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We love fashion as much as the next person: fun outfits, glamorous accessories, individuality⦠whatâs not to love?!
Well, devastating environmental damage and severe human rights abuses, to name a couple. Fashion, as it turns out, is a whole lot more complex than pencil skirts and shoulder pads, and with all the greenwashing involved certainly doesnât make it easy to find ethical and sustainable clothing.
While the road ahead isnât easy, itâs now necessary that we all learn what qualifies as truly sustainable and ethical fashion. This article teaches you just that, from examining raw materials used to the practices implemented all the way down the supply chain.
We hope to not only educate you (and ourselves) on the problematic status of the industry as it currently stands, but also provide you with the knowledge necessary to judge whether a clothing company or item is truly ethical. Call it a fashion framework.
Use the quick links below to navigate around the article, especially if referring back to it (as we hope youâll do!) in your future searches for sustainable brands.
We live in a world where artisan coffees cost more than T-shirts. This is the world of Fast Fashion and itâs a major problem.
Merriam Webster defines fast fashion as âan approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers.â
Fast fashion has essentially turned what was four seasons in one year into 52, one for almost every week of the year. So designs go out of style as fast as they come in. And theyâre so cheaply made itâs no surprise to find a hole after one wear. But no sweat(shop) because if it wears out, itâs mere pocket change to just buy a new one.
Fast Fashionâs headliners include stores like H&M, Forever 21, Primark, Zara, and Target (yes, even Target).
While pulling back on consumption is absolutely one solution, conservative shopping habits alone arenât enough to eliminate fashionâs unglamorous dark side that looms beneath all the satin and sequins.
Rana Plaza â Image Credit Fashion Revolution
Letâs start with the problem that most people are at least vaguely aware of. Namely, the working conditions of millions of people. According to the Fair Fashion Center back in 2016, 150 million lives are touched by the global apparel industry daily. Most of these people do not receive a living wage and work in terrible conditions. To name but a few of the ethical violations:
- unlivable wages
- child labor
- modern slavery
- migrant exploitation
- gender discrimination (the majority of these workers are young females)
- verbal, sexual, and physical abuse
- forced overtime (on average, workers in Bangladesh work 60 hours per week while earning â as many wages as other Asian garment factories⦠and they often work over the legal limit of 60 hours a week)
- hazardous work conditions
As Lucy Siegal says, âFast fashion isnât free. Someone, somewhere, is paying.â
It wasnât really until the 2013 Rana Plaza incident (where aBangladesh-based garment factory collapse killed 1,135 people and injured 2500 more) that people started paying attention. This single event sparked the Fashion Revolution movement.
If you havenât seen it already, The True Cost documentary is utterly eye-opening. For an even more in-depth look at this issue, see the Garment Worker Diaries, a podcast and data collection project that records and presents interactive reports on the working conditions of workers in Bangladesh, Cambodia, and India.
And make no mistake, these human rights violations happen across the ENTIRE supply chain:
- Raw material production: Unfair labour practices for farmers and processors and exposure to numerous chemical pesticides and plasticizers, which negatively affect human health.  This study found 61% of Pakistani cotton pickers experience related health problems like skin irritations, coughs, headaches, and more.
- Garment manufacturing: More unfair and unsafe working conditions (i.e.Rana Plaza) in countries with no union representation or workers rights. This is particularly relevant in Asia and specifically China, where about 40% of clothing was made in 2016 (though that number is declining).
- Post-production (sales, wear, use): Fashion as a whole isnât known for being very diverse or inclusive. While diversity and inclusion may pale in comparison to the slave-like conditions of the production side, itâs still a major problem. Fashionâs focus on rail-thin, white models has created all sorts of body image issues across the years, as well as either marginalizing or totally ignoring minority groups.
For a good example, this short video by the Fairtrade Foundation summarized the injustices of cotton production.
A friend of ours who works in sustainability monitoring for a fashion company says that every business that makes anything has contributed to modern slavery in some (even if small way) because itâs so difficult to have full visibility about all elements of the supply chain.
The process to produce one garment is incredibly lengthy and complex, with many hand changes along the way. Essentially, a seed-to-shelf supply chain includes all the following steps:
- Sourcing raw materials for every fabric involved (this includes farming techniques as well as soil and seeds used)
- Spinning raw materials into fiber
- Turning fiber into fabric
- Fabric dying and prepping
- Design
- Garment production (donât forget all the added components like thread, buttons, and zippers- where did all those come from?)
- Finishing touches (adding tags, pre-shrinking, etc.)
- Shipping to sellers across the world
- Shipping to buyers across the world
Weâre talking tons of different hands and production bodies involved here. Plus, keep in mind that all this typically changes for every season and every garment, so each brand isnât even always dealing with the same list of suppliers.
Even the most well-intentioned brands would likely be complicit along their supply chain somewhere simply because they donât even KNOW every step. Itâs almost impossible to keep track.
The scale and unrelenting desire for economic growth within the fashion industry is mind-boggling huge. Capitalism keeps the engine moving.
On the production side, it keeps people employed (however dismal that employment is) and has raised the overall standard of living for many.
On the consumer side, it tells us âhave it all, you deserve itâ. #TreatYoSelf, after all.
Globally, we consume 80 billion pieces of clothing each year (up 400% from two decades ago). North America is the largest textile consumer in the world, with each person buying 80 pounds per year. Theyâre followed closely by Australiaâs annual clothes consumption rate of 60 pounds per person.
This is partially proportional to the explosion of the population growth (more people = more clothes). But itâs also greatly due to overconsumption and unsustainable shopping habits cultivated by fast fashion.
People all over the world are striving toward the consumption levels of developed countries. On average, shoppers purchase 60% more clothing every year which lasts only half as long as it did 15 years ago. This unchecked growth business model operates with no regard to the social and environmental implications.
When you think of pollution, you think of carbon-spewing factories, oil refineries pumping gas and other noxious visuals. You donât think of the fashion industry.
Yet the fashion industry has been called out as one of the most environmentally damaging industries.
According to the WWF, approximately half of all textiles are made from cotton. When conventionally grown, cotton happens to be the dirtiest crop requiring the largest percentage of chemicals: 25% of the worldâs insecticides and 10% of the worldâs pesticides. In fact, the cotton required to make an average t-shirt (about 9 ounces) is grown with an average of 17 teaspoons of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
Toxic chemicals are not just used in the growing of the fibres, they are also notorious for their presence in dyeing and processing of textiles. These chemicals include heavy metals (like nickel, lead, and chromium), phthalates (which are known carcinogens), and formaldehyde.
Not only are these chemicals dangerous to growers and manufacturers, but to us as wearers! Surely, fashion canât be worth the price of wearing formaldehyde.
All those chemicals donât just disappear after dying and production. They spell an enormous amount of run-off and pollution for rivers and oceans. In Dhaka, Bangladeshâs leather tanneries, dump 22,000 cubic litres of toxic waste into Buriganga, which is the cityâs main river and water supply.
Post-production, even us wearers are still polluting waterways. Every time we wash clothes with synthetic fibers, tiny bits of microplastics make their way into our pipes, waterways, and eventually the ocean. There, they get eaten by fish and other marine life, which in turn gets eaten by us. Microplastics are becoming a huge issue. One way you can prevent this is by using the Guppy Friend microfiber catching laundry bag.
Fashion is also the second largest consumer of water globally, between 6 and 9 trillion liters per year. Again, weâll point the finger at conventional cotton here, an incredibly thirsty crop. The cotton used in one pair of jeans requires almost 2000 gallons of water.
But thereâs plenty of water in the world, right? Eh, not so much. Weâre already seeing the devastating effects of cotton farming. The Aral Sea in Central Asia has shrunk 15% due to cotton farms drawing on it for water.
Most clothing has a terrible end-of-life outcome, and fast fashion certainly doesnât encourage a circular economy. According to the EPA, textiles have one of the poorest recycling rates of any reusable material.
Letâs consider all the ways fashion generates physical textile waste. First, thereâs all the wastes trimmings and scraps that come from production. Next, thereâs whatâs called âdeadstockâ, or clothing thatâs made, put on shelves, but doesnât actually sell before going out of style. Fashion companies typically burn this excess rather than donating or recycling it.
We consumers are equally irresponsible about disposing of our unwanted clothes. Americans only recycle or donate 15% of their unwanted clothing and the Fair Fashion Center estimates that 21 Billion tons of textile waste is sent to landfills annually. Since 64% of modern fabrics contain plastic in some form, these will never biodegrade.
Of that small percentage that does get donated, less than 20% of it gets resold. The rest gets shipped overseas to for-profit textile recycling companies.
All this leads to the dreaded double C: climate change. The fashion industry accounts for 10% of the worldâs total carbon footprint.
First, tons of fossil fuels get used in production (petroleum-based fabrics), manufacturing (coal-powered processing), and distribution (gasoline which transports the majority of clothes halfway around the world).
Weâll complete the anti-cotton trifecta here and point out that global cotton production alone produces 220 tons of CO2 per year.
Second, all that clothing that gets thrown away rather than recycled, reused, or composted also contributed to GHG emissions. Even natural fibers like organic cotton are no more sustainable than synthetics if they end up in a landfill. There theyâll biodegrade anaerobically and release methane gas, the most potent of all greenhouse gases.
A lot of these problems stem from the supply side. So what can we do as consumers?
We can use our buying power to make a difference. We (and so many others) have said this before but itâs so important to remember: Every time we make a purchase (of ANYTHING) we are casting a vote for the types of products we want to see made and subsequently the type of world we want to live in.
By supporting ethical brands that produce sustainable products, we are essentially saying we want more of those products. Fast fashion thrives only because we keep supporting it.
You donât need to single-handedly change the industry overnight. Start with the âlow hanging fruitâ and implementing easy consumer changes that donât require much more than a brief moment of mindfulness before buying.
Here are some things you can do, in order of impact!
DONâT BUY ANY CLOTHES AT ALL
The most sustainable fashion buying decision you can make is to make do with what you already have, through proper care and simple repair techniques.
According to Fashion Revolution, âIf we want to see fashion become a force for good, weâre going to have to change the way we think about what we wear and why we wear it. We need to love our clothes more. We need to look at them as precious heirlooms and as trusted friends.â
Learn how to REALLY take care of your things. A few simple ways to extend the life of your wardrobe:
- Wash your clothes less often: Did you know, one wear doesnât necessarily mean something is dirty?! Shocking! Treat every item of clothes (except maybe your ethical undies) like your favorite jeans⦠they just donât feel the same after a wash.
- Wash on cold:Â Saves energy and preserves the coloration of your clothing much longer.
- Handwash rather than machine wash:Â Again, saves energy and wonât shred and stretch your clothes like washing machine agitators.
- Line dry instead of machine dry: Probably the single biggest source of fabric wear-and-tear (far more than actual wear). Think about your dryerâs lint trap for a second; all that came from your clothes.
If something does get stained or damaged, learn how to fix it yourself. Fashion Revolution has a host of how-to resources for sewing on buttons, darning socks, and mending jumpers so that minor functional issues donât mean you have to throw it away. Learn proper stain removal techniques for all sorts of stains, too.
If youâre really time poor or a little clumsy with a needle and thread, find someone who can fix it for you (even if it costs a tiny bit more than just buying a new one).
If youâre someone who likes to stay up on the latest trends, get creative with upcycling and repurposing things you own into fresh looks. You can become your own DIY fashion designer! Or again, commission a crafty friend into custom making something for you.
The capsule wardrobe concept and Project 333 demonstrate how few items of clothing you actually need to create a diverse and comprehensive closet.
Swapping clothing with friends is a great way to freshen up your everyday look without buying anything. Get a group of friends together and hold a closet swap event. Thatâs a way to not only be fashionably eco friendly, but just have some fun.
Got a fancy fundraising event coming up but nothing suitable to wear? Rather than buying something specific youâll never wear again, rent and lease clothing from stores near you. If you donât have a service like that, Rent the Runway is an online service where you can rent designer clothes.
Or just rock what you have and know that you are awesome for doing so! Fashion is 9/10 confidence anyway.
If you like getting clothes, at least challenge yourself to #NeverBuyNew.
There is a whole world of preloved and vintage clothing out there at your disposal (and for absolutely bargain prices). Ripped jeans are trendy anyway. Why shouldnât those rips have a genuine story? Giving second life to garments already in existence is a great way to both satisfy your inner fashionista and stay more sustainable.
With so many great online thrift stores you donât even have to leave your home or sift through endless racks that smell like your grandmotherâs basement.
If you have clothes you no longer wear, close the loop by donating them to thrift stores or charity as well. As they say, one manâs last season trends are another manâs aesthetic.
But again, donating is not a fix-all solution, but rather a last resort. Composting cellulose-fiber garments is a better option with tons of environmental benefits, especially for items too worn or with no resale/thrift value (like the majority of fast fashion pieces).
Compost your natural fiber clothing, but ensure it is 100% natural because even small synthetic blends are not compostable. Compost it by first shredding the fabric into small bits, then removing any tags, zippers, buttons, and other embellishments (which you save those for reuse or donate them to a local seamstress).
IF YOU ABSOLUTELY HAVE TO BUY NEWâ¦
â¦do it consciously. Really scrutinize the options out there and opt for the best quality you can afford.
This doesnât mean breaking the bank on a new pair of designer jeans; you can easily extend the life of your wardrobe on a budget by buying classic designs that arenât subject to whimsical in-and-out trendiness. Some things just never go out of style or season!
Implement simple quality checks by looking at the stitching. If the seams are messy or the edges unfinished, avoid it. For visuals guides about the sorts of stitching you should be looking for, check out this Zine by Fashion Revolution.
Most of all, choose brands that take sustainability and ethics seriously. Acknowledge that no brand is 100% sustainable but do your absolute best to decipher which brands are the real deal and making the most impact by doing more right than wrong. Learn which things are simply non-negotiable.
This is where we hope to help. Keep reading to learn all about the criteria we use to determine whether something is sustainable and ethical, and how you can start using it, too.
As is the case with ânaturalâ and âorganicâ in the food and cosmetic industry, âsustainable fashionâ and âethical fashionâ are not well defined.
On the one hand, this is a positive as these are evolving concepts and subject to ongoing refinement based on present-day needs and ideologies, especially in the case of âethicalâ, which is, by its very nature, subjective.
On the other hand, however, some argue that without a formal definition, brands and companies are free to make sustainable and ethical claims based on false or misleading audits and standards. That these terms, by and large, serve as nothing more than marketing lip-service in efforts to greenwash whatâs really going on.
Because the fashion police donât police fashion where it matters, itâs up to us as consumers to develop a working understanding of what sort of things constitute sustainable fashion brands.
Of course, with expansive supply chains and the subjectivity of the very notion of ethics itself, there are no easy answers.
Wikipedia actually has a pretty good general definition so letâs start there: âSustainable fashion is a movement and process of fostering change to fashion products and the fashion system towards greater ecological integrity and social justice.â
Essentially, ethical and sustainable fashion is an approach towards sourcing, manufacturing and designing clothes which maximizes the benefits to the industry and society at large, at the same time minimizes the impacts on the environment. The two overlap in ideology, but they each have slightly different concerns both equally important to prioritize.
Sustainable fashion to us, predominantly applies to things that are environment-related:
- How the textiles are made (e.g. avoiding the use of pesticides and insecticides by using organic methods)
- What materials are used (e.g. hemp vs nylon)
- What standards are applied (e.g. GOTS or Fair Trade which affects the sustainability of local communities who are involved in the production and manufacture of the textiles)
- Whether the materials are upcycled and / or recycled.
- How the textiles are packaged and whether recycled / recyclable material is used for packaging
- Whether they make use of any energy-saving initiatives
- How wastewater and pollutants are managed and treated
- How they attempt to offset any environmental damage incurred
Ethical fashion deals with the moral side of the industry, namely animal rights, human rights, inclusivity, and supply chain transparency.  It asks #WhoMadeMyClothes? and questions like:
- Where are textiles made?
- How much were the workers paid to grow the crops and to make the garments?
- Are their working conditions acceptable?
- How are they treated by their employers?
- Are Fair Trade policies and initiatives followed?
- Do they use animal materials and if so, how do manufacturers or their suppliers treat the animals (e.g. silk and wool)?
- Is their message and sizing inclusive and diverse?
- Do they reveal their fair work policies and factory locations?
- To what extent are they open and transparent about other aspects of their supply chain?
Ethical fashion is not just concerned about who fashion could potentially harm, but who it benefits, as well. Namely, is a brand in it for themselves or do they give back?
- Do they give to charity and / or have any charitable initiatives and policies?
- Do they support their local communities?
Now that weâve at least sort of cleared up what these terms mean, letâs dive into how you can tell if a company meets these sustainable and ethical fashion criteria.
Choose garments made from sustainable materials.
This is one of the most important sustainability criteria, and itâs also a massive source of industry greenwashing. For example, companies may claim their garment is compostable, even though by certification standards, it canât actually break down in a home composter. Itâs especially important to remember here that biodegradable does not necessarily mean compostable.
Companies may also claim their fabrics are sustainable and biodegradable, even though theyâve been treated with chemical dyes that would contaminate wherever it biodegrades. All things to be aware of when looking at the choice of fabric.
Letâs start by looking at the types of fibers used in sustainable fashion manufacturing. The most ideal at this point in technology would be fibers that are:
- natural (cellulosic)
- organically farmed
- harvested in the most fair way possible
- fit for purpose (e.g. nice to wear)
- 100% compostable
With that in mind, these are the most sustainable fabrics (not all of them meet the above ambition). Essentially, sustainable fibers fall into one of three categories: natural, processed natural, and recycled synthetics:
These are just what they sound like, natural fibers with minimal processing, like cotton (though we donât include traditionally grown cotton on this list for obvious reasons, already mentioned in this article). Instead, we only want organically grown natural fibers, so itâs important to look for organic certifications. The most important, common certifications are:
- Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS):Â Upholds strict ethical and ecological criteria for fibers, which must be produced 100% biologically from seed to shelf. This means no chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, or even machine harvesting at any stage in the manufacturing from packaging and labeling, must meet these criteria.
- Oeko-Tex 100:Â Ensures the fabrics and devices used to process them do not contain any harmful chemicals like heavy metals colorants, preservatives, and formaldehyde. It also keeps everything at a skin-friendly pH. Be careful here because (as weâll see shortly) this cert can apply to either raw or finished materials, but not necessarily both, which leaves some room for greenwashing if weâre not careful.
- USDA-Certified Organic: This certification only applies to the raw material level. It says something was made with USDA-certified organic crops, but says nothing of the processing beyond that.
- Forest Stewardship Council (FSC): Ensures plants are harvested using sustainable methods from well-managed forests. This minimizes the risk of deforestation as well as the endangerment of animals and ecosystems due to careful control of where sourcing occurs. Read more here.
- Bluesign:Â Focuses on healthy, eco friendly production methods. It accounts for things like water conservation, dye toxicity, and chemical exposure both for workers and customers.
- Better Cotton Standard: The Better Cotton Initiative is the largest cotton sustainability program in the world. This certification is awarded based on seven social and economic sustainability principles including minimization of harmful crop protection (i.e. pesticides), water stewardship, soil health, biodiversity preservation, fiber quality, promotion of decent work for employees, and effective management.
Those are the biggest sustainable fabric certifiers (though there are a few more specific ones weâll list below with their appropriate fabrics):
- Organic Cotton: Cotton grown and processed without any chemicals, including pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Organic cotton certifications also ensure cotton farmers are treated and paid fairly, and work in safe, hygienic conditions. Organic cotton farming also requires 88% less water, and 62% less energy than traditional cotton. Â
- Certifications: Better Cotton Standard, Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), Oeko-Tex 100, Bluesign, USDA-Certified Organic
- Recycled Cotton: Repurposed cotton derived from post-industrial (fabric scraps from manufacturing) or post-consumer (thrown away garments) waste. Recycled cotton is sustainable in the sense that its putting waste that would have otherwise gone to the landfill to use.
Itâs unsustainable in the sense that itâs pretty much impossible to regulate or determine the types of cotton that came together to make it or how any of that was grown. Thereâs no way to organically certify recycled cotton because we just donât know. The only certification it can obtain is Oeko-Tex 100, which would test the finished product for chemicals.
- Certifications:Â Oeko-Tex 100
- Organic Hemp: One of the oldest fibers around and is one of the most eco-friendly fabrics. Aside from converting into fabric sustainability, it requires 50%+ less water than even organic cotton and no pesticides.
Itâs also incredibly useful, being excellent at temperature regulation, both in hot and cold climates and has natural UV protective properties. Hemp can be converted into fabric sustainably
- Certifications: Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), Oeko-Tex 100, Bluesign, USDA-Certified Organic
- Organic Linen:Â Linen is pretty much identical in sustainable growth and manufacturing and fabric properties as hemp but instead derived from the flax plant.
- Certifications: Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), Oeko-Tex 100, Bluesign, USDA-Certified Organic
- Organic Bamboo in (raw form, not processed), often called Bamboo Linen: Bamboo is one of the fastest renewing plants on earth as it can be harvested without killing the core plant. It also requires only natural rainfall to grow and consumes more carbon dioxide than hardwood trees.
Bamboo linen is made in a similar way to other types of linen (like hemp or flax per the above), using a process that is largely mechanical. This type of bamboo fabric is a bit rougher⦠i.e. not the super soft bamboo youâve probably come to find very attractive and unfortunately, not very common, itâs unlikely youâll come across this fabric much!
Bamboo must be approached cautiously as it can either be one of the most sustainable fibers or the least, depending on how itâs made into fabric. Weâll talk a lot more about this in the next section on processed natural fibers, which are the much more common types of bamboo fabric (Rayon/Viscose and Lyocell)
- Certifications for Organic Bamboo in raw form: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), Oeko-Tex 100, Bluesign, USDA-Certified Organic
- Protein fibers:  These are all animal-based fibers and are thus not vegan. They include things like leather, wool, merino wool, down, silk, angora, alpaca, llama, cashmere, mohair, camel, and vicuna.
- Certifications: Leather Working Group, Responsible Down Standard (RDS), Responsible Wool Standard (RWS), Climate Beneficial by Fibershed (usually for wool)
Pros of natural fibers:
Cons of natural fibers:
These have natural fiber bases that have been converted into a different type of fabric. These include:
- TENCEL Lyocell: Often called by its brand name TENCEL (itâs by Austiran Lenzing Industryâs TENCEL brand), lyocell converts wood pulp into a fibre which can then be turned into a fabric. The solvent spinning manufacturing process used is made with a totally closed-loop process that uses non-toxic cellulose solvents (like amine-oxide) rather than sulfuric acid. All water and 99% of the chemicals can be recovered and reused for the same process over and over again. TENCEL fibres were largely marketed as made from eucalyptus but now appear to be made from various types of wood pulp from sustainably managed sources.
What we really like about these fibers is that âTENCEL⢠standard Lyocell and Modal fiber types have been certified by the Belgium certification company Vinçotte as biodegradable and compostable under industrial, home, soil and marine conditions, thus they can fully revert back to natureâ â TENCEL
- Certifications:Â Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
- TENCEL Modal: Also made by Lenzine and often confused with Lyocell because it was lyocellâs predecessor, Tencel Modal is made from the wood pulp of beech trees. The process is slightly different than Lyocellâs but itâs still closed-loop and produces a very similar soft fabric (if only a bit thinner and lighter). Read more about the differences here.
- Certifications:Â Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
- Bamboo: Before we get stuck into the detail, given there is a ton of confusion and opportunity for greenwashing in the bamboo industry, here is a short summary on Bamboo fabrics which come in 3 forms, all of which vary in their sustainability attributes:
- Ultra natural/raw form Bamboo Linen (as mentioned above): rougher fabric but can made sustainably using a mechanical and organic process, although sadly not very commonly used
- Bamboo Viscose/Rayon: Most common form of bamboo fabric, given itâs soft silky feel. Made from bamboo fibre and processed using harmful amounts of chemicals and energy. Not considered sustainable.
- Bamboo Lyocell: Also soft and silky. Also made using a chemical process but made in a closed-loop system where the chemicals are re-used over and over again. More sustainable than viscose/rayon
For, more this is the best guide weâve been able to find on Bamboo â key details elaborating on the above, included below:
- Bamboo Viscose / Rayon: Bamboo rayon is not a sustainable option and sadly, it makes up a large portion of âbamboo fabricsâ.
Turning bamboo into rayon viscose requires a huge amount of water and toxic chemcials (like sodium hydroxide, carbon disulfide, and sulfuric acid), which puts the workers who handle these fabrics at extreme health risk, not to mention the toxic environmental impact.
This form of bamboo âhas largely been discredited as an [eco friendly] alternative source.â Bamboo Rayon cannot be GOTS certified.
This leaves room for tons of greenwashing. Lots of companies will claim their products are just bamboo rather than rayon made from bamboo. Can you say bamboo-zled?
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the US now requires companies using bamboo rayon to actually say on the label ârayon made from bambooâ so as to avoid greenwashing.
Best to avoid Bamboo Rayon/Viscose (and all other types of rayon) altogether.
- Bamboo Lyocell:Â Much like TENCEL, Bamboo Lyocell is made using less toxic chemicals in a closed-loop system. This means the chemicals are re-used over and over again and that workers and the environment are not exposed.
This one still has us bamboozled because there seem to be a bunch of sustainable brands using âsustainableâ bamboo lyocell but we just could not find any suppliers that actually seem to make sustainable lyocell, unlike TENCEL Lyocell where itâs very clear that sustainability has been included in product design (e.g. FSC certified wood sources). We eventually found Monocel® (although they seem to keep a low profile and donât have much information available) and Ettitude, the bedding manufacturer have made their own CleanBambooâ¢Â process.
Before buying bamboo lyocell products, weâd recommend checking in with the brand to understand their sustainability metrics more fully (or use our fashion guides, where we do the hard work for you)
- Certifications for Organic Bamboo in raw form: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Oeko-Tex 100, Bluesign, USDA-Certified Organic
- SCOBY: Kombucha drinkers may be familiar with this one. The live cultures used to make this delicious probiotic drink can be dried into a material similar to leather.
- QMilk: Not vegan-friendly as itâs made from the casein protein in milk. It produced a silky fabric thatâs naturally antibacterial and hydrophobic. Itâs 100% compostable, thermo-bondable (meaning it can be bonded with heat rather than harsh chemicals) and they self-label as the âmaterial of the futureâ.
- S.Cafe: Made from spinning ground coffee beans into yarn. The conversion process takes very little energy and the fabric dried 200% faster than cotton as well as provides natural UV protection. Only con (or pro depending on how you view it) is that it always smells a bit like coffee)
- Qmonos: Quite possibly the weirdest option here, this pioneering Japanese fabric (still in testing mode) is a vegan silk alternative made from synthetic spider silk. Using biotechnology, the company Spiber Inc has achieved this through non-chemical microbial fermentation. Pretty futuristic!
- Pinatex: A durable, vegan-friendly leather substitube made from pineapple leaves. It provides a use for the scrap leaves which typically have no other value. The decortication production process requires no harsh chemicals.
Itâs often combined with wood-derived PLA and would be totally biodegradable/compostable except that it is currently typically coated with resins that are not. Though being such young technology, we have hopes that it develops more into being a totally compostable option
Pros of processed natural fibers:
Cons of processed natural fibers:
There are some crazy innovations going on in the Waste-to-Wardrobe world.
These are comprised of recycled synthetic fibers which typically have a plastic petroleum-base (i.e. polyester, nylon, spandex, acrylic, polyethylene, and polypropylene). The most common type of recycled synthetic is made of PET (plastic #1) like old single-use water bottles.
Some specific recycled synthetic fibers are:
- ECONYL: Produced by the Italian company Aquafil, this is one of the most notable recycled synthetics. Itâs made from recovered ocean plastics such as ghost nets, or abandoned fishing nets which make up 1/10th of all ocean plastic.
ECONYL is a great option for making stretchy yet shape retaining fabrics that just canât be accomplished with natural fibers. Thatâs why itâs used in a lot of ethical swimwear and ethical activewear.
- Spanflex: Not super well-known or used as of yet, Taiwanese company, Spanflex is fully recycled spandex certified by the Global Recycle Standard (GRS). The holding company (Sheico group) is certified by Bluesign. Unfortunately, we havenât yet seen much of Spanflex in the market, hoping this will change.Â
Recycled synthetic fabrics may not have quite as good of an end of life outcome as biodegradable fabrics but theyâre still far better than their virgin synthetic counterparts and to us, using existing plastic that is currently polluting our waterways is a win.
Pros of recycled synthetics:
Cons of recycled synthetics:
Even if you have a totally organic cotton t-shirt, itâs not sustainable, eco friendly or compostable if itâs saturated with toxic dyes that used excessive amounts of water and damage communitiesâ¦
So what are the options?
- Eco-friendly, natural dyes: Colorlfix is one example and a particularly innovative one where a group of scientists figured out how to use non-polluting renewable chemistry to create natural dyes that use 10 times less water and are non-toxic. Their dyes can be used on both synthetic and natural fabrics
Others innovations are contributing to solving the problem including developing dyes from agricultural waste
- For synthetic fabrics: CO2 dyeing, created by Dyecoo, uses no water, less energy and 100% of the dye itself (no wasted dye). Another company called Colrep uses patented AirDye technology, also using less water and less energy.
- Digital Printing: The industry is very short on good information on the sustainability of digital printing. While most seem to agree it uses less water, the concern seems to be about the inks used. Kornit seems to be the most advanced, using a waterless system and non-toxic inks.
Youâre probably wondering how on earth you figure out what dyes or inks were used. Once again, your best bet (outside of asking the question of the brand) is to go for companies that are Bluesign certified and/or GOTS certified.
As important as environmental impact is, itâs only part of the picture. We have to make sure the social side is up to scratch across the entire supply chain. For that, we need some degree of transparency from the company.
As we mentioned above, full transparency across spider web-like supply chains is a lot to ask, but that doesnât mean you shouldnât still be demanding to know:Â #WhoMadeMyClothes?
While brands themselves may not be able to obtain perfect transparency, they can try, especially by trying to minimize their supply chain. Smaller supply chains mean more control and fewer unknown variables. Some good indications that a company has a pretty good handle on their supply chain:
- Products are made in their base country (i.e. made in the USA or made in the UK)
- Products are made in developed countries where workplace health and safety codes are more strictly enforced and employees are paid living wages.
- Small product line: The larger the offerings and the wider the types of materials, the larger the supply chain. Smaller offers mean more control. Solid brands donât need to offer a huge array of garments, just a few simple things made really well will do. Our societyâs valuation of convenience and the one-stop-shop isnât always best.
- They utilize small, family-owned factories.
If companies do source and manufacture overseas (particularly developing countries), make sure they regularly audit these factories (see the next section for certifications on this) and suppliers by either hiring third-party auditors or directly visiting their factories on a regular basis.
We understand that larger brands with huge product lines simply canât keep everything small, but if they canât, they need to be open about their sourcing. We want to not only see them claiming to have ethical supply chains and sustainable sourcing, we want them to tell us exactly where things were made. That way, we as consumers can judge the ethics for ourselves.
Transparency leads to accountability which leads to CHANGE.
This is essentially the thinking behind Fashion Revolutions Transparency Index. Starting in 2017, they conduct a yearly survey of 200 major fashion brands on supply chain transparency, which includes factors like policy and commitments, governance, traceability, fixing, and spotlight issues.
In the 2019 Transparency Index, the average transparency was a dismal 21%, with no brand scoring above 70%. That may seem sad, but on the bright side, theyâve seen marked improvements each year of the survey (5% since 2018 where no brand scored about 60% and 9% since 2017 where no brand scored above 50%).
The demand for transparency is working, but as Fashion Revolution reminds us:
Once a company has disclosed some of their business practices and sourcing habits, we can start to examine whether or not they can be considered ethical.
BEWARE OF GREENWASHING IN âETHICALâ FASHION
Again, greenwashing is a big concern here and companies can claim to be doing something special when really theyâre just adhering to basic human rights laws across the fashion industry (as lax as they may be). There are just some key human rights standards every company should adhere to and theyâre not special or extra ethical for doing so.
One baseline ethical standard is the Social Accountability Standard International SA8000, which ensures fair treatment of laborers. Though even here âfair treatmentâ is pretty loosely defined and only encompasses really big issues like no child labor (duh) and meeting a countryâs minimum wage (which, letâs be honest, isnât worth crediting the business with ANY gold stars in developing countries).
Unfortunately, companies have gotten so good at greenwashing that they require an absurd amount of mental gymnastics to see through it.
Fortunately, other corporations exist to do the work so we donât have to (or at least not quite as much).
The most bulletproof way to know a company isnât BS-ing you is to look for special (non-mandatory) certifications obtained through third-party audits. Much like different fabrics can be certified, entire supply chains can be certified for ethical practices as well.
The big two (meaning the strictest and hardest to obtain) are:
- B-Corp: This is the top-tier all-encompassing certification, for both ethical and sustainable criteria. To get this certification, a business and its entire supply chain must meet high standards across 80 âimpact areasâ both environmental and social. This audit is repeated on a yearly basis in order to maintain the certification.
- Fair Trade: There are lots of different certifying entities here, like the World Fair Trade Organisation (WFTO) along with individual chapters such as the North American Fair Trade Federation, Fair Trade USA, Fairtrade Foundation, and Fairtrade InternationalÂ
While these are not ALL the ethical fashion certifications out there, here are some other common, reputable ones:
- Ecocert:Â âIndependent and impartial certification body assessing the conformity of a product, service or system with environmental and social requirements specified in a standardâ â standards vary depending on whatâs getting certified. For example they have an organic farming certification, a Fair Trade certification and an organic and ecological textiles certification.
- Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP):Â Another voluntary certification but its 12 principles should be considered a requirement for every company. Examples inlcude: no forced labor, no child labor, no harassment or abuse, fairly limited work hours, non-discrimination, healthy and safe workplace, and utilization of environmentally-conscious practices.
- International Labour Organisation (ILO)
- Worker Rights Consortium
- Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI)
- Labour Behind the Label
- International Corporate Responsibility Roundtable (ICAR)
- Clean Clothes Campaign
- Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI)
This is the final criteria we use when judging the human rights side of a fashion company. While itâs not a make-or-break-it standard, we really do our best to prioritize brands that are size inclusive and promote diversity in their product image (such as through models chosen).
We say itâs time to end the days of flipping through fashion catalogues and seeing nothing but blonde skeletons. The thigh gap is a lie!
Truly ethical companies will make clothes for all genders, no matter their size, body type, or skin tone.
Sustainable clothing should be made with durability in mind. In other words, it should last a long time. Look for brands that use robust materials and back them with a lifetime warranty (if they do that, chances are theyâre pretty confident in the quality of their product).
But even the best made fabrics do break down eventually. Sustainable brands will consider that inevitability when designing their products and business model. Look for companies that offer repair or return programs. If they do take things back, do they recycle them?
You can also look for products bearing a Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certification. Products can have one of five levels (basic, bronze, silver, gold, and platinum) depending on the LOWEST score they receive when assessed for five things: material health, material reuse, renewable energy and carbon management, water stewardship, and social fairness.
As important as product impact is, we also need to pay attention to operational impact, by looking for brands that consider other components of their business.
Aside from minimizing impact through fabric choices and garment durability, companies should minimize their impact through:
- Handmade production elements:Â The less a company relies on machines, the less energy they consume and machine emissions they create. On the other side of the token, hand-making creates more jobs.
- Zero Waste Packaging:Â Look for compostable shipping materials, tags, sleeves, etc. Or can the packaging be returned to be reused again?
- Shipping: Do they use carbon neutral shipping services? Do they only ship by ground and freight? Do they ship overseas? Last mile logistics (which refers to the final step of the delivery process from a distribution center or facility to the end-user) account for a lot of GHG emissions. The better companies will avoid shipping overseas and avoid shipping by air.
Sometimes itâs hard to avoid carbon emissions. Conscious companies will be aware of this and purchase carbon offsets to account for it and any other sustainability gaps in the considerations above. Or offer for customers to pay extra to offset emissions from shipping!
- Office policies on waste and impact:Â Conscious companies will operate low waste themselves, implementing office/factory recycling and composting, utilizing renewable energy, and eliminating as much waste as possible.
- Deadstock waste:Â How do they handle it? Most companies donât say (unless they offer a recycling program where even returned used items get remade into new products). It wouldnât hurt to ask! Obviously burning is not the answer weâre looking for.
The ideal is that companies donât overproduce products or best of all (though rare except among very small fashion brands) is companies that operate on a made-to-order basis. That way you know thereâs never any wasted products being made.
We like brands that are in it for more than just personal profit. Those that use their profits to better the world in some way, whether it be giving money to charities or organizing events and initiatives.
The 1% for the Planet Program (founded by Patagoniaâs Yvon Chouinard) is one of the most reputable give-back programs. Being a member essentially holds brands accountable for giving back a set amount on a regular basis.
Just be aware that giving back is not everything. In fact, itâs pretty low on the priority list compared to every other criteria. Itâs also not uncommon for companies to hide their unethical business practices with well-promoted give-back scheme.
Good on You: This website and app combo provides a free fashion brand directory that conveniently allows you to search by brand or article of clothing to see the full gamut of sustainability stats.
Rank a Brand: Similar to Good on You but a bit older, Rank a Brand helps you answers the question, âHow sustainable is your favorite brand?â They provide comparisons for clothing and shoe companies, ranked on both sustainability and social responsibility.
GET INSPIRED BY WHATâS NEXT FOR THE FASHION INDUSTRY
Well, thatâs largely up to us. Weâve seen monumental progress and truly innovative changes happening within the fashion industry.
Still, the huge amount of work left begs the question: Is it truly sustainable fashion even possible? Or is it just an oxymoronic attempt to cleanse our conscience?
Maybe fashion will never be sustainable by absolute ideals, and industry recognition of that fact is a sign of the truly better fashion companies out there.
Outdoor clothing brand Patagonia and their anti-growth business model is arguably one of these (scoring among the top spots in Fashion Revolutionâs 2019 Transparency Index survey at 64%). Still, founder and CEO Yvon Chouinard writes in his memoir Let My People Go Surfing (affiliate link to Better World Books):
âPatagonia will never be completely socially responsible. It will never make a totally sustainable non-damaging product. But it is committed to trying.âÂ
Perhaps then sustainable and ethical fashion as distinct from fast fashion should not be thought of as a dichotomy but rather on a spectrum. Some brands and businesses are just further along the line than others.
This approach is not only conscious of, but also allows for, a changing landscape of what constitutes as sustainable and ethical. It also encourages brands and businesses to improve, rather than creating an âus and themâ scenario.
If you need some inspiration about proof that change can happen, we encourage you to tap into these resources. Below are some of the most notable movements and entities pushing to make fashion a force for good.
For more key organizations, check out this pretty comprehensive list.
Designer Kate Fletcherâs answer to fast fashion. Borrowing from the Slow Food Movement, Slow Fashion encapsulates much of what made that trend successful:Â awareness, responsibility, quality over quantity, protection of cultural identities, choice and information.
Slow Fashion, she envisaged, would enable âa richer interaction between designer and maker; maker and garment; garment and userâ and the future would herald âan opportunity for business to be done in a way that respects workers, environment and consumers in equal measureâ.
The founder of Fashion Revolution Week, which is perhaps the best expression of the power of the purchaser is the worldâs largest fashion activism movement. The annual event takes place over the anniversary of the Rana Plaza disaster on April 24. In many ways, Fashion Revolution Week has formalized the Slow Fashion Movement.
There are now teams in more than 100 countries across the globe and hundreds of thousands of people attending local events asking the simple question #WhoMadeMyClothes. The aim is to open a dialogue with retailers and brands, to look at their supply chain and encourage transparency.
Fashion Revolution aims to reform the fashion industry via the 3 Mâs: Model, Material, and Mindset. They are an AMAZING resource for all your fashion industry facts as well as updated info about counter-fast fashion movements. We could (and have) spent all day just browsing their information to help us be better consumers.
This UK based charity is working toward a circular fashion economy by stopping clothes from being thrown away. They âturn clothes waste into funds and resources to reduce the environmental and social impacts of our clothesâ. They do this by increasing clothes reuse and educating people about the impacts of textile waste and production.
The FFC works with fashion industry CEOs to develop market-based solutions that economically incentivise a shift toward sustainable business practices. Itâs essentially a think tank for coming up with ways fashion can be not just neutral, but a positive force in the world.
One of their projects is setting up a sustainability accounting standards board for the fashion industry.
We did a more in-depth analysis of this organsisation here as well as interviewed their founder, Cara Smyth on our podcast.
This nonprofit aims to educate people about the problems of fashion as well as turn the tides on the industry. They started by making documentaries designed to bring people âface to dace with the women who make our clothesâ.
Theyâve got a ton of great resources for learning the ins-and-outs of sustainable fashion, including the Pre-Loved Podcast and a film archive exposing the realities of the fashion industry across the world. All these films are short and must-sees.
To really get a grasp on what circular fashion means, check out their circular fashion workbook.
In 2020, the SAC will launch the Higg Product Module (Higg PM), which will help companies determine the full life-cycle impact (seed-to-shelf, socially and environmentally) when produced at an industrial scale. This could be a huge turning point in creating a more widely accepted set of sustainable fashion criteria and legally enforced corporate responsibility.
If all this inspired you to learn more about the glitter and glue that holds together the fashion industry, these are some resources to get you started.
- Fashion Revolutionâs Zine How to Be a Fashion RevolutionaryÂ
- Fashion Revolutionâs Zine #001Â Money Fashion Power
- Fashion Revolutionâs Zine #002Â Loved Clothes Last
- Wear No Evil by Greta Eagan
- Let My People Go Surfing by Yvon Chouinard
- Slow Clothing: Finding meaning in what we wear by Jane Milburn
- Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion by Elizabeth Cline
- Clothing Poverty: The Hidden World of Fast Fashion and Second-hand Clothes by Andrew Brooks
- Fashion and Sustainability: Design for Change by Kate Fletcher
More book, study, and article recommendations here
We know this article has been overwhelming, with lots of fatiguing figures and some inspiring innovations. The fashion industry has just gotten so out of control, it takes a lot to understand the full picture.
We do our best here at Sustainable Jungle to put in the work so you donât have to and now you hopefully have somewhat of an understanding of how we approach our sustainable fashion guides. We will always look for brands that meet as many of these ideals as possible and will certainly not include any that do not consider and adequately mitigate their impact.
Hereâs a list of all our ethical fashion brand listings (so far):
- Ethical Underwear
- Ethical ActivewearÂ
- Ethical Swimwear
- Ethical Lingerie
- Ethical & Fair Trade Dresses
- Ethical Sneakers
- Eco Friendly T-shirts
- Eco Friendly &Â Recycled Flip Flops
- Sustainable Mens Clothing
Please let us know if you have any concerns with any of the brands on any of our lists. As much time and energy as we put into researching them, fashion is a fickle friend and we know that we fall victim to greenwashing from time to time. Weâre human, too!
So collaborate with us and help us find the brands truly worth supporting, the ones that aim to make fashion a force for good. Styles come and go, but sustainability preserves the planet for a lifetime. Letâs all aim to make the most popular fashion trend of the future one that makes a positive impact on the world.
Other articles you might like â¦
Eco-Friendly Fashion: How It Affects Our Lives?


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I'm almost 40 and have never been in a relationship (I've had sex...like, serious slut levels of sex).
That said, I've always been fascinated by gay men that have been in relationships because it's one thing in life I've never been able to do (like everything else, luck and oneself play a role). Curious about the following:
-How many relationships have you had? -How long did each last? -Why break up? -What was it about the person that made you decide "This person - with all their complexities - is better than being alone"? (This is what I particularly am fascinated by, as I cannot imagine someone ever deeming me better than being single)

subset: commoncrawl


text: Yet another absolutely awesome and funny Ruthe postcard comes from Susi in Germany. The conversation between Santa and Rudolph goes something like this: "What does the specialist think?" "It's okay but I believe that the rooster is not a team player." Love it! But Rudolph has now forever been ingrained in my memory as a total bully! Kidding! Thank you Susi and a merry Christmas to you and your family!


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Daily US grain report: traders awaiting USDA export sales data
US grain futures prices were mixed to weaker overnight, with corn near steady, soybeans down around 1/2 cent and wheat around 2 cents down.
It's been another up-and-down week for grain traders regarding progress, or lack thereof, in US-China trade negotiations. A Barron's headline Friday warned that traders should be less worried about US-China trade talks and more concerned about recent data pointing to a significant slowdown in China's economic growth.
The highlight of the day Friday will be the weekly USDA export sales report, delayed by one day due to the US holiday on Monday. US corn sales are seen at 400,000 to 800,000 metric tonnes (MT), soybeans 800,000 to 1,400,000 MT and wheat at 200,000 to 500,000 MT. Traders will be watching the data for stepped-up grain purchases from China.
The near-term technical chart postures for all three grain markets have deteriorated the past few weeks, which is prompting some fresh selling interest from speculators, including the big "funds."
The Midwest US weather is now a mixed bag for the futures market. It has been colder and snowy this week, which has is delayed harvesting of corn and soybeans still in the fields. However, the coming days see warmer and drier weather conditions in the regions, to allow for good progress on gathering the crops.
Formi NDF and the 3rd Generation acidifier Formi 3G have been formulated to replace the need for in-feed antibiotics, by ensuring a strong antibacterial impact against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.
The Formi product line, based on Addcon's patented diformate technology ensures optimal efficiency, highest growth rates and maximum safety, which are key requirements in animal production worldwide – and are now available in the USA.Learn more


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Cleared by the FDA last year, the Zeltiq device for cryolipolysis is quickly gaining popularity with the public and with physicians. Using intense cooling to destroy fat cells, the technique is relatively painless and associated with no significant side effects. "The key thing for successful cryolipolysis is really patient selection and patient expectations," says Brian Zelickson, MD, Adjunct Associate Professor of Dermatology at University of Minnesota Medical School and director of Zel Skin and Laser Specialists in Edina, MN. The procedure is intended for treatment of discreet fat deposits or bulges that are unresponsive to diet and exercise. "We want to make sure the patient has the best body shape that is most amenable to the Zeltiq procedure," Dr. Zelickson explains. "We're basically using it as a contouring device for slimming down and improving bulges, primarily the love handles, abdomen, back fat, and some areas that may be amenable to that type of treatment." Because of its intended use, the manufacturer calls the technique CoolSculpting.
The novel device can be applied successfully to multiple anatomic sites in a single patient, and serial application can provide a circumferential treatment, Dr. Zelickson says. He describes his approach below.
How do you perform circumferential fat reduction of
the lower abdomen?
When thinking about targeted fat reduction in small anatomic areas, the love handles or the abdomen frequently come to mind. But in his practice, Dr. Zelickson noticed that a significant proportion of patients were suited to treatment of the entire lower abdomen, including both flanks and the stomach. So, he began offering circumferential treatment of the entire lower abdomen with application of Zeltiq to each flank and the stomach.
Application time for each target area is typically about an hour, so the total required treatment time is about three hours. That's a long time for most patients to sit through a treatment, so the procedures are usually divided into two treatment sessions, spaced a few days to a week a part. This time span is close enough that all treatment areas will show a similar response rate at subsequent time points. This also means that the order of treatment (whether it be both love handles at the first visit and the stomach at the second, the stomach and one handle at the first visit, etc.) will not alter results.
Wider abdomens may require more than one hour for treatment, in order to effectively treat the entire stomach. However, Dr. Zelickson notes, the availability of three applicator shapes, including the new large eZ App 8 applicator, has enhanced the operator's ability to rapidly treat larger areas.
All patients treated with Zeltiq are re-assessed in about two months and the need for additional treatment is determined. Studies and clinical experience confirm a cumulative effect from subsequent applications, Dr. Zelickson says.
What challenges face operators?
Success with Zeltiq, Dr. Zelickson reiterates, depends on patient selection and expectation building. "The physician that's doing the procedure really does need to spend the time to understand the procedure and understand who really is the best candidate for it," he says. Knowing which patients are best suited to treatment, "is a pretty easy learning curve, but it's an important one," he notes. Operators and patients must recognize that the device does not treat skin laxity.
To ensure success, physicians should be actively involved in patient treatment and not simply delegate patient selection and treatment to staff. In his practice, Dr. Zelickson evaluates all patients and maps out a treatment protocol. Nursing staff then apply the device according to his directions.
It is not necessary that staff remain with patients throughout the application time. Patients can use a beeper to call staff if they have any concerns or require assistance during treatment. Dr. Zelickson's treatment rooms are equipped with a DVD player and wi-fi service to occupy patients during treatment.
Other considerations to optimize outcomes include the use of good photo-documentation. Also, he says to cleanse the treatment area thoroughly prior to device application; patient-applied products (body oils, lotions) could interfere with device function.
— To see Dr. Zelickson perform a treatment, visit DermTube.com


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A student in the presence of bishop e. First try scare techniques, then exclusion. By fairy hands their knell is rung; By forms unseen their dirge is sung; There honor comes a pilgrim gray, to bless the turf that wraps their clay; And freedom shall a while repair, to dwell, a weeping hermit.
Possibly more efficacious than the smelly poultices. I was at a seminar yesterday from an investment platform.
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Since this was our last night at the hotel, my friend rahul also wanted to stay out most of the night with new friends he made at the bar, so in a way i had the whole room to.
Half way through the surgeon of crowthorne. Pretty much sums up part of every day for me.
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Genetic risk factors have been documented for all anxiety disorders. But they had to pay dues in the states. Read more gainford hotels to open luxury hotel in newcastle quayside gainford hotels announced last week it plans to convert the former chase bar, newcastle into a multi-million pound hotel, creating new jobs in the region. Other blacks than those enumerated are manufactured, but only on so small a scale as to be of no commercial importance.
Some survivors recovered and adjusted better than. Consequently, supporting cancer survivors to continue their work, beyond initial rtw, is increasingly important.
Although fat mass and adipose tissue are not equivalent components, fat mass is easier to estimate than adipose tissue, and it is correlated with performance and disease risk. In forgiveness, mercy, joy, and humor. Berserk manga volumes san juan capistrano. And, its not that i disagree with you.
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As word got out to local police, ross scaled back his empire and began to relinquish control to smaller dealers in hopes he could disappear quietly into retirement. This book explores these transformations of world view and approach as they have been experienced by anthropological colleagues, a number of whom began their work very much in the earlier tradition. Jumbo babysits yotsuba while koiwai is out, Lessons with a Grandmaster 3: Strategic and tactical ideas in modern chess when yanda shows up to eat his instant ramen, he helps yotsuba defends the house from the intruder.
Josephs brothers go to egypt.


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K datasheet, K pdf, K data sheet, datasheet, data sheet, pdf, Microsemi, Positive Fixed Linear Voltage Regulators. K Datasheet, K PDF, K Data sheet, K manual, K pdf, K, datenblatt, Electronics K, alldatasheet, free, datasheet, Datasheets, . K Positive Fixed Linear Voltage Regulators. Details, datasheet, quote on part number: K. Part, K. Category. Description, Positive Fixed Linear.
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I'll check out the data sheet. Kec three terminal positive voltage regulators,alldatasheet, datasheet, datasheet search site for electronic components and semiconductors, integrated circuits, diodes, triacs, and other semiconductors. One way around this problem is to parallel the chips' input and ground, but place a low-value e. Media New media New comments Search media. Lm78xx series voltage regulators february lm78xx series voltage 8705k general description the lm78xx series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range dqtasheet applications.
Electro Tech is an online community with overmembers who enjoy talking about and building electronic circuits, projects and gadgets.
Lm lmalm 3amp adjustable regulators general description the lm series of adjustable 3terminal datawheet voltage regulators is capable of supplying in excess of 3a over a. Obviously, industrial milling machines are outside the budget and storage facilities of most hobbyists.
Potentiometer Questions Started by norbss Yesterday at If you parallel them, then there will be an 7805 drop in their output voltage when the higher-voltage one they probably won't be the same current-limits at its rating and the output voltage drops down to where the lower-voltage one begins to share the load current. Articles Top Articles Search resources. Johnson New Member Aug 11, Doubling current capacity? Absolute maximum ratings note 1 if militaryaerospace specified devices are required, please contact the national semiconductor sales office distributors for availability and specifications.
Also, put a big heatsink on them. A can handle 1 amp, there are ones which can handle 1. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you datqsheet in if you register. Click here to register now. Welcome to our site! Usually this is not a big problem in most applications. So if one can handle ma, can I parallel 2 's to get ma current capacity? Just saying datasheeh Started by MichaelaJoy Yesterday at 6: I believe I remember seeing a suggested circuit for running multiple regulators in this fasion, and it wasn't quite as simple as running in parallel.
Thanks all for the replies. dataxheet
SGK IC VOLTAGE REG POS 5V TO-3 Microsemi-IPG datasheet pdf data sheet FREE from
Search the history of over billion web pages on the internet. Also, the TO-3 K package will handle 1. To get a higher voltage regulation current, is it OK to parallel 2 voltage regulators? Finally, the datasheet should have a suggested datxsheet for creating a pass transistor circuit to increace the output current.
K Datasheet pdf – Positive Fixed Linear Voltage Regulators – Microsemi
This will provide a resistance for the small difference in regulation voltage between the two at the sacrifice of making the supply just a wee bit "softer", i. Seems using a higher current rated dtasheet is the simplest thing to do.
Doubling 7805 current capacity?
Designed for high current loads, these devices also find applications datxsheet lower current, extremely low dropoutcritical systems, where their tiny dropout voltage and ground current values are important attributes. Don't parallel them, for the reasons listed above. Dm triple 3input nor gates june dm triple 3input nor gates general description. The datasheets show how a PNP power transistor can be added to handle much more current. You must always properly heatsink it based on the heat generated datahseet the voltage drop and current involved.
7805K – 7805K 5V 1A Positive Regulator Datasheet
Rising to new heights 77805k is certainly rising to new heights. You must log in or register to reply here. The motors datasheet listing motorshaft dimensions preferred or calipers to measure the motorshaft dimensions yourself round, solid rod in a material and diameter desired.
Dm dual 4input nand gate physical dimensions inches millimeters. If you place two directly in parallel and one regulates at a voltage that is 0. Paralleling is not recommended. A series positivevoltage regulators slvsj may revised may 2 post office box dallas, texas schematic input output common absolute maximum ratings over virtual junction temperature range unless otherwise noted. Oznog Active Member Aug 11, Forums New posts Search forums.
A second transistor can be added for current-limiting or just let the go into thermal shutdown because of a small heatsink then it will also limit the current in the PNP.
Easily share your publications and get them in front of issuus. Checking out the data sheet will show methods of using extra parts around the regulator for extra current capacity. Don't datzsheet that the higher your raw dc voltage datasheef the chip, the more it datashet dissipate, so keep the raw dc to a just above the necessary headroom for best regulation, especially on higher current datasyeet.
Mck voltage regulator to3 case w heat sink k. No part of this manual may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means.


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Recommended Reading: On the mysterious benefactors keeping St. Mark's bookstore alive.
Bookstore Fairy
You Down with OED? Yeah, You Know Me.
"I've been hailed as a hero (hipster poets love me), gotten the rock star reception (by research librarians), and been dismissed with derision, thought possibly to be deranged," says Jon Danzinger. So what's his job, you might ask? He's a researcher for the Oxford English Dictionary.
Make Way for Native Excellence
"It's about what they call Native Excellence — and creating a path to it with its own expectations and standards, instead of relying on those established by white academia or publishing." BuzzFeed News wrote an in-depth feature on the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA), which offers the US's first indigenous-centered MFA program, Terese Marie Mailhot (author of Heart Berries: A Memoir), and Tommy Orange (author of There There). Read our interview with Marcie Rendon about writing a representative novel for today's Native Americans.
Meet Ms. Marvel
In an effort to diversify the comics industry, Marvel's latest superhero isn't another white man in a cape but a teenage Muslim girl living in Jersey City. Kamala Khan, alias Ms. Marvel, can change shape and will fight villains and her parents' expectations when the series debuts in February. Pair with: Matt Madden's history of American comics in six panels.
Drawing the Line
Recommended Reading: On the dark, subversive adult coloring books of the 60s.
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Book Boredom
Love Letter to Technology
The last book that Michelle Vider loved was our own Emily St. John Mandel's Station Eleven, which was a finalist for the 2014 National Book Award. Claire Cameron's interview with Mandel from The Millions is a nice complement.
A Dissociated World
"We live, in short, with local exceptions, in a dissociated world held together by fragile links of utility and self-promotion underpinned by laws of mutual advantage—a materialist ethos and cosmos that cannot but influence cultural representations and, hence, art, including poetry." On John Donne and the humanity in art.


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2 Votes in Poll
What's on your mind?
2 Votes in Poll
Just Updated
Thb i dont like dean im in love with tristan and rory but no she went to dean after he threaten to kill my tristan!!
38 Votes in Poll
57 Votes in Poll
75 Votes in Poll
Despite everything, LOGAN AND RORY!!!
78 Votes in Poll
87 Votes in Poll
Okay, so today I was rewatching Gilmore Girls(again) and I realized that I always thought that the one waiter at Luke's who was never introduced was Mr. Kim. He looks like this.
And then here is Mr.Kim in the revival. I thought that they were the same person for years.
I was looking for their names, but I couldn't find anything. Has anyone else found their names?
65 Votes in Poll
I was watching Gilmore Girls today and I could not make up my mind on there relationship! Like is it a good relationship or a toxic one! Please comment you thought!
I rewatch Gilmore Girls all the time, now I'm noticing more and more plot holes which haven't been spoken about before. I wish I could ss to show proof but I will list some but cant with netflix. I really haven't seen any on these ones I'll try not to repeat any youve heard. ( this really shows how sad i am )
* In the Pilot the girls talking about Rory doing the assignment in Stars Hollow class one of them is actor who plays Summer later as comes up in the later episodes at Chilton as Tristan's girlfriend!
*When Dean goes to the Gilmore Girls household he says as he knows why Rory liked the prince from Sleeping Beauty because he could dance because he has 'sisters' plural but later we learn he only has one sister Clara.
*The photo of Sherri shown isn't the same actress later on and they also state that her and Christopher have a puppy together which never comes up again after.
Once Jess and Rory break up, Lorelai and Luke start dating. When Luke and Lorelai almost get married, Jess and Rory would have been step-cousins.
I saw this at my local grocery store and had to buy it in honor of all the movie nights on Gilmore Girls!!! Also, any suggestions for tonight's movie night?


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EB Canada Reminds Us To Set Apart 24 GB For The XCOM 2: Assortment On Change
The Nintendo Direct Mini earlier this week revealed numerous upcoming third-party titles for Change. 2K, specifically, introduced three of its main franchises had been en path to the hybrid system. This had lots of people buzzing till the large obtain necessities for the bodily variations had been uncovered.
On the time of this announcement, a 2K press launch mentioned the whole dimension of the XCOM 2: Assortment would "not exceed 24 GB" and now a web page itemizing for the upcoming launch on the EB Video games Canada web site says a obtain of "no less than 24 GB" might be required. Barely totally different wording, however hey – it nonetheless mentions 24 GB.
Recreation requires obtain of no less than 24 GB. microSD card really useful (bought individually). Storage necessities might change, go to xcom.com for particulars.
As acknowledged within the official PR, the XCOM Assortment for Change is being launched on an GB cartridge, containing two base missions – with the remainder of the content material requiring a obtain.
You'll be able to examine how a lot area you will must put aside for the Bioshock: The Assortment and Borderlands Legendary Assortment in our earlier publish.
Would you think about a bodily recreation that probably requires a 24GB obtain? Inform us under.


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Refine Your Search
#842 Wauwatosa Retail Co-Manager
Hobby Lobby - Wauwatosa, WI
Do you have great success at team building? Enjoy working in a team environment? Hobby Lobby is the leader in the arts and crafts industry, and we are searching for strong energetic leaders who want to grow their careers. We believe in internal promotion and the Co-Manager position will...
Application Deadline: None More Less


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- Preserve Size: 1,250 acres
- Trail Mileage: Many miles
- Pets: yes
- Difficulty: easy to moderate
- Sights: marshes, old-growth forests, historic dams, fields
Bog Brook, Whitten Hill, and Northern Headwaters preserve trails in green, Hogback Mountain in blue, Frye Mountain in yellow. Note: Hogback Mountain is on private land, and visiting rules can change.
Along with some interesting sites, including historic dams and marsh views, you can go on an unusually long walk for this part of Maine, like a 10- or 15-mile loop in the Whitten Hill and Bog Brook Preserve, or, if you're really ambitious, a 47-mile trek on the astonishing Hills to Sea trail!
The trail network around the preserves of Bog Brook, Whitten Hill, and Northern Headwaters feels remote and not heavily trafficked. Even if there were several hikers out, the protected area is so spacious, it's likely you wouldn't run into one another. The whole network it is well signed and blazed, although parts of it seem to be slightly more neglected.
The Bog Brook Preserve encloses a large, hidden marsh and pretty stream with several pools (at least one made by beavers). In Whitten Hill Preserve, you can go on a long loop that includes fields and hemlock forests. There are some some long ascents and descents, but it never feels too strenuous. And Northern Headwaters Preserve contains old forests and historic dams, as well the headwaters for the Sheepscot River.
The Midcoast Conservancy's fantastic map includes some of the highlights of the trails in this area, as well as trail distances.
Directions: The trailhead is on Halldale Road, about .9 miles from the junction with Burnham Hill Road. You will pass two trailheads for the trail network on your way to the large parking area for Whitten Hill Preserve, which will be on your left a bit after the road turns to gravel.


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This stuff was not for me, yet it did share the "outsider" theme and highlighted the Achilles' heel of the concept. New York's American Folk Art Museum recently lost its building, perhaps because this type of work just isn't all that interesting in the end. That it's "outside" the system doesn't make the work good; it's just another marketing hook, like dubbing it "primitive" or "naïve." I hate to sound old-fashioned, but a museum of everything ends up being a museum of nothing.
Back at the Biennale, lots of people were frustrated by Mr. Gioni's exhibition—they felt like they had come a long way and didn't get the art fix they were entitled to—whereas to the regulars, those who have "seen it all" and "done that," Massimiliano's choices were sophisticated and refreshing. He made a strong curatorial statement that challenges both the art dialogue and the art market of today. Reflecting on the experience, I realize now that not many of the individual works stuck with me, and perhaps that was the point. When there are so many artists most of us have never heard of, it's no longer a show about individual works. The notion of "outsider" art becomes really interesting to me when some of them succeed in penetrating into the "inside." If they don't, it's mostly forgettable. Art with a capital A is all about the context, and understanding a cultural system. But inserting "outsiders" helped frame the ultimate questions: what is the purpose of the Biennale today and who is its audience?
These queries didn't need answers for anyone who saw Venice's blockbuster, "Manet: Return to Venice" at the splendid Palazzo Ducale. This amazing and extensive exhibition featured one room that silenced all questions. Here was the artwork that Mark Twain once dubbed the "greatest painting in the world," Titian's Venus of Urbino. To my absolute delight and amazement, the painting Manet based on it, his über-famous Olympia, was hanging beside it. The pairing of these works, separated by 300 years of art history, trumped the rest of what Venice had to offer. In his day, Manet was controversial and subversive, an innovator whose work challenged, and eventually defeated, the system. Experiencing these two jaw-dropping masterpieces in this setting was the end-all for me; there was nothing more I needed to see.


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iCE KiD 2nd EP"Hoshizora Shonen"jacket released
Commemorative song"Don't stop trying"was delivered in advance with guest performances of Soraoto, kojikoji and Tio.
iCE KiD Music producer / Beat maker. With the concept of "Pops x Hiphop" Release 1st album "Aquarius" in 2019. He has tours in Tokyo, Osaka, etc., and is active in many areas. For the next work, 2nd EP "Hoshizora Shonen" will be released soon. iCE KiD February/2020


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The Orias system was a star system in Cardassian space in the late 24th century. It has at least three planets, including Orias III.
In 2371, Starfleet Intelligence suspected a fleet of Cardassian vessels was secretly being built in the system. The Maquis feared this might be a build up to new attacks by the Cardassians so Thomas Riker stole the USS Defiant from Deep Space 9 to investigate. He was prevented from entering the system by a group of Keldon-class vessels. (DS9 episode: "Defiant")
Starfleet's suspicions turned out to be accurate when it was later revealed a secret fleet was being built in the system by the Obsidian Order in a joint operation with the Tal Shiar to destroy the Founders homeworld in the Gamma Quadrant. (DS9 episode: "Improbable Cause", DS9 novel: Rising Son)
After the Dominion War, the system became a protectorate of the Romulan Star Empire. Ethan Locken planned to attack the system with a missile loaded with deadly prion viruses. (DS9 - Section 31 novel: Abyss)
Earlier that year, Kasidy Yates conducted a cargo run to the Orias system where she obtained a shipment of Rakalian p'losie. (DS9 - Avatar novel: Book One)
|Stars and star systems of the Cardassian Union
|Almatha • Ankaro • Aokii • Arawath • Arduria • Argaya • Bajor (ceded 2369) • Bryma • Cardassia • Celtris • Chin'toka • Cuellar • Davon • Doltec • Geilod • Glintara • Gulvaria • Hagal • Iota Cephei • Kelrabi • Lahra • Mirish • Monac • Nuraka • Olmerak • Orias • Peyit • Quinor • Rakal • Raknal • Rissa • Rondac • Septimus • Shahr • Torros • Trelka • Trivas • Unefra • Weibak • Varian • Velos • Ventani • Xoxa
Template:Alpha and Beta Quadrant stars and systems (O)
|Orias sector
|Crown system • Enocha system • Orias • Phi system
|Zeta Andromedae sector block
|Arawath sector
|Arawath (Arawath) • Bavar • Kalesta (Kalesta III) • Lahra (Lahra Prime) • Zenas Expanse
|Kora sector
|B'lii • Mirish (Mirish Prime) • Oradhe (Eta Oradhe 70) • TRD 071944
|Orias sector
|Crown (Crown IV) • Enocha (Enocha Prime) • Orias (Orias III) • Phi (Phi II)
|Vanden sector
|Goralis (Goralis III) • Mec • Mryax (Mryax 40) • Vanden (Vanden Prime) • Vestalan (Vestalan Prime) • Zenas Expanse
External linkEdit
- Orias article at Memory Alpha, the wiki for canon Star Trek.


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Behavioural mimicry is a potential mechanism explaining why adolescents appear to be influenced by their parents' eating behaviour. In the current study we examined whether there is evidence that adolescent females mimic their parents when eating. Videos of thirty-eight parent and female adolescent dyads eating a lunchtime meal together were examined. We tested whether a parent placing a food item into their mouth was associated with an increased likelihood that their adolescent child would place any food item (non-specific mimicry) or the same item (specific mimicry) in their mouth at three different time frames, namely, during the same second or within the next fifteen seconds (+15), five seconds (+5) or two second (+2) period. Parents and adolescents' overall food intake was positively correlated, whereby a parent eating a larger amount of food was associated with the adolescent eating a larger meal. Across all of the three time frames adolescents were more likely to place a food item in their mouth if their parent had recently placed that same food item in their mouth (specific food item mimicry); however, there was no evidence of non-specific mimicry. This observational study suggests that when eating in a social context there is evidence that adolescent females may mimic their parental eating behaviour, selecting and eating more of a food item if their parent has just started to eat that food.
|Original language
|Pages (from-to)
|Publication status
|Published - 1 Jun 2015
Bibliographical note© 2015, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Examining evidence for behavioural mimicry of parental eating by adolescent females. An observational study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
Sharps, M., Higgs, S., Blissett, J., Nouwen, A., Chechlacz, M., Allen, H. A., & Robinson, E. (2015). Examining evidence for behavioural mimicry of parental eating by adolescent females. An observational study. Appetite, 89, 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.015


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Bombshell vs Cockzilla
I sent flowers, but you said you didn't receive 'em But you said you didn't need them That girl is a real crowd pleaser Small world, all her friends know of me Young bull living like an old geezer Quick release the cash, watch it fall slowly Frat girls still tryna get even Haters mad for whatever reason Smoke in the air, binge drinking They lose it when the DJ drops the needle Getting so gone I'm not blinking What in the world was I thinking?
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The latest Tweets from PartyBitchKayla (@PartyBitchKayla). Jesus, nails, and entreperneurship. Los Angeles, CA.
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Kayla unknown. She is the most kindhearted thoughtful caring person you will ever meet. She always looks flawless but doesn't realize her own beauty. She's probably obsessed with musicals. She will never leave your side.
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Tips To Sell Your House Fast To A Cash Home Buyer.
The current state of the economy is making a lot of people to look for cash home buyers who will pay cash. If you are facing foreclosure, you need to find a way out to ensure that you get the best cash home buyer. Those individuals who are facing financial problems and they cannot be able to pay for their mortgages are looking for the option of selling their house fast for cash. Traditional way of selling your house fast was to look for the right realtor who would look for a customer to purchase your house. In the recent days, things have changed for several companies that buy houses for cash are there and you should look for the best cash home buyer if you want to sell your house fast and get quick cash. The benefit of selling your house to a cash home buyer is that you will be able to sell your house fast and get quick cash.
Getting the best real estate agent might be a difficult process for getting a customer to purchase your home might take longer. This is the main reason why you should look for a cash home buyer to purchase your property and give you quick cash. It is not a tedious process to sell your house to a cash home buying company. If you are facing foreclosure, you will be able to get quick cash to solve the problem. The reasons why people prefer to sell their house is due to financial problems and payment of pending bills such as medical bills, mortgages, loans, among others. If you have been given a transfer, you might also need to sell your house fast. Divorce and separation might also be one of the reasons why you should sell your house to a cash home buyer. This are some of the main reasons that force people to look for the best cash home bung companies who will pay quick cash for the house.
If you want to sell your house fast, it would be necessary to look for the best cash home buyer. The internet is the best place to start with your search. They usually buy houses for cash regardless of the condition the house is in and by searching from the internet, you will get several companies that pays cash for your home and they are the best to sell your house to. Selling your house to fast, home buyers, is beneficial for you will be able to get quick cash to solve the financial problems that you might be having. You will also be able to save time and cash for you will not be using extra cash to pay home inspection and repair company to do renovation and repair.
Selling your house fast will entail you searching for the best cash home buying company that will give you cash for your house.
– Getting Started & Next Steps
A Beginners Guide To


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304 - 20058 Fraser Highway, LangleyView Floorplan
Quick Connect
Please use the form below to send a message regarding this listing.
Required fields shown in bold
Listing Info
Price: $414,800
Tax: $1453.57/2018
Maint: $352.67
Size: 920 sf Floors: 1
Beds: 2 Baths: 2
Built: 2012
GREAT PRICE!! Welcome to VARSITY! This 2 bed 2 bath home is situated on the SOUTH WEST CORNER of the building. Ample windows allowing in tons of sunlight with the privacy from mature trees. Light, bright & airy OPEN plan layout with bedrooms at opposite ends plus 2 full bathrooms. WEST FACING BALCONY looks out onto GREEN SPACE for ultimate peace & privacy. Kitchen boasts stainless steel appliances, GAS range & an abundance of cabinets & granite counter space. Large master has walk in closet with organizers, double sinks and large shower. 2nd bath has soaker tub. BONUS laundry closet with extra storage! Centrally located in Downtown Langley, close to schools, parks & recreation. Newly painted throughout. 2 pets & rentals allowed. Open House June 8th and 9th 2 - 4pm
Information and measurements should not be relied upon without independent verification.
Garry VoigtPersonal Real Estate Corporation
Phone: 604-789-2140
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.garryvoigt.com
Royal LePage Wolstencroft Realty
135-19664 64 Avenue
Langley, BC


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Webcam - Rocca di Mezzo: Piani Di Pezza
Rocca di Mezzo: Piani Di Pezza is a live webcam located in the destination of Rocca di Mezzo, Italy. You can switch between the current (or last daylight) view from this cam and the most recent daylight view via the two thumbnail images.
Webcam provided by windy.com - add a webcam


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South College is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award degrees at the doctorate, educational specialist, master's, baccalaureate, and associate levels. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of South College.
The School of Business and Technology at South College has received specialized accreditation for its business programs through the International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE) located at 11374 Strang Line Road in Lenexa, Kansas, USA. For a list of accredited programs, visit https://iacbe.org/memberpdf/SouthCollege.pdf.


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Homemade Miter Gauge Sled and Hold Down
David Reed Smith on davidreedsmith.com
Homemade miter gauge sled and hold down intended to facilitate the safe handling of small parts on a table saw. Hold down was constructed from particle board and self-stick foam. Sled was fashioned from 3/4" melamine board.
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