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The information below is intended to reflect the preferred practice of Main Roads Western Australia ("Main Roads"). Main Roads reserves the right to update this information at any time without notice. If you have any questions or comments please contact Pasan Tennakoon by e-mail or on (08) 323 4332.
To the extent permitted by law, Main Roads, its employees, agents, authors and contributors are not liable for any loss resulting from any action taken or reliance made by you on the information below or changes to its preferred practice.
Drawings 200431-0100, 200431-0104, 200431-0105 amended.Drawings 201431-0015 and 201531-0060 added.
2.5.3, 126.96.36.199, 5.11.2
Communications Requirements updated.
2.5.10, 2.5.11, 2.5.12, 2.5.13, 2.5.14 and 2.5.15
Cable Pits, Conduits, Cables, Railway Crossing Connections, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Cameras and Advanced Flashing Warning Signals reinstated into Guideline.
Parallel Walks signage changed from MR-GT-20 to R2-10A.
The purpose of this guideline is to detail the standards and procedures required for the design of traffic signals in Western Australia and to provide guidelines on the application of these standards.
The guidelines in this document and its associated chapters are complementary to the following national guidelines:
This guide must be used in conjunction with these standards.
It is not practicable to completely standardise the design of traffic signals. However, to ensure uniformity it is important to standardise the design procedures. When there is ambiguity, these guidelines take precedence over mentioned guidelines.
The objective is to enable a designer to produce a full complement of drawings and documentation that is suitable for forwarding to a construction group for implementation.
This guideline covers the design of traffic signals within Western Australia including intersections generally affected by traffic signal operation.
It outlines the relevant standards and procedures to be followed when producing a traffic signal design. It provides guidance on components of traffic signal equipment and intersection arrangement, and details design output requirements and their presentation.
This guideline is to be used in conjunction with Main Roads Guide to Road Design and Traffic Management Guidelines for Traffic Control Devices.
The complete documentation of traffic signal design will consist of designs produced in accordance with this guideline and as well as series of standard drawings, charts and tables.
The Commissioner of Main Roads Western Australia has sole authority under Regulation 297 of the Road Traffic Code 2000 to erect, establish or display, and alter or take down any traffic signal. The Commissioner has delegated his authority to the Executive Director Road Network Services.
The design of new traffic signals, or modifications to existing traffic signals, is influenced by many factors. These may include traffic conditions, maintenance considerations, road geometry, location of services, signal equipment and economic considerations. The expectation of future expansion may also influence the design.
A traffic controlled intersection design involves several engineering disciplines such as software preparation, electrical design and traffic engineering, some of which are highly specialised but unrelated. It is essential that suitably experienced personnel manage each element.
The overall design process consists of several components. Many of these are interrelated. A change in any one element may influence others which have previously been established, but which may need to be reconsidered.
The choice of individual design elements must be based on established standards, guidelines and practices, and any departures must be documented with substantiation (e.g. turning pocket length based on deceleration requirements and predicted queue lengths, but limited by road reserve and environmental issues).
It is important that the designer ensures compliance with general standards, as well as site specific requirements and issues.
2.2.1 SIDRA Analysis
A SIDRA analysis of the traffic improvement measure shall be carried out. The SIDRA analysis report shall be prepared in consultation with Traffic Engineering Officers who are based at Main Roads Traffic Operation Centre seeking guidance on the preparation of a SIDRA analysis report. Appendix A is provided as a guide when preparing SIDRA reports.
When undertaking SIDRA analyses default parameters should not be altered unless evidence can be supplied to support the use of alternative values.
The version of SIDRA currently used by Main Roads WA shall be used in the analysis.
2.3.1 General
The aim of intersection design is to improve traffic flow and reduce the likelihood and severity of crashes. Guidance to a wide range of issues that require consideration in the intersection design process can be obtained from the AUSTROADS, 'Guide to Traffic Management' series and Main Roads 'Road and Traffic Engineering Guidelines'.
2.3.2 Survey Drawings
Engineering surveys, verification plots, digital data and survey drawings shall be prepared for the site in accordance with AS1100.401 [Technical drawing - Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing] and Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standards.
The surveys shall include all above- and below-ground services and property boundaries and other site features such as driveways, trees, major signs, bus stops etc..
2.3.3 Co-ordinate System
The surveys and design shall be based on the standard co-ordinate system available from the Main Roads Senior Geodetic Surveyor.
2.3.4 Service Authorities
A search for the existence of services shall be undertaken with the respective service authorities. Using the 'Dial before you dig' service, phone 1100, is recommended. The existing location or cost of relocation, of services may affect the traffic signal design. All traffic signal components should have the required clearances to underground or overhead services.
The Contractor shall liaise with the service authorities to identify all services that require relocation or access, and any easements
Quotations from the relevant service authorities shall be obtained to develop the most cost effective design in the long term, allowing for future development, expansion etc. Where cost constraints occur due to the relocation of existing services or easements, alternative intersection designs shall be considered.
Any easements that may affect the construction and maintenance, and services that may require relocation, must be identified and details provided on the drawings.
2.3.5 Geometric Design
The geometric design of the intersection shall be in accordance with Main Roads Guide to Road Design and Drainage Guidelines.
Further information is available in the following Main Roads Documents:
Horizontal curves should not continue through signalised intersections. Where possible, vehicles at the stop line intending to travel straight through should be directly facing the respective exit lane. Horizontal curves should be accommodated in the approaches and departures. This reduces potential sideswipe problems, and the need for guidelines and raised pavement markers, which may pose a risk to motorcyclists, and may suffer from high wear, requiring frequent maintenance.
Intersections for traffic signals should be kerbed and include Roadway and public spaces lighting where practical.
Deficiencies in the geometric layout of an existing intersection must be identified and, where practicable, rectified before, or as part of, designing traffic signals.
Where cost constraints occur due to acquisition of additional private land limitations, topography or other features, alternative intersection designs shall be considered.
As far as practicable the geometric design should allow for modification such as (but not limited to):
184.108.40.206 Corner and median islands
Corner and median island dimensions shall take the following into account:
2.3.6 Maintenance
The geometric design, in conjunction with the traffic signal equipment and roadway lighting layout, should consider the ability to perform maintenance functions such as pavement marking, traffic signal and roadway lighting lamp replacement, and traffic signal repairs, in a safe and efficient manner.
2.3.7 Pavement Design
The pavement surface on the approaches to traffic signals shall be free of any changes in colour or texture, which could cause confusion over the correct stopping location. Where different colours or textures are used they shall extend from the stop line to the start of the 'no stopping' zone. At the intersection, any colour or texture change, or concrete 'beam', shall be directly in line with the stop line (or bicycle stop line where head start facilities are installed).The designed pavement thickness shall allow loops to be cut into the road
2.3.8 Signs and Pavement Marking
Signs and pavement marking shall be in accordance with Main Roads Traffic Management Guidelines for Traffic Control Devices and Main Roads Pavement Marking Drawings.
2.3.9 Local Authority
The local authority shall be contacted to identify any requirements, or information, which may influence the design of the traffic signals.
2.3.10 Restricted Access Vehicles and Loads (High Wide Load)
The design shall allow for the requirements of restricted access vehicles and loads along designated restricted vehicle load routes and should allow for other requirements as advised by the Director Heavy Vehicle Operations Branch.
2.4.1 General
The main purpose of traffic signals is to reduce or eliminate conflict between various road user movements by allocating right-of-way, thereby reducing the number and severity of crashes. However, traffic signals have the potential to introduce seemingly unnecessary stops and delays, thereby raising driver frustration and leading to poor driver behaviour. The need for traffic signals, the functional aspects and the effects on the overall road network require careful consideration to avoid adverse consequences.
2.4.2 Warrants / Criteria
Traffic signals should generally only be considered where the Main Roads warrants and criteria are met. The warrants and criteria shall be applied to the following:
Intersection Vehicular Traffic Signals Mid-Block Pedestrian SignalsPedestrian Signals at IntersectionsBicycle Signals at IntersectionsLeft Turn ArrowsRight Turn ArrowsProhibition of Right Turn Filter U-Turns
2.4.3 Network Effects
The potential effects on the surrounding road network, including (but not limited to) queue lengths, traffic flow, access, coordination with other signals, roundabouts, railway crossings, school crossings and public transport shall be investigated and documented, and taken into account in the traffic signal design.
This may require liaison with the Local Authority, Department of Planning Infrastructure (DPI), Public Transport Authority (PTA), Police, Main Roads, Rail Authority and other agencies.
2.4.4 Pedestrian Facilities
Pedestrian facilities at traffic signals shall generally be in accordance with the following:
All new traffic signals, including upgrades, that do not meet the access requirement for pedestrian signals initially, shall be designed with the electrical capacity to enable installation of pedestrian signals as, and when, the need arises.
18.104.22.168 Parallel walks with partial protection
MR-RP-11 "Give Way to Pedestrians" signs are to be installed as primary displays on poles nearest to the left or right turn movement where the rule applies.
2.4.5 Cycling Facilities
Cycling facilities at traffic signals shall generally be in accordance with the following
2.4.6 Advance Warning Flashing Signals (AWFS)
Advance Warning Flashing Signals shall be in accordance with Main Roads Guidelines as detailed in Chapter 3 of this document.
2.4.7 Red Light Infringement Cameras
All design inquiries concerning Red Light Cameras should be forwarded to Western Australia Police representatives as listed below:
Both above OICs contacts are at 2 Wellington Street, East Perth WA 6004.
2.4.8 All design
U-Turns at Traffic signals shall only be permitted where the conditions as detailed in Chapter 6 of this document allow.
2.4.9 Phasing
Phasing shall generally be in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 9 (2014) with the following additions: Multi-lane left slips shall be controlled by signals and shall not have any conflicting movements (e.g. opposing right turn into the same lanes).Multi-lane right turns shall be controlled by arrows, and shall be prevented from filtering.Right turn traffic across 3 or more through lanes should be prevented from filtering. Right turn traffic shall be prevented from filtering where approach speeds are 70km/h or more.Right turn traffic shall be prevented from filtering where the road is classified District Distributor A and above. Right turn movements under partial control shall operate in the 'red arrow drop out' mode only.Pedestrian signals shall be in accordance with Chapter 2 of this document.The maximum speed limit traffic signals operate in WA is 70km/h.Left turn red arrow protection is required for Parallel Pedestrian Crossing when the speed limit is 70 Km/h.Left Turn red arrow protection is required for parallel pedestrian crossing when turn left out of a 'T' junction. Special requirements for bus lanes, cyclists and people with disabilities.Coordination with adjacent traffic signal sites, where required for traffic and congestion Management purposes.
2.4.9 Phasing
Phasing shall generally be in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 9 (2014) with the following additions:
Where practicable do not follow a high speed vehicle phase, or a heavy right turn movement, with a pedestrian walk signal across that direction.
Where practicable all road users should have good sight lines to others of the previous phase who may be late or slow in completing their manoeuvres, especially when following a high speed vehicle phase.
[Note: in this context 'high speed' refers to a vehicle movement where there is an increased risk of red light infringement, usually associated with high approach speed or significant downgrades]
Phasing, coordination (SCATS), geometric design, SIDRA analysis, and signal timing is an integrated process; any change requires a review of the others.
2.5.1 General
Orientation, horizontal and vertical location of traffic signal components, will be influenced by numerous factors such as geometric layout, location of services (see also Utility Providers Code Of Practice), roadside furniture, buildings, verandas and awnings.
The drawings shall show all the components required and provide details such as locations, mounting heights, minimum horizontal and vertical clearances, as well as any special requirements, modifications or variations from the standards. The design documentation shall include details of specific requirements such as approvals or permits from the Local Authority, other agencies or property owners.
Modifications to existing traffic signals should consider the design and construction of, and compatibility with, existing components.
All components of traffic signals shall be installed wholly within the road reserve. No part of the installation shall encroach onto private or commercial property, or property owned by other agencies.
2.5.2 Power Supply
The electricity supply authority will generally only connect power to a location for the Point of Attachment via an underground service pillar.
At specific locations determined by MRWA, facilities for an external emergency power supply shall be provided. Details for each site shall be obtained from Main Roads .
126.96.36.199 New Traffic Signal Installation with Advanced Warning Flashing Signals
If Advanced Warning Flashing Signals are included as a requirement in the design for new traffic signals then the back-up power (UPS) shall be provided for the traffic signal installation.
126.96.36.199 Existing Traffic signals-Future fitment of Advanced Warning Flashing Signals
If future Advance Warning Flashing Signals are proposed to be fitted to the existing Traffic Signals then back-up power source (UPS) shall be provided for traffic signals.
18.104.22.168 New Traffic Signals linked to railway Level Crossing Flashlights/Boom Barriers
If new Traffic signal installations have a requirement to be linked to railway crossing flashlight or boom barrier systems then a back-up power source (UPS) shall be provided for the traffic signals.
2.5.3 Communications
All Main Roads' traffic signals are connected to SCATS through various communication systems to allow real-time monitoring as well as coordination between traffic signals. Currently traffic signals can be connected to SCATS using Fibre Optic, RF, ADSL, and 3G/4G (only when sites are unable to receive any other form of communication). Contact the Main Roads' Traffic Systems Engineer (email@example.com) responsible for the Main Roads' electrical assets communication infrastructure with details of the site and what devices will be connected to the site (ie CCTV). The Traffic Systems Engineering team will investigate the type of communications available for the site and will specify the communication type and the required equipment for the site. In addition the team will be able to determine whether additional space will need to be considered for the traffic signal controller cabinet to accommodate the communication equipment.
2.5.4 Controller
The controller and its associated cable draw pit, Earth pit and Communication pit shall be in accordance with Main Roads drawings 200431-0123 and 200431-0128 and located within the road reserve with the back of the controller facing the intersection where practicable.
The controller should be located where it:
Where controllers are at risk of minor collision, e.g. with vehicles manoeuvring / parking on verges etc, protective bollards shall be installed. Bollards shall consist of stub posts without the push-button or wiring. (NOTE: the bollards must maintain some 'frangibility' and shall not be installed as 'crash barriers', i.e. shall not be installed in concrete footings or filled with any material)
Where two intersections are in close proximity (within say 120m) consideration should be given to operating them with one controller if they are operationally linked; i.e. there is no requirement to run them totally independently from one another. The controller should preferably be located at an equal distance between two the intersections, to reduce feeder cable length and interference.
Where the traffic signals are wired as star systems, and more than 12 posts are required, a dummy controller housing is required to provide space for the connections. A dummy controller is not required where signals are wired in a pit system.
2.5.5 Traffic Signal Posts and Overhead Signal Faces (Mast Arms)
188.8.131.52 Traffic Signal Post Locations
Traffic signal posts shall generally be located in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 10 and section 220.127.116.11 below. Post location shall accommodate the requirements of signal face layouts and lantern configuration (see section 2.5.6).
In addition, an absolute minimum clearance of 600mm shall be maintained between any portion of the fittings, lanterns or accessories and the kerb face. Clearances must be increased where there is a probability of conflict with the 'overhang' of vehicles such as buses, or the 'cutting in' of the rear end of long vehicles or trailers, or where the road has a significant camber which may cause high vehicles to 'lean in' towards the posts and attachments. The requirements of clearances for High Wide Loads shall also be met where applicable.
Where the lateral position is less than 1m clear from the kerb face (e.g. on narrow medians) consideration should be given to modifying the intersection geometry (e.g. widening the medians).
Where the median is wider than 6m two traffic signal posts shall be used.
Where there are more than two (2) posts along a kerb (e.g. opposite the stem of a T-junction) they shall be laterally offset sufficiently to provide clear sight lines to all aspects from all relevant approaches; i.e. the lanterns and visors on one post do not restrict sight lines to lanterns on another.
Traffic signal posts shall be longitudinally located such that pedestrian push buttons are easily reached from the top of pedestrian ramps by all pedestrians including the disabled. Where this cannot be readily achieved relocate traffic signal post or when not practical then separate pedestrian push button posts (stub posts) shall be provided.
Where the requirements for clearances for High Wide Loads apply, but the geometric layout and signal post location cannot be arranged to adequately cater for High Wide Loads, removable traffic signal posts are to be used and placed near a termination pit so that the post can easily be removed. (Mast arms are not removable)
18.104.22.168 Traffic Signal Post Numbering
Starting in a clockwise direction from the controller, each post shall be identified by a number. Typical traffic signal post arrangements are indicated on Main Roads drawings 0330-1944, 200431-0135, 200431-0136 and 200431-0137.
22.214.171.124 Use of Overhead Signal Faces (Mast Arms)
The use of overhead signal faces (mast-arms) should be minimised and shall only be with prior approval from Main Roads. Where practicable the geometric layout should be modified to avoid the necessity to use mast-arms. As per AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 10, mast arms are warranted:
22.214.171.124 'Joint Use' Arrangements for Traffic Signal Posts
'Joint use' arrangements (e.g. combined roadway lighting and traffic signals) shall not be used except with traffic monitoring cameras and mobile phone antennae.
18.104.22.168 Traffic Monitoring Camera requirements at Traffic SignalsThe Main Roads Traffic Operations Centre Manager shall be contacted to ascertain the requirements for traffic monitoring camera posts.
2.5.6 Signal Display Arrangements
188.8.131.52 Signal Display Layouts
Use of 4-aspect single-column signal display layouts, or 3-column signal display layouts, should be avoided where possible and shall only be used with prior approval from Main Roads.
Signal display layouts shall be arranged such that at least one aspect is lit (or flashing) at any given time, except where 2-aspect signal display layouts are used for:
126.96.36.199 Signal Display Location
In general, primary signal posts and signal displays should be located such that they are as close as practicable to the direct line of vision of approaching drivers, taking into account the alignment of the approaching lanes. Secondary and tertiary signals posts and signal displays should be located such that they are as close as practicable to the direct line of vision of drivers when stopped at the stop line and when manoeuvring through the intersection, taking into account the alignment of the individual lanes; e.g. a dual secondary signal display may be out of direct line of vision when the driver is stopped at the stop line, but may come into direct line of vision when moving forward and waiting to turn.
Multiple signal displays are used to ensure drivers on multilane roads can see at least one signal display for each movement on the approach and on the departure. This allows for masking by adjacent vehicles, and also provides some redundancy in case of lamp failure.
Signal displays shall be arranged generally in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 10 with the following variations:
To assist in placing signals as close as practicable to the driver's direct line of vision, where medians are more than 6m wide consideration should be given to mounting the dual secondary signals on the same post as the dual primary signals of the opposing direction, instead of the far right corner
Where the right turn lane approach is aligned towards the right, and filtering is prohibited, splitting the 6-aspect secondary signal face and mounting the right turn arrows column on the same post as the dual primary signals of the opposing direction, and maintaining the dual secondary on the far right corner.
Typical layouts are provided on Main Roads drawing 200431-0117, 200431-0118, 200431-0119, and 200431-0120.
220.127.116.11 Signal Group Numbers
Signal groups shall be numbered generally in accordance with Main Roads drawing 200431-0117.
220.127.116.11 Size of Aspects
All new traffic signal lanterns shall be 200mm nominal diameter.
18.104.22.168 Lantern Mounting Heights
Lantern mounting heights shall be in accordance with Main Roads drawing 200431-0147.
220.127.116.11 Visors and Louvres
Visors and louvres shall be in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 10 and AS1742.14.
126.96.36.199 Target Boards
Target boards shall be installed on all primary signal lanterns.
Target boards shall be installed on all secondary and tertiary signal lanterns, except in the following cases:
126.96.36.199 Lantern Aiming
Lanterns shall be aimed at the traffic for which they are intended; generally in accordance with Main Roads drawing 9748-1113.
22.214.171.124 Placement of combined Bicycle/Pedestrian Lanterns
Where Pedestrian Walk/Don't Walk and Bicycle Cycle/Don't Cycle lanterns are installed alongside each other, bicycle lanterns shall be installed to the right of the pedestrian lantern when facing the crossing.
2.5.7 Detection
188.8.131.52 Vehicle Detection
Vehicle detection shall be via stop line loop detector systems and counter loops compatible with SCATS operation. Loop design shall be in accordance with Main Roads drawings 200431-0135, 200431-0136, 200431-0137 and 200431-0167.
One symmetripole loop shall be installed in each (motorised) vehicle lane.
An 11m right-turn loop shall be installed in shared right-turn/through lanes where it is necessary to discriminate between directions of flow such that if the predominant flow is straight through the right-turn phase is not extended unnecessarily.
One rectangular bicycle loop shall be installed in each lane intended for sole use by bicycles.
Red Light Infringement camera loops shall consist of 2 rectangular loops for each (through) vehicle lane. These loops are only installed at specific locations determined by the West Australia Police Service and with Main Roads approval.
Loops shall be allocated to the left kerb or median (or right kerb) as indicated on the Main Roads drawings.
Loops, including cycle loops, shall be numbered L1, L2, etc, the reference for the first loop number is taken by placing the north point through the centre of the intersection and then working in an anticlockwise direction. go to the next intersection. Counting loops shall be numbered after all traffic loops are numberd. Camera loops shall be numbered CL1, CL2, etc, in an anticlockwise direction using the same starting point as the vehicle detector loops.
Bicycle detection markings shall be applied, in accordance with Main Roads drawing 200231 008, to the left-hand lane of each individual direction (i.e. the left-hand of the lanes from which vehicles can turn left, the left-hand of the through lanes and the left-hand of the lanes from which vehicles can turn right), except where there is a separate marked bicycle lane and detector loop available for the particular direction. Bicycle detection markings shall not be applied to lanes associated with a permanent 'revert phase'.
22.214.171.124 Pedestrian Detection
Pedestrian detectors shall be installed in accordance with Main Roads policies listed under Clause 2.4.4 as well as details provided in Clause 4 of Chapter 2 of this document.
Pedestrian push buttons are numbered sequentially PB1, PB2 etc generally in accordance with the following convention:
2.5.8 Illuminated No Right Turn, No Left Turn, No Entry and No Exit
Where it is necessary to prohibit certain movements in peak periods, illuminated (flashing) aspects shall be installed. A minimum of two aspects shall be displayed for each direction of travel. They shall be attached as follows:
Illuminated movement prohibition lanterns are sequentially numbered NRT1, NRT2 etc. in a clockwise direction starting at the controller.
2.5.9 Advance Flashing Warning Signals
Advance Flashing Warning Signals shall only be installed with Main Roads' approval and in accordance with Main Roads Guidelines detailed in Chapter 3 of this document.
Advance Warning Flashing Signals installed with 'Prepare to Stop' signs on the approach to traffic signals shall be numbered AWFS S1, AWFS S2 etc. in a clockwise direction starting at the controller.
2.5.10 Cable Pits
188.8.131.52 General
There are three (3) categories of traffic signal installations in use in WA; pit system, star system and post-top system.
The star system is the preferred system and is to be used wherever possible. Cables run directly from controller to each pole. When more than 12 posts are required (such as a double intersection), a dummy controller, located diagonally opposite to the controller, shall be used for terminations to enable the connection of extra posts. The two controllers at the intersection (main controller and dummy controller) are to be connected via 4 x 80 mm conduits (including feeder loop cable) and terminate 51 core cable between the two controllers.
The pit system has the ring-main cable running between termination pits and the controller, with posts wired to the ring-main via its separate cable, but cannot be used where there is a high underground water level or unusually hard ground conditions. This system facilitates electrical isolation of posts, and maintenance and repairs. Where possible a minimum of 1m clearance should be maintained between pits and signal posts. Where possible pits should be located to allow conduits to be installed in straight lines. Pits shall not be installed in ramps and gaps. Where pits could be subject to flooding, Main Roads advice shall be sought prior to determining locations.
The post-top system has the ring-main cable running from post-top to post-top in a 'daisy chain' effect. Electrical isolation, maintenance and repairs can be more difficult than with the pit system. This is an outdated system. When modifying an existing post-top system consideration should be given to upgrading to the star or pit system.
New traffic signal installations shall be designed exclusively on the star system, except in extenuating circumstances. The pit system and post-top system should only be used for modifications to existing sites or new intersection sites where star system cannot be used. The viability will depend on the extent of the modifications. Guidance shall be sought from Main Roads on the desirability of upgrading.
220.127.116.11 Termination Pits
For a pit system, the minimum number of termination pits should generally be used, and positioned to allow for connection of up to 4 traffic signal posts each. (Note: up to 4 posts can also be connected directly to the controller) Where future expansion is anticipated, termination pits should be arranged to accommodate expected additional posts.
Termination pits are preferably located on verges away from traffic. Termination pits should not be located on islands, or narrow medians less than 6m wide, where there is a risk of errant vehicles injuring maintenance personnel, within the pit:
60 km/h approach speed - 4 m for straight through lanes and 6 m on the outside of curves
70 km/h approach speed - 5 m for straight through lanes and 7.5 m on the outside of curves
80 km/h approach speed - 6 m for straight through lanes and 9 m on the outside of curves
Termination pits shall be designated A, B, C etc in a clockwise direction starting at the controller
126.96.36.199 Loop Pits
Loop pits should located in accordance with Main Roads drawings 200431-0135, 200431-0136, 200431-0137, 200431-0167, and where possible a minimum of 1.2 m clear of traffic.
Loop pits are generally at the front of the loops.
The location of loop pits for 11m loops and red light infringement camera loops should be as shown on Main Roads drawing 200431-0167.
Loop pits are not numbered.
18.104.22.168 Cable Draw Pits
Double lid cable draw pits shall be used where there is a significant change in direction of a conduit or along a conduit run. Where possible the pits should be 1.2 m minimum clear of traffic.
Double lid cable draw pits shall be designated DIBD1 (in front of the controller), DIBD2, DIBD3 etc in a clockwise direction. (DIBD = Draw In Box Double-lid)
Single lid cable draw pits (P2 Type) shall be used for advance warning flashing signals with one at the base of each sign, and one approximately half way between the signs and the nearest termination pit or double lid cable draw pit. Where distances between pits exceed 65 m, particularly on curves, consideration should be given to providing additional pits to assist in cable installation.
Single lid cable draw pits are not numbered.
188.8.131.52 Earth Pits and Communication Pits
An earth pit and a communication pit shall be allocated beside each controller in accordance with Main Roads drawings 200431-0123.
2.5.11 Conduit
126.96.36.199 General
Conduit crossing roads should be preferably installed by under road boring, except where installed in conjunction with road construction where trenching may be used prior to sealing the road. Trenching through roads and driveways shall only be carried out with prior approval from Main Roads. Conduit crossing roads shall be installed in straight lines, preferably perpendicular to the traffic lanes and using the most direct route suitable for boring. This will require prior identification of all services and potential obstacles. Conduit should be installed where they can be readily accessed for cable installation by simple excavation without the need to disturb road pavement, concrete pads, pram ramps etc. Conduit shall not be installed under pedestrian ramps or gaps. A minimum of 200mm clearance shall be maintained between conduit and signal posts.
220.127.116.11 Star System
For a Star Wiring Pit system, conduits shall generally be located in accordance with Main Roads drawings 0648-3001 to 0648-3005.
All conduits shall be run through cable draw pits. Loop feeder conduits (only) shall be run through loop pits.
I. One conduit per traffic signal traffic post. II. One loop feeder conduit per direction. III. From controller, two spare conduits at first leg. IV. From controller, one spare conduit at any subsequent leg. V. One white 50mm communications conduit going around the traffic signal site
VI. Two conduits at each loop pit except at end of feeder loop, where its only one conduit. VII. For traffic signals requiring more than 12 posts: a. 4 x 80 mm from main controller to the dummy controller. b. Terminate 51 core cables between the two controllers.
18.104.22.168 Pit System
For a Termination Pit system, conduits shall generally be located in accordance with Main Roads drawings 200431-0134, 200431-0135, 200431-0136 and 200431-0137.
All conduits shall be run through terminating pits and cable draw pits. Loop feeder conduits (only) shall be run through loop pits. Where future expansion is anticipated, sufficient conduits should be arranged to accommodate expected additional posts and pits. The intent of these requirements is that it shall be possible to remove and replace any cable without excavation.
2.5.12 Cables
Cables shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 2276: series and Main Roads Specification 712.
126.96.36.199 Star System
In the star wiring system, all signal posts and loop pits are wired with 19 core cable back to traffic signal controller.
A maximum of 6 loop feeder cables are permitted in a single 50mm conduit.
184.108.40.206 Pit System
The ring-main cable (pit/controller to pit) should generally be 51 core.
Where the number of signal groups is limited, and there is no expectation of future expansion, 29 core cables may be used, such as T junctions, etc.
At mid-block pedestrian signals where the number of signal groups is limited, and there is no expectation of future expansion (e.g. the addition of above ground detectors), 19 core cables between each post and controller may be used.
Post connecting cables (pit/controller to post) shall be 19 core.
Stub Post cables and advance warning flashing signals cables shall be 5 core.
2.5.13 Railway Crossing Connections
Interconnection with railway crossing control systems shall be in accordance with Main Roads drawing 200431-0172, 200431-0173 and 200431-0105 and in conjunction with the rail authority. Cable and conduit will be installed by the Rail Authority up to, and into, the traffic signal controller, with final connections to be made by the traffic signal construction contractor.
2.5.14 Intelligent Transport Systems(ITS)
ITS requirements at each signalised intersection shall be discussed and approved by Main Roads.
220.127.116.11 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Camera
CCTV cameras need to be considered in the construction of new and upgrades to each traffic signal intersection. Warrants on whether a CCTV camera is required at the each location shall be obtained from the Main Roads Traffic Operation Centre. Their contact details are detailed below:
Traffic Systems Operation Coordinator or Traffic Engineering Officers could be contacted on (08) 9323-4848
2.5.15 Red Light Infringement Cameras
All design inquiries concerning Red Light Cameras should be forwarded to Western Australia Police representatives as listed below:
Officer in Charge Infringement Management & Operations on (08) 9222 1339 or (08) 9222 1328
Officer in Charge Traffic Tech Unit on (08) 9222 1855 or (08) 9222 1017
2.6.1 General
In addition to geometric design, the safe and efficient operation of traffic signals depends largely on signal timings. Timings should generally be in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 9, and should take into account the results of the SIDRA analysis. Where the intersection forms part of a linked system, the SCATS timings shall also be taken into account.
2.6.2 Railway Crossing Operation
The general principles of operation are:
Upon receipt of the 'early call' signal from the rail crossing control system the traffic signal controller shall move to the clearance phase (where required). The early call will remain active until after receipt of the late call.
Upon receipt of the 'late call' signal from the rail crossing control system (which activates the flashing red signals and the boomgates) the traffic signal controller shall move to the railway phase. The late call will remain active until after the train has cleared the crossing.
Upon removal of both the early and late call signals the traffic signal controller shall resume normal operation.
Liaison with the rail authority will be required to determine the time difference between the two signals supplied by the rail crossing control system.
The minimum time between the early and late call signals shall be such as to allow safe termination of any phase under the most adverse conditions (e.g. just started green or walk) and then running the clearance phase long enough to clear any vehicles possibly stored across the rail tracks. Potential vehicle numbers, types, lengths and acceleration performances shall be taken into account.
The maximum time between the early and late call signals shall be such that the traffic signals are not held in the clearance phase for excessive times prior to the railway phase, as this typically leads to deliberate disregard of the red traffic signals. This should generally not exceed the minimum time (as determined above) by more than 10 seconds.
Where the late call only is received without an early call, the traffic signal controller shall move to the clearance phase followed by the railway phase.
Where the early call only is received without a late call the traffic signal controller shall move to the clearance phase and remain there until the call is removed.
Unless otherwise approved by Main Roads the railway phase shall not operate until the flashing red signals and boomgates are activated. This is to ensure that no vehicles approaching the rail crossing from any direction will be stopped over the rail tracks.
The quantity of drawings and documentation produced is dependent on the design requirements. The design presentation of an existing traffic signal site may require additional information over that of a new traffic signal site. Discretion and judgment should be exercised in the determination of which drawing details are necessary for a traffic signal treatment in any given situation. Similarly the design review requirements are dependent on the extent of the project.
3.1.1 Documentation and drawings are required to:
3.1.2 Generally the full presentation consists of:
All documentation, charts, diagrams etc, except for the drawings, shall be in Microsoft Word format, compatible with the latest software versions in use by Main Roads.
A copy of all documents and drawings shall be supplied in hard copy as well as in electronic format.
The presentation of Traffic Signal Design drawings shall be in accordance with Main Roads Design and Drawing Guidelines.
[The presentation requirements for these are specified in the relevant Main Roads Guidelines]
Where modifications are proposed to an existing traffic signal site, a background of the existing layout shall be prepared. The background for the Traffic Signal Design drawing should include all existing features and details that would normally be required for a new design.
In the event that major works at an existing location include removal of traffic signal posts, the existing lanterns may be deleted from the posts on the drawing for clarity.
Where minor works are proposed, existing drawings may be utilised to produce a Traffic Signal Design drawing that meets the design requirements.
After the completion of any works at a traffic signal location, an 'As Constructed' drawing shall be prepared, or the existing 'As Constructed' shall be updated to reflect the works or modifications that have been carried out. Any relocations or modifications to services, or other assets, shall be documented and relevant drawings updated to the respective owners' requirements.
3.2.1 Naming of Intersections on Traffic Signal Design and LM Drawings
The following procedure shall take place when stating road names in the title blocks of traffic signals and LM drawings;
If the intersection is between one main road and one minor road, the main road's name shall be stated first and followed by minor road's name.
If the intersection is between two main roads, then the road names should be stated in alphabetical order.
3.2.2 Signal Approach Grades
3.3.1 General
All connections shall be as per the Main Roads Traffic Signals Standard drawings where applicable.
3.3.2 Cable Chart
The cable chart shall show core numbers and functions and all connections to the ring-main cable including:
3.3.3 Wiring Diagram
Any special equipment, wiring or connections not covered in the Main Roads Traffic Signals Standard drawings, or in the cable chart, shall be shown on a separate diagram.
All information required for traffic signal controller programming shall be prepared generally in accordance with AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 9. Design constraints, such as SCATS cycle times, shall be obtained from Main Roads.
The following charts shall form part of the design documentation:
See Main Roads Specification 711 for details.
3.4.1 Calculation of Yellow Times
The duration of yellow times at intersections shall be calculated using the table below modified from AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Management Part 9 (2014) - Appendix H:
The yellow times for an intersection on a grade must be the same for opposite traffic streams.
Note: Determined using ad = 3.0 m/s2 and tr = 1.0 s.
3.5.1 General
Information used in the design process, or to substantiate specific design details, shall be documented. Details should include, where applicable, items such as:
It is mandatory that a SIDRA Report is submitted showing model runs and Level of Service associated with the design. Refer to Appendix A Guideline for preparing SIDRA report.
Specifications shall be prepared for each traffic signal project, which should include details not covered by the drawings, and any further detail required to carry out the works.
The specifications should include the following, but not limited to:
As part of a 15 per cent project design review the following shall be submitted:
As part of an 85 per cent project design review the following shall be submitted:
The designer shall consider listed SIDRA input data when preparing a SIDRA reports for:
6.1.1 Traffic Signals (Intersections at Grade)
6.1.2 Roundabout
The consultant is required to undertake a SIDRA analysis of the intersection which shall include the following scenarios:


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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RFE/RL NEWSLINE Vol 2, No. 246, Part II, 23 December 1998
________________________________________________________ RFE/RL NEWSLINE Vol 2, No. 246, Part II, 23 December 1998 A daily report of developments in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus and Central Asia prepared by the staff of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. This is Part II, a compilation of news concerning Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Part I covers Russia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia and is distributed simultaneously as a second document. Back issues of RFE/RL NewsLine and the OMRI Daily Digest are online at RFE/RL's Web site: http://www.rferl.org/newsline xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Note to readers: "RFE/RL Newsline" will not appear on 24 and 25 December, which are Christmas holidays in the Czech Republic. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Headlines, Part II * UKRAINE TO PRINT MONEY TO PAY BACK WAGES * UCK WANTS POLICE OUT OF CENTRAL KOSOVA * ALBANIAN STUDENTS END HUNGER STRIKE xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE UKRAINE TO PRINT MONEY TO PAY BACK WAGES. Prime Minister Valeriy Pustovoytenko said on 22 December that Ukraine will print money next year to cover its mounting wage arrears, AP reported. He added that the cabinet plans a monetary emission of 1 billion hryvni ($290 million), but he did not say how he expects the money emission to affect the 1999 inflation rate, which has been forecast at 19 percent. JM UKRAINIAN PARLIAMENT DECREES CUTBACK IN ARMED FORCES. The Supreme Council on 22 December passed a bill reducing the current 320,000 servicemen by 10,000 and the army's 100,000 civilian staff by the same amount in 1999, Ukrainian media reported. The Ukrainian government has said it can spend only some 1 billion hryvni ($290 million) on the army next year. The Defense Ministry, however, maintains that the armed forces need at least three times that amount. JM KUCHMA CANCELS FINES TO ENCOURAGE TAX COLLECTION. President Leonid Kuchma has signed a decree canceling fines on companies that pay all their 1998 taxes by February 1999, Ukrainian News reported on 22 December. Kuchma's decision is seen as a measure to improve poor tax collection. The nationwide tax debt skyrocketed from 2.3 billion hryvni in January ($1.1 billion at the then exchange rate) to 10.2 billion hryvni ($3 billion) as of 1 December. JM BELARUSIAN NEWSPAPER WINS LAWSUIT OVER SPELLING. The Higher Economic Court on 22 December ruled in favor of the Belarusian-language biweekly "Nasha Niva," which defied warnings by the State Press Committee by continuing to use the traditional, non-Russified Belarusian orthography banned by the Soviet regime in 1933 (see "RFE/RL Newsline End Note," 10 August 1998), RFE/RL's Belarusian Service reported. "Nasha Niva" editor Syarhey Dubavets sued the committee after it had warned the newspaper not to "distort the generally accepted norms of the language." A panel of linguists assembled by the court found that no "generally accepted norms of the language have ever been determined." The court accepted that view and fined the committee 2.5 million Belarusian rubles ($24). Dubavets said the verdict "provided a very positive result for the Belarusian language itself...and those discriminated in Belarus from time immemorial for using this language." JM BELARUSIAN OPPOSITIONIST RELEASED FROM PRISON, FACES ANOTHER TRIAL. Valery Shchukin, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet dissolved by President Alyaksandr Lukashenka in 1996, was released from prison on 22 December after serving a 15-day sentence for participating in an unsanctioned workers' demonstration last month (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 6 November 1998), RFE/RL's Belarusian Service reported. He must now appear in court on 28 December in connection with participating in a Belarusian Popular Front demonstration earlier this month (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 7 December 1998). Shchukin, who has been repeatedly tried and imprisoned for his opposition activities, scored two successes in his struggle for prisoners' rights while in prison. By threatening to organize a picket in the prison yard, he forced the administration to rid his cell of mice. He also made the administration provide him with a real spoon, while other prisoners were given "a sort of thimble" with which to eat. JM ESTONIA'S MERI NAMED 'EUROPEAN OF THE YEAR.' An international jury chaired by former European Commission President Jacques Delors has named Estonian President Lennart Meri the "European of 1998." Delors said in a letter that the jury wanted to pay tribute to Meri's "indefatigable struggle" for the rebirth of Estonia and for his commitment to the unity of Europe. Meri will receive the award, which is organized by the French magazine "La Vie," from French President Jacques Chirac in Paris in February. JC MOSCOW BERATES TALLINN OVER LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEPUTIES. Speaking to journalists in Moscow on 22 December, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman Vladimir Rakhmanin criticized amendments passed by Estonian lawmakers last week that stipulate language requirements for elected officials (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 16 December 1998). Interfax quoted Rakhmanin as saying that this is a move aimed at forcing ethnic minorities out of the country's political life," adding that some "renowned experts" consider the amendments run counter to the Estonian Constitution. He added that if the amendments are signed into law by the Estonian president, they may "seriously complicate" the participation of non-Estonians in the local elections next fall. Under the amendments, members of the parliament and local governments must have sufficient knowledge of Estonian to take part in the work of those bodies and to understand the contents of legislative acts. JC LATVIAN COALITION PARTNER TO ACCEPT SOCIAL DEMOCRAT AS AGRICULTURE MINISTER? Fatherland and Freedom chairman Maris Grinblats told reporters on 22 December that the party's council may approve Social Democrat Peteris Salkazanovs as agriculture minister but rejects the idea of any larger involvement of the Social Democrats in the government, BNS reported. Grinblats said it is not the aim of the Fatherland and Freedom party to trigger a government crisis, especially when the budget for next year has not been approved. Prime Minister Vilis Kristopans has appointed Environment Protection and Regional Development Minister Vents Balodis as acting agriculture minister until the Fatherland and Freedom party makes a decision on Salkazanovs's nomination. JC LITHUANIA ANNOUNCES CHRISTMAS AMNESTY. The Lithuanian parliament on 22 December granted amnesty to some 2,000 convicted prisoners, mostly youths, women, and men over 65. Under the amnesty, pregnant women and single mothers who have children under 18 will be released unconditionally, BNS reported. This is the fifth amnesty in Lithuania over the past eight years. The previous amnesties were in 1990, 1993, 1995, and 1996, according to the news agency. JC POLISH MINERS CONTINUE TO PROTEST NEW PENSION LAW. Representatives of the government, employers, and striking miners held talks on resolving the dispute over the new pension law (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 21 and 22 December 1998) but failed to work out a clear agreement, PAP reported on 22 December. Wojciech Kornowski, head of the Confederation of Polish Employers, said miners who have performed 25 years' service will receive so-called bridge pensions equal to 70 percent of their monthly wage. However, Henryk Nakonieczny, leader of Solidarity's coal mining section, said the talks resulted in no written agreement and therefore the strike will continue. According to Solidarity, 95 percent of miners supported a general strike in a vote held in 40 mines on 21 December. "On 23 December. we shall determine how to continue the protest," Nakonieczny said. JM NON-SOLIDARITY TRADE UNIONS AGREE TO PROTEST GOVERNMENT POLICIES. Eighteen trade unions that work in opposition to Solidarity have established a committee to protest government socioeconomic policies, PAP reported on 22 December. Members of the committee include representatives of the leftist National Trade Union Alliance, the rightist August '80 Free Trade Union, and the ultra-radical Farmers' Self-Defense. The committee's first joint action will be to protest the 1999 draft budget. JM HAVEL LEAVES FOR VACATION. President Vaclav Havel left Prague on 22 December for the Canary Islands, where he will spend the Christmas holidays as a guest of Spanish King Juan Carlos, Reuters reported. The holiday is officially described as "recuperative," and Havel will continue receiving treatment for the respiratory infection that caused him to cancel his work schedule last week. A presidential adviser told "RFE/RL Newsline" the same day that Havel's 21 December reference to the possibility of his resignation "merely meant that he is not the kind of politician who would continue holding office at any costs, if he is no longer wanted." The adviser stressed, however, that Havel "did not in any way imply he intended to resign." MS SLOVAK FOREIGN MINISTER APOLOGIZES TO KOVAC JR. Eduard Kukan on 22 December publicly apologized to Michal Kovac Jr., for his ministry's passiveness over Kovac's abduction to Austria in 1995. In September 1996, the Constitutional Court ruled that the former president's son's right to re-enter Slovakia, enshrined in the constitution, had been violated by the ministry's lack of action after the abduction to Austria. Also on 22 December, Kukan told journalists that either former Foreign Minister Zdenka Kramplova must return home by 23 December or her diplomatic passport will be declared invalid. Kramplova was appointed ambassador to Canada at the end of the mandate of Vladimir Meciar's cabinet. She was dismissed by the new government in November but failed to obey orders to return to Bratislava, CTK reported. FINAL RESULTS OF SLOVAK LOCAL ELECTIONS ANNOUNCED. The final results of the 18-19 December local elections show that Vladimir Meciar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) remains the strongest single party but has less support than the combined forces of the government coalition, AP and Reuters reported. The coalition won in more than 800 mayoral races. Independent candidates won 816 districts, the HZDS 602, and the opposition Slovak National Party (SNS) 114. Of the 35,465 local councilors elected, the HZDS has 8,140 and the SNS 2,136. Among ruling coalition members, the Party of the Democratic Left gained 5,793 seats, the Christian Democrats 4,276, the Hungarian Coalition 3,773, and the Party of Civic Understanding 1,041. 3,177 councilors are independents. MS HUNGARIAN OPPOSITION FOILS NATO-RELATED AMENDMENT IN FINAL VOTE... The parliament on 22 December rejected in the final vote a constitutional amendment that would have transferred from the legislature to the government the power to approve the movement of foreign troops on Hungarian territory. The vote was 184 to 17 with 101 abstentions and thus failed to produce the necessary two-thirds majority. As was the case last week, the coalition parties voted for the amendment, the Socialists abstained, and the Free Democrats did not participate in the vote. The Justice and Life Party voted against the amendment. Socialist chairman Laszlo Kovacs told journalists that his party will submit a motion that transfers to the cabinet the power to approve foreign troop movements related to humanitarian goals and disaster relief, while the legislature will still have to approve by a two-thirds majority the transit of peacekeepers, Hungarian media reported. MS ...APPROVES OTHER NATO-RELATED LEGISLATION. The parliament did, however, pass amendments to the law on the secret service that are a pre-condition for NATO membership (which the failed constitutional amendment is not). It also passed a bill setting up a National Security Supervision Office, also a pre-condition for joining the alliance. MS SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE UCK WANTS POLICE OUT OF CENTRAL KOSOVA. Adem Demaci, who is the political spokesman for the Kosova Liberation Army (UCK), said in Prishtina on 22 December that the guerrillas will attack the Serbian paramilitary police "everywhere" unless the police leave mainly ethnic Albanian areas of central Kosova. He added that the police are not welcome in areas where no Serbs live. In a statement, the UCK added that the Serbs must dismantle all checkpoints that they have set up since the crackdown began at the end of February or risk attacks by the UCK. The guerrillas also called for freedom of movement for all citizens, RFE/RL's South Slavic Service reported. PM U.S. DIPLOMATS TALK WITH UCK. Lawrence Rossin, who is director of the State Department's Office for South and Central Europe, and other U.S. diplomats met with representatives of the UCK in a remote Kosovar village on 22 December in an effort to end the spiral of violence in the province. A UCK spokesman said later that the guerrillas had nothing to do with the recent slayings of Serbian civilians and that the UCK targets only military and police personnel. Meanwhile in the Peja area, Serbian forces killed one Kosovar and arrested six others in a raid on a suspected guerrilla stronghold. Serbian spokesmen in Prishtina said the police killed the man after Kosovars opened fire on the police. The Kosovar news agency KIC said in a statement that the man was killed "in cold blood" in front of his home. PM WALKER CALLS BELGRADE 'UNCOOPERATIVE.' The head of the international monitors in Kosova, U.S. diplomat William Walker, told independent Belgrade Radio B-92 on 22 December that the Serbian "authorities are generally uncooperative with the [monitoring] mission." Walker added that most of his requests to those officials "have drawn a negative response." He also criticized the Serbian authorities for preventing the Prishtina Albanian-language daily "Bujku" from publishing (see "RFE/RL Balkan Report," 23 December 1998). The envoy blasted the UCK for "irresponsiblycarrying out provocative missions" against Serbian targets. PM OGATA CALLS FOR 'CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES.' UN High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata completed a three-day trip On 22 December that took her to Kosova and Belgrade (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 21 December 1998). In the Serbian capital, she called for "further confidence-building measures" in Kosova and appealed, in particular, to Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic to implement the amnesty he agreed to in his October agreement with U.S. special envoy Richard Holbrooke. She noted that "people are arrested [by Serbian police] on the way to their villages or once they return homeand this does not contribute to rebuilding confidence in the province." Ogata also praised the cooperation of the Serbian authorities in enabling displaced persons to return to their homes. PM KADARE WANTS KOSOVARS TO FOLLOW ALBANIAN EXAMPLE. Paris- based Ismail Kadare, who is the most prominent living Albanian writer, told the VOA's Albanian service on 23 December that the recent opening of a dialogue between Albania's government and opposition is "the most encouraging news" he has heard from Albania this year (see below). He stressed that the Kosovars also need to find a common platform among themselves in order to negotiate a political settlement with the Serbs. Albanian Prime Minister Pandeli Majko said in Tirana the previous day that he and opposition leader Sali Berisha found much "agreement" and "[common] orientation regarding Kosova and the national issue in general" at their recent meeting. Since the Socialists took office in 1997, the opposition has repeatedly charged them with abandoning the Kosovars in their fight for independence. FS LEADING MONTENEGRIN PARTY REAFFIRMS SUPPORT FOR YUGOSLAVIA. Misko Vukovic, who is a top aide to President Milo Djukanovic, told RFE/RL correspondents in Podgorica on 22 December that his Democratic Socialist Party does not support a proposal by a junior member of the governing coalition aimed at considerably weakening Montenegro's links to Serbia (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 22 December 1998). Vukovic added that Montenegro will observe the terms of its 1992 federation agreement with Serbia "as long as there remains a real chance of defeating the totalitarian regime of Slobodan Milosevic." PM PANGALOS STRESSES POSITIVE TRENDS IN SKOPJE. Greek Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos said in Skopje on 22 December that the new Macedonian government consists of "people who mean business." He stressed that the two neighboring countries should stress their common Orthodox bonds and "make love, not war." He nonetheless added that Greece "will never recognize a Slavic minority" in the part of the historic region of Macedonia that belongs to Greece. Pangalos and his hosts stressed the importance of cooperation in transportation, energy and telecommunications. Greece imposed a crippling trade embargo on Macedonia from 1994 to 1995 but has since sought to expand its economic presence there. Greece is now Macedonia's third largest trading partner and the largest source of foreign investments. PM SFOR OUSTS CROATIAN POLICE FROM BOSNIAN TOWN. Croatian police peacefully left the Bosnian border town of Martin Brod on 23 December after Canadian peacekeepers told them to do so on the orders of the international community's Carlos Westendorp. Police from the Bosnian federation then took up posts in the town, which belongs to Bosnia but which Croatian forces occupied in 1995 (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 17 December 1998). In Sarajevo, a spokesman for Alija Izetbegovic, who is the Muslim member of the joint presidency, praised SFOR's action. The previous day, Croatian President Franjo Tudjman and Bosnian leaders opened a bridge linking Zupanja in eastern Croatia and Orasje across the Sava River in Bosnia. PM HAGUE COURT INDICTS TWO BOSNIAN CROATS. The Hague-based war crimes tribunal on 22 December indicted Mladen Naletilic, also known as "Tuta," and Vinko Martinovic, also known as "Stela," for numerous war crimes against Muslims in the Mostar area in 1993. The two could face life imprisonment if convicted. AP reported that Croatian police have arrested the men in Zagreb but added that it is not clear when they will be transferred to The Hague. PM UN POLICE SACK TWO BOSNIAN SERBS. The Sarajevo-based International Police Task Force fired Momir Vukovic and Spasoje Camur from high-ranking jobs in the Republika Srpska police for their involvement in the forced detention and torture of 14 persons in connection with the August slaying of leading Bosnian Serb police official Srdjan Knezevic. Knezevic supported the moderate leadership based in Banja Luka. Many observers suggested he was killed by hard-liners loyal to Radovan Karadzic. PM ALBANIAN STUDENTS END HUNGER STRIKE. Student leader Besnik Jaku and Education Minister Ethem Ruka on 22 December signed an agreement on ending the 13-day student hunger strike (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 22 December 1998). Ruka agreed to increase student scholarships by 17.5 percent after 1 April 1999, "Albanian Daily News" reported. He also pledged to improve living conditions in dormitories within a mutually agreed timeframe. The accord also provides for increased university autonomy and a special legal status for the university campus. The negotiations took place at the dean's office under the mediation of OSCE Ambassador to Albania Daan Everts. Everts praised the accord as the result of the Albanians' attempts to try "to find a common language," adding that "a new wind is blowing for the ruling [Socialists] and the opposition." FS POSITIVE REACTIONS TO ALBANIAN RIVALS' MEETING. Albanian and international observers have praised a 21 December meeting between opposition leader Sali Berisha and Prime Minister Pandeli Majko as an important step toward overcoming Albania's political polarization (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 22 December 1998). Majko told public television that it was "Albanian citizens...who benefited from the newly begun dialogue" rather than any politicians. Senior Democratic Party legislator Ylli Vejsiu said the meeting opened "a new chapter in defusing the political tensions," adding that "dialogue, tolerance, and compromise triumphed in the end." The U.S. State Department issued a statement calling the meeting "an extremely positive first step in healing the political cleavages that have stymied Albania's reform process." It also urged "all parties to maintain the positive momentum from this encounter" and the Democratic Party to end its boycott of the parliament. FS FORMER ROMANIAN PRESIDENT ON 1989 UPRISING. Former President Ion Iliescu told a 22 December joint session of the parliament marking the ninth anniversary of the anti-communist uprising that those who "watched television" in 1989 are now accusing those who led the uprising of having "stolen the revolution." In an obvious allusion to the country's present leaders, Iliescu added that a "campaign is under way to tarnish the revolution's heroes, including its leaders and the army." MS FRENCH OIL COMPANY INVESTS IN ROMANIAN BLACK SEA DRILLING. France's oil giant Elf Aquitaine has signed an agreement in Bucharest with the national oil company Petrom to explore 10,000 square kilometers of the Black Sea over the next 30 years, AP reported on 22 December. The company will pay $10 million initially, and if oil is found, it will pay up to $500 million on development projects. Also on 22 December, the Turkish Akmaya Sanayi Ve Ticaret holding company bought a 65 percent majority stake in the Petromida oil refinery for $725 million. And Petrom director-general Ioan Popa announced that 30,000 employees will be laid off next year. MS ZHIRINOVSKY VISITS TIRASPOL. Vladimir Zhirinovsky, arriving in Tiraspol on 22 December, said that the Transdniester is "part of the Russian Federation" and that his Liberal Democratic Party of Russia "will be happy if it officially becomes one of Russia's provinces," Infotag reported. Zhirinovsky is scheduled to meet with Igor Smirnov and other Transdniester officials. Russia's ambassador to Chisinau, Alexander Papkin, told journalists that the visit is "unofficial." Zhirinovsky said the Russian Constitution obliges Moscow to "defend and protect our compatriots" and that he will demand that President Boris Yeltsin "undertake resolute action to recognize the Transdniester and establish direct economic ties with it." In an interview with Tiraspol Television the same day, Zhirinovsky said he does not rule out the possibility that the Transdniester will become a third member of the Russian-Belarus union. At the same time, he called on Transdniestrians to take up Russian citizenship in order to make it "easier for us to protect you." MS NEW ELECTORAL ALLIANCE IN BULGARIA. The recently-formed Social Democracy Union and the Euroleft Party on 21 December signed an agreement to cooperate and run joint lists in the fall 1999 local elections, BTA reported. Euroleft leader Alexander Tomov said the agreement "forms the nucleus of an essentially new opposition" and is "a model to be followed in the next general elections." MS FORMER KING SPENDS CHRISTMAS IN BULGARIA. Simeon II arrived in Bulgaria on 22 December and will spend the Christmas holidays there for the first time since he was forced to leave the country in 1946, AP reported. The former monarch will stay at the Czarska Bistritsa palace, which is part of his former estate. He will pay for his stay at the palace, because legal procedures for returning him both the palace and other properties, as approved by a court earlier this year, are still under way. MS xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Copyright (c) 1998 RFE/RL, Inc. All rights reserved. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx HOW TO SUBSCRIBE Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the word subscribe as the subject of the message. HOW TO UNSUBSCRIBE Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the word unsubscribe as the subject of the message. 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Pendleton x JanSport x Benny Gold – Native Collection
Triple collabs are rare, but when they're done right, you get results like the new Native collection. Pendleton, Jansport, and Benny Gold present a six-piece collection consisting of three backpacks, a saddle blanket, an iPad sleeve, and a laptop sleeve. Each piece features Native American patterns and can be found at the Benny Gold on-line store.


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Prices from £39.99
Review More Prices
|1 x 30g tube
|10mg/g Cream
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|10mg/g Cream
|3 x 30g tube
|10mg/g Cream
Your privacy is important, Prescription Doctor are committed to keeping your details completely confidential.
This is why we also take steps to conceal your prescription products under two layers of packaging.
We have a commitment to delivering a discreet service and understand your need for privacy. We ship all orders via a trackable courier using discreet, plain packaging.
Once your order is dispatched you will receive a tracking number via sms and email.
We deliver medications between Monday and Saturday. You can upgrade to Saturday delivery on Friday.
You should receive a tracking number with your order which you can use this number to track your parcel online. This should give you a clear indication of where your parcel is. If you haven't received your parcel in the time frame given by our couriers, contact your local depot to find out where it is. You can also contact our support team who will do this for you.
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Soolantra cream is a topical treatment for rosacea.
The cream contains ivermectin which helps to reduce the redness and inflammation.
There are a number of triggers which can cause a flare-up of rosacea, including:
While these can be managed, there are other triggers which cannot. One such trigger of rosacea which is more difficult to manage is a micro-organism which resides in the pores of the facial skin.
These organisms are called Demodex. Research has indicated that these mites - or bacteria which live on the mites themselves - could be the culprit.
The anti-parasitic properties of Soolantra reduce the number of these mites on the skin which, in turn, reduces the inflammation of the skin.
Soolantra is applied once daily.
It is recommended to apply a pea-sized amount of the cream to the chin, forehead, bridge of the nose and each cheek on your face.
Massage the cream gently into these 5 areas to apply a thin layer which covers the areas most prone to flare-ups.
Always wash your hands after applying the cream.
Avoid areas of the skin which have mucous membranes, such as the eyes, mouth and inside of your nose. If you get the cream in any of these areas, promptly wash the area with warm water.
Do not apply cosmetics, such as make-up or other facial creams, before applying Soolantra. However, you can use other facial cosmetic products after applying the cream.
All medicine carries the risk of side effects, though not everybody gets them. It's important to understand the risks associated with your medication so that you can stay safe during your course of treatment.
Common side effects include:
Uncommon side effects include:
If you experience any of the side effects listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
If you believe you are experiencing an allergic reaction from this medicine, stop using the treatment and speak to your doctor as soon as possible.
Do not use the cream if you are allergic to any of the ingredients.
For more information about this treatment, we advise you to read the patient information leaflet enclosed with the medicine.
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. Do not use the cream after the expiry date marked on the tube.
Soolantra cream is not recommended if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. If you discover you are pregnant while taking Soolantra, speak to your doctor. If you are breastfeeding, speak to your doctor about whether it would be more beneficial for you to breastfeed or use Soolantra.
This depends on the individual. In clinical trials, a noticeable improvement was seen after 12 weeks of continuous use.
It is best to apply Soolantra cream in the morning.
Alcohol consumption has no effect on Soolantra.
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Hot Toys Daredevil Action Figure Punisher 30 cm
In Marvel's Daredevil, a Netflix Original Series, war hero Frank Castle's life was changed forever when his family was brutally murdered before his eyes. Taking matters into his own hands, Frank decides to avenge his family's death by eliminating all those responsible. Lethal with his methods, Frank becomes a notorious vigilante in the criminal underworld earning the moniker – The Punisher. And soon The Punisher will be getting his own Netlfix series.
Sideshow and Hot Toys are extremely excited to bring a new addition to the Hot Toys Marvel's Daredevil collectible series and officially introduce the sixth scale Hot Toys Daredevil Action Figure Punisher collectible figure!
The screen accurate collectible figure is specially crafted based on the appearance of the Punisher from this popular TV-MA rated hit show and features a newly developed head sculpt, expertly tailored outfit, a wide range of weapons including a mini-gun, sniper rifle, a pistol, and dagger, as well as a specially designed figure stand with backdrop. Furthermore, a damaged Daredevil helmet is included as a special accessory!
Now is the time to add this amazing Punisher collectible figure to your collection!
- ETA End December 2017
- Height 32cm
- Hot Toys


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Painted Reptile Notes:
Includes Mini Combo Deep Dome Lamp, 50 watt Turtle Tuff Bulb and a ReptiSun 5.0 Mini UVB Compact Fluorescent Bulb (13 watt)
If you are looking for new cages for reptiles and amphibians, check out our huge selection today! We also stock tons of local and brand name reptile supplies for sale, including beautiful water/food bowls, awesome looking hide spots or cage decor, different size wood branches and even waterfalls and backgrounds for your reptile cage!
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Can't find something you're looking for? We probably can! Call Us to see if we can help!


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Burghfield schoolchildren celebrated Empire Day on 13 March 1916 with a set of patriotic tableaux.
The children of Burghfield Common have beaten all records in the matter of attracting an audience at the Technical Schools. Not a seat was empty when they gave their bright little performance on Empire Day, and whether or not the whole programme was evolved from Miss Jackson's own brain, it was cleverly conceived and admirably carried out.
Gordon Prior, aged only 13, ably undertook the accompaniments, the chief item being a representation of the Allied countries now at war with the Central European Powers. Florence Pembroke, in gorgeous silver armour as Britannia, Elsie Love as France, Kathleen Bunce as Belgium, Raymond Batts as Japan, Italy by Ernest Brant, Russia and Servia [sic] by Frank Lalouette and William Emms, made a tableau which reminded us, alas! of a tragedy too deep for words, and only a strong personal interest in the performers themselves and their capable achievement enabled us for a moment to forget the anguish of the reality.
A collection made at the doors raised £4 12s 6d, which has been devoted to the aid of soldiers blinded during the war, whose case perhaps makes a greater appeal to our sympathies than any other, and we sent all our love and pity with the pennies so freely and cheerfully contributed by all the company.
Burghfield parish magazine, July 1916 (D/EX725/3)


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Thursday, January 5, 2012
Violet Wings
Here's a wonderful image from artist Christina Lynn Myers of Queen Kat stamps. This image is called Violet Wings. I colored this image using copic markers and added a "Dream" stamp from Queen Kat along with some webbed ribbon that I found from the christmas aisle.Project Materials: Cardstock (Bazzill, AC, Neenah); Stamps (Queen Kat); Ink (Memento, Colorbox Chalk); Ribbon (Michaels); Bling (Michaels); Adhesives (Pop dots, Glue Dots, Glue All); Color (Copic Markers); Die Cut (Spellbinders Nestabilities);
Posted by Holley (Tondre) Barnhart at 9:00 AM
Labels: Nestabilities, Queen Kat Stamps
2 comments:
- Hlora said...
Very nice Dream card! Love the background paper so much.
- January 5, 2012 at 9:12 AM
- jone said...
This is a better-quality article as they all are. I make fun of been wonder wide this an eye to some beat now. It's great to receive this info. You are fair and balanced.
- January 6, 2012 at 12:02 AM
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Stratosphere Facts
Stratosphere is one of the five layers of the earth's atmosphere. Acquaint yourself with some stratosphere facts, through this article.We use the term 'atmosphere' quite often, but what does it mean? There are four important spheres of the earth - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Atmosphere concerns the air, and is the term used for the envelope of air which surrounds the earth. This envelope of air is divided into several layers based on various factors like composition, temperature, etc., The five distinct layers of the atmosphere are - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere, in order from the ground surface. It is interesting to note that the atmospheric layers stretch to some 600 kilometers above the ground level! The density of air in the atmospheric layers lowers as we move up and then it is the highest at the first two layers, the troposphere and the stratosphere. Our point of discussion in this article is the second layer of the atmospheric layers or the 'stratosphere'. Stratosphere is an important layer of the earth's atmosphere, because it also incorporates the very important ozone layer, the significance of which I need not mention. Let's now jump to the stratosphere facts straightaway.
Interesting Stratosphere Facts
✔ Stratosphere occupies the central region of the atmosphere, and is the second layer of the atmosphere from the ground surface; tropopause separates stratosphere from the troposphere.
✔ Stratosphere constitutes about 24% of the total atmosphere. And it contains about 19% of the atmospheric gases.
✔ Stratosphere extends to some 50 km above the ground level.
✔ Ozone layer forms the upper crust of the stratosphere, and the stratosphere has about 90% of ozone layer. This layer combines oxygen atoms to form the ozone molecules. Ozone molecules absorb the harmful UV radiations from the sun.
✔ In the stratosphere, the temperature rises as we move up. Reason for this increase in temperature is absorption of harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun by the ozone molecules.
✔ There is no uniformity in the stratosphere if the temperature is considered. This is because of the presence of ozone layer at the top region of the stratosphere. The temperature at the top of stratosphere is around 270 K (-3°C or 29.6°F). The temperature in the middle and lower region is less as the UV rays do not reach there.
✔ Composition of gases: Atomic oxygen (O) is found in the upper region of the stratosphere. UV rays break the ozone (O3) molecule into atomic oxygen and diatomic oxygen (O2). Along with these gases, methane is also found in the upper region of the stratosphere. Methane (CH4) reacts with many hydroxy compounds (-OH) and can destroy the ozone molecules. The water vapor proportion in the stratosphere is very low.
Fun Stratosphere Facts for Kids
✔ This is the second layer of the atmosphere from the surface of the earth, and lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere.
✔ In stratosphere - 'strato' means layer and sphere is the shape of the earth. Thus it means layer which surrounds the earth.
✔ There are no clouds in the stratosphere, and though there are wind currents in this sphere, it is a relatively calmer layer.
✔ The crucial ozone layer, which protects us from the harmful UV rays of the sun, is a part of the stratosphere, and forms a thin layer at the upper region of this sphere.
✔ Spy jets fly in the lower stratosphere as the weather conditions there are conducive to flying. In bad weather conditions, or when the fuel is running out, airplanes move up from the troposphere to this layer because the air density is not very dense, and the planes can fly at top speeds without encountering any turbulence.
✔ Life exists in the stratosphere in the form of some biological bacteria, making it a part of the biosphere too!
✔ Some birds also reach the heights of stratosphere (in the lower part though) and can fly there.
These were some of the interesting facts on the stratosphere. Stratosphere incorporates the ozone layer and to protect the ozone layer we need to increase the oxygen and decrease the CFCs in the air. Thus planting trees is a solution each one of us can follow, to protect our earth from the harmful effects of ozone depletion.
Stratosphere Facts 7.3 of 10 on the basis of 3042 Review.


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Sarah Week 5
Good afternoon Mummy Meditators! We are nearing the final stretch of our time with Sarah. And what a journey it has been so far. Things are starting to near completion and we see God step in to remind Sarah and Abraham of the promises He made to them. Last week He gave them both new names for a new season, and this week we were looking at the following verse:
"So Sarah laughed to herself as she thought, "After I am worn out and my lord is old, will I now have this pleasure?" Genesis 18:12
Using our own logic
My first reaction to this verse was "fair play!". If I was 80-90 years old, had been barren all my life, and then overheard a conversation where someone said I was going to get pregnant, I am pretty sure my reaction would have been the same. I would have had a little chuckle to myself and carried on whatever I was doing. Sarah's reactions are probably what has protected her from facing up to the pain of childlessness all theses years – if you don't entertain the possibility that it might happen then you won't feel let down when it doesn't. But what does this reaction actually speak to us about – Sarah's lack of faith.
do we actually believe?
God had made a promise to Abraham that he would be a great nation, and yet here is Sarah still not believing that God has the power to do that through her. She has witnessed God's protection on her over her life (think about the plagues God sent on the countries where Abraham had pretended she was his sister) and they have been blessed with wealth enough to no have enough space to continue living near Lot (Genesis 13:2-9). But in Sarah's head this physical problem was just too big for God to break in to.
What things do we do this with? I know for myself that I accept God works to bring about opportunities for the gospel to be spoken and in things like job interviews and our personal finances, but I sometimes struggle to see that he can heal or work in other ways. I know that I am learning a lot about God as I go along, but sometimes the ordinariness of the world and its boundaries stops me from seeing the extra-ordinariness of God and his ability to break through those boundaries.
learning from sarah's mistakes
When we read the whole passage of Genesis 18:1-15 we see that just after laughing, God confronts her and Sarah is so ashamed of her doubt that she lies to try to cover it. If we learn anything from this verse then let it be to be honest with God when we are doubting. God wants an intimate relationship with us, and lying breaks down intimacy. If we humbly come to God and tell him that we are struggling to trust that he will fulfill this promise, then he can help us with that. But if we lie or avoid praying about it then it will drive a wedge between us and God.
Sometimes life will batter us down, and failure after failure will leave us doubting that God can work in our situation. But take hope from the knowledge that He kept His promise to Abraham and Sarah. Yes it took a lot of years, but would we even take notice of this story if it hadn't??? What God is doing in and through you might take many many years, but rather than getting discouraged, just think about how much more amazing the answer to your prayer will be when it comes!
Next week
The lovely Naomi from The Organised Life Project will be finishing off our series on Sarah, as we see what God finally does in this amazing story! We will be looking at the following verse:
"Now the Lord was gracious to Sarah as He had said and the Lord did for Sarah what He had promised. Sarah became pregnant and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the very time God had promised him." Genesis 21:1-2
Do sign up below for our Facebook community and join us as we discuss this verse more throughout the week. Next Sunday we will also be having a Facebook LIVE event as we launch our next character in the "in HER shoes" series. Exciting!!!
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