text:
Quote: Gene, let's look at the clear wording of the 1963 and 2000 Baptist Faith and Message dealing with this subject:
The statement is describing the church in glory, not a hypothetical, invisible,
"The New Testament speaks also of the church as the Body of
Christ which includes all of the redeemed of all the ages." The key phrase
is "all the ages." This includes past, present, and future ages. Obviously,
the future is not yet here, and thus this church is not yet in existence.
universal church of the present era. The redeemed of the future are not yet in
existence, and the church described as including all the redeemed of all the
ages is not yet in existence.
a. All the ages includes this one, Theo. That church certainly does exist now. If Christ returns in the next five minutes it exists now. The term "universal" church refers to all the elect in any given age at any level. You're conflating "universal church" with "church militant." This is a category error.
b. If you wish to interpret that line of the 2000 BFM, then it should be interpreted in its own historical context and by its author's intent.
c. The BFM did not contain this statement until 1963. At the time the SBC was formed the churches affirmed the Philadelphia Confession. It reads:
1. The catholic or universal church, which (with respect to the internalI'd add that not all Southern Baptists affirm the 2000 BFM. Many affirm the 63. Many affirm the LCBF2 or LCBF1. Others affirm the New Hampshire Confession or even the BFM 25. The BFM 2000 is approved for use by the churches and the denominational agencies, it is not a universal standard for the churches.
work of the Spirit and truth of grace) may be called invisible, consists of the
whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one,
under Christ, the head thereof; and is the spouse, the body, the fulness of him
that filleth all in all. (Heb. 12:23; Col. 1:18; Eph. 1:10, 22, 23, 5:23, 27,
d.. That context for the statement is Dr. Hershel Hobbs. Dr. Hobbs did NOT affirm Carroll's view of the "glory" church. To read that back into the BFM from 1963 and then 2000 you need to read it by what the author himself meant. In the Convention that year, when McAllen confronted him with Pendleton's statements in Convention and askd him about the use of the term "the redeemed of all ages", he stated simply, according to the Convention minutes, "Pendleton refers to the church in aggregate." So you can cry about it all you want, but Hobbs, not Carroll, is the lens through which to read this statement, and Hobbs believed as Dr. Dagg did. This is "the church in aggregate" period. It is not a reference to the "glory" church that B.H. Carroll articulated. It is a simple statement to which both those of us that affirm the universal church can agree and those like you who disaffirm it can agree. You may interpret it your way, and I may interpret it in my way. Hobbs wrote that confession so that different parties could agree to these statement and come at them with different perspectives. It is well known that the BFM is such a document. You are preseing it in a direction it is not intended to be pressed. When Hobbs made that comment, there was no more discussion and the article was passed unanimously. You'd be hard pressed to find a statement from the framers of the BFM 2000 that assert what you are asserting here.
The church in glory is a different concept from the "invisible, universalIn B.H. Carroll, not in Dagg. We're discussing Dagg, not Carroll. If you wish to discuss Carroll, go for it on your own blog.
The "invisible, universal church" is usually a reference to all Christians on earth at a particular point in time. This would leave out redeemed infants dying in infancy.
I have before me a text that reads very specifically that the invisible church is simply the fellowship of all genuine believers and can apply to any level, from the regenerate people in a local church to the regenerate people on at 2:28pm Sept. 24, 1040 or to the church at the end of the age as Carroll says in Baptist Church Polity on page 8. That same text points us to Hebrews and the joint worship of the saints on earth and in heaven at any given time the church on earth worships.
Other definitions:
There is a distinction to be drawn between the church as we humans see it and as
God alone can see it. This is the historic distinction between the "visible
church" and the "invisible church." Invisible means, not that we can see no sign
of its presence, but that we cannot know (as God, the heart-reader, knows, 2
Tim. 2:19) which of those baptized, professing members of the church as an
organized institution are inwardly regenerate and thus belong to the church as a
spiritual fellowship of sinners loving their Savior. Jesus taught that in the
organized church there would always be people who thought they were Christians
and passed as Christians, some indeed becoming ministers, but who were not
renewed in heart and would therefore be exposed and rejected at the Judgment
(Matt. 7:15-27; 13:24-30, 36-43, 47-50; 25:1-46). The "visible-invisible"
distinction is drawn to take account of this. It is not that there are two
churches but that the visible community regularly contains imitation Christians
whom God knows not to be real (and who could know this for themselves if they
would, 2 Cor. 13:5). (JI Packer Concise Theology: A Guide To Historic Christian Beliefs )
The invisible Church of Christ is made up of all those who will be saved (the elect) from the foundation of the world until the return of Jesus Christ. We are all part of this invisible Church of Christ if we are saved. As the Westminster Confession of Faith defines the "invisible church" in contrast to the "visible church":
"The catholic or universal Church, which is invisible, consists of the whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one, under Christ the Head thereof; and is the spouse, the body, the fullness of Him that filleth all in all. (25.1) (Charles Biggs, "Forsaking Our Mother": Reclaiming Calvin's View of the Visible Church of Christ)
The "invisible, universal church" does not include physically dead people from the past or people from the future who do not yet exist.
The invisible, universal church includes all the elect. You are directly contradicted here by Wayne Grudem, "In speaking of the church as invisible the author of Hebrews speaks of the assembly (literally "chuch") of the first-born who are enrolled in heaven" (Heb. 12:23), and says that present day Christians join with that assembly in worship.
The church in glory is a different concept from the "invisible, universal church."
Dr. Dagg deals with the term "invisible church"
But the saints above and the saints below, make only one communion, one church;As to infants dying in infancy, this still comports with Dr. Dagg on this issue, since they would enter through sovereign regeneration. Dr Dagg will, in point of fact, discuss the union between the church triumphant and the church militant. Those of us here constitute the visible portion of the universal church. This is the church militant. Those who are dead now and in heaven are the church triumphant.
and theologians, when they mean to distinguish these two parts of the one
whole from each other, are accustomed to call them the church militant and
the church triumphant. By the church invisible, they mean all true
Christians; and by the church visible, all those who profess the true
religion. The invisible consists wholly of those who are sons of light;
and the visible includes sons of light and sons of darkness in one
community. We have seen that Christ does not recognise mere professors as
his disciples, and that he has taught us not so to recognise them. A
universal church, therefore, which consists of all who profess the true
religion, is a body which Christ does not own. To be visible saints, a holy
life must be superadded to a profession of the true religion; and they who
do not exhibit the light of a holy life, whatever their professions may be,
have no scriptural claim to be considered members of Christ'a church.
Without a doctrine of the universal church, you make the Romanist error. Local churches, despite Baptist ecclesiology, are composed of regenerate and unregenerate persons.
Regeneration admits one to the universal chuch.
It is not the door into the spiritual universal church; for men enter this
by regeneration, and are, therefore, members of it before they are fit subjects
for baptism. It is not the door into a local church; for, though it is a
prerequisite to membership, men may be baptized, and remain unconnected with any
local church.
Baptism admits you to the local church, but baptism, unless you affirm baptismal regeneration, does not guarantee you are regenerate. Ergo, local churches are visible churches, but the universal church militant is visible, but only to God, for only He knows of a certainty who is regenerate, and not all regenerate persons are, from the credo-baptist perspective part of visible, organized churches. The "invisible universal church" is comprised of the regenerate church militant and the church triumphant at any point in history.
Over at Jason Sampler's place, we find some interesting comments on Dr. Dagg:
First of all, I'd like to note that the whole of chapter 3 of Dagg is taken up explicating the doctrine of the universal church using Theodosia Ernest as his foil. I find it rather ironic that the one who denied the validity of the church universal at one blog would then use Dagg, who contradicts his own doctrine to support his doctrine.
Theo has now decided to use Dr. Dagg (thus the above comment by me) He writes:
"Admission to membership belongs to churches; but admission to baptism belongs
properly to the ministry. A single minister has the right to receive to baptism,
on his own responsibility; as is clear from the baptism of the eunoch by Philip,
when alone. But when a minister is officiating as pastor of a church, it is
expedient that they should unite their counsels in judging of a candidate's
qualifications; but the pastor ought to remember, that the responsibility of
receiving to baptism is properly his. The superior knowledge which he is
supposed to possess, and his office as the shepherd of the flock, and the
priority of baptism to church membership, all combine to render it necessary
that he first and chiefly should meet this responsibility, and act upon it in
fear of the Lord."
Yes, he does write that and he further devotes chapter 12 to these issues, the chapter from which you quoted.
"From the investigations in the preceding part of this work, we have
learned that a candidate has no right to baptize himself, or select his own
administrator, without regard to his being duly qualified according to the
divine will. The proper administrators are persons called of God to the
ministerial office, and introduced into it according to the order established by
the apostles. To such persons the candidate was bound to apply; and, if he
received the ordinance from any other, it was as if he had selected the
administrator at his own will, or had immersed himself. . . . Because when
church order has been destroyed, something unusual may be done to restore it, we
are not, on this account, justified in neglecting the regular order when it does
exist. Every church is bound to respect this order, and a candidate who has
failed to respect it in a former baptism, may, with a good conscience, proceed
anew to obey the Lord's command, in exact conformity to the divine requirement.
. . . By a wise provision the social tendency of Christianity is shown at the
very beginning of the Christian profession. The candidate cannot obey alone, but
he must seek an administrator to unite with him in the act of obedience, and by
this arrangement Christian fellowship begins with Christian profession. But that
two may walk together in this act of obedience, it is necessary that they should
be agreed. If the administrator and candidate differ widely in their views
respecting the nature and design of the ordinance, they cannot have fellowship
with each other in the service."
--This invites scrutiny of what was previous stated, does it not? Prior to the section you quoted, we find this:
With respect to rebaptism:
.First, the ones of a differing conclusion, for Dagg are the Landmarks, for Theodosia Ernest is his foil in Chapter 3, and he goes to great lengths to contradict it. I have before me a copy of Baptist Theologians by Dockery and George and they agree. Second, what does he say here...differences are to be T O L E R A T E D .
It has sometimes happened, that ministers have differed in their views; and a
candidate, whom one minister has refused to rebaptize, has been rebaptized by
another. In such cases, no breach of fellowship between the ministers occurs;
nor ought it to be allowed. In like manner, a difference of opinion may exist
between churches; and one church may admit without rebaptism, when another
church would require it. This difference should not disturb the kind intercourse
between the churches. But if the individual who has been received without
rebaptism, should seek to remove his membership to the church that deems
rebaptism necessary, the latter church has authority, as an independent body, to
reject him. --So, this is a local church issue and the several churches are free
to differ accordingly. No one church can tell another what its baptismal
practices shall be. Though some difference of opinion on these questions does
exist, and ought to be tolerated, yet every one should strive to learn his duty
respecting them, by a diligent study of the Holy Scriptures. The directions of
the inspired word are clear, so long as men keep in the prescribed way; but when
they have wandered from it, no surprise should be felt if the method of return
is not so clearly pointed out. Hence it arises that men who interpret the
express precepts of Christ alike, may, in applying them to perplexing cases,
differ in their judgment. In what follows I shall give my views, with deference
to those whose investigations have led them to a different conclusion.
What is the criterion for baptism according to Dagg?
Baptism was designed to be the ceremony of Christian profession. If, in the
first baptism, the candidate believed himself to be a Christian, and received
baptism on a credible profession of faith in Christ, no higher qualification can
be obtained for a second baptism. They to whom the administration of the ritehas
been committed, do not possess the power to search the heart. A credible
profession of faith, sincerely made, is all that fallible men can expect; and,
since the ordinance has been committed to fallible men, it is duly administered
on sincere and credible profession. Some confirmation of this view may be
derived from the case of Simon the sorcerer. Though baptized on profession of
faith, it was afterwards discovered that his heart was not right in the sight of
God. On making the discovery, Peter did not command him to repent and be
baptized, as he commanded the unbaptized on the day of Pentecost: but his
address was, "Repent, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be
forgiven thee."
---This is what we look to for baptism. The discussion on the IMB policies has to do with indexing baptism to eternal security. These missions candidates are already credo-baptized. For Dr. Dagg, a credible profession of faith alone is what is necessary for valid baptism, not adherence to a full scope of doctrines. This is very, very clear for him, and he very carefully notes that all Baptist local churches are full of both regenerate and baptized and unregenerate and baptized persons, so baptism doesn't guarantee orthodoxy, much less regeneracy. This is just an assumption we make based on that profession.
If, in the first baptism, the candidate believed himself to be aDr. Dagg did not deny that Arminians are regenerate. Why then, if he believed a credible profession of faith is necessary for baptism, would anybody believe he would recommend that somebody credobaptized in a Free Will Baptist or Assemblies of God church that disaffirmed eternal security be rebaptized? That wouldn't make sense. Dr. Dagg was many things, a hyper-Calvinist was not one of them. If all the regenerate constitute the universal and visible church (Chapter 3 of his Manual), and he is not a hyper-Calvinist, then what possible logic can you pull from Dr. Dagg that would infer he would support the rebaptism of persons coming to us from Free Will Baptist churches or the Assemblies of God?
Christian, and received baptism on a credible profession of faith in Christ, no
higher qualification can be obtained for a second baptism..
I'd add that Dr. Dagg believed in the perseverance of the saints not the version of eternal security that is so popular in a great many of our churches today. If one is going to invoke Dr. Dagg to support the IMB policies, then let him invoke what Dr. Dagg believed about that issue as well. Why say "eternal security' and not "perseverance of the saints?" One of those says you can bear no fruit and apostatize and still be counted as a true convert, so how exactly is "eternal security" in that form in any way reflected in baptism? Speaking for myself, that's not the version I want to see IMB candidates affirm, and if I'm going to be told by the IMB to look back at another church's doctrine for a person in my church, then that's a doctrine I reject, so why should I say that that doctrine is acceptable and disaffirmation of it is not? To be blunt, I reject "eternal security," and i reject "conditional security." I believe in perseverance of the saints.
A local church is to make the evaluation. The church cannot throw the question fully on the candidate or the administrator. Ministers have differed in their views on this. Ergo, there is variance in how this is done. The differences should not disturb the "kind intercourse" between the churches. One church can reject the member not rebaptized and require them to do so if they wish to join with them. However, they are not OBLIGATED, to do so. Notice the appeal to the local church itself. One looks in vain for anything that says that an ecclesiastical committee like a board of trustees can dictate baptismal practice and who to accept and not accept or baptize and rebaptize to a local church.
So, prior to the section from Chapter 12 quoted, we find that no one church can dicate policy on this to another, whatever its position might be, but the interesting thing here is that Dagg does not index eternal security to baptism nor does he say that churches are under obligation to agree with each other with respect to rebaptisms. He does not reject immersions by paedobaptists completely. He would reject *some* based on certain conditions, but not *all*, and this is for the local church to decide and variances are allowable between them.
In the very section quoted Dr. Dagg stops short of saying the candidate MUST be rebaptized. He says that it is up to the local church to decide. He would advise them to do so, from the look of his statements, but he would not mandate that a man be rebaptized. I certainly don't believe he would rebaptize a man who came from a general Baptist church. I'd ask where there is ever any writing to that effect within Southern Baptist history and theology? I don't think so.
Notice also these words:
Some Pedobaptist ministers will administer immersionSome, notice he does not say ALL. He says some, and it is this "some" about which he speaks. Take the PCA for example. In the Pacific NW, I am informed by a good friend who is a PCA Teaching Elder that, because there are no Reformed Baptist churches in the area, a great many have come into his church. Those that desire baptism, he baptizes accordingly, according to our doctrine. He does this affirming that the Westminster Confession and the 2LCBF differ, but, because he considers a Baptists convinction about his baptism strongly and knows they have no Baptist church which they believe themselves able to attend, he will gladly and happily help this brother obey the conclusions that he has reached about baptism. Would he, then qualify in this "some?" He is not "reluctant" at all.
reluctantly, believing it to be an ineligible mode of baptism..."
Then he says: .
Pedobaptist ministers do not, in general, administer the rite as an emblem ofNot all. Moreover, I have before me a Presbyterian theology text (Reymond)that says it rejects appealing to the burial and resurrection of Christ in baptism with respect to the mode (immersion itself) because that is rightly found in the Lord's Supper, but it is the administration of the new covenant that is symbolized in baptism. While Dr. Dagg rightly rejects pouring, he does say that rebaptism bec. of previous pouring is not rightly called "baptism." Also, in Presbyterian theologies, you find that baptism seen as an administration of the covenant of grace, a covenant that is directly dependent on the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ for its administration. So, they do, in point of fact, include the cross and the (empty) tomb in the administration of baptism, and it certainly represents that when they baptize adults who are unbaptized after they have been converted.
Christ's burial and resurrection.Note, he says "in general."
It is high time that Presbyterians and Baptists quit talking past each other. Dr. Dagg, in my opinion, is mistaken, or his words apply to a different age, and Covenant Theology itself has been revised in the last century anyway. I'd add the WCF speaks of regeneration, ingrafting into Christ, remission of sins, and walking in newness of life. Before writing this, I checked several resources and found Presyberians contradicting what Dr. Dagg here says about them not viewing baptism as an emblem of Christ's resurrection and burial. They view it that way with respect to the administration of the covenant in a particular manner, but they apply to all, because they view children as included in the covenant. This is massively inconsistent to do this if you believe in effacious grace in the opinion of Baptists, and that is in a nutshell, why Reformed Baptists disagree with them.
Moving on...
Since when does the IMB board constitute a local church? Answer: It does not. According to the explication of the BFM 2000 by Southern Seminary's own faculty:
Boards and conventions are not the church; they are merely means to accomplish
the church's mission. There is no Southern Baptist Church or Kentucky Baptist
Church. Conventions are the creation of the churches and subject to them. They
are large committees appointed by the churches.
Can the IMB reject the baptism of a local church that is recommending a baptized candidate for missions if the church has already declared their baptism valid? Can it dictate rebaptism to a local church, if the Board is not a local church? I think not.
Furthermore, the issue here isn't baptism for local church membership. The policy is not being applied to all church members . The issue here is about rebaptism not for church membership but for service on the mission field, the discharge of the duties of ministry, fulfillment of a call to serve and preach the gospel by a specfic person. Pointing to what Dagg says about baptism and rebaptism with respect for church membership is somewhat relevant, but not all that you need to examine. I don't think you'll find support for the IMB policies in Dagg when you consider that portion of Dagg. Baptism in the policy is being indexed to eternal security for missions candidates alone, not all church members. Thus, what Dr. Dagg says about the call to ministry is germaine to the issue.
Dr. Dagg clearly and unequivocably indexes a person's call to service not to his baptism, but to REGENERATION.
In Chapter III. we have investigated the Scripture doctrine concerning the
church universal. If we have not mistaken the divine teaching on the subject,
every man who is born of the Spirit is a member of this church. Regeneration,
not baptism, introduces him into it. The dogma that baptism initiates into
thechurch, and that those who are not baptized are not church-members, even if
they are Christians, denies the existence of this spiritual church, and
substitutes for it the visible church catholic of theologians. The evils
resulting from this unscriptural substitution, have been shown on pp. 132, 133.
They are sufficient to deter us from an inconsiderate admission of the dogma
from which they proceed. Later he writes:The lawfulness of inviting Pedobaptist
preachers into the pulpit, has been defended on the ground that any Christian
has the right to talk of Christ and his great salvation. Our Landmark brethren
admit that all have a right to make known the gospel privately, but deny that
any have the right to proclaim it publicly, except those who have been regularly
inducted into the ministerial office. The distinction between talking of Christ
privately and proclaiming his gospel publicly, appears to me to respect
obligation rather than right. If a Christian has a right to tell of Christ to a
fellow man who sits by his side, or walks in the highway with him, he has the
same right to address two in like manner, and, so far as I can see, he has an
equal right to address ten, a hundred, or a thousand. The obligation to exercise
this right is limited only by his ability to do good, and the opportunity which
Providence presents of using such talents as he possesses to the glory of God
and the benefit of immortal souls. A divine call to the work of the ministry
being always accompanied with qualifications for public usefulness, creates
obligation rather than confers right, as wealth creates obligation rather than
confers right, to relieve the poor.
Now, to defend the lawfulness of inviting a Pedobaptist preacher into the
pulpit, it has been deemed sufficient to maintain that the person so invited has
a right to talk of Christ to perishing men, and recommend his salvation to their
acceptance. The argument appears to me to be valid; but I have chosen to take
higher ground, and to maintain that many Pedobaptist ministers give convincing
proof that the Holy Spirit has called and qualified them to preach the gospel,
and that it is therefore not only their right, but their duty, to fulfil the
ministry which God has committed to them. The Landmark inquires for the
authority on which Pedobaptist preachers act. "If Pedobaptist societies are not
churches of Christ, whence do their ministers derive their authority to preach?
Is there any scriptural authority to preach which does not come through a church
of Christ? And if Pedobaptist ministers are not in Christian churches, have they
any right to preach? that is to say, have they any authority according to the
gospel? They are doubtless authorized by the forms and regulations of their
respective societies. But do they act under evangelical authority? It is
perfectly evident to the writer,that they do not."(23) We answer, that, if the
Holy Spirit has qualified men to preach the gospel, they preach it with divine
authority. The Holy Spirit, who divides to every man severally as he will, does
not give the necessary qualifications for the gospel ministry, without designing
that they shall be used; and since he only can give these qualifications, we are
sure that every man who possesses them, is bound, by the authority of God, to
use them to the end for which they are bestowed. We arrive at this conclusion,
aside from all reasoning about ceremonies and churches; and the proof brings
irresistible conviction. Here is a landmark of truth, which must not be
deserted, however much we may be perplexed with reasonings about outward forms.
The policies are not simply about indexing baptism to eternal security for church membership. They are indexing eternal security to baptism then indexing this to service on the mission field. If this was solely about indexing baptism and eternal security, they would be saying that all church members should be rebaptized, period. They do not. The policy is aimed solely at missionaries. So, if you're going to invoke Dr. Dagg, then what he says about a man's call to service is very germaine here.
These candidates today have already received credobaptism and have been active in their recommending churches, where they are already members in good standing, which by definition means those churches have already received their baptisms as valid for upwards of 3 years!
What does Dr. Dagg say? He says the churches are free to vary as to whose baptisms they will accept in these difficult cases and that the intercourse of churches should not suffer. He says no church has the right to dictate its baptism policy to another church, and the explantion of the BFM 2000 SBTS faculty denies that the boards have any authority over local churches; ditto for the Convention, so I would ask where the IMB thinks it gets the power or the right to tell me who I need to rebaptize or not rebaptize if I and my church recommend a missionary to them?
Why are other church members exempt and only missionaries named? This makes the guidelines quite arbitrary, and it invites scrutiny as to why baptism in a church affirming eternal security, even if (a) the individual is already testifying to the board that they affirm Article V of the BFM and (b) the recommending church affirms the doctrine and has already accepted this missionary candidate's baptism.
This is extremely important. Dagg explicitly states contrary to the Landmarks, that (a) there is a universal church; (b) he used the word church to refer to local assemblies without regard to denominational distinctives , and (c) un-credobaptized ministers are to be recognized as true ministers of the gospel, though erring. He rejects infant baptism. When he addresses the question of the rebaptism of those baptized by paedobaptists, he says not that there is a uniform practice, but that differences should be tolerated and no one church may dictate to another how to answer difficult situations. He lays out certain guidelines, but stops short of declaring the churches must adhere to them or rebaptize any person or accept each others baptisms or anybody elses for that matter. In addition, both the administrator and the candidate must be willing. If the candidate is satisfied with his baptism and his church is satisfied with it, then it would seem that the best another church could do is either reject the person and tell him to go elsewhere, but they cannot ever tell the sending church, "rebaptize him." Moreover, the only paedobaptist immersions he recommends rejecting are those in which the baptismal candidate himself (not the receiving church if you read him carefully) realizes the minister was doing so "reluctantly" or without regard to the cross,burial,and resurrection. History has shown this was not always the case, and it is not always the case today. He also says that sprinkling must be repeated with an immersion but is not rightly called baptism.
Most importantly, and most relevant here is the fact that he was not a hyper-Calvinist, and he very specifically says that a credible profession of faith is what is necessary for a candidate's baptism to be valid. How can any right thinking individual use Dr. Dagg to assert that he would approve of the new policy when he was not a hyper-Calvinist? Will you seriously argue that after saying that other ministers are to be considered true ministers and other churches are true churches and all the while not affirming only Calvinists are Christians Dr. Dagg would then say a person should be rebaptized (for service on the mission field) if they came from a Free Will Baptist Church? That would require that a person coming from said church not be able to give a credible profession and those in that church not be giving a credible profession and not be a true church, a premise he denies.
Most of all, Dr. Dagg says:
"Because we differ from other professors in our faith and practice
respecting the externals of religiion, we are under a constant temptation to
make too much account of these external peculiarities. Against this temptation,
we should ever struggle. If we magnify ceremonly unduly, we abandon our
principles, and cease to fulfill the mission to which the Head of the church has
assigned us." Treatise on Church Order 301-302.
Having said that, there are Baptists who connected eternal security to the validity of baptism.
Ben Stratton chimes in:
In J.R. Graves' book Trilemma, he has a chapter on why Free Will
Baptist immersions should be rejected. His first sentence deals with the eternal
security issue.
This actually worth noting. R.L. Vaughn notes, however, that those chapters appear in the 1881 edition, not the original edition from 1861. I think this is an important point, as Graves had a stroke in 1883 or 84, and, as it turns out Graves was not a very pleasant person when it came to his Landmarkism.
Dr. Graves, in 1858 was subject to a church trial at FBC Nashville, in which he was found guilty of slandering RBC Howell, the pastor; seeking to divide the church; using The Baptist to attack other Baptist leaders, publishing "sundry foul and atrocious libels," and uttering falsehoods in 9 specifications. He was placed under the discipline of the church and excluded from it. When the verdict was rendered, he and 46 of his followers at FBC Nashville declared that RBC Howell and the rest of FBC Nashville were not a true church and they decided to form their own church, which became known as State Street Baptist. At that time, they still called themselves the one true FBC Nashville.
In 1858, he gathered his supporters in Concord Association and, in so doing violated his own affirmation of local church autonomy in order to overturn FBC Nashville's decision. He also succeeded in persuading the TN Baptist Convention to not seat Howell's church at their state convention. At the 1859 Convention, the SBC itself seated both Grave's church, and despite Graves' efforts to persuade them to do otherwise, they seated FBC Nashville (Howell). On the first ballot, they reelected Howell as President. Then, they defeated the move by the Landmarks to dismantle the FMB.
This is not the behavior of a man, in my opinion, that says that he believed Free Will baptisms invalid were solely theological. This is the behavior of a man who would exclude those who disagreed with him about a great many thing, so his rejection of free willers is, to be blunt, an outgrowth of more than just theological convictions. Who of us would also declare RBC Howell's church wasn't a true church?
I'd add that the churches that formed the SBC in Augusta adhered to the Philadelphia Confession. What was the practice of Reformed Baptists at that time?
Even though B.H. Carroll became known as one of the 3 leaders of the anti-Whitsett movement, Carroll still opposed Hayden in Texas, and he did so on the basis that he believed Hayden's movement would only divide the BGCT and the SBC and directly threatened missions.
The SBC has consistently voted to facilitate the service of missionaries when Landmarkism in its forms has intersected with missions. Landmarkers have historically lost when their activity has intersected with the missions boards.


text:
ANTH-162 Introduction to Anthropology
This course is an introduction to the field of anthropology. Specifically, the course introduces students to the ways in which anthropologists have thought about and investigated human diversity. We inquire into what it is that makes us human; the unique role culture plays in our humanity; the relationships of culture, language and biology; and how anthropologists have studied material culture in past and present civilizations using the tools and theoretical paradigms of archaeology. Students explore these questions through the study of ethnographies and a textbook. 4 SH. CC: Diversity, Social Interactions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma The University of Pittsburgh Experience Raja R. Seethala, MD; Jonas T. Johnson, MD; E. Leon Barnes, MD; Eugene N. Myers, MD Objective: To reappraise the clinical and histologic vari- ables associated with a more aggressive outcome in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: University hospital. Patients: Twenty-four patients with PLGA treated from January 1, 1973, through December 31, 2005. Main Outcome Measure: Analysis of clinical and pathologic variables in 30 biopsy or resection specimens from 24 patients. Results: Only 4 PLGAs were not initially diagnosed as such. However, 8 non-PLGAs (thus excluded) were incorrectly diagnosed as PLGA. Most carcinomas (14 of 24 [58%]) were palatal. Recurrent carcinomas had a significantly higher mitotic rate (2.7 mitoses per 10 highpower fields) compared with primary tumors (1.2 mito- T Author Affiliations: Departments of Pathology (Drs Seethala and Barnes) and Otolaryngology (Drs Johnson and Myers), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ses per high-power fields, P = .046), and 3 of 7 (43%) recurrences showed progression to an intermediategrade histologic type. No patient died of disease. Median disease-free survival was 12.8 years. Four of 24 patients (17%) had regional lymph node metastases, 3 with carcinomas of the base of the tongue. One PLGA metastasized to the subcutaneous tissue of the face, orbit, and lungs at 19.6 years. An extrapalatal site was the only significant determinant of disease-free survival (P=.03). Conclusions: Diagnosis of PLGA remains a challenge. Extrapalatal carcinomas appear to behave in a more aggressive fashion than those of the palate, and cancer arising from the base of the tongue frequently metastasizes to the cervical lymph nodes, suggesting a role for neck dissection in these patients. Recurrent cancers show evidence of histologic progression, justifying an aggressive approach to achieving initial complete excision. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(4):385-392 HE TERM POLYMORPHOUS low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) was introduced by Evans and Batsakis1 in 1984 to describe a cytologically bland but architecturally diverse malignant neoplasm of minor salivary gland origin that had been previously recognized as lobular carcinoma,2 terminal duct carcinoma,3 and low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma.4 Despite the fact that this term has existed for nearly 25 years, PLGA remains a diagnostic challenge.5 Although originally described as cancer of a minor salivary gland origin in the oral cavity, PLGA has also been described at several sites outside the oral cavity, including major salivary glands.6-8 Polymorphous lowgrade adenocarcinoma should be thought of as distinct from adenoid cystic carcinoma, a common differential diagnostic consideration, because of the more relentless and aggressive behavior of the latter.9 However, with sufficient long-term follow-up,10 the recurrence rate for PLGA is high at almost 33%, and distant metas- (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 385 tasis or even transformation to a highgrade adenocarcinoma11,12 has been noted. The surprisingly aggressive behavior of these adenocarcinomas in some of our patients despite the term low grade prompted the present study. Perhaps the oldest controversy is whether to consider papillary predominant carcinomas as variants of PLGA or as separate tumors altogether.10,13-15 Regardless of classification, predominantly papillary cancers have been reported to have a more aggressive biological behavior, although this has been validated in only 1 series.10 Despite the reported frequent occurrence of these tumors,16,17 large series in which patients were treated at a single institution are rare.5,7,10 To reappraise and validate prior findings and concepts, we present the clinicopathologic findings of our PLGA cohort. METHODS The Head and Neck Oncology Registry of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 lymph node status, locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software, version 14.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). For papillary components, solid percentiles, and mitotic indices, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison between the 2 groups. For comparison of frequencies of categorical variables between groups, a Fisher exact test was used with a 2-tailed distribution. Overall survival was reported descriptively, and the arithmetic median survival was used. Diseasefree survival (DFS) was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method with groupwise comparisons made via a univariate Cox proportional hazards model. The Kaplan-Meier median (the time at which 0.5 patient remained disease free) was reported. P⬍.05 was considered statistically significant. Figure 1. A carcinoma commonly misclassified as polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin-eosin staining used in both parts of Figure). This parotid epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma shows a solid growth pattern with scattered tubules and mostly shows elongated nuclei with open chromatin and delicate nuclear membranes reminiscent of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (original magnification ⫻200). However, even at this magnification the tumor is biphasic, consisting of a clear cell population surrounding compressed, lightly eosinophilic cuboidal epithelium-lined tubules (arrows). Inset, This dual population is readily apparent on higher magnification, and there are central nucleoli evident in the ductal component but not the outer myoepithelial component (original magnification ⫻400). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was assessed retrospectively. This review was approved by the University of Pittsburgh institutional review board. All patients classified as having PLGA were reevaluated by one of us (R.R.S.). Material from patients treated in our institution from January 1, 1973, through December 31, 2005, was available. For patients who presented after the recognition of PLGA at our institution (in 1985), the search terms used included the following: polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma; adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS); papillary adenocarcinoma; and cribriform adenocarcinoma of tongue. For patients who presented before the use of the term PLGA, search terms included the following: adenocarcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, terminal duct carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, and monomorphic adenoma. The histologic definition of PLGA used for inclusion in this study was a modification of the World Health Organization definition,16 with additional descriptors derived from the histologic variables gathered from previous series:1,10,15 "a monophasic malignant salivary gland adenocarcinoma with polymorphous growth patterns (tubular, cribriform, papillary and/or solid), but bland, monomorphic cytonuclear features including characteristic ovoid nuclei with open vesicular chromatin." Carcinomas arising in the major salivary glands, pharynx, and base of the tongue that fulfilled this definition were also included. Gross and histologic variables were recorded. The solid and papillary (because of its reported importance)10 components were evaluated as separate variables in all patients and estimated to the nearest fifth percentile. Mitotic counts were recorded as number per 10 high-power fields (HPF) (⫻40microscopic objective lens). Other oncologically relevant histologic variables, including the status of the margins of resection, perineural invasion (PNI), angiolymphatic invasion (ALI), and bone invasion, were recorded as well. For patients with PNI, the presence of intraneural invasion or large nerve PNI was also recorded. A large nerve was defined arbitrarily as a nerve with a cross-sectional diameter of 0.25 mm or larger (roughly half of 1 HPF, ⫻40 microscopic objective lens). These histologic variables were linked with clinical and demographic data, including age at diagnosis, sex, treatment, RESULTS INITIAL DIAGNOSIS Twenty-eight patients were initially diagnosed as having PLGA. Eight of 28 patients diagnosed as having PLGA (29%) were excluded from this study. Their tumors did not fulfill our definition of PLGA and were compatible with other specific salivary gland malignant neoplasms in 5 patients. Diagnoses for these patients included 3 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (Figure 1); 3 lowgrade to intermediate-grade adenocarcinomas, NOS; 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma; and 1 low-grade salivary duct carcinoma (also known as low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma). The low-grade salivary duct carcinoma was seen at our institution before the description of this entity in 1996.18 Four additional patients treated at our institution were not initially diagnosed as having PLGA but, on review, fulfilled the criteria for PLGA. Three of these 4 patients (75%) had their conditions diagnosed before 1984, the year the term PLGA was first used.1 The original diagnoses for these patients included 1 adenocarcinoma, NOS; 1 pleomorphic adenoma; 1 monomorphic adenoma; and 1 mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Thus, in total, 24 patients were satisfactorily diagnosed as having PLGA. Fourteen of these 24 patients were initially diagnosed as having PLGA at outside institutions. Of these, 6 (43%) were diagnosed as having PLGA, whereas other diagnoses were 4 adenocarcinomas, NOS; 2 adenoid cystic carcinomas; 1 mucoepidermoid carcinoma; and 1 pleomorphic adenoma. CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES The mean age at diagnosis was 59.4 years (range, 26-85 years). There was a female predilection with a female to male ratio of 2.4:1.0. The site distribution was as follows: palate, 14 (hard palate, 9; and soft palate, 5); base of the tongue, 3; nasopharynx, 3; upper lip, 2; tonsil, 1; and parotid, 1. PATHOLOGIC FEATURES: PRIMARY TUMORS The slides and reports from the primary cancers, including cancers originally diagnosed at an outside hospital, (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 386 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 A B C Figure 2. Forms of invasion seen in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) (hematoxylin-eosin staining used in all parts of Figure). A, Nasopharyngeal PLGA demonstrating bone invasion (original magnification ⫻40). B, This PLGA arising in the parotid gland demonstrates invasion around this large nerve (original magnification ⫻200). C, This carcinoma of the lip shows a large tumor embolus (original magnification ⫻200). were available in 23 of 24 patients; 1 patient had only the recurrences available for review. A gross measurement of tumor size was available in 16 patients. The mean size of the tumor was 2.4 cm (range, 1.1-6.8 cm). The mean size of extrapalatal tumors (3.6 cm; range, 2.2-6.8 cm) was significantly greater than that of palatal tumors (1.4 cm; range, 1.1-1.8 cm) (P = .01). Margin status was available in 20 patients. Final margins (even after reexcision of initially positive margins) were positive in 9 patients (45%) (palate, 5; nasopharynx, 2; base of the tongue, 1; and parotid, 1). Gross and/or microscopic bone invasion was present in 6 of 23 primary tumors (26%) overall. All 3 nasopharyngeal PLGAs invaded bone (Figure 2A), whereas 3 of 13 primary palatal tumors (23%) invaded bone. Overall, PNI was identified in 12 of 23 tumors (52%) (Figure 2B). Relative frequencies based on site are as follows: palate, 8 of 14 (57%); upper lip, 1 of 2 (50%); base of the tongue, 1 of 3 (33%); nasopharynx, 1 of 3 (33%); and parotid, 1 of 1 (100%). Seven of 12 PLGAs with PNI (58%) showed large nerve involvement: palate, 3; base of the tongue, 1; nasopharynx, 1; upper lip, 1; and parotid, 1. Three of 12 tumors with PNI (25%) also showed intraneural invasion (palate, 2; and parotid, 1). Angiolymphatic invasion was identified in 7 of 23 patients (30%) overall (Figure 2C). Site distribution was as follows: base of the tongue, 3 of 3 (100%); upper lip, 2 of 2 (100%); nasopharynx, 1 of 3 (33%); and palate, 1 of 13 (8%). The 1 parotid tumor in this study did not show angiolymphatic invasion. Palatal PLGA had a slightly higher prevalence of PNI (58%) than extrapalatal PLGA (40%). Extrapalatal carcinomas had a significantly higher prevalence of ALI (60%) than those of the palate (8%) (P= .02). The mean mitotic count for primary PLGA was 1.3 per 10 HPF (range, 0-3.0 per 10 HPF). Mean mitotic counts for pala- tal PLGA (1.2 per 10 HPF) were similar to those for extrapalatal PLGA (1.3 per 10 HPF). All carcinomas showed a mixture of tubular, cribriform, and papillary growth patterns (Figure 3A-C). The mean solid component (Figure 3D) overall was 47% (range, 0%-90%). Extrapalatal PLGA had only a slightly higher mean solid component (49%) than palatal PLGA (45%). The mean papillary component overall was 11%, although the range was wide (0%-90%). Extrapalatal PLGA had a slightly higher mean papillary component (18%; range, 0%-90%) than palatal PLGA (6%; range, 0%40%). These differences were not statistically significant. However, more specific subsite stratification was not attempted because of the small sample size. Nevertheless, descriptively, all PLGAs of the base of the tongue were predominantly solid and papillary and showed by far the highest mean papillary composition (47%; range, 20%-90%) of all sites. All nasopharyngeal PLGAs were predominantly solid to cribriform with only focal papillary areas (mean, 13%; range, 10%-20%). Carcinomas with ALI had a significantly higher percentageofpapillaryareas(mean,30%;range,0%-90%)thanthose without (mean, 3%; range, 0%-20%) (P=.003). All carcinomas with more than 20% papillary areas showed ALI. No significant correlations were noted between solid and papillary percentage and PNI of any type or bone invasion. PATHOLOGIC FEATURES: RECURRENCES Seven of 24 patients (29%) had a local recurrence. Three patients had regional recurrences in cervical lymph nodes (13%), 2 of whom had local recurrences as well, yielding a total locoregional recurrence rate of 33% (8 patients). Slides of these recurrences were available in 7 of 8 patients, from whom 6 paired primary tumors were also available. The mean percentage of solid (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 387 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 A B C D Figure 3. Common patterns in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin-eosin staining used in all parts of Figure). A, Tubular growth in this carcinoma of the palate (original magnification ⫻200). B, Cribriform growth in this tumor of the upper lip with adenoid cysticlike cylindrical hyaline matrix deposition (original magnification ⫻200). C, Papillary growth in this tumor of the palate (original magnification ⫻200). D, Tumor of the base of the tongue with solid areas (original magnification ⫻200). areas in recurrent disease was similar to primary disease (46%; range, 20%-80%). The mean percentage of the papillary component was, however, increased (26%; range, 0%-70%) in recurrence disease, although this difference was not significant. Mean mitotic counts were, however, significantly higher in recurrent disease (2.7 per 10 HPF; range, 1-5 per 10 HPF) (P = .046). In addition, 3 of 7 recurrent cancers showed evidence of histologic progression to an intermediate-grade morphologic type (Figure 4). These 3 patients constituted the higher end of the mitotic range in recurrent cancers (mean, 3.7 per 10 HPF; range, 3-5 per 10 HPF), with 1 patient even showing atypical mitoses. No recurrent disease had high-grade transformation based on criteria reported previously.12 TREATMENT, OUTCOME, AND CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATIONS Nineteen patients received primary treatment within our health care system. The other 5 were initially treated elsewhere. Initial treatment included surgery in 19 patients, surgery and adjuvant radion therapy in 4 patients, and radion therapy alone in 1 patient. One patient was lost to follow-up. Seven of 22 patients (32%) died (median time, 13.7 years; range, 1.216.3 years), but no deaths were attributed to PLGA. Median follow-up on surviving patients was 6.6 years (range, 2.7-35.1 years). As noted herein, the locoregional recurrence rate was 33% (8/24), with a median DFS of 12.8 years. Four of 24 patients (17%) had lymph node metastases, 1 on presentation and 3 as regional recurrences as mentioned herein. One patient with the palate as the primary site had a recurrence on the soft palate 7 years later and metastases to the subcutaneous tissues of the face, orbit, and lungs at 19.6 years (Figure 5). Univariate correlations with DFS are summarized in the Table. Site was the only significant determinant of DFS in this small series (P=.03). Although patients with positive margins, large nerve PNI, bone invasion, and a high percentage of papillary component showed a shorter DFS, differences were not statistically significant. COMMENT Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma remains a challenge in diagnosis and management almost a quarter- (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 388 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 A B C D Figure 4. Two paired cancers with histologic progression (hematoxylin-eosin staining used in all parts of Figure). A, A primary polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) in the parotid gland showing typical nuclear features (original magnification ⫻400). B, The recurrence of this carcinoma shows more pronounced nuclear enlargement, coarser chromatin, and central nucleoli (original magnification ⫻400). C, A primary PLGA in the palate with papillary growth but monomorphic nuclei (original magnification ⫻400). D, The recurrence shows a transition from a more typical morphologic type to scattered solid areas with enlarged nuclei, enhanced clearing, and increased mitotic activity (original magnification ⫻400). A tripolar mitosis is highlighted by the arrow. century after its initial description.1 However, our series demonstrates an improved awareness of PLGA as a diagnostic entity. Only 4 PLGAs were initially diagnosed as another entity by us, and 3 of these were diagnosed before the description of this entity in 1984.1 This increased awareness is also reflected in the original diagnoses from outside institutions in which almost half were correctly identified as PLGAs, which is an improvement compared with the 22% reported by Pogodzinski et al.5 In contrast, however, another challenge has emerged: more than one-fourth of the patients originally diagnosed as having PLGA actually had other salivary gland malignant neoplasms. Thus, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a more frequent overdiagnosis of this entity rather than the underdiagnosis that is traditionally reported.5,15 Our analysis of this series demonstrates 2 fundamental patterns of error. The first is the failure to differentiate truly biphasic tumors (namely, adenoid cystic carcinoma and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas) from PLGAs. Although the PLGA has a multitude of patterns, it is a monophasic tumor. Although myoepithelial differentiation in PLGA is described, transition to these areas is subtle and gradual, typically only discernible focally on immunohistochemical stains.19 In contrast, a luminal ductal and abluminal myoepithelial configuration is integral to adenoid cystic carcinoma and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and is typically evident on routine histologic examination. The second pattern of error is the failure to recognize the characteristic nuclear features of PLGA. All cancers reclassified as adenocarcinoma, NOS did not have the monomorphic ovoid and open nuclei with delicate nuclear membranes that essentially define PLGA. To prevent these errors, we suggest that the monophasic nature and classic nuclear features of PLGA be emphasized in the working definition for this entity. The remaining patient misdiagnosed as having a PLGA had a low-grade salivary duct carcinoma, which was not recognized as a distinct entity until the description by Delgado et al18 in 1996. Of note, three-quarters of these tumors erroneously diagnosed as PLGA were of parotid gland origin, suggesting that true parotid PLGAs are indeed rare. For the remaining cancers in the PLGA category, findings were generally in keeping with prior series.7,10,15 Despite the innocuous name, PLGA is indeed a malignant neoplasm of salivary gland origin that, in our series, (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 389 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 A B Figure 5. One patient with the palate as the primary site had a recurrence on the soft palate 7 years later and metastases to the subcutaneous tissues of the face, orbit, and lungs at 19.6 years. A, Computed tomogram demonstrating multiple pulmonary nodules (arrows point to right and left lung nodules). B, Fine needle aspiration biopsy specimen demonstrated metastatic polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma to the lung (Papanicolaou, original magnification ⫻400). This cluster of cells shows the characteristic ovoid nuclei with delicate chromatin. Table. Univariate Correlation of Clinicopathologic Variables With Disease-Free Survival Variable Site (palatal vs extrapalatal) ALI Margin status Large nerve PNI Bone invasion Papillary component Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P Value 10.68 (1.28-88.72) 5.22 (0.98-27.89) 4.48 (0.46-43.43) 1.93 (0.42-8.87) 1.71 (0.38-7.67) 1.01 (0.99-1.03) .03 .05 .20 .40 .48 .41 Abbreviations: ALI, angiolymphatic invasion; CI, confidence interval; PNI, perineural invasion. showed a locoregional recurrence rate of more than 30%. Lymph node metastases were uncommon, and distant metastases were rare. Primary treatment was surgical. Because few patients received initial radiotherapy, the impact of this treatment modality is unclear. However, our limited findings of recurrence despite radiotherapy suggest it is likely of little benefit, as noted in prior series.15 Similar to what has been reported previously, PLGA in our series most commonly occurred in the palate. However, the site distribution was slightly skewed toward unusual locations, such as the base of the tongue and the nasopharynx, probably because ours is a tertiary care center. These extrapalatal PLGAs appeared to display more aggressive features, clinically and pathologically. Our subset of 3 patients with PLGA of the nasopharynx represents the largest series to date. Skeptics may suggest that our patients have nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinomas, which are distinct carcinomas not included in the PLGA family.20 However, all our patients had disease that fulfilled the morphologic criteria we delineated herein and, in addition, did not have pap- illary-predominant disease. These cancers characteristically invaded bone and invariably recurred locally. Clear margins could not be obtained in any patients in which the original margin status was known, which likely contributed to this high recurrence rate. Two patients received radiotherapy but nevertheless experienced disease recurrence. Although any conclusions about nasopharyngeal PLGAs are limited based on these few patients and those described previously,8 PLGAs arising in the nasopharynx are still intrinsically low grade with low metastatic capacity. Because of the propensity of these tumors for bone involvement and the limited surgical exposure and anatomic limitations, these tumors remain a challenge in surgical management. Radiotherapy is currently of unproven benefit. The PLGAs that arise in the base of the tongue also represented an interesting subset. Michal et al21 suggested that cribriform adenocarcinoma of the tongue was a more appropriate designation for their series of 8 carcinomas of the base of the tongue that were initially diagnosed as PLGA. The authors' justification was that the solid and microcystic cribriform pattern was sufficiently unique to recognize even without site designation and that these tumors, unlike PLGAs, invariably metastasized to lymph nodes. In our 3 patients, a solid and papillary architecture was the norm. In addition, we found no histologic novelty in the patterns seen in tumors in the base of the tongue compared with other sites. Similar to cribriform adenocarcinomas of the tongue, however, all patients showed lymph node metastases on presentation or as regional recurrences. Because none of our patients' conditions fit the description of cribriform adenocarcinoma of the tongue, we cannot confirm or refute the validity of this entity. However, we contend that it is the site of origin of the base of the tongue that im- (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 390 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 parts the propensity for lymph node metastasis rather than the tumor morphologic type. This is not a unique concept because squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue with its rich lymphatic network has a relatively high propensity for lymph node metastases.22,23 Other salivary gland carcinomas involving the base of the tongue may also have an aggressive course.24 From a practical standpoint, current evidence suggests that a cancer of the base of the tongue in the PLGA family, regardless of its name, will metastasize to cervical lymph nodes. The fact that most of the lymph node metastases in our series were found as recurrence suggests that they were occult. An elective neck dissection should be performed even in a clinically node-negative patient with a PLGA of the base of the tongue. Evaluations of prognostic markers in PLGA are difficult based on the numbers available in most series, including our own. In addition, many of these variables are likely interdependent. For instance, we found that all PLGAs with papillary components comprising greater than 20% of tumor showed ALI. As noted herein, the distinction between palatal and extrapalatal sites appears to affect outcome the most. Positive margins and bone invasion affected DFS, but the differences were too small to be significant in this series. Similarly, although ALI, papillarypredominant histologic type, and PNI predicted a shorter DFS, none of these factors were statistically significant, perhaps in a larger series similar to that of Evans and Luna,10 statistical significance; for these variables may be reached. Similar to primary PLGA, recurrences are typically slow growing and often amenable to reexcision with subsequent favorable outcomes. Only 1 patient in our series had multiple recurrences and a distant metastasis. According to the literature, distant metastases are exceptionally rare, with the lung being the most common site involved. Metastases usually occurred only after poor local control.5,10,15 Although biologically, recurrent tumors appear to retain their indolence, pathologic features of recurrent PLGA have not been well characterized. Cases of transformation to a high-grade adenocarcinoma have been reported, suggesting the capacity for histologic transformation, but this appears to be a rare event11,12; no carcinomas in our series fit this description. However, we noticed that almost half of the recurrences in our series progressed to an intermediate-grade morphologic type with more nuclear size variation, nucleolation, and an overall higher mean mitotic rate. Of note, the 1 patient with lung metastases had been preceded by 2 local recurrences during a 19-year period with intermediate-grade morphologic type. Thus, the potential for histologic progression is a legitimate concern in disease recurrences. Because adjuvant therapy is unproven at best, adequate surgical excision even of recurrent disease may be the only useful safeguard against highgrade transformation. In summary, familiarity with PLGA has increased during the past few decades, although now the current diagnostic challenge may be the prevention of this entity from becoming a default diagnosis for all low-grade carcinomas of salivary gland origin. Although polymorphous in pattern, this carcinoma is actually cytologically mono- typic with pathognomonic delicate vesicular nuclei. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma may follow an indolent course with a favorable outcome, although with adequate follow-up, recurrence may be encountered in almost one-third of patients. This finding suggests the need for lifelong monitoring. Limited experience with radiotherapy fails to support its usefulness. Extrapalatal PLGAs, particularly those of the base of the tongue and nasopharynx, appear to be more aggressive, and carcinomas of the base of the tongue may present with cervical lymph node metastases. Our patients demonstrate sufficient morphologic overlap to suggest that site-specific differences in PLGA behavior may have an anatomic basis (with regard to resectability and access to lymphatics) rather than a taxonomic one. Carcinomas with positive margins, bone invasion, papillarypredominant growth, and/or ALI may be more aggressive as well, although the size of our series probably prevented these variables from achieving statistical significance. Almost half the recurrent PLGAs showed some degree of histologic progression, supporting the importance of adequate excision of even recurrent disease to prevent the rare but catastrophic outcome of high-grade transformation. Submitted for Publication: April 27, 2009; final revision received June 24, 2009; accepted November 6, 2009. Correspondence: Raja R. Seethala, MD, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian University Hospital, 200 Lothrop St, Ste A614, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ([email protected]). Author Contributions: All authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Seethala, Johnson, Barnes, and Myers. Acquisition of data: Seethala. Analysis and interpretation of data: Seethala and Johnson. Drafting of the manuscript: Seethala. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Seethala, Johnson, Barnes, and Myers. Statistical analysis: Seethala. Administrative, technical, and material support: Johnson and Myers. Study supervision: Johnson and Barnes. Financial Disclosure: None reported. Previous Presentation: This study was presented at the American Head and Neck Society 2009 Annual Meeting; May 30, 2009; Phoenix, Arizona. REFERENCES 1. Evans HL, Batsakis JG. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands: a study of 14 cases of a distinctive neoplasm. Cancer. 1984;53 (4):935-942. 2. Freedman PD, Lumerman H. Lobular carcinoma of intraoral minor salivary gland origin: report of twelve cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1983;56(2): 157-166. 3. Batsakis JG, Pinkston GR, Luna MA, Byers RM, Sciubba JJ, Tillery GW. Adenocarcinomas of the oral cavity: a clinicopathologic study of terminal duct carcinomas. J Laryngol Otol. 1983;97(9):825-835. 4. Allen MS Jr, Fitz-Hugh GS, Marsh WL Jr. Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of the palate. Cancer. 1974;33(1):153-158. 5. Pogodzinski MS, Sabri AN, Lewis JE, Olsen KD. Retrospective study and review of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(12): 2145-2149. 6. Nagao T, Gaffey TA, Kay PA, Minato H, Serizawa H, Lewis JE. Polymorphous low- (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 391 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. grade adenocarcinoma of the major salivary glands: report of three cases in an unusual location. Histopathology. 2004;44(2):164-171. Perez-Ordonez B, Linkov I, Huvos AG. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands: a study of 17 cases with emphasis on cell differentiation. Histopathology. 1998;32(6):521-529. Wenig BM, Harpaz N, DelBridge C. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of seromucous glands of the nasopharynx: a report of a case and a discussion of the morphologic and immunohistochemical features. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989; 92(1):104-109. el-Naggar AK, Huvos AG. Adenoid cystic carcinoma. In: Barnes EL, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D, eds. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press; 2005:221-222. Evans HL, Luna MA. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma: a study of 40 cases with long-term follow up and an evaluation of the importance of papillary areas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(10):1319-1328. Simpson RH, Pereira EM, Ribeiro AC, Abdulkadir A, Reis-Filho JS. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands with transformation to high-grade carcinoma. Histopathology. 2002;41(3):250-259. Pelkey TJ, Mills SE. Histologic transformation of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of salivary gland. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111(6):785-791. Slootweg PJ. Low-grade adenocarcinoma of the oral cavity: polymorphous or papillary? J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22(7):327-330. Slootweg PJ, Muller H. Low-grade adenocarcinoma of the oral cavity: a comparison between the terminal duct and the papillary type. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1987;15(6):359-364. Castle JT, Thompson LD, Frommelt RA, Wenig BM, Kessler HP. Polymorphous 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. low grade adenocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 164 cases. Cancer. 1999; 86(2):207-219. Luna MA, Wenig BM. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. In: Barnes EL, Eveson JW, Sidransky D, eds. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press, 2005. Waldron CA, el-Mofty SK, Gnepp DR. Tumors of the intraoral minor salivary glands: a demographic and histologic study of 426 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;66(3):323-333. Delgado R, Klimstra D, Albores-Saavedra J. Low grade salivary duct carcinoma: a distinctive variant with a low grade histology and a predominant intraductal growth pattern. Cancer. 1996;78(5):958-967. Prasad ML, Barbacioru CC, Rawal YB, Husein O, Wen P. Hierarchical cluster analysis of myoepithelial/basal cell markers in adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(2):105-114. Luna MA. Sinonasal tubulopapillary low-grade adenocarcinoma: a specific diagnosis or just another seromucous adenocarcinoma? Adv Anat Pathol. 2005; 12(3):109-115. Michal M, Skalova A, Simpson RH, et al. Cribriform adenocarcinoma of the tongue: a hitherto unrecognized type of adenocarcinoma characteristically occurring in the tongue. Histopathology. 1999;35(6):495-501. Gourin CG, Johnson JT. Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Head Neck. 2001;23(8):653-660. Shear M, Hawkins DM, Farr HW. The prediction of lymph node metastases from oral squamous carcinoma. Cancer. 1976;37(4):1901-1907. de Vries EJ, Johnson JT, Myers EN, Barnes EL Jr, Mandell-Brown M. Base of tongue salivary gland tumors. Head Neck Surg. 1987;9(6):329-331. (REPRINTED) ARCH OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG/ VOL 136 (NO. 4), APR 2010 392 WWW.ARCHOTO.COM ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/otol/5670/ on 06/18/2017


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You Could Be On Breaking Bad – Featured Pick
While plenty of contestants are drawing inspiration from Bryan Cranston to perform their monologues, others are thinking a bit more outside the box. This week, New York City's Kasey Daley — who'd like you to keep in mind that her favorite Skittle flavor is strawberry — offers a glimpse of what Super Mario Bros. would look like if it were created by Vince Gilligan.
Newcomers like Daley have entered quite a race — Daniel Janis's patio pep talk has surged ahead of the formerly unstoppable Ronnie Nase, topping the list with 246 votes. Nase will have to flex those social connections to get more votes and close the gap. Who else is leading the charge? Click here to visit the contest site.
Read More


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I had the fun to play with the awesome Bumble bee girl... however bumble bee girl didn't have luck with her costume... like my luck recently... it fell apart! So here's what she is now looking like
The paper for this card is from Authentique - Be(you)tiful . I purchased a ribbon especially since I knew I was making this card :) It's from Craft smart ribbon from Michael's in the 1$ bin! I used some prima flowers with some bling. I used my scallop, large orval, my petite labels and my fancy tags 2 all from Spellbinder. The flourish is from the dollar store as is the bling. Yup I'm cheap, crafting with a budget!
Here's the closer look at the digi that I colored with my copics. The sentiment is from Create with TLC and I though it was just perfect for this!
- Glitter n sparkle challenge blog - Anything with a B - bee, bow, bling
- Fairy tale stamper - flowers and bow
- Scrappy hands - Choose 3 elements - used flowers, bow, bling
- Creative knockouts - Lace/Ribbon - I did ribbon


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If you have an existing account, use this form to make changes.
Need to create an account?
1. Go to K-TRACS
2. Click on 'Create an Account' and follow the steps.
3. Complete the appropriate form from the Forms page and submit to finish your registration.
We are happy to announce a new release of PMP Clearinghouse, a service of PMP AWARxE. This release contains enhanced functionality for users as well as a refined menu navigation system.
The new features include:
More details about these new changes are available in the updated dispenser's data submission guide found on left side of this web page. If you experience any difficulty, please contact the Appriss Help Desk at: 1-855-544-4767. Hours are 24/7.
Information for Data Requesters (PMP AWARxE Users):
We are aware that requesters are receiving a message that says there are multiple patients that meet the criteria you entered. If you click to send it to the administrator, we will evaluate the patients and manually consolidate them. A report will then be sent back to you. These requests are monitored every 30 minutes during business hours. Unfortunately, there is no current process to consolidate multiple patients during non business hours.


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'Twas the night before Christmas
And all through the house
Not a creature was stirring
Not even a ...
Actually, there was a mouse stirring in our house last night. In fact, there were two. After a week of temptation, they were lured by peanut butter into running a gauntlet of glue traps and medieval, spring-loaded, spine-snapping devices on our kitchen counter.
This morning, one mouse was still stirring, struggling in vain to break free of a tenacious glue trap. His comrade had met a quicker, albeit ghastlier end, his lifeless body extending from a snapped trap with head inside, a final taste of peanut butter on his cold lips.
My wife loves all animals and naturally felt sorry for the dead and dying pests. I reminded her that she didn't feel sorry for them when they nibbled a loaf of bread or a sack of flour. She had screamed as they boldly skittered across the kitchen floor. She didn't think their droppings on the counter were cute, either. How soon some forget. But I did not forget.
Little bastards. Dead little bastards. Merry Christmas.


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- Eva Shield
Venezuela has been battling inflation and increasing economic turmoil for quite some time now, especially thanks to the ongoing oil drop. Venezuela has the world's biggest known oil reserves and the majority of their revenue comes from oil exports, but the ongoing drop in oil has slashed the country's revenues by around 60 per cent. This is one of the major factors contributing to their ongoing economic problems. In the last 15 years alone over 1 million citizens have decided to emigrate elsewhere. Those citizens who remain in the nation continue to face shortages of basic goods and many are forced to ration, crime has drastically increased.
Inflation in Venezuela has been rising at a rate of roughly 20.2 per cent every month. The last official report on the inflation rate for the country indicated that in September of 2015, inflation had reached 141.5 per cent. This report for the fall of 2015 marks the first official data that has been released on the worsening crisis there in more than a year. However, some do suggest that the actual inflation rate could be much worse.
As the country continues to scramble for new possible political representatives and seeks alternative leadership, the current President Nicolas Maduro has recently announced a two-month emergency decree in order. The new decree will include tax increases. The new decree also seeks to establish funding for emergency welfare services and food imports. There will also be new controls placed on businesses, industrial productivity, and on electronic transactions.
"A state of economic emergency is declared across the whole territory of the nation.. for 60 days," read a summary of the decree published by the official state gazette. Authorities are going to be given new powers that will ideally allow them to boost production and ensure access to key goods. Their plan to make the situation better, is to take more control of companies' resources and to impose currency controls.
Nationalization of food distribution hasnt proved to work well in the past and it isn't proving to be a coherent solution now for Venezuela, as things continue to get worse in the country. Interfering with markets has proven to be an avenue that only breeds disaster and destruction and the one thing that the Venezuelan government hasn't tried to consider yet is the option of lessening their grip on the market, and exchanges that occur between their citizens. In fact it's quite the opposite, they want even more control and force to be involved now. Along with their economic battle, the country could also be looking at some major political changes taking place soon.
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About ILT Custom LED Solutions
Welcome to the Custom LED Solutions group of International Light Technologies (ILT). Our LED Solutions group has been developing solutions for a variety of traditional, retrofit and custom lighting applications for over a decade. LEDs are replacing incumbant light sources at an ever increasing pace. Today LEDs are as common – and almost as cost competitive - as incandescents and fluorescents in general lighting applications. However while LEDs may be the most efficient and effective choice, for many specialty applications an off-the-shelf solution simply does not exist.
Our LED Solutions group has worked with customers of all types and sizes to design and develop customized products to their unique specifications. From appliance manufacturers to supermarkets; consumer electronics makers to convenience store owners; whether it be visible, ultra-violet (UV), or infrared light (IR), we have delivered customized solutions for their unique needs.
We specify only the highest quality components from top-tier manufacturers to ensure consistent quality and performance. We employ a team of mechanical, electrical, and optical engineers ready to turn your requirements into solutions.
We invite you to browse our section of the website to learn how we have helped customers like you. If you want to discuss how our LED Solutions group might help you, contact us today. We look forward to partnering with you!


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Nike has revived the classic Air Moc sneaker, a perfectly logical nuptial between one of Nike's most comfortable silhouettes and one of its most comfortable textiles.
The upper of this Air Moc release is simply executed in a heather grey colour scheme that resembles a "sweatshirt" look, with black and red accents and a white sole keeping things classic and simple.
The minimalist design features a padded collar, adjustable draw-string for a snug comfortable fit, with ventilation eyelets and a high-traction rubber outsole. Exterior Nike branding is limited to a discreet Swoosh on the forefoot and heel, while the sock liner is printed with "SP" branding.
The Nike Air Moc Fleece will be dropping at Shelflife on Saturday the 12th of March 2016 for the retail price of R2299.00


text: It's that time again. The festive season of family reunions over Christmas dinner, decorating the Christmas tree, unwrapping presents and observing Christmas traditions. It is also the season of travel as some of us choose to spend their Christmas away from home, or some are visiting relatives abroad for their Christmas reunion.


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Shortest period of time! SBS K-Pop Star, the program to produce the highest number of participants to sign exclusive contracts with the best agencies has returned for a third season.
Out of Season 2's Top 2 finalists, Akdong Musician and Bang Ye Dam have signed with YG.
Korea's top 3 agencies, YG, JYP, SM's Yang Hyun Seok, Park Jin Young, and Boa will return for Season 3 as judges and this time, the show will be bigger and better.
If you can sing, dance, or have just pure talent you are eligible to participate in the audition.
K-Pop Star Season 3! This time you are the star.
"K-Pop Star: Season 3" US Auditions will be held in August in Atlanta, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
ATL Auditions (email@example.com / firstname.lastname@example.com)
CHI Auditions (firstname.lastname@example.com)
LA Auditions (firstname.lastname@example.com / firstname.lastname@example.com)
Send your application to the location closest to you.
You can find more information at the official SBS K-Pop Star homepage and Facebook page.
Homepage: tv.sbs.co.kr/kpopstar3
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/kpopstarusa


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Topics Map > IT Services > Training
Topics Map > IT Services > Software Support
Adobe InDesign - Applying Color, Fills, and Strokes to Objects
This document gives you the basic structure of a How To template
Select the object to color by doing one of the following:
- For a path or frame, use the Selection tool or the Direct Selection tool , as necessary.
- For text characters, use the Type tool to change the text color of a single word or the entire text within a frame.
- In the Toolbox or in the Color or Swatches panel, select the Fill box or the Stroke box to specify the fill or stroke of the object. (If you selected an image, the Stroke box has no effect.)
- Fill box
- Formatting Affects Container
- Stroke box
- Formatting Affects Text
- Do one of the following:
- Select a color, tint, or gradient using the Swatches or Gradient panel.
- Select a color, tint, or gradient from the Fill or Stroke menu in the Control panel.
- Double-click either the Fill or Stroke box in the Toolbox or the Color panel to open the Color Picker. Select the desired color, and click OK.
Remove fill or stroke color
- Select the text or object whose color you want to remove.
- In the Toolbox, click the Fill button or Stroke button depending on which portion of the text or object you want to change.
- Click the None button to remove the object's fill or stroke.
If you need further assistance please contact the Information Technology Help Desk at 920-424-3020 or email@example.com


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Christmas Little Marmaid Costume
Rate this costume:
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Christmas little marmaid
|Costume type:
|Costumes for Babies
This homemade costume for babies entered our 2015 Halloween Costume Contest.
A word from Daniela, the 'Christmas Little Marmaid' costume creator:
This ia Martinas first haloween. Custome was all hand made by grandma. Sh did it in a week with material feom joans fabrics.
We decided to enter her as Christmas little marmaid since she is a christmas eve baby!
If we win we are taking grandma to disney in ice.


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It was a 9-2 home defeat for the Invicta Dynamos on Sunday night as they were overpowered by the Peterborough Phantoms despite goals from Edmund Piacka and Anthony Leone.
Dynamos were without Ondrej Zosiak but saw the return of Harrison Lillis. The visitors were missing captain James Ferrara, Ross Clarke, Craig Ellis, Jack Escott and Jarvis Hunt.
The two Dynamos goals who were scored by Edmund Piacka and Anthony Leone were not enough to make a comeback from the nine goals scored by the Phantoms.
Both teams showed dominance, Phantoms with skill and Dynamos with physicality. Joe Allen fired a slapshot on Jordan Marr but it flew over the top of the net. Owen Del alsol had a try at the Phantoms netminder with a wrist shot but could not get it past Marr.
Phantoms took shots on Conor Morris, and it was Ales Padelek who opened the scoring with a shot past the netminder. Dynamos pinned the Phantoms in their end as they took several shots on Marr who saved them all. Peterborough took control and Petr Stepanek cannoned a slapshot towards the Invicta net but missed. End of a scrappy first period saw the Phantoms leading 1-0.
The second period saw Peterborough Phantoms dominate and increase their lead to 2-0 as Robert Ferrara scored past Morris. Another quick goal from Corey McEwan saw retaliation from the Dynamos as they fought for the goal to be disallowed but the referee denied them. A minute later Bradley Bowering increased the lead to 4-0.
Dynamos battled for their first goal but ended up back in their own end. Phantoms player William Weldon lifted the puck over Morris's shoulder and into the net for 5-0 to the Phantoms. Morris then tried to switch with Long in net but was not given permission. Phantoms thought they had scored again but the referee wiped the goal as the Phantoms player kicked the puck.
Morris and Stepanek exchanged shoves after the whistle and thinking there may be a fight to come the refs intervened. Morris threw the puck onto the ice and received a two minute penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. A scrappy last few minutes of the period then saw Harrison Lillis and Stepanek exchange rough shoves and almost fight after Stepanek charged at Lillis. Referees once again intervene. End of the second period with Peterborough leading 5-0.
The start of the third period saw Marr switch with Ryan Bainborough. A sixth goal from the Phantoms was scored by Stepanek quickly followed by a seventh on the powerplay from Glenn Billing close right. An irritated Morris left the ice after the goal and Adam Long took his place, however a change in netminder did not stop the Phantoms as Pollard shot the puck past Long moments later to make the score 8-0.
The disheartened Dynamos fought back and carried the puck down to the Phantoms zone – Callum Best skated down the right wing and took a shot on net which Bainborough saved only for Piacka to fire in the rebound finally putting the Dynamos on the score with less than 10 minutes left to play.
The small victory was soon taken away as Bowering wristed the puck into the Invicta net. Stepanek then skated past the defence and was left with Long but was denied as the netminder holds the puck. With two minutes left of the period, captain Anthony Leone found the puck at the edge of the crease and lifted it over Bainborough for the last of the night that cut the deficit to 9-2.
So it was a scrappy game and one that saw the Peterborough Phantoms dominate for a winning margin of seven goals. The Dynamos fought hard but it was not enough to challenge their opponents.
Invicta: Edmund Piacka 1+0, Anthony Leone 1+0, Callum Best 0+1, Ryan Morgan 0+1, Martin Susters 0+1, Louis Colvin 0+1.
Peterborough: Bradley Bowering 2+1, Petr Stepanek 1+1, Ales Padelek 1+1, Nathan Pollard 1+0, William Weldon 1+0, Robert Ferrara 1+0, Corey McEwan 1+0, Glenn Billing 1+0, Scott Robson 0+2, James White 0+2, Thomas Norton 0+1, Callum Buglass 0+1, Nathan Long 0+1.
Written by Hannah Lawrence.


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Signs Your Fuel Pump Is Failing
Kent June 23, 2016 Comments Off on Signs Your Fuel Pump Is Failing
The fuel pump in a car creates pressure in the fuel lines, pushing gas into the engine. Without adequate fuel pressure, the engine idles roughly and stalls regularly. If the fuel pump fails completely, there will be no fuel pressure and the car's engine will not start. Sometimes this is… Read more »


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- Description
Hyundai's Flagship Petrol Pressure Washer For Professionals
The HYW4000P is a petrol pressure washer from Hyundai which providing an effective and efficient clean. Powered by a 14hp 4-stroke Hyundai petrol engine and equipped with a heavy-duty Annovi Reverberi (AR) pump, the HYW4000P has the power to really stand out from the crowd, providing incredible cleaning power at an affordable price point. Designed for the toughest of professional and industrial cleaning tasks.
With a maximum output of 4000PSI and a 15L/min flow rate, this unit is favoured by cleaning professionals and used in industrial, agricultural and commercial environments. It's supplied with a 50ft / 15m hose.
Professional Cleaning Power From Hyundai
This immense power can be paired with the included turbo nozzle for the strongest possible cleaning power and can reduce cleaning time by up to 25%! Also included as standard is a 15m hose, lance and quick release nozzles, providing you with everything needed to start cleaning straight out of the box.
Weighing 63kg this is the largest petrol pressure washer in the Hyundai range, however, it is fitted with large wheels and a comfortable handle, making transportation an extremely easy task. This is extremely important for professional users who value portability and will be taking their petrol pressure washer with them from one job to the next.
To guarantee the longevity of the Annovi Reverberi pump, the HYW4000P also features a thermal relief valve which regulates the temperature of the pump.
Suitable for gravity feed/mains supply. Water feed: Garden hose with Q/R connector. Must have sufficient volume to match the pump flow rate. Not supplied with suction kit
- Specification
Manufacturer Hyundai Starting Method Recoil Engine Manufacturer Hyundai Engine Model IC420 Engine Capacity (cc) 420.00 Engine Oil 15w40 Fueled/Driven by Petrol Max Pressure (PSI) 3988.00 Max Pressure (Bar) 275.00 Continuous Presssure (PSI) 3850.00 Continuous Pressure (Bar) 265.00 Pump Type AR Triplex Pump - RSV4G40 Pump Italian AR Flow Rate (l/hr) 900.00 Hose Length 50ft / 15m Noise (dB @ 7m) 70.00 Noise (dBA @ 1m) 108.00 Fuel Tank Capacity (l) 6.50 Maximum Run Time (hr) 4.00 Inc. Accessories 15m Hose. worth £70.80, 4 Nozzles. worth £12.60 Dimensions (L x W x H) 530mm x 620mm x 1050mm Boxed Dimensions (L x W x H) 810mm x 640mm x 660mm Warranty 3 Year Weight (kg) 63.00 Pump AR RSV 4G40 Triplex Mains Supply Yes Gravity Feed Yes Suction 2m
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Delivery update: Following government advice, our fulfilment centre is currently closed. All orders will be dispatched on or after 22nd April. We wish you good health and thank you for your patience.
We provide FREE SHIPPING to mainland UK. Pricing for extended shipping areas like Northern Ireland, the Scottish Highlands and outlying Islands (Outer Hebrides, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Scilly Isles, etc) can be found on the map below.
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It's time to look at the Oracle (ORCL) trailing 12 months revenue flow. Based on Oracle's off-quarter and off-calendar fiscal reporting, the 12 months ending February 28 of any given year are the "Oracle months" that most look like a calendar year. And therefore mimic the calendar-year dynamics -- be it SAP's and IBM's December hockey stick or Microsoft's (MSFT) holiday-season sales.
These four companies make up 75% of the software market so that's all you need right. Well yes and no. There is nothing simple when it comes to Oracle comps. Oracle's off-calendar and off-calendar nature is the least complicated thing to deal with.
First, it's all those acquisitions that really screw things up. Some investors want to see Oracle backcast (look in the Oracle 10-K proforma section but that's done only once a year), because that's most indicative of overall market dynamics. Others want to see Oracle GAAP because that's most indicative of whether the financials are working out the way Safra said they would (they always do!). And now an increasing number of investors want to see the big picture because -- hey -- maybe there is something to this "attack IBM" thing.
Second, in other words it doesn't matter anymore that Oracle is number two or number three in the software market. Oracle itself even mixes up its software revenue, counting some of its software in the two heritage "software" line items on its income statement (new, and updates/support), counting some of it in the "OnDemand" line item on its income statement (as has been true at least since the acquisition of Siebel), and now counting some software in the new (since March 2010) Hardware Systems Products line item. The exact wording is:
"Our hardware systems products consist primarily of computer server(s) and storage product offerings and hardware-related software, including our (Sun Microsystems') Solaris operating system."
And of course there are a few of you who still want to see how what's left of BEA middleware is doing against IBM Websphere, and what's left of PeopleSoft ERP is doing against SAP R/3.
I hate to tell you this but if you're in the latter group, you're dinosaurs like me.
-- Dennis Byron


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There is nothing to do here unless you want to climb the extinct Volcano Chimborazo or mountain bike downhill. The supposedly amazing Nariz del Diablo (Devil's Nose) train ride begins here but you can catch it further south at Alausí, which has to be a more interesting town than Riobamba. The bus ride south to Cuenca gives you similar views as the train ride.
Chance Of Hooking Up Rating: 1 out of 5 ?.
Sierra Nevada restaurant has a $3 lunch which includes empanada appetizer, soup, main dish, and juice. It's located in the middle of the town near the train station. There are a lot of bakeries throughout town selling cheap but tasty sweets.
Hostal Oasis (Veloz 15-32)
$9/night for private room. I saw a flyer for this family owned hostel advertising a llama and two parrots in the garden, but all I found was a crazy pug. I was the only person staying there when I went but my room had cable TV and all the movie channels. No porn though.
Other Cities In Ecuador
Related Resources:
Ecuador Guidebook
If you're only going to visit only Ecuador then I recommend you get this guide, which is far more detailed than the continental guide above, with options that cater to a range of budgets instead of only the shoestring backpacking crowd. Also it gives more respectable treatment to small cities and towns that the larger guide breezes over with a paragraph or two.
South America On A Shoestring Guidebook
This is the guidebook that I used in my six month trip in South America. The maps are excellent, the information is complete and thorough, and the reviews are accurate, which is why it's often called "the bible" by many travelers. The only problem is that everyone else has this book so if you are the type of person that wants to hit the isolated small towns you will be disappointed. My advice is to use this book for its maps and information on getting from city to city, but talk to the locals and other travelers for those isolated gems that Lonely Planet for some reason didn't find worthy to include.
Spanish For Beginners
My copy of this book is so beat up and weathered it's disintegrating before my eyes. I took it with me to South America because I loved how it was organized in a logical way that kept me motivated to keep studying. Lessons start short and easy and increase in complexity as you tackle frustrating readings that help take you to the next level. The only downside of this book is that it was originally published in 1957 so some of the vocabulary is very dated. Still, you'll be hard-pressed to find a modern equivalent of this book whose teachings approach the same quality. Last time I checked you can grab a used copy from Amazon for less than a dollar.
Got an opinion? Something is outdated? Share it by posting a comment below.


text: Thanks Ellie, but it's a bit too samey if you know what I mean, nothing special. I do love the background paper though and it is all fairly flat so it will go in the post okay without getting torn to shreds by Royal Mail. I know the lady whose birthday it is will like it but I wish I could get my thinking cap on and come up with something quite different.


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March 30, 2012
CBA Law Center
New Britain, CT
The program addresses current trends and best practices in using dispute resolution processes, other than the courts, to cost-effectively and decisively obtain optimal results in business and commercial finance disputes. Frederick Gold's presentation focuses on the topic of collaboration between business lawyers and litigators to create well-designed dispute resolution mechanisms (beginning with the deal drafting stage).
This CLE approved program is presented by the CBA's Alternative Dispute Resolution Section, in cooperation with the Quinnipiac University School of Law, Center on Dispute Resolution.


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For the first time the newly developed Kösel Coloured Edge method makes it possible to print 4-colour motifs on the trimmed edges of books.
Ivo Odak is appointed successor of Michael Köhnlein as sales manager and member of the management board.
For the third time in a row Kösel wins the Print & Media Award in the 'Book Printer of the Year' category.