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Hands-On Powerline Networking: How Well (Or Not) Are Latest-Generation Devices Working?by Brian Dipert on September 1, 2011 12:41 AM EST
- Posted in
- Networking
- Powerline Adapters
- NetGear
This is, I think, the first time that AnandTech has published in-depth hands-on testing of powerline networking equipment, although staffers such as Ganesh T S have covered the technology both conceptually and via hands-on overviews in the past. As such, I thought a short upfront tutorial might be in order. Powerline networking transceivers employ the 50- or 60 Hz sine wave as a carrier, superimposing the higher-frequency data packets on it. Sounds simple, right? While it may be elementary in concept, the implementation is quite complex. Take this excerpt from the technical white paper for HomePlug 1.0 (PDF), which touted up-to-14 Mbps PHY rates and dates from mid-2001:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the basic transmission technique used by the HomePlug. OFDM is well known in the literature and in industry. It is currently used in DSL technology, terrestrial wireless distribution of television signals, and has also been adapted for IEEE's high rate wireless LAN Standards (802.11a and 802.11g). The basic idea of OFDM is to divide the available spectrum into several narrowband, low data rate subcarriers. To obtain high spectral efficiency the frequency response of the subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, hence the name OFDM. Each narrowband subcarrier can be modulated using various modulation formats. By choosing the subcarrier spacing to be small the channel transfer function reduces to a simple constant within the bandwidth of each subcarrier. In this way, a frequency selective channel is divided into many flat fading subchannels, which eliminates the need for sophisticated equalizers.
The OFDM used by HomePlug is specially tailored for powerline environments. It uses 84 equally spaced subcarriers in the frequency band between 4.5MHz and 21MHz. Cyclic prefix and differential modulation techniques (DBPSK, DQPSK) are used to completely eliminate the need for any equalization. Impulsive noise events are overcome by means of forward error correction and data interleaving. HomePlug payload uses a concatenation of Viterbi and Reed-Solomon FEC. Sensitive frame control data is encoded using turbo product codes.
The powerline channel between any two links has a different amplitude and phase response. Furthermore, noise on the powerline is local to the receiver. HomePlug technology optimizes the data rate on each link by means of an adaptive approach. Channel adaptation is achieved by Tone Allocation, modulation and FEC choice. Tone allocation is the process by which certain heavily impaired carriers are turned off. This significantly reduces the bit error rates and helps in targeting the power of FEC and Modulation choices on the good carriers. HomePlug allows for choosing from DBPSK 1/2, DQPSK 1/2 and DQPSK 3/4 on all the carriers. The end result of this adaptation is a highly optimized link throughput.
Certain types of information, such as broadcast packets, cannot make use of channel adaptation techniques. HomePlug uses an innovative modulation called ROBO, so that information is reliably transmitted. ROBO modulation uses a DBPSK with heavy error correction with bit repetition in time and frequency to enable highly reliable communication. ROBO frames are also used for channel adaptation.
HomePlug 1.0 was an industry standard, at least in concept, although Intellon (now a part of Atheros, which was subsequently acquired by Qualcomm) supplied the bulk of the transceivers used in HomePlug 1.0 transceivers. Follow-on HomePlug 1.0 Turbo, first unveiled in product form at the January 2005 Consumer Electronics Show, was a more overt Intellon-proprietary offering, backwards compatible with HomePlug 1.0 (at HomePlug 1.0 speeds) but delivering up to 85 Mbps PHY rates in Turbo-only adapter topologies. Marketing claims aside, however, Home Plug 1.0 Turbo products delivered little to no performance improvement over their HomePlug 1.0 predecessors in most real-life configurations.
Next up was HomePlug AV, which represented a return to the consortium-inclusive (albeit still Intellon-led) approach and was spec-wise first unveiled in August 2005. Like HomePlug 1.0 Turbo, it focused the bulk of its performance improvement attention on UDP (User Datagram Protocol) typically employed by high bitrate streaming multimedia applications (therefore the AV acronym within its name), versus TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). And how did it accomplish its 200 Mbps peak PHY rate claims? Here's a quote from its corresponding technical white paper (PDF):
The Physical Layer (PHY) operates in the frequency range of 2 - 28 MHz and provides a 200 Mbps PHY channel rate and a 150 Mbps information rate. It uses windowed OFDM and a powerful Turbo Convolutional Code (TCC), which provides robust performance within 0.5 dB of Shannon Capacity. Windowed OFDM provides flexible spectrum notching capability where the notches can exceed 30 dB in depth without losing significant useful spectrum outside of the notch. Long OFDM symbols with 917 usable carriers (tones) are used in conjunction with a flexible guard interval. Modulation densities from BPSK (which carries 1 bit of information per carrier per symbol) to 1024 QAM (which carries 10 bits of information per carrier per symbol) are independently applied to each carrier based on the channel characteristics between the transmitter and the receiver
On the transmitter side, the PHY layer receives its inputs from the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. There are separate inputs for HPAV data, HPAV control information, and HomePlug 1.0 control information (the latter in order to support HomePlug 1.0 compatibility). HPAV control information is processed by the Frame Control Encoder block, which has an embedded Frame Control FEC block and Diversity Interleaver. The HPAV data stream passes through a Scrambler, a Turbo FEC Encoder and an Interleaver. The outputs of the three streams lead into a common OFDM Modulation structure, consisting of a Mapper, an IFFT processor, Preamble and Cyclic prefix insertion and a Peak Limiter. This output eventually feeds the Analog Front End (AFE) module which couples the signal to the Powerline medium.
At the receiver, an AFE operates in conjunction with an Automatic Gain Controller (AGC) and a time synchronization module to feed separate data information and data recovery circuits. The HPAV Frame Control is recovered by processing the received stream through a 3072-point FFT, a Frame Control Demodulator and a Frame Control Decoder. The HomePlug 1.0 Frame Control, if present, is recovered by a 384-point FFT. In parallel, the data stream is retrieved after processing through a 3072-point FFT for HPAV, a demodulator with SNR estimation, a De-mapper, De-interleaver, Turbo FEC decoder, and a De-scrambler for HPAV data.
The HPAV PHY provides for the implementation of flexible spectrum policy mechanisms to allow for adaptation in varying geographic, network and regulatory environments. Frequency notches can be applied easily and dynamically, even in deployed devices. Region-specific keep-out regions can be set under software control. The ability to make soft changes to alter the device's tone mask (enabled tones) allows for implementations that can dynamically adapt their keep-out regions.
HomePlug AV can coexist with HomePlug 1.0 and HomePlug 1.0 Turbo, although it doesn't interoperate with either predecessor technology. It also (at least initially) competed against two other '200 Mbps' powerline networking approaches. UPA (the Universal Powerline Association) was largely controlled by DS2 (Design of Systems on Silicon), much as the HomePlug Powerline Alliance was Intellon-dominated in its early days. UPA was, like HomePlug AV, OFDM-based, but the two technologies' implementation specifics were incompatible (UPA, for example, used 1,536 carriers across a 3-to-34 MHz frequency range). Nor did they even coexist, in fact; they'd notably degrade each other if you tried to simultaneously run both approaches on the same power grid. Spain-based DS2 achieved some success, especially in Europe, but declared bankruptcy in 2010 and was subsequently acquired by Marvell.
The same non-coexistence situation occurred with Panasonic-championed HD-PLC approach, which was also somewhat popular in its day, especially in Asia. Here, the versus-HomePlug AV outcome was somewhat different, although HD-PLC has also largely faded from the market. The IEEE 1901 standard supports HomePlug AV, HD-PLC, or both technologies; the latter implementation resolves technical issues that had previously precluded coexistence, but it requires a costly dual-MAC design, since HomePlug AV is a FFT-based approach whereas HD-PLC harnesses wavelet transforms. IEEE 1901 also optionally expands the employed spectrum swath beyond 28 MHz all the way up to 50 Mhz, with a corresponding peak PHY rate increase from 200 to 500 Mbps. Note, however, that just as with 5 Ghz versus 2.4 Ghz Wi-Fi, higher frequency powerline channels travel shorter distances (before attenuation leads to insufficient signal strength) than do their lower frequency, longer-distance peers.
Then there's G.hn, an ITU-sanctioned standard whose participants include many past representatives of DS2, now with various new employers. Chano Gómez, DS2's former VP of Marketing, is now Director of Business Development at Lantiq (the former networking division of Infineon), for example. Sigma Designs, specifically the corporate division formed by the late-2009 acquisition of CopperGate Communications (which had itself obtained powerline networking expertise via purchase from Conexant), is developing G.hn chipsets, too, although in this particular case the company is hedging its bets by also (and, in fact, initially) designing HomePlug AV transceivers. G.h n is an attempt to unify powerline, phone line and coaxial cable-based networking with a single protocol stack that can run on multiple physical media backbones. As such, it competes not only against IEEE 1901 but also with technologies such as HomePNA and MoCA. And the IEEE is also developing a unified approach, the 1905 standard.
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metageek - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkSo, what happens if a power surge comes in through the outlet? Do these things include surge suppression, or is that surge going to travel out over the Ethernet cable and fry your computer? Reply
kmmatney - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkThey have built-in power surge features. These are mainly used to keep the network signal clean, but they also protect the device. Reply
metageek - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkThanks. Reply
ranster - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkI've been using Linksys PLE200s in my home for a long time now. I got the first pair (sold as a PLK200) for like $140, then later Sears had a sale online for $90, a good deal at the time, so I got another pair. I picked up a third pair off ebay for $14 since only one worked, but not an issue to add on just one. Lastly, I got a new PLK when Circuit City was going out of business, for a mighty good price. I have five of the seven in use, and the Linksys utility shows throughput from ~60Mbit to ~130 Mbit, depending on which PLE and its location in the house.
I might check into the newest standard since they are said to interoperate with the HomePlug AV standard that PLE200s use. Reply
durinbug - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkI've been interested in powerline networking for the last couple of years, and I appreciate the attempt to do a thorough investigation of the technology, but the results just don't turn out to be useful.
I've been considering connecting my PS3 in the living room with the router (and desktop) in my office. Right now I use 802.11g (since the PS3 doesn't support n), which nets me a connection speed that ranges from ~10-15 mbps (a laptop also on G in the same location gets 30-40 mbps - the PS3 wireless adapter really seems to be craptastic). This is sufficient for playing games, but can be a major headache for streaming video.
While the throughput data you present here suggests that powerline networking might be an improvement, it doesn't really help make that decision. At an apparent average of about 30-40 mbps that you got, it wouldn't take a whole lot of interference to bring it down to the speeds I'm seeing already.
That said, I understand why you wanted to show the "best case" - I just wish you had also shown the "normal use" case so we might have some idea of the potential speed reduction we might see. I have numerous compact fluorescent lights, refrigerator, etc. (plus living room and office are on separate breakers, don't know about phases) - so even after reading your article I am no closer to knowing whether powerline networking will work for me. So after all the work of writing the article, the take-away seems to be "this is what I got; I have no idea what performance you will see." Reply
bdipert - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkDear durinbug, I appreciate the feedback. The fundamental issue that a reviewer such as myself always struggles with in a situation iike this (or Wi-Fi or phoneline or coax, for that matter...any non-networking-optimized interconnect media) is what is 'normal'. Note that my testing (for unfortunate reasons that I discuss in the article) was TCP-only, whereas your streaming situation would likely use UDP instead. From my past experience with powerline products, you would likely experience a 50%-to-100% performance improvement in average UDP transfer rate versus the TCP numbers that I published. Every technology subsequent to first-generation HomePlug 1.0 has focused the bulk of its development and implementation attention on UDP (for likely obvious reasons) Reply
demonbug - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkI appreciate the response, and wanted to reiterate that I really do appreciate the in-depth information and test results you provided. It would just be nice to get some sense of the impact on performance things like running the refrigerator or CFLs might have, even if your case doesn't represent the "normal". There is enough variability in throughput as it is, even with the semi-idealized setup (lights off, etc), that I'm a little concerned about maintaining throughput with such sources of interference present.
Your mentioning that you generally see 50%-100% faster UDP transfer rates makes me hopeful that it actually would be a significant improvement over what I have now (and save me from trying to run cat5 through an exterior wall, which looks to be no fun at all), so I just might have to go and pick a couple up. Reply
dennishodge - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkNow that the Sonos Bridge is only $50, went Sonos and bought an extra Bridge just to plug my laser printer into. I used to have powerline ethernet but the devices were flaky and eventually the last pair died. Each Sonos component has 1-2 10/100 switches. I haven't done a speed test, but the latency is superb. I even have an old wifi router plugged into a Sonos amp in one end of the house to extend my wifi coverage for weak devices like cell phones.
It would be cool to trial two $50 bridges vs. powerline ethernet :-)
- Dennis Reply
EarthwormJim - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkIt seems to me for about the same cost as some of these high speed powerline networking setups, you could just hire an electrician to wire some ethernet jacks throughout your house. Reply
bdipert - Thursday, September 1, 2011 - linkDear EarthwormJim, the hourly labor rate for electricians must be much lower where you live than where I do ;-) Your comment also prompts me to make a related point...retrofitting an existing structure for Cat5e by "burrowing through dirty, spider- and snake-infested crawlspaces" underneath floors (of which I have repeated past personal experience, back where I used to live in Sacramento CA) isn't even an option for a basement- and crawlspace-less residence built directly on a concrete slab... Reply


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Oh and by the way, ICP started in like 1987 or '88. It's not like they are new, like alot of people seem to think. And actually their new stuff is kidna pathetic, but their old stuff is great.
"Slim Shady you's a cutie, I'll give you a deal if you let me up in that booty" lmfao!

subset: commoncrawl


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Call it a case of politics imitating art.
These days, Queen's Park seems to be re-enacting Samuel Beckett's famous absurdist play, "Waiting for Godot," a two-act work in which two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, wait and wait, in vain, for a man named Godot who -- spoiler alert -- never arrives.
Except that, at Queen's Park, we are not waiting for Godot, but rather for Don Drummond, the former federal finance mandarin, TD Bank economist, and now chair of the Commission on the Reform of Ontario's Public Services. We're waiting for the release of his report on how the Ontario government can spend more wisely (and spend less), and get back to balanced budgets.
And, despite the interviews Drummond has given to Martin Regg Cohn at the Toronto Star and Adam Radwanski at The Globe and Mail, everyone is waiting with bated breath to get their hands on the real McCoy. It even seems that the regular business of governing has been put on hold until the report comes out on February 15. In other words, we're waiting.
So, we at The Agenda thought this was too good an opportunity to let pass without having a bit of fun.
-reprinted from TVO
CRRU's online documents database contains thousands of resources relevant to ECEC policy and practice in Canada and internationally. CRRU's website allows the user to quickly search or browse the database of documents.
Research, policy & practice materials include: scholarly research, policy studies and briefs, government and NGO reports. Child care in the news is an archive of news articles about ECEC in Canada and abroad.
Links to the full-text of materials are provided where publicly available; where access is restricted links are provided to abstracts, as well as purchase and subscription options.
The online document database is continually growing. New materials are added to the database each week and featured on the homepage as what's new online this week and child care in the news.
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In 2012, not only did Tom finish in second place in the highly competitive Joe's Transmission TNT Super Series after earning a strong 704 points, he also went to his second IHRA Tournament of Champions after finishing third in the IHRA Division One standings.
In TNTSS competition Tom qualified well all year, earning bonus points at all but two events including two number one qualifying spots. In eliminations, his season started off strong with an event win at just the second race. He then proceeded to go rounds at most events throughout the season plus he saw a second final in August, scoring a runner-up at St Thomas Raceway Park.
Then Tom capped it off with runner-up finish at the prestigious Performance Improvements Race Of Champions in early September. "I have to thank Jeff Gregoire, Jamie Stoneman, Pete D'Agnolo, Jon Jablonski and everyone from the TNT series for the text, email and phone call support this year," commented Tom.
Help with Tom's racing efforts comes from Phil's Quality Auto Service in West Seneca, Bill Elekes at AutosDirectBuffalo.com, Jan-Cen Motorsports, Competition Transmission and Jason Vitez Racecars.
"Have to thank Russ and Arlene Parker for their help over the past six years, Joe Boniferro for always supporting the series and Ted Barnes for putting it together," he added. "As well as all of our sponsors that help with each race and keep our payouts the best around." Tom's 1975 Nova has a 461 Chevrolet for power and is capable of 6.20 elapsed times in the eighth mile. For 2013, Tom plans to freshen up the drivetrain and go after the TNTSS championship.
For everything you need to know about the most popular sportsman drag racing series in the country, visit www.tntsuperseries.com .


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KOTA KINABALU: Watch the latest episode of Borneo Jungle Diaries, as our fearless wildlife presenter, Bertie Gekoski, accompanies scientist Leona Lai, as she monitors the health and eco system of a lively, charismatic family of Borneo otters and their cubs. Adorable, highly socialised and increasingly threatened by tree felling and river pollution, the otters that inhabit the Kinabatangan river are an underrated species that needs to be highlighted in terms of conservation, especially in Sabah, because of the lack of scientific study. Leona is doing her best to change this as she studies otters for her masters degree.
A Passion for Otters and Wildlife Conservation
Leona was in her final year of a bachelor's degree in Conservation Biology at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) when she met Benoit Goossens, the director of the Danau Girang Field Centre (DGFC). That's when she decided to pursue her masters degree at the DGFC.
"Wildlife and nature has been my passion since I was young and I have fallen in love with otters ever since I first saw them in a zoo," says Penampang-born Leona. "Their unique behaviour and fierce-yet-adorable appearance was what attracted me most."
Otter Facts and Habitat
Otters are found on every single continent in the world except for Australia and Antarctica. The anatomy of an otter is designed to allow it to get around well both on land and in the water.
A Buzz in Borneo about the Hairy-Nosed Otter
Here in Sabah, Borneo, there are four known Otter species; the Smooth-Coated Otter, Small-Clawed Otter, Hairy-Nosed Otter and the Eurasian Otter. The Hairy-nosed Otter and the Eurasian Otter are thought to be extinct in Borneo, but recently, there have been sightings of these two species.
In mid-2010 there was a world-wide buzz when the hairy-nosed otter was rediscovered in Borneo, at the Deramakot Forest Reserve in Sabah. The last confirmed record of the hairy-nosed otter in the state of Sabah was more than 100 years ago, and it has not been seen in Borneo since an individual was killed by a car in 1997.
Different Species of Otter in Borneo
One otter species caught on camera include the smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus).
But a close examination of one photograph revealed it had recorded a hairy-nosed otter, which has a flatter, longer head, a white throat and darker fur than its two relatives.
Otters can be found in the Lower Kinabatangan and several other areas in Sabah.
The good news is that people in Sabah and the rest of the will soon get to know more about the otters in Borneo, thanks to the wonderful work of Leona Wai.
A Passion for Otters, Wildlife and Conservation
Watch the Borneo Jungle Diaries episode on otters now.


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Nov 10, 2016 02:50:53 PM by Priyanka V
do i need to pay service tax in india if my revenue exceeds 10 lakh ??
does it makes a difference if i use local fund transfer or wire transfer ??
i read something that i will have to pay 15% of revenue if i do via local fund transfer and there is no fee for wire transfer ?? can anyone explain why there is a difference ??
As i recently read many articles online that our service comes under "Export of Service" and we are exempted from service tax then why it really matters if we either use wire transfer or local fund transfer ??
i read this article here ...
I need honest reply which can help me solve my query as i am very tensed...
Nov 13, 2016 12:29:28 AM by Juvy Ann P
It appears to me that the honest reply can come from someone in India who has experienced going through the entire tax process herself. Reading articles online will help but nothing beats experience. I learned the hard way myself.
Nov 13, 2016 01:39:43 AM Edited Nov 13, 2016 01:41:36 AM by Juvy Ann P
In my country, the foreign exchange rate risk that includes losses due to currency conversion via local funds transfer can be deducted from the gross sales (derived from receipts/transaction history report) together with Upwork fees and the local funds transfer rate. This is new information for me actually but it looks like your service tax is equivalent to our monthly percentage tax which is 3% of the taxable amount a.k.a. net earnings per month. And then we have a 40% optional standard deduction (OSD) which is applied to net earnings only. The 40% OSD is for all returns. I am not sure if the FOREX rate risk can also be applied to the monthly percentage tax. The information that I got is that it qualifies for all INCOME tax returns - quarterly and annual ITRs. I am not sure if this information can be of help to you. But this is my best attempt. I am still learning, Priyanka.
Feb 19, 2018 08:23:45 AM by Kaustubha G
There's no such thing as "Service Tax" for a freelancer and the only tax you are supposed to be paying is Income Tax and again this all depends on the working relationship with your employer. Remember that although Upwork TOS tells you that you are an Independent Contractor, you may not be so with regards to the employment worker classification rules.
Usually Form 16/16A needs to be provided to you by Elance/Upwork/your employer at Upwork. If none of them provide you that, you can approach your area Assessing Officer and complain them about willfull failure on part of Elance/Upwork to pay taxes to Indian Government. TDS needs to be deducted as per one of the sections below :
1. 192 of Income Tax Act
2. 194J of Income Tax Act
For that purpose Elance/Upwork/your employer at Upwork needs to have a place of business in India and have a TAN/PAN number. In the absence of the same, you can report it to your Assessing Officer and file your returns accordingly.
There is no other form of tax applicable to Indian citizens.
Hope that helps.
Jul 16, 2019 05:18:40 AM by Reeya G
You can contact experts on expertmile.com there are 4300 experts registered. You can ask a query or submit your requirement or simply go through the information on the website.
I had a really good experience working with them. The experts are very co-operative and understand your requirement thoroughly.
Nov 13, 2016 02:36:57 AM by Vladimir G
Hi Priyanka,
Please consult a local tax advisor or accountant. Hopefully other experienced users from India will follow up with more information.
Jun 8, 2017 05:11:59 AM by Anil P
Dear Priyanka.,
Irrespective of status you are liable to pay taxes in India for your earnings abroad. The slab of tax will vary for Rs 10 Lacs. Here's a link which will help you. https://www.quora.com/Is-income-earned-from-consulting-abroad-considered-tax-free-in-India
For the nitty gritty you will have to avail the services of a consultant.
© 2015 - Upwork® Global Inc.


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New tractors are expensive and we are talking tens of thousands here with many models, so if you are new to tractors and are a beginner buying a machine for the very first time, a used tractor for sale is likely to be your best bet.
For beginners, it can all be a bit daunting, so here are some quick and simple questions you can ask yourself to help you to make the difficult decision of choosing which used tractor to buy that little bit easier.
What will be using the tractor for?
The obvious question, but it's a crucial one. For example, ploughing a field and mowing an acre of long grass may seem to be very similar activities, but a lot depends on length of grass, soil type, etc. A little differences can actually mean a lot.
What terrain will I be using?
The more specific you can be the better. For example, clay soil or steep land will need more power and a machine with a higher horsepower to cope with the demands of the work. The actual distance covered might not be much, but more difficult conditions require different specifications of tractor.
What machinery will the tractor be powering?
If you're a beginner, it's usually best to purchase the tractor first and then to consider buying the implements you might need according to the tractor's power. But you need to think of being able to use implements in the future. Therefore, you need a tractor with a hydraulic hook-up and PTO (Power take-off) is really a must. 540 RPM suits most needs.
Live hydraulics are particularly handy for use with a loader. Hitches can be fitted after purchase, but a three-point hitch is the best and look out for models that already have them (most do).
What brand or model should I buy?
Our brand guides give some useful info about specific manufacturers and will help you to choose wisely according to your individual needs. Older tractors should certainly not be ignored - tractors can give many, many years of sound and reliable work. However, if a brand or model of tractor has been discontinued, it may be more difficult to pick up parts in the future.
What should I look for in the condition of a tractor?
A used tractor that needs immediate work should only be considered if you are confident that you can do the necessary repairs and/or you are comfortable with the cost incurred. Some things to look out for include whether the clutch seems to slip and whether the frame has evidence of welding repair work.
Other things to consider are whether there seems to be an excessive amount of smoke coming from the engine, if it appears particularly noisy or if there are signs of any leaks.
These types of issues might not be anything sinister, but they are often indicators of costly repairs being on the horizon, so proceed with caution.


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- Share your observations
Share your observations of plants or non-game animals with the Natural Heritage Inventory
- Contact information
- For information on Wisconsin's rare animals, contact:
- Rich Staffen
Conservation Biologist
Redfin Shiner (Lythrurus umbratilis)
Redfin Shiner (Lythrurus umbratilis), listed as Threatened in Wisconsin, prefers turbid waters of pools in low-gradient streams over substrates of boulders, cobble, sand, silt or detritus. Spawning occurs from early June through mid-August in sunfish nests and they coexist with the sunfish in the nesting territory.
State status
Status and Natural Heritage Inventory documented occurrences in Wisconsin
The table below provides information about the protected status - both state and federal - and the rank (S and G Ranks) for Redfin Shiner (Lythrurus umbratilis). See the Working List Key for more information about abbreviations. Counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory database. The map is provided as a general reference of where occurrences of this species meet NHI data standards and is not meant as a comprehensive map of all observations.
Note: Species recently added to the NHI Working List may temporarily have blank occurrence maps.
|Summary Information
|State Status
|Federal Status in Wisconsin
|State Rank
|Global Rank
|Tracked by NHI
Species guidance
A guidance document is not available at this time. Use the information from the other tabs and contact local biologists, as needed, to develop management and avoidance strategies.
Other resources
Links to additional Redfin Shiner information
Other links related to fishes
Click to view a larger version. Please considering donating a photo to the Natural Heritage Conservation Program for educational uses. Photo use
Wildlife Action Plan
Natural community (habitat) associations
The table below lists the natural communities that are associated with Redfin Shiner. Only natural communities for which Redfin Shiner is "high" (score=3) or "moderate" (score=2) associated are shown. See the key to association scores for complete definitions. Please see the Wildlife Action Plan to learn how this information was developed.
|Natural community
|Warmwater rivers
|Riverine Impoundment - Reservoirs
|Warmwater streams
Ecological landscape associations
The table below lists the ecological landscape association scores for Redfin Shiner. The scores correspond to the map (3=High, 2=Moderate, 1=Low, 0=None). For more information, please see the Wildlife Action Plan.
|Ecological landscape
|Forest Transition
|Southeast Glacial Plains
|Northern Lake Michigan Coastal
|Southern Lake Michigan Coastal
|Central Lake Michigan Coastal
|Central Sand Hills
|Central Sand Plains
|Western Coulee and Ridges
Landscape-Community combinations of highest ecological priority*
Ecological priorities are the combinations of natural communities and ecological landscapes that provide Wisconsin's best opportunities to conserve important habitats for a given Species of Greatest Conservation Need. The 10 highest scoring combinations are considered ecological priorities and are listed below. More than 10 combinations are listed if multiple combinations tied for 10th place. For more information, please see the Wildlife Action Plan.
* Ecological priority score is a relative measure that is not meant for comparison between species. This score does not consider socio-economical factors that may dictate protection and/or management priorities differently than those determined solely by ecological analysis. Further, a low ecological priority score does not imply that management or preservation should not occur on a site if there are important reasons for doing so locally.
Issues/threats and conservation actions
Conservation actions respond to issues or threats, which adversely affect species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) or their habitats. Besides actions such as restoring wetlands or planting resilient tree species in northern communities, research, surveys and monitoring are also among conservation actions described in the WWAP because lack of information can threaten our ability to successfully preserve and care for natural resources.
Threats/issues and conservations actions for rare animals


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School residences
Boarding schools in England › UK Boarding school St. Michaels › Learn about our Boarding school
As an international boarding school in England, King's College Saint Michaels specialises in providing a rigorous education for students from all over the world. With all students coming from overseas the boarding houses and facilities need to meet the demands and expectations of parents searching for a private education in the UK.
Whereas many traditional boarding schools in the UK place students in dormitories with many students in one large room, Saint Michaels has only single and twin rooms. A proportion of these rooms have en-suite bathrooms, and the school operates a first come, first served policy which means those students who pay their deposits early may select their room for the following academic year first. Many tutorial colleges, along with some other boarding schools in the UK, have complicated pricing structures for their accommodation which give students the option of half-board or full-board, or requires extra payment for a single room or en-suite. Saint Michaels believes that, as a boarding school in England, they have an obligation to provide students with a high standard of accommodation whilst ensuring nobody pays a premium for extra amenities or luxuries. Boarding schools in the UK should be places for students to come to learn about one another's culture on an equal footing, rather than a way for students to compare whose family can afford the most luxurious accommodation.
Although Saint Michael's is a relatively small boarding school in England, the accommodation comprises 6 boarding houses which have been named after historic figures in the school's long history which memorialise them and add to the charm of the school. The accommodation is all located on campus and each building has spacious and comfortable rooms. Jubilee, our newest residence, is only three years old and is reserved for our final year students. Each student here has a single room which allows students to focus on their studies without any distractions. Not only does this enable students to get top grades in their most important year of study, but it also gives them a sense of what life will be like at university living in student halls.
As one of the only boarding schools in the UK to offer a university foundation programme, students are encouraged to prepare for life after Saint Michaels. For many students, boarding schools in the UK can become a bubble where they get used to having everything done for them. Although Saint Michaels does provide meals and a laundry service for all students, they are also taught how to cook basic meals as part of our cookery club. Additionally, although our domestic team clean students' rooms and bathrooms we expect each student to make their bed every morning and keep their room tidy. By outlining our expectations to students when they arrive, we aim to prepare them for university life and ensure that they learn self-discipline and grow into mature, respectable and socially considerate young adults.
The school is also able to arrange homestay accommodation with local families in the area. Some students feel that by living with a family they will improve their English much faster. Whilst this may be true for some boarding schools in the UK where there is a predominance of a single nationality, Saint Michaels has 28 nationalities all living together in the residences. Whilst we have many families eager to host our students, the vast majority of the students at Saint Michaels prefer to stay on the campus with their friends.


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This year, world letter writing day is celebrated globally on September 1st. It is a day where people around the world send hand-written letters to their loved ones or even strangers! When was the last time you send a hand-written letter to someone? I know that we are so used to technology and we think […]Continue reading
A lot of people think that a long-distance relationship is a waste of time, and they also think that it brings more disappointment than happiness. Of course, I have to agree to disagree with them. As someone who has been in a long-distance relationship for more than a year now, I truly believe that long-distance […]Continue reading
I seriously can't imagine how people did long-distance relationship before the internet. I remember the early days of my LDR, back in 2011. At that time, we didn't have smartphones and the only way we could send messages was through Blackberry phone. We had our laptops and internet in our homes, but still, without smartphones, […]Continue reading
It was a bright day, I was on my way to a work event, sitting in a taxi. It was a busy day, but I managed to keep in contact with my long-distance boyfriend. We were exchanging texts and were in a middle of a conversation about happiness. I told him my work makes me […]Continue reading
Being in a long-distance relationship means that you spend most of your time just talking to each other. Of course, it's only understandable if you sometimes found yourself having nothing to talk about! This situation can be irritating and lead to more problems. I've been in a situation with my significant other where we ran out […]Continue reading
A long distance relationship sees a myriad of emotions come and go, one of those is the feeling of missing your long distance boyfriend or girlfriend? A long distance relationship (LDR) is tough on both parties. But when you care about each other, you find ways to make it work. One of these is a […]Continue reading
Who doesn't love going on a holiday? It's just the perfect time to rest and relax, away from your daily routine. Holidays are even more special if you are going to spend it with your LDR partner because that's probably the only time you got to meet after spending some time apart. In this article, […]Continue reading
There is a lot of stigma associated with being with someone who doesn't live in the same city as you. One of the worst parts of being involved with someone who lives far away is that the relationship is often looked at negatively, as people often question and doubt the longevity. Long-distance relationships aren't meant for […]Continue reading
I don't know why, but when I'm sad or going through a breakup, instead of listening to happy music, I actually like listening to sad music, especially if I can find one that makes me feel as if it's specifically written about what I'm going through. The sadder the better! Some might think that if you're […]Continue reading
Don't miss out on the ability to watch movies together online because of distance. Apps for long-distance movie night exist! Do stuff via your WiFi connection and be together even when you're not. Technology is amazing, and there are services out there that make long-distance relationships a little simpler. Whether you want to watchtogether online, streamogether, […]Continue reading


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The homepage is dead. That was the consensus among many media commentators upon seeing the New York Times's leaked digital innovation report last week, a complex insight into the digital workings of the Times complete with a graph showing the 50 per cent fall in traffic to the homepage of NYTimes.com over the last two years.
Screenshots from Poynter.org, MartinBelam.com and Qz.com
Social media has become the biggest referrer of traffic to many publishers' sites, as readers' visits are based on links shared by their friends and contacts that genuinely interest them, rather than dropping onto a site, looking for news.
Having acquired personalisation company Gravity in January, AOL is looking to develop this personal angle across their sites – including TechCrunch, Engadget and The Huffington Post – to give readers the content they want in new and innovative ways.
"Conceptually, no two people have the same Facebook news feed," Josef Pfeiffer, director of product at Gravity, told Journalism.co.uk. "It's unique based on the friends you follow and the brands you engage with.
"A website could essentially be similar to that – where no two people could have the same version of a website, based on what we know about the content that they enjoy."
Readers may be arriving from a variety of different sources but if they are presented with a more relevant selection of articles across the site it will make for a better experience for readers and publishers alike, or so the theory goes.You'll have an entire home page or section page that is nuanced and individual for you, that would be different from everybody elseJosef Pfeiffer, Gravity
"If we can make [the site] unique for every user then we can hopefully drive more clicks, more engagement, more articles being read from that experience," Pfeiffer said.
Pfeiffer joined Gravity from the Wall Street Journal, where he lead the product team and used the software from a customer perspective. As the editorial output began to expand under Rupert Murdoch, he became concerned that, on the homepage, traditional readers looking for finance news may be put off by an influx of sport and fashion stories, or the reverse for new readers deterred by business news.
"Our theory was that it's kind of silly having this homepage and updating it every ten minutes," he said, "but every 10 to 15 million people that might be on the homepage at any given point in time are seeing the exact same set of headlines."
He began to think of the possibilities for personalisation, where editors could still pick the must-reads, but the other "40 to 50 stories below the top lead stories of the day you could personalise". Other topics and types of content will disappear depending on proven preferences, or develop over time as the software constructs a framework of readers' interests.
"You'll have an entire homepage or section page that is nuanced and individual for you, that would be different from everybody else. For instances like that, that's where we're more excited."
Gravity uses first-party cookies – very small data files generated by the site you are on – to identify returning readers and develop an idea of the types of articles and content that interest them most, based on their previous reading history.
For example, when someone visits the Huffington Post for the first time a cookie is "dropped", said Pfeiffer, with a randomly-generated user identification number that acts as a beacon for any subsequent visits. As a reader visits other Huffington Post URLs the cookie allows Gravity to develop a browsing history, or "click-stream", to build a picture of the types of content associated with that user ID.The stories that are presented to you are different to the stories that are presented to me and hopefully what that would give us is a more engaged audienceJimmy Maymann, The Huffington Post
"There's no way to tie that to the individual user through an IP address or email or zip code," Pfeiffer said, aware of the privacy-related issues around some uses of third-party cookies. "We just use that ID to basically track the articles they might read."
Gravity uses the data to create "interest graphs" to understand both individual reader habits and preferences but also wider reader trends around a website, like the Huffington Post, and the wider web as a whole.
Screenshot from Gravity.com of the web-wide interest graph, compiled by trawling the internet for new articles and analysing the content
"When I look at that on a macro level and we're producing on average 1,600 stories on a daily basis, it's interesting to see whether we're producing the right kind of stories," Jimmy Maymann, chief executive of The Huffington Post, told Journalism.co.uk.
From an editorial perspective, he hopes Gravity will give the Huffington Post a greater idea of what readers are interested in and what they are looking for from the publisher, but the "micro-level" experience for readers is regarded as equally important.
Publishers are used to creating a homepage that directs readers to different stories and parts of the site, said Maymann, but as more readers arrive at websites "through the side door" of social media, it becomes more important to create an "individualised experience" for each reader.
"So you arrive via a different side door than I do," Maymann continued. "You would see something different, the stories that are presented to you are different to the stories that are presented to me and hopefully what that would give us is a more engaged audience."
The initial experiments using Gravity software for "passive personalisation" on specific verticals of the Huffington Post site have led to between a "70 and 200 per cent increase" in click-through rates on suggested articles at the end or side of published content, said Maymann.
"So a significant increase," he said. "Personalisation is interesting because it's a great thing to do, both for the user, as they get a better experience, but also for the publisher because the content you produce can get in front of more people."
There is naturally a business angle involved too, Maymann admitted, as "people are more likely to click on content that is more relevant to them", but this is a "secondary concern" to improving the user experience.
"It's not so much about what your name is or where you live," he said. "That can be interesting but it's what is your behaviour online and what is that telling about you?
"What can we then learn from your behaviour and how can we then, as publishers, deliver a better experience? That's the next frontier in the personal internet and that is what Gravity is trying to help solve."
- Here is more from Journalism.co.uk on how different news sites are approaching personalisation.
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text: The Health Law Institute in collaboration with the Alberta Law Review Society is pleased to announce the development of a new publication opportunity. In 2016 the Alberta Law Review will produce as one of its quarterly journal publications a special edition in health law. The exploration of this opportunity arose out of the need to reconsider the production and publication of the Health Law Journal and Health Law Review, which regrettably can no longer be supported due to financial constraints. Since 1991 these publications have contributed significantly to the development and discussion of Canadian health law and policy, and have served as invaluable resources for entities such as the Supreme Court of Canada, as well as publication outlets for a broad range of scholars. As such, the Health Law Institute has been committed to investigating new avenues that will allow for ongoing contribution to such scholarship. Its partnership with the Alberta Law Review Society is ideal, as the long standing, broadly disseminated Alberta Law Review promotes legal research and discussion of contemporary legal and policy issues. The special edition in health law will publish 9-12 articles, with submission guidelines available at: http://www.albertalawreview.com. Please note, the 2014 final editions of the Health Law Journal and Health Law Review will be available online once published.The Health Law Institute would also like to take this opportunity to especially thank all those who have published with and edited these publications, and the individuals, organizations and institutions that have supported them over the past 23 years. Their longevity and contribution would not have been possible without your collective support.


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A title worthy of its name, 'Zurie' is derived from Swahili word 'ZURI' that translates to beautiful and golden. Zurie Design Studio breaks the cliché of saving your designer possessions for the special occasions exclusively. Zurie's co-founder, Sonam Gupta has a vision to create an acceptance to inculcate carrying beautiful designer pieces everyday- from workplace to a family brunch.
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Comedy enthusiasts Matt Balaker and Wayne Jones have launched a website for their upcoming biography of the late, legendary comic Greg Giraldo. The as-yet untitled book has been a work in progress since Balaker launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise money for the project in September of 2015. The writer hit his $3,000 goal within two weeks of creating the Kickstarter page, and has spent the time since then collecting photos of the comedian and interviewing his friends, family, and comedy peers.
Giraldo was, and still is, widely regarded as one of the best roast masters to ever take the dais. He was a beloved New York comic, making regular appearances at the Comedy Cellar in Manhattan as well as on the late night talk show circuit, performing numerous times on Conan, Letterman, and Kimmel's shows. He was also a staple of popular shows Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn and Lewis Black's Root of All Evil. He was a part of the beloved Dave Attell's Insomniac Tour, and his only hour-long Comedy Central special, Midlife Vices, was well received and lauded by fans.
Giraldo's resume was deep and prestigious, which made his passing in late 2010 all the more tragic. His 2010 death resulting from an overdose of prescription medication, rocked the comedy world, which was made evident by the tidal wave of tributes that were made to him via social media, television shows and charity events in the weeks and even years after he passed.
On the book's website, the authors state that they've interviewed over 25 people who were close to Giraldo — comedians, friends, his ex-wife, managers, and many more — in order "to uncover what motivated this stand-up legend and the impact of his work." Some of these names include comedians Jim Gaffigan, Marc Maron, and Jesse Joyce.
Balaker and Jones are aiming to have the book published by September of this year, and intend to hold a launch event for the occasion at New York's Comedy Cellar, where Giraldo began his mythical rise from former attorney to one of the most highly regarded comedians of his time.


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I wanted to change up my Christmas table a bit this year. I have one set of Christmas dishes that I use every year and my table pretty much looks the same each Christmas, so I decided to try something different. Here's how the table turned out:
Here's How It Was Created:
I started with my usual red Waterford tablecloth. But then I added a new-to-me lace tablecloth I found while antiquing in Bakersfield, CA. Once we put in all four leaves of the table I have to use a banquet size cloth, but eventhough this new lace cloth is slightly small, I felt it worked well as an overlay. I love the lace pattern in this cloth!
I started my place setting with my usual "gold" chargers from Big Lots, purchased many years ago! It's almost time to do some replacing since a couple of them were cracked when I took them out of storage (good thing my guest list was a bit smaller this year!)
Then I added my beloved Christmas plate. I love this set, although I admit I've seen other patterns over the years that have attracted my attention. Since I only use these plates for Christmas dinner, I really feel a replacement is not needed. And, besides, when I revisit them each year, it's like welcoming an old friend to our holiday meal!
Normally, I would use the red napkins that match my red tablecloth, but since tartan plaid was such an item this year, I found new napkins while in HomeGoods and decided to get them. This meant I had to also change my napkin rings, since my usual napkin rings are tartan plaid already (just a slightly different coloration) and wouldn't have worked together. So, off to Bed, Bath and Beyond I went to find some gold napkin rings!
My place setting was completed with my late mother-in-law's silverplate and my Mikasa glasses I bought many years ago when the Mikasa Outlet was still open in town (how sorely I miss that store!) I would love to have gold flatware for this occasion, but the set I have on loan from my cousin has only six place settings and wouldn't have worked this time.
The inspiration for my centerpiece began when my beloved nephew and niece sent me an extraordinary floral arrangement this year for Christmas. It is a Lenox Santa Claus figurine surrounded by a boxwood wreath! I actually gasped when I opened the box! I knew it would be the center of my Christmas table and I surrounded it with new red candle holders I found at Michael's and my very special lead crystal candlesticks I use on my dining room table. I had one Christmas runner that didn't complement the elements very well, so I searched the house and found that the runner I had on my sideboard worked much better because of the tartan plaid border, so that helped complete the look I wanted and didn't detract from the beautiful floral arrangement. Here it is:
Isn't he a precious Santa? He is going to be a cherished heirloom in my holiday decor and will be a part of all my Christmases. Thank you, Patty and Chris, from the bottom of my heart.
This year I took pictures of the "Kids' Table" as well. I had to share the focal point of this table, because it, too, was a unique surprise gift I hadn't expected for the season. My cousin's sister-in-law, Deb, from Massachusetts had crocheted a gingerbread house that I had admired and lo and behold a couple of weeks ago, a package arrived with the same gingerbread house!! Deb had heard how much I loved the house and actually made one for me, as well! Can you imagine my surprise at such a thoughtful gesture? Thank you, Deb, for your efforts, creativity and kind spirit. Here is the "Kids' Table":
Can you believe the intricacy of that gingerbread house? It is something I will always treasure.
I used my smaller Johnson Bros. plates for the kids:
And that was my Christmas, 2014 table. I hope everyone's holiday turned out well!
I'll be linking up to Susan's Tablescape Thursday at www.betweennapsontheporch.net. and
Christine's Table It! at www.rustic-refined.com . Please stop by and see all the lovely tables from Christmas!


text: While late-night show personalities are plenty funny in their own right, many of the best have amazing scripts to work with, created by talented writers behind the scenes. One of those artists, Daniel Kibblesmith, seems ready to break off onto his own in the industry, with an all-new comic series titled Quantum and Woody. In collaboration […] Read more


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Ralph Sultan has been elected Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) four consecutive times by the voters of West Vancouver-Capilano (2001, 2005, 2009 and 2013).
Ralph is an economist, educator and businessperson who also maintains registration as a professional engineer (P.Eng).
About Ralph
He was raised in the Mount Pleasant neighbourhood of East Vancouver, son of Swedish immigrants, into a family of eight children. Graduating from UBC in 1956 with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Ralph worked as a technical sales representative for Union Carbide Corporation before earning MBA, MA and Ph.D. (Economics) degrees from Harvard University. He then served as Assistant and Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, for nine years. He published three books at Harvard dealing with marketing and pricing in oligopolistic markets. He was employed by The Royal Bank of Canada for ten years as Chief Economist; then Senior Vice President, Marketing in Montreal; subsequently Senior Vice President, Global Energy and Minerals Group headquartered in Calgary with offices around the world.
Between 1980 and 2000, Ralph held senior officer and director positions in a variety of financial, mining, forestry and technology companies. He was Executive Vice President of Anglo American's North American subsidiary. He owned and operated a mutual fund company and chaired a trust company. He was employed by the manager of Canada's largest philanthropic fund as investment advisor. In the 1990s, after returning home to British Columbia, Ralph served as President of a joint venture he negotiated with Bechtel Corporation, engaged in the development of a fibreboard mill in Williams Lake.
Ralph was Chair of the Financial Research Foundation in Toronto (1984-1985); Chair of the Queen's University Business School Advisory Committee in Kingston (1981-84); member of the Economic Council of Canada in Ottawa (1979-83); and Harvard Business School fundraiser (1968-1994). Ralph arranged endowed funding for the University of British Columbia mining engineering department (1990) and served on Harvard's Graduate School Arts & Science Visiting Advisory Committee (1993-1996) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ralph was an Augustana Lutheran Church Councillor.
Ralph has received academic awards, including graduation from the Harvard Business School with High Distinction, UBC's Cayley Prize in English, and an Engineering Institute of Canada student prize. He was also designated Baker Scholar at the Harvard Business School, and Ford Foundation Fellow at the Harvard Department of Economics. He is currently a member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia and Ontario and was previously registered with the Alberta Professional Engineers and Geologists Association.
In the B.C. government, he served short stints as Minister of Seniors, Minister of Advanced Education and Technology, and Minister in charge of Multiculturism.
Ralph learned much about health care from his wife of 43 years, Shirley Steele, who was raised in the same East Vancouver neighbourhood where Ralph grew up. She received her RN diploma from Vancouver General Hospital and subsequently earned two degrees at Boston University. She worked as a surgical nurse, was in charge of quality assurance at Montreal General Hospital, and was a rehabilitation clinic entrepreneur in partnership with a Vancouver psychiatrist. She died suddenly in 1999, prompting Ralph's entry into politics.
At age 81 he remains fully engaged as a back-bencher in the provincial legislature, representing both West Vancouver and North Vancouver District. He has four children, five grandchildren and spends his spare time boating, gardening and writing.


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Rita Irwin '77 calls her coworkers her family. Never mind that some of them have flippers.
Irwin, president and CEO of Dolphin Research Center in Grassy Key, Fla., has made a living out of researching and teaching the public about dolphins. Featuring 20 bottlenose dolphins as well as California sea lions, the center hosts narrated behavior sessions, educational presentations and interactive programs for the public.
It is also the southernmost manatee rescue operation in the country. As president, Irwin is responsible for taking care of the marine mammals, as well as maintaining the direction and mission of the entire center and its 83 employees.
Despite the stark differences, Irwin still finds a way to see parallels between the paradise-like city she resides in now and the notoriously chilly Port City, especially when looking out into the water.
"We used to look out onto the lake and see the snowstorms coming," Irwin said. "Now I'm in the Florida Keys looking at the Gulf of Mexico. It's very similar to being on campus and looking at the lake, but instead of snowstorms, it's rain storms."
Born and raised in New York City, Irwin's first taste of small-town living came when she arrived at Oswego for college. It was an experience she says she still cherishes, and one that helped her make the decision to move to Florida, where she met her husband, Dan Gallagher.
"When I came to the Keys, I was so attracted to the research center and Oswego helped me realize I could move out of a big city. I like the small town experience and Oswego was the only small town I lived in before I came to the Keys."
Outside of the job, Irwin has also found time to be active in the community, especially in the theatre scene. She recently co-wrote a musical and it is set to debut in March. Titled "Act Now," the production is about an audition at a community theatre and the lives and decisions of the people at the theatre. A theatre major while at Oswego, she credits her time working on productions at college for her latest accomplishment.
"[Writing and directing a musical was] a lifelong dream of mine. All of the hours I spent in the Oswego theatre have paid off."
— Kyle C. Gargan '11
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The richness of our history is a heritage that is needed to be preserved. Our fathers fought and gave their lives so that we can enjoy the freedom, peace and harmony gained. To tear apart in a moment what is so dear to us is but a travesty; it is a stripping away of our dignity and self-worth. The bonds of love and togetherness has crafted a nation despite the turbulence that continues to endure. Who would have thought that we would be facing this moment of crisis?
The time is upon us the moment when the decision that was made has driven us off course and we are now drifting in bewilderment and amazement the direction we are heading. All eyes are on us; the frog jump in the cold water where it became comfortable, it is now boiling and it cannot get out. When one decide not to participate the result is catastrophe. Are we the laughing stock or are we too blind and bewildered to realize the water is getting hotter and it is time to jump! Let us stand with one united voice and with a clear message; "enough is enough!" Get up stand up' stand up and unite and don't give up the fight!
We are under attack and it is not from the outside. So, we are afraid of the terrorist. Have you ever thought of terror within? The fabric of who we are; the good we have done will be gone in a moment because we chose to remove the ancient landmark which our fathers have built. There goes the saying, "give me liberty or give me death" which way are we heading? Is this the end of our civil society? I get it, we are too afraid to let anyone in so we will build a wall of comfort and ease while hiding in the dark afraid of our own shadows. Now we don't want to let anyone out!
We all believe in freedom. It is said that this country was built on the idea of freedom therefore there stands a representation of what we believe. It is standing on Liberty Island. This statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the "Roman goddes" who bears a torch and a "tabula ansata" (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the "American Declaration of Independence", July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad. Now times are changing and I am sure there are tears running down the eyes of this monument as it stands with hand up held even when the vision of its creator is facing a gloomy future.
No matter how rich or poor you are there is one thing that you should not change and this is the things the was implanted in you from those who have blaze the trail that you now must follow. The moments the stories and mementoes that you have been given and are now a part of who you are; the values and much more. The saying is, don't remove the ancient landmark that your fathers have set. It is the values, the rich history and the dignity we gained with the passage of time. Can we be so naïve to think that those things do not matter? Greatness is not the ability to destroy what took centuries to build, it is the humility gained from knowing that you are around when you are needed most. Let us not tear down the landmarks our fathers have set; let us build a bridge with an outstretched arm to welcome strangers in. This is what greatness is; linking the world with peace hope and togetherness.
The scriptures said, "I was naked and you clothe me, hungry and you feed me, a stranger and you took me in
What do we mean by the old landmark? A landmark was considered a sacred space that helped perpetuate family holdings and was used as a means of protection against deceit, error, and confusion. In the ancient days, it was the custom for someone who had land adjacent to someone else to have it stolen because that other person would adjust the land mark to steal the property of the other. The landmark was set as the boundary between the two properties. Let us look at it from another point of view! The things handed down from generations and given to us by those who have fought so that we can enjoy a good life without going through the things they had to go through. The things left for us; the values they shared and the strength and fortitude endured just so that we could live in peace and prosperity. These are the things we should hold on to; not giving in to the values that lead to nowhere but distrust and confusion.
As I sit to write what is in my heart, I share solidarity with those who are suffering because of the lack of foresight of others. Let us use the ancient landmark as a bridge of possibility to foster courage, love and respect. Let us not spread hate and fear. We are all a part of humanity, we have different shades but we are all unique. Please share the space as we endeavor to harmonize this big blue marble we call planet earth. The landmark was set as a guide we should hold it dear, guarding it at every moment or the thief will take it when you lease expect!


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Steward Health - Corporate
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HIM Inpatient Coding Auditor
at Steward Health - Corporate
Posted: 5/8/2020
Job Status: Full Time
Job Reference #: 18950
Categories: Accounting/Auditing
Job Description
Location: Corporate
Posted Date: 12/20/2019
Position Summary:‹‹‹‹‹
Conducts inpatient coding quality audits to validate code assignment is supported by clinical documentation in the medical record. Highly proficient in the proper assignment of ICD-10-CM and PCS codes.
- Education: Associates degree in Health Information (RHIT), or associates degree in applicable healthcare field.
- Experience 3-5 years progressive coding experience in acute care hospital setting, including auditing
- Certification/Licensure: AHIMA certification required, such as RHIA, RHIT or CCS,
- Software/Hardware: Meditech and 3M 360 experience required
- Other: Required to work out of Steward Health Care office located in Richardson, Texas.
- Travel: Expected travel is up to 10%. Education and/or company growth.
Key responsibilities:
- Performs coding audits of a wide variety of complex inpatient records to validate the ICD-10-CM, PCS codes, MS-DRG and/or APR DRG assignments.
- Provides written, detailed rationale and supporting evidence for recommendations on audit findings.
- Delivers educational feedback to coding staff regarding audit findings.
- Provides guidance to coding staff and management in identifying and resolving coding issues.
- Identifies documentation improvement opportunities that impact coding accuracy.
- Initiates physician queries for clarification of documentation in the medical record to achieve accurate code assignment.
- Collaborates with the clinical documentation improvement team for conflicts between code assignments.
- Reviews and researches billing edits.
- Assists with DRG denials from payers including researching and writing appeal letters.
- Ability to interpret Medicare and NCCI guidelines, National and Local Coverage Determinations to support coding compliance.
- Performs other duties as assigned including training/mentoring of new staff and performing research related to special projects
Application Instructions
Please click on the link below to apply for this position. A new window will open and direct you to apply at our corporate careers page. We look forward to hearing from you!


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The Boar is a Pelargonium with a simple salmony pink flower, a mid-green leaf with dark splurge - and a spreading loose habit growth. This why it is is also…
The plants are frost-tender (minimum temperature of 5C) but dislike hot, humid conditions. They are often treated like annuals for summer bedding in colder climates. In warmer climates with long hours of daylight they will flower almost all the time. They should be grown in a sunny well light and well-drained, neutral to alkaline soil. Dead-head frequently and fertilized regularly if grown in pots; do not over-water. Plants may be kept through winter in the greenhouse by cutting back in autumn-winter to 12cm and repotting.
Root division or softwood cuttings from spring to autumn.
Pests, diseases or disorders
Prone to vine weevils, aphids, grey mould and mealy bugs.


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Home | About Rolf | Contact | Directions | Request Appointment
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Soapie Teasers provided by TVSA. This article was first published by them.
Thursday 1 November 2018
Fanie receives the shock of his life when Lehasa reveals to him that he knows about a deep secret of his. Mary exposes a side of agitation unbeknownst to anyone that leaves Mokgadi and Meikie freaked out. Sphola and Mapitsi are surprised to find themselves in a sudden honeymoon phase.
Friday 2 November 2018
Lehasa is over the moon when Fanie presents him with information that has the potential to destroy Marothi. The braai at the Magongwas takes an unexpected turn when Alfred confides in someone about something bad he's done. Mapitsi and Sphola have different agendas from the start of their baecation.
Monday 5 November 2018
The Maputlas enjoy the book signing oblivious to the danger lurking in the room. Lehasa has a slip of the tongue which piques Lelo's curiosity. Celia is flabbergasted when she hears what Alfred says to the Priest.
Tuesday 6 November 2018
Alfred's plan threatens his own family's wellbeing. Noah finds shocking instructions from a prized book. Sphola tells a big fat lie about his baecation to a close friend.
Wednesday 7 November 2018
Trouble barges into Marothi and Rachel's relationship, kicking and screaming. Noah's lies keep fighting to see the sun when Malebana learns about his clandestine meetings with someone. Mapitsi offers Sphola an invitation too hard to resist.
Thursday 8 November 2018
Marothi asks Rachel a question that will change her life forever. Noah receives a shocking letter from Itumeleng placing him between a rock and a hard place. The Magongwas receive a surprise visit from someone they screwed over.
Friday 9 November 2018
The prodigal daughter of some household returns, leaving tongues tied and emotions high. A young man goes incognito to stalk Mokgadi and Leeto. Sphola is staggered to learn that he has to lend someone his car.
Monday 12 November 2018
A stranger brings Celia and Alfred shocking news. Sphola has put himself in a bad position and dreads Mapitsi finding out. A cornered Noah manages to hoodwink Malebana and the Maputlas.
Tuesday 13 November 2018
Rachel dares Celia and Charles to get in the way of her plans. Noah's desperation raises eyebrows. Mapitsi learns of something disturbing about Sphola.
Wednesday 14 November 2018
Noah makes himself the victim after a certain member of the Maputla household questions his latest tricks. Celia is outvoted on a matter relating to Rachel. Mapitsi is hurt when she finally confirms something Sphola has done recently.
Thursday 15 November 2018
Mary Matloga is cornered into silence when Malebana reveals things he knows about her and a dangerous criminal. Lehasa is shook after he learns of Marothi's latest trick to destroy him. Mapitsi is still unforgiving towards Sphola.
Friday 16 November 2018
An intruder with "access" to the Maputla house pays Noah a visit at night. Alfred throws Celia a bombshell regarding the negotiations. Sphola finds himself threatened by some soccer player over Mapitsi's heart.
Monday 19 November 2018
A young gangster is brought into the police station holding a certain notebook. Celia and Alfred's friction goes from bad to worse when Rachel's issues are added to the mix. Sphola's honeymoon spirals into the abyss after damning accusations are made.
Tuesday 20 November 2018
Mary pays the Maputlas a visit that leaves them in a tailspin. Charles secures a deal with the devil. Sphola finds himself in hot water with Mapitsi once again.
Wednesday 21 November 2018
John is shocked to see something in Malebana's office that he's familiar with. Rachel tells Marothi that they might experience some conundrums with the elders. Mapitsi makes a decision to cut ties with someone.
Thursday 22 November 2018
Lehasa hits Marothi where it hurts the most. Itumeleng gets to Noah from behind the bars. MaNtuli calls Meikie's bluff.
Friday 23 November 2018
Tbose is stunned when Noah acts in a weird fashion regarding a response to a faulty alarm. Alfred leaves Charles with food for thought regarding his plot against Rachel and Marothi's relationship.
Monday 26 November 2018
Something goes horribly wrong with a planned robbery of the Maputla Supermarket. Rachel is distraught when she continues to fail in her attempt to connect with someone close to her. Botshelo worries that Mapitsi's latest break-up might have fatal consequences.
Tuesday 27 November 2018
Tbose's mind is hurled in a dizzying tailspin when he recognises a certain book in Malebana's hands. Mapitsi gives Sphola a hurtful mouthful that nearly tips him off the edge. Marothi threatens to usher a loved one into a world of pain.
Wednesday 28 November 2018
Malebana and Babeile are floored when Tbose comes to alert them about something that might connect Noah to Sikes' gang. Alfred sees red when he overhears Rachel and Nimza talk about something Nimza made in his makeshift home lab. Mapitsi goes to tell Kat of the latest news regarding her relationship with Sphola.
Thursday 29 November 2018
Rachel makes the biggest threat to her family. Tbose is sure he's got Noah this time, but as always Noah's a step ahead of everyone. Kat is stunned by what Sphola says about Mapitsi.
Friday 30 November 2018
Blood is spilt in the Maputla house. Celia fears Rachel might be the one who set them up. Charles almost has a heart attack when he hears Rachel's voice on radio.
Catch the latest episode of Skeem Saam here.


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FO – Bamboo Drape Sweater
Happy Sunday! Yesterday I finally had a chance to take photos of the recent FO – Bamboo Drape sweater. I couldn't imagine taking photos of it anywhere, but here. This spot is one of my favorite in town – a small narrow street with dreamy windows and flowers hugging the walls; I always try to walk through it when in town. So, be ready for a photo overload 🙂 Isn't this window lovely?!
As for the sweater – I am in love! Bamboo will definitely be in my stash on regular basis. I am so happy I experimented and got out of my comfort fiber zone. It feels like an oil flowing against my skin – soft, smooth and sleek.
One more detail that is completely unusual for me is the ease. I've never had such an oversize sweater and it feels so unusual to wear. It makes it perfect for summer – you basically don't feel wearing it, it is just flowing around you!
I am also very pleased with the color, it is very "me", I love neutrals, beige and earthly colors, though this country definitely made me love the color more.
When I walk in it, I feel like there are wings behind my back – the drape is just amazing and the wind is playing with the fabric. Absolutely in love with this effect, I don't think I would be able to achieve it with the wool.
I can talk about the knitwear for ages, so I am going to stop now and just wish you a great Sunday! Thank you for being with me and your lovely comments about this project!


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The martlet is a vanguard of spring and a bearer of good news. Featured on this talisman atop a heart, it represents the happiness that is born out of love.
We have been handcrafting our talismans using time honored, old-world techniques from our studio in Vancouver, Canada since 1995.
Learn More About Pyrrha. Save
© 2020 Pyrrha. All rights Reserved. | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy | Customer Service: 1.877.479.7742


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Environmental relapse is a global issue that has for years affected the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat. Different countries have made moves to try to improve and prevent further damage to the environment, some of these efforts taking the form of global initiatives and agreements across several countries. The world has therefore reached a consensus on how to evaluate and rank countries based on 25 different indicators of "Green" Environment using a pollution index. Since many years ago, the German state has embarked on formulating and improving environmental protection rules and laws. German efforts towards "Mother Earth" have been praised by the United Nations as pioneering sustainable development and global transformation We hereby, shed light on some of the German policies undertaken towards environmental protection.
Where does Germany stand?
According to several environmental pollution rankings, German settles a place in the 20 least polluted countries worldwide. This ranking is based on analyses of indicators of air and water quality, greenhouse emissions and pollutant emissions
Eco-friendly Future
Being a top priority of the German regime, the federal government is continuously revising and re-revising current measures of environment protection. Environmental protection is being enacted via the creation of several "Environment- watcher" agencies and schemes in Germany. The Federal Environment Agency is responsible for assessing how the country is progressing towards a clean environment by measuring pollution emission index, energy productivity through renewable energy sources and raw materials productivity and how all this affects the Gross Domestic Product of the country.
As a part of the energy transition strategy and the "Climate Action Programme 2020", Germany is aspiring to shutdown all nuclear power plants to be replaced by more clean energy sources. A very smart move towards this aim was enabling investors who run their plants and industries on renewable energy sources access to more compensation as compared to other investors who resort to more pollutant energy sources in their industries. Further discouragement to using pollutant-energy was imposing an eco-friendly tax slogan that enforced more taxes on those using such sources of power.
Top-rank transportation system in the Eurozone
With its resilient infrastructure and extensive public transport system, most of the residents live near a bus or train stop point. This has efficiently dropped down the use of cars. In addition, Germany has embraced the Eco-design Directive – initially issued by the EU – to regulate product designing in such a way to reduce power consumption of many electronics, electric cars are now getting privileges for licensing and parking spaces as an encouragement to increase their use. The country has also enriched its infrastructure with extensive long-distance bike-paths backed by bike-friendly traffic arrangements.
Clean-Air & Clean-Water: Made in Germany
Through a sound legal framework that enforces air quality control, Germany approached the airborne pollution with a belief that "clean air can be planned". A stringent set of rules on industrial particulate waste and
On the other hand, water quality has been closely scrutinized and managed through an effective water management system and raising public awareness which results in abundant fresh water and ecological restoration of aquatic


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Where stories begin
There's nothing quite like a chilly evening spent strolling through a traditional Christmas market during the festive season. Indulge in all things Christmas as you shop, stroll and sip on spiced mulled wine against the backdrop of a quaint town square, Baroque palace or enchanting castle.
Get your Christmas shopping off to a fun and festive start with our selection of Christmas market breaks. Revel in Germany's seasonal gemütlichkeit (good cheer), or take in the romantic surroundings of Vienna Christmas Market. Take a stroll through the festively lit lanes between chalet-like market stalls, and discover the charming, unique atmosphere of a Christmas market break.
Whether you'd like to spend your time at a Christmas market admiring the fine handmade crafts on offer and shopping for unusual gifts, sipping a cup of glühwein as you gaze at glittering Christmas lights, or even ice skating in the middle of a town square, our Christmas market holidays are a wonderful way to welcome in the festive season.
From Berlin Christmas Market to the wooden stalls on Tallinn's Town Hall Square, join us to immerse yourself in a truly festive experience away from home. Visit some of the largest and oldest Christmas markets and explore elegant historic cities, or watch local craftsmen – from bakers to glassblowers and wood carvers – work their magic in the Christmas markets of smaller villages.
Wherever takes your fancy this festive season, you're sure to find something to match in our range of Christmas markets holidays.