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Table of Contents
Adrenal Cortex
The Hypothalamus is an almond-sized structure located below the thalamus. It plays a major role in the homeostasis of the body forming the bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Anatomically, it is divided into three regions, each consisting of numerous nuclei. The different regions and their respective nuclei along with their functions are as outlined below.
Anterior region of the hypothalamus
The pre-optic area consists of four nuclei namely the median preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus and pre-optic periventricular nucleus. This area of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and receives sensory signals from the thermoreceptors. It is also thought to influence parenting and sexual behavior as well as the release of gonadotropic hormones. It shows sexual dimorphism.
The medial area comprises of the following nuclei:
- The supra-optic nucleus releases vasopressin and oxytocin.
- The paraventricular nucleus causes the release of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and somatostatin hormone.
- The anterior hypothalamic nucleus inhibits thyrotropin. It also plays a role in thermoregulation and controls sweating and panting reactions.
- The suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for the circadian rhythms.
The lateral area consists of the orexinergic nucleus. The orexin neurons control the feeding behavior as well as the arousal reaction. It also controls visceral functions such as respiration, micturition, blood pressure, in collaboration with other structures of the brain.
Tuberal region of the hypothalamus
The tuberal region is divided into the medial and lateral area. The medial area comprises of the following three nuclei:
- The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, which controls the blood pressure, heart rate and gastrointestinal motility.
- The ventromedial nucleus controls satiety.
- The arcuate nucleus releases the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It also controls feeding mechanisms and causes prolactin inhibition via dopamine secretion.
The lateral area of the tuberal region performs similar functions as the lateral area of the anterior region.
Posterior region of the hypothalamus
It is also divided into the medial and lateral areas. The medial area consists of:
- The mammillary nuclei, which controls memory.
- The posterior nucleus, which increases blood pressure, causes pupillary dilatation and shivering.
The lateral area comprises of the tuberomammillary nucleus, which controls learning, memory, sleep, arousal, feeding, and energy balance.
Brain Stem
The brain stem is the posterior part of the brain which connects the superior brain structures such as the hypothalamus discussed above to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem is responsible for carrying out vital functions such as breathing, arousal, control of heart rate and blood pressure. The figure shows the components of the brain stem.
The midbrain is divided into three parts: tectum, tegmentum, and ventral tegmentum. The tectum is made up of a bulge of brain matter that is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes. Tegmentum controls the voluntary movements of the body and is the site origin of cranial nerve III and IV nuclei.
The ventral tegmental area is responsible for reward, cognition, and motivation. Several psychiatric disorders occur due to malfunctioning of this area of the midbrain.
Pons connect the midbrain to the medulla oblongata. It lies in front of the cerebellum. The nuclei of cranial nerves V-VIII originate from the pons.
Pons have their physiological role in controlling hearing and maintaining balance, taste, sensory sensation over the face, secretion of saliva and tear production, eye movements, chewing and facial expressions.
It carries motor signals from the cerebrum to the medulla oblongata and cerebellum and also sensory signals to the thalamus. The figure beside illustrates the site of origin of cranial nerves.
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata is the lowermost part of the brain stem and is connected to the spinal cord. It consists of the cardiovascular center, which controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the blood vessels and the heart.
The control of ventilation through chemoreceptors maintains an adequate level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The vasomotor center controls blood pressure through sensory signals from the baroreceptor. It also controls vomiting, sneezing, coughing and swallowing reflexes.
Circumventricular Organs (CVOs)
The circumventricular organs are structures of the brain that are located around the third and fourth ventricles. They characterized by an extensive vasculature and lack of blood-brain barrier (BBB). This allows the exchange of substances between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral circulation. The CVOs are broadly classified into two categories: sensory organs and secretory organs.
Sensory organs
Sensory organs have the ability to detect plasma composition. They send the sensed information to higher brain centers so as to get appropriate responses. There are three sensory organs in this category:
- Area postrema senses the presence of the noxious stimulus and triggers vomiting.
- A vascular organ of the lamina terminalis senses the tonicity of the plasma and helps with the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis.
- Subfornical organ has a role in the maintenance of blood pressure and energy balance of the body.
Secretory organs
These organs respond by means of the feedback mechanism and secrete various hormones and other molecules directly into peripheral blood circulation.
- The subcommissural organ (SCO) helps in maintaining the patency of the Sylvian duct through the secretion of SCO-spondin. It is also hypothesized that it regulates the secretion of aldosterone, detoxification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and osmoregulation.
- Posterior pituitary stores oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized by the hypothalamus. It plays a role in homeostasis.
- Median eminence is classified as a circumventricular organ, though this is still controversial. Due to a rich network of capillaries, it allows the transport of neurohormones between the CSF and peripheral blood.
- The pineal gland shows a circadian rhythm in its activity. It secretes melatonin under the command of supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The secretion of melatonin is suppressed during the day or when there is light. The pineal gland is also thought to play a role in sexual development as melatonin has been found in pre-ovulatory follicles, semen, breast milk, and amniotic fluid.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that flows in the brain and the spinal cord. It is produced by the choroid plexus in the brain and flows in:
- Subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater
- Ventricular system
- Spinal cord
Composition of CSF
The pH of CSF is around 7.33 with an osmolarity of 295 mOsm/l. It is mainly composed of:
- Water (99 %)
- Protein (35 mg/dL)
- Glucose (60 mg/dL)
- Sodium (138 meq/L)
- Potassium (2.8 meq/L)
- Calcium (2.1 meq/L)
- Magnesium (0.3 meq/L)
- Chloride (119 meq/L)
Functions of CSF
When the brain is suspended in CSF, its mass is transformed from 1,400 g to 25 g. This is the neutral buoyancy, which allows the brain to perform its functions without compressing the lower parts. The blood supply to different areas of the brain is not affected by this lightweight of the brain.
It protects the structure of the brain from coming in direct contact with the skull. However, in severe head injuries, the CSF moves to the opposite side of the impact causing brain damage, which may lead to death.
The CSF is drained into the peripheral vasculature. This prevents the accumulation of harmful substances in the brain.
The CSF fluid may decrease in volume in certain areas of the brain to relieve the pressure effects thereby improving the blood supply to that part of the brain.
Clinical correlation of CSF
CSF analysis is an investigative technique performed to know the constituents of CSF. It may give different results for different clinical conditions and therefore helps in making the right clinical diagnosis. The procedure performed to obtain CSF is known as a lumbar puncture.
The abnormal accumulation of extra CSF in the ventricles of the brain is called hydrocephalus. It leads to increased intracranial pressure. If this occurs during the mental development of the fetus it leads to an enlarged cranium and the condition is termed as congenital hydrocephalus. It results in mental disability and convulsions and therefore needs prompt intervention. If left untreated, it can be fatal.
Baricity is the density of a certain drug compared to the density of the cerebrospinal fluid. It is of importance in anesthesiology where the duration of anesthesia depends upon the rate of spreading of a certain drug in the intrathecal space and the position of the patient. For example, when using a drug of higher baricity than CSF for spinal anesthesia then the patient is a position with the lower limbs at a lower level than the body. When the anesthetic effect is desired more proximally, the position can be altered to maximize the flow and distribution of the anesthetic agent albeit theoretically.
The figure above shows the distribution of CSF in the brain areas. The flow begins with CSF production within the cerebral ventricular system, mainly by the choroid plexus at a rate of 20ml/hr. Each of the four ventricles contains choroid plexus tissue which is made up of villous folds lined by epithelium and a central core of highly vascularized connective tissue. Here, active secretion and diffusion produce CSF. From the two lateral ventricles, fluid drains through the foramen of Monro on each side into a single midline third ventricle.
The third ventricle connects by the aqueduct of Sylvius to a midline fourth ventricle that has three exit openings, paired lateral foramina of Luschka, and a midline foramen of Magendie. These openings lead to a system of interconnecting and focally enlarged areas of subarachnoid spaces referred to as cisterns which allow for a free flow of CSF. Fluid in the basal cisterns, tentorium, and subarachnoid space flows over the cerebral convexities to the sagittal sinus, from where absorption into the systemic circulation takes place.
Most CSF absorption takes place across the arachnoid villi into the venous channels of the sagittal sinus, but the fluid is also absorbed across the ependymal lining of the ventricular system and from the spinal subarachnoid space. The process of CSF formation continues when the intracranial pressure rises unless extremely high levels are reached. Thus, there must be some absorption of fluid to accommodate the volume of CSF being formed each day or more room for expansion must be available or must be created.


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Mayor Pegeen Hanrahan will be blogging about her observations all week from the Democratic convention in Denver using her iPhone.
So the latest is that my good pal Charles Barkley announced on CNN that he plans to run for governor of Alabama as a Democrat. Fabulous! We still plan to beat Bama at the Swamp. Speaking of the Swamp, I tried to engage Mayor Mufi (Hanaman?) of Honolulu in a bet today, but he politely decilined. Make of that what you will, Gator fans. I have photos to send of the mayors press event. Maybe in the morning. Gainesville Mayor Pegeen Hanrahan, a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, is blogging about her observations all week.

subset: commoncrawl


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No. 7 Prince Avenue Christian lost a coin toss Saturday morning and will travel to play No. 1 Savannah Christian on Friday for a Class A semifinal game between unbeaten teams.
The Wolverines (13-0) kept their perfect season alive on Friday with a 20-15 quarterfinal victory over unranked Bremen.
Savannah Christian (13-0) advanced with a 22-14 victory over No. 4 Lincoln County.
Prince Avenue and Savannah Christian are top seeds from their respective regions, leading to the coin toss that decided which team would host the semifinal game.


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Field Director - Tucson or Phoenix, AZ
WestLand Resources Inc., is actively seeking an experienced field director to oversee archaeological survey, testing and data recovery projects throughout Arizona and New Mexico.
WestLand's cultural resources consulting practice specializes in archaeological surveys, monitoring, archaeological testing, and data recovery projects for a variety of clients throughout the Southwest. WestLand's staff members are well versed in city, state, and federal procedures and policies. The successful candidate will have to be able to be permitted by the Arizona State Museum as a Project Director and should hold additional Forest Service and BLM permits.
- Master's degree in Archaeology, Anthropology, or related field. Bachelor's degree in Archaeology, Anthropology, or related field AND additional years of experience may substitute Master's degree.
- A Minimum of two years supervisory experience in the American Southwest
- Previous experience writing technical archaeological reports.
- Ability to work in a fast paced and creative environment.
- Ability to travel for assignments
Essential Duties
- Project Management
- Supervise field crews
- Conduct and Oversee Class III Cultural Resource Surveys
- Conduct eligibility testing projects
- Conduct archaeological Data Recovery Projects
- Other related duties as assigned
At WestLand, our purpose is to sustain a friendly, inspired company, where dedicated people work together to create exceptional outcomes. We pride ourselves on providing a work environment that is relaxed and collaborative, while supporting the highest standards for project delivery and work product quality. Our team approach to both project and staff development naturally fosters a tight-knit environment of uniquely skilled and experienced professionals, learning from and helping one another.
Westland is committed to creating a diverse environment and is proud to be an Equal Opportunity Employer. We invite applications from all interested parties including women, minorities, veterans and persons with disabilities. We maintain a drug-free workplace and perform pre-employment substance abuse testing.
To apply please visit our website at: https://westlandresources.applicantpro.com/jobs/1099511.html
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Laughter. Joy. Jesus. Tears. Worship. This past weekend I had the opportunity to go to a conference called Fresh Wind. I went into this conference not really sure what to expect, but let me tell you, God moved. The second day we were there, I found myself in a tough place. A place where I felt like I couldn't do enough to worship the king of the universe. I couldn't sing, dance, and jump enough to honour his greatness. In a way, I felt small. It was almost refreshing, I had been putting other things first before God in my life and when I got to that point, where I couldn't do enough to worship him, it was quite an epiphany. Some of the speakers spoke on revival, and let me tell you that there is a revival coming. Bring that revival Jesus. Being a girl who has gone to pitch since grade 7, I found this conference to be a lot like pitch, and then very different in other ways. I always leave pitch with a Jesus high that wears off. I left Fresh Wind with joy in heart and dance in my feet. I left with expectation with what God is doing. I left excited, but not with a Jesus high. Coming back, to church where they don't worship in the same way that I did on the weekend was odd, I had become very comfortable with jumping, dancing, and singing louder then normal. God became like a new person to me, he set my heart ablaze for him. Something I loved, was called "fire tunnels". Basically the ministry team lines up across from each other and you walk down the middle while they are praying and interceding for you. I learned from this "fire tunnel" experience that it's not all about the feeling. I never felt different walking through that tunnel, but when you look back, there is like 20 people that have just prayed for you. The whole weekend in a whole was A M A Z I N G. B
One thought on "Bring that revival."
Love this it is really cool great job i love reading your posts !!!!!!!!!!!


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Scientific illustration of my rooster - Zahra Khadem Shariat
COUNTRY: Iran
SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=219197148&trk=nav_responsive_tab_profile_pic
TITLE: Scientific illustration of my rooster
TECHNIQUE: Black and white Pencils on the paperboard
PUBLISHED: No
DESCRIPTION: I decided to illustrate of my rooster for this contest. It was a good model for scientific illustration.
I was curious to show every details of its body so I omit every color and tried to presentation all details by black and white pencils.
The big comb, kind eye, so soft earlobe, wattles, spur, toe, toe nails and etc. Because the head and foot were more details so I illustrated them in bigger size beside whole body of it.
Every part of its body needed to work by a special texture so I did my best to show them in a good way till viewers can discover better. Finally I scanned those illustrated that I worked by pencils on the paperboard and in digital program I add dark frame to them. These dark frames emphasizing on lightness and darkness into my illustrations and represent them better.
CATEGORY: Professional
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS: Yes. As the author of illustration I have given permission for it to be loaded on Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0


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This week, as WHNT NEWS 19 tries to unravel the mystery to saving money in all kinds of ways, our secret sources tell us Mystery Shopping is a great activity to consider.
It's not a get-rich-quick idea, but can be fun nonetheless.
And the money you can save -- and make -- doing mystery shopping can add up quick.
One local couple, who didn't want to be identified--for obvious reasons--said they've been doing this for a few years and in 2013 they've probably earned an extra $2,000.
And they've seen all kinds of interesting places as they've fulfilled assignments.
Again, it's fun, but you do have to be careful who you agree to work for.
In his world of customer service, consumers are on the prowl for good deals and good treatment.
"Mystery Shopping is a fun way maybe to make some money or even get some coupons, discounts that type of thing," said Belinda McCormick of the Better Business Bureau of North Alabama.
She is very familiar with mystery shopping and says it fills a need by business owners and managers to check up on how their staffers are representing their companies and interacting with clients.
Legitimate companies walk a person through test questions to determine if the person has observation and communication skills necessary to complete an assignment, called a shop.
Once accepted, Mystery Shoppers have access to lists of opportunities that pay anywhere from two dollars to $100 per completed assignment.
Financial experts say mystery shopping has all kinds of benefits, including providing new experiences for shoppers, helping to fulfill a shopping addiction void for those trying to save money by avoiding shopping.
Also, it's a way to get a stay-at-home person out of the house and can supplement parts of a budget.
For example, Mystery Shoppers can save on food costs by only eating out when on assignment or save around holiday time by taking on additional shops in order to purchase gifts for others.
But, as McCormick warns consumers, not all mystery shopping companies are legitimate.
"The legitimate mystery shopping is not a get-rich-quick type of thing," said McCormick.
She says beware of disreputable companies that advertise on craigslist or similar websites. Any such company that asks a would-be shopper to pay anything or share payment with them isn't to be trusted.
"Most of these are scams trying to steal your money."
If it's a legitimate company, you won't get your money up front.
"Mystery Shoppers pay after you have done the survey for them. It's not advanced pay," said McCormick.
There are quite a few mystery shopper pages on Facebook, so again, be careful.
You might refer to the Mystery Shopping Providers Association for guidance on how mystery shopping should be done and a few names of reputable companies.
If you have any questions about a specific company, contact the Better Business Bureau of North Alabama.


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Askar Hotel is located in Baku city centre, just 400 metres from Narimanov Metro Station. It features a sauna and a 24-hour reception. Free Wi-Fi and free parking are provided. All classic-style rooms come with air conditioning, a flat-screen TV and a safety deposit box. Free toiletries and a hairdryer are available in a bathroom. The on-site restaurant serves various Azerbaijani and European dishes. Also guests can have a drink at the bar. The National Boulevard is 15 minutes' drive from Askar Hotel Baku, and Metro Park Shopping Mall is just 2 minutes' walk away. The distance to Heydar Aliyev International Airport is 16 km.
National Flag Museum of Azerbaijan
Every year on 9 November, Azerbaijan celebrates the Day of the National Flag. On November 9, 2010, on the National Flag Square in Baku, the National Flag Museum was opened and also a mast was built, which was (at the time of the opening) the highest in the world (entered in the Guinness Book ofMORE


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Robert Roche
Roche Enterprises
Robert Roche is President of Roche Enterprises the parent company of Gallup Land Partners, LLC. An investor, philanthropist, and civic leader, Roche has been involved as a founder, investor, or advisor in more than 40 companies in the United States and Asia. His real estate interests in the United States include Gallup Land Partners, LLC; Sand Hollow Resort, LLC; Green River Companies, LLC; and HG Kauai Joint Venture, LLC. Over the past five years, Roche Enterprises has made investments of more than $40 million (USD) in Gallup, New Mexico, with the goal of driving economic growth and development in Gallup-McKinley County.
Jacob J. Bracken
Chief Executive Officer
HG Management, LLC
Jacob Bracken is Chief Executive Officer of HG Management, LLC, the management company responsible for Gallup Land Partners. His role includes oversight of development and operations for diverse projects across three states, including Gallup Land Partners, LLC; Sand Hollow Resort, LLC. a golf and hospitality property in Hurricane, Utah; Green River Companies, LLC, a 5,000-acre farm in Utah; and HG Kauai Joint Venture, LLC in Hawaii.


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AANA Journal Issue Details
On The CoverUniversity of South Florida (USF) nurse anesthesia faculty demonstrate an ultrasound guided brachial plexus blockade at the Center for Advanced Medical Learning and Simulation (CAMLS). The University of South Florida's Center for Advanced Medical Learning and Simulation is one of the world's largest, free-standing simulation facilities exclusively dedicated to training healthcare professionals. The USF Nurse Anesthesia Program is housed at CAMLS in Tampa, Florida. Pictured: John Maye, PhD, CRNA, CAPT(ret), NC, USN, and Alan Todd, DNP, CRNA, CHSE.
In This Issue
Wellness and Thriving in a Student Registered Nurse Anesthetist Population With the creation of its Wellness Program, the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) has advocated for renewed emphasis in education, research, and practice on anesthesia provider wellness. This research was designed to explore the relationship between student registered nurse anesthetists' perceived wellness and students' thriving throughout their academic program. Within the variable, student academic achievement, overall wellness negatively correlated with the National Board of Certification & Recertification for Nurse Anesthetists' Self-Evaluation Examination scores.Keywords: Academic achievement, salutogenic, self-efficacy, Student Registered Nurse Anesthetist, wellness.
Development of an Online, Evidence-Based CRNA Preceptor Training Tutorial (CPiTT): A Quality Improvement Project Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) who serve as clinical preceptors have the critical job of transferring high-quality patient care and patient safety skills to the student registered nurse anesthetists (SRNAs) they precept. The education of CRNAs in best precepting practices has the potential to enhance this transfer. However, most CRNAs do not receive formal instruction in how to precept SRNAs, which has the potential to limit the CRNA preceptors' effectiveness in this critical educational role.Keywords: Clinical education, debriefing, nurse anesthesia preceptorship, online learning.
Refractory Hypotension in a Patient with a History of Anabolic Steroid Abuse Taking an Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocker: A Case Report This case report describes a unique case of refractory hypotension in a patient with a history of anabolic steroid abuse taking an angiotensin II receptor blocker. An understanding of the role of the RAAS in blood pressure regulation is essential for managing refractory hypotension.Keywords: Anabolic steroid abuse, anesthesia, angiotensin-receptor blockers, refractory hypotension.
Norwegian Nurse Anesthetist Perceptions of Professional Development and the Influence of Production Pressure Professional development is often connected with making improvements that affect patient experiences, needs, and safety. Competency maintenance, professional development, and updating skills and knowledge are demanded at workplaces, especially hospitals. The aim of this study was to examine Norwegian nurse anesthetists' perceptions of professional development and research in the workplace.Keywords: Grounded theory, nurse anesthetists, perceptions, professional development and research.
Addition of Fentanyl to Ropivacaine Infusion in Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Infusion Does Not Improve Its Analgesic Effect Following Modified Radical Mastectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate pain scores in patients given continuous thoracic paravertebral (TPV) block with ropivacaine alone or with fentanyl in modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Forty female patients ASA classes 1 and 2, aged 18 to 60 years, undergoing MRM were recruited.Keywords: Fentanyl, ropivacaine, thoracic paravertebral block.
Inadvertent Massive Overdose of Lidocaine in an Infant With Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita Treated Successfully With Lipid Emulsion Severe local anesthetic toxicity is potentially life threatening and is often refractory to standard resuscitative measures. Infants are a particularly susceptible population in this regard because of their unique physiologic features. We report a case of accidental life-threatening overdose of IV lidocaine (lignocaine) in an infant, which was successfully managed with 10% lipid emulsion.Keywords: Anesthetic overdose, complication, infant, intravenous lipid emulsion, local anesthetic.
The Future of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist Practice in South Korea: Fading Into the Sunset or Breaking of a New Dawn? The purpose of this study is to describe the practice of nurse anesthesia in the Republic of Korea and to identify trends, policy, and other factors that affect Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) as a profession.Keywords: Anesthesia registered nurse (ARN), Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, CRNA, job satisfaction, nurse anesthesia practice.
Ketamine as Part of a Multimodal Approach to Postoperative Pain Management Some surgeries present increased challenges for adequate perioperative pain management, which require innovative methods to prevent development of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). Ketamine is an adjunct to traditional pain management methods and is an effective analgesic. The potent antihyperalgesic effects of ketamine represent an interesting option for those searching for multimodal approaches.Keywords: Chronic postsurgical pain, ketamine, postoperative pain management, sacral chordoma.
Anesthesia Medicare Trend Analysis Shows Increased Utilization of CRNA Services Volume of anesthesia Medicare Part B services had an average increase of 3.1% per year from 2000 to 2014. In 2014, the top 25 anesthesia procedure codes accounted for 75% of all allowed Medicare services and $1.8 billion in Medicare payments. When more healthcare services are undergoing scrutiny to achieve cost-efficient, value-driven care, the increased use of the QZ modifier highlights a change in how the anesthesia workforce is used while aligning with federal and state regulations.Keywords: Billing modifiers, Medicare Part B, nurse anesthesia, reimbursement, trend analysis.
AANA Journal Course: Update for Nurse Anesthetists-Part 4-An Overview of Anesthetic Management for the Brain-Dead Donor and Organ Recovery Transplantation of tissue is playing an increasing role in modern therapeutics. Survival of recipients and transplanted organs is excellent, making transplantation of many major organs a very successful therapeutic option. Evidence shows that a multidisciplinary approach to managing the brain-dead donor offers a better opportunity for successful organ survival after transplantation.Keywords: Anesthetic management, brain death, organ procurement.


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Scott spent 30 years in leadership positions in the highly competitive metals & manufacturing industry. With a long track record of cost cutting and performance enhancement for companies such as British Steel & Corus, he joined rp² in Jan 2014.
Bringing 'fresh eyes' to the Oil and Gas business, Scott is integrating some techniques that he has developed in his previous career. With an injection on creativity and flair he aims to build on the good work that rp² has done.


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Thinking of going gluten free, but wondering how to start? Trying to frame a diet right away can be a daunting task, so you need to make a list of gluten free diet foods first and then plan some tasty meals with these items.
If you've been diagnosed with Celiac Disease or dermatitis herpetiformis, it goes without saying that you should always stick to gluten free diet foods. Gluten, a protein contained in grains like wheat and rye, can be harmful for people who are allergic to it. Grains like wheat, rye, and barley, and even oats are unsafe for such people. Gluten free diets are popular among the general populace too, who often take these up for maintaining their health.
The problem is that some of the common food items available in the market are made of wheat, which is rich in gluten. From breads and cakes to cookies and pies, wheat is omnipresent. Even products that you would normally consider to be wheat-free, like vegetable and meat based products, might not necessarily be gluten free.
How To Select Gluten Free Diet Foods
In order to ensure that you choose the right food items, you should exercise caution when you buy any kind of processed food items. Gluten is used as an additive to many foods as it lends flavor and texture, and even products like canned baked beans, soy sauce, and sausages might contain gluten. Here are some tips on how to frame the right diet, with the right gluten free diet foods.
Make A List Of Gluten Free Foods
First, you have to learn to recognize and avoid certain foods whose ingredients might include wheat or gluten. If a product has wheat in it, avoid it. You won't find this too hard, as wheat is always listed in the ingredients, although it might be listed under different names like flour, white flour, or bread flour.
There might be other sources of gluten that are not so obvious. If a product contains emulsifiers, starch, added flavors, and stabilizers, there are high chances that it contains gluten.
Replace Wheat With Safe Grains
Rice, corn, buckwheat, amaranth, millet, quinoa, teff – all these are safe food grains that are naturally gluten-free. Oats might not contain gluten, but because of the way it is grown and processed, there are high chances of wheat contamination.
Choose Alternative Flours
Bean flours and nut flours are not just gluten-free, they are also healthy. In place of wheat based flours, you can use flours made from chickpeas, peas, soy, and fava beans. Nut flours are also very healthy alternatives. You can use almonds, walnuts, chestnuts, pecans, or hazelnuts.
For safe starches, you can use root vegetable starches like potato, tapioca, and arrowroot too.
Follow A Gluten Free Lifestyle
Going gluten free also involve changes to your lifestyle.
Until you gain the practice and confidence to identify foods that might contain gluten, you have to avoid eating out in restaurants so that you don't accidentally consume a gluten laced diet. Also, you have to be careful and ensure that your food does not get contaminated by the wheat meals prepared in your kitchen.
A well defined plan can often make your kitchen completely gluten free. If you can't frame an elaborate plan, use separate cooking utensils, containers, and cooking equipment. Try and avoid any toothpastes or medications that might contain gluten.
Worried About The Taste?
Now that you've learnt to identify gluten free diet foods, are you worried about what you will be missing out on?
The honest fact is, wheat products like breads, cakes, and pies are tasty. Giving them all up and switching to a strange diet might be hard and can take getting used to, but you need not worry, because you can still have delicious meals without wheat.
To add some spice to your meal, you can include fresh meats, vegetables, fish, poultry, and dairy products in your diet. Just ensure that you choose only the raw ingredients and avoid prepackaged foods.
You can even use this as an opportunity to check out alternative cuisines. Try rice based recipes, include lots of salads and homemade soups, and treat yourself to lots of tasty nuts and fruits. It is up to your imagination to make a meal as drab or as tasty as you want.
Some Tasty Gluten Free Diet Foods
Some food items that can be included in a gluten free diet are: Milk, cream, butter, cheese, soy milk, coffee, cocoa and chocolates, tea, fruit juices, coconut, almonds, cashews, honey, molasses, rice syrup, corn syrup, beans, seafood, dry fruits, potatoes, and tomatoes. You can find a lot more if you care to do a little research.
Living on gluten free diet foods might involve many changes to your lifestyle, but it doesn't have to include giving up appetizing meals.


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December 24-25, 2012
I recently "discovered" this trip report in my archives. It was one of the first reports I had ever written but had never gotten around to releasing. Im releasing it now as a kickback to the days when I had little to no mountaineering experience, and would go on trips to big mountains and into harsh weather with little to no planning. This report details everything you should NOT do on a winter mountain trip, so please do not follow my example. Everything in the report (including grammatical errors) are left in the way it was originally written in 2012.
"Charleston Peak. Look at it on the map. Look how easy it is to climb. Look how close it is to Vegas. Its even a DPS emblem peak. We could climb it in no time with little effort. It will make for a fantastic winter hike."
This is what Tommey and I were saying to eachother as we sat in his car in the parking lot of a shopping center in Cabazon, reading the Summitpost article on a laptop. It was around 7:30pm on 12/23. We had just climbed Mopah Point and Umpah peak in the Mojave desert with Pat. Pat had gone home to spend time with her husband and would meet us again later that week. The remaining two of us had planned to climb Cardinal Mountain in the Sierras after seeing that a 2-day weather window had opened up on the 24th and 25th. But as we checked the weather at the end of the day, the window had closed to only one day- the 25th. Even that day was showing strong winds. We decided to scrap the idea, thinking how much of a waste it was to bring all our winter gear and not use it. I started looking up peaks in the desert, coming up with the Fountain/Edgar/Mitchell traverse that looked interesting, but remembered that a friend had wanted to climb it with us, so we scrapped that idea too. We finally decided on linking together a bunch of easy peaks near Red Rock Canyon, but as we played around with Google Earth finding peaks, a big mountain in the background caught our eyes- 11,918 ft Charleston Peak.We checked out the Summitpost page and a couple of trip reports. It looked like the best winter route was the South Loop Trail which starts from the end of a picnic area out of the town of Mt. Charleston. The trail is 8.3 mi one way with 4,300ft gain, and since we would be hiking it as an out-and-back, it would be a total 16.6 mi. The trail switchbacks up to a ridge for 4 miles, then contours the southern side of the ridge for 4.3 miles, gradually ascending up to the summit. When the trail intersects the ridge, it passes by Griffith Peak, a good bonus. The weather forecast indicated snow Sunday night, clearing up by Monday 10am. It looked like another storm was due for Wednesday (The forecast didn't indicate this yet, but I had a feeling it was coming because a big snowstorm was supposed to slam into the Sierras 135 miles to the west on Tuesday night). Temperatures were supposed to hover in the mid teens at 10,500 ft elevation, and the wind was supposed to peak on Monday night between 20-30 mph.
We discussed our plan while on the 300 mile drive from Cabazon to the trailhead, and eventually decided on heading over to the trailhead that night and sleeping in the car. We would start climbing the next morning when the snow stopped. It looked like some people had done Charleston as a dayhike in winter, but since we had stumbled across this hike at the last minute and barely knew anything about it, we decided to play it safe and do this climb as an overnighter. Dayhiking it like this would be foolish. We were, however, convinced that this hike was going to be fairly easy and straight forward. The weather didn't look bad and the mileage and elevation gain (even with snow) was trivial compared to what we've done on our past Sierra climbs. The plan was to climb up to the peak on Monday and camp up there, catching the summit sunrise Tuesday morning. We would descend back to the trailhead on Tuesday, hitting Griffith Peak along the way if there was time.
We entered Vegas city limits just after midnight. The sky was clear with only a few puffy clouds. No sign of a storm here. It was probably concentrated only in the mountains. Sure enough, as we left Vegas and started up SR157, a large rolling mass of cloud blanketed the distant mountains. The tops of the clouds were lined silver by the almost-full moon, making them appear eerie and ghostly. The snow level started at around 5,000 ft. It was impressive how good the roads were kept. They were plowed and sanded on a regular basis, even with a very slight dusting of snow. We passed by the entrance road to the trailhead, which was blocked by a locked gate. A hundred feet after the gate, where were a row of vacation lodges. We parked at the end of the row. There was an open dumpster 50 ft away, which was good because it indicated that there were few or no bears in the area. Tommey pulled out some Kimchi he had brought from home and we had a quick snack. It was pretty good. A man came out from one of the lodges and asked us what we were doing there. We explained our plan to climb Charleston. He mentioned that the trailhead was closed because of construction and we would be kicked out should anyone see us entering. We thanked him for the info, which was very helpful, but did not deter us from proceeding.
The next morning we woke up at around 7am. It was still snowing outside. An inch or two had fallen overnight on top of the 8-10 inches already on the ground. The sky was starting to clear towards the east. We ate breakfast, mixing Mountain House rice and beans with Kimchi and beef. It actually tasted pretty good. At 8:30, the weather had showed great signs of improvement. The snow had stopped and the sky above us had almost cleared. Storm clouds were still obscuring the prominent ridges and peaks. Two people- a man and woman, walked towards the trailhead on the main road. They looked like hikers carrying daypacks. I hurried over and asked them if they were hiking. They said that they were planning to dayhike to Griffith. The man told me that the actual trailhead starts at the very end of the picnic area, after a bulldozer. Many people mistake the first parking lot for the trailhead, only to end up wasting 30 minutes to an hour on a short loop trail. I thanked them and headed back to Tommey to tell him what I just heard.
We were all packed and ready to go by 9:15am. Each of our packs weighed around 40 lbs. The skies had completely cleared above us and a lingering wave of low clouds was moving along the prominent ridges. The temperature was somewhere in the mid to high 20s. We walked to the front of the iron gate. It was about 20 ft tall, and there was no way to climb over it. A 10 ft high iron fence surrounded both sides of the gate. There were some boot prints in the snow went up off towards the right, where it looked like the fence ended. We postholed for about 100 ft, gaining about 40 ft of height, and dropped back down onto the road on the other side of the gate. It looked like the couple that had passed us in the morning knew some shortcut onto the main trail and didn't want to get caught, for their footprints kept going to the right. They were the only footprints that did so. We walked along the road for a little over a half mile, past the "false" trailhead, and cross country'd it up to the south loop trail..
view from the false trailhead
looks like some good rock climbing
The topo map showed that we would hit the trail in a fifth of a mile, which we did. The trail could be easily distinguished and followed, despite the snow. There were several footprints in the older snow. It hadnt snowed enough the previous night to cover them completely. Even if the footprints disappeared, it wouldn't be too difficult to find the trail in the snow. The indent through the trees was pretty obvious.
the trail
A quarter mile after we met the trail, it indeed looked like the couple had taken a shortcut. Two sets of newer tracks crossed over from the right and joined the main trail.
A mile later, we got our first view of Charleston, still mostly shrouded in clouds.
At about 8,700 ft, we decided to put on snowshoes as the snow was getting deeper and footprints fewer. Since Tommey was newer to snowshoeing, I broke trail so he could place his feet into the posthole grooves. It looked like the makers of most of the footprints we saw at the beginning of the trail had turned back. The couple's footprints kept on going, postholing through the snow. I wondered if they brought snowshoes. It would take a long time to reach Griffith without them. We met the couple at 9,100 ft. They had turned back a couple of minutes ago because the snow had grown too deep and they had no snowshoes. They mentioned that the tracks stopped shortly ahead. They also informed us of a wind shelter on top of Charleston peak that was good for camping in.
We continued for a little bit until the footprints ended. All routefinding would be on our own from here on. The trail seemed to curve around a ridge and contour across a northwest facing slope. As we got on the slope, the snow immediately deepened. There was about 7 inches of powder on top of 2 feet of harder snow. The slope was about 30-35 degrees. The few older footprints that we had followed before disappeared as the trail curved the ridge. It looked like the wind had been strong the previous night, stripping the S and E facing slopes of most of their snow and dumping it onto the NW slopes. Let the routefinding begin.
view from 8,800 ft- notice the lack of snow on the S and E facing slopes
9,200 ft- clouds finally clearing from the peak
closeup of the peak
9,300 ft- looking NW
We started on the contour, following indents in the trees that looked like the trail, almost loosing it a few times. Because of the 30 degree slope, I had to angle my foot sideways, somewhat similar to side stepping with crampons. When the angle of the slope became more than 30 degrees, I faced uphill and dug only the front half of the snowshoes into the snow, front stepping in a sideways direction. I was postholing 6 inches into the snow even with the snowshoes on. The good thing about this was that the tracks would be clearly visible on the way back (unless the wind decided to come back). We climbed up a few switchbacks to a "Mt. Charleston Wilderness" sign. A few more switchbacks after that, we crossed a gully on what looked like a natural stone walkway buried in snow. We would refer to the preceding switchbacks as the "bridge switchbacks" on the way down the mountain. After the bridge, we were on north facing slopes. The snow lessened a little and tracks from previous climbers (although very faint), came back into view. We sere still postholing 5-7 inches, but now on gentler terrain. I made a mental note to prefer the E and S facing slopes to the NW and in case a wind came up.
looking back at the "bridge switchbacks" after crossing the gully, note the steeper NW slopes in the background
After a few switchbacks on this considerably easier terrain, we had a quick snack. Tommey pulled out his iPhone which indicated a linear half mile to the intersection with the ridge, which was probably more like 2 miles with all the switchbacks. The remaining switchbacks to the ridge were really straight forward, except when they would briefly cross over onto the NW slopes. As we climbed, the wind started increasing. It was directly hitting the NW slopes and occasionally making its way over to the N slopes. At 10,000 ft, we were getting hit with 45 mph winds from the NW. Spindrifts were coming off of the sides of Charleston Peak, meaning that the wind was much worse up there.
Charleston Peak with a spindrift on its north (right) side, photo from 10,000 ft
gentle switchbacks
view of Harris Mountain and Las Vegas
Griffith Peak comes into view. Every few minutes a big gust of wind would come along and envelop the peak in a giant spindrift. Every time I got out my camera to take a picture, the spindrift had ended.The areas near the ridge were stripped of their snow, indicating that this wind pattern had gone on all day long.
another view of Harris Mountain
The wind picked up as the two of us reached the ridge intersection (10,740 ft). It seemed like we had stepped into a winter wonderland. Snow lay all along the ridge in deep drifts. The trees were coated with a intricate layer of rime ice, and the sun was shining brightly in the cloudless sky. It was just before 3pm, having taken us almost 6 hours to gain a measly 4,000 ft. It was slow going, but worth it. The place was so much more beautiful and peaceful in winter than it would be in summer. There was a wooden sign at the intersection, coated with rime ice. I chopped off the ice and took a picture. It was pretty obvious what direction we were going to be headed from here on.
The trail was supposed to contour over onto the south side of the ridge and gradually ascend to the summit. Both sides of the ridge looked like they were covered with a considerable amount of snow, which meant more postholing. We decided to stay on top of the ridge where the wind had blown off much of the snow. This meant more elevation gain, but requiring less energy because there wasn't too much snow. While the trail gradually ascended, the ridge consisted of a series of hills that we would have to climb up and down.The views from the ridge were awesome.
Mummy Mountain
up and down the ridge we go to Charleston
Charleston closeup
Mummy Mountain and Mummy's Toe (rock formation on the far right)
picturesque trees
wind picking up
towards the desert
looking back at Griffith Peak
We decided to stick with our primary objective- to summit Charleston Peak that night, probably arriving between 8pm and 9pm, which meant we were going to hike for at least 3.5 hours in the dark. Both of us had good flashlights, and the moon was supposed to be near full.
Mummy's Toe near sunset
very nice lighting
Just as the sun was going down, we noticed that several sections of the ridge ahead were piled deep with snow. We decided to drop down to the south (left) side of the ridge and follow a set of faint tracks. The postholing wasn't too bad- maybe about 4-5 inches with the snowshoes on. The tracks vanished in half a mile. We kept contouring the slope, aiming for a spot to the right of a false summit.
The night was very peaceful. The air was calm, stars filled the sky, and the moon shone brightly. I was eager to get above the treeline to the beautiful moonlit snowy terrain. The wind had completely stopped. I was thinking how nice it would be if conditions at the summit were like this too. Little did we know that the wind was getting stronger by the minute. It was now blowing directly from the north, slamming into the north slopes of the ridge. Since we were on the south side of the ridge, we were protected from the wind.
The temperature was somewhere in the high teens. I felt pretty warm. The snowshoes were now sinking deeper into the snow, and I had to work harder to break trail. I practiced delayering and relayering at certain points so I wouldn't sweat, which would be a real nuisance in case it got really cold. Tommey said he started to feel his energy deplete, so he munched on a Clif bar.
As we got closer to the false summit, we could hear a sound which gradually grew louder. It sounded like a freight train was crashing through the trees. It was the wind, now blowing at 50-55 mph. We climbed up briefly to the top of the ridge and was hit with an icy blast. The wind threw up several spindrifts, with stung as powdered snow pelted our faces. We dropped back down the south side of the ridge and resumed contouring. When we got above the treeline, the south side of the ridge was too steep for contouring, so we had no choice but to stay near the top of the ridge. We were now directly in the wind with no rocks or trees to shelter us. Spindrifts spun around us in all directions. The moon illuminated a saddle that was about half a mile away and 300 ft above us (which Ill refer to in this trip report as "little saddle"). That was just where we were supposed to be. It seemed like the wind was slamming onto the north side of the ridge, then blowing over the top and pressing down on parts of the south side that were close to the top of the ridge. I had to fight the wind to move uphill. Tommey was falling back. He said that his energy was depleting. There were numerous brown patches of scree and talus on the slopes. Wind had blown away a considerable amount of snow. The snowshoes made loud screeching noises as they came in contact with the rock. Just before we got to the saddle, Tommey looked at me and said that we might want to consider calling it for the night and finding an area to set up camp. The choice was mine. I told him that I wanted to get up to the saddle and see how far away the peak looked, then make a decision.
I got up to the saddle and looked around. It was very hard to look around as every few seconds I would be engulfed in a spindrift and my face would get blasted with a mix of powdery snow and dirt. Small pebbles were even getting lifted up and scattered. The peak didn't look far, maybe a little over a mile. But the wind was so strong (~65 mph) that I didn't know if we could traverse the ridge. Because the false summit blocked much of my view towards the west, I could only see the north side of the ridge leading up Charleston. The north side had less snow than where I was currently standing, meaning that the wind must be much stronger there. There was a lower, bigger saddle to my left (which I will simply refer to as "Big Saddle for this trip report.) I wanted to contour around the false summit to Big Saddle, where I would get a view of the rest of the ridge to Charleston. Tommey came staggering up to the saddle a few minutes later. He took a look at the peak and said that he would follow my decision- "Lets go for it."
I decided to go for the summit for two reasons:
1. Because we were protected from the wind on the south side of the ridge for the past few miles, I assumed that the south side of the following ridge would be protected. We just had to traverse around the false summit and take a look at it. The more snow there was on the side, the less wind there would be.
2. I was pretty much convinced at this point that the summit would be in the wind by now. I was hoping to reach the wind shelter just below the summit. Once we were in, we would be golden.
The wind seemed to grow even stronger as we traversed around the false summit. It came slamming down on us from the top of the ridge, continuously pelting us with snow and dirt. The air temperature was around 15F. I estimated the wind to be blowing at an average of 65 mph. Occasional gusts of 75 mph were making their way over the ridge. I later calculated the average wind chill factor to be -12F (-13F in gusts). According to Weather.com, the direct skin exposure frostbite time is 10 minutes. We staggered across the immediate south slope of the false summit, constantly getting blown over by wind. It took us about 20 minutes to gain the 1000 ft of distance to the other side of the hill, about 30 ft above Big Saddle. When I reached it, I had an expansive view of both sides of the ridge that lay before us. It was a sight I had never seen before. The remaining part of the ridge angled several more degrees to the north. This meant that the side of the ridge I had thought was facing south was actually facing closer to the west. It looked like the wind was coming out of the NE. There was no higher point between the false summit and the actual summit, which were located about half a mile apart. The wind slammed onto the NE side of the ridge, and, being blocked by the false summit, proceeded to angle SW. This created a wind tunnel in between the summits, where wind speeds would easily be reaching speeds as high as 110 mph.
The moon lit up the whole scene so that I could see it almost as if it were daytime. The SW facing slope of the ridge was almost totally stripped of its snow. The remaining snow was lifted up and thrown hundreds of feet into the air as giant, whirling spindrifts. These spindrifts were blown off the SW side of the ridge, resembling a gigantic waterfall. Great clouds of snow partially obscured the summit at times. In some areas, the ground would blur and what looked like black snow was also being lifted up. It occurred to me that the wind must have been lifting up rocks along with snow. They must have been big, as I could easily spot them from over a half mile away. The sound was deafening, several times louder than that of a freight train.
A stray gust of wind slammed into me and knocked me over. I hit the ground and skidded a few feet back. This was it. I struggled back to Tommey and shouted to turn back. Back across the hill we went, slipping, sliding, falling, and pelted by snow and small rocks. I steered down the slope towards the trees, hoping to get to the protection of the south side of the ridge. I was still hoping to come back the next day and try for the summit if the wind was calm. Tommey was not happy about my "keep going" decision. He planned to hike back as far as his legs would carry him, get to some flat ground that was out of the wind, and set up camp. Even if it was calm and sunny the next morning, he didn't care about the summit. He said that he was getting off the mountain, and I could do whatever I want. This left me no choice but to head back too. I didn't want to risk soloing the climb when there wasn't a single person on the entire mountain.
route overview of the last bit of traverse before we turned back
We reached a flat spot on the south side of the ridge probably around 9pm and decided to camp there. I was glad to drop my heavy pack. The wind had subsided to a 5 mph light breeze. We got out our shovels and begun digging a snow shelter, then set up the tent. Tommey hadn't had any water for the past few hours. He took out a bottle of water drank a few gulps of slush that hadn't frozen yet. All my water bottles were completely frozen so I boiled snow. We passed the Jetboil back and forth, taking sips. After a few sips, Tommey mentioned he wasn't thirsty. He was so tired that he just wanted to go to sleep. It struck me as unusual how little water he drank. As he was getting out his sleeping bag, I heard an "on shit." He had forgotten his food bag back at the car, bringing only a couple energy bars and a bag of trail mix. I had a mostly full can of spam, a few Clif bars and Gu packets, and a Mountain House Beef Stroganoff, which should be sufficient to get us both off the mountain. None of us cared about food at the moment. We just wanted to rest. Probably some Beef Stroganoff in the morning.
I crawled into my sleeping bag. The warmth felt good and I began to feel sleepy after a few minutes. Tommey suddenly said that he was shivering violently and uncontrollably. His hands and feet were ok but his core temperature was dropping. He said that either the sleeping bag wasn't working or he was not generating any body heat. Over the next few minutes, I noticed that his speech was growing shaky and he was making several awkward groaning sounds. This had to be some form of hypothermia. I unzipped my sleeping bag and wrapped myself around Tommey, then threw the unzipped sleeping bag over both of us like a blanket. The shivering and jerky movements went on for the next 15 minutes and then subsided. In another 15 minutes, Tommey was starting to talk again, saying that his core temperature felt back to normal. I gladly crawled back into my sleeping bag. Laying in that awkward position had made my legs cramp up a little.
We fell asleep shortly after and woke up in the wee hours of the morning. The wind was blowing at about 30 mph outside. It blew rime ice off the trees, which made clunking sounds when it would hit the tent. Every so often a large piece would hit the tent and startle us for a split second. I slept through most of it, waking up only once more before sunrise.
The first thought that hit me when I woke up at sunrise was that there was no wind. Everything stood completely still. A few birds were chirping. A layer of cirrus clouds had moved in overnight, insulating the air. The air felt surprisingly warm, with temperatures in the high teens. Tommey said that he felt energetic and was up for going to the peak. I gladly agreed. First things first. We needed to eat and boil snow. Even though we felt energetic, it was very likely that our bodies were running off of glycogen, which doesn't last long. We divided the Beef Stroganoff and munched on some crackers and energy bars. Tommey took a photo of me in the tent.
Evidently, we were very organized campers last night.
We took down the tent and packed away everything we didn't need, leaving the full packs behind a nearby tree. We would collect them on the way back. Each of us brought a couple liters of water and some energy bars. We were both surprised at the time it took is to get to the point where we turned back yesterday- 45 minutes. It had taken well over 2 hours the previous day. The wind had turned into a gentle breeze. The only evidence that there had been a windstorm the previous night were the brown patches stripped of snow. From Big Saddle, we could see Charleston Peak not too far away. It didn't look like snowshoes would be needed anymore, so we dropped ours.
Charleston Peak from Big Saddle
amount of snow compared to the previous day
view SW
view S
At first, we stayed on the trail, but a ridge looked more fun.
Just keep following the ridge to the summit
I was dismayed to see that the summit was ruined by a radio tower and what looked to be some kind of storage tank. Otherwise, it was a beautiful clear day. It was very peaceful. The two of us were probably the only ones on the mountain that day.
views from summit
looking back to where we came from- Griffith Peak is the highpoint at the end of the ridge
nice layers
We got back to camp and ate the last of the Spam. Our remaining food consisted of a couple energy bars and a little bit of trail mix. Surprisingly, my full pack didn't seem that heavy. The trek back across the ridge was uneventful. Clouds were starting to move in, signaling an oncoming storm. Up and down on the ridge we climbed. There was less snow on the ridge than there was yesterday, owing to the previous night's wind, so we were able to make better time with less postholing.
When we got back to the ridge intersection, I decided to grab Griffith Peak really quick. It was about a half mile further along the ridge. Tommey said that he would start descending and meet me down the mountain. I dropped my pack at the intersection and started forward, bringing nothing but my camera. The Spam had really kicked in and my energy levels were soaring. I half jogged most of the way up Griffith Peak. The snow turned out to be firmer at the top of the ridge, where my snowshoes made a chomping sound every time they hit the ground. I made it to the top of Griffith 17 minutes after leaving the intersection.
Griffith Peak- a few minutes after the intersection
looking back at Charleston Peak from just below the summit of Griffith
Griffith Peak summit views
summit register
I signed the register and enjoyed the view for about 10 minutes. The bottoms of the clouds to the west looked like they were lowering, indicating oncoming snow showers. They were approaching fast. I descended back to the intersection in 18 minutes- a minute longer than my ascent time due to the fact that its very hard to run downhill in snowshoes. By the time I reached the intersection, the snow showers had already engulfed Mummy Mountain and the upper reaches of Charleston.
light snow shower falling over Mummy Mountain
It looked like the wind had blown away our tracks from the previous day due to Tommey's tracks wandering this way and that. I followed them for about 20 minutes before reaching him. The snow was pure powder, and Tommey had postholed up to 10 inches deep while breaking trail. Down we went, with Tommey breaking trail. A few light snow flurries fell here and there. We were descending fast, wanting to make it to the bridge switchbacks before it got completely dark. I was becoming aware that my my arms and legs were getting that "sour" feeling from dehydration, but was concentrated on the descent so I stupidly ignored it and did not drink any water. The full effect of it hit me when we got to the bridge switchbacks. I felt slightly nauseated and didn't want to move my arms and legs. I realized that this was bad dehydration and begun taking small sips of water. This was a slightly difficult process as I did not feel a bit thirsty, the water was bitter cold, and ever time I took a sip, I would burp and feel like puking for a few seconds I forced myself to drink more, as this was the only way to cure my symptoms. I started feeling better, but very gradually. I could not risk drinking a lot of water at once for the fear of creating an imbalance in my stomach and puking out the energy I needed to get off the mountain.
When we finally got to the bridge switchbacks, the flashlights were on. I felt like throwing my sleeping bag on the snow and just laying there for a few hours. Tommey begun sidestepping, breaking trail on the next few arduous switchbacks which consisted of contouring the side of a 30-35 degree slope. There was less powder here and we were left with semi icy snow. We kicked in the snowshoes extra hard. It took about 40 minutes to get down three switchbacks Tommey said that he was starting to feel the exhaustion kick in. When we finally reached the end of the switchbacks, I sat down and slowly ate a Clif bar.
Down we went. There were only 2.5 miles and 1,800 ft to descend, but I felt ready to drop. A quarter mile later, Tommey took off his snowshoes. I sat down gratefully We walked another half mile and Tommey suggested that boiling snow would probably make the water more drinkable. he pulled out his Jetboil and begun scooping up snow.
Immediately after my first sip of warm water, my sense of thirst returned. I drank almost the entire thing in about 30 seconds We boiled some more to use on the way down and then packed up. 10 minutes later, I felt dramatic improvements The nausea had gone and the feeling of lemon juice in my arms and legs had subsided. I knew I was back to normal when I started noticing the surroundings again. The clouds had partially cleared and the full moon was out. The trail in front of us was lit up brightly, so the flashlights went off. A few tracks from the previous day remained in the snow.
The moon was still shining brightly when we got to the road, only a half mile walk and a climb around a gate from the car. We had a surprise waiting for us at the gate. Someone had dug under it, allowing us to crawl under.
Total round trip miles: 18.5 mi
Total elevation gain/loss: 6,700 ft/ -6,700 ft


text:
Thursday 12. Nov. 2020, 7.30 pm - 10.00 pm | Main Stage
Eurydice is dead, a fact the man and artist Orpheus cannot accept. He demands her return. Indeed, the beauty of art and its power to transcend and destroy borders manage to render the weapons of Death and its guards ineffective – apparently, this is necessary. Eurydice is allowed to return to the living. While in the antique myth, Orpheus casts a longing, but deadly gaze back at his beloved walking behind him, in Gluck's treatment this turns into Eurydice's suspicion that he might not be looking at her because he no longer loves her. The proof she demands that this is not the case kills her a second time. Things, however, are seldom what they seem: Amor, Love, has staged the entire episode to test Orpheus, and Eurydice lives. The gods simply do not trust humans, as little as vice versa.
Staging, Choreography, Set, Costumes and Lighting Concept: John Neumeier
Set Design Collaboration: Heinrich Tröger
On stage: The Hamburg Ballet
Joffrey Ballet and the Lyric Opera of Chicago, Chicago, September 23, 2017
Premiere at the Hamburg State Opera: February 3rd 2019
A break of ca. 25 minutes after the second act
In French with German and English surtitles
A co-production with Lyric Opera of Chicago and Los Angeles Opera. Supported by Twerenbold Reisen AG and the Foundation for the Support of the Hamburg State Opera.
Venue: Main Stage, Dammtorstraße 28, 20354 Hamburg
Prices: 6,00 EUR to 109,00 EUR
no advance ticket sale yet


text:
Dealing With Infertility
Deciding to have a baby is probably the biggest decision most women ever make. But when the pregnancy doesn't happen, the biggest excitement soon turns to be one of the biggest stressors. Facing the fact that you are infertile can be overwhelming. Whether it's your first pregnancy or your second or third child, being unable to conceive is devastating.
The medical progress in the field of infertility treatment has been tremendous over the past few decades. Women now have many options if they are unable to conceive. However, the physical and emotional affects of infertility can, in and of itself, actually make it even harder to get pregnant. The stress caused by merely "being infertile" can make it more difficult for a woman to relax and let nature take its course.
Counseling can benefit a woman and her partner in a number of different ways. Meeting with a therapist experienced in infertility can help a woman better understand the physical and medical aspects of treatment and help reduce anxiety. It can also benefit her by learning stress management skills and relaxation techniques to help improve the body's response to fertility treatment. Counseling can educate a woman on different holistic approaches to infertility and may provide better options than strictly medical treatment. Counseling can also provide a woman with new options and alternative viewpoints on having children. It can also help a woman gain acceptance and find resolution if she decides to not have a child.
Sharing your thoughts and fears with a therapist who's been through the same experience can be invaluable. Infertility can be difficult and complicated, but counseling can be of tremendous help during this very stressful time of life.


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19th April 2004
Gear Maniac
Does Hd sounds better than before ?
Hi Charles !
I first wanted to thank you for all your articles that are very helpfull. Then, when you moved to the Hd system, except from the improvement of dsp sharing, do you notice a really difference in sound (i mean better hig end, low end, wider, and still at 44,1) ? Do you own your own PT Hd ? And last question, don't you think that the price of all these plugs for tdm are really too much expensive ?
19th April 2004
Lives for gear
I'm not Charles, but my HD rig sounds better than my Mix+ rig did. Better converters, no more dithering between shared chips... Money well spent.
20th April 2004
Lives for gear
I'm not French either, but I wouldn't mind swapping citizenship. Anybody want to help a brother out? Je parle un peu de Français.
21st April 2004
Lives for gear
Originally posted by juniorhifikit
[B]I'm not French either, but I wouldn't mind swapping citizenship.
unbelievable statement. wow
21st April 2004
Lives for gear
United States:
no healthcare system
failing educational system
rapidly approaching overt fascism
rampant ignorance, obesity and intolerance
cultural void
I could go on and on, but I'm already WAY off topic.
21st April 2004
Lives for gear
If I could afford to move to Canada even...
21st April 2004
Here for the gear
I just upgraded from Mix Plus to HD and all my sessions do sound better in HD.
21st April 2004
Gear Addict
Anyone have an opinion as to whether the PT 196 D/A sounds better/different than the 96k?
21st April 2004
Lives for gear
Originally posted by mcsnare
Anyone have an opinion as to whether the PT 196 D/A sounds better/different than the 96k?
I remember reading some "white paper" type thing from the designer of the 192 A/D. It's completely different and superior to the 96K interface as far as the analog side of things go. And that's where all the big difference lies.
22nd April 2004
Extreme Mixing
Gear Addict
Originally posted by tiltrite
I just upgraded from Mix Plus to HD and all my sessions do sound better in HD.
Then the mix sysetms must have gotten something right. I would be upset if playing a Mix project back on an HD system sounded bad. I'm perfectly willing to have my work sound better coming back through better converters. On the other hand, if it sounded bad coming back through HD, that would mean that I had been enticed in to making bad mix decisions by the crummy 888/24 converters, and the inferior performance of the Mix System.
Luckily, that desn't seem to be the case. This seems to be great news for us Mix users, don't you think?
22nd April 2004
Lives for gear
Originally posted by juniorhifikit
United States:
no healthcare system
failing educational system
rapidly approaching overt fascism
rampant ignorance, obesity and intolerance
cultural void
I could go on and on, but I'm already WAY off topic.
Sounds awful. Get out while there's still time.
22nd April 2004
Lives for gear
When considering this question, I think you have to break the system down to at least three basic components.
1. The A/Ds
2. The internal DSP handling
3. The D/As
Any of those factors could be responsible for a percieved sonic improvement, except in the case of importing a session recorded with Mix using other A/Ds. In that case, it could only be #2 or #3.
1. If the A/Ds are better, it's good news all along the food chain. That one's easy to see. The benefit is captured everywhere.
2. If the internal DSP handling is better, it's good news everywhere as well, unless you move the files to another platform for mixing, in which case, the result would be reduced to any benefit imparted to the recording due to more clarity while monitoring. The benefit is captured primarily when mixing internally.
3. If the D/As are better, the only benefit would be in monitoring, unless using an analog mixing or summing device. Mixing ITB would capture none of the improvement, except due to potenially better sonic choices because of improved monitoring.
The first, obvious quantifier would be to play HD recorded files in Mix. You could also route a stereo bus AES output from Mix into HD, and A/B the D/As. Or do a BTD on both, of the same session.
All interesting IMO. I will say this. Based upon what I've heard so far, which involves lots of songs from various producers and engineers that were recorded in Pro Tools being mixed on my non Pro Tools DAW, I believe much of the improvement being enjoyed by HD users is in the D/As. Some probably in the internal DSP handling. Not as much in the A/Ds as seems to be assumed. At least IMO.
Seeing as I pull PT files out of PT midstream, I immediately can rule out all of the D/A and most of the internal DSP. So what I will mostly hear on my system when comparing projects I get from Mix vs HD is the A/D converters.
I don't hear much difference between well clocked 888/24s vs 192s. In fact, in some cases I have preferred the sound of Mix based sessions as compared to HD based sessions from the same person. Weird, huh? I was pretty surprised, as that was not my expectation.
Please note that in no way am I saying HD can't, won't or shouldn't produce better end to end results than Mix. What I am saying is that I don't think people are breaking down the possible sources of improvement, then considering which ones are fully retained in the end, and how to maximize how much of the improvement actually reaches the end listener/consumer.
A question. If the D/As were to prove to be much of the reason that a Mix session sounds better when played on HD, is that always a good thing? Is that causing the engineer to get satisfied with his sounds sooner than he used to, not because they're actually recorded better, but because the DA's make them sound better than they did before?
Just a question. And it's not really just a question about PT. Do your monitors sound too good? Are they making you get sonically happy, sooner than you should?
22nd April 2004
Here for the gear
Merde! The fat, ignorant, uncultured Americans are coming! Quick get me a one way ticket to Paris immediately!
We slender, educated, cultured people must stick together! And we shall go to France! Maybe we can stay at Johnny Depp's house?
22nd April 2004
Extreme Mixing
Gear Addict
As far as I can determine, the move to the HD chipset didn't involve that major of a change in technology. I'm not an electronic engineer, but when I read the HD specs they claimed that the each chip was 25% faster and there were 9 instead fo 6 and that each of the chips had the larger ram memory, so they could all run all of the plugs. That doesn't imply a radical improvement to me. I think the data stream is identical at least down to the 24th bit. The improvement comes in the true 48 bit mix summing bus of HD compared to the Mix system limitation of (I think) 56 faders, at which point the system adds another DSP chip and sums the remaining faders into the mix at 24 bit resolution. That places the differences in the two mixes about 140db down. I'm not sure about the DSP differences with HD Accel.
So I stand by my theory that the differences are mainly in the D/A converters on the HD system, and that that is good news for mix owners. If HD were revealing flaws in my work that had been masked by my mix systems poor reproduction, then I would RUSH to upgrade. Since EVERYONE says Mix mixes sound better when played through HD, I think it is a good report on the Mix system.
I would be interested in comparing the same mix from both systems, through a common D/A converter. I think it would be extremely hard to discern a difference.
Charles, what are your thoughts on this?
23rd April 2004
Lives for gear
Originally posted by Extreme Mixing
I would be interested in comparing the same mix from both systems, through a common D/A converter. I think it would be extremely hard to discern a difference.
Yeah, and not everybody who upgrades to HD will find 'upgrading' to 192 conversion necessary. I don't.
A few posters in this thread have mentioned upgrading to 192's, which would most likely alter what they hear a bit more than would DSP changes between Mix and HD - especially if they were used to 888's (even "well clocked") or the like before...
Having a Mix system to quickly A/B with HD would be telling, but only if the same DA was used with each rig. Wish I could keep Mix for a week to compare.
23rd April 2004
Gear Nut
Also, the ADC that is here in 6.4 is only available to hd. If ADC works well that may be a deciding factor in sonics as well.
24th April 2004
Lives for gear
Judging by your post above, it looks like you're not aware that ADC would have no effect on the outcome of an A/B with HD and Mix.
Delay compensation can be done manually in Mix (has been for years now), so ADC in HD would sound no different than manual DC in Mix.
The gripe people have with DC in Mix is that it's heavily time consuming and often innacurate. We shall see how accurate it is in HD.
24th April 2004
Extreme Mixing
Gear Addict
I'll go even further than that. I'll go on record saying that delay compensation is not that big a deal for me. I do a lot of R&B stuff where the sounds are coming from samples. A 3 sample delay from a P3 eq makes little difference in the sound of my mixes. The Drum/Squish set up works perfectly if you want to use paralell compression. Even on a live kit there is little difference in a small bit of latency, unless you are trying to add the sound back in with itself. Thats really where the problem lies. If you want to do that, then you're going have to compensate for the different processing times.
25th April 2004
Gear Nut
You said. "The gripe people have with DC in Mix is that it's heavily time consuming and often innacurate." I agree it is time consuming on the mix (I am on mix now) and it can be inaccurate if not done properly. It seems that the automatic funtion, if adc is done correctly, could help sonics by taking away any inaccuracies and could enhance the PT experience by letting you get on with mixing instead of time consuming manual compensation. Just an observation.
25th April 2004
Lives for gear
We are in agreement.
Another thing is that some tracks benefit from being slid where they sound best in relationship to other tracks. The snare track I worked on last night comes to mind. It sounds better pulled about 60 samples ahead of the drum overheads.
I hope track nudging will still be possible in HD, and think it probably will be although I've seen no reports that it is.
28th April 2004
Lives for gear
I think the most significant difference between Mix and HD is the converters. I recently had to use Mix converters on a project, and after a few years of Apogees and the HD 192, the difference was palpable. With Apogees and the 192 I think you are at a level of quality at which taste will determine your choices. The Mix converters, to my ears anyway, had too much of that "digitized" sound that was made so famous by ADATs.
Not that you couldn't make a great record on any of these.
OTOH, when I switched to HD and imported my Mix sessions in, it was hard to say if there was any significant difference. I mix ITB mostly, so D/A is not a factor, except for monitoring. In that regard, I switched from Apogee outputs to what I hear as the increased accuracy and clarity of the 192.
Anyhow, it works for me.
2nd May 2004
Gear Nut
i switched about a week ago. i use my HEDD for stereo DA. [both with mix and now with HD]
i just have to say one of the first things i noticed is that it sounded better, i thought that it was just my excitement of finally getting my HD system and having the ENDLESS amounts of DSP of an HD3 accel lol.
but i still have to say it sounds better.
but i should also say that when i switched from a 15 inch display to a 23 inch display i thought that everything sounded clearer, larger, wider, more open and focused. and easyer on my ears.
2nd May 2004
Gear Maniac
Thank you for your answers.
Has anyone a comment on the tdm plug ins price ?
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