text:
$ cnpm install @omneedia/node-sass
Node-sass is a library that provides binding for Node.js to LibSass, the C version of the popular stylesheet preprocessor, Sass.
It allows you to natively compile .scss files to css at incredible speed and automatically via a connect middleware.
Find it on npm: https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-sass
Follow @nodesass on twitter for release updates: https://twitter.com/nodesass
npm install node-sass
Some users have reported issues installing on Ubuntu due to
node being registered to another package. Follow the official NodeJS docs to install NodeJS so that
#!/usr/bin/env node correctly resolves.
Compiling on Windows machines requires the node-gyp prerequisites.
Are you seeing the following error? Check out our Troubleshooting guide.**
SyntaxError: Use of const in strict mode.
Having installation troubles? Check out our Troubleshooting guide.
npm install -g mirror-config-china --registry=http://registry.npm.taobao.org
npm install node-sass
var sass = require('node-sass');
file: scss_filename,
[, options..]
}, function(err, result) { /*...*/ });
var result = sass.renderSync({
data: scss_content
[, options..]
file or
data must be specified
Path to a file for LibSass to compile.
file or
data must be specified
A string to pass to LibSass to compile. It is recommended that you use
includePaths in conjunction with this so that LibSass can find files when using the
@import directive.
This is an experimental LibSass feature. Use with caution.
Function | Function[] signature
function(url, prev, done)
Function Parameters and Information:
url (String) - the path in import as-is, which LibSass encountered
prev (String) - the previously resolved path
done (Function) - a callback function to invoke on async completion, takes an object literal containing
file (String) - an alternate path for LibSass to use OR
contents (String) - the imported contents (for example, read from memory or the file system)
Handles when LibSass encounters the
@import directive. A custom importer allows extension of the LibSass engine in both a synchronous and asynchronous manner. In both cases, the goal is to either
return or call
done() with an object literal. Depending on the value of the object literal, one of two things will happen.
When returning or calling
done() with
{ file: "String" }, the new file path will be assumed for the
@import. It's recommended to be mindful of the value of
prev in instances where relative path resolution may be required.
When returning or calling
done() with
{ contents: "String" }, the string value will be used as if the file was read in through an external source.
Starting from v3.0.0:
this refers to a contextual scope for the immediate run of
sass.render or
importers can return error and LibSass will emit that error in response. For instance:
done(new Error('doesn\'t exist!'));
// or return synchronously
return new Error('nothing to do here');
importer can be an array of functions, which will be called by LibSass in the order of their occurrence in array. This helps user specify special importer for particular kind of path (filesystem, http). If an importer does not want to handle a particular path, it should return
null. See functions section for more details on Sass types.
This is an experimental LibSass feature. Use with caution.
functions is an
Object that holds a collection of custom functions that may be invoked by the sass files being compiled. They may take zero or more input parameters and must return a value either synchronously (
return ...;) or asynchronously (
done();). Those parameters will be instances of one of the constructors contained in the
require('node-sass').types hash. The return value must be of one of these types as well. See the list of available types below:
setValue(value) : gets / sets the numerical portion of the number
getUnit() /
setUnit(unit) : gets / sets the unit portion of the number
getValue() /
setValue(value) : gets / sets the enclosed string
getR() /
setR(value) : red component (integer from
0 to
getG() /
setG(value) : green component (integer from
0 to
getB() /
setB(value) : blue component (integer from
0 to
getA() /
setA(value) : alpha component (number from
0 to
var Color = require('node-sass').types.Color,
c1 = new Color(255, 0, 0),
c2 = new Color(0xff0088cc);
getValue() : gets the enclosed boolean
types.Boolean.TRUE : Singleton instance of
types.Boolean that holds "true"
types.Boolean.FALSE : Singleton instance of
types.Boolean that holds "false"
getValue(index) /
setValue(index, value) :
value must itself be an instance of one of the constructors in
getSeparator() /
setSeparator(isComma) : whether to use commas as a separator
getKey(index) /
setKey(index, value)
getValue(index) /
setValue(index, value)
types.Null.NULL : Singleton instance of
data: '#{headings(2,5)} { color: #08c; }',
functions: {
'headings($from: 0, $to: 6)': function(from, to) {
var i, f = from.getValue(), t = to.getValue(),
list = new sass.types.List(t - f + 1);
for (i = f; i <= t; i++) {
list.setValue(i - f, new sass.types.String('h' + i));
return list;
An array of paths that LibSass can look in to attempt to resolve your
@import declarations. When using
data, it is recommended that you use this.
true values enable Sass Indented Syntax for parsing the data string or file.
Note: node-sass/libsass will compile a mixed library of scss and indented syntax (.sass) files with the Default setting (false) as long as .sass and .scss extensions are used in filenames.
Used to determine whether to use space or tab character for indentation.
Used to determine the number of spaces or tabs to be used for indentation.
Used to determine whether to use
lf or
lfcr sequence for line break.
Special: When using this, you should also specify
outFile to avoid unexpected behavior.
true values disable the inclusion of source map information in the output file.
String | null
Special: Required when
sourceMap is a truthy value
Specify the intended location of the output file. Strongly recommended when outputting source maps so that they can properly refer back to their intended files.
Attention enabling this option will not write the file on disk for you, it's for internal reference purpose only (to generate the map for example).
Example on how to write it on the disk
outFile: yourPathTotheFile,
}, function(error, result) { // node-style callback from v3.0.0 onwards
// No errors during the compilation, write this result on the disk
fs.writeFile(yourPathTotheFile, result.css, function(err){
//file written on disk
Determines the output format of the final CSS style.
Used to determine how many digits after the decimal will be allowed. For instance, if you had a decimal number of
1.23456789 and a precision of
5, the result will be
1.23457 in the final CSS.
true Enables the line number and file where a selector is defined to be emitted into the compiled CSS as a comment. Useful for debugging, especially when using imports and mixins.
Boolean | String | undefined
Special: Setting the
sourceMap option requires also setting the
outFile option
Enables the outputting of a source map during
render and
renderSync. When
sourceMap === true, the value of
outFile is used as the target output location for the source map. When
typeof sourceMap === "string", the value of
sourceMap will be used as the writing location for the file.
true includes the
contents in the source map information
true embeds the source map as a data URI
the value will be emitted as
sourceRoot in the source map information
render Callback (>= v3.0.0)
node-sass supports standard node style asynchronous callbacks with the signature of
function(err, result). In error conditions, the
error argument is populated with the error object. In success conditions, the
result object is populated with an object describing the result of the render call.
message (String) - The error message.
line (Number) - The line number of error.
column (Number) - The column number of error.
status (Number) - The status code.
file (String) - The filename of error. In case
file option was not set (in favour of
data), this will reflect the value
css (Buffer) - The compiled CSS. Write this to a file, or serve it out as needed.
map (Buffer) - The source map
stats (Object) - An object containing information about the compile. It contains the following keys:
entry (String) - The path to the scss file, or
data if the source was not a file
start (Number) - Date.now() before the compilation
end (Number) - Date.now() after the compilation
duration (Number) - end - start
includedFiles (Array) - Absolute paths to all related scss files in no particular order.
var sass = require('node-sass');
file: '/path/to/myFile.scss',
data: 'body{background:blue; a{color:black;}}',
importer: function(url, prev, done) {
// url is the path in import as is, which LibSass encountered.
// prev is the previously resolved path.
// done is an optional callback, either consume it or return value synchronously.
// this.options contains this options hash, this.callback contains the node-style callback
someAsyncFunction(url, prev, function(result){
file: result.path, // only one of them is required, see section Special Behaviours.
contents: result.data
var result = someSyncFunction(url, prev);
return {file: result.path, contents: result.data};
includePaths: [ 'lib/', 'mod/' ],
outputStyle: 'compressed'
}, function(error, result) { // node-style callback from v3.0.0 onwards
if (error) {
console.log(error.status); // used to be "code" in v2x and below
else {
// or better
console.log(JSON.stringify(result.map)); // note, JSON.stringify accepts Buffer too
var result = sass.renderSync({
file: '/path/to/file.scss',
data: 'body{background:blue; a{color:black;}}',
outputStyle: 'compressed',
outFile: '/to/my/output.css',
sourceMap: true, // or an absolute or relative (to outFile) path
importer: function(url, prev, done) {
// url is the path in import as is, which LibSass encountered.
// prev is the previously resolved path.
// done is an optional callback, either consume it or return value synchronously.
// this.options contains this options hash
someAsyncFunction(url, prev, function(result){
file: result.path, // only one of them is required, see section Special Behaviours.
contents: result.data
var result = someSyncFunction(url, prev);
return {file: result.path, contents: result.data};
file and
data options are set, node-sass will give precedence to
data and use
file to calculate paths in sourcemaps.
node-sass and
libsass version info is now exposed via the
info method:
var sass = require('node-sass');
it will output something like:
node-sass 2.0.1 (Wrapper) [JavaScript]
libsass 3.1.0 (Sass Compiler) [C/C++]
Since node-sass >=v3.0.0 LibSass version is determined at run time.
Listing of community uses of node-sass in build tools and frameworks.
@jasonsanjose has created a Brackets extension based on node-sass: https://github.com/jasonsanjose/brackets-sass. When editing Sass files, the extension compiles changes on save. The extension also integrates with Live Preview to show Sass changes in the browser without saving or compiling.
Brunch's official sass plugin uses node-sass by default, and automatically falls back to ruby if use of Compass is detected: https://github.com/brunch/sass-brunch
.scss files automatically for connect and express based http servers.
This functionality has been moved to
node-sass-middleware in node-sass v1.0.0
@10xLaCroixDrinker wrote a DocPad plugin that compiles
.scss files using node-sass: https://github.com/10xLaCroixDrinker/docpad-plugin-nodesass
@stephenway has created an extension that transpiles Sass to CSS using node-sass with duo.js https://github.com/duojs/sass
@sindresorhus has created a set of grunt tasks based on node-sass: https://github.com/sindresorhus/grunt-sass
@dlmanning has created a gulp sass plugin based on node-sass: https://github.com/dlmanning/gulp-sass
@sintaxi's Harp web server implicitly compiles
.scss files using node-sass: https://github.com/sintaxi/harp
@stevenschobert has created a metalsmith plugin based on node-sass: https://github.com/stevenschobert/metalsmith-sass
@fourseven has created a meteor plugin based on node-sass: https://github.com/fourseven/meteor-scss
@dbashford has created a Mimosa module for sass which includes node-sass: https://github.com/dbashford/mimosa-sass
There is also an example connect app here: https://github.com/andrew/node-sass-example
Node-sass includes pre-compiled binaries for popular platforms, to add a binary for your platform follow these steps:
Check out the project:
git clone --recursive https://github.com/sass/node-sass.git
cd node-sass
npm install
node scripts/build -f # use -d switch for debug release
# if succeeded, it will generate and move
# the binary in vendor directory.
The interface for command-line usage is fairly simplistic at this stage, as seen in the following usage section.
Output will be sent to stdout if the
--output flag is omitted.
node-sass [options] <input> [output] Or:
cat <input> | node-sass > output
node-sass src/style.scss dest/style.css
-w, --watch Watch a directory or file
-r, --recursive Recursively watch directories or files
-o, --output Output directory
-x, --omit-source-map-url Omit source map URL comment from output
-i, --indented-syntax Treat data from stdin as sass code (versus scss)
-q, --quiet Suppress log output except on error
-v, --version Prints version info
--output-style CSS output style (nested | expanded | compact | compressed)
--indent-type Indent type for output CSS (space | tab)
--indent-width Indent width; number of spaces or tabs (maximum value: 10)
--linefeed Linefeed style (cr | crlf | lf | lfcr)
--source-comments Include debug info in output
--source-map Emit source map
--source-map-contents Embed include contents in map
--source-map-embed Embed sourceMappingUrl as data URI
--source-map-root Base path, will be emitted in source-map as is
--include-path Path to look for imported files
--follow Follow symlinked directories
--precision The amount of precision allowed in decimal numbers
--error-bell Output a bell character on errors
--importer Path to .js file containing custom importer
--functions Path to .js file containing custom functions
--help Print usage info
input can be either a single
.scss or
.sass, or a directory. If the input is a directory the
--output flag must also be supplied.
Also, note
--importer takes the (absolute or relative to pwd) path to a js file, which needs to have a default
module.exports set to the importer function. See our test fixtures for example.
--source-map option accepts a boolean value, in which case it replaces destination extension with
.css.map. It also accepts path to
.map file and even path to the desired directory. When compiling a directory
--source-map can either be a boolean value or a directory.
node-sass supports different configuration parameters to change settings related to the sass binary such as binary name, binary path or alternative download path. Following parameters are supported by node-sass:
|Variable name
|.npmrc parameter
|Process argument
These parameters can be used as environment variable:
export SASS_BINARY_SITE=http://example.com/
As local or global .npmrc configuration file:
As a process argument:
npm install node-sass --sass-binary-site=http://example.com/
Install runs only two Mocha tests to see if your machine can use the pre-built LibSass which will save some time during install. If any tests fail it will build from source.
This module is brought to you and maintained by the following people:
We <3 our contributors! A special thanks to all those who have clocked in some dev time on this project, we really appreciate your hard work. You can find a full list of those people here.
Check out our Contributing guide
Copyright (c) 2015 Andrew Nesbitt. See LICENSE for details.
Copyright 2014 - 2016 © taobao.org |


text:
|XP is just a number
Re: two statements in orby targetsmart (Curate)
|on Jun 26, 2009 at 11:25 UTC ( #775025=note: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
I think you got carried away by the elegance of modifiers
modifiers are meaningful if you have one statement to execute upon it.
but in case of more than one statement, better use some other flow control statements with blocks
-- 'I' am not the body, 'I' am the 'soul', which has no beginning or no end, no attachment or no aversion, nothing to attain or lose.
In Section Seekers of Perl Wisdom

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Free Shipping Over $250!
Welcome home to the kitchen you've always dreamed of. This kitchen is worthy of a five-star restaurant but was designed with a simple glamour your home deserves. Entertaining for 4 or 40 becomes a pleasure and your guests will want to know how it was all possible.
Your answer will be "simple", because you know a secret. It was a decision that began with a recommendation from your builder or perhaps a friend. From there, Sherman's professional, certified sales staff took all of the stress away. From selecting the perfect appliances, working directly with your contractor so you didn't have to, and the factory certified installation, there was obsessive attention to every detail. Cheers to your accomplishment.
|Total: $0.00
|View Cart →


text:
Service Menu Advantage
Please contact an Atkins Kroll Service Advisor today for additional information or schedule a service appointment for your vehicle.
Maintenance Services
- Basic Package
- Transmission Service
- Cooling System Flush
Brake System
- Disc Brake Service
- Drum Brake Service
- ABS Diagnosis/Repair
Diagnostic and Repairs
- Overheating
- Misc. Leaks
- Water Pump
- Electrical System
- Air Condition System
- Misc. Belts
Engine Performance
- Complete Tune-Up
- Emission Diagnosis
- Oil Leaks Diagnosed
- Timing Belts & Chains
- Head Gaskets
Steering and Suspension
- Struts & Shocks
- Rack & Pinion
- CV Boot
- Control Arms
- Stabilizer Link
Basic Package
- Replace engine oil
- Replace engine oil filter
- Replace oil drain gasket (as needed)
- Reset oil life monitor
- Tire rotation & brake inspection
- Service air filter
- Add Washer Solvent
- Lubricate door hinges & locks
- Check front & rear axle fluid
- Check CV joints & seals
- Reset tire pressure monitor – as needed
- Vehicle Health Check
Toyota Service
Your vehicle represents a significant investment, and taking an active role in maintaining your vehicle will help you protect this investment. Proper maintenance will help extend the life of your Toyota and preserve its value. In addition to helping you avoid costly repairs down the road, regular maintenance will optimize your Toyota's performance, safety, and fuel efficiency.
To determine when your Toyota requires service, follow the factory-recommended maintenance schedule which includes mileage as well as time intervals since your last service. Both intervals are equally important for properly maintaining your vehicle. Remember, all Toyota dealerships offer a broad range of parts and service support including trained Toyota technicians who have the technology at hand to provide expert care for your vehicle.
Toyota Service Technicians
To ensure that your vehicle receives top quality service and factory authorized parts, Toyota recommends having maintenance performed by an authorized Toyota Dealership. Atkins Kroll Guam's technicians are trained experts in the maintenance and repair of Toyota vehicles. Our technicians are certified through the Toyota Certification Program which requires the completion of Toyota's specialized state of the art training as well as rigorous exams through Toyota.
Scion Service
Let's face it, there is never a convenient time to have car trouble. The Atkins Kroll Scion Service Department helps ease the frustration by providing a comfortable customer-friendly environment. From the personal care offered by one of our knowledgeable Service Advisors to the relaxing waiting area, our goal is to make your experience as pleasurable as possible. We do that by keeping you informed, meeting promised deadlines, and notifying you of any concerns that may arise while your vehicle is in our care.
To determine when your Scion requires servicing, follow the factory recommended maintenance schedule which includes mileage as well as time intervals since your last service. Both intervals are equally important for properly maintaining your vehicle. All Scion dealerships offer a broad range of parts and service support including trained Scion technicians who have the technology at hand to provide the proper care for your vehicle.
Lexus Service
Our Lexus Service Department staff is passionate about caring for the best vehicles in the world, and committed to keeping your Lexus in top performing condition. Our factory trained technicians have years of experience and will get you and your Lexus back on the road as soon as possible.
Regular service and maintenance will keep your Lexus performing at its best for years to come. Let our service professionals give your Lexus the treatment it deserves.
Chevrolet Service
High quality genuine GM Parts are original equipment service parts specifically designed, made, and tested to help keep your Chevrolet vehicle running at its peak performance — after all, your vehicle is an original. It pays to keep it that way. Whether you're restoring an old favorite or personalizing your newest vehicle, count on the right automotive parts to provide the dependability and reliability you expect from Chevrolet.
39-Point Vehicle Health Check
With our Vehicle Health Check you receive a thorough assessment of your vehicle by certified technicians. They'll let you know if any service is necessary. Protect yourself and your automotive investment with a Vehicle Health Check today!
- Lights: Interior & Exterior, Turn Signals, Hazard, Brake
- Horn Operation
- Front Wiper Blades
- Rear Wiper Blades
- Window Washer Reservoir
- Coolant Reservoir
- Coolant Protection
- Engine Oil
- Power Steering Reservoir
- Battery
- Transmission Fluid
- Brake Fluid Reservoir
- Engine Air Filter
- Fuel Filter
- Cabin Air Filter
- Battery Condition
- Battery Cables and Connections
- Factory Spec Cold Cranking Amps
- Actual Cold Cranking Amps
Inspect for Visual Leaks
- Fuel System and Gas Cap Seating
- Engine, Transmission, Transfer Case, and Brakes
- Engine Cooling System
- Shocks and Struts – leaks and operation
Inspect for Visual Condition
- Belts: Engine, A/C, Accessory, and other
- Air Conditioning Temperature
- Exhaust System Components
- Hoses: Radiator, Power Steering, Heater, and A/C
- Steering Components and Linkage
- Driveshaft, Drive Axle Boots, and U-Joints
Tire / Brake Wear
Left Front
- Tire Tread Depth / Wear/ Pressure
- Brake Lining
Left Rear
- Tire Tread Depth / Wear/ Pressure
- Brake Lining
Right Front
- Tire Tread Depth / Wear/ Pressure
- Brake Lining
Right Rear
- Tire Tread Depth / Wear/ Pressure
- Brake Lining
Tire Wear Indicates
- Alignment Needed
- Tire Rotation Needed
- Wheel Balance Needed


text:
The Nissan GT-R, Audi R8 V10 Plus and Porsche 911 Turbo S form the dream garage for any car enthusiast. In the latest episode of the Drive's "Chris Harris On Cars" show he puts these three amazing sports cars to the test – a head-to-head-to-head test, that is.
It's true that the GT-R has a big advantage from the start, as it is a heavily modified version by the fine folks over at Litchfield and it delivers a total of 750 horsepower. On the other hand, the R8 V10 plus delivers a total of 550 horsepower and the 911 Turbo S has just been upgraded to a total of 560 horsepower. So, if you do a little math, that's like 1,860 horsepower in just one place! Is your mouth watering yet?
Watch the video to see what Harris thinks of the three cars. On top of the awesomeness of the cars, you also get to hear some of Chris's iconic quotes; out favorite quote was: "packaged under-steer for the masses!"


text:
This tasty salsa is easy to make because you dump everything into your food processor. Fresh salsa is easy to make, and it is healthy for you.
Dump Salsa
Thanks to mmkink for sharing this fresh salsa recipe.
Dump Salsa
- 1 large can diced tomatoes
- 10 ounces Rotel tomatoes you choose the heat you want
- 1/4 onion
- 2 cloves garlic
- 1/4 bunch cilantro
- 1 tablespoon ground cumin
- 1 tablespoon ground coriander
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- jalapenos if you want it hot
- Pour all ingredients into food processor. Process for about 1 minute or until all ingredients are uniform. Serve with tortilla chips.


text:
Home - Our Services - After Hours Regular Consultations
The Animal Emergency Centre is open for regular check-ups and consultations for your pet from 9pm to 9am. It doesn't have to be an emergency – if you can't get down to a clinic during normal daytime opening hours our vets are happy to provide full examinations for any issue including vaccinations, examinations and health problems.
Because after-hours are our normal opening hours, our fees for regular consultations are much more reasonable than you may expect for a late night visit. To make an appointment or for details of our fees please call us on 2915 7979.


text:
TORONTO — Canada's main stock index closed just shy of a three-week high Friday after the heavyweight financials sector was bolstered by a positive housing report.
Volume was light across North American markets as investors awaited two big events in the coming weeks — next week's Federal Reserve decision about interest rates and a meeting between the U.S. and Chinese presidents to discuss trade at the G20 summit the following week.
It's not atypical for markets to wait to see results from meetings of this importance, says Macan Nia, senior investment strategist at Manulife Investments.
"I don't think that any traders or short-term investors are likely to put a big bet on until you get some clarity from next weeks' meeting out of the Fed and then obviously the G20 what kind of rhetoric comes out of that meeting between the U.S. and China," he said in an interview.
Investors are expecting the U.S. central bank to cut interest rates, but everyone will be watching for signals about its assessment of the slowing economy.
"In our opinion that has a very strong ability to move markets and also from that consistency and stability one thing that has been overhanging markets is trade disputes," he said.
Nia said the Federal Reserve's decision about rate cuts could go either way between one and three cuts depending on how it reads data, including softer employment numbers and retail sales Friday that indicated the U.S. economy continues to chug along.
He said the market could be disappointed by just one cut.
"It's really a Goldilocks economy in the U.S. where it's not too hot and not too cold so we're all, as market participants, looking to the Fed and what they have to say in terms of gauging what to expect from them over the next couple of months."
The S&P/TSX composite index gained 62.65 points to 16,301.91, the highest closing since May 27.
Seven of the 11 major sector climbed, led by industrials, financials and materials.
Industrials was helped by CAE Inc. shares rising 2.4 per cent and financials led by Toronto-Dominion Bank.
Earlier, the Canadian Real Estate Association upgraded its forecast for 2019 home sales to an increase of 1.2 per cent, compared with its previous forecast of a decline of 1.6 per cent this year. The updated outlook came as CREA reported home sales in May were up 6.7 per cent compared with a year ago, the largest year-over-year increase since 2016.
Materials continued to be helped by rising gold prices with the August gold contract up 80 cents at US$1,344.50 an ounce while the July copper contract was down 2.7 cents at US$2.63 a pound.
The energy sector was one of the three biggest losers on the day even though crude prices inched higher on geopolitical uncertainties in the Middle East following the targeting of two tankers near the strategic Strait of Hormuz. Iran denied the U.S. accusation that it had a role in the apparent attacks.
The July crude contract was up 23 cents at US$52.51 per barrel and the July natural gas contract was up 6.2 cents at US$2.39 per mmBTU.
While geopolitical conflicts tend to increase crude prices, fundamentals of a weakening global economy are not positive for prices longer term, said Nia.
The Canadian dollar traded for an average of 74.71 cents US compared with an average of 75.05 cents US on Thursday.
In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was down 17.16 points at 26,089.61. The S&P 500 index was down 4.66 points at 2,886.98, while the Nasdaq composite was down 40.47 points at 7,796.66.
U.S. markets were hurt by a more than 17-year low in Chinese industrial output, another signal the world's second-largest economy is feeling the effects of the trade dispute with the United States.
Nasdaq was particularly affected as chipmakers took a hit after Broadcom lowered its revenue guidance for the rest of the year due to trade tensions and a "broad-based" slowdown in general.
Companies in this story: (TSX:CAE, TSX:TD, TSX:GSPTSE, TSX:CADUSDX)


text:
By Sarah Wright
Why Are Writing Skills So Important?
Though we live in an era where print media is faltering, and people hand write and mail letters out of novelty rather than necessity, writing skills are still important. In fact, it can be argued that they are even more important now than ever. It's always been important for professionals and academics to use proper grammar and communicate well, but now, it's increasingly important for more people to have good writing skills.
The reasons for that are many, but the two main forces in play are the Internet and a highly competitive job market. Though some see the rise of digital media as the death of writing, the Internet actually makes unprecedented use of text. Newspapers were, of course, written in type, but they didn't allow for the reader interaction that news websites have. And though a resume and cover letter have long been staples of a job search, the ability to make your application packet stand out is a major step in even being considered for a position.
Technology Makes Your Writing Visible
We use written communication more regularly now than ever before. Text messages, social media posts, e-mails, blog entries and comments are all modes of communication that typically rely entirely on written words. For some people, social networking, texting and e-mail have taken the place of phone calls, except for very special occasions. And while your average blog or YouTube comment proves that not everyone takes grammar and style very seriously, a lot of people use writing quality as an opportunity to assess others.
Some people might not care, or think it's important, but the ability to communicate effectively in writing can actually save some headaches. It's hard to read emotions and other subtle things like sarcasm through text, but if you write well, you'll convey your meaning better. And because we handle more emotional matters online than ever, there's incentive to pay closer attention to how well we write. The growing popularity of Internet dating alone might be motivation for some to pay closer attention to how they communicate online.
Career Communication
On top of personal communications, career communications of all kinds are increasingly being handled online and in text. Even just applying for jobs usually requires a few different types of written communication, from filling out an application to writing a cover letter and drafting a resume. Most online job postings require some form of written content, and the quality of this writing often serves as a gatekeeper. Something as simple as a grammatical mistake or use of text-speak in the e-mail containing your well-written resume and cover letter might cause your application packet to get moved into the trash folder in favor of the many others that are no doubt waiting to be considered.
E-mail communications within the office are especially important as well. Many jobs require workers to send e-mails to prospective or current clients and customers, and a poorly worded message might do some damage. Plus, you don't want to get a reputation around the office for making a legendary typo. If you're worried about improving your writing skills, there are lots of Internet resources, from typing games to style guides, that can help you avoid mistakes.
Learning how to write a good resume is a particularly important part of getting work-focused communication skills.


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- sale
"You can hear the difference they're making…just gives more presence in the mix."Pro Tools Expert. Pro Tools Expert offers the largest collection of free Pro Tools video tutorials in the world, videos for training, tips, tricks and reviews.
Note: This product is the HD version. You can purchase the Native version HERE.
The 6020 Ultimate EQ is a collection of ten equalizer models using the popular module format leveraging McDSP's 15+ years of design experience.
All 6020 Ultimate EQ modules are designed by McDSP, drawing on inspiration from classic and modern equalizers over the last four decades. Each module is easy to operate, and yet has enough sophistication for the most discerning professional.
Whatever your style, from smooth tube emulations to aggressive solid-state designs, the 6020 Ultimate EQ has a custom-made equalizer module that is just right for you.
- 10 EQ modules in a single interface
- Input & output control
- Analog Saturation modeling
- Double precision processing
- Ultra low latency
- Mono and stereo versions
6020 EQ Modules
The McDSP E670 module has three bands, each with its own continuous gain and frequency controls. The E670, like the original 664 module, is a program equalizer – a gentle set of EQ curves to tweak the tonality of the input signal.
Moo Q
The Moo Q module is a program equalizer like the E670, but derived from all tube designs of the last few decades. Three bands with continuous gain and frequency controls are included, plus some 'tube accents' in the output stage of the equalizer.
The iQ has only two bands – a low shelf EQ and a high shelf EQ. Additional circuitry is included for coloring the sound, even when the all equalizer gains are set to zero. If you are looking for some low end 'glow' or high end 'sheen', the iQ module is a good choice.
The E300 and E301 modules have the same frequency ranges, with the E301 narrower in bandwidth. Both modules are fairly utilitarian – good for shaping up guitar track tones, bringing out a vocal, or getting the most out of your drum tracks.
The classic high pass filter, low shelf, parametric, and high shelf combination makes the British-E module useful for many mixing applications.
Using the same filter and equalizer configuration as found in the British-E module – a high pass filter to carve out the rumble, capable low and high shelving EQ, and a fairly flexible parametric EQ, the EZ Q module gets the job done.
The EQ'76 module is meant to be paired with the SST'76 compression module from the 6030 Ultimate Compressor. The EQ'76 has four bands of parametric equalization, each with a slight Q-gain dependency.
The FRG EEE is a capable equalizer – with the low and high shelving bands performing some amount of cut/boost to offset the boost/cut selected – a clever design technique from many classic equalizers.
The E357 module is three bands of aggressive equalization. The shelving bands have more punch at the low end, and a brighter top end, than any other shelving EQ in the 6020 collection.
System Requirements
- OSX 10.8 or higher (64-bit only)
- Windows 7 or higher (32/64-bit)
- AAX Native
Platform Requirements:
- AAX versions require Pro Tools 10.3.8 or higher, or Pro Tools 11.1.3 or higher
- S6L versions require VENUE OS 5.2 or higher
- AU versions recommended for Logic X, or higher
- VST versions recommended for Cubase 7.x, 8.X, or higher, and Nuendo 6.5 or higher
- Active internet connection required OR iLok USB Dongle required.
Please note: This product can be activated using iLok Cloud OR an iLok USB Dongle.
Any references to any brands on this site/page, including reference to brands and instruments, are provided for description purposes only. For example references to instrument brands are provided to describe the sound of the instrument and/or the instrument used in the sample. Plugin Boutique do not have (nor do they claim) any association with or endorsement by these brands. Any goodwill attached to those brands rest with the brand owner. Plugin Boutique or its Suppliers do not accept any liability in relation to the content of the product or the accuracy of the description. "RHODES" is a registered trademark of Joseph A Brandstetter.
Product Reviews
McDSP 6020 Ultimate EQ Review at SonicScoop
Three years ago this month, I reviewed the McDSP 6030 Ultimate Compressor plug-in. The 6030 consists of ten uniquely different 500 series...
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You can find on Facebook at:
Debbie Wiley – MOMS Founder
hello ladies, its been awhile since i've been on, i've been working 6 days a week and going to school 2 days a week, just trying to stay real busy cause this is a really hard month. tommorrow the 18th would be my james 19th birthday. im really struggling to keep it together, at 9:34 a.m. on this day 19 years ago was the best day of my life, the most beautiful and loving person came into my life that day and changed it forever, now it brings me so much pain. i will be realesing 19 blue balloons for my james for his birthday since it is all i can do now. hope everyone is doing as good as can be expected, hugs to you all.
Hi GRETCHEN,
I'm so sorry and you are in my thoughts and prayers today.
Happy Heavenly Birthday James
Take Care Gretchen
sending loving thoughts to you
Gretchen...I am so sorry about your pain. When my daughter Jill died, I thought that it was the other holidays that would bother me the most, but it was her birthday. It was also the most happiest day of my life. Of course, right up there with the birth of my son, and marriage to my wonderful husband of fifty-four years. My heart and prayers go out to you as I know how hard this is...Lovingly, Sherry
thanks lois and sherry, hugs to you both!
Hi so sorry for your loss. Sunday September 18th would have been my sons' 25th birthday but he was robbed and killed on august 1st 2011. The pain is unbearable. I will keep you in my prayers


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Playing online bingo games could either be for leisure or for players keen to make money as players. Well, for players interested in the latter and how to make real money while playing bingo online, then read further.
Strategies to Play Real Money Bingo Online
For players interested in making real money whole playing bingo online, it is important to have the right strategies capable of making players win real cash prizes. Some of the strategies players need to bear in mind are:
Choosing the right online bingo
To make money while playing online bingo, there's nothing more important than picking the right online bingo site. Since there are numerous bingo sites online, players need to pick bingo sites that have bonuses and promotions, giving players the opportunity of making money even while they have fun playing. In choosing the right online bingo site, players should take note of the reviews some of these websites have. Once players are satisfied with the reviews these sites have, then the selection can be made.
Choose the right bingo game
Picking the right bingo game where players are able to make real money is extremely important. For players, some of these games can be found in many websites such as bellabingo.com, mamutbingo.com, piggybingo.com and blue1bingo.com which have many games and options for players to choose from. These bingo sites have slot games, casino games, jackpot games etc. which pay huge amounts to players. With the many options which are also available, players stand the chance of being paid real money as long as the winning continues.
Know the Rules
When picking the bingo game from the bingo sites, it is important for players to be aware of the rules of each game that has been chosen. For games such as 75-ball bingo and 90-ball bingo which fall into the variation of the other ball bingo games, the differences of these games have to be noted by players so as not to confuse the rules and how they are to be applied.
Play in Inexpensive Games
For players, this is one important vital point to note. The essence of this is that players choosing to make real money should do everything possible not to lose money in the process, and this can be done by playing the inexpensive games available on the bingo sites.
Watch out for the promos
For players who want to win real money, the promo and bonus season of the websites should be a time when bingo games should be played. The essence of this is that players stand the chance of winning a lot more when they play bingo games around this period to increase the chances of winning more money after playing.


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Regulated medical waste (RMW) is typically stored onsite at the hospital, clinic or facility from which it originated, and hauled away by trucks for incineration and disposal. This process is strictly regulated and requires that detailed records be kept by the hospital or facility, hauling company and incinerator.
With so many potential touch points, this method can pose a risk to the personnel handling the infectious medical waste and can have serious environmental repercussions as the waste is eventually disposed of through incineration, according to a Boxborough, Mass.-based company that has created a new process for sterilizing RMW.
Sterilis LLC has developed a device that combines steam sterilization with a grinder, allowing it to be treated on-site and at point-of-care in about 60 minutes and requiring no dedicated plumbing, drainage, or fixtures.
"Sterilis' system completely reinvents how medical waste is disposed and creates a safer and more environmentally friendly process," says Bob Winskowicz, CEO of Sterilis LLC. "Because the waste is treated onsite and on-demand, the safety profile is drastically improved by minimizing the number of touch points. The process helps to reduce the risk of hospital acquired infections (HAIs), which, according to the CDC, cause a staggering 99,000 deaths annually."
Once the user places the medical waste into the device, shuts the lid, and touches the green start icon on the touchpad, it sterilizes the waste at 138 C. The waste is held at this temperature for about 30 minutes, and then is released into a grinding mechanism that transforms the waste into a confetti-like substance and drops it into a collection drawer that contains a bag with all corresponding regulatory markings. The collection bag can then be placed into a solid waste receptacle.
"From an environmental standpoint, the Sterilis system sterilizes and transforms the waste into harmless solid waste at point of care, completely avoiding the need to incinerate the medical waste," says Winskowicz. "As a result of grinding the waste, the system reduces the volume of waste by 80 percent."
The device is the size of an office photocopier and can be wheeled into a facility, placed on-site where the medical waste is being generated and remediate the waste without unnecessary handling or storage.
Additionally, the software tracks all regulatory data and stores it in the cloud, where it can be accessed at any time. This process eliminates the boxing, labeling, and labor/liability involved with manual regulator record keeping and data storage.
"With the combination of reduced health issues within healthcare facilities, needle exchange facilities, etc. and the environmental benefits, Sterilis' system is more financially sustainable as well," says Winskowicz.
One of the key industries that has had the most initial impact and use for the system is the healthcare industry, such as physicians' offices, urgent care centers, dialysis centers, surgery centers, blood collection facilities, health clinics and needle drop centers.
According to Winskowicz, the device can save adopters more than 25 percent on their monthly regulated medical waste service contract. In many cases, however, this estimate is much higher, and Sterilis has seen cost savings of more than 50 percent.
Wentworth Surgery Center in Somersworth, N.H., has been using the Sterilis system since August 2016.
"It creates little waste compared to having to box it and send it out, and the cost is significantly less than what we were paying for our previous service," says Barbara A. Plansinis, RN, BSN, CPSN, administrator at Wentworth Surgery Center. "In fact, we have seen a significant cost reduction of about 25 percent."
It has been great to be able to dispose of biohazard and sharps in a much more efficient way, as well as being safe. The Sterilis process from sales to installation to support and service has been a pleasure to work with from start to finish."
The center processes biohazard waste on a daily basis.
"It's very important for us to have a process that is simple, safe and effective," says Plansinis. "The Sterilis machine is very user friendly, not a big learning curve and relatively quiet. Ours is located near the operating room and the staff cannot hear it when they are performing surgery."
Another market Sterilis is focused on is the transportation industry—airports and cruise ships—both of which must handle the regulated waste coming into the U.S. from other countries within 72 hours of touchdown.
Winskowicz says the greatest challenge the Sterilis system faces is "change" within the healthcare sector.
"The current system of haul and incinerate has been the leading process for RMW disposal the past several decades," he says. "While the current system is extremely antiquated and many issues are associated—like with any new technology— facilities are hesitant to make a change to existing processes, even though it's a most cost-effective and safer way to dispose of medical waste."


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Coaching is a critical component of athlete development. As part of the national organization's commitment to the professional development of curling coaches, the USA Curling Coaches Association was established in 2013. The association is the primary entry point for individuals who wish to be recognized as certified curling coaches in the United States. It also provides the opportunity for dialogue with other coaches at all levels of the sport. Association members have access to the following benefits:
- Ability to coach at the National Championships and other USA Curling-sanctioned events.
- Access to select USA Curling High Performance Program clinics, camps, and program resources.
- Free workshops/online courses when coaching teams at certain championship events.
- Access to online certification courses at special rates through sport education partners.
- Opportunity for name to be listed in the National Coaches Registry (NCR) - a listing of certified ASEP coaches.
Opportunity for name to be listed in the Positive Coaching Alliance (PCA) Double-Goal Coach® database - a listing of certified Double-Goal Coaches.
- Receipt of PCA's monthly 2-Minute drills.
- Access to PCA's weekly 'Talking Points' on key topics to discuss with players to help them become better athletes.
Click here for information on Certification and Training for coaches. More information can also be found on the USA Curling Sport Education page on Facebook.
To register with the Association, follow the steps below:
- Go to https://leagues.bluesombrero.com/Default.aspx?tabid=726158
- Click the large red "Login/Register" button on the top of the screen.
- Log into the system with an existing account or select "Create an Account" if this is your first time visiting the registration site.
- Select "Apply to Coach/Volunteer."
- On the "Choose Registrant" screen, select your name; then, click "Register Now."
- Scroll down to "USA Curling Coaches Association" and click "Register Now."
- Complete the Registration Information and press "Continue."
More information on the various coaching communities can be found in the Certifications and Training section of the website. Please contact USA Curling at email@example.com with questions. For assistance during the registration process, call (715) 344-1199.


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Video marketing landing pages require a great deal of planning and detail to enhance the power of the video doing the heavy lifting in the page. Having video landing pages can increase engagement and conversion rates. Paying attention to every detail to enhance the video is very important. Following are some of the top best practices for video marketing landing pages.
Keep the Video Length Short
The video is the start of the show and it needs to be watched in its entirely so it can deliver the call to action. Videos longer than 60 seconds do not do as well. Make sure the video has enough information and the call to action then use the rest of the page to support the video with additional information. Do not try to cram everything in the video, instead put the best points and the call to action.
Simple Copy Sell Better in the Video Landing Page
Let the copy on the video landing page support the video with additional points not covered in the video. Let it support the message and let the video do the call to action.
Let the Video be the Focal Point
Make sure people see the video clearly and feel they need to watch it. Removing borders from the video has an effect in its appeal. Another thing that help is to use arrows to point to the video to emphasize it.
Mention the Video Length in the Video Landing Page
Make sure to ease people's worry about watching a lengthy video by putting the video length on the copy near it. Make sure that they feel the video is of value but that it will not blow their time away.
Create a Custom Video for the Marketing Campaign
Make sure the video sells the message you are trying to convey. Do not use a general company video that does not support the sales or marketing effort. The video script should match the tone and content of the landing page. http://rawshorts.com can help create a custom branded video for you in record time and under budget!
Place Video Above the Fold
The video is the star of the page and it needs prominence. Make sure you place it above the fold (in the first screen of the page that does not require scrolling to see). Take into account the various screen sizes so that the video will be above the fold in the lowest resolution as well.
Create a Custom Branded Video Thumbnail
Youtube does not do a good job to choose the right thumbnail for the video. Create your own well branded image with the Arrow for Play on it so that is brands the message you are trying to offer. This is an extra step that pays off!
Use Video Analytics
Measure engagement always. Use video analytics to learn how effective the landing page is and in particular the video itself. Discover all of the key metrics for the video so you can optimize its effect.
Do Not Auto-play the Video
It may be hard but please do not set the video to auto-play. Many people do not like the idea that you are pushing the video on them and may leave the video landing page.
Use A/B Testing with the Landing Page
Landing pages in particular benefit greatly from A/B testing for checking which layout is best for sales. Move the video around the page to find the best placement above the fold. Also consider testing various video thumbnails to find the optimal conversion rate.


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Make a secure, tax-deductible donation online to Austin Creative Reuse through Paypal. (You can also pay with your credit card via Paypal. No account necessary.)
Your gift will help us grow and expand our programming so that more educators can benefit from our resources, more artists can be supported with affordable tools and supplies, and more community members can learn the enduring power of sustainability by giving materials a new life.
Austin Creative Reuse in a 501(c)(3) non-profit powered by volunteers and donors like you. Please DONATE now and help Austin Creative Reuse to keep creativity affordable in Austin!


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A semi-truck driver was injured while she was removing her tire chains on the westbound Interstate 90 near North Bend on Thursday during a snowstorm.
According to a Washington State Patrol media release, the driver was parked on the left shoulder of exit 34 of I-90 when another semi-truck ran into her trailer. The collision impact caused the dual drive wheels to roll over the woman's arm, crushing it and trapping her under the tire.
The truck driver was taken to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle for treatment. WSP are investigating the accident to determine fault.
This information is provided by Seattle Car Accident lawyer blog, a service of The Farber Law Group. We represent people seriously injured in motor vehicle accidents. In this case, the woman was injured in the course of her work so worker's compensation and other laws may be in effect. A skilled personal injury attorney would be required to make sure her rights are protected and she is compensated for her injuries including loss of wages, medical bills and pain and suffering.
Contact The Farber Law Group today for a free and confidential case evaluation.


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The Fortinet Network Security Expert (NSE) is a new, eight-level certification program designed for technical professionals interested in independent validation of their network security skills and experience. The program includes a wide range of self-paced and instructor-led courses, as well as practical, experiential exercises that demonstrate mastery of complex network security concepts.
To earn certification at each of the levels, you must pass a series of tests or exams. For NSE 1-3, the tests are incorporated into the self-paced learning packages that are hosted on the Fortinet NSE Institute. A third-party vendor, Pearson VUE, proctors the exams for NSE courses 4-8.
- NSE Program
- Exam Registration


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A place to preserve your legacy.
Cremation allows you to be as creative with your memorial as you choose, because you can create your "space." And Forest Lawn is the only cemetery in the community where your options are truly endless. In fact, one reason our grounds are so beautiful today is the collection of unique memorials that thousands of families have created over the past 160 years.
Placing a memorial at Forest Lawn allows you to have a physical place to visit and remember loved ones, even with cremation. You can choose to have the memorial be with the remains, or separate – perhaps as a bronze leaf in our chapel, or a plaque on a tree in the cemetery.
Here are just a few of the options at Forest Lawn:
Above ground
•Niches – these customizable spaces are designed to hold one or more urns. Niches may be made from glass, granite or bronze, and are available inside Serenity Mausoleum, or in an outdoor columbarium. Please note that glass-front niches will require an urn.
•Cremated bodies may be placed inside a stone bench, sculpture or even a boulder.
•Private buildings allow families to be together.
•Estate Lots and Feature Lots let you design the space to your unique needs.
•The Blue-Sky Mausoleum is the only opportunity in the world where one can choose memorialization in a Frank Lloyd Wright structure.


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American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Mid-Continent Section
ASME – General information
ASME is a not-for-profit membership organization that enables collaboration, knowledge sharing, career enrichment, and skills development across all engineering disciplines, toward a goal of helping the global engineering community develop solutions to benefit lives and livelihoods. Founded in 1880 by a small group of leading industrialists, ASME has grown through the decades to include more than 140,000 members in 151 countries. Thirty thousand of these members are students.
TEF representative: Kolla Swaroop, 918-568-8276, SwaroopKolla@gmail
Meetings: Third Thursday, Various places, 6:00 p.m.
Website: www.asmetulsa.com
National Website: www.asme.org


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Prior to becoming a British Protectorate in 1888, the medical care of Cook Islanders were dependant on customary herbal remedies, massage therapies or supernatural intervention offered by Ta'unga. The Ta'unga held a culturally significant place in the community and were the first point of contact for local people who were sick.
In 1901, the Cook Islands were annexed to New Zealand. During this time, medical services were provided free of charge to all Cook Islanders by one medical officer from New Zealand appointed as Chief Medical Officer. In 1912, there was a second medical officer appointed as assistant medical officer to give attention to Outer Islands Health.
In 1929, the first two Cook Islands doctors Takau Tinirau and Tau Cowan were trained in Central Medical School in Fiki and graduated in 1931 as one of the first Native medical practitioners.
Special campaigns to combat diseases were conducted with the support and resources of the New Zealand government in the early 1900's. In 1926, Lepers were transferred to the central leprosy hospital at Makogai in Fiji, which New Zealand had assisted in its establishment and operations.
By the early 1930's an annual Tutaka (village and household inspections) program was instigated and carried out by the "…Resident Commissioner, Medical Officer, local leaders and women's committee's in each district on Rarotonga during December" (Futter-Puati, 2010). The aim of the program was to improve living conditions and also to focus on vector and intestinal parasites and micro-organisms of gastroenteritis and proper disposal of sewage, referred to as 'refuse'. This began on a competition basis to encourage the community to participate and adhere to the objectives of the program, however later this was looked upon as to place extra pressure on families that experienced difficulties conforming. This program continues today with three (3) Tutaka visits conducted per annum as compared to one.
It was also during this time that the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) Ellison, supported by the Au Vaine, helped to establish the baby and children's welfare clinics through the Cook Islands (referred to today as the Maternal Child Health Clinic). The aim was to enable education, monitoring and support in screening and wellness monitoring of families as well as identifying illnesses.
The public health programs which included the village health inspections, baby and child welfare clinics, vaccinations and inoculations, identification of tuberculosis and leprosy, proper water and sanitation, sewage and waste disposal amongst many other programs continued over the decades, even as the Cook Islands became independent from New Zealand in 1965.
The return of Dr. Thomas Davis to the Cook Islands as a trained clinician saw the introduction of the public health department by mid-1950's, which was commissioned to address the issues that were considered non-clinical, such as home visitations, destroying vector breeding sites, vaccinations and inoculations, proper water sanitation and sewage disposal with a focus on the prevention of diseases, so as to reduce the burden on the hospitals staff and resources.
The progressive shift from Communicable diseases to Non-Communicable diseases
Up until the late 1960's, the Cook Islands were experiencing the deathly effects of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis or leprosy. The hospital (referred to as the 'Sanatorium') being located on a mountain in Arorangi was in response to the tuberculosis disease during this period. An extensive campaign to identify and treat TB cases included a directly observed medication program and screening programs which included chest x-ray and mantoux (skin test).
The vaccination and inoculation campaign (in the late 1970's was referred as just 'immunization') which was conducted by the hospital staff up until the late 1960's, was transferred to the public health department and partnerships were forged with the Cook Islands Child Welfare Association to assist in the development of the Mother and Child Health Clinics (MCH) around Rarotonga and into the Outer Islands.
As standards of life improved and development became apparent in the country, the control of communicable diseases had improved drastically by the 1980's, to the point where low incidences of TB, leprosy and other communicable disease were realized, however, an increased awareness of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension etc was experienced by the late 1980's, early 1990's.
During the 1980's, the establishment of Health education provided for a permanent facility to develop adapt and produce local mass media health education material in the priority areas of health. These priority areas were, NCD's – alcohol, smoking & nutrition, maternal child health, school health, HIV Aids and STD's (now referred to as STI's – Sexually Transmitted Infections). Campaign messaging included for MCH (Maternal Child Health) "I'm a lucky baby I've got the best", HIV and AIDS focused pamphlets and posters were produced in both English and Maori, NCD's focused television and radio advert were under the slogan "Are you overweight?", translated "Kua matu koe?.
Mrs. Frances Topa-Fariu became the first locally qualified Health Educator in 1988 after achieving a Graduate Diploma in Health Education from Victoria University in Melbourne, Australia. Mr. Repaio Taia, in 1997 became the first Cook Islander to graduate with a Bachelor's Degree in Environmental Health at the University of West Sydney, Hawkesbury, Australia. Many other Cook Islanders have become people of influence in ensuring that the Health of the general public was monitored and supported since 1965.


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And, it isn't your father's equipment they're after.
GPS receivers are on the roof of most new combines and tractors. Flat-screen monitors grace the cabs. There's tillage equipment that helps maximize yields, as well as planters that allow twin rows on 30-inch centers.
And, while farm machinery dealers say they're not seeing the increased sales they did after last year's surge in commodity prices, the farm economy is holding stable.
"What happened in 2008, that probably won't happen in another 10 years," said John Koenigsman, a Great Plains Manufacturing territory manager who was manning a booth at this year's 3i Show in Garden City. "But if you look at this year's numbers, we're stilling doing pretty good."
Walk a few miles at the show and stop by just about any booth. Dealers will tell the same story.
"We've had a lot of good, interested people so far," said Wayne Daubert, with CrustBuster, a Dodge City company that manufactures grain, cotton and fertilizer-handling equipment. "And a lot of them, they're just searching."
Many have changed the way they shop, said Mike Bergmeier, president of South Hutchinson's Shield Ag. For instance, producers continually look for ways to save by using less fuel, fertilizer and other inputs.
"They're still buying, but they are just more careful about what they buy," Bergmeier said.
These days on the farm, there is a growing interest in what is called precision agriculture - an innovation that uses tools like GPS as a way to micromanage fields.
Precision agriculture isn't anything new. But, until recently, adoption had been slow. Cost of equipment and services was one hindrance.
And for some, the new technology might have seemed ambiguous, Bergmeier said.
"More are seeing the benefits," Bergmeier said. "They're investing in technology that helps with input costs and improves yields."
As farmers get on board with technology, farm manufacturers are ramping up research and development. They're not just producing your father's tractor - but equipment that has brought farming into the 21st century.
"That's why we are re-engineering our product line to meet the needs of modern agriculture," he said.
Searching for the best equipment is what Phil and Josh Davis were doing. The two farm near Lakin.
"We're just seeing what is new and dreaming," Josh Davis said, but added they probably wouldn't be buying anything this year.
While this year's wheat crop looks decent, Phil Davis said there was too much uncertainty with commodity prices to make a big purchase. During last year's record year, the family replaced a planter.
Meanwhile, Toby Whipple, Kalvesta, was doing the same as the Davises. If he was planning on a major purchase, he didn't let on.
"Dreaming is more like it," he said.


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I review books here, as well as Romance Reviews Today. Reading is my all-time favorite past time, and I love everything from Science Fiction to Suspense. But my true favorite? Romance! Be it Young Adult romance, historical romance, paranormal, etc.. I'm a big fan. And therefore you'll see me review a lot of that. There might be the occasional weird book thrown in because I'm reading something for work (I help out in our Teenzone, as well as help run a book club for our patrons), so be warned!
If you'd like my button, you can pick it up from the righthand sidebar, and should you want to follow me on Twitter or Goodreads, you can grab those links from the lefthand sidebar. And keep an eye on my "Contests/Upcoming Excitements" box - I currently have a contest running!
Now on to the hops!
How many books are currently in your TBR pile? Ugh, more than I can handle! My To Be Reviewed pile is pretty huge (metaphorically.. since a lot of them are ebooks), and my To Be Read pile is.. well, all those books piled up all over my room. I also have a separate To Be Reviewed pile for Romance Reviews Today that's about seven to ten books tall.
Genre wars! What's your favorite genre and which book in that genre made it your favorite? That would be Romance, for sure. And which book made it my favorite? Probably either "Bet Me" or "Faking It" by Jennifer Crusie. I was mostly a fantasy/sci-fi girl (that was my aunt's doing) until Mom handed me "Bet Me" and then "Faking It" to read. I was hooked!
Saturday is a busy day for me - family breakfast for father's day, baby shower, taco/margarita night at a friends - but if you comment on Saturday, no worries! I will get back to you. =)
Happy Reading!
~!~ Amanda ~!~


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Daily Archives: June 13, 2018
California Cheeses and Milk Products
Now Available in the Philippines
TIRED of being confined to a limited selection of cheeses to enjoy and to cook with? Soon, there will be a wide variety of soft and soft-ripened, semi-hard, hard and Hispanic style cheeses available in the Philippine market. All these … Continue reading


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The Delhi girl's sad story , her pain and suffering is beyond description has shocked and numbed me. I can completely understand what her family must be going through.
All the social media sites are flooded with women posting updates about this shocking incident, that puts a huge question mark over our society, the current situation, where women are financially independent yet highly unprotected and the judiciary.
Naturally, moms who have little daughters are extremely worried about their little girls' safety in the country. Some prefer to keep a close watch over what their daughters do, who they mingle with and accompany them wherever possible.
Some are frantic about letting their daughters mingle with neighbors, school bus drivers, distant relatives, and friends etc.
Many comments from politicians and people from other parts of the country seem to suggest that women should not venture outside their homes in the dark. While abiding by this is not possible and anyways it's a very foolish idea, I was reminded of a conversation I had with my friend some years ago. Read on to know more about it:
A few years ago, I was asking my friend about the new company she had joined. While talking about the regular things like salary, work-life balance etc, she emphasized on a particular item her organisation had provided to each and every female employee of the company during the induction – A Pepper spray.
My friend could not talk more about the extra care her office took, and I could not agree more, that indeed the Pepper spray could be really handy, if such unfortunate times strike you, God Forbid!
The company advised every woman to carry the pepper spray in their bags. On days when women had a long day at work, security officials were instructed to check the bags of all the women employees to see if they carried this spray.
Considering the horrid situation the Delhi girl had to face, I am buying this spray for sure. Because I feel I would like to stay safe and protected first and then add other items to my vanity case. What about you, are you buying? If yes, then you can buy these at healthkart.com.
You can also check the multi-function alarm/pepper spray here.
Though I know too well, that such hopeless men may find ways to counteract this spray, as evident in this incident, where they threw the cellphones of both the victims. Still, Prevention is always better than cure isn't it?
Meanwhile, I pray to the Lord that the victim gets justice as soon as possible and the government takes stern action the culprits and takes measures to provide safety to women across the country.


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Colombo All Share Price Index (ASPI) continued to gain with the price appreciations seen on illiquid counters in Investment and Motor sectors along with Carsons (CARS) and Bukit Darah (BUKI) Laugfs (LGL), Lanka Walltile (LWL) and Dialog (DIAL) attracted investors on Monday the 28 February 2011 although profit taking was witnessed in most counters.
The All Share Price Index (ASPI) closed at 7,797.96 points rose 1.12% and the Milanka Price Index (MPI) closed at 7,140.92 points, dipped 0.40% as at the end of trading day. Turnover recorded to be Rs.2.2 billion dropped 27.54% with 77 gainers and 147 listed losers. A total volume of 63.58 million shares changed hands (down 4.93%) whilst the foreign purchases dropped 52.17% to Rs.119.9 million and foreign sales fell 30.34% to Rs.180.8 million. Price to forward Earnings Ratio (PER) appreciated by 1.03% to 29.5 times.
Guardian Capital (WAPO) closed at Rs.2,913.30 rose by Rs.971.10 at 50% amidst rights trading that is yet to commence on next day while Carsons Cumberbatch (CARS) closed at Rs.700 appreciated by Rs.22.90 at 3.39% and Finlays Colombo (JFIN) closing at Rs.379 rose by Rs.97.80 at 36.22% during the day.
Bank, Finance & Insurance and Manufacturing sectors were the highest contributors to the market turnover while sector indices decreased by 0.40% and 1.26% respectively. Laugfs Gas-(Non-Voting) (LGL.X) made the highest contribution to the market turnover while the share price increased by Rs.0.50 (1.20%) and closed at Rs.42.30.
Several crossings were recorded including one million The Finance (TFC) shares at rs.45 and 150,000 LB Finance (LFIN) shares at Rs.299, Ceylinco Insurance (CINS) 150,000 shares at Rs.555 with 130,000 Asian Alliance (AAIC) shares at Rs.161 per share.
Soflogic Finance (CRL) announced an interim dividend of Rs.1 per share.
Globally, most Asian stock markets were mixed as a surge in oil prices amid continued worries over the Middle East hit airline stocks and dampened sentiment. Nikkei rose 0.3%.
Sri Lankan Secondary Debt Market Treasury bond yields were slightly up, while the market activity was relatively low.
Sri Lankan Rupee depreciated as the exchange rate was recorded at Rs.110.79 to Rs.110.80 per US Dollar.


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Famous Alumni of Alpha Delta
Alpha Delta has a long history of producing great leaders both in the community and in the world. Below are a few of the many outstanding alumni that have been produced by Alpha Delta.
William Menninger (1899-1966): One of the founders of the Menninger Foundation and Time magazine's "Man of the Year". Dr. Menninger Graduated from Washburn University in 1919. Menninger was an early innovator and advocate for the use of bibliotherapy in treating mental illness. Along with his brother Karl, Menninger utilized bibliotherapy at the Menninger Clinic.
Bradbury Thompson (1911-1995): Bradbury Thompson attended Washburn College and graduated in 1934 and the Bradbury Thompson Alumni Center now stands in his honor. In 1937, Thompson designed and created the college's mascot, "The Ichabod" (up to that time, there was no "physical representation). Thompson was art director of Mademoiselle magazine for fifteen years beginning in 1945, and designed the Washburn College Bible. Thompson was also an important designer of U.S. postage stamps throughout the middle decades of the 20th Century.
Greg Brenneman (1962-present): the Chairman of CCMP Capital, a private equity firm. Most recently, Brenneman had served as president and CEO of CCMP-owned Quiznos Sub, a fast-food sandwich chain. Brenneman also serves on the board of directors of The Home Depot, Inc. and Automatic Data Processing. Graduated from Washburn University in 1982.
Lodewijk J.R. de Vink (1945-present): former President of Schering Plough International, former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Warner Lambert, Inc., Director of Alcon, Roche, and member of the International Advisory Board of Sotheby's and Member of the European Advisory Council of Rothschild. Graduated from Washburn Univeristy in 1968.
Douglas W. Wilmore MD: A prominent member of Harvard Medical School. He has won awards in scientific achievement in the United States Army and the NIH Development Award in Academic Surgery just to name a few.
James W. Sloan: A partner in the prominent Topeka law firm of Sloan, Listrom, Eisenbarth, Sloan & Glassman, with new offices in the Bank of America Tower, Mr. Sloan devotes countless hours to Washburn. He is a trustee of the Washburn Endowment Association, a founding member of the Friends of Mabee Library, treasurer of Alpha Delta Alumni Association, a director of the Ichabod Club, and a Washburn sports fan extraordinaire. Mr. Sloan is the founder of the Sloan Law Scholarship at the Washburn Law School.
Larry Niven: The Author of the "Ring World" Trilogy, two time winner of the Hugo Award to Science Fiction
Marvin "Mai" Stevens: A member of the National Football League Hall of Fame and one-time coach of the New York Giants
Dr. Clifford L. Wilmoth: The Head of the Public Health Service
Lloyd S. Miller: Vice President and General Council of AT&T
Robert M. Clark: Vice President of the Santa Fe Railroad
Francis Gene Reardon: Auditor General of the United States Army
Larrie Bates: Brig. General of the United States Air Force
John Vanlandingham: Attorney General of Arizon
H. Ward Bushaher: Secretary of the Denver RioGrande Railroad


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"While FPL customers have the lowest electric bill in Florida, we're committed to helping them and their families manage the energy they use every day," said Craig Muccio, FPL Energy Expert.
Juno Beach, FL (October 31, 2012) -- FPL offers kids Top 10 Tips to Fight Energy Phantoms lurking in homes this Halloween.
Florida Power & Light Company doesn't want its customers to get spooked by energy phantoms creeping around this Halloween. In fact, the company has many ways to help shed light on these unwanted energy consumers.
Phantom energy, or phantom load, is electricity consumed by an electrical device when it is in the "off" mode. Many electronic items are in "standby" mode when turned off, helping them turn on faster or respond to a remote control. Power adapters, such as cell phone chargers, are also powered whenever they are plugged in. This is why they feel slightly warm even when there's no device connected. Also, anything with a lit digital display uses a tiny bit of power, even when not in use.
"While FPL customers have the lowest electric bill in Florida, we're committed to helping them and their families manage the energy they use every day," said Craig Muccio, FPL Energy Expert. "Halloween is a perfect time to teach kids how they can rid their homes of these scary energy-phantoms."
Top 10 Tips to Fight Energy Phantoms
1. Unplug your charger when you're not charging your cell phone
2. Turn off electronics, like the radio, TV, computer and video games, as well as lights and ceiling fans when you leave a room
3. Keep windows and outside doors closed when the air conditioning is on
4. Open curtains so you can use the sunlight during the day
5. Use a small lamp when you read or study at night
6. Use the microwave to warm up food instead of the stove
7. Decide what you want from the refrigerator before opening the door
8. Turn off the dishwasher before the drying cycle to let the dishes air dry
9. Take short showers so you're not using as much energy to heat water
10. Ask your parents to replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent lights
There are other tips that can help you reduce the amount of electricity you may not realize you're wasting, find out what they are at, http://www.FPL.com/energyfit.
About Florida Power & Light Company
Florida Power & Light Company is the largest electric utility in Florida and one of the largest rate-regulated utilities in the United States. FPL serves 4.5 million customer accounts in Florida and is a leading employer in the state with approximately 10,000 employees. The company consistently outperforms national averages for service reliability while customer bills are below the national average. A clean energy leader, FPL has one of the lowest emissions profiles and one of the leading energy efficiency programs among utilities nationwide. FPL is a subsidiary of Juno Beach, Fla. - based NextEra Energy, Inc. (NYSE: NEE). For more information, visit http://www.FPL.com.
Media Contact:
FPL Media Line
Florida Power & Light Company
700 Universe Blvd.
Juno Beach, FL 33408


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Corn Report, 11/13/2015
Friday, November 13, 2015
The corn market continues its muted weaker trade as values will need help from corn or beans to stage a comeback. However, end users have been willing buyers of CZ at the $3.60 level, which could help values try to stabilize. Weekly export sales totaled 618,000 tonnes, hitting the high end of estimates ranging 450-650k tonnes with an unknown and
Mexico accounting for 347k tonnes. South American weather forecasts show good moisture chances for the bulk of the
growing regions in both Brazil and Argentina over the next week. USDA announced a milo sale of 116,000 tonnes to an
unknown destination. CZ made a new contract low after Tuesday's report, but has rebounded nicely and the $3.56 level will now be critical support and if broken could lead to a move back to $3.46.
Unless otherwise noted, the posts on this blog should be construed as market commentary, merely observing economic, political and/or market conditions, and not intended to refer to any particular trading strategy, promotional element or quality of service provided by INTL FCStone Inc. or its subsidiaries. INTL FCStone Inc. is not responsible for any trading decisions taken by persons viewing this material. Information contained herein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not guaranteed as to its accuracy. These materials represent the opinions and viewpoints of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the viewpoints and trading strategies employed by INTL FCStone Inc. or its subsidiaries. Reproduction without authorization is prohibited. All rights reserved.


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Availability: In stock.
Convector Heater with 12v/240v Fan
This is the same as our 40-80,000 Btu (12-24kW) convector heater with the addition of an air circulation fan and transport trolley.
The fan can be powered from 240v mains electricity or from a 12v battery (NOT supplied) via a built-in inverter. In the event of a power failure a battery can be mounted on the battery shelf which will run the fan for up to 12 hours before needing to be re-charged, making this the ideal back-up heater. Also ideal for heating areas where there is no mains power supply.
The heater has a fan controller which allows the fan to run continuously, or just when the heater is running. This function extends the battery life two-fold before recharging. The battery can operate the fan at night and then be re-charged during the day. Alternatively, having a spare battery on charge would be useful. The battery should be removed from the heater during charging.
Two selectable output settings, 40,000btu (12kw) or 80,000btu (24kw). Mounted on a transport trolley for easy transporting. The 1,000cfm (ft3/min) fan will move the warm air up to 24m (80ft).
Fan will operate from 220-240v mains electric supply or 12v DC car/leisure battery. Quick response thermostat to 1°C accuracy.
Runs off propane (LPG).
Natural gas models available (call for details).
Please wait...
Tel: 01282 873120 • Fax: 01282 871733 • Email: email@example.com © 2013 All Rights Reserved. Mill Green, Waterside Road, Colne, Lancs, BB8 0TA


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Utilizing the Resiliency and Longevity of UHP
Utilizing the Resiliency and Longevity of UHP
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"Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) has been studied extensively over the last 20 years and long-term durability compared to normal concrete is a key attribute considered. The characteristics of UHPC which contribute to its resilience capabilities will be reviewed using as references studies performed by the Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) and the US Army Corps with its Marine testing facility at Treat Island, Maine.
The Treat Island study started in 1996 is the oldest running study focused on chloride penetration and freeze/thaw effects on UHPC. The specimens are exposed to hundreds of freeze-thaw cycles per year and the last detailed report was performed in 2009-10. At that time there was no visible deterioration evident after exposure of 5 to 15 years and there was no evidence of any degradation of mechanical properties after more than 1500 freeze-thaw cycles in some cases. The next investigation of these samples is scheduled to be performed in 2016 when the samples are 15 and 25 years of age. However, visual inspections done routinely on the specimens indicate there is no superficial deterioration. Predictive models have been used to compare the progression of chloride ions in the material and as expected the UHPC performs well above normal or high performance concrete.
The FHWAs study conducted from 2002 to 2005 was to understand the characteristics of UHPC in comparison to HPC for potential uses in the US Highway and bridge structure segment. The FHWA is continually looking at innovative solutions and construction techniques for new construction to achieve a longer service life. They also want to make repairs which will last longer and not require costly maintenance over the life of the structure. The ductility, resiliency and durability of UHPC allows for new designs which will prolong and maintain existing bridges functionality for the coming years.
Over the last 7 years, UHPC has proved that it is well suited for the bridge market in North America. It can be used to cast durable structural elements (i.e beams, waffle deck slab, etc.) or other varied applications (i.e. overlay, pier jacketing, etc.). Using UHPC as a joint material between precast deck panels has been one of the most popular applications because it allows for a faster construction and a much more durable deck compared to cast-in place. Examples of completed projects will be used to highlight the sustainability benefits of UHPC in these types of applications.
UHPC is also being utilized in the architectural realm, where its durability and high strength characteristics are benefiting buildings. Two projects built in the last 5 years are a testament to this materials capability to withstand natural disasters. The Perez Art Museum of Miami utilizes 16 foot mullions to hold into place the large panes of glass. To support the glass façade in a hurricane the mullions need to be extraordinarily strong as well as resistant to the constant exposure to salt air where normal concrete products do not perform very well. In Victoria, British Columbia, The Atrium was designed to resist earthquake loads. The UHPC façade panels reduced the weight of the overall building façade and allowed for a lighter structural system.
It is not good enough anymore to look only at materials that reduce the immediate impact on our environment but we need to also look towards materials that will help us maintain and increase the service life of our built world. Looking at the entire life cycle for structures and knowing that they will survive significantly longer than we could previously build for is what will ultimately make for a more environmentally sound solutions. Resilience and longevity is the key to protecting the rest of this earth from the stresses that occur when we build."
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Pixel resolution polarization-sensitive second harmonic generation (PSHG) imaging has been recently shown as a promising imaging modality, by largely enhancing the capabilities of conventional intensity-based SHG microscopy. PSHG is able to obtain structural information from the elementary SHG active structures, which play an important role in many biological processes. Although the technique is of major interest, acquiring such information requires long offline processing, even with current computers. In this paper, we present an approach based on Fourier analysis of the anisotropy signature that allows processing the PSHG images in less than a second in standard single core computers. This represents a temporal improvement of several orders of magnitude compared to conventional fitting algorithms. This opens up the possibility for fast PSHG information with the subsequent benefit of potential use in medical applications.
©2010 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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The history of Shooto is an interwoven pattern of development from both side of the Pacific Ocean – Japan and the USA. It traces a formulated set of rules and organized competitions back to 1985 as the first full contact fighting event to feature non-predetermined bouts. The first competitions were amateur matches, then in 1989 the organization went pro. In 1994, Shooto was the organization to host the original Vale Tudo Japan event.
From Wikipedia:
Shooto is a mixed martial arts organization that is governed by the Shooto Association and the International Shooto Commission. Shooto was originally formed in 1985, as an organization and as a particular fighting system derived from shoot wrestling. Practitioners are referred to as shooters, similarly to practitioners of shoot wrestling. Shooto rules have evolved such that their events are now true mixed martial arts competitions.
The word shooto is an English transliteration of 修斗 (pronounced shū-to), an ateji derived from the English word "shoot". The word 修斗 can be translated as "learn combat".
The Wiki page is a cut-and-dried history of the sporting organization's development. The colorful bits can be found in this article by KJ Gould on BloodyElbow: "Karl Gotch Week: Satoru Sayama, Shooto And The Style Of Japanese Catch Wrestling". Gould brings to life the men who have become icons of combat sports such as "Tiger Mask" Sayama, Karl Gotch, Dan Inosanto, and Eric Paulson. There is a slew of incredible historical videos compiled that are definitely necessary curriculum for the combat sport aficionado. Gould details some of the events that determined the beginnings of Shooto:
Sayama developed his own Shooto syllabus for learning what could be considered the first put together MMA training of its kind, with a focus on striking from arts like Karate and Muay Thai, takedowns from wrestling and Judo and submissions from Catch Wrestling (via Gotch and Inoki)and Judo. The curriculum would help produce the first well rounded fighters of MMA at a time 4 years before the first UFC that focused on single disciplines squaring off against each other to promote the effectiveness of Gracie Jiu Jitsu ground fighting.
He then refers to the relationship changes between Paulson and the Gracie camp, which shows Shooto developing alongside of the UFC and outpacing it in some regards:
Knowing he could not be a part of UFC 1 in November 1993, Paulson took to Japan to compete in Shooto thanks to his training and connections with Nakamura. And so on June 24th, 1993 Erik Paulson made his MMA debut against Shoot veteran Kazuhiro Kusayanagi. Paulson won by Inverted Triangle Choke, 16 years before Toby Imada made the move iconic against Jorge Masvidal at Bellator Fighting Championship 5.
KJ Gould refers often to this article by TP Grant also on BloodyElbow, "MMA Origins: Catch Wrestling Travels to Japan". This goes even deeper into the background of catch wrestling in Japan and has vintage Shooto video footage from the early '90s. In conclusion, he segues into the results that the development of Shooto had on all MMA:
Other Karl Gotch students would go on to have major impacts in the development of Japanese MMA. Akira Maeda would go on to found a Pro Wrestling promotion based on Inoki's "strong style" wrestling that in the early 1990's would transform into the Mixed Martial Arts promotion RINGS, which would be a very successful promotion. They would go on to feature fights that included names like Randy Couture, Dan Henderson, Fedor Emeliankenko, Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira, Alistar Overeem and many more great fighters starting their careers.
Shooto has produced international champions from its promotions, notably Shinya Aoki, Masakazu Imanari, Masakatsu Ueda, Hatsu Hioki, Caol Uno, and Enson Inoue. The Rookies competitions show that fostering young fighters early can lead to greatness, attributed to the likes of Yasuhiro Urushitani, Shinichi "BJ" Kojima, Takeya Mizugaki, Issei Tamura, and the hot prospect on a tear this year, Kyoji Horiguchi. Shooto is a mainstay of the MMA world and an organization pertinent to the growth of the sport internationally. Know your Shooto!


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iconography (ī´kŏnŏg´rəfē) [Gr.,=image-drawing] or iconology [Gr.,=image-study], in art history, the study and interpretation of figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secular; more broadly, the art of representation by pictures or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning.
The Meaning and Significance of Iconography
When first used in the 18th cent. the term was confined to the study of engravings, which were then the standard mode of illustrating books on art and on antiquities in general. But it came shortly to be applied more specifically to the history and classification of Christian images and symbols of all sorts, in whatever medium they happened to be rendered originally or in whatever way they were reproduced for study.
With the rise of the systematic investigation of art from prehistoric ages to modern times, it became apparent that each major phase or epoch in which figural representations occur had created and developed in varying degrees of richness and elaboration an iconography of its own. As used today, therefore, the term is necessarily qualified to indicate the field of iconographic study under discussion—e.g., the iconography of the various Egyptian deities, the iconography of Roman imperial portraits, early Christian iconography, Buddhist or Hindu iconography, Byzantine iconography, Gothic iconography.
As a method of scholarly research the science of iconography strives also to recover and express the thought from which a given convention of representation has arisen, particularly when the convention has assumed the value of a symbol. The importance of identifying motifs is central to iconographical interpretation. For example, St. Catherine of Alexandria is traditionally portrayed in the presence of a wheel. This wheel is a familiar attribute that serves to identify her and that at the same time signifies a miracle connected with her martyrdom. Some attributes are more difficult to understand, and their obscurity has led scholars to consult other images or literary sources in order to interpret the motif more satisfactorily.
Certain themes characteristic of a specific philosophy have been commonly represented during an era, and an iconography has been developed to express them. An example is the still life vanitas vanitatum of the Middle Ages, a reminder of the transitory quality of earthly pleasure symbolized by a skull, candle, and hourglass (or, in later versions, a watch). In every living art the conventions and symbols, as well as their meanings, change with the passage of time and the growth of ideas; many disappear, while others become almost unintelligible to a later generation and can be recovered only by intensive study. Among the foremost scholars in iconographic studies are Didron, Émile Mâle, Aby Warburg, and Erwin Panofsky.
Christian Iconography
By reason of its long history and the dynamic concepts that controlled it, the growth of Christian iconography is rich and varied. Beginning with the catacomb frescoes in the early centuries of the Christian era, it deals with the perils faced by the human soul on earth in its journey toward eternal salvation. Figures from the Old Testament (e.g., Abraham, Judith and Holofernes), episodes from the life and passion of Jesus (e.g., the Nativity, the Descent from the Cross, the Pietà), scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary (e.g., the Sacred Conversation, the Visitation), scenes from the lives of the saints (e.g., St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata, St. Jerome in the Wilderness, the Martyrdom of St. Agatha), and symbolic scenes of ultimate beatitude (e.g., the Majesty, the Savior of the World, the Coronation of the Virgin), all reveal the same purpose—to repeat in many forms and inculcate in every mind the moral aims and fundamental dogmas of the Christian religion.
A long series of evolutionary stages unfolds in the representation of a given person or scene from the art of the catacombs to that of the Gothic cathedrals. Thus the art of the Middle Ages is above all a kind of sacred writing whose system of characters, i.e., the iconography, had to be learned by every artist. It was governed also by a kind of sacred mathematics, in which position, grouping, symmetry, and number were of extraordinary importance and were themselves an integral part of the iconography.
From earliest times Christian iconography has likewise been a symbolic code, showing the faithful one thing and inviting them to see in it the figure of another. Some examples are: the dove, which figures the Holy Spirit; the fish, symbol of Christ, from the Greek icthus, an anagram for Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior; the monkey or reptile as symbol of evil; and the bowl or pitcher of water and the vase of lilies that signify the Virgin's purity in the Annunciation scene. In Christian art, form is thus the vehicle of spiritual meaning; in the expression and reading of this meaning lies the essence of Christian iconography.
See E. Panofsky, Studies in Iconology (1939, repr. 1962); G. Ferguson, Signs and Symbols in Christian Art (2d ed. 1955); A. N. Didron, Christian Iconography (2 vol., tr. 1851–86, repr. 1965); G. Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art (tr. 1971).