey of the U. S. S. `Vandalia,' and others relative to the case of the Rev. Mr. Griswold and robberies committed by the natives.
XII. Newspapers
A. Maryland Colonization Journal, May 1835 – May 1844
This paper was published in Baltimore by the Maryland State Colonization Society. The copies listed above are bound in volumes, and there are a number of duplicates.
Maryland Colonization Journal, June 1844 – June 1855
Maryland Colonization Journal, Sep. 1855 – May 1861
B. The African Repository and Colonial Journal:
1. January 1st, 1841 (XVII, 1) - December 1842 (XVIII, 14).
The American Colonization Society issued this paper from its headquarters in Washington. The change from semi-monthly to monthly status was made with the issue of March 1842.
C. The Colonization Herald and General Register:
1. April 12th 1843 (n. s. II, 1) - December 1858 (n. s. # 102).
This journal was the official organ of the Pennsylvania Colonization Society, and changed from a semi-monthly to a monthly in 1843. The numbering system was shifted more than once, so that it is rather difficult to follow without careful observation. There are six or eight copies missing in the collection.
D. New-York Colonization Journal:
1. December 1850 (I, 1) - December 1858 (VIII, 12).
The Rev. J. B. Pinney edited this paper for the New York State Colonization Society, and it appeared monthly throughout its existence. One copy seems to be missing from the file in the archives of the Maryland colonization group.
E. Liberia Herald: Feb. 1842 – Feb. 1857
This interesting paper was published in Monrovia itself by Hilary Teage, editor and proprietor. Originally a monthly, it shifted to semi-monthly status in 1845. It has value as an eye-witness reporter of events in Liberia during the fifteen years preceding independence and as a reflection of colonial opinion on the happenings of that period. A number of copies are lacking, and after 1851 the gaps are more frequent and quite noticeable.
XIII. Colonization Pamphlets
Declaration of Rights, Constitution, and 18 other items including
A bound volume with this title includes twenty-eight original pamphlets dealing with Liberia and colonization affairs. They are:
[UNK]1. The Declaration of Rights, and the Constitution of the State of Maryland in Liberia. (The Declaration is printed on blue paper, the Constitution on white.)
[UNK]2. The Duty of a Rising Christian State to Contribute to the World's Well-Being and Civilization, and the Means by which it may Perform the Same. The Annual Oration Before the Council and the Citizens of Monrovia, Liberia, July 26, 1855. By the Rev. Alexander Crumwell, B.A., Queen's College, Cambridge. London, 1856.
[UNK] 3. Four Months in Liberia: or African Colonization Exposed. By William Nesbit, of Hollidaysburg. Pittsburgh, 1855.
[UNK] 4. Four Years in Liberia. A Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Samuel Williams. With Remarks on the Missions, Manners and Customs of the Natives of Western Africa. Together with an Answer to Nesbit's Book. Philadelphia, 1857.
[UNK] 5. Liberian Colonization: or Reasons Why the Free Colored People should Remove to Liberia. By an Abolitionist and Colonizationist. New York, 1857.
[UNK] 6. The Report of the Committee of Adjudication, of the National Fair, of the Republic of Liberia; Held in the City of Monrovia, December 14-21, A. D. 1857. Monrovia, 1858.
[UNK] 7. Message of the President of the Republic of Liberia to the Legislature, at the Commencement of their Session December 1858. Monrovia, 1858.
[UNK] 8. Acts of the Legislature of the Republic of Liberia Passed During the Session Commencing in December 1857. Monrovia, 1858.
[UNK] 9. Message of the President of the Republic of Liberia, Communicating Matters and Things in Reference to the French System of Emigration on the Liberian Coast. January 6, 1859. Monrovia, 1859.
[UNK] (no number) The Inaugural Address/of the/President of the Republic of Liberia/Delivered at Monrovia/ Before the Legislature in Joint Convention/January 4th, 1858.
10. Message of the President of the Republic of Liberia; to the Legislature, at the Commencement of their Session December 9th, 1859. Monrovia, 1859.
11. Injunction Case. Court of Quarter Session and Common Pleas, March Term, 1858; His Hon: Judge Moore, Presiding. Extraordinary Judicial Proceedings!! and Remarkable Decision!! Monrovia, 1858.
12. Fourth Annual Message of Stephen A. Benson, President of Liberia. Delivered to the Legislature, December 1858. (From the New-York Colonization Journal. April 1859.)
13. A Voice from Bleeding Africa, on behalf of her Exiled Children. By Edward W. Blyden. Liberia, 1856.
14. A Vindication of the African Race; Being a Brief Examination of the Arguments in Favor of African Inferiority. By Edward W. Blyden. Monrovia, 1857.
15. Liberia Described. A Discourse Embracing a Description of the Climate, Soil, Productions, Animals, Missionary Work, Improvements, andc. with a Full Description of the Acclimating Fever. By Armistead Miller, a Citizen of Monrovia, Liberia. Philadelphia, 1859.
16. African Colonization. (Letter from Alexander M. Cowan, Agent of the Kentucky State Colonization Society, to John H. B. Latrobe, October 6, 1855.)
17. Inquiry into the Causes which have Retarded the Accumulation of Wealth and Increase of Population in the Southern States: in which the Question of Slavery is Considered in a Politico-Economical Point of View. By a Carolinian. Washington, 1846.
18. The Foreign Slave-Trade. Can it be Revised Without Violating the Most Sacred Principles of Honor, Humanity, and Religion. By Rev. J. Leighton Wilson, D.D. (From the Southern Presbyterian Review. 1859.)
19. The Duty of the Christian Church in Relation to African Missions. By J. Leighton Wilson. NewYork, 1858.
20. An Address to the Free People of Color of the State of Maryland. (By Dr. James Hall, Baltimore, December 1858.)
[UNK] 21. The Regina Cocli. Correspondence between the Hon. James H. Hammond and John H. B. Latrobe, Esq. Baltimore, 1858.
[UNK] 22. Colonization. A Notice of Victor Hugo's Views of Slavery in the United States, in a Letter from John H. B. Latrobe, of Baltimore, to Thomas Suffern, of New York. Baltimore, 1851.
[UNK] 23. Cotton Cultivation in Africa. Suggestions on the Importance of the Cultivation of Cotton in Africa, in Reference to the Abolition of Slavery in the United States, Through the Organization of an African Colonization Society. By Benjamin Coates. Philadelphia, 1858.
[UNK] 24. The Appeal of the Religious Society of Friends in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Etc., to their Fellow-Citizens of the United States on Behalf of the Coloured Races. (By Benjamin Coates.) Philadelphia, 1858.
[UNK] 25. Sketches of Liberia: Comprising a Brief Account of the Geography, Climate, Productions, and Diseases of the Republic of Liberia. Second Edition, Revised. By J. W. Lugenbeel, Late Colonial Physician and United States Agent in Liberia. Washington, 1853.
[UNK] 26. Western Africa, a Mission Field; or, The Moral and Physical Condition of Western Africa, considered with Reference to the Founding of Mission Settlements of Colored People. By Rev. Morris Officer, Missionary to Western Africa. Pittsburgh, 1856.
[UNK] 27. African Colonization Unveiled. By Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia. (Washington, n. d.)
[UNK] 28. The Virginian History of African Colonization. By Rev. P. Slaughter. Richmond, 1855. (xx, 116 pages.)
XIV. Books
1. An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa: with a Brief History of the African Company. By Henry Meredith, Esq. Member of the Council, and Governor of Winnebah Fort. London, 1812.
2. The Travels of Ali Bey, in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, between the Years 1803 and 1807. Written by Himself. Volume 2. Philadelphia, 1816.
3. Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia; with an Appendix of Precedents. Published by Authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. Baltimore, 1837.
(3 copies.)
4. A Plea for Africa, being Familiar Conversations on the Subject of Slavery and Colonization. By F. Freeman. Philadelphia, 1837.
5. Report of Mr. Kennedy, of Maryland, from the Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives of the United States, on the Memorial of the Friends of African Colonization.... House of Representatives, Report no. 283, 27th Congress, 3rd session. Washington, 1843.
6. Tables Showing the Number of Emigrants and Recaptured Africans sent to the Colony of Liberia by the Government of the United States;... Together with a Census of the Colony, and a Report of its Commerce, September 1843. Washington, 1845.
7. A History of Colonization on the West Coast of Africa. By Archibald Alexander, D. D. Philadelphia, 1846.
8. Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia; with an Appendix of Antecedents. 2nd edition. Baltimore, 1847.
(2 copies.)
9. Proceedings Against William Lloyd Garrison, for a Libel. Baltimore, 1847. (Francis Todd of Newburyport, Mass., was complainant.)
10. Africa's Redemption the Salvation of our Country. By Rev. F. Freeman. New York, 1852.
11. Slavery and Anti-Slavery; a History of the Great Struggle in Both Hemispheres; with a View of the Slavery Question in the United States. By William Goodell. New York, 1852.
12. The Statute Laws of the Republic of Liberia, Carefully Compiled from the Laws of the Commonwealth, and Laws of the Republic;... Published by Authority. Monrovia, 1856.
13. Liberia, as I Found it, in 1858. By Rev. Alexander M. Cowan, Agent Kentucky Colonization Society. Frankfort, 1858. (2 copies, one in paper cover.)
Grebo Kona Ah Te: or, History of the Greboes. By Right Rev. John Payne, D. D. New York, 1860. (In the native language.)
15. Liberia's Offering: being Addresses, Sermons, etc. By Rev. Edward W. Blyden. New York, 1862.
16. The Future of Africa: being Addresses, Sermons, etc., etc., Delivered in the Republic of Liberia. By Rev. Alexander Crummell, B. A., Queen's College, Cambridge. New York, 1862.
17. Narrative of a Journey to Musardu, the Capital of the Western Mandingoes. By Benjamin Anderson. New York, 1870.
XV. Pamphlets
1. Address of the Board of Managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society. n.d.
2. A letter from Gen. Harper, of Maryland, to Elias B. Caldwell, Esq., Secretary of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour, in the United States with their own consent, August 20, 1817. Baltimore, 1818.
[This is a printed copy of the letter (A) which Hoyt put under section IV - It is to Elias, not Charles, B. Caldwell.]
3. Proceedings of a Meeting of the Friends of African Colonization. Held in the City of Baltimore on the 17th of October, 1827. Baltimore, 1828
4. An Address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Maryland State Colonization Society, in the City of Annapolis, January 23, 1835. by Charles C. Harper Baltimore, 1835
5. Report of the Committee of the Board of Managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, to which was referred the Report of the Committee on Auxiliary Relations of the American Colonization Society. Baltimore, 1837
6. Report of the Committee on the Coloured Population, of answers of the President of the Colonization Society of Maryland, in obedience to the Order adopted by the House of Delegates, on the 4th January, 1841.
7. Colonization and Abolition. An Address delivered by John H.B. Latrobe, of Maryland, at the Anniversary Meeting of the New York State Colonization Society, held in Metropolitan Hall, May 13, 1852. Baltimore, 1852
8. African Colonization. An Address delivered by John H.B. Latrobe, President of the American Colonization Society, at the Anniversary Meeting of the Massachusetts Colonization Society, in the Music Hall, Boston, May 25, 1853. Baltimore, 1853
9. Colonization of the Free Colored Population of Maryland and of such Slaves as may hereafter become free. Statement of Facts, for the use of those who have not reflected on this subject. Baltimore, 1832.
10. African Colonization. An Address delivered by Hon. John H.B. Latrobe, President of the American Colonization Society, at the Anniversary Meeting of the American Colonization Society, held in the Hall of the House of Representatives, Washington City, January 21, 1862. Washington, 1862
11. Emigration, an Aid to the Evangelization of Africa. A Sermon, preached in Trinity Church, Monrovia, Liberia, West Africa, to the Barbadian Emigrants, May 14, 1863, the Sunday after their arrival. by the Rev. Alexander Crummel, B.A.. Boston, 1865
12. Letter of the Liberian Clergy, from Monrovia, July 1864 Monrovia, December, 1864
13 Our Origin, Dangers, and Duties. The Annual Address before the Mayor and Common Council of the City of Monrovia, July 26, 1865, the Day of National Independence... by Rev. Edward W. Blyden, A.M. New York, 1865
14. African Colonization. An Address delivered at the Fifty-second Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society, held in Washington, D.C., January 19, 1869, by Hon. Joseph J. Roberts, President of Liberia College, and formerly for eight years President of the Liberia Republic. New York City, n.d.
15. Liberia: Its Origin, Rise, Progress and Results. An Address delivered before the American Colonization Society, January 20, 1880, by Hon. John H.B. Latrobe. Washington City, 1880
16. Maryland in Liberia. A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society, March 9, 1885, by John H.B. Latrobe, President of the Society. Baltimore, 1885
17. The First Report of the Girls' Graded Church School. City of Monrovia, Liberia. Monrovia
18. Inaugural Address of His Excellency Arthur Barclay, Twenty-ninth President of the Republic of Liberia; Delivered January 4, 1904, before the Senate and House of Representatives. Printed by Authority. Monrovia, 1904
XVI. Maps
1. Cape Palmas, Liberia, 1838.
2. Plan of Township of Harper in Cape Palmas, Liberia.


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Puspa East Indian Restaurant
1051 40 Avenue NW
Calgary, AB T2K 0G2
(403) 282-6444
Open Mon-Sat 11:30am-2:30pm, 5pm-10:30pm
It doesn't always pay to be on the leading edge. In Jennifer Lee's book, "The Fortune Cookie Chronicles", she documents how migrant Chinese workers moved into the restaurant business in the early 1900's. Rather than serve traditional Chinese food, which would be a tough sell, they served the invented dish Chop Suey; as both a big joke on all the "white people", and to sell palatable Chinese food to a culture that was adverse to most of the qualities of authentic Chinese food. With increased global awareness, this challenge is not uncommon today either. New cuisines, as they enter a city, or another culture, face many different challenges. They are responsible for educating a whole new audience on the flavours and values that make up their cuisine, while serving something that will suit their tastes. The end result is often a watered down, blander, less authentic version of the cuisine. Sort of like Chop Suey.
Puspa East Indian Restaurant is located in a small stripmall in NW Calgary. While they were not one of the first East Indian restaurants in Calgary, they were definitely on the leading edge, having been around for more than 15 years. The restaurant itself is littered with old reviews ranging from 1994 to 2001, which always makes me nervous.
The decor itself is dated, but the environment is very clean. A smiling proprietor appears from the back a minute after I enter the establishment – apparently the only one serving today. I am promptly seated. And the proprietor disappears again.
During their lunch hour, instead of a buffet, they have lunch specials available. Basically a plate of curry available in a variety of meats, on a bed of rice and salad. Ringing in under 10 bucks, the price is definitely a good selling feature. I order the lamb curry, and a side of naan as well.
The naan arrives fairly hot from the tandoor. It looks great. Unfortunately, that only leads to greater disappointment. It is a bit soggy, and completely flavourless,
The curry arrived as stewed meat with no distinguishable curry flavour. The salad was limp. The rice was ok. The meat was recognizable as lamb. A bit tough and stringy, but I knew what i was eating.
Surpsingly enough, their menu actually has some interesting dishes on it. Unfortunately, in what i sampled, their food lacked the heat, spice and depth that make up the Indian food that i enjoy. Their longevity obviously speaks to some level of success, but for those of you who have developed a more distinguished palate when it comes to Indian food, this may be a place to pass on. With reviews from 2001 and prices to match, It's too bad really that they havent managed to adapt their flavours for a more modern audience. Because really, a good Chop Suey can still be good.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We have found 1 items matching your search query.
FIAT OPEL IVECO VOLVO PRESSURE REGULATOR 0281002706Fiat 1 In Stock
Please read before buying! Important! This is a Bosch Fuel Pressure Regulator Sensor tested and passed 100% The best way to buy this part is to get the number from your existing unit. Please make sureR1,685


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|Music Dust (Mystic Manor)
Mystic Manor, Hong Kong Disneyland
Mystic Manor at Hong Kong Disneyland Park is a highly-themed, ride-through attraction combining extensive and ingenious projection mapping, Audio-Animatronics technology and other, one-of-a-kind, special effects to tell a charming, original story with state-of-the-art excellence.
Lord Henry's compatriot, a mischievous monkey named Albert, opens a newly arrived music box reputed to possess strange powers. A magical melody (created by award winning composer Danny Elfman) escapes the box as a ribbon of mystical energy (known as Music Dust). Whatever the Music Dust touches – the object springs to life. Albert tries to recapture the drifting musical vapor, chasing it from room-to-room, getting deeper and deeper into trouble – and the guests follow throughout the Manor's rare collection of artifacts, sharing in his adventure.
Guests get a front-row seat experience of the 40 visual effects created by different technologies and 36 projectors, including four ultra-high-definition (4k) projectors.
A wire-guided, trackless ride system choreographs the guest's vehicle to follow the action with variable speeds, stopping, starting and turning to follow the action from room to room. The vehicles can be positioned in any direction at any moment. As a result, guests never know in which direction the story will take them next. And with the different perspectives of the four vehicles, this highly immersive adventure full of surprises, special effects and theatrical wonders is highly repeatable.
Mystic Manor signals a new generation of possibilities in the integration of projection mapping with ride technology, audio-animatronics and other special effects. Ride creators everywhere will be studying and borrowing technical ideas from this project. But Mystic Manor doesn't just exemplify the highest standards of technical excellence. Amid the technical breakthroughs, the ride creators never lost their rigorous focus on the beautifully told story. Mystic Manor exemplifies the seamless integration of the latest technology with true state-of-the-art storytelling.
About the Thea Awards
The Thea Awards, sponsored by Economics at AECOM, were created by the Themed Entertainment Association (TEA) to help realize a key mission of the association: bringing recognition to achievement, talent and personal excellence within the themed entertainment industry. From a modest beginning in 1994, the Thea Awards have become internationally recognized as a symbol of excellence. The public is welcome to attend the black-tie 20th Annual Thea Awards Gala, which will be held April 5, 2014 at the Disneyland Hotel, Disneyland Resort, Anaheim Calif. USA. Tickets may be ordered online at teaconnect.org.


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Celebrating a Lido Legend: The Roy Woolsey Regatta
Celebrating the life of a Lido legend was all that was needed to get nine Lido sailors to cruise down to Lido Isle for the annual Roy Woolsey Regatta this past weekend. Roy was one of the original Lido sailors back in the day, a generation that has been lost to time, but their memory still lives on inside of us and whenever we share tall-tails of their adventures of decades past.
The Roy Woolsey Regatta is one of those regatta's where we turn the clock back and think back to the generations of lido sailors before us and what a great time they had in our beloved little boats and how that legacy continues on to today! Roy was one of the best of the greatest generation, exemplifying the very best of sportsmanship and corinthian spirit both on and off the water for fifty years in the Lido Class! His legacy continues on with our annual celebration of his life that is the Roy Woolsey Regatta!
Out on the water saw the fleet chasing pressure and shifts all day long and sweeting bullets downwind. It was defiantly a shirt off kind of a day. The racing was close and action pack as the race committee decided to have both A's and B's start together, making for some crowded starts and mark roundings. The courses were simple windward and leewards either one lap or two laps around depending on how long you can stand the heat, especially sailing downwind! To make matters worse, a high school sailing event was taking place in the Newport turning basin making for a smaller race course for us lido sailors, but the race committee and its volunteers made the best of what they had to work with and gave us a great race course that was extremely challenging both mentally (very unpredictable wind shifts) and physically (should I take this shirt of and risk indecent exposure charges or just keep sweeting?).
The A fleet saw some action pack racing going on as it seemed that everybody had their moment of glory in the light and shifty conditions. The first race saw Steve/Riley Schupak leading John Gresham/Mandy and Mark/Julia around most of the race course. Race two saw Mark/Julia having an epic tacking duel battle with Steve/Riley to the finish line. Race three saw Walter/Andrea getting their own private puff and passing three boats downwind to take the lead! Race four saw John/Mandy giving the fleet a racing clinic on how to mop up and maintain a lead! All in all the race course was full of boat on boat action and nobody pulled away to a safe lead!
In the B fleet, Tony Lange and daughter Kelly Poly managed to keep the brother team of Dale and Scott Gronewold at bay by a point! In third was Denise and Paul Ogier who had their daughter Andrea crew for 'Big' Walter Johnson in the A's. In forth was the husband and wife team of Marcel and Jennifer Hughers! The Hughes have been MIA from the lido racing scene for some time & it's great to see them back again! Yew! In fifth was Travis VanDenBerg and Chris Wade.
All in all it was a great afternoon of sailing and time well spent catching up with new and old friends alike. Roy would've been proud! A big thanks to Fleet One, Bob Yates and the Lido Isle Yacht Club for putting on this special event year after year! Roy was one of a kind and it was great to have met him at the '07 Lido Nationals where he even earned himself a bullet in a silver division race at the young age of 90! Wow! I just hope to be alive and somewhat moveable when I'm 90! Sail on sailor!
-Mark Ryan


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The story of Historic Wintersburg has its roots in the late 1800s, with the formation of Wintersburg Village in the peatlands. The rich farmland brought people from across the country and across the sea, all hoping to create a new life in California.
Henry Winters promotes Orange County at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Winters was named president of the California Celery Company and helped place Orange County celery in eastern U.S. markets. Winters also donated land for the rail line that went through Wintersburg. Residents circulated a petition to name the town in his honor, creating the little community of Wintersburg.
"In the early years of the county's history, Mr. Winters purchased twenty acres of land...His land yielded 137 bushels of shelled corn and 100 sacks of marketable potatoes to the acre the first year...samples of this remarkable showing were placed on exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition, in 1893, and created a sensation. Probably this exhibit, more than any other display from California, had a tendency to place the resources of Orange County in the proper light before the world in general." A History of Orange County, Samuel Armor, 1921
Left: An 1899 advertisement for Crescent Bicycles at the time of Orange County's pioneer and agricultural era. An 1899 film clip, "Ladies on Bicycles," demonstrates Victorian ladies had mastered tricky maneuvers with full skirts, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1iaF4Np2PU (Advertising image, Orange County Directory, 1899, Fullerton Public Library)
A great granddaughter of Henry Winters, Diane Daly, writes to Historic Wintersburg in 2013, "He was born Luther Henry Winters, in Warren OH and married Cordelia Wilson, who was born in Pasadena. My mother and cousin, who are granddaughters of Henry, are still alive in CA. They tell me that Henry's land was on Warner and Gothard. He had 6 children, my grandmother Bonnie was the oldest."
A 1920 "Huntington Beach - Newport Oil Fields" map shows Henry Winters still owned property west of the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks near Gothard Avenue, north of Wintersburg (Warner) Avenue, within a couple minutes walking distance northwest of the Charles and Yukiko Furuta farm and Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission.
Eighteen-year-old Charles Mitsuji Furuta arrives in America, first in Washington state. He is prevented from disembarking in Hawaii to join his brother, Soichi, due to contagion and continues alone to America. He works in the lumber and railroad industry for a few years in Washington.
Left: Charles Mitsuji Furuta, circa 1904. (Photo courtesy of the Furuta family)
All rights reserved. ©
Clergy begin walking into the celery fields in the Wintersburg area to talk with Japanese bachelor laborers. Labor camps are located off present-day Springdale Street and Warner Avenue, and in the area of Smeltzer (north Huntington Beach). One of the camps is managed by Tsuneji Chino, one of the first Japanese to arrive in Orange county (along with Tsurumatsu Asari). Chino later becomes a good friend of Charles and Yukiko Furuta.
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission effort founded by Reverend Barnabus Terasawa, a Cambridge-educated Episcopalian minister, with support from the Presbyterian community of nearby Westminster. The newly-formed congregation begins meeting in a barn in Wintersburg Village. This coincides with a community meeting in the Armory building at Wintersburg and Gothard avenues regarding the need for churches in the growing village.
"In 1905 fireworks for the Fourth of July were donated and handled by the Japanese Association of Wintersburg (an area that is now part of Huntington Beach), which put on the show in a local baseball field....An unusual feature of early Huntington Beach Fourths was the recognition of local ethnic communities, particularly Huntington Beach's sizable Japanese American population, in the parade and other activities. During the early years of the twentieth century, resident Japanese entertained viewers with wrestling matches and dance exhibitions and, later in the day, handled the fireworks display. In 1935 the Huntington Beach parade included full-fledged Japanese and Spanish divisions."
(Editor's note: the "local baseball field" is likely the present-day Triangle Park on Main Street in Huntington Beach, which was known to host night baseball games in the early 1900s.) Source: Debra Gold Hansen and Mary P. Ryan, "Public Ceremony in a Private Culture: Orange County Celebrates the Fourth of July," Chapter 6, Postsuburban California: The Transformation of Orange County Since World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991)
ABOVE: Warner Avenue Baptist Church, constructed as the Wintersburg M.E. Church in 1906 at the southeast corner of Wintersburg (Warner) Avenue and Gothard Avenue, is a couple minutes walk west of the Wintersburg Presbyterian Mission complex. (Photo, 2012) All rights reserved. ©
The present-day Warner Avenue Baptist Church is constructed as the Wintersburg M.E. Church. Henry Winters donated the land for the Church in 1906 and Wintersburg resident James Cain donated a house for the parsonage. There is still a Cain Drive, just south of the Warner Avenue Baptist Church off Gothard Avenue.
ABOVE: South side view of the former Wintersburg M.E. Church, from the backyard of an early 1900s bungalow on Cain Drive at Gothard Avenue. (Photo, May 2013) All rights reserved. ©
Land documents from the Orange County Archives show the Furuta farm and Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission property was purchased this year through the help of Rev. Terasawa. The property later was deeded to Charles Furuta, who in turn later donated a portion for the church.
Construction begins on the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission. Huntington Beach incorporates in February 1909.
The Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission construction is completed and the first services are held. The Manse (clergy home) next door is completed this year, by builder J. Hori. Reverend Joseph K. Inazawa and his wife, the former Miss Kate Alice Goodman, take up residence in the Manse.
LEFT: The building plans for the Manse, constructed by J. Hori in 1910. (Image, Wintersburg Presbyterian Church) All rights reserved. ©
The Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission supports the establishment of the Japanese Language School in Talbert (Fountain Valley).
Charles Mitsuji Furuta travels back to Japan to meet his bride, Yukiko Yajima. She was seventeen, he was 31. They return to America on the Shinyu Maru of the Toyo Kisen Kaisha shipline, later NYK (the Japan Mail Steamship Co.) in 1912.
The final touches are made on the Furuta bungalow, freshly painted with red iron oxide and white trim. During her 1982 oral history interview, Yukiko Furuta explains, "It was originally about half the size of the present house, because only two people lived in it. It had a living room, a kitchen, and two bedrooms...There was no electricity, no city gas, and...an outdoor bathroom. The road in front of the house (Wintersburg Avenue) was so muddy that when it rained she couldn't walk on it."
Yukiko Furuta stands on the porch of her new home, circa 1913, the Manse can be seen in the background and the edge of the 1910 Mission to the right. (Photo courtesy of the Furuta family) All rights reserved. ©
Koha Takeishi flies his Curtiss model airplane from Dominguez Hills airfield to Wintersburg. His plane was purchased through a fundraising effort by Smeltzer and Wintersburg farmers, who raised $4,000 and formed the "Smeltzer Flying Company." Takeishi is killed at an airshow in Osaka later the same year.
California Governor Hiram Johnson signs the Alien Land Law of 1913 on May 19 (effective August 10) prohibiting "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning land, but permitting leases lasting up to three years. Directed at the Japanese, the law also affected Chinese, Indian and Korean immigrants. Having purchased the land prior to 1909, the Furuta farm is grandfathered and remains under the ownership of Charles Furuta.
The newly re-constructed Huntington Beach pier is dedicated, including day-long festivities that feature a surfing demonstration by George Freeth, and a fencing and sword dance demonstration by the Japanese community. (Huntington Beach News, June 12, 1914)
The Japanese Language School opens in Garden Grove, California.
LEFT: Pacific Electric Railroad track washed out by flooding, circa 1916. (Photo, National Archives)
"After getting on the red car, I would pay the conductor the five cents it cost to go to the Garden Grove station, from where I walked south on Taft Street to the Garden Grove language school located on Sherman Street."
Clarence Nishizu, 1982 oral history interview, California State University Japanese American Project
Spanish Flu pandemic sweeps the world, causing over a half million deaths in the United States and killing nearly six percent of the world's population.
"It was taken for granted that all members of every family would be afflicted by this flu. Our family was no exception. Every member of our family came down with the flu. I was only ten or so years old when this epidemic hit. One day we found out that my parents both had been infected, and that there was nobody to care for us. Suddenly, Mr. Goya came to our house. My mother asked him to please leave, or otherwise he would certainly contract the flu himself. But he utterly refused to go."
Clarence Nishizu, 1982 oral history interview, California State University Japanese American Project.
LEFT: "Wintersburg Folk Join Celebration" headline in September 12, 1919, Santa Ana Register (now Orange County Register), featuring an article about a reception for returning World War I soldiers.
"The Wintersburg-Smeltzer section was well represented at the reception for soldiers and sailors at the Orange County Park Admission day, among which were numbers of local service men who have returned home. Between 30 and 35 are on the local roll of honor and a goodly number of these men were in attendance."
Among those at the event noted by the Santa Ana Register: the Gothards, the Worthys, the Grahams, Mr. and Mrs. Ray Moore, the Kettler family, the Nichols family, and Reverend Junzo Nakamura of the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission.
California passes Alien Land Law of 1920, imposing additional restrictions to the 1913 law. Under the 1920 law, leasing land for a period of three years or less and owning stock in agricultural companies was prohibited. Those identified as agents or guardians of ineligible aliens were required to submit an annual report on their activities.
Reverend Kenji Kikuchi and family arrive in Wintersburg Village, replacing Reverend Junzo Nakamura, and live in the Manse. Reverend Kikuchi remains the clergy at Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission during the time it organized as a Church, departing in 1936.
RIGHT: Charles and Yukiko's son, Ray Furuta, high jumping at Huntington Beach High School, circa 1929. Note the oil derricks in the background. (Photo courtesy of Furuta family) All rights reserved. ©
Black Tuesday came October 29, 1929, and with it the Great Depression. Reverend Kenji Kikuchi of the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Church ran to the Huntington Beach Bank to find out what happened to the Church funds. "We almost felt like crying," he remembered. "But, later, when we fixed pews in the church, we could draw our deposit from the bank after the arrangement by the government. In this way, we collected small amounts of money little by little."
The Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission helps start a Japanese Language School at Laguna Beach.
"The area where these families farmed was called Crystal Cove...In 1929, Reverend Kenji Kikuchi of the Japanese Presbyterian Church of Wintersburg came to the house of Mr. Shinichi Matsuyama, one of the farmers, and started a school there...(Shinichi Matsuyama) also opened his home for Presbyterian church services and Reverend Kikuchi's lessons were religiously oriented. On Saturday his house was open for language and on Sunday it was open for church service."
Clarence Nishizu, 1982 oral history interview, California State University Japanese American Project
ABOVE: Crystal Cove, along the coast just north of Laguna Beach proper, after a flood in 1937. (Photo courtesy of Orange County Archives)
Reverend Kenji Kikuchi reports on the "new Sunday school at Laguna Beach."
The Costa Mesa Japanese Language School opens at Whittier Avenue on land bequeathed to Tosh Ikeda by Fanny Bixby Spencer (the first Costa Mesa school building was leased from the school district and was at Nineteenth Street and Harbor Boulevard). The School is founded by Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Shuji Kanno, father of James Kanno, the first mayor of Fountain Valley and first Japanese American mayor of a continental U.S. city. The Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission supports the School, some later classes being taught by Reverend Sohei Kowta.
A 1930 listing for Charles Furuta notes his golf fish farm. (Orange County Directory, 1930, Fullerton Public Library)
A 1930 listing for Henry Kiyomi Akiyama--who tested the first goldfish ponds with Charles Furuta at the Furuta farm--shows he has moved his gold fish farm from Wintersburg to Westminster. (Orange County Directory, 1930, Fullerton Public Library)
A 1930 listing for Tsurumatsu Asari, whose goldfish farm was further east on Wintersburg (Warner) Avenue, shows he received his mail at the Santa Ana post office. (Orange County Directory, 1930, Fullerton Public Library)
The publication of Echo, written by the American-born Nissei generation in Orange County.
The Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Church opens the doors to its new building, a classic Southern California Spanish Revival style.
LEFT: The 1934 Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Church. (Courtesy of Wintersburg Church) All rights reserved. ©
The congregation managed to raise funds and build during the Great Depression, seeking funds from all over Orange County.
The original 1910 Mission and Manse (clergy home) remain on the property, now hidden from view by the 1934 Church building. Behind the Manse, the clergy kept chickens and other small livestock to feed their families.
The Japanese Language School and Sunday services supported by the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Church expand at the Laguna Beach location. The building used for the school is now Cottage #34 at Crystal Cove State Park, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.
"In 1935 the Japanese community in this area constructed a new building on the bluff above Crystal Cove west of Coast Highway...this new building was used for community purposes in general. Kendo, Japanese culture, religious services, both Buddhist and Christian, an annual Christmas play, and farm meetings to discuss labor problems...perhaps the first farm cooperative was born where the farmers formed a seed-buying cooperative known as the Laguna Beach Growers Association. Also, the young people used the building for holding dances. Even funerals were held in this building. But its primary function was for the Japanese language school."
Clarence Nishizu, 1982 oral history interview, California State University Japanese American Project
Reverend Sohei Kowta and family begin living in the Manse, while he serves the Wintersburg and greater Orange County community. They continue to live in the Manse until 1942.
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Church congregant Stephen K. Tamura becomes the first Japanese American attorney in Orange County, after attending Harvard University. His law practice opens at 202 East Fourth Street in Santa Ana. The law office building is one of the few Japanese American historical sites extant in Orange County today.
Left: A stone in the Orange County Central Justice Center's Japanese garden commemorates Japanese pioneers. (Photo, January 2013)
Pearl Harbor. Forty-one years later, Yukiko Furuta's oral history interviewer Arthur Hansen, California State University - Fullerton, asks her to describe the time, "Now, I know the impact of Pearl Harbor was very great both upon the Nihonjin community and also upon the Furuta family personally. And I'm wondering if she can give us as much detail as possible about what followed after the news of Pearl Harbor occurred. We are sitting in the very house where the Furutas sat, at that time, so we are in kind of an historical place."
Yukiko Furuta replies, "She thought her children were Americans, so she thought her children would be drafted and they'd have to fight against Japan. So she thought she herself would have to die because that was the rule of Samurai families."
"The FBI came to the church to take Reverend (Kowta), but then the minister said that all the husbands had been taken and the wives were having trouble. If he would be taken, no one would take care of them. So the FBI agent called the office and talked to the people at the office. Then they decided not to take him. So he could stay in the Japanese community." Reverend Kowta later left with the Japanese community in 1942 when they were evacuated for confinement.
Executive Order 9066 is signed on February 19 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Order created military exclusion zones in the western United States, and led to the forced evacuation and confinement of over 120,000 Japanese Americans.
The Furuta family and Reverend Kowta and family are evacuated and confined at the Colorado River Relocation Center. Charles Mitsuji Furuta is first taken to the Huntington Beach Jail, then to Tajunga Canyon INS detention center, then to a military detention center at the Lordsburg Alien Internment Center, New Mexico. Within the same camp at Poston, Arizona, are the Furutas, the Akiyamas, and Kowta family.
RIGHT: Second-generation Wintersburg goldfish farmer Harley Asari, son of Tsurumatsu Asari, writes to Huntington Beach High School administrator Ray Elliott from the Colorado River Relocation Center at Poston, Arizona, in 1943. A 1920s Huntington Beach-Newport Oil Fields map shows the Asari property is immediately adjacent to property owned by Ray Elliott on the north side of Wintersburg Avenue. (Poston envelope donated to Historic Wintersburg by D.K. Enterprise, http://www.dickkeiser.com/)
The Furuta family returns home to Wintersburg Village. Reverend Kowta and family return to the Little Tokyo area of Los Angeles to help with the Union Church and Evergreen Hostel.
During her 1982 oral history interview, Yukiko Furuta remembers "they grew sweet peas before the war that the plants grew very well. And Reverend (Kowta's) wife Riyo always admired the sweet peas, and this crop generally did well in this area...she found that the water lily roots were left in the pond, you know, and were still alive...So they decided to grow sweet peas as a business, and also raise some water lillies (sic). It took so long to change the pond into a field. That was very hard work. But then they became happy in the sweet pea business and continued in it for thirty years."
ABOVE: A 1947 aerial shows the Furuta farm and Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission complex at the center, the Nichols family farm just to the left. By then, the Furuta farm had been converted to a flower farm and no longer sold goldfish. (Source: County of Orange, California)
Furuta farm and Wintersburg Presbyterian Mission complex part of annexation of Wintersburg Village to City of Huntington Beach.
Fountain Valley (formerly Talbert) incorporates. Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant James Kanno is elected as the first mayor of Fountain Valley and becomes the first Japanese American mayor in a mainland United States city.
Left: Superintendents Willis Warner (in car), C.M. Feather and William Hirstein, with Mayor A.A. Hall of Santa Ana and Mayor James Kanno of Fountain Valley at a Warner (former Wintersburg) Avenue bridge dedication in 1961. (Photo, Los Angeles Herald Examiner)
Kanno explained during his 1971 California State University-Fullerton Japanese American Project oral history interview, "the two questions that were asked on the ballot: 1. Do you want to form a city, yes or no? 2. If so, who would you want as councilmen for the city? There were nine people running for the five council positions. I don't know what happened, but I ended up with the most votes."
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Stephen K. Tamura becomes the first Japanese American appointed to the Orange County Superior Court.
Wintersburg Presbyterian Church relocates to larger property on Fairview Street in Santa Ana.
ABOVE: The Furuta barn was at least half a century old in the mid 1960s. It appears to be the sole remaining pioneer barn in Huntington Beach and was an integral part of the goldfish and flower farm. (Photo courtesy of Chris Jepsen, May 2013) All rights reserved. ©
The National Historic Preservation Act is signed, creating the National Register for Historic Places.
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Clarence Nishizu is the first Japanese American selected as Foreman of the Orange County Grand Jury.
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Stephen K. Tamura becomes the first Japanese American appellate judge in the continental United States.
The National Historic Preservation Act is signed, creating the National Register for Historic Places.
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Clarence Nishizu is the first Japanese American selected as Foreman of the Orange County Grand Jury.
Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Stephen K. Tamura becomes the first Japanese American appellate judge in the continental United States.
City of Huntington Beach Open Space / Conservation report identifies "Old Japanese Church" as a historical cultural landmark.
Historic Buildings Survey by the Bowers Museum Japanese American Council notes Historic Wintersburg property as number one on the list of important historical sites.
LEFT: The 1986 Bowers Museum - Orange County Japanese American Council Historic Building Survey. (Image, City of Huntington Beach archives)
The Survey notes "Churches and schools served as focal points for small Japanese communities..." The Survey found 33 surviving buildings in 1986, most have vanished as of 2013.
Historic Resources Board established by City of Huntington Beach.
President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, granting reparations to Japanese Americans forcibly evacuated and confined during World War II.
During his official remarks at the signing, President Reagan remembers the Masuda family of Talbert (Fountain Valley), congregants of the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission. Another congregant, Clarence Nishizu, is at the signing, having actively supported the legislation.
City of Huntington Beach lists "Furuta House" and "Japanese Church" as Local Landmarks in Historic Resources Cultural Element of City's General Plan.
Greystone Homes plans residential development on Historic Wintersburg property.
ABOVE: The Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission complex, circa 2003. (Photo, City of Huntington Beach archives) All rights reserved. ©
Rainbow Environmental Services purchases Historic Wintersburg property.
The Orange County Agricultural and Nikkei Heritage Museum at the Fullerton Arboretum opens its first exhibit, "Sowing Dreams, Cultivating Lives: Nikkei Farmers in Pre-World War II Orange County."
A key force in the fundraising effort to build the Museum was Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Clarence Nishizu.
ABOVE: The Orange County Agricultural and Nikkei Heritage Museum on the grounds of the Fullerton Arboretum. (Photo, 2013) All rights reserved. ©
The Orange County Agricultural and Nikkei Heritage Museum at the Fullerton Arboretum opens its first exhibit, "Sowing Dreams, Cultivating Lives: Nikkei Farmers in Pre-World War II Orange County."
A key force in the fundraising effort to build the Museum was Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission congregant Clarence Nishizu.
ABOVE: The Orange County Agricultural and Nikkei Heritage Museum on the grounds of the Fullerton Arboretum. (Photo, 2013) All rights reserved. ©
City of Huntington Beach issues a Request for Proposal for a citywide historical context survey to use as a planning tool to update the General Plan Historic Resources Cultural Element.
The City of Huntington Beach marks its centennial anniversary. This also marks 100 years since construction commenced on the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission.
The City of Huntington Beach marks its centennial anniversary. This also marks 100 years since construction commenced on the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian Mission.
City of Huntington Beach issues Notice of Preparation for draft Environmental Impact Report for "Warner-Nichols" project, which proposes a zone change to industrial / commercial with an application for demolition of all structures.
The Historic Wintersburg blog is born in February, after several years research. In July, the Huntington Beach City Council votes to establish an ad hoc committee, the Historic Wintersburg Preservation Task Force, to explore historic preservation alternatives. This year marks 100 years since Charles Mitsuji Furuta brought his new wife, Yukiko, to America.
The U.S. Secretary of the Interior announces a national initiative directing the National Park Service to undertake an Asian American Pacific Islander Theme Study to investigate the stories, places and people of Asian American and Pacific Island heritage. "From Angel Island where more than one million Asian immigrants arrived on these shores to the Chinese immigrants who built the railroads across the country to the Japanese American internment camps of World War II, these are stories that will be part of the next chapter in our continued efforts to better tell the story of all of America and her people." --Ken Salazar, February 10, 2013
City of Huntington Beach releases Historic Context Survey for review and input. Four of the Historic Wintersburg structures are noted in the draft survey as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places: the Furuta home, the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian 1910 Mission, 1910 Manse and 1934 Church.
City of Huntington Beach releases Historic Context Survey for review and input. Four of the Historic Wintersburg structures are noted in the draft survey as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places: the Furuta home, the Wintersburg Japanese Presbyterian 1910 Mission, 1910 Manse and 1934 Church.
Additional information is requested by the Huntington Beach Planning Commission to consider adding the Furuta barn as a local historic landmark.
NEXT: A century of pioneer history under review. The discussion regarding the draft Environmental Impact Report continues at the Huntington Beach Planning Commission, 7 p.m., August 13 (postponed from June 25), at Huntington Beach City Hall, 2000 Main Street.
ABOVE: Spring flowers continue to bloom next to the 1910 Mission building. (Photo, M. Urashima, February 2013) All rights reserved. ©
© All rights reserved. No part of the Historic Wintersburg blog may be reproduced or duplicated without prior written permission from the author and publisher, M. Adams Urashima.
© All rights reserved. No part of the Historic Wintersburg blog may be reproduced or duplicated without prior written permission from the author and publisher, M. Adams Urashima.


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If you decide to fight a traffic ticket, you will benefit from at least consulting with an experienced Columbus traffic defense lawyer. Your case is definitely more complicated than you realize, and you will never find a judge who will accept "I didn't do it" or "The police officer ignored everybody else who was speeding" as a valid legal argument.
No court can require you to hire an attorney for any type of case, but almost no person who serves as his or her own attorney succeeds. Winning in court requires following proper legal procedure, gathering evidence to support one's innocence, analyzing the evidence the prosecutor intends to use, and convincing a judge that imposing a sentence would be unjust. An experienced defense lawyer should know how to do all these things.
Even attorneys hire lawyers. The amount of work that must be done to properly prepare for even a case as seemingly simple as contesting a speeding ticket is daunting. Relying on an attorney to do the majority of the prep work while you focus on everything else going on in your life will ensure that no details get neglected.
Another reason to hire or consult with a Columbus traffic ticket lawyer relates to the reason you decided to fight the charge in the first place. Either you deserve the most vigorous defense because you are completely innocent or you need the most vigorous defense because a harsh penalty will disrupt your life too much.
A traffic ticket lawyer in Columbus, Ohio can also help those who are charged with reckless driving. The penalties for the offense that state laws actually call "reckless operation" can include jail time and a lengthy license suspension that leaves the person completely unable to legally drive a commercial vehicle. A conviction also puts points on the driver's license. Points will increase your insurance rates and make you that much closer to losing your license after a subsequent traffic ticket conviction. Accumulating 12 points in a 2 year period on your Ohio driver's license will result in a suspension that requires an in person class, retaking your driving test, a reinstatement fee, and serving out the suspension period before you can get your license back.
One thing to keep in mind when hiring a Columbus traffic attorney, or a traffic ticket lawyer anywhere, is that not every attorney is the same. Take a little time to do research online and talk to a couple of attorneys before deciding who you want to represent your best interests. Base your choice of attorney on how sure you are that the lawyer will answer all your questions quickly and honestly, treat your case as a priority, and go the extra mile to achieve the best possible result.
The final thing to know is that you can consult with a defense attorney without hiring him or her represent you in court. You may choose to do this if you have a tight budget or have been through traffic court before and believe a little guidance on how to tackle your current case will suffice. You might even want a second opinion on a proposed plea deal. Just because a charge sounds less serious does not mean you will avoid harsh penalties if you agree to plead guilty that supposedly lesser offense.
If you are in need of a Columbus DUI lawyer, call us at (614) 205-2208 or use our online contact form.


text: Decades of Jazz Cefalù, Sicily 2015 1979 EXHIBITION Disquisition John Serry's new release, Disquisition is available at CD Baby, iTunes, Amazon, Google Play and Facebook (www.facebook.com/johnserry1, "Shop Now" button). John performs around Europe, especially in France, Spain and Italy. Connect with John at www.facebook,com/johnserry to be added to his event lists or email firstname.lastname@example.com. John Serry Jazz UpstartPocketsEnchantressExhibition Show All About JohnReleasesBandsAppearancesClassical CompositionsUpcoming Events Disquisition Releases Timucua Arts White House Appearances Bands Exhibition Releases The Bologna trio Appearances Bands John Serry About John Jazziz Releases Fandango Cafe Upcoming Events The Cefalù, Sicily Concert Appearances Bands The Shift Releases The London Quartet Bands


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The Adventures of Ratoncito Pérez
- Forward Delta Dental's mission of promoting proper dental hygiene in the communities it serves
- Developed a dental wellness education initiative in public school systems across the country, including schools in South Florida, Atlanta, Houston and Dallas. Built the strategy around the cultural tradition and legend of Ratoncito Pérez, the Hispanic community's equivalent to the tooth fairy. Tactics included:
- A media relations tour with Ratoncito Pérez and a local dentist
- In-school presentations featuring Ratoncito Pérez, who led interactive activities
- Efforts resulted in additional school partnerships, the expansion of the initiative in each activated market, and the opportunity to launch the program in additional cities
- Reached more than 31,000 students
- Received positive feedback from the school district leaders across all markets
- Generated +32 million impressions through positive, culturally-relevant coverage in national and local Hispanic broadcast, print and online outlets, including Telemundo, Univision, CNN en Español, ESPN Deportes and UniMás.


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This post is outlines some of my thoughts on the Web Weaver user experience. This post also doubles as my vision for what the newly announced Firefox Personas could and should become. Consider this the first of many iterations.
- Thinkup App; specifically the PHP Fog jumpstart Install UX
- Mozilla Persona's current development trajectory
- Firefox Sync functionality
- The Locker Project's architecture
- Your mom.
You and your mom are in the witness protection program because you're on the run from.. the mob. You are starting your lives from scratch. You and your mom have new identities and a new computer! It's time to set it up.
First you install your favorite open source web browser. Once installed, you click on it and are faced with the initial run sequence.
Thx for installing Mozilla Firefox! Would you like to login with an existing Persona or create a new one?
You click the "Create new Persona" button.
Would you like to use the Wizard? (No)
Where would you like to deploy your Persona? Options:
- Mozilla.org
- Google App Engine
- Windows Azure
- Appfog
- Rackspace
- Amazon EC2
- Heroku (CLICK!)
Heroku requires an email address to (blah blah blah.. don't have one yet. Let's hit back and click on Mozilla.org. No, wait.. Appfog!)
Name: (redacted)
Security: Create Password (*************)
Repeat Password (oh, alright..)
Would you like to link your Persona with this web browser? (yes!)
Would you like to sync your personal data with this web browser? (uhh.. sure.)
Congratulations! Here is your Persona's public facing url: http://redacted.appfog.com/
Visit from a linked web browser to access your data and modify your settings.
Would you like to install some apps from the Mozilla Marketplace? (no)
(Back to home page; http://redacted.appfog.com/home)
Now it's your mom's turn. You log out of Firefox, and sit your mom down at the computer.
You click the "Create new Persona" button.
Would you like to use the Wizard? (She clicks yes)
Name: (Not your real name!)
Security: Create Password (* * * * * *)
Repeat Password (* * * * ** *)
Congratulations! Here is your Persona's public facing url: http://persona.mozilla.com/redacted
Visit from a linked web browser to access your data and modify your settings.
We have taken the liberty of installing a few default applications. They are available on your app dashboard.
Would you like to install some apps from the Mozilla Marketplace? (yes!)
And.. she's off to a fresh new (and hopefully secure) computing experience made seamless by her Mozilla hosted Web Weaver.
- Your mom uses a Boot2Gecko based phone. You use Android. In both cases, your Web Weaver should be the only accounts you need to login to your phones in order to sync your data.
- Your Web Weaver is your identity server. BrowserID, OpenID, WebID, etc etc.. whatever popular convention dictates is served up.
- Because your Web Weaver serves up a public page, that page should be an installable web app. That page also represents you. Hello decentralized social network! (Thank you Mozilla!)
- Because you are now an app, you have an API that can be extended by any app you install. Your Web Weaver manages your API URI scheme. Think http://redacted.appfog.com/home/api/facebook/post and http://persona.mozilla.com/redacted/api/pinterest/get
- Alternatively, any and all services provided by the Web Weaver can be delegated. Best practice for app development moving forward should require applications ask for service delegation back to themselves if they want to have a 'traditional' web app architecture circa 2006-2011.
- People are now first class citizens of the web.
- By combining Mozilla Persona and Firefox Sync together into a single project with Apps conventions tying it up into a pretty bow, the Apps initiative essentially moves the web from object-orientated development toward Agent-oriented development. Web Weavers+Web Browsers=User Agent, Apps=Software Agents
- Oh look! User Agents + Software Agents + Hardware Agents = distributed Social Graph, distributed Application Graph + distributed Internet of Things graph.
- What is the UX around group identity creation and management?
- What are the key services a Web Weaver needs to have by default? (Notifications, Web Intents/Activities sync, Settings management front-end.. etc)
I've identified the Web Weaver as the missing requisite piece to solving global scale problems within the urgent timeframes we face. It is therefore my intent to make sure that this product class is fully defined, specified (specificationified?) and in some form shipped by the end of this year.


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Total War PC Game Full Free Download is a great game. We offer opportunity to download Total War Game for PC. You can download Total War PC Game Download for free, is available now on our website. If you want to play this amazing game, can you get it in our website.
Total War PC Game Full Free Download is the first Lords Pack for Total War: WARHAMMER II. Bolstering the forces of the High Elves and the Dark Elves, it introduces famous rival characters and new iconic units from the world of Warhammer Fantasy Battles to your campaigns and battles. The content in this pack is available in both the Eye of the Vortex and Mortal Empires campaigns.
Two new Legendary Lords…
…with new quest chains, magic items and skill trees
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New Lord type for Dark Elves
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16 elite Regiments of Renown
Only in times of the grave peril does Alarielle the Everqueen, the living embodiment of Isha, take to the battlefield. Her eternal duty: to defend Ulthuan and its residents from the depredations of the impure. With a rallying cry, she is joined by the Handmaidens, the Sisters of Avelorn, and the spirits of the woods themselves!
Meanwhile, dark acts are afoot in Naggaroth. Crone Hellebron stirs in Har Ganeth, and calls a Blood Night: the slaves are released upon the streets and slaughtered in their thousands. Bathing in the rivers of spilled blood, Hellebron's powers are magnified beyond belief, with Doomfire Warlocks and Sisters of Slaughter flocking to her banner. The Asur will pay for their eternal treachery – and imminently!
Alarielle the Radiant
Commanding the High Elf faction of Avelorn, Alarielle's power is that of nature itself. As she travels through the Elven lands, she brings great joy to the people, improving public order and reducing corruption. However, she is also subject to the Mortal World's Torment; as Chaos seeps into the world, her battlefield powers wane. Only reducing and ridding of Chaos armies will return her to her full powers.
Alarielle is a mixed-lore Caster, with access to a blend of Life magic and High magic. She may embark on a quest for her Legendary Item, the Star of Avelorn, and may be upgraded to ride an Elven Steed, Barded Ithilmar Steed, and a Great Eagle. She can also recruit Forest Spirit units such as Dryads, Treekin and Treemen.
Alarielle also has a unique campaign mechanic called Defender of Ulthuan. It is her sacred duty to see that the inner and outer territories of the High Elves' home are kept free of enemy occupation. While they remain clear, they bestow powerful benefits. Should invaders sully Ulthuan with their presence however, the Asur's trust in Alarielle will fall, bringing a suite of negative effects.
Alarielle has access to a unique Rite: The Invocation of Lileath. Once active, this rite brings a suite of benefits to Handmaidens, Sisters of Avelorn and Dryads.
Crone Hellebron
Hellebron the Hag-Queen leads the forces of Har Ganeth, a uniquely murderous Dark Elf faction. She may periodically call a Death Night, expending slaves on a night of murderous rampage, to keep her powers strong. Failure to regularly hold these festivals will have a detrimental effect on Hellebron. As each Death Night is called, nearby Dark Elves undertake the Blood Voyage, raising an army in thrall to Crone Hellebron, and in whose post-battle rewards she shares.
Hellebron gains massive upkeep reductions to Witch Elves and Har Ganeth Executioners and Sisters of Slaughter, which she can also improve via her unique skill tree. She may embark on a quest for her twinned Legendary weapons, the Deathsword and the Cursed Blade, and may be upgraded to ride a Dark Steed, a Cauldron of Blood, and a Manticore.


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