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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) - Free PDF Download
Science textbook of Class 10th deals with the disciplines such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology
and Environmental Science as integrated. Here, we have provided students CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science textbook of each chapter so that you'll never face any problem with any question.There is no sharp division made by the NCERT in the textbook. However, as per the examination point of view, we can divide this book into three parts Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Environment Science part is covered in the Biology syllabus. You can select your desired chapter from the list and start your learning.
- Chapter 1- Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chapter 2- Acids, Bases and Salts
- Chapter 3- Metals and Non-metals
- Chapter 4- Carbon and its Compounds
- Chapter 5- Periodic Classification of Elements
- Chapter 6- Life Processes
- Chapter 7- Control and Coordination
- Chapter 8- How do Organisms Reproduce?
- Chapter 9- Heredity and Evolution
- Chapter 10- Light - Reflection and Refraction
- Chapter 11- Human Eye and Colourful World
- Chapter 12- Electricity
- Chapter 13- Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Chapter 14- Sources of Energy
- Chapter 15- Our Environment
- Chapter 16- Management of Natural Resources
The whole book is subdivided into four topics namely, Materials, The World of the Living, How Things Work, Natural Phenomena and Natural Resources or in the way of discipline we can state them in Chemistry, Biology, Physics and Environmental Science respectively. As previously stated, Environment Science part is covered in the Biology syllabus. So we have total three subjects in Science subject, Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science will introduce you to the basic concepts of the chapters as the questions are given that check your all round understanding of the chapter. These NCERT Solutions will help you in getting better marks in the examination. You can get ahead of your competitors through these solutions.
The first unit has total five chapters. The first chapter is about the chemical reactions and equations in which we will learn about how to write chemical equations and balance them. Also, we will learn about the various types of chemical reactions. In the second chapter, we will learn about the various types of acids, bases and salts and their reactions with metals and non-metals. The third chapter will take us to the world of metals and non-metals where we will learn about their properties and reactions among them. The fourth chapter is about the carbon and its compounds where we will learn about the properties of carbons and chemical substances containing carbon. In the fifth chapter, we will learn about the classification of elements and their evolution.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science will introduce you to the basic concepts of the chapters as the questions are given that check your all round understanding of the chapter. These NCERT Solutions will help you in getting better marks in the examination. You can get ahead of your competitors through these solutions.
The first unit has total five chapters. The first chapter is about the chemical reactions and equations in which we will learn about how to write chemical equations and balance them. Also, we will learn about the various types of chemical reactions. In the second chapter, we will learn about the various types of acids, bases and salts and their reactions with metals and non-metals. The third chapter will take us to the world of metals and non-metals where we will learn about their properties and reactions among them. The fourth chapter is about the carbon and its compounds where we will learn about the properties of carbons and chemical substances containing carbon. In the fifth chapter, we will learn about the classification of elements and their evolution.
The Second unit consists of four chapters that are from sixth to ninth. The sixth chapter is about the various life processes which human need for their survival. In the seventh chapter, we will talk about the parts of the human body which are engaged in control and coordination activities. The eighth chapter deals with reproduction activities in unicellular and multicellular organisms. The ninth chapter, we will learn how the offsprings look alike.
The third unit is How things works which have four chapters. In the tenth chapter, we will learn about light and its phenomena reflection and refraction in a detailed manner. The eleventh chapter is about the human eye and some optical phenomena in nature. The twelfth chapter deals with the electricity in which we will learn electric circuit and resistance. In the thirteenth chapter, magnetic effects of electric current and its applications.
The fourth unit has three chapters in it. The fourteenth chapters talk about the various sources of energy such as conventional and non-conventional sources. The fifteenth chapter is about our environment in which we will learn about the eco-systems, food chains and how human activities contribute in degrading its quality. The last chapter is about the conservation of natural resources.
Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations
The chapter first introduces us to the chemical reactions. In previous classes, students were introduced to physical and chemical changes. The chemical changes signify the chemical reactions. The indicators of chemical reactions are explained with some indicators like change in physical state, change in color, change in temperature and evolution of gas. These are explained with some experimental examples. After that writing of chemical equation has been explained. It is symbolic representation of chemical reactions. Also, it has been explained that how such equations can be more informative. For example, balancing a chemical equation will signify that the chemical reactions follow law of conservation of mass. Other information like physical states and conditions required for reactions are mentioned. After that various types of chemical reactions are explained are discussed. The types of chemical reactions are –combination reaction, decomposition reaction, displacement reaction, double decomposition reaction. On basis of energy, exothermic and endothermic reactions are mentioned. Redox reactions are explained which are combination of reduction reaction and oxidation reaction. All types of reactions are explained with suitable example with their respective chemical equation.
Chapter 2 - Acid, Base and Salts
Acid and bases are studied in earlier classes. Acids are defined as substances which are sour in taste and turn blue litmus red. Examples of acids are sour fruits like, Bases are defined as substances which are bitter in taste and turns red litmus blue. Examples of bases are neem, clove, vinegar etc. Here, acids and bases are defined chemically. Acids are substances are which after getting dissolved in water generates Hydrogen ion H+. Hydrogen Ion H+ gets dissolved in water to, form Hydronium Ions H3O+ ions. Examples of acid are Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH. Bases are chemically those substances which generate OH- ions in aqueous solutionIf not they are weak acids. Examples are Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, Potassium Hydroxide KOH etc. After that, various chemical and olfactory indicators are discussed; this indicates the presence of acids or base in the solution. The strength of acids or bases depends upon its capability to generate H+ or OH- ions respectively. Acids are said to be strong if whole of it can be dissociated into H+ ions. Bases are said to be strong if whole of them get dissociated in water to form OH- ions. For example, Methyl orange is a chemical indicator. It turns red in acidic solution and yellow in basic solution. Olfactory indicators are indicators which changes odor after coming in contact with acid and base. For example, smell of clove vanishes when kept in contact with acid. After that acids and bases reactions are discussed with metals, metal oxides and metal carbonates. Reactions between acids and bases are also discussed. They are known as neutralization reactions. Salt is one of the products formed by acid, base reaction. The various types of salts are discussed based on the strength of acid or base. The salts can be neutral, acidic or basic, depends on strength of acid/base used to form the salt. The pH scale Indicates if the solution is acidic, basic our neutral. It is an scale from 0-14. 0 indicates highly acidic solution, 14 indicates highly basic solution. 7 is neutral. So, 0-7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 7-14 basic solution. Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different concentrations of H+ ions in the solution. Chloro-alkali process is performed of salt solution. The various chemical substances are formed after reactions, directly or in-directly are used for various process. Some of such chemical salts are Bleaching powder, Washing soda, Baking soda, Plaster of Paris. Their formation and uses are explained in this chapter.
Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals
The chapter starts with physical properties of metals and non-metals. The parameters discussed are some physical properties, like melting and boiling points, physical state at room temperature, ductility, malleability, tensile strength, etc. are also discussed. The metals and non –metals are differentiated on the basis of physical properties. But there are some expectations based on physical properties. For example iodine is non-metal but has lustrous appearance as metal. Mercury is metal but liquid at room temperature. There are more such exceptions. Therefore, classification of metals and non-metals, are based on chemical properties. Chemical reactions of metals with oxygen gas, water, acids and other metal salts are discussed here. The reactions and their condition depends upon the reactivity series. The metals on top of reactivity series are sodium and Potassium. They perform vigorous reactions. Nature of metallic oxides is discussed. Generally Metal oxides are basic in nature. But, some of them like aluminum oxide and zinc oxide can be both acidic and basic and hence known as amphoteric oxides. After that how such reactions takes place is discussed. Ionic bond formation is discussed. Such bond formation can be represented in two forms. Electrons are loosed by metals and gained by non-metals. One get positively charged and another get negatively charged. They get attracted and a strong bond is formed. The first one is electronic configuration. The bond formation is discussed through Bohr model. Another method is Lewis structure or electron-dot structure. The metals and non-metals are written with their symbol and dots. Number of dots represents number of outermost electron. The properties of ionic bond are discussed which are based on strong ionic bond formation. Extraction of metal is taught. Metals are extracted from minerals, from their ores. Ores are minerals from which extraction of metal is profitable. Impurities are removed and after that processing take place according to reactivity of metals. Higher reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis. Middle reactive metals are first converted into oxides and then reduced to metal. Metals lower in reactivity series such as gold, silver, platinum etc are found in native state and they need not be processed. After this refining of metal is done which is another level of purification. The extracted metals are needed to be protected from corrosion. Lot of money is spent on this. Many methods such as oiling, greasing, electroplating, galavanisation are discussed. Another method is alloying. It is the process of mixing metals with another metals or non-metals. It makes metal corrosion-free and enhances the strength. Steel is an alloy of metal Iron and Non-metal Carbon, used for construction. Other such alloys are stainless steel, brass, bronze, duralumin etc.
Chapter 4 - Carbon and its compounds
Carbon is versatile element found in many organic and inorganic compounds. The reason of this is its tetravalency and catenation which has been discussed. Carbon form bond by sharing its electrons with other elements. Such bond formations of elements formed by sharing of electron is called covalent- bond formation. Covalent Bond formation is explained for other covalent bond formed compounds such as in oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, and covalent formed compounds. Compound formation is explained in both electron-dot/Lewis-dot structure and electronic configuration. Structure of different carbon compounds is explained. For example, Organic compounds is formed in straight chains, or branched chains or cyclic chains. Organic compounds are also categorised on the basis of saturated and Unsaturated compound. Saturated compounds are compounds with only single bond. Unsaturated carbon compounds are compounds with double or triple bond. Organic compounds are basically chain of carbon-Hydrogen. Functional groups can be atom or group of atoms attached to the chain of hydrogen-Carbon. Some functional groups are alcohol –OH, carboxylic acid –COOH, Chlorine, -Cl, -Ketone and aldehyde -CHO, Cynide –CN. A system of naming that large number of atoms (nomenclature) is also taught. Some important carbon compounds like ethyl Alcohol used for making alcoholic drinks and Ethanoic acid used for making vinegar are discussed with their physical and chemical properties. Soaps and detergents are studied with their chemical structure and properties. Their difference is also discussed. The detergents are used for cleaning purpose in hard water.
Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements
There are 118 known elements found till date. It is better to study each elements in proper way. For this we need to classify them in an order. If categorized in order, we can easily predict some trends in physical and chemical properties of elements. Therefore scientists worked to arrange all elements such that alike elements can be placed in certain rows and column. In the year 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner showed that when the three elements in a triad were written in the order of increasing atomic masses; the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. For example, A,B and C form a triad, atomic mass of B is average of atomic masses of A and B. But, this methodology did not worked for every element. Only three triads can be detected. In 1866, John Newlands, tried to arrange elements. Newlands Octave was another method to classify elements. In this every eighth element will show property of first element if placed in order of atomic mass. It was similar to musical notes where first node is similar to eighth. It also failed as it was not able to work for more than 56 elements. Another method was adopted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev arranged the elements based on their atomic masses. He observed that when the elements were arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses, there was a periodic recurrence in their physical and chemical properties. Thus, Mendeléev formulated a Periodic Law, which states that 'the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses'. Mendeléev's Periodic Table contains vertical columns called 'groups' and horizontal rows called 'periods'. It was much accurate than previous models. It also had some demerits. Finally, modern periodic came into existence. Atomic number was considered to be criteria for classification. Elements with same group have same number of outermost electron. Elements in same period have same number of outermost shell. A particular increase to decrease in certain pattern can be predicted. Many such trends are studied in this chapter.
Chapter 6 - Life Process
Life processes are various activities performed by living beings for sustaining the life. Such processes are digestive system, respiration system, circulation system etc. All these things are important to leave. The thing is to consume food through digestive system, perform oxidation of food which involves the process of respiration, and transportation of food and water which is done through circulation. This chapter starts with process of nutrition. The process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy, for growth, repair and maintenance, etc. is nutrition. Other modes of nutrition are autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition which are discussed in chapter. Autotrophic nutrition is done by plants by photosynthesis. Heterotrophic nutrition is done by animals. Different types of Heterotrophic nutrition are discussed. Parasitic Nutrition, saprophytic Nutrition and Holozonic Nutrition are different types of heterotrophic nutrition. Cellular nutrition is done by unicellular organisms which has been discussed in this chapter. Next topic is nutrition by human beings. It starts with mouths which include salivary glands, tongue and teeth. The food goes to stomach through oesophagus. The food goes to stomach. Liver secretes greenish yellow liquid called bile juice. Pancreas lies behind the lower portion of stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice which contains many digestive enzymes. All such processes are discussed in this digestive system. Next is respiration. The process of respiration involves: (a) Gaseous exchange i.e. Breathing: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO2. And (b) Cellular respiration: Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell. Both are discussed. The human respiration system is discussed with some special attention. Pharynx ,bronchio lungs, diaphragm are different elements of human respiratory system. Mechanisam of process involves inhale and exhale. Both are explained. Circulation involves the process of transportation of food and other materials from one place to another. The blood is pumped through heart and transported through veins. So, all of them are discussed. Different components of blood are discussed-Red blood cells and White blood cells. Four chambers of heart are discussed. In plants, We have discussed earlier how plants take in simple compounds such as CO2 and photosynthesise energy stored in their chlorophyll-containing organs, namely leaves. The other kinds of raw materials needed for building plant bodies will also have to be taken up separately. For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals. The absorption of these substances therefore occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely roots. It has been discussed in details. The biological process involved in the removal of these harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion. Different organisms use varied strategies to do this. It is discussed in details for human beings. The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, an urinary bladder and urethra.
Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination System
Earlier, we had started with a notion we all have, that if we see something moving, it is alive. Some of these movements are in fact the result of growth, as in plants. A seed germinates and grows, and we can see that the seedling moves over the course of a few days, Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies. The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to transmit messages. The nervous system gets information from our sense organs and acts through our muscles. Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals. Hormones produced in one part of an organism move to another part to achieve the desired effect. A feedback mechanism regulates the action of the hormones.
Chapter 8 - How do organisms reproduce?
Reproduction, unlike other life processes, is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism. It involves creation of a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus by the cell involved in the process. Various organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on their body design such as fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals for the creation of a new individual. Modes of sexual reproduction allow for greater variation to be generated. Reproduction in flowering plants involves transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma which is referred to as pollination followed by fertilisation. The male reproductive system in human beings consists of testes which produce sperms, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The female reproductive system in human beings consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. Sexual reproduction in human beings involves the introduction of sperm in the vagina of the female. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube.
Chapter 9 - Heredity and Evolution
We have seen that reproductive processes give rise to new individuals that are similar, but subtly different. We have discussed how some amount of variation is produced even during asexual reproduction. Heredity and evolution deals with the fact – the long-term consequences of the accumulation of variations. The Rules for the Inheritance of Traits (Mendel's Contributions) determine the process by which traits and characteristics are reliably inherited. The fact of sex determination in newborn individual is completely solved. Evolution can be worked out by the study of not just living species, but also fossils. Complex organs may have evolved because of the survival advantage of even the intermediate stages. Changes in the non-reproductive tissues caused by environmental factors are not inheritable indicates about different traits like Acquired and Inherited. Speciation may take place when variation is combined with geographical isolation. Evolutionary relationships are traced in the classification of organisms. Study of the evolution of human beings indicates that all of us belong to a single species that evolved in Africa and spread across the world in stages.
Chapter 10 - Light: Reflection and Refraction
Light is source of energy which generates sensation of vision in human beings. In this chapter first reflection of light is discussed. Reflection is governed by its laws. The chapter is concerned with laws of reflection. Here we are basically concerned with the spherical mirrors. After that image formation by spherical mirrors are discussed. The different types of spherical mirror, convex and concave are taught. The various terms related with spherical mirrors like centre of curvature, radius of curvature etc, focus, pole etc are discussed with ray diagrams. Uses of spherical mirror has been discussed in chapter. Mirror formula is the way to relate object distance, image distance and focal length of mirror. Magnification is the ratio of size of image by size of object. This is related to ratio of image distance and object distance. Distances are majored from pole of mirror. Sign convention is kept in mind to find relative distances of image and object.
Refraction is the phenomena of bending of light when light travels from one medium to another. Laws of Refraction/Snells law govern refraction. The phenomena of refraction can be understood easily by the concepts of refractive index and optical density. This is better explained by an example of rectangular glass slab. This example is dealt. After that concept of Lens is explained. It is transparent medium bounded by refractive index. Types of Lens –converging and diverging is discussed. Example of converging lens (double convex lens) and diverging (double concave lens). Image formation and terminology is discussed for both convex and concave lens. Lens formula relates focal length of lens with image distance and object distance. Magnification is related with image and object distance. Sign convention is kept in mind. Power of lens is also discussed. Numerical based on lens formula and mirror formula are to be solved.
Chapter 11 - Human Eye and colorful world
Human eye, its components, are discussed. The process of by which human eye can see objects is discussed. The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye. The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young adult with normal vision, it is about 25 cm. Defects of vision is discussed with their corrective measures using suitable ray diagrams. The common refractive defects of vision include myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia. Myopia (short-sightedness – the image of distant objects is focussed before the retina) is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power. Hypermetropia (far-sightedness – the image of nearby objects is focussed beyond the retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power. The eye loses its power of accommodation at old age. The splitting of white light into its component colours is called dispersion. Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset.
Chapter 12 - Electricity
Electricity is required for many thing around us. What is electricity? It is phenomena related to flow of charge. The concept of electric current and electric potential difference (voltage is taught). Flow of electrons moving through a conductor constitutes an electric current. Conventionally, the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of flow of electrons. The SI unit of electric current is ampere. To set the electrons in motion in an electric circuit, we use a cell or a battery. A cell generates a potential difference across its terminals. It is measured in volts (V). Resistance is a property that resists the flow of electrons in a conductor. It controls the magnitude of the current. The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω). Ohms Law, which establish relationship between potential difference and current is discussed. Ohm's law: The potential difference across the ends of a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it, provided its temperature remains the same. Concept of resistance and resistivity is studied. Resistance is property of any conductor to resist flow of current. The resistance of a conductor depends directly on its length, inversely on its area of cross-section, and also on the material of the conductor. Resistance of conductor having unit length and cross section is defined specific resistance. Series and parallel combination of resistors are discussed. In series current is same and in parallel potential difference is same across resistors. The electrical energy dissipated in a resistor is given by W = V × I × t. The unit of power is watt (W). One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1 V. The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt hour (kWh). 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 × 106 J.
Chapter 13 - Magnetic effects of Current
In this chapter relationship between magnetism and electricity is discussed. At first some basics of magnetism is discussed with magnetic field lines. A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is called a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a south pole. Magnetic Field lines are used to represent a magnetic field. A field line is the path along which a hypothetical free north pole would tend to move. The direction of the magnetic field at a point is given by the direction that a north pole placed at that point would take. The denser magnetic field lines indicate more magnetic field strength. After that, magnetic field due to current carrying conductor is discussed. A metallic wire carrying an electric current has associated with it a magnetic field whose direction is given by right hand thumb rule. An electromagnet consists of a core of soft iron wrapped around with a coil of insulated copper wire. A current-carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. Phenomena related to this are explained. If the direction of the field and that of the current are mutually perpendicular to each other, then the force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both and will be given by Fleming's left-hand rule. This is the basis of an electric motor. An electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy. Working and construction of electric motor is discussed. Electricity generation through magnet is discussed. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is the production of induced current in a coil placed in a region where the magnetic field changes with time. The magnetic field may change due to a relative motion between the coil and a magnet placed near to the coil. If the coil is placed near to a current-carrying conductor, the magnetic field may change either due to a change in the current through the conductor or due to the relative motion between the coil and conductor. The direction of the induced current is given by the Fleming's right-hand rule. A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works on the basis of electromagnetic induction. Two types of generators are discussed. DC generator generates direct current as a cell. AC generators generates Alternating Current whose direction keep on changing after a time period.
Domestic circuiting is discussed. In our houses we receive AC electric power of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. The different aspects is discussed. The concept of live wire, neutral wire and earth wire is discussed. 220V is maintained between live wire which is insulated red and neutral wire which is insulated black. Earth wire, insulated green which provide, passage for leakage of current.
Chapter 14 - Sources of Energy
Our energy requirements increase with our standard of living. In order to fulfil our energy requirements, we try to improve the efficiency of energy usage and also try and exploit new sources of energy. The chapter is all about different sources of energy. Three types of sources of energy are discussed. The first one is conventional sources of energy. These are sources of energy we keep on using from long years. It include fossil fuels, thermal power plant and hydroelectric power plant. These are discussed with advantages and disadvantages. After that, energy sources conventionally used, but improvised due to technology has been discussed. For example, cow dung used initially had low calorific value, and combustion of it causes lot of pollution. But, with help of technology, it can converted into Bio-gas, which is an efficient and pollution free fuel. Similarly, with the help of technology, wind energy can be harnessed by placing many wind mills in a large field creating a wind farm. Charcoal obtained from wood is better fuel than wood. All these things are discussed. The third category is Non-conventional sources of energy. In this category, we have energy sources like solar energy, in which energy is generated through solar cell and solar panel, or by solar cooker. Energy from ocean can be generated through waves, tides or through temperature difference between upper and lower level of ocean. Energy can also be obtained from earth crust, known as geo-thermal energy. Nuclear energy can generated by controlled Nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fusion reactions generate more energy than fission but are difficult to control. All such sources of energy are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages.
Chapter 15 - Our Environment
The various components of an ecosystem are interdependent. The producers make the energy from sunlight available to the rest of the ecosystem. There is a loss of energy as we go from one trophic level to the next, this limits the number of trophic levels in a food-chain. This concept of food chain and food web is discussed with concept of Biological magnification. It is the process of accumulation of pesticides or other harmful chemicals. Impact of human activities are discussed in this chapter. The use of chemicals like CFCs has endangered the ozone layer. Since the ozone layer protects against the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, this could damage the environment. The different types of waste materials are discussed. The waste we generate may be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The disposal of the waste we generate is causing serious environmental problems. So, a proper waste management system is required.
Chapter 16 - Sustainable Management of Resources
In Class IX, We have been taught about some natural resources like soil, air and water and how various components are cycled over and over again in nature. In this chapter, we shall look at some of our resources and how we are using them. The chapter introduces us with concern regarding improper use of natural resources. With example of Ganga Action Plan, it has been taught how qualitative and quantitative analysis helps in understanding need of management of natural resources. Maybe we should also think about how we ought to be using our resources so as to sustain the resources and conserve our environment. The method of 3R is discussed. We shall be looking at our natural resources like forests, wild-life, water, coal and petroleum and see what are the issues at stake in deciding how these resources are to be managed for sustainable development. Various methods has been discussed such the resources should be used such that natural resources should reach to every section. Also, environmental impact should be considered. Also, limited stock of such resources should be considered.
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Extra Questions for Class 10 Science


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The Institute for the Culinary Arts at Metropolitan Community College consists of two programs: Culinary Arts & Management and Hospitality & Restaurant Leadership. Both of these degrees have various options you can find on the links below. Your hands-on experience takes place in a state-of-the-art, amazing facility. Should you choose to further your education, your credits can transfer to the University of Nebraska, Bellevue University and other four-year institutions.
We give you passion. It is all about passion—passion to cook, passion to serve others and passion to make others smile. It is about sacrifice and commitment. It is about rewards, satisfaction and happy people. We give you the opportunity to work with people from all walks of life, no matter where you are or your stage of life. You can work anywhere in the world, in a variety of settings: hotels, restaurants, country clubs, cruise ships, military bases, commissaries, hospitals, assisted living facilities, catering, universities and manufacturing facilities.
Set your sights on becoming a chef, sous chef, executive chef, pastry chef or owning an independent restaurant, bake shop, chocolate shop or catering business.
Many of the degree options are accredited by the American Culinary Federation Accreditation Commission, and the ICA has been rated among the top culinary schools in the U.S. MCC has been an accredited institution since 1975.
The Institute for the Culinary Arts is proud to be associated with several national associations. Being involved keeps our regional and local faculty current with the industry.
For current information in Nebraska, please refer to information provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: see Section 35.000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations.
Culinary Arts and Management (CAAS1) offers two tracks:
Culinary Arts and Management option (CACA1) - associate in applied science, prepares students for a career as a chef, sous chef, or culinarian
Baking and Pastry option (CABA2) - associate in applied science, prepares students for a career as a professional baker or pastry chef
Culinary Arts and Management (CAMCE) - certificate of achievement, prepares students for entry-level skilled positions in the food industry
Baking and Pastry (CBPCE)- certificate of achievement, prepares students for entry-level skilled positions in the food industry
Culinary Arts Foundations (CAFSD) - career certificate, certificate demonstrates a student's completion of foundational skills in culinary arts and baking
Reference the course requirements overview for more information.
Steve Bell, 531-MCC-2578
James Davis, 531-MCC-2513
Janet Mar, 531-MCC-2512
Brian O'Malley, 531-MCC-2615
Deke Reichardt, 531-MCC-2467
Oystein Solberg, 531-MCC-2509
Find class schedule
Register for classes

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VIDEOS Brazilian Jiu Jitsu BJJ vs Other Martial Arts
This page contains videos from around the world of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu experts and novices competing against opponents with expertice in other martial arts such as Kung Fu, San Shou, Karate, Olympic Wrestling, Judo, Muay Thai, Tae Kwon Do and more…
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu vs Karate
Here, Hoyler Gracie takes on a Karate black belt who claimed to have developed a "street lethal" style that was unbeatable. If you watch this video, you will see how wrong he was. Once taken to the ground by the BJJ master, the karate man didn't stand a chance.
But the message didn't get across, so after tapping out he decided to give it another try, resulting in an even quicker submission.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu BJJ vs San Shou
In China's first MMA event, watch a BJJ Blue Belt take out a cocky guy. The BJJ man stays calm… so calm his opponent relaxes and crosses his legs, making some in the crowd laugh. Then, the BJJ blue belt finishes him with an arm bar after getting the mount.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu vs Tae Kwon Do
Notice how the Tae Kwon Do black belt (black shirt) had no idea what to do with his body on the mat when compared to the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu black belt. In the end, he gave his back, the BJJ black belt set his hooks and went for the choke, resulting in immediate submission.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu vs Wrestling
Here you see how a wrestler gets comfortable with his back on the ground… something out of the norm for a wrestler. You'll see the wrestler (a US champion) give the BJJ master his back, resulting in almost-immediate choke.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu vs Muay Thai
Notice how the Muay Thai artist can land some good strikes but none of them are useful once he gets picked up and slammed to the ground by the BJJ artist.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu vs Kung Fu
The Kung Fu man tries to keep space between himself and the BJJ expert… because he knows what will happen if he gets him on the ground.
As in the Kenpo Karate video, the Kung Fu man asks for a second match, thinking he now knows what to do.
Again, leverage, simplicity and technique prevail, but the BJJ expert shows less mercy. The video ends with some vintage footage of another Kung Fu challenge in Sao Paolo, resulting in the Kung Fu man getting choked unconscious after giving up his back.


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Outside Lands 2013: 26 Must-See Bands
San Francisco's yearly Outside Lands festival has got a lot going for it – the whole thing goes down in amazing, historic Golden Gate Park, there's plenty going on after the gates close for the night, and they always bring together a killer lineup. This year's no exception; there'll be a ton to see and do if you're hitting up the festival this weekend, but the heartwrenching conflicts are few and far between. Here's what we recommend if you'll be there. We also recommend, as usual, drinking so much water.
12:50-1:40 Smith Westerns @ Land's End
Kick off your festival with Chicago's Smith Westerns. These guys always put on a great show, and with any luck, they'll mix up their set between their three fantastic records, including the newest one, Soft Will.
2:10-3 Surfer Blood @ Land's End
Domestic battery arrests aside, Surfer Blood do put on a damn good live show. If you can get past the backstory, check them out – maybe they'll deliver some songs from their new record Pythons.
3:05-3:45 The Men @ Panhandle
When I saw the Men open for Ty Segall in the summer of 2012, they played a bunch of the material that would wind up on their latest record New Moon; the show was a half hour of intense, face-melting psych-punk onslaught. If that's not a selling point, I don't know what is.
3:30-4:30 Band of Horses @ Land's End
OR Jessie Ware @ Sutro
The choice is yours – are you feeling Jessie's sultry, electro-tinged blues, or Band of Horses' rock-inflected variety? Either's a solid choice to wind down into your Friday afternoon.
4:45-5:35 Rhye @ Sutro
OR 5-6:10 The National @ Land's End
This decision's kind of contingent on your last one – if you've just seen Band of Horses, stick with like-minded dudes of the National, and make sure you're up front so Matt Berninger can get up in your face when he inevitably goes for a crowd stroll. If you've just seen Jessie, stay at the Sutro stage for Rhye's similarly slow-burning, bedroom-eyed jams.
6:05-7:05 D'Angelo @ Sutro
You basically can't not see D'Angelo, right? UPDATE: Good news and Bad news. Bad news first: D'Angelo is sick. Good news: he's been replaced by Chic featuring Daft Punk's new favorite collaborator Nile Rodgers.
7-10 Paul McCartney @ Land's End
OR Yeasayer @ Twin Peaks to Chromatics @ Panhandle
If you're a Beatles' fan, this choice practically makes itself. But if you're one of the 0.0001% of the world that isn't, or if you've seen Sir Paul already this year on his stadium tour rounds, maybe wander around and check out Yeasayer and Chromatics.
3:40-4:30 Young the Giant @ Land's End
OR Youth Lagoon @ Twin Peaks
The choice to start off your Saturday depends on whether you like your pop music introverted, bedroom-crafted, and outsider-art-esque (pick Youth Lagoon), or crank-it-up, roll-down-the-windows, and yell-every-word (pick Young the Giant).
4:30-5:10 Bombino @ Panhandle
The Nigerien (as in, from Niger) musician Bombino is the latest member of a long line of African guitarists whose deft playing and accessible songwriting have helped him cross over to popularity outside of his home country. Check out his set and you might realize how much African guitar music has influenced American rock and roll.
5:15-6:05 Baauer @ Twin Peaks
Check out Baauer's set just so you can tell your friends at home that you saw "Harlem Shake" live. Also, we bet this'll be pretty insane.
6:30-7:40 Yeah Yeah Yeahs @ Land's End
OR Grizzly Bear @ Twin Peaks
An impossible decision between two of New York's finest indie rock mainstays – it might be easier to choose in the moment whether you feel more like dancing along with Karen O (YYYs) or vibing hard to some emotional, haunted weird-rock songs and a fantastic light show (Grizzly Bear).
8:25-9:55 Nine Inch Nails @ Land's End
As much as we love Phoenix, we're going to have to choose to eschew their set at the Twin Peaks stage in favor of checking out Nine Inch Nails – new Hesitation Marks songs, a Talking Heads-inspired live show; what more could you want?
10-late King Tuff, the Men, Twin Peaks @ Brick & Mortar Music Hall
If you've still got any energy, head off the festival grounds to Brick & Mortar Music Hall for one of the festival's aftershows, starring King Tuff, the Men, and the Chicago band Twin Peaks.
2:30-3:20 Kurt Vile @ Sutro
OR Deap Vally @ Panhandle
OR Foals @ Land's End
Voila, your weekend's only impossible three-way choice – Kurt Vile, Deap Vally, or Foals? The decision's yours – bliss out to some summer-appropriate lo-fi jams from Kurt and company, headbang with the ladies of Deap Vally, or sing along with Foals, who might have the festival jam of the summer with "Inhaler."
4:20-5:20 Hall and Oates @ Land's End
OR King Tuff @ Panhandle
This choice depends on whether you feel like reliving the music your parents likely raised you to or if you feel like fist-pumping with a beer in hand. Gauge your mental (and physical) state, and decide accordingly.
5:10-6 A-Trak @ Twin Peaks
We know that by Sunday dancing might be the last thing on your mind, but you basically can't not see A-Trak – cross your fingers he'll drop some Duck Sauce material?
5:50-7 Vampire Weekend @ Land's End
We love the New York band MSMR, who are playing concurrently with Vampire Weekend over at the Panhandle stage, but we have to recommend you check out Columbia's finest – they've been killing it at their 2013 summer festival appearances so far, and you get the added bonus of watching them play tracks from Modern Vampires of the City, still among our favorite records of the year, for among the first time.
6:30-7:40 Willie Nelson and Family @ Sutro
Wind down your festival with some sets you just can't not check out, starting with Willie Nelson over at the Sutro stage. Just a heads up that if heavy smoke gives you asthma, you might want to stand near the back.
7:45-9:35 Red Hot Chili Peppers @ Land's End
Make middle school you proud and cap off your Outside Lands weekend with a headlining set from the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Cross your fingers for some back-catalog material.
That's it for this year – let us know what you decide on if you'll be in Golden Gate Park this weekend. And stay tuned for more festival recommendations throughout August! And please, please, please drink so much water!


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A family owned and operated business for over 40 years, Bailey's IGA is a full-service grocery store with homemade baked goods, local produce, and custom cut meats.
Rochester, WA 98579
(360) 273-7330
6 a.m.-10 p.m.
7 a.m.-10 p.m.
Country Corner Market is a discount grocery store located in the center of Rochester, WA. They have a large selection of produce and specialize in produce by the case for canning, as well as supply jars and other canning supplies. They have fresh, local, raw cow's milk, raw goat's milk, and whole milk yogurt.
Rochester, WA 98579
9 a.m.-7 p.m.
9 a.m.-6 p.m.
A unique oasis on Mud Bay in NW Olympia. Mud Bay is the upstream arm of Eld Inlet on the Puget Sound. Owner Kari is a Washington native, and devoted to living and working here. Bay Mercantile is a coastal kitchen shop on the shores of Mud Bay. When you visit you can enjoy local arts and crafts, wine, craft beer, fresh oysters and clams, and even host or attend events right on the water.
5025 Mud Bay Road NW,
Olympia, WA 98502
(360) 890-4956
10:30 a.m.-6:30 p.m.
10 a.m.-2 p.m.
Gate City Schoolhouse
This historic one room schoolhouse was built in 1910. The Gate Community Club has maintained and supported the building since 1944, preserving the original slate blackboards, straight-grain fir flooring which was milled at the Bordeaux Lumber Mill and the original school bell still rings through the area. A maternal nesting bat colony lives in the belfry and can be seen at dusk as hundreds fly out to forage.
16925 Moon Rd SW
Rochester, WA 98579
(360) 273-0707
Open by appointment
Visit by appointment only
Lady of the Lake at Offut Lake Resort
Lady of the Lake provides bountiful meals featuring local crops and Nelson Ranch beef. The resort releases more than 10,000 rainbow trout in Offut Lake each year to enhance year-round fishing. Boat rentals and kayaks are available for fishing and exploring the lake. Cottages and RV camping are available onsite.
4005 120th Ave SE
Tenino, WA 98589
(360) 264-2438
Open year-round from 4 p.m.-dusk daily
Food available
Lael's Moon Garden Nursery
A destination nursery showing the culmination of 40+ years of gardening experimentation. An area of flat, open ground was transformed by building mounds, creative stonework, and plantings of oaks, sequoias, beeches, conifers, and maples with smaller trees, shrubs and perennials.
Visit the garden, be inspired and …'Plant your own Eden™'
Tour the extensive display gardens with mature plantings, gravel pathways, and a picnic area. Stroll through the Larch Arch, contemplate the redwoods and enjoy our local birds.
In the nursery, you'll find outdoor hardy plants and edible landscape plants including many unusual varieties and 'good-doers'. Gardening should be fun and plants should come back each year or feed us. More than 1,000 varieties of large and small Ornamental trees, shrubs, edibles, conifers, and selected perennials. Friendly and knowledgeable assistance. The most extensive selection of hardy outdoor plants in the area. All plants are grown and acclimated to thrive in the Pacific NW.
17813 Moon Rd SW
Rochester, WA 98579
(360) 273-9567
March-Oct open on Thurs-Mon from 10 a.m.-6 p.m.
Nov-Dec & Feb open on Sat-Sun from 10 a.m.-5 p.m.
Closed in January
Shop onsite
Monarch Sculpture Park provides a quiet natural setting for visitors to interact with sculpture created by artists from around the world. On site is a one-acre maze shaped like a butterfly that is currently being restored, an interactive sound garden, picnic areas, and much more.
Tenino Depot Museum
The sandstone building housing the museum was built in 1914 as a Northern Pacific (NP) depot and was active until after WWII. On the main line between Seattle and Portland, eight or nine trains stopped here daily at the height of train travel. In 1965, NP sold it to the town and with the help of a Federal grant, it was moved ten blocks to a city park and converted to a museum.
The building was kept the same as much as possible and now houses the original press used to make the original wood money, along with old logging tools, old quarry tools, railroad memorabilia and many local artifacts, including a 1920s doctor's office.
399 W Park Ave
Tenino, WA 98589
Sat-Sun from noon to 4 p.m.
Tenino Quarry Pool
The Tenino Quarry Pool: A priceless gem of Thurston County. The Quarry Pool was originally a working Sandstone Quarry in the late 1800s. It was run by The Hercules Sandstone Company. Its products were used to construct many of Tenino's buildings after a substantial fire in the early 20th century as well as notable buildings along the West Coast.
399 W Park Ave
Tenino, WA 98589
July-Aug open Thurs-Sun from noon-5 p.m.
Pool may be closed on days with inclement weather
Wolf Haven International
Wolf Haven International draws visitors from all over the world to learn about wolves, ecosystems and to visit pristine and restored Mima Mound prairie. While here you'll learn about the value of wildlife and nature along with the importance of preserving and protecting the habitat and natural surroundings.
3111 Offut Lake Rd SE
Tenino, WA 98589
(360) 264-4695
Open by appointment, reserve through the website
Spring-Summer open Fri-Mon
Fall-Winter open Sat-Sun
Visit by appointment only


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joe dokes
SoSH Member
- Jul 18, 2005
- 14,812
TheoShmeo said:I don't live in the Boston market but I do listen to podcasts of WEEI regularly. I like D&C's interviews. I also like Mike Francessa's interviews, for that matter. I don't like any of them on their own, but they have a knack for asking questions and eliciting good conversation. My point is that I have some limited exposure to Minihane through that vehicle.
Based on that and for other reasons, I think the hysteria around this issue is way overblown. He may be a bad guy. Probably is. But most of what he said is true. Erin Andrews does suck. If she wasn't pretty, she would not have this job, She wouldn't have replaced the hard to looki at but more talented Pam Oliver if not for her looks and weight. Now "bitch" is a dumbass word, especially in 2014, and the waitress line was idiotic too.
But I hate PC much more than I hate these comments, and the notion that people are boycotting that show over this is foolish to me. Minhane made a mistake. He admitted it in a clumsy way. Move on. I thought about joining Traut's group so I could write just this, but I didn't want to be a turd in the punch bowl and decided just to post here instead. So back to where I started, I really enjoy the D&C/Brady conversations, even though Tom rarely says much that's off script, and therefore hope he and his handlers ignore Traut's page.
The concept of "political correctness" has become tortured into a defense for almost any comment from the merely impolite to those that reek of barely concealed racial or sexist animus or ignorance. Punching me in the face for calling your wife a "fat gross pig" is *not* PC run amok. Giving Minihane a hard time or his comments is also not a "PC" issue.
For the 8000th time....if he wanted to say she was no good at her job, or that the job is a waste of time that detracts from the broadcast, I'm all in. IMO there are no "good" sideline reporters, i.e., those that add something to the broadcast. And its not wrong to suggest that men and women's appearance are calculated differently by TV executives. But Minihane went beyond that.
It is possible to look at Minihane's comments as a "mistake." Just as it is possible to look at the "METCO gorilla" comments as a "mistake." The first time. But after calling her a bitch, it's difficult to give him any benefit of the doubt about the "waitress" comment. Yeah, it was idiotic. But he was also demeaning because she's a woman, which is the very definition of sexist. It's one step short (maybe a half-step) of saying "show your tits or get back into the kitchen, dearie, 'cuz that's all you got." Maybe he's just trolling for ratings. Or maybe he's just completely clueless. That doesn;t matter; he deserves whatever shit people can hurl at him.
No offense to you intended, but "the PC reaction bothers me more than the comments" is a cop-out. If Minihane were being carpet-bombed for using the term "blacks" instead of "African American", *that* is PC run amok -- looking for some "-ism" when it obviously isn't there. Or if you say to a group of women, "c'mon guys, lets get going." This isn't that.
Criticizing him, calling for discipline, hoping that Brady, in the name of his sisters, avoids D & C altogether, is not a "PC reaction."


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I consider myself to be a professional imitator of adulthood. I pretend all the bells and whistles that come with the job. I work hard at letting people believe I am a well adjusted adult. This means I don't take it lightly when I have decided to start this article like this:
HOLY. FREEGIN. BALLS. BUY THIS GAME! BUY IT STEAL IT! BORROW IT! I beat it last night. It is absolutely everything I could ever want in a video game. You want side quests? BAM! They're there buddy. You want loyalty to the brand? WUBAM!! No problem! You want continuity!!! HELLBAHM! It lands in your face like a hot steamy butter croissant from mother fluffin Pillsbury! This is the only game I have hungered for as badly as the remake of Final Fantasy 7. I have wanted to marry people over tattoos of this game!
I'm fairly certain I covered this in the last article I wrote. I am here solely to reassure you, this is a game worth your money. You remember the infuriating camera mechanic of both OoT and Majora's mask? Gone. Intuitive camera angles for everybody!! And don't be shifty and pretend you like that because of the added difficulty. It wasn't an intentional part of the game and you're just trying to sound like a purist. That's stupid and so are your opinions. Gaming is the collective of disenfranchised in a non judgmental society. We love everybody. Even people who fit in high school. Knock it off. The worst part of this game was that it ended.
With smooth fluid controls, a graphical upgrade, and a kidney punch straight to the feels there is not one reason I can think of that would deter you from purchasing this game. Old fans of the game are going to fall in love all over again. New fans, look I know its a departure but relax you got ten games to fight Gannon/ what ever he turns into. Enjoy a game where you have something else to do! This is possibly the most original title in the entire series. I've heard plenty of complaints about the whole three day system. You want to know how to beat that? It's super simple and you can do it like twenty minutes after starting the game. Just save your game. Once your regain kid link form run to Romani ranch and save. The grass th3dere gives up anything you could lose during time travel at least at first.
If you have a 3DS and not this game, you are missing out. Just try it.
As always follow Nerdsynq and my ramblings.
Follow my personal blog: mrgrymm.wordpress.com
My tumbler: mrgrymm1
My twitter: @grimmsgaming


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If the healing process continues as expected, defending state wrestling champion Mike Hamilton will be back for the Class 6A regional.
If the healing process continues as expected, defending state wrestling champion Mike Hamilton will be back for the Class 6A regional.
Hamilton — who is a Bartlesville High School senior and three-time state meet qualifier — confirmed Sunday night his broken left hand is healing faster than expected.
"I'm doing good," Hamilton said. "I pretty much got all of my grip back."
Hamilton — who hasn't been defeated since the 2012 state meet — suffered the injury during a dual meet early in January.
According to initial reports, the prospects of Hamilton — who has been signed by the University of Oklahoma to a wrestling scholarship — returning this season to action seemed doubtful, as best.
"They had miscounted on how days until the regional," Hamilton explained. "I'll have a full six weeks (of healing). I'm actually going to be back in the regional."
Prior to the painful match, Hamilton had registered six straight wins by technical fall.
He appeared to be on his way to a seventh-such triumph — leading his opponent, 8-1 — when the freak accident occurred.
"I was trying to do a standup move and my finger stuck in the mat," Hamilton explained. "It didn't break my finger but it broke my fourth metacarpal."
Hamilton under went surgery just a day or two later; the surgeon implanted a plate with five screws.
In at least one way, Hamilton said the time off from competition might be beneficial.
"Actually, this is turning out well for me because I can really focus on my conditioning," he said. "Conditioning is one place where I've had issues. Right now, I've got a really long time to work on it. I should really be at the top of my game for the regional tournament."
On the other hand, Hamilton misses being a part of the Bruin lineup.
"Oh yeah, it's tough he said. "Those are my brothers out there on the mat. They're battling and working hard and it's hard to not be able to contribute."
Even though his time in the Bartlesville mat program is nearly through, Hamilton predicted Bruin wrestling is headed in the right direction.
"They performed well at the (Pawhuska) tournament this weekend," he said. "Some guys are really coming on. They have an opportunity to be pretty good in the future."
When he's not focused on conditioning, Hamilton said he enjoys being able to advise his less-experienced teammates.
"But, a lot of guys don't really need my help," he said. "They've come a long ways. They know what to do, it's just a matter of putting it into action."
Hamilton is looking forward to next month, when he'll be able to get back into action.
For now, however, he's satisfied to let the healing take care of itself and do what he can to make himself a better, all-around grappler.
His focus now is giving his best shot at trying to get back to state and contend for another state title — proving championships aren't won during an eight-minute period on a mat.
They are a process of time mixed with effort and vision.
Hamilton apparently has all three going for him.


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Antique Alabaster Chandelier For Dining Room
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