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Pagina principale Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science
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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science Robert A. Meyers (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science With 4300 Figures and 420 Tables 123 ROBERT A. M EYERS, Ph. D. Editor-in-Chief RAMTECH LIMITED 122 Escalle Lane Larkspur, CA 94939 USA firstname.lastname@example.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2008933604 ISBN: 978-0-387-30440-3 This publication is available also as: Print publication under ISBN: 978-0-387-75888-6 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN: 978-0-387-69572-3 © 2009 SpringerScience+Buisiness Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid free paper SPIN: 11560258 2109letex – 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface The Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science is an authoritative single source for understanding and applying the basic tenets of complexity and systems theory as well as the tools and measures for analyzing complex systems in science, engineering and many areas of social, financial and business interactions. It is written for an audience of advanced university undergraduate and graduate students, professors, and professionals in a wide range of fields who must manage complexity on scales ranging from the atomic and molecular to the societal and global. Each article was selected and peer reviewed by one of our 36 Section Editors with advice and cons; ultation provided by our 15 Board Members and Editor-in-Chief. This level of coordination assures that the reader can have a level of confidence in the relevance and accuracy of the information far exceeding that generally found on the World Wide Web. Accessablilty is also a priority and for this reason each article includes a glossary of important terms and a concise definition of the subject. Complex systems are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to generate a new quality of collective behavior through self-organization, e. g. the spontaneous formation of temporal, spatial or functional structures. They are therefore adaptive as they evolve and may contain self-driving feedback loops. Thus, complex systems are much more than a sum of their parts. Complex systems are often characterized as having extreme sensitivity to initial conditions as well as emergent behavior that are not readily predictable or even completely deterministic. The conclusion is that a reductionist (bottom-up) approach is often an incomplete description of a phenomenon. This recognition, that the collective behavior of the whole system cannot be simply inferred from the understanding of the behavior of the individual components, has led to many new concepts and sophisticated mathematical and modeling tools for application to many scientific, engineering, and societal issues that can be adequately described only in terms of complexity and complex systems. Examples of Grand Scientific Challenges which can be approached through complexity and systems science include: the structure, history and future of the universe; the biological basis of consciousness; the true complexity of the genetic makeup and molecular functioning of humans (genetics and epigenetics) and other life forms; human longevity limits; unification of the laws of physics; the dynamics and extent of climate change and the effects of climate change; extending the boundaries of and understanding the theoretical limits of computing; sustainability of life on the earth; workings of the interior of the earth; predictability, dynamics and extent of earthquakes, tsunamis, and other natural disasters; dynamics of turbulent flows and the motion of granular materials; the structure of atoms as expressed in the Standard Model and the formulation of the Standard Model and gravity into a Unified Theory; the structure of water; control of global infectious diseases and also evolution and quantification of (ultimately) human cooperative behavior in politics, economics, business systems and social interactions. In fact, most of these issues have identified nonlinearities and are beginning to be addressed with nonlinear techniques – e. g. human longevity limits; the Standard Model; climate change, earthquake prediction, workings of the earth's interior, natural disaster prediction, etc. The complex systems mathematical and modeling tools and scientific and engineering applications that comprise the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science are as follows: Agent Based Modeling and Simulation Applications of Physics and Mathematics to Social Science Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics Climate Modeling, Global Warming and Weather Prediction Complex Networks and Graph Theory VI Preface Complexity and Nonlinearity in Autonomous Robotics Complexity in Computational Chemistry Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecasting and Early Warning of their Hazards Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Control and Dynamical Systems Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Ecological Complexity Ergodic Theory Finance and Econometrics Fractals and Multifractals Game Theory Granular Computing Intelligent Systems Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations Percolation Perturbation Theory Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems Quantum Information Science Social Network Analysis Soft Computing Solitons Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Synergetics System Dynamics Systems Biology Traffic Management, Complex Dynamics of Unconventional Computing Wavelets The 15 members of our Editorial Advisory Board include: Ahmed Zewail of Caltech, Nobel Prize in chemistry, who provided guidance in chemistry and physical biology applications of complexity and systems science; Thomas Schelling, Nobel Prize in Economics, provided guidance in economics and political science applications; Mario J. Molina, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, whose current interests include: atmospheric chemical processes and science-policy issues related to urban and regional air pollution and to global change; Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, who is expert in molecular self-organization and evolutionary biotechnology; Benoit B. Mandelbrot of Yale University and Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Wolf Prize for Physics, who provided guidance in physical, mathematical or social phenomena that are characterized by abundant data but wild variability; Richard E. Stearns, 1993 Turing Award, whose current interests include computational complexity, automata theory, analysis of algorithms and game theory; Pierre-Louis Lions, 1994 Fields Medal, whose interests are nonlinear partial differential equations and applications; Leroy Hood of the Institute for Systems Biology, Lasker Award, whose specialty is systems approaches to biology and medicine; Steven Wolfram, creator of Mathematica®; and Lotfi Zadeh, Honda and Okawa Prizes and IEEE Medal of Honor, whose current interests are fuzzy logic and soft computing. Sadly, Paul Lauterbur, Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, who provided guidance in evolution and origin of life and overall relationship of determinism to complexity passed away during the project. A complete listing of our Board is presented immediately following this Preface. Our 36 Section Editors, who supervised the 35 Sections, represent some of the best and brightest in their respective fields. It is notable that some are rather young, and yet are highly accomplished, as seems appropriate for the very modern scientific approach inherent in complexity and systems science. The Section Editors have selected both the articles (described below) and also nominated our authors and either provided peer review or supervised outside peer reviewers. A complete listing of the Section Editors is presented immediately following this Preface. Preface The efforts of the 41 members of our Board and Section Editor team have resulted in near 300 articles on the mathematical and modeling basis of complexity, e. g. fractals and multifractals, cellular automata, game theory, quantum information processing, unconventional computing, ergodic theory, percolation, non-linear ordinary differential equations, non-linear partial differential equations, perturbation theory, probability and statistics, solitons, wavelets, agent based modeling and simulation, complex networks and graph theory, data mining and knowledge discovery, granular computing and soft computing; as well as near 300 articles describing progress using these tools in physics, econometrics, ecosystems, climate prediction, nanoelectronics, complex networks, quantum computing, chemistry, astrophysics, geophysics, systems biology, bioinformatics, medicine, system dynamics, engineering, control and dynamical systems, traffic management, and robotics as well as social, economics and political sciences. This Encyclopedia in total comprises 592 peer-reviewed, in-depth, 15–20 page articles presented alphabetically as prepared by more than 700 authors. The result is a carefully organized, accessible, and easily searchable 11,000-page reference work that places complexity and systems science at the center of modern scientific, engineering, and societal problems and potential solutions. A complete alphabetized listing of articles, extensive cross-references, glossaries of terms, and a detailed index are all included. We believe that there is no other treatment of this field with near the depth and authority of that prepared by our team of prize winning Board members, Section Editors and authors. This new publication will extend the influence of complexity and systems science to a much wider audience than has been possible up until now. Acknowledgments I wish to thank, David Packer, Executive Editor, who proposed the project to me and then provided invaluable counsel in performance of many elements of the publication process. I wish to express our profound gratitude to Kerstin Kindler, Reference Publisher and Julia Koerting, Editorial Assistant for their outstanding editorial efforts in producing this Encyclopedia. Their interaction with our team of over 700 authors, 36 section editors and 15 board members was highly professional, courteous, pleasant and yet firm, which was integral in obtaining high quality and timely delivery of our manuscripts. Their mastery of formal as well as idiomatic English facilitated many of these interactions. Robert A. Meyers Editor in Chief Larkspur, California March 2009 VII Topical Table of Contents Agent Based Modeling and Simulation, Section Editor: Filippo Castiglione Agent Based Computational Economics Agent Based Modeling and Artificial Life Agent Based Modeling and Computer Languages Agent Based Modeling and Simulation, Introduction to Agent Based Modeling, Large Scale Simulations Agent Based Modeling, Mathematical Formalism for Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation Cellular Automaton Modeling of Tumor Invasion Computer Graphics and Games, Agent Based Modeling in Embodied and Situated Agents, Adaptive Behavior in Interaction Based Computing in Physics Logic and Geometry of Agents in Agent-Based Modeling Social Phenomena Simulation Swarm Intelligence Autonomous Robotics, Complexity and Nonlinearity in, Section Editor: Warren Dixon Adaptive Visual Servo Control Cognitive Robotics Complexity and Non-Linearity in Autonomous Robotics, Introduction to Continuum Robots Distributed Controls of Multiple Robotic Systems, An Optimization Approach Distributed Robotic Teams: A Framework for Simulated and Real-World Modeling Foraging Robots Human Robot Interaction Image Based State Estimation Modular Self-Reconfigurable Robots Motion Prediction for Continued Autonomy Multiple Mobile Robot Teams, Path Planning and Motion Coordination in Neuro-fuzzy Control of Autonomous Robotics Self-replicating Robotic Systems Software Architectures for Autonomy Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of, Section Editor: Andrew Adamatzky Additive Cellular Automata Algorithmic Complexity and Cellular Automata Cellular Automata and Groups Cellular Automata and Language Theory Cellular Automata as Models of Parallel Computation Cellular Automata in Hyperbolic Spaces X Topical Table of Contents Cellular Automata Modeling of Physical Systems Cellular Automata on Triangular, Pentagonal and Hexagonal Tessellations Cellular Automata with Memory Cellular Automata, Classification of Cellular Automata, Emergent Phenomena in Cellular Automata, Universality of Chaotic Behavior of Cellular Automata Dynamics of Cellular Automata in Non-compact Spaces Ergodic Theory of Cellular Automata Evolving Cellular Automata Firing Squad Synchronization Problem in Cellular Automata Gliders in Cellular Automata Growth Phenomena in Cellular Automata Identification of Cellular Automata Mathematical Basis of Cellular Automata, Introduction to Phase Transitions in Cellular Automata Quantum Cellular Automata Reversible Cellular Automata Self-organised Criticality and Cellular Automata Self-Replication and Cellular Automata Structurally Dynamic Cellular Automata Tiling Problem and Undecidability in Cellular Automata Topological Dynamics of Cellular Automata Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics, Section Editor: Steve N. Shore Acceleration Mechanisms Astronomical Time Series, Complexity in Astrophysics, Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics: Dynamical Systems Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics, Introduction to Cosmic Gravitational Background, Stochastic Cosmic Strings Exobiology (theoretical), Complexity in Exobiology and Complexity Orbital Dynamics, Chaos in Self-Organization in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence Space Plasmas, Dynamical Complexity in Stellar Dynamics, N-body Methods for Topological Magnetohydrodynamics and Astrophysics Climate Modeling, Global Warming and Weather Prediction, Section Editor: Hartmut Grassl Abrupt Climate Change Modeling Climate Change and Agriculture Climate Change and Human Health Climate Change, Economic Costs of Climate Modeling, Global Warming and Weather Prediction, Introduction to Cryosphere Models Regional Climate Models: Linking Global Climate Change to Local Impacts Single Column Modeling of Atmospheric Boundary Layers and the Complex Interactions with the Land Surface Topical Table of Contents Complex Networks and Graph Theory, Section Editor: Geoffrey Canright Community Structure in Graphs Complex Gene Regulatory Networks – From Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate Determination Complex Networks and Graph Theory Complex Networks, Visualization of Food Webs Growth Models for Networks Human Sexual Networks Internet Topology Link Analysis and Web Search Motifs in Graphs Non-negative Matrices and Digraphs Random Graphs, A Whirlwind Tour of Synchronization Phenomena on Networks World Wide Web, Graph Structure Complexity in Computational Chemistry, Section Editor: Danail Bonchev Biochemistry, Chaotic Dynamics, Noise, and Fractal Space in Biological Complexity and Biochemical Information Biological Development and Evolution, Complexity and Self-Organization in Cellular Automata Modeling of Complex Biochemical Systems Composites, Multifunctional Computational Chemistry, Introduction to Complexity in Computer-Aided Design of the Reaction Site in Heterogeneous Catalysis DNA-templated Self-assembly of Protein Arrays and Highly Conductive Nanowires Drug Design with Artificial Intelligence Methods Drug Design with Artificial Neural Networks Drug Design with Machine Learning Drug Design, Molecular Descriptors in Information Theoretic Complexity Measures Molecular Evolution, Networks in Nanoscale Atomic Clusters, Complexity of Polymers, Nonlinearity in QSAR Modeling and QSAR Based Virtual Screening, Complexity and Challenges of Modern Quantum Similarity and Quantum Quantitative Structure-Properties Relationships (QQSPR) Self-assembled Materials Topological Complexity of Molecules Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecast, Section Editor: William H. K. Lee Brittle Tectonics: A Non-linear Dynamical System Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecast, Introduction to Crustal Deformation During the Seismic Cycle, Interpreting Geodetic Observations of Earthquake Clusters over Multi-dimensional Space, Visualization of Earthquake Damage: Detection and Early Warning in Man-Made Structures Earthquake Early Warning System in Southern Italy Earthquake Engineering, Non-linear Problems in Earthquake Forecasting and Verification Earthquake Location, Direct, Global-Search Methods Earthquake Magnitude Earthquake Monitoring and Early Warning Systems XI XII Topical Table of Contents Earthquake Networks, Complex Earthquake Nucleation Process Earthquake Occurrence and Mechanisms, Stochastic Models for Earthquake Scaling Laws Earthquake Source Parameters, Rapid Estimates for Tsunami Warning Earthquake Source: Asymmetry and Rotation Effects Earthquakes, Dynamic Triggering of Earthquakes, Electromagnetic Signals of Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, Dynamics of Solid-Liquid Systems in Geo-Complexity and Earthquake Prediction GPS: Applications in Crustal Deformation Monitoring Ground Motion: Complexity and Scaling in the Near Field of Earthquake Ruptures Infrasound from Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Volcanoes Pressure Impulses Generated by Bubbles Interacting with Ambient Perturbation Seismic Wave Propagation in Media with Complex Geometries, Simulation of Seismic Waves in Heterogeneous Earth, Scattering of Seismicity, Critical States of: From Models to Practical Seismic Hazard Estimates Space Seismicity, Statistical Physics Approaches to Slug Flow: Modeling in a Conduit and Associated Elastic Radiation Submarine Landslides and Slow Earthquakes: Monitoring Motion with GPS and Seafloor Geodesy Tomography, Seismic Tsunami Earthquakes Tsunami Forecasting and Warning Tsunami Inundation, Modeling of Tsunamis, Inverse Problem of Volcanic Eruptions, Explosive: Experimental Insights Volcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome Growth Volcanic Eruptions: Stochastic Models of Occurrence Patterns Volcanic Hazards and Early Warning Volcano Seismic Signals, Source Quantification of Volcanoes, Non-linear Processes in Wedge Mechanics: Relation With Subduction Zone Earthquakes and Tsunamis Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Section Editor: Yong Suk Joe Carbon Nanotubes, Thermo-mechanical and Transport Properties of Charge Based Solid-State Flying Qubits Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Introduction to Field Computation in Natural and Artificial Intelligence Geometric Phase and Related Phenomena in Quantum Nanosystems Multimillion Atom Simulations with Nemo3D Nanoscale Processes, Modeling Coupled and Transport Phenomena in Nanotechnology Quantum Dot Spin Transistors, Self-consistent Simulation of Quantum Dots: Fano Resonances in Aharonov–Bohm Ring Quantum Impurity Physics in Coupled Quantum Dots Quantum Phenomena in Semiconductor Nanostructures Quantum Simulations of Ballistic Nanowire Field Effect Transistors Resonances in Electronic Transport Through Quantum Wires and Rings Semiclassical Spin Transport in Spin-Orbit Coupled Systems Spin Dependent Exchange and Correlation in Two-Dimensional Electron Layers Spin Dynamics in Disordered Solids Spin-polarized Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Conductors: Computational Concepts and Physical Phenomena Topical Table of Contents Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics for Carbon and Applications to Nanostructure Formation Tunneling Through Quantum Dots with Discrete Symmetries Viral Protein Nano-Actuators, Computational Studies of Bio-nanomachines Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Section Editor: Peter Kokol Data and Dimensionality Reduction in Data Analysis and System Modeling Data-Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Introduction to Data-Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Neural Networks in Data-Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Case Based Reasoning, Nearest Neighbor and Rough Sets Decision Trees Discovery Systems Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms and Programming: General Introduction and Application to Game Playing Knowledge Discovery: Clustering Machine Learning, Ensemble Methods in Manipulating Data and Dimension Reduction Methods: Feature Selection Ecological Complexity, Section Editor: Bai-Lian Li Ecological Complexity Ecological Topology and Networks Entropy Maximization and Species Abundance Human-Environment Interactions, Complex Systems Approaches for Dynamic Sustainable Development EiC Selections, Section Editor: Robert A. Meyers Catastrophe Theory Coordination Dynamics Infinite Dimensional Controllability Philosophy of Science, Mathematical Models in Self-organizing Systems Ergodic Theory, Section Editor: Bryna Kra Chaos and Ergodic Theory Entropy in Ergodic Theory Ergodic Theorems Ergodic Theory on Homogeneous Spaces and Metric Number Theory Ergodic Theory, Introduction to Ergodic Theory: Basic Examples and Constructions Ergodic Theory: Fractal Geometry Ergodic Theory: Interactions with Combinatorics and Number Theory Ergodic Theory: Non-singular Transformations Ergodic Theory: Recurrence Ergodic Theory: Rigidity Ergodicity and Mixing Properties Isomorphism Theory in Ergodic Theory Joinings in Ergodic Theory Measure Preserving Systems Pressure and Equilibrium States in Ergodic Theory Smooth Ergodic Theory Spectral Theory of Dynamical Systems Symbolic Dynamics Topological Dynamics XIII XIV Topical Table of Contents Finance and Econometrics, Section Editor: Bruce Mizrach Bayesian Methods in Non-linear Time Series Corporate and Municipal Bond Market Microstructure in the U.S. Econometrics: Models of Regime Changes Econometrics: Nonlinear Cointegration Econometrics: Panel Data Methods Econophysics, Observational Finance and Econometrics, Introduction to Finance, Agent Based Modeling in Financial Economics, Fat-Tailed Distributions Financial Economics, Non-linear Time Series in Financial Economics, Return Predictability and Market Efficiency Financial Economics, The Cross-Section of Stock Returns and the Fama-French Three Factor Model Financial Economics, Time Variation in the Market Return Financial Forecasting, Non-linear Time Series in Financial Forecasting, Sensitive Dependence GARCH Modeling Macroeconomics, Nonlinear Time Series in Market Microstructure Market Microstructure, Foreign Exchange Microeconometrics Nonparametric Tests for Independence Stochastic Volatility Treasury Market, Microstrucuture of the U.S. Fractals and Multifractals, Section Editor: Daniel ben-Avraham and Shlomo Havlin Anomalous Diffusion on Fractal Networks Dynamics on Fractals Fractal and Multifractal Scaling of Electrical Conduction in Random Resistor Networks Fractal and Multifractal Time Series Fractal and Transfractal Scale-Free Networks Fractal Geometry, A Brief Introduction to Fractal Growth Processes Fractal Structures in Condensed Matter Physics Fractals and Economics Fractals and Multifractals, Introduction to Fractals and Percolation Fractals and Wavelets: What can we Learn on Transcription and Replication from Wavelet-Based Multifractal Analysis of DNA Sequences? Fractals in Biology Fractals in Geology and Geophysics Fractals in the Quantum Theory of Spacetime Fractals Meet Chaos Phase Transitions on Fractals and Networks Reaction Kinetics in Fractals Game Theory, Section Editor: Marilda Sotomayor Bayesian Games: Games with Incomplete Information Cooperative Games Cooperative Games (Von Neumann–Morgenstern Stable Sets) Topical Table of Contents Correlated Equilibria and Communication in Games Cost Sharing Differential Games Dynamic Games with an Application to Climate Change Models Evolutionary Game Theory Fair Division Game Theory and Strategic Complexity Game Theory, Introduction to Implementation Theory Inspection Games Learning in Games Market Games and Clubs Mechanism Design Networks and Stability Principal-Agent Models Repeated Games with Complete Information Repeated Games with Incomplete Information Reputation Effects Signaling Games Static Games Stochastic Games Two-Sided Matching Models Voting Voting Procedures, Complexity of Zero-sum Two Person Games Granular Computing, Section Editor: Tsau Y. Lin Cooperative Multi-Hierarchical Query Answering Systems Dependency and Granularity in Data Mining Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Probability Theory Fuzzy System Models Evolution from Fuzzy Rulebases to Fuzzy Functions Genetic-Fuzzy Data Mining Techniques Granular Model for Data Mining Granular Computing and Data Mining for Ordered Data: The Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach Granular Computing and Modeling of the Uncertainty in Quantum Mechanics Granular Computing System Vulnerabilities: Exploring the Dark Side of Social Networking Communities Granular Computing, Information Models for Granular Computing, Introduction to Granular Computing, Philosophical Foundation for Granular Computing, Principles and Perspectives of Granular Computing: Practices, Theories and Future Directions Granular Neural Network Granulation of Knowledge: Similarity Based Approach in Information and Decision Systems Multi-Granular Computing and Quotient Structure Non-standard Analysis, An Invitation to Rough and Rough-Fuzzy Sets in Design of Information Systems Rough Set Data Analysis Rule Induction, Missing Attribute Values and Discretization Social Networks and Granular Computing XV XVI Topical Table of Contents Intelligent Systems, Section Editor: James A. Hendler Artificial Intelligence in Modeling and Simulation Intelligent Control Intelligent Systems, Introduction to Learning and Planning (Intelligent Systems) Mobile Agents Semantic Web Non-Linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Section Editor: Ferdinand Verhulst Center Manifolds Dynamics of Hamiltonian Systems Dynamics of Parametric Excitation Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions of Initial Value Problems Hyperbolic Dynamical Systems Lyapunov–Schmidt Method for Dynamical Systems Non-linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Introduction to Numerical Bifurcation Analysis Periodic Orbits of Hamiltonian Systems Periodic Solutions of Non-autonomous Ordinary Differential Equations Relaxation Oscillations Stability Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations, Section Editor: Italo Capuzzo Dolcetta Biological Fluid Dynamics, Non-linear Partial Differential Equations Control of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations Dispersion Phenomena in Partial Differential Equations Hamilton-Jacobi Equations and weak KAM Theory Hyperbolic Conservation Laws Navier-Stokes Equations: A Mathematical Analysis Non-linear Partial Differential Equations, Introduction to Non-linear Partial Differential Equations, Viscosity Solution Method in Non-linear Stochastic Partial Differential Equations Scaling Limits of Large Systems of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations Vehicular Traffic: A Review of Continuum Mathematical Models Percolation, Section Editor: Muhammad Sahimi Bootstrap Percolation Conduction and Diffusion in Percolating Systems Continuum Percolation Correlated Percolation Elastic Percolation Networks Invasion Percolation Networks, Flexibility and Mobility in Percolation and Polymer Morphology and Rheology Percolation in Complex Networks Percolation in Porous Media Percolation Lattices, Efficient Simulation of Large Percolation Phase Transition Percolation Thresholds, Exact Percolation, and Faults and Fractures in Rock Topical Table of Contents Percolation, Introduction to Scaling Properties, Fractals, and the Renormalization Group Approach to Percolation Perturbation Theory, Section Editor: Giuseppe Gaeta Diagrammatic Methods in Classical Perturbation Theory Hamiltonian Perturbation Theory (and Transition to Chaos) Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) Theory N-body Problem and Choreographies Nekhoroshev Theory Non-linear Dynamics, Symmetry and Perturbation Theory in Normal Forms in Perturbation Theory Perturbation Analysis of Parametric Resonance Perturbation of Equilibria in the Mathematical Theory of Evolution Perturbation of Systems with Nilpotent Real Part Perturbation Theory Perturbation Theory and Molecular Dynamics Perturbation Theory for Non-smooth Systems Perturbation Theory for PDEs Perturbation Theory in Celestial Mechanics Perturbation Theory in Quantum Mechanics Perturbation Theory, Introduction to Perturbation Theory, Semiclassical Perturbative Expansions, Convergence of Quantum Bifurcations Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems, Section Editor: Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen Bayesian Statistics Branching Processes Complexity in Systems Level Biology and Genetics: Statistical Perspectives Correlations in Complex Systems Entropy Extreme Value Statistics Field Theoretic Methods Fluctuations, Importance of: Complexity in the View of Stochastic Processes Hierarchical Dynamics Levy Statistics and Anomalous Transport: Levy Flights and Subdiffusion Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems, Introduction to Probability Densities in Complex Systems, Measuring Probability Distributions in Complex Systems Random Matrix Theory Random Walks in Random Environment Record Statistics and Dynamics Stochastic Loewner Evolution: Linking Universality, Criticality and Conformal Invariance in Complex Systems Stochastic Processes Quantum Information Science, Section Editor: Joseph F. Traub Quantum Algorithms Quantum Algorithms and Complexity for Continuous Problems Quantum Computational Complexity Quantum Computing Using Optics XVII XVIII Topical Table of Contents Quantum Computing with Trapped Ions Quantum Cryptography Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerant Quantum Computing Quantum Information Processing Quantum Information Science, Introduction to Social Network Analysis, Section Editor: John Scott Network Analysis, Longitudinal Methods of Positional Analysis and Blockmodelling Social Network Analysis, Estimation and Sampling in Social Network Analysis, Graph Theoretical Approaches to Social Network Analysis, Large-Scale Social Network Analysis, Overwiew of Social Network Analysis, Two-Mode Concepts in Social Network Visualization, Methods of Social Networks, Algebraic Models for Social Networks, Diffusion Processes in Social Networks, Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models for Social Science, Physics and Mathematics Applications in, Section Editor: Andrzej Nowak Agent Based Modeling and Neoclassical Economics: A Critical Perspective Agent Based Models in Economics and Complexity Applications of Physics and Mathematics to Social Science, Introduction to Cities as Complex Systems: Scaling, Interaction, Networks, Dynamics and Urban Morphologies Consciousness and Complexity Development, Complex Dynamic Systems of Development, Evolution, and the Emergence of Novel Behavior Dynamics and Evaluation: The Warm Glow of Processing Fluency Dynamics of Language Evolution of Culture, Memetics Extreme Events in Socio-economic and Political Complex Systems, Predictability of Human Behavior, Dynamics of Intermittency and Localization Investment Decision Making in Finance, Models of Marketing: Complexity Modeling, Theory and Applications in Minority Games Moral Dynamics Opinions Dynamics and Sociophysics Physics and Mathematics Applications in Social Science Rational, Goal-Oriented Agents Social Cognitive Complexity Social Coordination, from the Perspective of Coordination Dynamics Social Organizations with Complexity Theory: A Dramatically Different Lens for the Knowledge Economy Social Processes, Physical Models of Social Processes, Simulation Models of Social Psychology, Applications of Complexity to Traffic and Crowd Dynamics: The Physics of the City Soft Computing, Section Editor: Janusz Kacprzyk Aggregation Operators and Soft Computing Evolving Fuzzy Systems Topical Table of Contents Fuzzy Logic, Type-2 and Uncertainty Fuzzy Optimization Fuzzy Sets Theory, Foundations of Hybrid Soft Computing Models for Systems Modeling and Control Neuro-fuzzy Systems Possibility Theory Rough Sets in Decision Making Rough Sets: Foundations and Perspectives Soft Computing, Introduction to Statistics with Imprecise Data Solitons, Section Editor: Mohamed A. Helal Adomian Decomposition Method Applied to Non-linear Evolution Equations in Soliton Theory Inverse Scattering Transform and the Theory of Solitons Korteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV), Different Analytical Methods for Solving the Korteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV) and Modified Korteweg–de Vries Equations (mKdV), Semi-analytical Methods for Solving the Korteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV), Some Numerical Methods for Solving the Korteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV) History, Exact N-Soliton Solutions and Further Properties Non-linear Internal Waves Partial Differential Equations that Lead to Solitons Shallow Water Waves and Solitary Waves Soliton Perturbation Solitons and Compactons Solitons Interactions Solitons, Introduction to Solitons, Tsunamis and Oceanographical Applications of Solitons: Historical and Physical Introduction Water Waves and the Korteweg–de Vries Equation Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Section Editor: M. Cristina Marchetti Anisotropic Networks, Elastomers and Gels Cell Biology: Networks, Regulation and Pathways Chaotic Dynamics in Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics Collective Transport and Depinning Complex Systems and Emergent Phenomena Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility Disordered Elastic Media Econophysics, Statistical Mechanics Approach to Fluctuation Theorems, Brownian Motors and Thermodynamics of Small Systems Glasses and Aging, A Statistical Mechanics Perspective on Granular Flows Jamming of Granular Matter Jerky Motion in Slowly Driven Magnetic and Earthquake Fault Systems, Physics of Microfluidics Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics Networks: Structure and Dynamics Neuronal Dynamics Noise and Stability in Modelocked Soliton Lasers Non-linear Fluid Flow, Pattern Formation, Mixing and Turbulence Optimization Problems and Algorithms from Computer Science XIX XX Topical Table of Contents Polymer Physics Protein Mechanics at the Single-Molecule Level Quantum Chaos Statistical and Non-linear Physics, Introduction to Ultracold Atomic Gases: Novel States of Matter Synergetics, Section Editor: Hermann Haken Brain Pacemaker Fluid Dynamics, Pattern Formation Fluid Dynamics, Turbulence Intentionality: A Naturalization Proposal on the Basis of Complex Dynamical Systems Linear and Non-linear Fokker–Planck Equations Movement Coordination Patterns and Interfaces in Dissipative Dynamics Self-Organization and Clinical Psychology Self-Organization and the City Synergetics, Introduction to Synergetics: Basic Concepts System Dynamics, Section Editor: Brian Dangerfield Business Policy and Strategy, System Dynamics Applications to Delay and Disruption in Complex Projects Diffusion of Innovations, System Dynamics Analysis of the Dynamics of Income Distribution in a Market Economy: Possibilities for Poverty Allevation Group Model Building Health Care in the United Kingdom and Europe, System Dynamics Applications to Health Care in the United States, System Dynamics Applications to Public Policy, System Dynamics Applications to Scenario-Driven Planning with System Dynamics System Dynamics and Its Contribution to Economics and Economic Modeling System Dynamics and Organizational Learning System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach System Dynamics Modeling: Validation for Quality Assurance System Dynamics Models of Environment, Energy and Climate Change System Dynamics Models, Optimization of System Dynamics Philosophical Background and Underpinnings System Dynamics, Analytical Methods for Structural Dominance Analysis in System Dynamics, Introduction to System Dynamics, The Basic Elements of Systems and Control Theory, Section Editor: Matthias Kawski Chronological Calculus in Systems and Control Theory Discrete Control Systems Finite Dimensional Controllability Hybrid Control Systems Learning, System Identification, and Complexity Maximum Principle in Optimal Control Mechanical Systems: Symmetries and Reduction Nonsmooth Analysis in Systems and Control Theory Observability (Deterministic Systems) and Realization Theory Topical Table of Contents Robotic Networks, Distributed Algorithms for Stability and Feedback Stabilization Stochastic Noises, Observation, Identification and Realization with System Regulation and Design, Geometric and Algebraic Methods in Systems and Control, Introduction to Systems Biology, Section Editor: Timothy P. Galitski Biological Data Integration and Model Building Biological Models of Molecular Network Dynamics Biomolecular Network Structure and Function Boolean Modeling of Biological Networks Ecological Systems Functional Genomics for Characterization of Genome Sequences Genome Organization Metabolic Systems Biology Stochastic Models of Biological Processes Systems Biology of Human Immunity and Disease Systems Biology, Introduction to Systems Genetics and Complex Traits Traffic Management, Complex Dynamics of, Section Editor: Boris Kerner Air Traffic Control, Complex Dynamics of Complex Dynamics of Traffic Management, Introduction to Evacuation as a Communication and Social Phenomenon Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and Applications Freeway Traffic Management and Control Pedestrian, Crowd and Evacuation Dynamics Traffic Breakdown, Probabilistic Theory of Traffic Congestion, Modeling Approaches to Traffic Congestion, Spatiotemporal Features of Traffic Networks, Optimization and Control of Urban Traffic Networks: Dynamic Traffic Routing, Assignment, and Assessment Traffic Prediction of Congested Patterns Travel Behaviour and Demand Analysis and Prediction Unconventional Computing, Section Editor: Andrew Adamatzky Amorphous Computing Analog Computation Artificial Chemistry Bacterial Computing Cellular Computing Computing in Geometrical Constrained Excitable Chemical Systems Computing with Solitons DNA Computing Evolution in Materio Immunecomputing Mechanical Computing: The Computational Complexity of Physical Devices Membrane Computing Molecular Automata Nanocomputers XXI XXII Topical Table of Contents Optical Computing Quantum Computing Reaction-Diffusion Computing Reversible Computing Thermodynamics of Computation Unconventional Computing, Introduction to Unconventional Computing, Novel Hardware for Wavelets, Section Editor: Edward Aboufadel Bivariate (Two-dimensional) Wavelets Comparison of Discrete and Continuous Wavelet Transforms Curvelets and Ridgelets Multivariate Splines and Their Applictions Multiwavelets Numerical Issues When Using Wavelets Popular Wavelet Families and Filters and Their Use Statistical Applications of Wavelets Wavelets and PDE Techniques in Image Processing, A Quick Tour of Wavelets and the Lifting Scheme Wavelets, Introduction to About the Editor-in-Chief Robert A. Meyers President: RAMTECH Limited Manager, Chemical Process Technology, TRW Inc. Post-doctoral Fellow: California Institute of Technology Ph. D. Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles B. A., Chemistry, California State University, San Diego Biography Dr. Meyers has worked with more than 25 Nobel laureates during his career. Research Dr. Meyers was Manager of Chemical Technology at TRW (now Northrop Grumman) in Redondo Beach, CA and is now President of RAMTECH Limited. He is co-inventor of the Gravimelt process for desulfurization and demineralization of coal for air pollution and water pollution control. Dr. Meyers is the inventor of and was project manager for the DOE-sponsored Magnetohydrodynamics Seed Regeneration Project which has resulted in the construction and successful operation of a pilot plant for production of potassium formate, a chemical utilized for plasma electricity generation and air pollution control. Dr. Meyers managed the pilot-scale DoE project for determining the hydrodynamics of synthetic fuels. He is a co-inventor of several thermo-oxidative stable polymers which have achieved commercial success as the GE PEI, Upjohn Polyimides and Rhone-Polenc bismaleimide resins. He has also managed projects for photochemistry, chemical lasers, flue gas scrubbing, oil shale analysis and refining, petroleum analysis and refining, global change measurement from space satellites, analysis and mitigation (carbon dioxide and ozone), hydrometallurgical refining, soil and hazardous waste remediation, novel polymers synthesis, modeling of the economics of space transportation systems, space rigidizable structures and chemiluminescence-based devices. He is a senior member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, member of the American Physical Society, member of the American Chemical Society and serves on the UCLA Chemistry Department Advisory Board. He was a member of the joint USA-Russia working group on air pollution control and the EPA-sponsored Waste Reduction Institute for Scientists and Engineers. XXIV About the Editor-in-Chief Dr. Meyers has more than 20 patents and 50 technical papers. He has published in primary literature journals including Science and the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and is listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World. Dr. Meyers' scientific achievements have been reviewed in feature articles in the popular press in publications such as The New York Times Science Supplement and The Wall Street Journal as well as more specialized publications such as Chemical Engineering and Coal Age. A public service film was produced by the Environmental Protection Agency of Dr. Meyers' chemical desulfurization invention for air pollution control. Scientific Books Dr. Meyers is the author or Editor-in-Chief of 12 technical books one of which won the Association of American Publishers Award as the best book in technology and engineering. Encyclopedias Dr. Meyers conceived and has served as Editor-in-Chief of the Academic Press (now Elsevier) Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology. This is an 18-volume publication of 780 twenty-page articles written to an audience of university students and practicing professionals. This encyclopedia, first published in 1987, was very successful, and because of this, was revised and reissued in 1992 as a second edition. The Third Edition was published in 2001 and is now online. Dr. Meyers has completed two editions of the Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine for Wiley VCH publishers (1995 and 2004). These cover molecular and cellular level genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology, diseases and structure determination as well as cell biology. His eight-volume Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation was published in 1998 by John Wiley & Sons and his 15-volume Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry was published in 2000, also by John Wiley & Sons, all of which are available on-line. Editorial Board Members PROFESSOR MANFRED E IGEN * of the MPI for Biophysical Chemistry 1967 Nobel Prize in chemistry Current interests include: molecular self-organization and evolutionary biotechnology. * Informal Advisor PAUL C. LAUTERBUR† (1929–2007) 2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for magnetic resonance imaging Current interests include: molecular imprints, origin of life, and complexity versus determinism. LEROY HOOD Institute for Systems Biology 1987 Lasker Award 2002 Kyoto Prize and 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize Current interests include: systems approaches to biology and medicine. PIERRE-LOUIS LIONS 1994 Fields Medal Current interests include: nonlinear partial differential equations and applications XXVI Editorial Board Members PROFESSOR BENOIT B. MANDELBROT Sterling Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Sciences at Yale University 1993 Wolf Prize for Physics and the 2003 Japan Prize for Science and Technology Current interests include: seeking a measure of order in physical, mathematical or social phenomena that are characterized by abundant data but wild variability. MARIO J. MOLINA 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for atmospheric chemistry, particularly the formation and decomposition of ozone Current interests include: atmospheric chemical processes, and science-policy issues related to urban and regional air pollution and to global change. THOMAS C. SCHELLING Distinguished University Professor, University of Maryland, Emeritus 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics for understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis Current interests include: applications of complexity in economics and political science. RICHARD E. STEARNS 1993 Turing Award for foundations of computational complexity Current interests include: computational complexity, automata theory, analysis of algorithms, and game theory. STEPHEN W OLFRAM Founder and CEO, Wolfram Research Creator, Mathematica® Author, A New Kind of Science LOTFI A. Z ADEH Professor in the Graduate School, Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley Editorial Board Members AHMED Z EWAIL 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering developments in the field of femtoscience Current interests include: physical biology and complexity JERROLD E. MARSDEN Professor of Control & Dynamical Systems California Institute of Technology JOSEPH P. S. KUNG Professor Department of Mathematics University of North Texas JOHN SCOTT Professor Department of Sociology University of Essex W ILLIAM H. K. LEE Scientist Emeritus US Geological Survey Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA STEVE N. SHORE Professor of Astrophysics University of Pisa and Indiana University XXVII Section Editors Agent Based Modeling and Simulation Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of FILIPPO CASTIGLIONE Research Scientist Institute for Computing Applications (IAC) "M. Picone" National Research Council (CNR), Italy ANDREW ADAMATZKY Professor Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Science University of the West of England Autonomous Robotics, Complexity and Nonlinearity in W ARREN DIXON Professor Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Florida Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics STEVE N. SHORE Professor of Astrophysics University of Pisa and Indiana University XXX Section Editors Climate Modeling, Global Warming and Weather Prediction HARTMUT GRASSL Professor emeritus, Hamburg University Former Director of the Max Planck Institute of Meteorology, Hamburg Former Director World Climate Research Program 19941999 Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Volcanoes and Forecast W ILLIAM H. K. LEE Scientist Emeritus, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Complex Networks and Graph Theory GEOFFREY CANRIGHT Senior Research Scientist Telenor Research and Innovation Fornebu, Norway YONG SUK J OE Professor and Director of Center for Computational Nanoscience Department of Physics and Astronomy Ball State University Complexity in Computational Chemistry Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery DANAIL BONCHEV Professor of Mathematics Senior Fellow and Director of Research, Networks and Pathways Center for the Study of Biological Complexity Virginia Commonwealth University PETER KOKOL Professor Department of Computer Science University of Maribor, Slovenia Section Editors Ecological Complexity Fractals and Multifractals BAI -LIAN (LARRY) LI Professor of Ecology University of California, Riverside SHLOMO HAVLIN Professor Department of Physics Bar Ilan University Ergodic Theory BRYNA KRA Professor Department of Mathematics Northwestern University and DANIEL BEN-AVRAHAM Professor Department of Physics Clarkson University Game Theory Finance and Econometrics BRUCE MIZRACH Professor Department of Economics Rutgers University MARILDA SOTOMAYOR Professor Department of Economics University of São Paulo, Brazil Department of Economics Brown University, Providence XXXI XXXII Section Editors Granular Computing Non-linear Partial Differential Equations TSAU Y. LIN Professor Computer Science Department San Jose State University ITALO CAPUZZO DOLCETTA Professor Dipartimento di Matematica "Guido Castelnuovo" Università Roma La Sapienza Intelligent Systems Percolation JAMES A. HENDLER Senior Constellation Professor of the Tetherless World Research Constellation Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute MUHAMMAD SAHIMI Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Non-linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems Perturbation Theory FERDINAND VERHULST Professor Mathematisch Institut University of Utrecht GIUSEPPE GAETA Professor in Mathematical Physics Dipartimento di Matematica Università di Milano, Italy Section Editors Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems Social Science, Physics and Mathematics Applications in HENRIK JELDTOFT JENSEN Professor of Mathematical Physics Department of Mathematics and Institute for Mathematical Sciences Imperial College London ANDRZEJ NOWAK Director of the Center for Complex Systems University of Warsaw Assistant Professor, Psychology Department Florida Atlantic University Quantum Information Science Soft Computing JOSEPH F. TRAUB Edwin Howard Armstrong Professor of Computer Science Computer Science Department Columbia University JANUSZ KACPRZYK Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs, Professor Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Social Network Analysis JOHN SCOTT Professor of Sociology School of Social Science and Law University of Plymouth Solitons MOHAMED A. HELAL Professor Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science University of Cairo XXXIII XXXIV Section Editors Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Systems and Control Theory M. CRISTINA MARCHETTI William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Physics Physics Department Syracuse University MATTHIAS KAWSKI Professor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics Arizona State University Synergetics Systems Biology HERMANN HAKEN Professor Center for Synergetics Universität Stuttgart TIMOTHY P. GALITSKI Associate Professor Institute for Systems Biology Seattle, Washington System Dynamics Traffic Management, Complex Dynamics of BRIAN DANGERFIELD Professor of Systems Modelling & Executive Editor System Dynamics Review Centre for OR & Applied Statistics Salford Business School Faculty of Business, Law & the Built Environment University of Salford BORIS KERNER Head of "Traffic" DaimlerChrysler AG Section Editors Unconventional Computing Wavelets ANDREW ADAMATZKY Professor Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Science University of the West of England EDWARD ABOUFADEL Professor of Mathematics Grand Valley State University XXXV Contributors ABELSON, HAL Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA ABE, SUMIYOSHI Mie University Tsu Japan Institut Supérieur des Matériaux et Mécaniques Le Mans France ABOU-DINA , MOUSTAFA S. Cairo University Giza Egypt ABOUFADEL, EDWARD Grand Valley State University Allendale USA ABRAMSKY, SAMSON Oxford University Computing Laboratory Oxford UK ACHÚCARRO, ANA University of Leiden Leiden The Netherlands University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU Leioa Spain ACKERMANN, FRAN University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK ADAMATZKY, ANDREW University of the West of England Bristol UK ADAMI, CHRISTOPH State University of New York Claremont USA ADAMIC, LADA A. University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA ADEOYE, MOSOBALAJE O. Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Nigeria ADLER, PIERRE M. UPMC-Sisyphe Paris France AHMED, SHAIKH Purdue University West Lafayette USA Southern Illinois University Carbondale USA AKIN, E THAN The City College New York City USA AKTOSUN, T UNCAY University of Texas at Arlington Arlington USA ALABAU-BOUSSOUIRA , FATIHA Université de Metz Metz France XXXVIII Contributors ALAVA , MIKKO J. Espoo University of Technology Espoo Finland ANGELOV, PLAMEN Lancaster University Lancaster UK ALBANO, EZEQUIEL V. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) CCT La Plata La Plata Argentina AON, MIGUEL ANTONIO The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA ALONSO-SANZ, RAMÓN Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain ALOUGES, FRANÇOIS Université Paris-Sud Orsay cedex France AMOS, MARTYN Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK ANDERSEN, DAVID F. University at Albany Albany USA ANDERSEN, JØRGEN VITTING Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Valbonne France ANDERSEN, TORBEN G. Northwestern University Evanston USA NBER Cambridge USA CREATES Aarhus Denmark ANDREWS, STEVEN S. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley USA ÁNGELES GIL, MARÍA University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain ARAÚJO, VITOR CMUP Porto Portugal IM-UFRJ Rio de Janeiro Brazil ARKIN, ADAM P. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley USA University of California Berkeley USA ARNEODO, ALAIN ENS-Lyon CNRS Lyon Cedex France ASAI, T ETSUYA Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan AUDIT , BENJAMIN ENS-Lyon CNRS Lyon Cedex France AVENHAUS, RUDOLF Armed Forces University Munich Neubiberg Germany AVISHAI , YSHAI Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva IsraelRTRA-Triangle de la Physique, LPS (Orsay) and CEA-SPHT (Saclay) Gif sur Yvette France Contributors BAE, HANSANG Purdue University West Lafayette USA BATTY, MICHAEL University College London London UK BAGNOLI , FRANCO University of Florence Florence Italy BAYS, CARTER University of South Carolina Columbia USA BALABAN, ALEXANDRU T. Texas A&M University Galveston USA BAZZANI , ARMANDO Physics Department and INFN Sezione di Bologna Bologna Italy BALBERG, ISAAC The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel BEAL, JACOB Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA BAMBUSI , DARIO Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italia BEAUBOUEF, T HERESA Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond USA BANDINI , STEFANIA University of Milan-Bicocca Milan Italy BEBBINGTON, MARK S. Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand BANZHAF, W OLFGANG Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's Canada BEER, MICHAEL National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Singapore BARMIN, ALEXEI A. Moscow State University Moscow Russia BEHN, MARK Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole USA BARRY, ROGER G. University of Colorado Boulder USA BEHRINGER, BOB Duke University Durham USA BASCOMPTE, JORDI Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Seville Spain BELLEMANS , T. Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium BATAGELJ, VLADIMIR University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia BEN -AVRAHAM, DANIEL Clarkson University Potsdam USA XXXIX XL Contributors BENEDETTO, D. Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza' Roma Italy BENI , GERARDO University of California Riverside Riverside USA BEN-Z ION, YEHUDA University of Southern California Los Angeles USA BENZONI , LUCA Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Chicago USA BERGER, MITCHELL A. University of Exeter Devon UK UCL London UK BERGSTRÖM, LENNART Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden BERKHIN, PAVEL eBay Inc. San Jose USA BERMAN, ABRAHAM Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel BERTHIER, LUDOVIC Université Montpellier II and CNRS Montpellier France BERTONI, ANDREA CNR-INFM National Research Center on NanoStructures and BioSystems at Surfaces (S3) Modena Italy BESTEHORN, MICHAEL Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany BIALEK, W ILLIAM Princeton University Princeton USA BINDER, KURT Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Germany BIROLI, GIULIO IPhT, CNRS, MPPU, URA2306, Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France BJELLAND, J OHANNES Telenor R&I Fornebu Norway BJORKLUND, DAVID F. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA BOCCARA , NINO University of Illinois Chicago USA CE Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France BODIN, ÖRJAN Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden BON ČA, JANEZ Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia BONCHEV, DANAIL G. Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond USA Contributors BORGATTI , STEPHEN P. University of Kentucky Lexington USA BROOKS , BENJAMIN A. University of Hawaii Honolulu USA BORMANN, PETER GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Potsdam Germany BROWNE , W ILL The University of Reading Reading UK BOYKIN, TIMOTHY B. The University of Alabama Huntsville USA BRUNEL, N ICOLAS Université Paris Descartes Paris France CNRS Paris France BRACCI , LUCIANO Università di Pisa Pisa Italy Sezione di Pisa Pisa Italy BULDYREV, SERGEY V. Yeshiva University New York USA BRAMEIER, MARKUS University of Aarhus Århus Denmark BULLO, FRANCESCO University of California Santa Barbara USA BRAMS, STEVEN J. New York University New York USA BUNDE, ARMIN Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen Germany BRANDENBURG, AXEL AlbaNova University Center Stockholm Sweden BUZZI , JÉRÔME C.N.R.S. and Université Paris-Sud Orsay France BREIER, GEORG Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany BYRNE, R AYMOND H. Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque USA BRESSAN, ALBERTO Penn State University University Park USA CAMPS, O CTAVIA Northeastern University Boston USA BRODIE OF BRODIE , EDWARD-BENEDICT ENS-Lyon CNRS Lyon Cedex France CANNARSA , PIERMARCO Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" Rome Italy BROER, HENK W. University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands CANRIGHT, GEOFFREY Telenor R&I Fornebu Norway XLI XLII Contributors CANTY, MORTON J. Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany CAVERLEE, JAMES Texas A&M University College Station USA CARBÓ-DORCA , RAMON Universitat de Girona Girona Spain CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN, TULLIO Università del Sannio Benevento Italy CARBONE, VINCENZO Università della Calabria Arcavacata di Rende Italy CELLETTI, ALESSANDRA Università di Roma Tor Vergata Roma Italy CARRIÓN-VÁZQUEZ, MARIANO CSIC & CIBERNED (Network on Degenerative Deseases) Madrid Spain CARTER, GREGORY W. Institute for Systems Biology Seattle USA CASATI , GIULIO Universita dell'Insubria Como Italy CASTELLANO, CLAUDIO "Sapienza" Università di Roma Roma Italy CENEK, MARTIN Portland State University Portland USA CERCONE, NICK York University Toronto Canada CERVELLE, JULIEN Université Paris-Est Marne la Vallée France CHAISSON, ERIC J. Tufts University Massachusetts USA CASTIGLIONE , FILIPPO Institute for Computing Applications (IAC) – National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy CHAKRABORTY, BULBUL Brandeis University Waltham USA CASTILLO, OSCAR Tijuana Institute of Technology Tijuana Mexico CHAMPNEYS, ALAN University of Bristol Bristol UK CASTRO N ETO, ANTONIO H. Boston University Boston USA CHANG, K OW-LUNG National Taiwan University Taipeh Taiwan CAULFIELD, H. JOHN Fisk University Nashville USA CHANG, T OM Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA Contributors CHAN, TONY F. University of California Los Angeles USA CHOPARD, BASTIEN University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland CHATTERJEE, KALYAN The Pennsylvania State University University Park USA CHOUET, BERNARD US Geological Survey Menlo Park USA CHAZOTTES, JEAN -RENÉ CNRS/École Polytechnique Palaiseau France CHECHKIN, ALEKSEI V. Institute for Theoretical Physics NSC KIPT Kharkov Ukraine CHEN, CHUN-HAO National Cheng–Kung University Tainan Taiwan CHEN, GUANRONG City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China CHEN, Z HENGXIN University of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha USA CHICONE, CARMEN University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia USA CHIELENS, KLAAS Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium CHIERCHIA , LUIGI Università "Roma Tre" Roma Italy CHIRIKJIAN, GREGORY S. Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA CHUNG, F AN University of California San Diego USA CIEPLAK, MAREK Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland CLARKE , FRANCIS Institut universitaire de France et Université de Lyon Lyon France CLARK, STEVE Purdue University West Lafayette USA COHEN , REUVEN Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan Israel CONIGLIO, ANTONIO Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo Naples Italy CONTE , ROSARIA CNR Rome Italy CONTOPOULOS , GEORGE Research Center for Astronomy Athens Greece CONVERTITO, VINCENZO Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy XLIII XLIV Contributors COORNAERT, MICHEL Université Louis Pasteur et CNRS Strasbourg France CORCHÓN, LUIS C. Universidad Carlos III Madrid Spain CORTASSA , SONIA The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA CORTÉS, JORGE University of California San Diego USA COSTA, ANTONIO University of Bristol Bristol UK Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Naples Italy CPAŁKA , KRZYSZTOF Cz˛estochowa University of Technology Cz˛estochowa Poland Academy of Humanities and Economics Lodz Poland CRANE III, CARL D. University of Florida Gainesville USA CREUTZ, MICHAEL Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton USA CRILLY, TONY Middlesex University London UK CULCER, DIMITRIE Argonne National Laboratory Argonne USA Northern Illinois University De Kalb USA CURTIS, ANDREW The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK DAHMEN, KARIN A. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana USA D'ANCONA , PIERO Unversità di Roma "La Sapienza" Roma Italy DANGERFIELD, BRIAN University of Salford Salford UK DANILENKO, ALEXANDRE I. Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences Kharkov Ukraine DA PRATO, GIUSEPPE Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa Italy DARDZINSKA, AGNIESZKA Białystok Technical University Białystok Poland D 'AUBENTON -CARAFA , YVES CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France D'AURIA , LUCA Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Naples Italy Contributors DAVIDSSON, PAUL Blekinge Institute of Technology Ronneby Sweden DERKS, GIANNE University of Surrey Guildford UK DAWSON, KENNETH A. University College Dublin Dublin Ireland DE SCHUTTER, B. TU Delft Delft The Netherlands DEBNATH, LOKENATH University of Texas – Pan American Edinburg USA DE SILVA , CLARENCE W. University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada DE GREGORIO, PAOLO Cornell University Ithaca USA DESIMONE, ANTONIO SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies Trieste Italy DE LA R UE , T HIERRY CNRS – Université de Rouen Saint Étienne du Rouvray France DEUTSCH, ANDREAS Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany D'E MILIO, E MILIO Università di Pisa Pisa Italy DEUTSCHBAUER, ADAM M. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley USA DEL J UNCO, ANDRÉS University of Toronto Toronto Canada DHARMA-WARDANA , M.W. CHANDRE National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Canada DEMURJIAN, STEVEN A. The University of Connecticut Storrs USA DHILLON, INDERJIT S. University of Texas Austin USA DENNUNZIO, ALBERTO Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Milan Italy DIKS, CEES University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands DE N OOY , W OUTER University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands DING, BAOQUAN Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley USA DERCOLE, FABIO Politecnico di Milano Milano Italy DINH, TUAN Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley USA XLV XLVI Contributors DITTRICH, PETER Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany DUDLEY, AIMÉE M. Institute for Systems Biology Seattle USA DIXON, W ARREN E. University of Florida Gainesville USA DUFTY, JAMES W. University of Florida Gainesville USA DOLCETTA , ITALO CAPUZZO Sapienza Universita' di Roma Rome Italy DUNNE, JENNIFER A. Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe USA Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab Berkeley USA DOMOTOR, Z OLTAN University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA DOREIAN, PATRICK University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA DORFMAN, J. ROBERT University of Maryland College Park USA DURAND-LOSE , JÉRÔME Université d'Orléans Orléans France DUTTA, PRAJIT K. Columbia University New York USA DUXBURY, PHILLIP M. Michigan State University East Lansing USA DOROGOVTSEV, SERGEY N. Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute St. Petersburg Russia DŽEROSKI , SAŠO Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia DRAPER, DAVID University of California Santa Cruz USA DZHEPAROV, FRIDRIKH S. Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Moscow Russia DRENNER, ANDREW University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA DZWINEL, W ITOLD AGH University of Sci. and Technol. Kraków Poland DUBEY, ATUL Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Piscataway USA EDDY , JAMES A. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign USA DUBOIS, DIDIER Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France EDELMAN, GERALD M. The Neurosciences Institute San Diego USA Contributors EDEN, COLIN University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK ELIA , LUCA Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy ENGØ-MONSEN, KENTH Telenor R&I Fornebu Norway ERGÜN, GÜLER University of Bath Bath UK ESCANCIANO, JUAN -CARLOS Indiana University Bloomington USA ESCRIBANO, ALVARO Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Madrid Spain FADILI , JALAL Ecole Nationale Supèrieure d'Ingènieurs de Caen Caen Cedex France FALOUTSOS, MICHALIS University of California Riverside USA FOGEDBY, HANS C. University of Aarhus Aarhus Denmark Niels Bohr Institute Copenhagen Denmark FORD, ANDREW Washington State University, Pullman Washington USA FORGACS, GABOR University of Missouri Columbia USA FORGES, FRANÇOISE Université Paris-Dauphine Paris France FORMENTI , ENRICO Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Sophia Antipolis France FORTUNATO, SANTO ISI Foundation Torino Italy FOSTER, JAMES H. University of Hawaii Honolulu USA FRANK, OVE Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden FEDDEMA, JOHN T. Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque USA FRANK, TILL D. University of Connecticut Storrs USA F EIL-SEIFER, DAVID University of Southern California Los Angeles USA FRANTZIKINAKIS , N IKOS University of Memphis Memphis USA FIERRO, ANNALISA Università di Napoli "Federico II" Naples Italy FREEMAN, LINTON C. University of California Irvine USA XLVII XLVIII Contributors FRENKEL, ANATOLY I. Yeshiva University New York USA GARCES, MILTON HIGP, SOEST, University of Hawaii, Manoa Kailua–Kona USA F RIEDRICH, RUDOLF University of Münster Münster Germany GARDINER, AMY K. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA FUCHS, ARMIN Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA GARTNER, NATHAN H. University of Massachusetts Lowell USA GABRIELOV, ANDREI Purdue University West Lafayette USA GASPARINI, PAOLO Università di Napoli "Federico II" (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy GAETA , GIUSEPPE Università di Milano Milan Italy GAUTHIER, JEAN -PAUL ANDRÉ University of Toulon Toulon France GALDI , GIOVANNI P. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA GENTILE, GUIDO Università di Roma Tre Roma Italy GALLAVOTTI , GIOVANNI Università di Roma I "La Sapienza" Roma Italy GEORGANTZAS, NICHOLAS C. Fordham University Business Schools New York USA GALLEGATI , MAURO Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy GHOSAL, SANDIP Northwestern University Evanston USA GALLEGOS, ANA Universitat de Girona Girona Spain GIAMARCHI, THIERRY University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland GALLOS, LAZAROS K. City College of New York New York USA GIORGINI , BRUNO Physics Department and INFN Sezione di Bologna Bologna Italy GANS, N ICHOLAS University of Florida Gainesville USA GLASS, OLIVIER Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France Contributors GLUSMAN, GUSTAVO Institute for Systems Biology Seattle USA GOEBEL, RAFAL Loyola University Chicago USA GOLDENBERG, JACOB Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel GONZÁLEZ-RIVERA , GLORIA University of California Riverside USA GORECKA , JOANNA NATALIA Polish Academy of Science Warsaw Poland GORECKI , JERZY Polish Academy of Science Warsaw Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University Warsaw Poland GOSSNER, OLIVIER Northwestern University Paris France GOUDIE, DOUGLAS James Cook University Townsville Australia GOULIAS, KONSTADINOS G. University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara USA GRASSL, HARTMUT Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany GRASSL, MARKUS Austrian Academy of Sciences Innsbruck Austria GRAVNER, JANKO University of California Davis USA GRECO, SALVATORE University of Catania Catania Italy GREEN , KEITH E. Clemson University Clemson USA GROESSER, STEFAN University of St. Gallen St. Gallen Switzerland GRZYMALA-BUSSE, JERZY W. University of Kansas Lawrence USA Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland HAAS , MARKUS University of Munich Munich Germany GRAMCHEV, T ODOR Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy HADJIDEMETRIOU, JOHN D. University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece GRASMAN, JOHAN Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen The Netherlands HAFNER, CHRISTIAN M. Université catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium XLIX L Contributors HAINZL, SEBASTIAN GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany HATZIKIROU, HARALAMBOS Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany HAKEN, HERMANN Universität Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany HAUPTMAN , AMI Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva Israel HAKIM, VINCENT CNRS Paris France HAUPTMANN, CHRISTIAN Research Center Jülich Jülich Germany HALEY, BENJAMIN Purdue University West Lafayette USA HAVLIN, SHLOMO Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan Israel HALL, W ENDY University of Southampton Southampton UK HEDIN, E RIC R. Ball State University Muncie USA HAN, BIN University of Alberta Edmonton Canada HEGSELMANN, RAINER Bayreuth University Bayreuth Germany HÄNGGI , PETER University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany HEGYI , A. TU Delft Delft The Netherlands HAN, JIANCHAO California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson USA HE , JIANGHENG Geological Survey of Canada Sidney Canada HANSON, JAMES E. IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights USA HE , JI -HUAN Donghua University Shanghai China HANSSMANN, HEINZ Universiteit Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands HE , YIHUA University of California Riverside USA HARDING, SIMON Memorial University St. John's Canada HELAL , MOHAMED A. Cairo University Giza Egypt Contributors HELBING, DIRK ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Collegium Budapest Budapest Hungary HENDLER, JAMES Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy USA HEREMAN, W ILLY Colorado School of Mines Golden USA HEYLIGHEN, FRANCIS Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium HILL, DAVID P. Volcano Hazards Program Menlo Park USA HIRANO, SHOJI Shimane University, School of Medicine Enya-cho Izumo City, Shimane Japan HIRSCH, GARY Independent Consultant Wayland USA HIRSHORN, BARRY NOAA/NWS/Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Ewa Beach USA HOFFMAN, CHRISTOPHER University of Washington Seattle USA HOLSCHNEIDER, MATTHIAS University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany HOLTSLAG, ALBERT A. M. Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands HOMER, JACK Independent Consultant Voorhees USA HONG, TZUNG-PEI National University of Kaohsiung Kaohsiung Taiwan HOWICK, SUSAN University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK HRYNIEWICZ, OLGIERD Systems Research Institute Warsaw Poland HUANG, SUI Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary Canada HUBER, D AVID E. University of California San Diego USA HUDRY, O LIVIER École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications Paris France HO, KAI -MING Iowa State University Ames USA HUGHES , BARRY D. University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia HOLLIDAY, JAMES R. University of California Davis USA HU, GUOQIANG University of Florida Gainesville USA LI LII Contributors HUVET, MAXIME CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France HU, YAN University of Victoria Victoria Canada JACOB, D ANIELA Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany J AMES, MICHAEL R. Lancaster University Lancaster UK IANNACCONE, GIOVANNI Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy J AMSHIDI, N EEMA University of California San Diego, La Jolla USA ICHIHARA , MIE University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan J ANEŽI Č, DUŠANKA National Institute of Chemistry Ljubljana Slovenia IERVOLINO, IUNIO Università di Napoli "Federico II" Napoli Italy J ANSSEN, MICHAEL University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA IGEL, HEINER Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Germany J ARRAH, ABDUL S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Virginia USA IIO, YOSHIHISA Kyoto University Kyoto Japan JENSEN, ARNE Aalborg University Aalborg East Denmark ILACHINSKI , ANDREW Center for Naval Analyses Alexandria USA J ENSEN, HENRIK J ELDTOFT Imperial College London London UK INC, MUSTAFA Fırat University Elazığ Turkey J OE, YONG S. Ball State University Muncie USA ISIDORI , ALBERTO University of Rome La Sapienza Italy J OHANSSON, ANDERS ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland IVANCIUC, O VIDIU University of Texas, Medical Branch Galveston USA J OHN, ROBERT I. De Montfort University Leicester UK Contributors JOHNSON, DUANE D. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana USA KARI , JARKKO University of Turku Turku Finland JORGENSEN, PALLE E. T. The University of Iowa Iowa City USA KARLSSON, ANETTE M. University of Delaware Newark USA JURDJEVIC, VELIMIR University of Toronto Toronto Canada KACPRZYK, JANUSZ Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland KADLEC, BEN University of Colorado Boulder USA KAMIGAICHI , OSAMU Japan Meteorological Agency Tokyo Japan KAMOGAWA , MASASHI Tokyo Gakugei University Koganei-shi Japan KAMPMANN, CHRISTIAN ERIK Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen Denmark KAMSTRA , MARK J. York University Toronto Canada KÄSER, MARTIN Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Germany KAUFFMAN, STUART A. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary Canada KAWAMURA , KAZUHIKO Vanderbilt University Nashville USA KAWSKI, MATTHIAS Department of Mathematics, Arizona State University Tempe USA KAYA, DO ĞAN Firat University Elazig Turkey KEILIS-BOROK, VLADIMIR University of California Los Angeles USA Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia KEINERT, F RITZ Iowa State University Ames USA KANAMORI , H. Caltech Pasadena USA KELLER, GERHARD Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany KANTELHARDT, J AN W. Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany KELSO, JAMES A. S. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA LIII LIV Contributors KENDON, VIV University of Leeds Leeds UK KENNEL, RICK Purdue University West Lafayette USA KERNER, BORIS S. Daimler AG Sindelfingen Germany KHARCHE, NEERAV Purdue University West Lafayette USA KIER, LEMONT B. Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond USA KIKOIN, KONSTANTIN Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv Israel KING, JONATHAN L. F. University of Florida Gainesville USA KING, PETER Imperial College London London UK KLAFTER, JOSEPH Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany KLEINBOCK, DMITRY Brandeis University Waltham USA KLENOV, SERGEY L. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Dolgoprudny Russia KLIMECK, GERHARD Purdue University West Lafayette USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA KLINGSCH, W OLFRAM University of Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany KLÜPFEL, HUBERT TraffGo HT GmbH Duisburg Germany KLÜVER, JÜRGEN Duisburg-Essen University Essen Germany KNACKSTEDT, MARK Australian National University Canberra Australia KOIJEN, RALPH S. J. Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands KOIKE, SHIGEAKI Saitama University Saitama Japan KOKALJ, ANTON Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia KOKOL, PETER University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia KOLNER, BRIAN H. University of California Davis USA Contributors KORENOK, OLEG VCU School of Business Richmond USA KUTER, U GUR University of Maryland College Park USA KORKUSINSKI , MAREK National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Canada KUTRIB, MARTIN Universität Giessen Giessen Germany KOSTER, MAURICE University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands LAAKSONEN , AATTO Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden KRA , BRYNA Northwestern University Evanston USA KRAMER, LISA A. University of Toronto Toronto Canada KRAWITZ, PETER Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Germany KRETZ, TOBIAS PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG Karlsruhe Germany KUMAGAI , HIROYUKI National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention Tsukuba Japan IAVCEI/IASPEI Joint Commission on Volcano Seismology Tsukuba Japan KŮRKA , PETR Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Nice France Academy of Sciences and Charles University Prague Czechia LA COUR–HARBO, ANDERS Aalborg University Aalborg East Denmark LAI , MING-JUN The University of Georgia Athens USA LAKSHMANAN , M. Bharathidasan University Tiruchirapalli India LANCIERI , MARIA Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy LANE , STEPHEN J. Lancaster University Lancaster UK LANGE , W OLFGANG University of Sussex Brighton UK LAUBENBACHER, REINHARD Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Virginia USA LAURITSEN , KENT BÆKGAARD Danish Meteorological Institute Copenhagen Denmark LV LVI Contributors LAVI , RON The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel LE PICHON, ALEXIS CEA/DASE/LD Bruyères-le-Châtel France LAWLOR, AONGHUS University College Dublin Dublin Ireland LEPRETI , F ABIO Università della Calabria Arcavacata di Rende Italy LEBURTON, JEAN -PIERRE University of Illinois Urbana USA LEVY, MOSHE The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel LEE, GUN-DO Seoul National University Seoul Korea LEWIS, FRANK L. University of Texas at Arlington Fort Worth USA LEE, SUNHEE Purdue University West Lafayette USA LEWIS, N ATHAN E. University of California San Diego, La Jolla USA LEE, TAE-HWY University of California Riverside USA LIAU, CHURN-JUNG Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan LEE, TAEYOUNG University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA LICHTMAN, ALLAN American University Washington D.C. USA LEE, W ILLIAM H. K. US Geological Survey Menlo Park USA LILJEROS, FREDRIK Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden LEFEBVRE, ALINE Université Paris-Sud Orsay cedex France LIN, TSAU YOUNG San Jose State University San Jose USA LEMA ŃCZYK, MARIUSZ Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland LIU, HUAN Arizona State University Tempe USA LEOK, MELVIN Purdue University West Lafayette USA LIU, YAN Arizona State University Tempe USA Contributors LLOYD, SETH MIT Cambridge USA MACDONALD, RODERICK University at Albany Albany USA LODWICK, W ELDON A. University of Colorado Denver Denver USA MACHO-STADLER, INÉS Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain LOHMANN, GERRIT Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany MACLENNAN, BRUCE J. University of Tennessee Knoxville USA LOHMAN, ROWENA Cornell University Ithaca USA MAC NAMEE, BRIAN Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin Ireland LO, HOI -KWONG University of Toronto Toronto Canada MADARIAGA , RAUL Laboratoire de Géologie Paris France LOMAX, ANTHONY ALomax Scientific Mouans-Sartoux France MAIER, F RANK H. International University in Germany Bruchsal Germany LYNEIS, JAMES M. Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester USA LYNETT, PATRICK J. Texas A&M University College Station USA MAANI , KAMBIZ The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia MAILATH, GEORGE J. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA MAI, P. MARTIN Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich Switzerland MAKINO, JUNICHIRO National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Tokyo Japan MACAL, CHARLES M. Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation (CAS2 ) Argonne USA MAKSE, HERNÁN A. City College of New York New York USA MACDONALD, JOANNE Columbia University New York USA MANGE, DANIEL Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland LVII LVIII Contributors MANZAN, SEBASTIANO Baruch College CUNY New York USA MANZONI , SARA University of Milan-Bicocca Milan Italy MARCHETTI, M. CRISTINA Syracuse University Syracuse USA MARCONI , LORENZO University of Bologna Bologna Italy MARCUS, BRIAN University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada MARGENSTERN, MAURICE Université Paul Verlaine Metz France MARIN, FRANÇOIS Laboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, Fre CNRS 3102 Le Havre Cedex France MARION, RUSS Clemson University Clemson USA MARKELLOS, RAPHAEL N. Loughborough University Loughborough UK Athens University of Economics and Business Athens Greece MARTINI , MARCELLO Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Naples Italy MARTINO, CLAUDIO Università di Napoli "Federico II" (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy MARTINS , CARLOS J. A. P. Universidade do Porto Centro de Física do Porto Porto Portugal University of Cambridge Cambridge UK MASIHI , MOHSEN Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran MATARAZZO, BENEDETTO University of Catania Catania Italy MATARI Ć , MAJA J. University of Southern California Los Angeles USA MATHEY, LUDWIG Harvard University Cambridge USA MAURER, BRIAN A. Michigan State University East Lansing USA MARSDEN, JERROLD E. California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA MAWHIN, JEAN Université Catholique de Louvain Maryland USA MARTÍNEZ, SONIA University of California San Diego USA MCCLAMROCH, HARRIS University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA Contributors MCCUTCHEON, RANDALL University of Memphis Memphis USA MELROSE, DON B. University of Sydney Sydney Australia MCGUIRE, JEFFREY J. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole USA MENASALVAS, E RNESTINA Facultad de Informatica Madrid Spain MCKANE, ALAN J. University of Manchester Manchester UK MENDEL, JERRY M. University of Southern California Los Angeles USA MCLEISH, T.C.B. University of Leeds Leeds UK METZLER, RALF Technical University of Munich Garching Germany MCLENNAN, MICHAEL Purdue University West Lafayette USA MEYERS, ROBERT A. Ramtech Limited Larkspur USA MEIJER, HIL University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands MICHELINI , ALBERTO Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Roma Italy MELIN, PATRICIA Tijuana Institute of Technology Tijuana Mexico MELNIK, OLEG Moscow State University Moscow Russia University of Bristol Bristol UK MELNIKOV, DMITRIY V. University of Illinois Urbana USA MELNIK, RODERICK Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo Canada University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada MILBURN, GERARD J. The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia MILI ČEVI Ć, ANTE The Institute of Medical Research and Occupational Health Zagreb Croatia MILLER, CHRISTIAN S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Washington DC USA MILLER, JULIAN F. University of York Heslington UK MILLING, PETER M. Mannheim University Mannheim Germany LIX LX Contributors MILLS, TERENCE C. Loughborough University Loughborough UK MURRAY -MORALEDA, JESSICA US Geological Survey Menlo Park USA MITCHELL, MELANIE Portland State University Portland USA MUTO, SHIGEO Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan MIZRACH, BRUCE Rutgers University New Brunswick USA MUZY, ALEXANDRE Università di Corsica Corte France MORITA , KENICHI Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan MORLEY, JAMES Washington University St. Louis USA MORTVEIT, HENNING S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Virginia USA MOSCA , MICHELE University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada St. Jerome's University Waterloo Canada Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Canada NACHBAR, J OHN Washington University St. Louis USA NAGAO, TOSHIYASU Tokai University Shizuoka Japan NAKAYAMA , TSUNEYOSHI Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute Nagakute Japan NAUGHTON , THOMAS J. National University of Ireland Maynooth County Kildare Ireland University of Oulu, RFMedia Laboratory Ylivieska Finland N AUMOV, MAXIM Purdue University West Lafayette USA MOSES, MATTHEW Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA NEELY, CHRISTOPHER J. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis St. Louis USA MOSS, SCOTT Manchester Metropolitan University Business School Manchester UK NEWMAN , LENORE LAURI Royal Roads University Victoria Canada MOURZENKO, VALERI V. CNRS-LCD Chasseneuil du Poitou France NEWMAN , STUART A. New York Medical College Valhalla USA Contributors N ICODEMI , MARIO University of Warwick Coventry UK N OLFI , STEFANO National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy N ICOLAY, SAMUEL Université de Liège Liège Belgium NORTH, MICHAEL J. Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation (CAS2 ) Argonne USA N ICOL, MATTHEW University of Houston Houston USA N IEDERMAN, LAURENT Université Paris Paris France IMCCE Paris France N IGRO, GIUSY Università della Calabria Arcavacata di Rende Italy N IKOLI Ć, SONJA The Rugjer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia N ILSSON JACOBI , MARTIN Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden N ISHIMURA , TAKESHI Tohoku University Sendai Japan N I ŢIC Ă , VIOREL West Chester University West Chester USA Institute of Mathematics Bucharest Romania N ITTA , KOH-HEI Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan N OTTALE, LAURENT Paris Observatory and Paris Diderot University Paris France NOWAK, ANDRZEJ University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland NOWICKI, R OBERT Cz˛estochowa University of Technology Cz˛estochowa Poland NUZZO, R ALPH G. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana USA O BERHAUSER, ANDRÉS F. University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston USA O'HARA , KIERON University of Southampton Southampton UK OLAYA, CAMILO Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá Colombia OLDEMAN, BART Concordia University Montreal Canada OLHEDE, SOFIA University College London London UK LXI LXII Contributors OLIVA , ROGELIO Texas A&M University College Station USA PANOV, PAN ČE Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia ORBACH, RAYMOND L. University of California Riverside USA PAPAGEORGIOU, ANARGYROS Columbia University New York USA ORLOV, MICHAEL Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva Israel PAPANIKOLOPOULOS, N IKOLAOS University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA OSIPENKO, GEORGE State Polytechnic University St. Petersburg Russia OSLER, CAROL Brandeis University Waltham USA OULLIER, OLIVIER Aix-Marseille Université Marseille France Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA PARKER, LYNNE E. University of Tennessee Knoxville USA PARK, MICHAEL University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA PARRY, HAZEL R. Central Science Laboratory York UK PATERSON , LINCOLN CSIRO Petroleum Clayton Australia ÖZAK, ÖMER Brown University Providence USA PATTISON, PHILIPPA University of Melbourne Parkville Australia PAGE JR., FRANK H. Indiana University Bloomington USA Universite Paris 1 Pantheon–Sorbonne France PĂUN, GHEORGHE Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy Bucureşti Romania PALSSON, BERNHARD Ø. University of California San Diego, La Jolla USA PEDRYCZ, WITOLD University of Alberta Edmonton Canada Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland PANATI , GIANLUCA Università di Roma "La Sapienza" Roma Italy PEINKE, JOACHIM Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany Contributors PENTA , ANTONIO University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA PICCOLI, BENEDETTO Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome Italy PEPER, FERDINAND National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Kobe Japan PIGER, JEREMY University of Oregon Eugene USA PÉREZ-CASTRILLO, DAVID Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain PERLITZ, VOLKER Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany PETERSEN, KARL University of North Carolina Chapel Hill USA PETERS, JAMES F. University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada PETKOVA , RALITSA Texas A&M University College Station USA PETRY, FREDERICK Stennis Space Center Mississippi USA PICASSO, LUIGI E. Università di Pisa Pisa Italy Sezione di Pisa Pisa Italy PICCI , GIORGIO University of Padua Padua Italy PIGORSCH, CHRISTIAN University of Bonn Bonn Germany PISMEN, L.M. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel PIVATO, MARCUS Trent University Peterborough Canada PIWOWAR, MICHAEL S. Securities Litigation and Consulting Group, Inc. Fairfax USA PODGORELEC, VILI University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia POGACH, JONATHAN University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA POKROPI ŃSKA , AGATA Jan Dlugosz University Cz˛estochowa Poland POLET, JASCHA California State Polytechnic University Pomona USA POLKOWSKI , LECH Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology Warsaw Poland LXIII LXIV Contributors POPOVYCH, OLEKSANDR V. Research Center Jülich Jülich Germany PORT, ROBERT Indiana University Bloomington USA PORTUGALI, JUVAL Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel POVALEJ, PETRA University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia PRADE, HENRI Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France PREJEAN, STEPHANIE G. Alaska Science Center Anchorage USA PULVIRENTI , M. Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza' Roma Italy QIAN , LEI Fisk University Nashville USA QUAS, ANTHONY University of Victoria Victoria Canada QUINCAMPOIX, MARC Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France RADZICKI , MICHAEL J. Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester USA PRICE, N ATHAN D. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign USA RAFII -T ABAR, H. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM) Tehran Iran PROSEN, TOMAŽ Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana Slovenia RAGHAVAN , T.E.S. University of Illinois Chicago USA PRUESSNER, GUNNAR Imperial College London London UK RAHMAN , RAJIB Purdue University West Lafayette USA PU, CALTON Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA RAKHA , HESHAM Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg USA PUJOL, JOSE The University of Memphis Memphis USA RAMBALDI , SANDRO Physics Department and INFN Sezione di Bologna Bologna Italy Contributors RAND, DARREN Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lexington USA RENAULT, J ÉRÔME Université Paris Dauphine Paris France RAS, Z BIGNIEW W. University of North Carolina Charlotte USA Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland REN, YU-JIE Shantou University Shantou People's Republic of China Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China Beijing Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing People's Republic of China RATIU, TUDOR S. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland RAVAIOLI , UMBERTO University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana USA REZA RAHIMI T ABAR, M. Sharif University of Technology Theran Iran RAVI , S.S. University at Albany – State University of New York New York USA RICHARDSON, GEORGE P. University at Albany, State University of New York Albany USA REDNER, SIDNEY Boston University Boston USA RICH, E LIOT University at Albany Albany USA REGAN, ERZSÉBET RAVASZ Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston USA RICHIARDI , MATTEO G. Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy Collegio Carlo Alberto – LABORatorio R. Revelli Moncalieri Italy REGEV, ODED Technion–Israel – Institute of Technology Haifa Israel Columbia University New York USA RICHTER, KLAUS Universität Regensburg Regensburg Germany REHBORN, HUBERT Daimler AG Sindelfingen Germany RIEGER, HEIKO Universität des Saarlandes Saarbrücken Germany REIF, JOHN H. Duke University Durham USA RINKER, SHERRI Arizona State University Tempe USA LXV LXVI Contributors RISLER, THOMAS Laboratoire Physicochimie Curie (CNRS-UMR 168) Paris France Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI Paris France RITORT, FELIX Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain ROACH, JARED C. Seattle Childrens Hospital Seattle USA ROBINETT, RUSH D. Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque USA ROBINS, GARRY University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia ROEHNER, BERTRAND M. University of Paris 7 Paris France ROGSCH, CHRISTIAN University of Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany ROSENZWEIG, CYNTHIA Columbia University New York USA ROSIER, LIONEL Institut Elie Cartan Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France ROTH, FREDERICK P. Harvard Medical School Boston USA Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston USA RÖTTELER, MARTIN NEC Laboratories America, Inc. Princeton USA ROUWETTE, E TIËNNE A. J. A. Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands ROZENFELD, HERNÁN D. City College of New York New York USA RUNDLE , JOHN B. University of California Davis USA RUTKOWSKI , LESZEK Cz˛estochowa University of Technology Cz˛estochowa Poland RYU, HOON Purdue University West Lafayette USA SABOURIAN, HAMID University of Cambridge Cambridge UK SACCHETTI, ANDREA Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia Modena Italy SAEED, KHALID Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester USA SAHIMI , MUHAMMAD University of Southern California Los Angeles USA SAIED, FAISAL Purdue University West Lafayette USA Contributors SÁNCHEZ, ANGEL Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Madrid Spain Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain SANDER, LEONARD M. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA SANDHOLM, W ILLIAM H. University of Wisconsin Madison USA SANDRONI , ALVARO University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA SAUL, JOACHIM GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Potsdam Germany SAURO, HERBERT M. University of Washington Seattle USA SBANO, LUCA University of Warwick Warwick UK SCARGLE , JEFFREY D. NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field USA SANFELICE, RICARDO G. University of Arizona Tucson USA SCHADSCHNEIDER , ANDREAS Universität zu Köln Köln Germany Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Komplexe Systeme Bonn Germany SANNS, W ERNER University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Germany SCHEID, MATTHIAS Universität Regensburg Regensburg Germany SASTRA , JIMMY University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA SCHERER, RAFAŁ Cz˛estochowa University of Technology Cz˛estochowa Poland SATAKE, KENJI University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan SCHIEPEK, GÜNTER Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria SATANIN, ARKADY M. Russian Academy of Sciences Nizhny Novgorod Russia SCHMELING, JÖRG Lund University Lund Sweden SATO, HARUO Tohoku University Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken Japan SCHOENWALD, DAVID A. Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque USA SATRIANO, CLAUDIO Università di Napoli "Federico II" (RISSC-Lab) Napoli Italy SCHOLZ , CHRISTOPHER H. Columbia University New York USA LXVII LXVIII Contributors SCHWANINGER, MARKUS University of St. Gallen St. Gallen Switzerland SHIN, MINCHEOL Information and Communications University Yuseong Korea SCOTT, JOHN University of Plymouth Plymouth UK SHINTANI , MOTOTSUGU Vanderbilt University Nashville USA SELMAN, DENIZ University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA SHIPLEY, BILL Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Canada SERRANO, ROBERTO Brown University Providence USA IMDEA-Social Sciences Madrid Spain SETH, ANIL K. University of Sussex Brighton UK SEYBOLD, PAUL G. Wright State University Dayton USA SEYFRIED, ARMIN Research Centre Jülich Jülich Germany SHAKED-MONDERER, NAOMI Emek Yezreel College Emek Yezreel Israel SHMULEVICH, ILYA Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle USA SHORE, STEVEN N. Università di Pisa Sezione di Pisa Pisa Italy SIBANI , PAOLO SDU Odense Denmark SICONOLFI , ANTONIO "La Sapienza" Università di Roma Roma Italy SIGANOS, GEORGOS University of California Riverside USA SHAPIRA , DANIEL Ben–Gurion University Beer Sheva Israel SILVA, CESAR E. Williams College Williamstown USA SHEN, JIANHONG Barclays Capital New York USA SIPPER, MOSHE Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva Israel SHETH, KAPIL NASA Ames Research Center Moffet Field USA SKOWRON, ANDRZEJ Warsaw University Warsaw Poland Contributors SLANINA , FRANTIŠEK Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic Center for Theoretical Study Prague Czech Republic SŁOWI ŃSKI , ROMAN Poznan University of Technology Poznan Poland Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland SMIT, ARIAN F. A. Institute for Systems Biology Seattle USA SNIJDERS, TOM A. B. University of Oxford Oxford UK SOBEL, JOEL University of California San Diego USA SOKOLOV, IGOR M. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany SOLOVIEV, ALEXANDRE Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics Trieste Italy SONG, CHAOMING City College of New York New York USA SONG, MYUNG-SIN Southern Illinois University Edwardsville USA SONTAG, E DUARDO D. Rutgers University New Brunswick USA SOOMERE , TARMO Tallinn University of Technology Tallinn Estonia SORNETTE, DIDIER Technology and Economics ETH Zurich Switzerland SOLAN, EILON Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel SOTOMAYOR, MARILDA University of São Paulo/SP São Paulo Brazil Brown University Providence USA SOLÉ, RICARD V. Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe USA SPARKS, R. STEPHEN J. University of Bristol Bristol UK SOLOMON, SORIN Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel SRIDHAR, BANAVAR NASA Ames Research Center Moffet Field USA SOLOMON, TOM H. Bucknell University Lewisburg USA STAMATIADIS, CHRONIS University of Massachusetts Lowell USA LXIX LXX Contributors STARCK, JEAN-LUC CEA/Saclay Gif sur Yvette France STOJANOVIC, MILAN Columbia University New York USA STAUFFER, ANDRÉ Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland STRAWI ŃSKA, URSZULA Warsaw School for Social Psychology Warsaw Poland STAUFFER, DIETRICH Cologne University Köln Germany STRELNIKER, YAKOV M. Bar–Ilan University Ramat–Gan Israel STEENEVELD, GERT-JAN Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands STUPAZZINI, MARCO Politecnico di Milano Milano Italy STEFANOVIC, D ARKO University of New Mexico Albuquerque USA SURI, N IRANJAN Institute for Human and Machine Cognition Pensacola USA STEIGLITZ, KEN Princeton University Princeton USA SUSSMAN, GERALD JAY Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA STEINMETZ, LARS M. European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg Germany SUTHAKORN, JACKRIT Mahidol University Salaya Thailand STEPANIUK, JAROSŁAW Białystok University of Technology Białystok Poland SUTNER, KLAUS Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA STEPHENS, DAVID A. McGill University Montreal Canada SUZUKI, N ORIKAZU Nihon University Chiba Japan STIGLIC, GREGOR University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia SZNAIER, MARIO Northeastern University Boston USA STINGU, PETRU E MANUEL University of Texas at Arlington Fort Worth USA TAKAYASU, HIDEKI Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc Tokyo Japan Contributors TAKAYASU, MISAKO Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan TERRACINI, SUSANNA Università di Milano Bicocca Milano Italia TAKEI , YASUKO University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan TEUSCHER, CHRISTOF Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos USA TANG, LEI -HAN Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR China THERMES, CLAUDE CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France TASS, PETER A. Research Center Jülich Jülich Germany University of Cologne Cologne Germany TÄUBER, UWE CLAUS Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg USA TAWFIK, ALY Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg USA TEEL, ANDREW R. University of California Santa Barbara USA T EISSEYRE, ROMAN Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland TEIXEIRA , MARCO ANTÔNIO Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil THIELE, INES University of California San Diego USA THORPE, MICHAEL F. Arizona State University Tempe USA T HOVERT, JEAN-FRANÇOIS CNRS-LCD Chasseneuil du Poitou France TILLING, ROBERT I. US Geological Survey Menlo Park USA TIMMIS, JON University of York York UK TINCANI, MICHELA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA TEMPESTI , GIANLUCA University of York York UK TKA ČIK, GAŠPER Princeton University Princeton USA TERENTJEV, E UGENE M. University of Cambridge Cambridge UK TODOROVSKA, MARIA I. University of Southern California Los Angeles USA LXXI LXXII Contributors TOL, RICHARD S. J. Economic and Social Research Institute Dublin Ireland Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA TOMALA , TRISTAN HEC Paris Paris France TOMASSONE , M. SILVINA Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Piscataway USA TORRA , VICENÇ Institut d'Investigació en Intelligència Artificial – CSIC Bellaterra Spain TOSIN, ANDREA Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome Italy TOUCHON, MARIE CNRS Paris France Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France TOUCHTON, ROBERT A. Honeywell International Phoenix USA TRINAJSTI Ć, N ENAD The Rugjer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia TRIVEDI, PRAVIN K. Indiana University Bloomington USA TROITZSCH, KLAUS G. Universität Koblenz-Landau Koblenz Germany T ROPSHA, ALEXANDER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill USA TSAI, SHAN-WEN University of California Riverside USA TSALLIS, CONSTANTINO Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Rio de Janeiro Brazil Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe USA TSCHACHER, W OLFGANG University of Bern Bern Switzerland TSENG , VINCENT S. National Cheng–Kung University Tainan Taiwan TRAUB, JOSEPH F. Columbia University New York USA T SUMOTO, SHUSAKU Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University Shimane Japan T RIFUNAC, MIHAILO D. University of Southern California Los Angeles USA TURCOTTE, DONALD L. University of California Davis USA Contributors TÜRKŞEN, I. BURHAN TOBB-ETÜ, (Economics and Technology University of the Union of Turkish Chambers and Commodity Exchanges) Ankara Republic of Turkey UMEO, HIROSHI University of Osaka Osaka Japan UNGARELLI , CARLO CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources Pisa Italy UNTIEDT, ELIZABETH A. University of Colorado Denver Denver USA USMAN, MUHAMMAD Purdue University West Lafayette USA UYEDA , SEIYA Tokai University Shizuoka Japan VALENTE, THOMAS W. University of Southern California Alhambra USA VALLACHER, ROBIN R. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA VAN N IEUWERBURGH, STIJN New York University New York USA VARGIAMIDIS , VASSILIOS Aristotle University Thessaloniki Greece VEGA , CLARA Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Washington DC USA VELTRI , PIERLUIGI Università della Calabria Arcavacata di Rende Italy VENNIX, J AC A. M. Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands VERE-JONES, DAVID Statistical Research Associates and Victoria University Wellington New Zealand VERHAGEN, HARKO Stockholm University and Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden VERHULST, FERDINAND University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands VALVERDE, SERGI Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona Barcelona Spain VERLIC, MATEJA University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia VANDERBAUWHEDE, ANDRÉ Ghent University Gent Belgium VIANA, MARCELO IMPA Rio de Janeiro Brazil VAN GEERT , PAUL The Heymans Institute Groningen The Netherlands VIDYASAGAR, M. Software Units Layout Hyderabad India LXXIII LXX