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Urban Jungles Radio Webshow- Danny Steele and his Animal Planet Horror
YouTube - Watch as we speak with Reptile Keeper Danny Steele who experienced an on-air horror story when he agreed to let Animal Planet film his collection only to end...
The Reptile Report - The following is a biology graduate paper written by Dustin Lee Nelson.
Movies can inspire people to learn by exposing them to new subjects and draw out emotions, especially primitive fears. Horror films about animals can deeply tap into these feelings. Large or venomous reptiles receive special attention in the horror genre. These creatures often behave very differently in film than reality for the sake of telling a story, and are given antagonistic anthropomorphized motivations or unnatural physical abilities. Despite this trend, there is often a sincere effort to represent the animal's true nature or abilities. This article explores several less known horror films starring reptiles to contrast the biology of these movie monsters with the real animals. A brief history of the use of reptiles in horror, film commentary, and discussion of the inspiration of some stories is included as well. This includes popular folklore and real incidents. Sometimes stories are written from misinterpretations of natural processes and can become highly memorable and entertaining. Reptiles (and some Amphibians) have been presented in many different ways in horror films and are a subgenre well worth further exploration.
Movies can inspire people to learn by exposing them to new subjects. Movies can also draw out emotions, especially primitive fears. Especially impactful at an early age, films can show people things that exist outside of reality or transport them to exotic locales. They showcase the full range of human emotions and anxieties. The horror genre exploits these anxieties and forces people to confront their primal fears about death and nature (Gregersdotter, Höglund, and Hållén 2015). Animal horror films thusly are a unique expression of our primal fear of nature making viewers question their perceived dominance over it and the anthropocentric worldview held by many people (Fuchs 2015, Milatovic 2015). The prospect of being eaten by an animal threatens our sense of control over our lives and shakes our perception that we are outside of nature (Fuchs 2015, Milatovic 2015).
In the early years of filmmaking, many low-rent dramas featured dinosaurs and other animals, but with the noteworthy exception of The Lost World (1925), nothing in particular stood out until the early 1930's (Kinnard 1988). King Kong (1933) was the first widely successful animal horror film, thanks to its impressive stop motion effects and surprising brutality (Kinnard 1988). One of the first reptiles to appear in film, a fictional prehistoric lizard menaces Jack Driscoll as he hides from Kong (Kinnard 1988). Many reptiles make excellent subjects for horror films due to how unlike they are in appearance and demeanor from the mammals and birds humans have domesticated. Many of them also pose real danger to humans, especially in remote and less developed areas. Crocodilians and venomous snakes are responsible for numerous deaths worldwide every year, and are commonly seen movie monsters (Caldicott et. al. 2005). Lizards are more uncommon but have appeared in some worthwhile films. Turtles and amphibians are quite rare in horror because they rarely present a threat to humans in nature, though some exceptions exist. Despite these traits, many liberties are often taken with animal's biological capabilities for sake of drama or menace. It's worth noting that many films claim their monsters are mutants or hybrids, which can aid suspension of disbelief, especially in some instances of subpar special effects.
There is an incredible abundance of films featuring reptiles as movie monsters, and while a comprehensive discussion is beyond the scope of plausibility, many films have several themes in common and animals are often typecast in how they are used as movie maniacs. This article aims to give a brief overview of how each group of reptiles is used in horror films while detailing some of the most realistic or noteworthy films in each category. These short essays explore the (in)accuracy of these films with an emphasis on behavior and appearance and offer light film criticism. Dinosaurs were excluded to focus on modern reptiles, as well as their affiliation with birds. Crocodilians are our first group for examination.
Alligators are popular in American horror films due to their familiarity in American culture, and appear in several low-budget, generally poorly executed horror films; perhaps the most absurd of which is the "were-alligator"-themed Ragin Cajun Redneck Gators (2013). However, one film in particular stands out as a well-executed traditional monster movie:
Alligator (1980)
The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is unsurprisingly the subject of this 1980 cult classic. Based on the popular alligators-in-the-sewers urban legend, an early draft of this film took place in Milwaukee; in which an alligator flushed into the sewer grows into a giant by consuming brewery waste (Sayles 2007). The finished film follows the basic legend, a pet American Alligator is flushed down the toilet and survives to adulthood. In this instance, illegal dumping of laboratory animals in the sewer provides it with a steady food source and exposes it to experimental growth hormones, mutating it into a rampaging monster.
Officially, New York is the favored setting of the Alligator legend, with some dubious basis in fact (Coleman 1979). A 1935 article in the New York Times describes how a sickly and sluggish 8-foot, 125 lb. alligator was pulled from a manhole on February 9th (New York Times 1935, Coleman 1979). Interestingly, the writer of that article appears to not have directly witnessed this, and even in poor condition an 8' alligator would likely be substantially heavier, implying a hoax (Pajerski et. al. 2000). This aside, alligators do occasionally appear in sewers and storm drains within their normal range in the southern US. One such story from ABC News in Florida shows an alligator lurking in a storm drain (ABC news 2014). After Hurricane Katrina, a camera probe assessing the damage encountered an alligator in a sewer pipe, most likely driven there by the storm. These incidents are one-off events rather than evidence of established populations as in the legend. While rats and insects are possibly abundant food sources in a sewer, pollution and lack of sunlight are likely an insurmountable obstacle to alligator colonization.
The legend often claims that "sewer gator" populations express a variety of mutations such as albinism, multiple heads, and giant size (Blackman 1998). The legend itself has deeper meaning about how careless mistakes come back to bite us, especially in regards to nature, and social significance in that discarded members of society rise in cycles of revenge and revolution (Mann 2015). This theme was intentionally written into the movie; the alligator attacks people with increasingly higher social status, culminating with the chemist who created the growth hormone responsible for its mutation, the CEO of the pharmaceutical company and their accomplice the Mayor (Sayles 2007, Mann 2015). After this rampage, the creature returns to the sewers and is defeated with dynamite, but the final scene shows the arrival of a new hatchling into the sewer to begin the cycle again.
Despite the implausible premise, the behavior and morphology of the titular creature is somewhat consistent with reality. The enormous rubber puppet looks fairly good in most scenes and is recognizable specifically as an alligator. Real alligators are used in multiple shots on miniature sets and close ups, granting some obvious inconsistencies since the animatronic beast doesn't proportionally match the much smaller animals. As in many reptile horror films, this alligator is impossibly large for his species, claimed to be 35' long from huge footprints found after it escapes the sewer. Most real reports claim a maximum of 15', with a dubious record of 19' (LAAC). This alligator is comparable to prehistoric beast Deinosuchus, an enormous extinct crocodilian (Farlow et. al. 2005). They are from the same clade and were likely quite visually similar, so much so that estimates of Deinosuchus' size was calculated from the bone proportions of the modern alligator (Farlow et. al. 2005).
Deliberately preying on humans aside, many of the creature's behaviors are true to life. The alligator's lair is located close to its main food source, underneath the lab animal dumping ground. Alligators claim territories where they can find abundant food sources and as demonstrated by the film will stash prey for later consumption (Pajerski et. al. 2000). Alligators employ ambush tactics and rely on catching prey off guard, which was used to great effect in the film (Pajerski et. al. 2000). A sudden burst of speed is used to seize prey, but scenes where the creature gives prolonged chase for dramatic effect are less believable because it would either quickly overtake prey or abandon the chase (Pajerski et. al. 2000). Real alligators prefer to feed underwater, but this is largely disregarded by the film for sake of horror (Pajerski et. al. 2000). This alligator is extremely aggressive and unnaturally powerful: it escapes the sewers by ramming its way through a sidewalk, and crushes a car with its tail. In the climax at the CEO's mansion, it attacks a wedding party in broad daylight and kills several people but doesn't eat any of them. Real alligators are very vocal, but don't produce the kind of "monster roar" frequently heard in the film (Pajerski et. al. 2000).
The Alligator hides in a swimming pool at one point. How it managed to fit demonstrates the inconsistency of the creatures' size, a common flaw in monster films. Crocodilians can turn up in swimming pools within their ranges, and this could plausibly result in fatalities as seen in the film. In the real world, a 7-foot alligator can present a danger to humans with much larger animals usually behind attacks (Caldicott et. al. 2005). Real attacks are generally opportunistic rather than deliberate, and compared to other crocodilians the American Alligator is rather benign. A fairly inferior sequel was released over a decade later, Alligator II: The Mutation (1991). It is basically the same movie without any of the deeper themes, sanitized violence, and a far more lighthearted tone.
Crocodiles are featured more prominently as movie monsters than alligators due to their worldwide distribution. This is reflected by frequent use in cleverly-titled foreign films such as the Italian Import Killer Crocodile (1989). Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus Niloticus) are responsible for a majority of worldwide fatalities (Caldicott et. al. 2005). Despite frankly being a terrible film, Primeval (2007) is noteworthy because of its inspiration, a large Nile Crocodile responsible for several fatalities in waterways around Lake Tanganyika in Burundi (McRae 2005, PBS 2004). Nicknamed "Gustave" by a local naturalist, this crocodile is supposedly responsible for over 300 deaths (McRae 2005, PBS 2004). This number is almost certainly exaggerated. Namely, Gustave is recognizable for his great size and some distinctive markings. Best estimates place him at over 19' while the average Male C. Niloticus is around 15' (McRae 2005, PBS 2004). As a known man-eater the creature has been subject to a handful of failed extermination attempts and bears distinctive scars on his head and side from gunfire (McRae 2005, PBS 2004). A failed attempt to capture Gustave was mounted in 2004 and the plot loosely incorporates elements of the expedition (McRae 2005, PBS 2004). The most noteworthy commonality was the use of a large baited cage, which failed to catch the beast in both scenarios (PBS 2004). The real crocodile hasn't been sighted for a while, leading to speculation its death (McRae 2008). There's much more to discuss about crocodilians in horror films, but it's time to explore another category.
Snakes are probably the most popular reptiles in horror after crocodilians, yet there seems to be surprisingly little discussion of them in film literature. Snake horror films tend to fall into two categories: giant snakes and venomous snakes. There is quite a bit of interplay between the two. In films like Python (2000) for example, the 129-foot snake can also spit acid, seemingly for no reason beyond a desire to include dissolving corpses in the film. Conversely, King Cobra (1999) features a very phony looking 30' king cobra/rattlesnake "hybrid". The original Anaconda (1997) is the only giant snake movie with any semblance of reality. These anacondas have appropriate body markings, but they differ greatly in behavior and are much too long. They loudly vocalize and actively hunt humans; real snakes cannot shriek as seen in the film nor do many (if any) reach the size required to swallow an adult human. Practically all giant snake movies fail to account for the bulk that such an enormous animal would have. The CGI creatures used by most films definitely compound the issue, making the snakes quite obviously fake. Anacondas (Eunectes murinus) in particular are very bulky and are mainly aquatic to support their weight (Milord 2012). Titanoboa, a huge prehistoric snake, is estimated to reach lengths of 48 feet or more and from where its fossils have been found were likely similar in lifestyle to modern anacondas (Kemp 2012). Giant snakes are shown moving and striking with the speed of vipers, not exactly possible for an animal as massive as something like Titanoboa. Venomous snakes deliberately targeting humans compose the second category. The potency of snake venom is often exaggerated in films such as Jaws of Satan (1982). The King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) does have highly potent neurotoxic venom capable of quickly killing an adult human (Young 1999). Yet in this movie cobra venom causes instant death and necrosis in its victims (augmentation via satanic curses is assumed to play a role in this).
The most realistic venomous snake film by a wide margin is likely Venom (1981), a British film featuring a Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis). More of a crime thriller than a horror film, the plot centers around a botched kidnapping escalating into a hostage situation with a snake on the loose. A mix-up at the pet shop causes a wealthy child's new exotic pet to be switched with a mamba that is ordered by the London Institute of Toxicology. This is discovered during the abduction attempt when one of the criminals opens the box and is immediately bitten. A few mishaps later, the surviving villains have taken the boy and his grandfather hostage. A standoff with the police ensues while the snake menacingly slinks about the house. A real Mamba was used under the supervision of staff from the London Zoo, so the creature is certainly authentic. It spent much of its time hiding but was very aggressive when encountered. As seen in the film, mambas strike repeatedly when they feel threatened (Schott 2005). Death can result quickly from a mamba bite, though not quite as quickly as seen in Venom (Schott 2005). It does have the classic monster movie ending. After the snake is destroyed the last shot reveals eggs hatching in the manor's air ducts. Snakes' closest relatives, the lizards, also find adequate exposure in horror films.
Komodo (1999)
Another reptile that fits well into a movie monster role is the Komodo Dragon, a large Varanid lizard capable of reaching lengths of 10 feet (Lawwell 2006). Surprisingly underrepresented, only one film attempts to realistically portray these creatures, Komodo (1999). Though it commits the standard transgression of oversizing its creatures, it is much less egregious than most, depicting the creatures as only a few feet larger than the recognized maximum (except for the finale, where the last dragon appears to be the size of a helicopter). The film also makes a plot device of the creature's toxic saliva, which is loaded with bacteria and venom. However, the film predates the discovery that Komodo Dragons have venom and makes no mention of it (Lawwell 2006). The relationship between the venom and bacteria is not fully understood, but the function is basically as depicted in the film (Lawwell 2006). Dragons will strike prey to infect or envenomate. Then they release it and wait for the prey to be weakened before finishing it off (Lawwell 2006). The dragons are shown feeding in groups as it occurs in nature and barring some incidents of bad CGI look quite realistic (Lawwell 2006). Although attacks on humans are known to occur, they are quite rare unlike the deliberate hunting of humans shown here (Associated Press). The film is set on an island in North Carolina. An animal smuggler throws away a batch of dragon eggs, and they manage to establish a population. After many years, the dragons have exhausted their food supply and resort to humans for food. After several deaths, the dragons are killed, and the surviving humans escape the island. While widely considered a bad film, there are far worse movies out there. Other films feature Komodo Dragons and other lizards as oversized mutants, such as Curse of the Komodo (2004) and the creatively titled The Giant Gila Monster (1959) but one obscure film takes this mutant lizard concept exceptionally far.
Aberration (1997)
The mutant lizards of Aberration (1997) showcase many of the morphological features of reptiles that make them appealing movie monsters. The creatures are venomous and highly adaptable, quickly developing resistance to pesticides, bullets, and fire (in that order). On some level they could represent anxieties about the unpredictable power of nature. As one character points out, they appear to evolve with the speed of a virus. The American public in particular has a poor understanding of evolution, and Aberration appropriates the concept to tell an unexpectedly good and tense story. It takes place in Northern Minnesota during the onset of winter. The film opens with a wildlife biologist wandering through the woods and collecting samples of a strange substance, while another character moves into her long abandoned family cabin nearby. She soon discovers she has a pest problem and meets the biologist while shopping for pesticides. We find out that he has been investigating the sudden disappearance of local wildlife, and he agrees to check out her pest problem.
It turns out the cabin is infested with the mutant lizards, which progressively become more dangerous. They spray one with pesticide and dissect it, describing it as having "the feet of a gecko and body of an iguana". The rubber lizards are fairly generic, so it is difficult to tell how accurate this description really is. They find it has large teeth for a lizard and fangs, proclaiming "it's a viperid!". A winter storm combined with car trouble traps them in the cabin. The rest of the film details their attempts to escape and wipe out the suddenly anthropophagous lizards, which rapidly develop an immunity to pesticide, bulletproof skin, and other features. They attempt to drown one in a fish tank and newt-like gill slits open on its neck. Another lizard spits blinding venom in someone's eyes at one point, and they seem to steadily grow larger. Their eggs are somewhat amphibian-like, adhered to surfaces with a viscous substance. The lizards are also shown vocalizing with each other to coordinate their attacks. Tail autotomy and retractable spines are used in some scenes for comedic effect. However, they're still intolerant of cold like most ectotherms. Their claws, teeth, venom, and unpredictability make them effective movie monsters. Their ability to sprout gills is the only connection to newts and salamanders in monster movies this author is aware of. Amphibians are rare in in the genre, probably because of their small stature and minimal (if any) threat posed to humans. However, one film finds an interesting way to feature them as menacing antagonists.
Frogs (1972)
The 1972 eco-horror film Frogs is revered as a cult classic for its nonsensical plot and low production quality. Ironically containing very few frogs, nearly all amphibians shown are toads. The theme of many 1970s-era eco-horror films is nature rising up against mankind (Schell 2015). In this case all the animals have banded together to purge humanity from an island plantation owned by the wealthy Crockett family. Much emphasis is placed on the Crockett's involvement with industry and role in ecological destruction. One character complains about anti-pollution laws increasing costs at her paper mill and grandfather Crockett has been trying to kill off the "noisy" frogs by spraying massive amounts of pesticide on the island. The other Crocketts are similarly disrespectful of nature and meet spectacularly impossible deaths at the hands of the local fauna (one review described it as "the attack of nature attacks!").
One character asphyxiates on toxic fumes in a greenhouse when lizards trap him inside and break several pesticide containers. There's some clear symbolism in this as the animals poison the polluter (Schell 2015). In another implausible moment, one character gets stuck in mud and is menacingly approached by a snapping turtle. Soon after, her body is seen floating face-down with the turtle sitting atop it and hissing menacingly. The "frogs" are seemingly leading the other animals; each killing is accompanied by close up shots of frogs watching the mayhem. The woman with the paper mill is lured into the swamp by butterflies and killed by venomous snakes. When someone goes looking for her he's ambushed by alligators (normal-sized ones). Eventually the least offensive Crocketts and a visiting naturalist escape the island while the curmudgeonly grandfather stays behind to brood in his hunting trophy appreciation room. That night the loudly croaking frogs besiege the mansion and try to break in. In a panic the old man begins to hear the cries of all the animals he's killed echoing through the trophy room. Overwhelmed, he appears to die from fright as the frogs' crash through the windows and jump all over him. The croaking drowns out all other sounds as the lights in the mansion almost supernaturally go out, though the frogs may have learned how to cut the power at this point given the way the film handles them.
The creatures look great because they're almost all live animals as in Venom (1981), the only issues with morphology were obvious misidentifications and a couple very out-of-place species. The story appears to be set in the Florida Everglades, but several species shown are not native to that area; Tokay Geckos and Tegus to name a few (Schell 2015). The titular frogs appear to be a mixture of American and Marine toads, and the "venomous" snakes are recognizable as harmless species including corn snakes.
Obviously, animal behavior was wildly unnatural in the film. Brazen attacks on humans were carried out by lizards, snakes, alligators, spiders, frogs, and a snapping turtle. While not directly killing people, the "frogs" are strongly implied to have a leadership role in the island ecosystem, directing more dangerous fauna to attack humans throughout the majority of the film, which does not occur in nature. Frogs are often interpreted as nonthreatening, and the theme of their role as prey shifting to predator is a symbolic indication of how warped the ecosystem has become from human activities (Schell 2015). As in films where humans become prey, human supremacy is challenged and ecological roles are reversed by the frogs' ascendancy to the top (Schell 2015). Frogs are considered to have roles as tricksters with magical powers in many cultures, a possible connection to their depictions as hypnotic masterminds (Wanner). Toads in particular has long been associated with witchcraft, mystic powers, and poisons (Wanner). This mythological association with poison makes their leading role in nature's revenge for pollution oddly appropriate (Schell 2015). Frogs still isn't exactly a good film, but becomes much more interesting from this analytical perspective. Amphibians aren't the only group underrepresented in horror however.
Where are the Horror Turtles?
Turtles appear quite rarely in horror for assumedly the same reason as frogs, they simply don't pose much of a threat to humans. There are a handful of killer turtles, but nothing besides Frogs treats them with much realism. A vastly oversized Archelon, a prehistoric turtle, menaces primitive humans in One Million Years B.C. (1966). The Japanese giant monster genre has Gamera, an anthropomorphized Godzilla imitation that appears in several B-Films of the 50's, 60's, and 70's before getting a gritty high-quality reboot trilogy in the mid-1990s. The Bermuda Depths (1978) is more of a bizarre romance story about a cursed woman in the sea. But in terms of strict horror, there's really nothing out there with turtles.
This is a sample of the immense body of content available in this rich subgenre of animal horror. Killer crocodiles and giant snakes will always have a home in these films at any production level, with several films typically coming out annually. This article could have easily been just about crocodiles in horror, especially in Australian cinema. Dark Age (1987) and Black Water (2008) are two great examples of interesting and suspenseful stories in the genre. "Trapped with snakes in a place" is an often used premise and some giant snake films have become ongoing series in addition to new films. On the occasions where lizards and other herps get to appear there is often an interesting concept being explored as in Aberration, or something oddly endearing like Frogs. The inspiration behind some of these films often has some cultural basis such as the connection to theology in Jaws of Satan, and would be an interesting perspective to explore the genre from. Although designed to frighten, these films can have the positive effect of inspiring a lasting interest in these animals, when Jaws (1975) was released, there was a surge in interest in shark research and oceanography (Stone 2012). Though reptile horror films haven't had the major cultural impact of that film, perhaps they've had the same effect on some viewers on a smaller scale.
Aberration. Dir. Tim Boxell. Perf. Pamela Gidley, Simon Bossell, Valeriy Nikolaev. Artisan Entertainment, 1997. Videocassette.
Alligator Author: Alligator DVD Extra. Perf. John Sayles. Lionsgate, 2007. DVD.
Alligator. Dir. Lewis Teague. Perf. Robert Forster, Robin Riker. Alligator Inc., 1980. DVD.
Alligator II: The Mutation. Dir. Jon Hess. Perf. Joseph Bologna, Dee Wallace, Richard Lynch. Golden Hawk Entertainment, 1991. DVD.
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"Alligator Stuck in Storm Drain." ABC News. ABC News Network, 21 Feb. 2014. Web. 12 May 2016. <http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/alligator-sewer-video-flordia-gator-stuck-storm-drain-22621922>.
Anaconda. Dir. Luis Llosa. Perf. Jon Voight, Jennifer Lopez, Eric Stoltz. Columbia Pictures, 1997. DVD.
The Bermuda Depths. Dir. Tsugunobu Kotani. Perf. Leigh McCloskey, Carl Weathers, Connie Sellecca. American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 1978. Videocassette.
Black Water. Dir. David Nerlich and Andrew Traucki. Perf. Diana Glenn, Maeve Dermody, Andy Rodoreda. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2008. DVD.
Blackman, W. Haden. Field Guide to North American Monsters: Everything You Need to Know About Encountering over 100 Terrifying Creatures in the Wild. New York: Three Rivers, 1998. Print.
Caldicott, David G.e., David Croser, Charlie Manolis, Grahame Webb, and Adam Britton. "Crocodile Attack in Australia: An Analysis of Its Incidence and Review of the Pathology and Management of Crocodilian Attacks in General." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 16.3 (2005): 143-59. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 18 May 2016.
Capturing the Killer Croc. Dir. Jean Michel Corillion and Vincent Munié. Perf. Gary Granville and Patrice Faye. PBS (Direct), 2004. DVD.
Coleman, Loren. "Alligators-in-the-Sewers: A Journalistic Origin." The Journal of American Folklore 92.365 (1979): 335. Web. 9 May 2016.
The Curse of the Komodo. Dir. Jim Wynorski. Perf. Tim Abell, Melissa Brasselle, William Langlois. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004. DVD.
Dark Age. Dir. Arch Nicholson. Perf. John Jarratt, Nikki Coghill, Max Phipps. Charter Entertainment, 1987. Videocassette.
Farlow, James O., Grant R. Hurlburt, Ruth M. Elsey, Adam R. C. Britton, and Wann Langston. "Femoral Dimensions and Body Size of Alligator Mississippiensis: Estimating the Size of Extinct Mesoeucrocodylians." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25.2 (2005): 354-69. Web.
Frogs. Dir. George McCowan. Perf. Ray Milland, Sam Elliott, Joan Van Ark. Scream Factory, 1972. DVD.
Fuchs, Michael. "They Are a Fact of Life Out Here: The Eco critical Subtexts of Three Early-twenty-first Century Aussie Animal Horror Movies." Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 37-57. Print.
Gamera: Guardian of the Universe. Dir. Shûsuke Kaneko. Perf. Tsuyoshi Ihara, Akira Onodera, Shinobu Nakayama. Toho Company, 1995. DVD.
The Giant Gila Monster. Dir. Ray Kellogg. Perf. Don Sullivan, Fred Graham, Lisa Simone. Hollywood Pictures Corporation, 1959. DVD.
Gregersdotter, Katarina, and Nicklas Hållén. "Anthropomorphism and the Representation of Animals as Adversaries." Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 206-23. Print.
Gregersdotter, Katarina, Johan Anders Höglund, and Nicklas Hållén. "A History of Animal Horror Cinema." Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 19-36. Print.
Gregersdotter, Katarina, Johan Anders Höglund, and Nicklas Hållén. "Introduction." Introduction. Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 1-18. Print.
Jaws. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Roy Scheider, Robert Shaw, Richard Dreyfuss. Universal Pictures, 1975. DVD.
Jaws of Satan. Dir. Bob Claver. Perf. Fritz Weaver, Gretchen Corbett, Jon Korkes. United Artists, 1981. DVD.
Killer Crocodile. Dir. Fabrizio De Angelis. Perf. Richard Anthony Crenna, Pietro Genuardi, John Harper. Fulvia Film, 1989. DVD.
King Cobra. Dir. David Hillenbrand and Scott Hillenbrand. Perf. Pat Morita, Scott Hillenbrand, Casey Fallo. Trimark Pictures, 1999. DVD.
King Kong. Dir. Merian C. Cooper. Perf. Fay Wray, Robert Armstrong, and Bruce Cabot. RKO Radio Pictures, 1933. DVD.
Kinnard, Roy. Beasts and Behemoths: Prehistoric Creatures in the Movies. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1988. Print.
Komodo. Dir. Michael Lantieri. Perf. Jill Hennessy, Billy Burke, Kevin Zegers. Sterling Home Entertainment, 1999. DVD.
Lawwell, Leanne. "Varanus Komodoensis (Komodo Dragon)." Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2006. Web. 10 May 2016. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanus_komodoensis>.
The Lost World. Dir. Harry O. Hoyt. Perf. Bessie Love, Lewis Stone, and Wallace Beery. First National Pictures, 1925. DVD.
Mann, Craig Ian. "America Down the Toilet: Urban Legends, American Society, and Alligator." Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 110-25. Print.
McRae, Michael. "Gustave the Killer Crocodile." National Geographic Adventure Magazine. National Geographic, Mar. 2005. Web. 10 May 2016. <http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2005/03/gustave-crocodile/michael-mcrae-text>.
McRae, Michael. "Gustave, the Killer Crocodile: Update." Gustave, the Killer Crocodile – Update – National Geographic Adventure Magazine. National Geographic, Feb. 2008. Web. 10 May 2016. <http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text>.
Milatovic, Maja. "Consuming Wildlife: Representations of Tourism and Retribution in Australian Animal Horror." Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 76-93. Print.
Milord, Luckele. "Eunectes Murinus (Anaconda, Green Anaconda)." Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2012. Web. 10 May 2016. <http://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Eunectes_murinus.html>.
"New York Times Sewergator: February 10, 1935." New York Times Sewergator: February 10, 1935. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2016.
One Million Years B.C. Dir. Don Chaffey. Perf. Raquel Welch, John Richardson, Percy Herbert. Hammer Films, 1966. DVD.
Pajerski, Lauren, Benjamin Schechter, and Robin Street. "Alligator Mississippiensis (Alligator, Gator, American Alligator, Florida Alligator, Mississippi Alligator, Louisiana Alligator.)." Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2000. Web. 10 May 2016. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alligator_mississippiensis/>.
Press, Associated. "Komodo Dragon Attacks Terrorize Indonesia Villages." ABC News. ABC News Network, n.d. Web. 18 May 2016. <http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=7681841>.
Primeval. Dir. Michael Katleman. Perf. Dominic Purcell, Orlando Jones, Brooke Langton. Buena Vista Pictures, 2007. DVD.
Python. Dir. Richard Clabaugh. Perf. Frayne Rosanoff, Robert Englund, Casper Van Dien. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.
Ragin' Cajun Redneck Gators. Dir. Griff Furst. Perf. Michael Baird, Nicoye Banks and Christopher Berry. Active Entertainment, 2013. DVD.
Schell, Jennifer. "Polluting and Perverting Nature: The Vengeful Animals of Frogs." Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 58-76. Print.
Schott, Randy. "Dendroaspis Polylepis (Black Mamba)." Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2005. Web. 12 May 2016. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dendroaspis_polylepis/>.
Stone, Greg. "Why "Jaws" Made Me Care About Sharks." Web log post. Human Nature Conservation International Blog. N.p., 15 Aug. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://blog.conservation.org/2012/08/why-jaws-made-me-care-about-sharks/>.
Titanoboa: Monster Snake. Dir. Martin Kemp. Smithsonian Channel, 2012. DVD.
Venom. Dir. Piers Haggard. Perf. Klaus Kinski, Oliver Reed, Nicol Williamson. Blue Underground, 1981. DVD.
Wanner, Noel. "Frogs: Frog Myths Across Cultures | Exploratorium." Frogs: Frog Myths Across Cultures | Exploratorium. Exploratorium, n.d. Web. 10 May 2016. <http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/folklore/>.
Young, Diana. "Ophiophagus Hannah (Hamadryad, King Cobra)." Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 1999. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ophiophagus_hannah/>.


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- Home » Expat Blogs » Spain » Madrid » Pass the Ham
Pass the Ham
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Pass the Ham
Looking for an expat in Madrid blog? Tag along with me and my silly adventures as I relate my frequent expat mishaps while living in Madrid, Spain.
Latest Blog Posts »
- Breaking: Expat Blogger Goes on the Lam After Spaniards Threaten to Eat Her Newborn 5 years ago Pass the HamEFE – Madrid September, 2015. American expat sometimes blogger, Hamatha, has been found alive and well after her disappearance in the early summertime. When asked about her mysterious whereabouts, the sometimes writer described her absence from the online world as a … Continue...
- For the Love of Lucca 6 years ago Pass the HamItaly has always had me by the you-know-whats. Pardon my crudeness. It's just that no matter how hard I try, I just can't find one damn thing wrong with this country (well, except for Naples). Sure, I know that every … Continue reading →Pass the Ham
- Those Who Carry Virgins 6 years ago Pass the HamIn honor of semana santa and the fact that I have absolutely no time lately, I'm going to do a repost from last year, which, now that I think about it, might have been a repost from 2012. Anyway, I … Continue reading →Pass the Ham
- Madrid Metro Adventures, Act 1, Scene 1 6 years ago Pass the HamSCENE: Metro Madrid Subway, Nuevos Ministerios Station TIME: Post Real Madrid Game, Saturday, approximately 11:30 p.m. OBSERVING CHARACTERS: Hamatha, Husband, Visiting Brother and Sister-in-law ACTIVE CHARACTERS: Crazy, Wide-Eyed Foreign Man Mysterious Ditzy Girl in Red with ornery hair...
- Springtime Blooms in Madrid's el Parque de los Quintos 6 years ago Pass the HamCan you feel it? Yep, that's springtime in Madrid. Let's all take a moment and wave our hands in the air and grin like silly gooses, okay? Then, let's all do a collective internet cloud-based, fist pump or two. Ready? … Continue reading →Pass the Ham
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Website Reviews » There are 2 reviews on Pass the Ham
Lauren Aloise
23:02 PM December 02, 2012
23:02 PM December 02, 2012
Probably one of the funniest expat blogs around, I love reading about Hamantha's travels and daily life here in Madrid!
01:10 AM July 03, 2014
01:10 AM July 03, 2014
How to receive future blogs???


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The Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina is just stunning. About 250 square miles of ice, tinted blue and standing proud. It extends from the Andes into Lake Argentina and can be accessed from the town of El Calafate. There is not much else to say about it, except, if you are coming to South America, you have to visit it. It is awesome!
Because the tour was booked in Chile before I left Puerto Natales, Iwas unaware that tickets for the boat trip were not included. The tour guide, Marianna, asked which of us would like to go on the boat. The answer was most of us. However, after visiting the office at the entrance to the park, she told us that there were no spaces left.
I was not happy. I made my feelings known, as did a French couple. The rest of the party just accepted it. Marianna, bless her, when she realised just how disappointed we were to travel all that way and not get what we thought we had already asked for, went off to see if she could get us some places on one of the boats. Fortunately, she was successful. The boat trip was well worth the effort.
Click on any photo for a slide show.


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John and Christy Petrich have been named Grand Marshals of this Saturday's Byron Day parade. They gave us these stories
Tag: Byron
Monday afternoon blizzard wreaks havoc
A sudden and powerful storm that blew through the north end of Big Horn County on Monday afternoon caught motorists
Paranormal investigators pay a visit to Byron Museum
Jaime Petrich took his seat as a member of the Byron Town Council for the first time at the regularly
Byron Mayor Brightly resigns
Byron Mayor Heidi Brightly conducted a work session with WyDOT (Wyoming Department of Transportation) before abruptly resigning at the beginning
Patriotic citizens honor veterans at local Memorial Day services
In a longtime local tradition, services honoring the men and women who died for their country were held on Memorial
An explanation of the Byron lawsuit
Guest Column I have been asked by several people to explain in plain English what the lawsuit brought by
Another Byron young person faces medical crisis
Another Byron young person, Jared Bates, underwent surgery last week to remove a rare brain tumor from his pituitary gland.
Byron mayor files injunction against council
Byron Mayor Heidi Brightly, challenging "the validity and legality" of a revised ordinance limiting mayoral authority "to make appointments or
Winners light up the night in Chamber contest
Chamber manager Celecia Gallagher announced the winners of the Lovell Area Chamber of Commerce lighting contest this week. The contest
Byron Rec officers listed; programs continue as former unit leader challenges accusations
As the significant and disputatious reorganization of the Byron Recreation Department continues, the new and expanded advisory committee and Mayor


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Non-confidential facts and advice to the Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime (DMPC)
1. Introduction and background
1.1. Nicola Edgington was convicted of manslaughter in 2006 for fatally stabbing her mother. She was sentenced to an indefinite hospital order and released with conditions in September 2009
1.2. Between 6th and 9th October 2011 Nicola Edgington made several calls to police. None of these calls resulted in police attendance.
1.3. On 10th October 2011 PC Payne and PC Phillips took Nicola Edgington voluntarily to A&E at Queen Elizabeth Hospital after she had tried to take a taxi to hospital, but had no money for the journey. They remained with her at the hospital for a short while, during which she left A&E reception on 2 occasions, the second time telling them she wanted a cigarette. The officers ultimately left her inside the reception area.
1.4. Nicola Edgington was taken from A&E by hospital staff to Oxleas House, a closed mental health facility. Following an initial assessment, and while waiting to be admitted, she absconded. This was approximately 2 and half hours after the police officers had left her.
1.5. She made her way to Bexleyheath town centre where she attacked one member of the public and fatally stabbed another, Sally Hodkin.
1.6. Nicola Edgington was convicted of murder and attempted murder and sentenced to 37 years in prison. The judge at her criminal trial rejected her plea of diminished responsibility due to mental illness. She unsuccessfully appealed against conviction and sentence.
1.7. The IPCC conducted an investigation into the police contact with Nicola Edgington prior to her fatally stabbing Sally Hodkin. They concluded in 2012 that no officer or police staff member had breached the police, or police staff, codes of conduct. However, the IPCC did conclude that PC Payne and PC Phillips could have used their powers under section 136 Mental Health Act 1983 to detain Nicola Edgington when she followed them outside from the A&E reception. It was also critical of the fact that neither PC Payne or PC Phillips nor the call handlers that spoke with her, conducted a PNC check which would have revealed her previous conviction for manslaughter.
1.8. NHS England commissioned Caring Solutions (UK) Ltd to undertake an independent investigation into the care and treatment provided to Nicola Edgington by Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust. Caring Solutions Ltd convened an expert panel. It is their report that was the subject of this judicial review. The Commissioner launched the judicial review because he takes the view the report is unlawful on public law grounds (procedurally unfair, biased and inaccurate on issues of law etc).
2. Issues for consideration
2.1. The Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime (DMPC) is asked to consider an application for financial assistance of £22,096 (including VAT) made by two serving police officers in respect of separate representation in a judicial review claim brought by the Commissioner against NHS England. The judicial review claim has now been settled.
2.2. For the DMPC to consider all the documentation before her and consider whether to do so is incidental or conducive to, or would facilitate the securing of an efficient and effective police force to fund officers in situations such as this.
2.3. If the DMPC is satisfied that she has the power to do so, she must next consider whether to grant the funding request, and the reasons for so doing.
3. Financial Comments
3.1. The solicitors acting for the officer applicants have submitted an estimate of the total costs of the separate representation in support of the application for financial assistance in the sum of £22,096 (including VAT).
3.2. The costs will be met from the 1996 Police Act Expenditure budget held within DLS.
4. Legal Comments
4.1. The DMPC has discretion under Section 3(6) and paragraph 7 (1) of Schedule 3 of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 to fund police officers' legal expenses in proceedings if she considers that funding the officers is incidental or conducive to, or would facilitate the securing of an efficient and effective police force..,. The DMPC has delegated authority, under paragraph 4.9 of the MOPAC Scheme of Delegation and Consent, to consider applications for financial assistance in certain circumstances.
4.2. In exercising her discretion as to whether to exercise her powers to provide financial assistance, the DMPC will need to take into account all relevant considerations conscientiously and with an open mind.
4.3. Home Office Circular 43/2001 provides guidance which applies to MOPAC. Para. 12 states "police officers must be confident that Police Authorities (now Police and Crime Commissioners) will provide financial support for officers in legal proceedings where they have acted in good faith and have exercised their judgement reasonably. Police Authorities will need to decide each case on its merits, but subject to that, there should be a strong presumption in favour of payment where these criteria are met".
5. Equality Comments
5.1. There will be media and family/community interest in this case and the MPS cannot discount the inferences and potential for disquiet and distrust that can be brought about by any related activity such as stated above. Unless the community concerns associated with this case are managed effectively there is the potential for the family/community to distrust the police. To continue policing with the consent of the population it serves, the police will always seek to be open and transparent in the decisions we make.
6. Background/supporting papers
IPCC report: Sally Hodkin – investigation into the police contact with Nicola Caroline Edgington prior to her fatally stabbing Sally Hodkin


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GPSpeed HD Screenshots
GPSpeed HD is speedometer for the iPhone 4,4s / iPad 2, New iPad with GPS.
List of Functions:
– Speed of the three options km / h, mp / h, m / s
– Average speed
– Maximum speed
– Distance traveled
– Width, length and height of the geographical
– Current position displayed on the map
You can choose from two color themes. Traveling in
night you can run a special night mode so as not to tire the eyes.
Map has three modes: Standard, Satelite and hybrid
Your settings are saved automatically so that applications
is ready immediately after the start!


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Is Soriano morphing into Sammy Sosa?
As Steve Stone likes to point out, we better get used to the circus that is Alfonso Soriano because like it or not, we have him for the next 8 years.
Channeling Brant Brown yesterday, Soriano dropped the third out in the 9th that would have given the Cubs victory over the hapless Pirates. Instead, he failed to squeeze the glove when the ball got there – something I'm teaching my 5 year old boy to do. Seems like Alfonso has been reading the Sammy Sosa playbook since coming to Chicago.
- Lesson one: the fans dig the long ball;
- Lesson two: admire the HR from the moment of contact, then jog it out for maximum impact;
- Lesson three: hustle is optional, except on a national broadcast;
- Lesson four: making routine plays is fine if you have to, just don't let your eyes make contact with the sun in case it may lead to retinal damage that could affect your power stroke (see Lesson one).
When Soriano brings the big stick, it's all kisses and smiles.  But when he muffs the most routine of plays in the field, or gets picked off base, or blows a tire doing a "signature hop", it's Sammy time all over again.
May 26, 2008 Posted in: observations, players


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ImageMaster® ProSort 9 - Highly Efficient and Safe Solution for Lenses in 4 Different Quality Classes
The ImageMaster® ProSort 9 combines an automated sorting system with the MTF measurement system ImageMaster® PRO 9 and is the ideal complement to the quality control of mobile phone lenses. It reliability sorts the products with a cycle time of 1.5 seconds in up to 4 different quality classes. classes. The objective lenses must be sorted from the high-precision measurement tray directly into the output blister trays. The operator only needs to load the machine with a measurement tray and start the process. The automated process and the direct data exchange with the ImageMaster® PRO 9 reduce errors in a 24-hour operation, so that the ImageMaster® ProSort 9 can increase production output and yield.objective lenses must be sorted from the high-precision measurement tray directly into the output blister trays. The operator only needs to load the machine with a measurement
The automated handling of the filled and empty output blister trays is also organized. One operator can handle up to 3 ImageMaster® ProSort 9 machines in a production environment.
Other TRIOPTICS measurement devices like OptiSpheric® IOL and WaveMaster® PRO can be used together with the sorting system.
Key Features
- Automated sorting of mobile phone lenses, mass production consumer optics, intraocular lenses (IOL) and lens elements in an isolated production cell
- Together with ImageMaster® PRO 9, the sorting time per sample is 1.5 sec with four grippers
- Units per hour (UPH) 2400 pcs
- Motor system servo motor; spindle stage with encoder
Automated sorting of sample measured with one of TRIOPTICS' tray-based measurement device:
- Mobile phone lenses
- Digital camera lenses
- Lens elements
- Copier and enlarger lenses
- Intraocular, contact and other ophthalmic lenses
- Endoscopes and other medical optics
- Automotive objective lenses
- Binoculars and telescopes
- Military sighting devices
- Image intensifiers
- Machine vision lenses
- Optics for space applications
- Wafer level lenses (WLO)
- Automotive cameras
- Camera modules for applications in the VIS range


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By Joe Cooper
If you are going to start tossing "Who's gonna win the Volvo Ocean Race?" darts now, you better have an idea of the background for criteria on how you decide.
The one-design Volvo Ocean 65s (pictured in the recent Round Britain & Ireland Race) are identical in every way, from hulls and rigs to cleats and sheet bags. The Volvo Ocean Race 2014-15 will be won by the team with the best sailors, not the biggest budget. © Ainhoa Sanchez/Volvo Ocean Race
With the new VO65s, this is a now a one-design race…really one-design. Each of the seven boats' running rigging is identical (all made by one firm with barcode ID labels on them), as are the stowage bags down below, used (amongst other things) for stowing the kite sheets when the kite is not set. The sheets are stripped off the deck, go in a bag and get stacked. Hey, 250 or so feet of wet 12mm line…it weighs a few pounds, right? One-design means tiller time is king. Any time you can get sailing – the number of hours actually sailing – really counts. Well, how many hours these guys have been sailing is not easy to count, except that the Team SCA girls have had their boat the longest and Team Vestas Wind basically just got theirs.
Next, how many of your crew have sailed on the track before? Done Sydney-Hobart, Fastnet, Newport Bermuda? You want guys who have been there, done that. Hands down, this puts Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing in front with the shortest odds and the most VOR vets aboard. They have 21 Volvos in the 8-man crew, and they are spread around the whole boat. Only one guy has only done one and only one has not done any, although he's a hottie on the 49er circuit so he knows fast. He also represented Abu Dhabi in the Laser at the Olympics, so he knows "small-country-lots-of-eyes-on-him" pressure and one-design, too.
If you are looking for concentrated experience, Team Brunel is the place to shop. Skipper Bouwe Bekking has done Six Volvos going for seven (almost 30 years of VOR/Whitbread), and Navigator Andrew Cape has five. Collectively there are 15 VORs in this team, and only one guy hasn't done it at all. For depth and cross training, they also have three different guys in the America's Cup column and two different guys in the Olympics column. And all five are from different countries.
This edition's American team, Team Alvimedica has half of its crew from the U.S., and On Board Reporter Amory Ross of Newport, RI is also American. They are short on total number of VORs with only five, although Nick Dana of Newport has two assists, literally, as shore crew on one and On Board Reporter in another. The remaining three crewmembers cite a mixed bag of sailing skills, mainly ocean racing.
Two of the team, Skipper Charlie Enright and General Manager Mark Towill come from Roy Disney's Morning Light project of a few years ago. The Adult Supervision is Aussie Will Oakley, who has two Volvos to his credit. There are the compulsory Kiwis who provide the other three VORs. And there is an Italian gentleman whose team bio remarks on his bicycle riding prowess and the fact he's been sailing since he was a kid. I cannot put my finger on it, but I get a good vibe from the program. It's hard to put Alvimedica on the same shelf as Abu Dhabi and Brunel, but if the stars align they might be the dark horse.
If Olympic experience you are counting on, for national pride, small fleet, lots of pressure, the all-female Team SCA would be a good look. They have three VORs in the team, one each by three crewmembers, but they have four Olympics in the boat, one Brit and three for Dutch crew Carolijn Brouwer. Team SCA also has what I think is the toughest seaman in the fleet, Bekking's six Volvos notwithstanding. That would be Englishwoman Dee Caffari. She has three circumnavigations to her credit, but tough ones they are. The BT Global Challenge is a one-design race, fully crewed by amateurs then in the same boat reconfigured for solo. Again sailing "the wrong way," Dee finished this voyage having set the non-stop solo upwind circumnavigation record in the process. So, after those two voyages the next lap around the blue marble in the Vendée Globe would seem like an easy day at the races, coming sixth of 30 starters. I read this as mental toughness par excellence. Take a minute and picture yourself in her sea boots. The only downside to this toughness is it's all in "just" long distance sailing. (Yeah, I know this is the VOR.) And if you are going one-design, knowing how to pick windshifts is good, so check another box for the girls.
British SCA crewmember Libby Greenhalgh is a professional meteorologist, has her own business in the field and has done the meteo for a variety of regattas and the Olympics. She's also spent a year match racing with fellow crewmember Annie Lush. Team SCA also has the only referenced Mini Transat sailor in the race. Swiss Under 30 crew Elodie-Jane Mettraux finished second in the 2013 Mini Transat, so if wet, wild, hair-on-fire sailing counts, check this box for the girls.
A variation on the strength through cross training theme is the Spanish Team led by Iker Martinez. They are at the lighter end of VOR experience, with only seven total Volvos on the boat (albeit with only six crew listed at press time, not eight), but beat SCA in the Olympics count with five. They also have an America's Cup presence with Iker and fellow Olympic crewman Xabi Fernendaz, who as a pair account for four of the Olympic spots, with medals each time. These two childhood mates also sailed a Barcelona World Race together. The Navigator, Frenchman Nicolas Lunven, has also won the Figaro series.
The pickle dish for the "We are here for the long haul" team has to go to Dongfeng Race Team. There is only one VOR vet aboard in the form of the skipper, Frenchman Charles Caudrelier, who to his one-design credit has won the very difficult La Solitaire du Figaro series. Sprinkled amongst the crew are a Swede, four other Frenchmen and three young Chinese men with, relatively speaking for this regatta, limited sailing experience.
The wild card with the least tiller time but serious potential and technical skill has to be the final entry, Team Vestas Wind, just announced in early August. Australian Skipper Chris Nicholson has four VOR, two Olympics and six world titles to his credit. Vestas Wind has the longest road for sure, but no shortage of technical skill – Nicholson's world championships are in the 49er and the technically demanding 5O5. And Vestas makes wind turbines, so probably have at their disposal folks who know about machines that use wind for power. Their crew has not been announced, except for two Under 30s without any cited credits.
Now you know what I know. Who will win it? Dunno, but if I was in Lloyds or on the corner payphone to my bookie in Brooklyn, I would put good, fairly safe money on Abu Dhabi or Brunel for the win. In the hunt for the final spot on the podium would be the Spanish Team. The Green fleet should be a great fight between SCA and Alvimedica. The Dongfeng guys will have a great long-term learning race, and Vestas Wind could just blow by everyone. Heading for the secure undisclosed location, Coop out!


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Vauxhall car rental Avezzano, Italy
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The 5th Annual Vancouver, Washington (formerly Portland, OR) Run For Resilience Ostomy 5k will be held on Saturday, October 5, 2019. All proceeds benefit the United Ostomy Associations of America, Inc. (UOAA) charity, a 501©(3) organization. Donations are tax deductible. (https://www.ostomy.org/)
9:00 a.m. Registration and Packet Pick-Up
10:00 a.m. 5K Run/Walk
There will be kids' activities, an opportunity to peruse the booths and get connected with suppliers, and local & national advocacy groups.
NEW this year, the Fun Run/Walk will take place at Marine Park, located at SE Marine Park Way & Columbia Way, Vancouver, WA. This 58.3-acre community park is connected to Esther Short and Wintler parks by the Columbia River Renaissance Trail.
To be announced shortly.
Free parking is available near the playground.
A unisex or female v-neck cut Race T-shirt and race bib are included with your registration fee. To ensure you receive the T-Shirt size you've chosen, please register by Friday, September 13, 2019. T-shirt sizes are not guaranteed after this date.
T-shirt pick up and on-site registration will be among the health fair booths within Marine Park.
Fundraising is an important aspect of our Run for Resilience Ostomy 5K. Funds raised help UOAA continue to provide resources, educational materials, advocacy and support to the ostomy and continent diversion community.
We invite you to set up your own Personal or Team Fundraiser when registering to participate in the event, or through our DONATION link at the top of this page. You can create a unique Fundraiser Name and URL address, personalize your fundraising message, and direct your friends and family to your page to join your team or sponsor you in your fundraising goal.
Your commitment to fundraise and support the ostomy and continent diversion community is no small endeavor, and we appreciate your dedication and hard work.
> "Empower" Fundraisers who raise $150 or more will receive a unique and limited T-shirt
> "Champion" Fundraisers who raise $250 more will receive a distinctive, adjustable Visor
If you are interested in sponsoring the race, please contact us at [email protected]!
UOAA supports, empowers and advocates for the estimated 725,000 to 1 Million people who are living with an ostomy or continent diversion across the country. Your generous donation helps us to raise awareness of this life-saving surgery and continue our mission of promoting their quality of life. You can easily donate to this Run for Resilience Ostomy 5K by clicking 'DONATE' at the top of this page, or mail a check to UOAA, PO Box 525, Kennebunk, ME 04043, and put in the Memo Line – "Donate to (City) Run for Resilience"
Click to reach the official site
Information about the event is available in : English


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This "diamond" stands the test of time.
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Graduate Programs
College of St. Joseph graduate programs offer affordable and convenient options for those who are interested in either full or part-time graduate work – whether you're a working professional or looking to continue your education right out of college.
CSJ offers a variety of graduate programs in Business, Education and Psychology & Human Services.
Master of Business Administration
Our fast-paced graduate program in Business Administration develops leadership and management skills to meet the needs of working professionals.
Master's in General Education
The General Education Program is for individuals who have current teacher certification and desire to pursue advanced study in education.
Secondary Education in English or Social Studies
CSJ's Education Division also offers graduate programs in Secondary Education in English or Social Studies leading to initial licensure.
Elementary Education Program
The Master's Program in Elementary Education gives graduates a foundation of educational theory, research, and practices for teaching in the elementary school classroom.
Special Education Program
The Master's Program in Special Education qualifies the student for Vermont licensure as a Special Educator in Grades K-8 and Grade 7-Age 21.
Education in Reading (Endorsement)
The Master's Program in Reading provides students who already hold an initial licensure with an in-depth knowledge to aid the improvement of reading instruction.
Online Graduate Courses in Educational Leadership
Online graduate Educational Leadership courses offered by College of St. Joseph can be used, within the State of Vermont, to help gain various endorsements.
Master of Science in Clinical Psychology
The Clinical Psychology Program trains master's degree level professional psychologists who can assist clients in the enhancement of their psychological well-being.
Master of Science in School Counseling
The School Counseling Program develops holistic school counselors through an emphasis on self-awareness, ethical and moral behavior, and much more.
Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling
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What were you doing 11 years ago?
Perhaps your children were still young – or had MySpace accounts – or maybe you hadn't even met your partner yet. Back in 2006, cloud computing had just become a mainstream commercialized Web service. But a lot has changed since then. While the cloud has been advancing and becoming more secure and sophisticated, some of our human perceptions about it haven't. In fact, many CFOs I speak with still hold a view about the cloud from 2006. That was fine for then, but not for today. It's just not tenable for finance systems to remain on premises. Let me explain why.
Data privacy
There was a time when data privacy and security outweighed the benefits of cost, access, scalability, flexibility, capital expenditure, and competitive edge of the cloud. But those obstacles no longer exist for finance teams – or anyone else, for that matter. (If you think they do, your assumptions are outdated). Even analyst firms are now saying the cloud is more secure than on-premises systems, and financial regulators – some of the most security-stringent organizations in the world – have given banks the green light to move to the cloud.
Why? Because today's cloud-based security capability embeds state-of-the-art cyber and physical security that most companies would find prohibitively expensive to implement on-premises. And no matter how proficient your internal IT department is, they can't build equivalent systems with the same rigor around today's security, whether they are cloud or not.
Does physical location matters?
Yet for some CFOs, myths remain that cloud computing is inherently less secure than traditional approaches. I think this is largely due to data being stored on servers and systems you don't own or control. But control does not mean security. The physical location of your data matters less than the means of access – which is the case for both cloud and traditional enterprise systems.
For finance, it used to be the case that there was no compelling need to be cloud-based. But that too is now changing. With the march of digitization and the speed of commerce, every other line of business is going through a digital transformation – some for competitive edge and some just to keep pace. And from a business perspective, survival depends on automation, agility, and flexibility – particularly in the middle and back office. For example, controlling costs, forecasting revenues, and controlling commercial tasks – the main pillars for CFOs – are faster, easier, and more accurate in the cloud because it provides access to real-time information. An on-premises finance system risks becoming the weakest, most outdated link in the digitally agile chain, hindering flexibility, competitive advantage, and growth.
Better understanding
In my own experiences working with customers, I'm seeing the gradual transition from cloud skeptics to cloud converts – not everyone, of course, but the tides are definitely changing. It's probably driven by cloud education, market momentum, and the sweeping disruption of competitive threats. Many customers I speak with seem to have a much clearer understanding of what digital transformation looks like for their own businesses compared to a year ago.
At SAP, it's something we're now reflecting in the way we as a finance team support sales contracts, catering to different business models and requests. In my own department, we've made the conscious decision to provide dedicated "cloud-enabling experts" in our commercial teams to help sales shape specific offerings from a financial, legal, and software-bundling perspective and to provide a single point of contact around cloud. These cloud-enabling experts represent a new and necessary skill set for finance as more and more CFOs realize the need to deliver financial strategies and processes to support a digitally fluent business.
It's also one of the reasons why CFOs are reporting significant investment in cloud-based systems to help their companies improve operational performance and decision-making. If you're not one of them, you'll soon be in the minority. While it's in our nature to be conservative, there's a big difference between being cautious and being blinkered. If your view of the cloud is still based on a perception from the last decade, it's time hit the refresh button.


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9 Dec 2016
As well as being the LCO education team, Sarah Eve Roberts and I are also the team behind Space Scoop, an astronomy news service for kids. Although the primary audience for Space Scoop is kids from the age of 8, we know that many older kids and adults also enjoy reading Space Scoop. Each Scoop is written about a brand discovery in astronomy or space sciences, based on a current press release. We aim to release every Space Scoop at the same time as the research press release is published, that way scientists, journalists and kids all get to hear about exciting space news at the same time.
Space Scoop is a Universe Awareness project, and to celebrate their 10 year anniversary, we have been running a comic book writing competition. We received hundreds of entries from 21 countries in 15 different languages, all of them about one of the stories covered by Space Scoop. Sarah, as the editor-in-chief of Space Scoop oversaw the whole competition, and I was the National Coordinating Officer for UK and Ireland.
As you can see from the Universe Awareness Flickr album, there were lots of highly artistic and creative entries.
I am delighted to announce the national winners:
Morgan Kent (8-11 years category)
Eoin Cottrell (12-15 years category)
We will also be contacting all entrants (through their schools) who created comic books about an LCO Space Scoop. It was called "Could aliens be closer than we thought?" and was about the discovery of a planet in the habitable zone around Proxima Centauri (Space Scoop story, original press release). We have recieved some amazingly creative comic books on this subject in English, Spanish, Romanian and Croatian!
We have put together a Google Photo Album of all these comic books.
For the full list of international winners please see the Universe Awareness Space Scoop Competition page.
Congratulations to all the winners. We hope you had fun researching and creating these fantastic, entertaining comics.


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BELLMEAD, TEXAS. Bellmead is on State Highway 31 two miles northeast of Waco in east central McLennan County. Originally part of the Tomás de la Vega grant, after changing hands several times, the land passed to Col. John W. Lapsley, an attorney in Selma, Alabama. In the absence of the landowner, squatters moved into the area but were finally removed after 1870 in a combination of legal actions, evictions of the squatters by then Sheriff Lawrence S. Ross, and the coming of a railroad line northward from Bremond. Present-day Bellmead is located on land originally part of two farms owned by the Hogan and Ashleman families. Adolph Ashleman and Mont Hogan had their lands surveyed and began selling lots. The population grew in the mid-1920s, when the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad chose the site for its locomotive shops. Several hundred people were employed at the shops, and families began moving to the area. The first school was called Bellmead in honor of Belle Meade Farms, a prominent horse farm in Tennessee. Area schools were consolidated to form the La Vega Independent School District in 1927. A post office was established at Bellmead in 1937 with A. L. Gilliam as postmaster. Residents of the community voted to incorporate in 1939, but the incorporation was soon dissolved for lack of water, sewerage, and fire services. . Some infrastructure was built in the 1930s as men, laid off by the Katy Bellmead Railroad Shop in the declining economy of the Great Depression, worked for the WPA to build sewer lines, streets, and water lines. In the mid-1940s the Bellmead post office was discontinued and replaced by branch service from Waco.
The Bellmead economy revived in 1942, when Waco Army Air Field (later called James Connally Air Force Base) opened just northeast of town. The population was reported at twenty-five in the early 1940s, but it increased rapidly after World War II, rising to 800 by 1949. The community was reincorporated in 1954 with a mayor-alderman government. By 1960 Bellmead had 5,127 residents and eighty-five businesses. The Katy Bellmead Railroad Shop shut down in the 1960s. When the air force base was closed in 1965 Texas A&M University established the James Connally Technical Institute at the facility (see TEXAS STATE TECHNICAL INSTITUTE). Although Bellmead developed some retail businesses and service industries of its own, its proximity to Waco enabled residents to commute to work or shop in the larger city. The population of Bellmead was 7,698 in 1970, 7,569 in 1980, and 8,336 in 1990. In 2000 the population wsa 9,214. In the 2010 federal census the population had grown to 9,901.
Bellmead-Timbercrest Times, October 8, 1986. Roger N. Conger, "Brazos Empire: The Tomás de la Vega Eleven-League Grant on the Brazos," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 61 (January 1958). William Robert Poage, McLennan County Before 1980 (Waco: Texian, 1981). Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. Vertical File, Texas Collection, Baylor University.
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The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl, rev. by Carolyn Casey, "BELLMEAD, TX," accessed June 06, 2020, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfb01.
Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Modified on November 6, 2014. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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Call for Papers: Texas Center for Working-Class Studies
Events, Symposia, and Workshops
Hi all! You may be interested in this call for papers I received from the Texas Center for Working-Class Studies at Collin College...
Katy Jennings' Ride
Scholarly Research Request
I'm doing research on Catherine Jennings Lockwood, specifically the incident known as "Katy Jennings' Ride." Her father was Gordon C. Jennings, the oldest man to die at the Alamo...
Texas Constitution of 1836 Co-Author- Elisha Pease?
Ask a Historian
The TSHA profile of Elisha Marshall Pease states that he wrote part of the Texas Constitution although he was only a 24 year-old assistant secretary (not elected). I cannot find any other mention of this authorship work by Pease in other credible research about the credited Constution authors...


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The 2016 MILLY Game Face Bag features a vibrant paint stroke design. The oversized cosmetics pouch is spacious enough for toting all your makeup and skin care essentials. "I am thrilled for my collaboration with Beauty.com," says MILLY designer Michelle Smith. "With a vibrant painterly print straight from my Spring '16 runway collection, this pouch is the perfect size. Put your game face on for spring!"
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Get Your Free Audiobook
Nowhere in Africa
Publisher's Summary
Nowhere in Africa is the extraordinary tale of a Jewish family who flees the Nazi regime in 1938 for a remote farm in Kenya. Abandoning their once-comfortable existence in Germany, Walter Redlich, his wife Jettel, and their five-year-old daughter, Regina, each deal with the harsh realities of their new life in different ways. Attorney Walter is resigned to working the farm as a caretaker; pampered Jettel resists adjustment at every turn; while the shy yet curious Regina immediately embraces the country - learning the local language and customs, and finding a friend in Owuor, the farm's cook. As the war rages on the other side of the world, the family's relationships with their strange environment become increasingly complicated as Jettel grows more self-assured and Walter more haunted by the life they left behind.
In 1946, with the war over, Regina's fondest dream comes true when her brother Max is born. Walter's decision, however, to return to his homeland to help rebuild a new Germany puts his family into turmoil again.
More from the same
What members say
- Susie
- 10-07-14
Book Even Better than Oscar-Winning Movie
This autobiographical novel operates on several levels: a holocaust memoir a thrilling adventure, and a family drama.
Driven from Nazi Germany to Kenya, the family must adjust, with varying levels of success, to life in a completely foreign land. They were glad to be safe from the Nazis, but now had to contend with the racism and anti-semitism of their host nation, and the English colonizers, and also the guilt and worry of what was happening in Europe.
Family dynamics, and the horror and confusion of displacement, are at the heart of this audiobook. The father's haunting guilt, the mother's resistance to change, daughter Regina's embrace of her new land. Africa, from the viewpoint of Regina, seems almost magical and full of possibility, but also completely destabilizing.
Narrator, Max Roll has a wide variety of accents and personalities to contend with, and he does a superb job of making each voice distinct and alive. He brings pathos to the reading that adds tremendously to the story.
9 people found this helpful
- Shannon Miles
- 19-11-16
I loved this book!
Would you recommend this audiobook to a friend? If so, why?
I've been concentrating on listening to WW II books as I wanted to learn more about that time in history, especially how the Nazis treated people in the various countries like France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia etc. I had not read any books that dealt with German Jews fleeing Germany into Africa, so this was new for me. The history of Jews living and trying to leave Germany and the hardships and atrocities they encounter are pretty well documented in other books, and this one does spend some time on that process, but once the family arrives in Africa, wow!
Ms. Zweig does a fantastic job writing about the lives and hardships of those who have had to leave their country, but she does an amazing job of writing about the relationships that develop between the fleeing Jews and the local tribes people of Kenya.The descriptions remind me a bit of "the Power of One", written by Bryce Courtenay, who was born in Africa and had to leave his country because of apartheid problems there. He met and married an Australian woman and lived and wrote in Australia until his death recently.
Anyway, Ms. Zweig has caught the rhythm, melody and unique way of thinking of the local people. I loved the blend of each, European and African, as they viewed a problem or situation that needed some solution. The daughter, who is very young when she arrives in Africa, is caught between two worlds, her parents' and her adopted Africa's. She becomes a rather split personality, when it comes to her thinking processes.
This is an historical novel, set in Germany and Africa but it's timber and tone is so different from many of the offerings you will come across. If you are looking for a book that gives information about WWII but is not the run of the mill account then this book is for you.
2 people found this helpful
- Sheryl Hendler
- 28-08-16
A beautiful novel
This is more than an autobiography told in words but a book told in feelings, thoughts, ideas shared through the senses. The similes, metaphors and personifications create an atmosphere that allows the reader to feel the experiences of the characters. It is a beautiful novel that can be enjoyed even better the second reading.
1 person found this helpful
- Helge
- 29-04-19
What a fantastic pearl of a story
This is a story about refugees, or how it might is to be a refugee. How it is to escape a deadly regime and then end up as a farmer in Africa. Not that farming was your profession, but you need money so you better start over and learn. How to get your family over to Africa, how to save your family? Is it possible to save them all? What about language, other people? How it might be to turn your life over 100% as a war refugee, to get new friends. This is not a story from today but it might as well have been. The struggle in a new country, the language barrier, customs, snobs, and your fear for what happens back home. What about family and friends? It is a fate a lot of people deal with today as well
It's a story about depressions, loneliness but also happiness and love.
It gave me a lot and I will recommend it highly
- Andrea
- 14-03-19
One of my best listens from audible.
I just loved this book. The reader was outstanding and read Stephanie Zweig's words as beautifully as she wrote them. His accents for the various characters was amazing and brought each one to life. I think I will listen to this book again sometime as it was so enjoyable.
- Elizabeth A. Binns Roemer
- 05-06-18
I had no idea the African story
This gives insight into those lucky enough to escape Nazi Germany and what they lost and gained and why they would want to go back. Good read on a topic I knew nothing about


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TECEP Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep
- Course type: Self-paced
- Available Lessons: 125
- Average Lesson Length: 8 min
Eligible for Certificate:
Certificate completed
Certificates show that you have completed the course. They do not provide credit.
Watch a preview:chapter 1 / lesson 1What is Abnormal Psychology? - Definition and Common Disorders Studied
Course SummaryEnsure you're ready for the TECEP Abnormal Psychology exam by working through the study resources in this helpful online course. You'll be able to boost your knowledge of important abnormal psychology concepts to achieve your goal of passing the exam and earning semester credits.
to start this course today
Try it risk-free for 30 days
18 chapters in TECEP Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep
Course Practice TestCheck your knowledge of this course with a 50-question practice test.
- Comprehensive test covering all topics
- Detailed video explanations for wrong answers
About This Course
Get the comprehensive overview of abnormal psychology you need to pass the TECEP Abnormal Psychology exam. This entertaining course ensures you understand the basics of abnormal psychology along with causal factors and ethical issues. Lessons also examine various types of disorders, including those associated with mood, personality, eating, substance abuse and sexual dysfunction. Mental health treatments and clinical assessments are also explored.
In addition to lessons, this self-paced course offers multiple-choice quizzes and practice exams to gauge your comprehension of abnormal psychology. If you have questions about topics covered in the lessons, don't hesitate to send them to our experts. All resources are accessible around-the-clock via any computer, smartphone or tablet. In as little as just under two weeks, you can be prepared to pass the TECEP exam and earning 3 semester credits!
Syllabus & Course Information
This TECEP Abnormal Psychology course ensures you have a comprehensive understanding of the following objectives. Use the lesson quizzes, chapter exams and final exam in this course to feel confident that you are prepared to answer questions on the TECEP exam.
- Analyze historical and contemporary views, causal factors, clinical assessment, and diagnosis in abnormal psychology
- Evaluate mental and physical health, reactions to stress and prevention, and treatment methods
- Assess panic, anxiety, somatoform, dissociative and eating disorders
- Survey and discuss alcohol and drug abuse and dependence
- Explain cluster A, B and C personality disorders, sexual issues and the use of the DSM
- Summarize mood disorders, affect disorders, suicide and psychotic disorders
- Illustrate neurocognitive disorders, including delirium, dementia, head injuries and cognitive deficits
- Break down child and adolescent development and system disorders, learning disabilities and maladaptive behaviors
- Outline types of therapy as well as legal and ethical challenges in abnormal psychology
This course has no prerequisites. However, some students choose to complete Psychology 101: Intro to Pscyhology prior to Abnormal Psychology.
Course Format
In this course are 112 video and text lessons divided into 17 chapters. Videos average about 8 minutes in length and the text lessons are also brief, enabling you to fit your review of abnormal psychology into even the busiest schedule. With the lessons are multiple-choice quizzes designed to test your knowledge of the concepts you review. Chapter exams and a course exam are also available to reinforce lesson concepts. Feel free to access the lessons, quizzes and exams in any sequence and as often as needed to ensure you fully understand abnormal psychology.
TECEP Abnormal Psychology Exam Information
The TECEP Abnormal Psychology exam, offered by Thomas Edison State University (TESU), enables you to earn 3 college credits for abnormal psychology without taking a traditional one-semester course. This exam is available to TESU students and non-matriculated students. Once you've passed the exam, you can apply the credits earned toward a degree requirement at TESU or another approved school.
- Number of Questions: 100 questions
- Question Type: Multiple choice
- Time Limit: 2 hours
- Number of Credits: 3 credits
- Exam Cost: $114 for TESU students and $156 for non-matriculated students
TECEP Abnormal Psychology Exam Breakdown
|TECEP Exam Concept
|Percent of the TECEP Exam
|Approximate Number of Questions
|Chapter Lessons
|Historical/contemporary views; causal factors; clinical assessment and diagnosis
|25 questions
|23 lessons
|Stress and physical/mental health
|5 questions
|7 lessons
|Panic/anxiety disorders; somatoform/dissociative disorders; eating disorders
|15 questions
|19 lessons
|Substance abuse disorders
|10 questions
|7 lessons
|Personality disorders; sexual issues
|10 questions
|9 lessons
|Mood disorders; psychotic disorders
|15 questions
|15 lessons
|Neurocognitive disorders
|5 questions
|6 lessons
|Childhood/adolescent disorders
|5 questions
|9 lessons
|Therapy; contemporary/legal issues
|10 questions
|17 lessons
Earn TECEP Credit
The Thomas Edison Credit by Exam Program (TECEP) is fantastic for individuals interested in earning college credits without taking semester-long courses. By passing the TECEP Abnormal Psychology exam, you can earn 3 semester credits that could help you graduate early or advance in your career. You don't need to visit a traditional classroom to take the TECEP Abnormal Psychology exam. Simply use this course to learn all about this subject area!
Study Schedule for the TECEP Abnormal Psychology Exam
As you prepare to review this course, it's good to set aside about 15 hours of instruction time. To help you organize those hours, use the study schedules below. Determine the number of weeks and hours per week you can review this course based on your personal schedule. This will help you determine when you're ready to register for the exam with TESU.
|Study Frequency
|When You'll Be Ready for the Exam
|3 hours a day; 3 days a week
|Just over 1.5 weeks
|2 hours a day; 3 days a week
|2.5 weeks
|1 hour a day; 3 days a week
|5 weeks
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