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honor killing (n.)
1.an ancient tradition still sometimes observed; a male member of the family kills a female relative for tarnishing the family image
voir la définition de Wikipedia
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assassination; liquidation; elimination; murder; homicide; manslaughter[ClasseHyper.]
kill, killing, putting to death[Hyper.]
homicidal, mortal, murderous[Dérivé]
honor killing (n.)↕
Note: Varies by jurisdiction
|Non-criminal homicide
Note: Varies by jurisdiction
|By victim or victims
An honor killing, or honour killing[1] (also: honor murder[2][3]) is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief of the perpetrators that the victim has brought dishonor upon the family or community. Honor killings are directed mostly against women and girls, but have been extended to men.
The perceived dishonor is normally the result of one of the following behaviors, or the suspicion of such behaviors: dressing in a manner unacceptable to the family or community, wanting to terminate or prevent an arranged marriage or desiring to marry by own choice, especially if to a member of a social group deemed inappropriate, engaging in heterosexual acts outside marriage and engaging in homosexual acts.
Many women's groups in the Middle East and Southwest Asia suspect that more than 20,000 women are killed each year.[4]
Human Rights Watch defines "honor killings" as follows:
Honor killings are acts of vengeance, usually death, committed by male family members against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by (individuals within) her family for a variety of reasons, including: refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce—even from an abusive husband—or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that "dishonors" her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life.[5]
Men can also be the victims of honor killings by members of the family of a woman with whom they are perceived to have an inappropriate relationship.[6] The loose term "honor killing" applies to killing of both men and women in cultures that practice it.[7]
Some women who bridge social divides, publicly engage other communities, or adopt some of the customs or the religion of an outside group may be attacked. In countries that receive immigration, some otherwise low-status immigrant men and boys have asserted their dominant patriarchal status by inflicting honor killings on women family members who have participated in public life, for example, in feminist and integration politics.[8]
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against women
Sharif Kanaana, professor of anthropology at Birzeit University, says that honor killing is:
A complicated issue that cuts deep into the history of Arab society. .. What the men of the family, clan, or tribe seek control of in a patrilineal society is reproductive power. Women for the tribe were considered a factory for making men. The honour killing is not a means to control sexual power or behavior. What's behind it is the issue of fertility, or reproductive power.[9]
An Amnesty International statement adds:
The regime of honour is unforgiving: women on whom suspicion has fallen are not given an opportunity to defend themselves, and family members have no socially acceptable alternative but to remove the stain on their honour by attacking the woman.[10]
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, an anthropology professor at Rhode Island College, explains how honor killings can be viewed in cultural relativist terms. She writes that the act, or even alleged act, of any female sexual misconduct, upsets moral order for the culture of interest and bloodshed is the only way to remove any shame brought about by the actions and restore social equilibrium.[11]
Changing cultural and economic status of women has also been used to explain the occurrences of honor killings. Women in largely patriarchal cultures who have gained economic independence from their families go against their male-dominated culture. Some researchers argue that the shift towards greater responsibility for women and less for their fathers may cause their male family members to act in oppressive and sometimes violent manners in order to regain authority.[12]
This change of culture can also be seen to have an effect in Western cultures such as Britain where honor killings often arise from women seeking greater independence and adopting seemingly Western values. For women who trace their ancestry back to the Middle East or South Asia, wearing clothes that are considered Western, having a boyfriend, or refusing to accept an arranged marriage are all offenses that can and have led to an honor killing.[13]
Cultural implications can often be seen in public and private views of honor killings. In some cultures, honor killings are considered less serious than other murders simply because they arise from long-standing cultural traditions and are thus deemed appropriate or justifiable.[11] Additionally, according to a poll done by the BBC's Asian network, 1 in 10 of the 500 Hindus, Sikhs, Christians and Muslims surveyed said they would condone any murder of someone who threatened their family's honor. The poll demonstrated how the notion of honor killings and views of whether they are acceptable and justifiable crosses religion and is more contingent on the family's social culture.[14]
The lawyer and human rights activist Hina Jilani says, "The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions."[15]
Nighat Taufeeq of the women's resource center Shirkatgah (Lahore, Pakistan) says: "It is an unholy alliance that works against women: the killers take pride in what they have done, the tribal leaders condone the act and protect the killers and the police connive the cover-up."[16]
A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey, has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing. It also comments that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure, "there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate."[17]
Fareena Alam, editor of a Muslim magazine, writes that honor killings which arise in Western cultures such as Britain are a tactic for immigration families to cope with the alienating consequences of urbanization. Alam argues that immigrants remain close to the home culture and their relatives because it provides a safety net. She writes that,
"In villages "back home", a man's sphere of control was broader, with a large support system. In our cities full of strangers, there is virtually no control over who one's family members sit, talk or work with."
Alam argues that it is thus the attempt to regain control and the feelings of alienation that ultimately leads to an honor killing.[18]
There is some evidence that homosexuality can also be perceived as grounds for honor killing by relatives. In one case, a gay Jordanian man was shot and wounded by his brother.[19] In another case, a homosexual Turkish student, Ahmet Yildiz, was shot outside a cafe and later died in hospital. Sociologists have called this Turkey's first publicized gay honor killing.[20][21]
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees state that "claims made by LGBT persons often reveal exposure to physical and sexual violence, extended periods of detention, medical abuse, threat of execution and honour killing."[22]
In the country of Brazil, honor killings show up mostly within rural regions but also in the metropolis. Non-heterosexual children, especially boys or transgirls, can be killed if their sexuality is disclosed. The act of honor killings in Brazil has roots in Latin America's version of machismo. However, it is more common for homosexual individuals to suffer some psychological and physical abuse without deadly consequences, such as being driven from their homes or not being accepted, in varying degrees. The first time a non-heterosexual Brazilian suffers homophobia, biphobia or transphobia tends to be within the family among all social groups. Feminist groups explain this observance by the characterization of the dominant societal attitudes in Brazil as deeply sexist and homophobic, documenting the Brazilian culture as the reason for an abnormal number, when compared to more developed countries, of homosexual youth suffering bullying or committing suicide. and there is a number of homophobic extermination gangs even in regions where far-right and white supremacist groups being unimaginable. Brazil is already in second place of this kind of movement in Latin America after Argentina.[citation needed] Since this kind of violence which is usually motivated by extremist ideologies appears to have come with great strength and very quickly to the country despite its limitations within globalization and its unique features, homophobic extermination groups may have originated in a very homophobic culture native to Brazilian society.
According to University of Toronto professor of women's studies Shahrzad Mojab, followers of Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity have used their religions as a rationale to commit honour killings. She said that honor killings don't have "any definite connection with religion at all", and that honor killing had been practised before any major religion came into existence.[23][24]
Widney Brown, the advocacy director of Human Rights Watch, said that the practice "goes across cultures and across religions." Human rights advocates have compared "honor killing" to "crimes of passion" in Latin America (which are sometimes treated extremely leniently) and also to the killing of women for lack of dowry in India.[25]
Tahira Shaid Khan, a professor of women's issues at Aga Khan University, notes that there is nothing in the Qur'an that permits or sanctions honor killings.[25] The first and most basic right in the Qur'an that every Muslim is expected to follow is, in fact, the right to life.[26] As written in the Qur'an,
For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth. (5:32).[27]
Khan instead blames it on attitudes (across different classes, ethnic and religious groups) that view women as property with no rights of their own as the motivation for honor killings.[25] Khan also argues that this view results in violence against women and their being turned "into a commodity which can be exchanged, bought and sold."[28]
A survey by author, Ellen Sheeley revealed that 20% of Jordanites sampled, believe that Islam condones and even supports murder in the name of family honor.[29] Others note how religious meaning attached to terms such as virginity and bride-price help to reinforce social traditions and the control of a woman's body and their sexuality.[12]
According to a 2000 article, in Jordan the official religious authorities argued that, while adultery should be punished by the proper authorities, in some cases by stoning to death for both men and women, unauthorized honor killings can be traced to pre-Islamic tribal traditions and are not part of the religion. However, the Islamist party argued that honor killings are one part of the Islamic code. The Qur'an verse An-Nisa, 34 has been interpreted as supporting wife-beating (See Islam and domestic violence) which has been argued to reduce resistance to honor killings.[30]
Several different evolutionary psychology explanations have been proposed for honor killings. Honor killings, as well as the related concept of crime of passion due to adultery, have occurred and have to some degree been seen as justified in many different and separated cultures. Theories referring to the influence of the patriarchy in general may have difficulty explaining why men are more likely to kill women for reasons related to adultery rather than for reasons such as laziness or stupidity. General patriarchal theories may also have difficulty explaining why societies have made particular legal exceptions for killings related to adultery. This may be explained by men, unlike women, have difficulty knowing with certainty that they are the biological parents of the children they spend considerable resources on in a long-term relationship. Sexual jealousy is argued to have evolved in order to reduce the risk of children not being biologically related and to be relatively stronger in men. Men may use a variety of strategies, including physical violence, in order to prevent adultery. Actual killings have been argued to be maladaptive by-products of this since by killing the woman she cannot contribute further to the man's reproductive success. However, it has also been argued that the such killings may be adaptive by being a warning to other wives, restoring lost social status, and preventing complications from possibly not genetically related children being born. These adaptive explanations have been criticized for less extreme violence possibly achieving the same thing or involving unlikely complex calculations. It has also been pointed out that to argue that society must morally accept and be structured according to what is claimed to be natural, such as by legal exceptions for honor killings or crimes of passion, is an example of the naturalistic fallacy.[31]
As noted by Christian Arab writer, Norma Khouri, honor killings originate from the belief that a woman's chastity is the property of her families, a cultural norm that comes "from our ancient tribal days, from the Hammurabi and Assyrian tribes of 1200 B.C."[32]
Partly similar norms existed among the Amerindian Aztecs and Incas.[31]
Matthew Goldstein has also noted that honor killings were encouraged in ancient Rome, where male family members who did not take actions against the female adulterers in their family were "actively persecuted".[33]
In ancient Rome, being raped was seen as dishonorable to the point of destroying a woman's life and reputation, and honor killing was supposed to be a "merciful" act.[citation needed] The origin of honor killings and the control of women is evidenced throughout history in the culture and tradition of many regions. The Roman law of pater familias gave complete control to the men of the family for both their children and wives. Under these laws, the lives of children and wives were at the sole discretion of the men in their family. Ancient Roman Law also established historical roots of honor killings through his law stating that women found guilty of adultery could be killed by their husband in whatever manner the husband desired. In Greece, the lives of women were too dictated by their husbands as women were considered socially below males.[34]
It has been noted how in ancient Babylonian, Egypt, Chinese, North American Native American tribes and Persian cultures, women convicted of adultery were subjected to extreme punishments. In Babylonian societies, women suspected of adultery were forced to throw themselves into a river to prove they were innocent. In Egyptian culture, imprisonment, flogging, or mutilation were common punishments for women who had been convicted of adultery. Chinese culture suggested that husbands cut off the hair of adulterous women and then lead them to their death by an elephant trained to kill. Some Native American tribes punished adulterous women by cutting off their limbs and mutilating their bodies. In Persia, adulterous women were left to die after being placed into a well.[34]
Qays bin Asim, ancient leader of Banu Tamim is credited by some historians as the first to kill children on the basis of honor. It is recorded that he murdered all of his daughters to prevent them from ever causing him any kind of dishonor.[34]
According to the UN in 2002:
The report of the Special Rapporteur... concerning cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women (E/CN.4/2002/83), indicated that honour killings had been reported in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Yemen, and other Mediterranean and Persian Gulf countries, and that they had also taken place in western countries such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, within migrant communities.[35][36]
In addition, the UN Commission on Human Rights report honor killings in the nations of Bangladesh, Brazil, Ecuador, India, Israel, Italy, Morocco, Sweden, Turkey, and Uganda.[28]
According to Widney Brown, advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, the practice of honor killing "goes across cultures and across religions."[37]
In 2005 Der Spiegel reported: "In the past four months, six Muslim women living in Berlin have been killed by family members". The article went on to cover the case of Hatun Sürücü, who was killed by her brother for not staying with the husband she was forced to marry, and of "living like a German". Precise statistics on how many women die every year in such honor killings are hard to come by, as many crimes are never reported, said Myria Boehmecke of the Tuebingen-based women's group Terre des Femmes. The group tries to protect Muslim girls and women from oppressive families. The Turkish women's organization Papatya has documented 40 instances of honor killings in Germany since 1996.[38][39] Hatun Sürücü's brother was convicted of murder and jailed for nine years and three months by a German court in 2006.[40] In March 2009 Kurdish immigrant from Turkey Gülsüm S. was killed for a relationship outside her family's plan for an arranged marriage.[41] In Sweden the 26-year-old Kurdish woman Fadime Şahindal was killed by her father in 2002.[42]
Every year in the United Kingdom (UK), officials estimate that at least a dozen women are victims of honor killings, almost exclusively within Asian and Middle Eastern families.[43] Often cases cannot be resolved due to the unwillingness of family, relatives and communities to testify. A 2006 BBC poll for the Asian network in the UK found that one in ten of the 500 young Asians polled said that they could condone the killing of someone who dishonored their family.[44] In the UK, in December 2005, Nazir Afzal, Director, west London, of Britain's Crown Prosecution Service, stated that the United Kingdom has seen "at least a dozen honour killings" between 2004 and 2005.[45] While precise figures do not exist for the perpetrators' cultural backgrounds, Diana Nammi of the UK's Iranian and Kurdish Women's Rights Organisation is reported to have said: "about two-thirds are Muslim. Yet they can also be Hindu and Sikh."[46]
In 2010, Britain saw a 47% rise of honor-related crimes. Data from police agencies in the UK report 2283 cases in 2010, and an estimated of 500 more from jurisdictions that did not provide reports. Most of the attacks were conducted in cities that had high immigrant populations.[47]
The issue of honor killings has risen to prominence in Europe in recent years, prompting the need to address the occurrence of honor killings. The 2009 European Parliamentary Assembly noted this in their Resolution 1681 which noted the dire need to address honor crimes. The resolution stated that:
"On so-called 'honor crimes,' the Parliamentary Assembly notes that the problem, far from diminishing, has worsened, including in Europe. It mainly affects women, who are its most frequent victims, both in Europe and the rest of the world, especially in patriarchal and fundamentalist communities and societies. For this reason, it asked the Council of Europe member states to 'draw up and put into effect national action plans to combat violence against women, including violence committed in the name of so-called 'honor,' if they have not already done so."[48]
Another well-known case was Heshu Yones, stabbed to death by her Kurdish father in London in 2002 when her family heard a love song dedicated to her and suspected she had a boyfriend.[49] Other examples include the killing of Tulay Goren, a Kurdish Shia Muslim girl who immigrated with her family from Turkey,[50] and Samaira Nazir (Pakistani Muslim).[50]
However, a lesser-known case is that of Gurmeet Singh Ubhi, a Sikh man who, in February 2011, was found guilty of the murder of his 24 year-old daughter, Amrit Kaur Ubhi in 2010.[51] Mr. Ubhi was found to have murdered his daughter because he disapproved of her being 'too westernised'. Likewise he also disapproved of the fact that she was dating a non-Sikh man.[52] In 2011, Belgium held its first honor killing trial, in which four Pakistani family members were found guilty of killing their daughter and sibling, Sadia Sheikh.[53]
Honour killings also affect gays in Europe. In 2008 a man had to flee from Turkey after his boyfriend was killed by his own father.[54][55] In 2011, in Cerignola, Italy, a man stabbed his brother 19 times because his homosexuality was a "dishonour to the family".[56]
In 2008 a woman was killed in Saudi Arabia by her father for "chatting" to a man on Facebook. The killing became public only when a Saudi cleric referred to the case, not to condemn it but to criticise Facebook for the strife it caused.[57]
A June 2008 report by the Turkish Prime Ministry's Human Rights Directorate said that in Istanbul alone there was one honor killing every week, and reported over 1,000 during the previous five years. It added that metropolitan cities were the location of many of these, due to growing Kurdish immigration to these cities from the East.[58] In 2009 a Turkish news agency reported that a 2-day-old boy who was born out of wedlock had been killed for honor. The maternal grandmother of the infant, along with six other persons, including a doctor who had reportedly accepted a bribe to not report the birth, were arrested. The grandmother is suspected of fatally suffocating the infant. The child's mother, 25, was also arrested; she stated that her family had made the decision to kill the child.[59]
In 2010 a 16-year-old Kurdish girl was buried alive by relatives for befriending boys in Southeast Turkey; her corpse was found 40 days after she went missing.[60] Ahmet Yildiz, 26, a Turkish physics student who represented his country at an international gay conference in the United States in 2008, was shot dead leaving a cafe in Istanbul. It is believed Yildiz was the victim of the country's first gay honor killing.[61]
There are no exact official numbers about honor killings of women in Lebanon; many honor killings are arranged to look like accidents, but the figure is believed to be 40 to 50 per year. A 2007 report by Amnesty International said that the Lebanese media in 2001 reported 2 or 3 honor killings per month in Lebanon, although the number is believed by lawyers to be higher. On 4 August 2011 the Lebanese parliament agreed by a majority to abolish Article 562, which for years had worked as an excuse for honor killing.[62][63]
The Palestinian Authority, using a clause in the Jordanian penal code still in effect in the West Bank, exempts men from punishment for killing a female relative if she has brought dishonor to the family.[64] Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority, promised to change the discriminatory law, but no action had been taken as of 2012[update]. According to UNICEF, in 2000 two-thirds of all killings in the Palestinian territories were honor killings.[65]
As many as 133 women were killed in the Iraqi city of Basra alone in 2006—79 for violation of "Islamic teachings" and 47 for honor killings, according to IRIN, the news branch of the U.N.'s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Amnesty International says that armed groups, not the government, also kill politically-active women and those who did not follow a strict dress code, as well as women who are perceived as human rights defenders.[66]
There were still "honor" killings in Jordan, considered one of the most liberal countries in the Middle East, in 2012[update]. In Jordan there is relatively little sex discrimination compared to most other countries in the region, and women are permitted to vote, but men receive reduced sentences for killing their wives or female family members if they are deemed to have brought dishonor to their family. Families often get sons under the age of 18—legally minors—to commit honor killings; the juvenile law allows convicted minors to serve time in a juvenile detention center and be released with a clean criminal record at the age of 18. Rana Husseini, a leading journalist on the topic of honor killings, states that "under the existing law, people found guilty of committing honor killings often receive sentences as light as six months in prison".[67]
There has been public support in Jordan to amend Articles 340 and 98. In 1999 King Abdullah created a council to review the sex inequalities in the country. The Council returned with a recommendation to repeal Article 340. "[T]he cabinet approved the recommendation, the measure was presented to parliament twice in November 1999 and January 2000 and in both cases, though approved by the upper house, it failed to pass the elected lower house".[67] In 2001, after parliament was suspended, a number of temporary laws were created which were subject to parliamentary ratification. One of the amendments was that "husbands would no longer be exonerated for killing unfaithful wives, but instead the circumstances would be considered as evidence for mitigating punishments". In the interest of sex equality, women were given the same reduction in punishment if found guilty of the crime. But parliament returned to session in 2003 and the new amendments were rejected by the lower house after two successful readings in the upper house.[67]
A 17-year-old Iraqi Kurdish girl of the Yazidi faith was stoned to death in 2007,[68] possibly because she was accused of wanting to convert to Islam. The 2007 Yazidi communities bombings may have been retaliations.[69]
A 2007 study by Dr. Amin Muhammad and Dr. Sujay Patel of Memorial University, Canada, investigated how the practice of honor killings has been brought to Canada. The report explained that "[w]hen people come and settle in Canada they can bring their traditions and forcefully follow them. In some cultures, people feel some boundaries are never to be crossed, and if someone would violate those practices or go against it, then killing is justified to them." The report noted that "In different cultures, they can get away without being punished—the courts actually sanction them under religious contexts". The report also said that the people who commit these crimes are usually mentally ill, and that the mental health aspect is often ignored by Western observers because of a lack of understanding of the insufficiently developed state of mental healthcare in developing countries in which honor killings are prevalent.[70]
In 2006, the brother of Khatera Sadiqi was convicted of murdering her and her fiancé; he stated he wanted his sister to respect their father. In 2010, Muhammad Parvez and his son Waqas were convicted of murder of 16-year-old Aqsa Parvez, allegedly regarding conflict over her wearing a traditional hijab. In 2012 Mohammad Shafia, Tooba Yahya, and their son Hamed were found guilty of four counts each of first-degree murder for the 2009 killing of Shafia and Yahya's three daughters, and Shafia's first wife.[71][72]
The Canadian citizenship study guide mentions that "Canada's openness and generosity do not extend to barbaric cultural practices that tolerate spousal abuse, 'honour killings', female genital mutilation, forced marriage or other gender-based violence."[72]
A 2009 article by Phyllis Chesler in Middle East Quarterly[73] argues that the United States is far behind Europe in acknowledging that honor killings are a special form of domestic violence, requiring special training and special programs to protect the young women and girls most likely to be the victim of such practices. The article suggests that the fear of being labeled "culturally insensitive" often prevents government officials in the United States and the media from identifying and accurately reporting these incidents as "honor killings" when they occur. Failing to accurately describe the problem makes it more difficult to develop public policies to address it.
The article reports that, although there are not many cases of honor killings within the United States, the overwhelming majority of honor killings are perpetrated by Muslims against Muslims (90% of honor killings known to have taken place in Europe and the United States from 1998 to 2008).[73] In these documented cases the victims were murdered because they were believed to have acted in a way against the religion of the family. In every case, perpetrators view their victims as violating rules of religious conduct and act without remorse.[73]
In Latin America, honor killings are sometimes referred to as dowry deaths and bride burnings.[74] Crimes of passion within Latin America have also been compared to honor killings.[25] Similar to honor killings, crimes of passion often feature the murder of women by a husband, family member, or boyfriends and the crime is often condoned or sanctioned. In Peru, for example, 70 percent of the murders of women in one year were committed by a husband, boyfriend or lover, and most often jealousy or suspicions of infidelity are cited as the reasons for the murders.[75]
Similar laws were struck down over the past two decades: according to human rights lawyer Julie Mertus "in Brazil, until 1991 wife killings were considered to be noncriminal 'honor killings'; in just one year, nearly eight hundred husbands killed their wives. Similarly, in Colombia, until 1980, a husband legally could kill his wife for committing adultery."[76] It is also for women or men that refuse to marry their wife or husband.
In Pakistan honor killings are known locally as karo-kari. An Amnesty International report noted "the failure of the authorities to prevent these killings by investigating and punishing the perpetrators."[77] Recent cases include that of three teenage girls who were buried alive after refusing arranged marriages.[78] Another case was that of Taslim Khatoon Solangi, 17, of Hajna Shah village in Khairpur district, which was widely reported after her father, 57-year-old Gul Sher Solangi, publicized the case. He alleged his eight-months-pregnant daughter was tortured and killed on March 7 on the orders of her father-in-law, who accused her of carrying a child conceived out of wedlock.[79][80] Statistically, honor killings have a high level of support in Pakistan's rural society, despite widespread condemnation from human rights groups.[81] In 2002 alone over 382 people, about 245 women and 137 men, became victims of honor killings in the Sindh province of Pakistan.[82] Over the course of six years, more than 4,000 women have died as victims of honor killings in Pakistan from 1999 to 2004.[83] In 2005 the average annual number of honor killings for the whole nation was stated to be more than 10,000 per year.[84] According to women's rights advocates, the concepts of women as property, and of honor, are so deeply entrenched in the social, political and economic fabric of Pakistan that the government mostly ignores the regular occurrences of women being killed and maimed by their families."[85] Frequently, women killed in honor killings are recorded as having committed suicide or died in accidents.[85]
It is noted by sociologists that honor killings do not necessarily have to do with religion, but rather the cultures in different regions.[86] Savitri Goonesekere qualifies this claim, saying that Islamic leaders in Pakistan use religious justifications for sanctioning honor killings.[87]
Furthermore, most honor killings are encompassed by the 1990 Qisas and Diyat Ordinance, which permits the individual and his or her family to retain control over a crime, including the right to determine whether to report the crime, prosecute the offend, or demand diyat (or compensation). Since most honour killings are committed by a close relative, if and when the case reaches a court of law, the victim's family may 'pardon' the murderer, or be pressured to accept diyat (financial compensation). The murderer then goes free.[88] Once such a pardon has been secured, the state has no further writ on the matter although often the killers are relatives of the victim.
Honor killings have been reported in northern regions of India, mainly in the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, as a result of people marrying without their family's acceptance, and sometimes for marrying outside their caste or religion. In contrast, honor killings are rare to non-existent in South India and the western Indian states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. In some other parts of India, notably West Bengal, honor killings ceased about a century ago, largely due to the activism and influence of reformists such as Vivekananda, Ramakrishna, Vidyasagar and Raja Ram Mohan Roy.[89]
Among Rajputs, marriages with members of other castes can provoke the killing of the married couple and immediate family members. This form of honor killing is attributed[who?] to Rajput culture and traditional views on the perceived "purity" of a lineage.
The Indian state of Punjab has a large number of honor killings. According to data compiled by the Punjab Police, 34 honor killings were reported in the state between 2008 and 2010: 10 in 2008, 20 in 2009, and four in 2010.[90]
Haryana is also notorious for incidents of honor killing, mainly in the upper caste of society, among rajputs and jaats.[37][91] Bhagalpur in the eastern Indian state of Bihar has also been notorious for honor killings.[92] Recent cases include a 16-year-old girl, Imrana, from Bhojpur who was set on fire inside her house in a case of what the police called 'moral vigilantism'. The victim had screamed for help for about 20 minutes before neighbours arrived, only to find her smouldering body. She was admitted to a local hospital, where she later died from her injuries.[93] In May 2008, Jayvirsingh Bhadodiya shot his daughter Vandana Bhadodiya and struck her on the head with an axe.[94] In June 2010 some incidents were reported even from Delhi.
In a landmark judgment in March 2010, Karnal district court ordered the execution of five perpetrators of an honor killing in Kaithal, and imprisoning for life the khap (local caste-based council) chief who ordered the killings of Manoj Banwala (23) and Babli (19), a man and woman of the same clan who eloped and married in June 2007. Despite having been given police protection on court orders, they were kidnapped; their mutilated bodies were found a week later in an irrigation canal.[95][96][97]
In 1990 the National Commission for Women set up a statutory body in order to address the issues of honor killings among some ethnic groups in North India. This body reviewed constitutional, legal and other provisions as well as challenges women face. The NCW's activism has contributed significantly towards the reduction of honor killings in rural areas of North India.[98] According to Pakistani activists Hina Jilani and Eman M. Ahmed, Indian women are considerably better protected against honor killings by Indian law and government than Pakistani women, and they have suggested that governments of countries affected by honor killings use Indian law as a model in order to prevent honor killings in their respective societies.[87]
In June 2010, scrutinizing the increasing number of honor killings, the Supreme Court of India issued notices to the Central Government and six states including Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan to take preventive measures against honor killings.[99]
Alarmed by the rise of honor killings, the Government planned to bring a bill in the Monsoon Session of Parliament July 2010[dated info] to provide for deterrent punishment for 'honor' killings.[100]
In June 2012, a man chopped off his 20 year old daughter's head with a sword in Rajasthan after learning that she was dating men.[101][102] According to police officer, "Omkar Singh told the police that his daughter Manju had relations with several men. He had asked her to mend her ways several times in the past. However, she did not pay heed. Out of pure rage, he chopped off her head with the sword."[103]
The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities. Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying. The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victims of sexual violence are murdered by their family or community due to the belief that they have brought them shame and dishonor. 30% of women and 22% of men admit to being raped. Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse.
According to the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur submitted to the 58th session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 2002 concerning cultural practices in the family that reflect violence against women (E/CN.4/2002/83):
Countries where the law is interpreted to allow men to kill female relatives in a premeditated effort as well as for crimes of passions, in flagrante delicto in the act of committing adultery, include:
Countries that allow men to kill female relatives in flagrante delicto (but without premeditation) include:
Countries that allow husbands to kill only their wives in flagrante delicto (based upon the Napoleonic code) include:
Countries where honor killing is not legal but is known to occur include:
Actions of Pakistani police officers and judges have, in the past, seemed to support the act of honor killings in the name of family honor. Police enforcement, in situations of admitted murder, do not always take action against the perpetrator. Also, judges in Pakistan, rather than ruling cases with gender equality in mind, also seem to reinforce inequality and in some cases sanction the murder of women considered dishonorable.[118] Often, a suspected honor killing never even reaches court, but in cases where they do, the alleged killer is often not charged or is given a reduced sentence of three to four years in jail. In a case study of 150 honor killings, the proceeding judges rejected only eight of claims that the women were killed for honor. The rest were sentenced lightly.[119] In many cases in Pakistan, one of the reasons honor killing cases never make it to the courts, is because, according to some lawyers and women's right activists, Pakistani law enforcement do not get involved. Under the encouragement of the killer, police often declare the killing as a domestic case that warrants no involvement. In other cases, the women and victims are too afraid to speak up or press charges. Police officials, however, claim that these cases are never brought to them, or are not major enough to be pursued on a large scale.[120] The general indifference to the issue of honour killing within Pakistan is due to a deep-rooted gender bias in law, the police force, and the judges. In its report, "Pakistan: Honor Killings of Girls and Women",[121] published in September 1999, Amnesty International criticized governmental indifference and called for state responsibility in protecting human rights of female victims. To elaborate, Amnesty strongly requested the Government of Pakistan to take 1) legal, 2) preventive, and 3) protective measures. First of all, legal measures refer to a modification of the government's criminal laws to guarantee equal legal protection of females. On top of that, Amnesty insisted the government to assure legal access for the victims of crime in the name of honor. When it comes to preventive measures, Amnesty underlined the critical need to promote public awareness through the means of media, education, and public announcements. Finally, protective measures include ensuring a safe environment for activists, lawyers, and women's group to facilitate eradication of honor killings. Also, Amnesty argued for the expansion of victim support services such as shelters.
Kremlin-appointed Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die. He said that those who are killed have "loose morals" and are rightfully shot by relatives in honor killings. He did not vilify women alone but added that "If a woman runs around and if a man runs around with her, both of them are killed."[122][123]
In 2007, a famous Norwegian Supreme Court advocate stated that he wanted the punishment for the killing from 17 years in prison to 15 years in the case of honor killings practiced in Norway. He stated that the Norwegian public did not understand other cultures who practiced honor killings, or understand their thinking, and that Norwegian culture "is self-righteous".[124]
In 2008, Israr Ullah Zehri, a Pakistani politician in Balochistan, defended the honor killings of five women belonging to the Umrani tribe by a relative of a local Umrani politician.[125] Zehri defended the killings in Parliament and asked his fellow legislators not to make a fuss about the incident. He said, "These are centuries-old traditions, and I will continue to defend them. Only those who indulge in immoral acts should be afraid."[126][127]
Nilofar Bakhtiar, Minister for Tourism and Advisor to Pakistan Prime Minister on Women's Affairs, who had struggled against the honor killing in Pakistan, resigned in April 2007 after the clerics accused her of bringing shame to Pakistan by para-jumping with a male and hugging him after landing.[128][129]
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Professor: Joe Dennis.
E-mail: email@example.com. The best way to contact me is by
email. I will be checking email multiple times during the day
and usually at least once in the evening during the week. If
you want to talk live, it is best to email me to set up a time.
Don't call my office phone, it does not forward messages. If
campus reopens, I will be on campus some days, so if you are
in town and want to meet, email me to set up a time.
Earth Brand Pesticide
Course description:
This is a 3-credit online course that satisfies the Comm-B General Education Requirement. In
addition, this course meets the History major "Historian's Craft" requirement.
Shanghai has long been a global city. After the first Opium War concluded in 1842, Shanghai
became a focal point of encounters between China and the outside world. International settlements
and the Chinese city grew rapidly and Shanghai became famous for its cosmopolitan culture. This
course will explore daily life and crime as windows on the history of Chinese cities. After several
introductory readings and lectures, we will use English-language archival materials on Shanghai
held in online databases, to learn how to ask historical questions, find and evaluate sources, and
develop and present historical arguments. There will be write-ups of research assignments, and two
oral presentations (recorded and uploaded to the course website). There are quizzes on readings, but
no examinations. The course is designed to develop key historical skills:
1. Asking Questions: develop the habit of asking historical questions, including questions that
may generate new directions for historical research.
2. Finding Sources: learn the logic of footnotes, bibliographies, search engines, libraries, and
archives, and consult them to identify and locate source materials.
3. Evaluating Sources: determine the perspective, credibility, and utility of source materials.
4. Developing and Presenting an Argument: use sources appropriately to create, modify, and
support tentative conclusions and new questions.
5. Planning Further Research: draw upon preliminary research to develop a plan for further
6. Communicating Findings Effectively: make formal and informal, written and oral
presentations tailored to specific audiences.
No Chinese language skills are necessary, however, if you can read Chinese and wish to use
Chinese sources, Professor Dennis is happy to direct you to them.
All readings for the course will be available on the Learn@UW class website or online through
the UW Library homepage or elsewhere. There are no books to buy.
Online quizzes follow assigned readings and lectures. They are mostly multiple choice, and
occasionally true/false. If you are not happy with your score, you can review the reading and take
the quiz again a second time. The "Five Treaty Ports" quiz can be taken unlimited times. You get
to keep your highest score.
There are fifteen modules spread over four weeks. There are no daily deadlines the first three weeks,
but there are weekly deadlines. In the fourth week there are daily deadlines. Times are all Central
Modules 1-4 are due on Sunday night, May 31 at 11:59 p.m.
Modules 5-8 are due on Sunday night, June 7 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 9-12 are due on Sunday night, June 14 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 13 is due on Tuesday night, June 16 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 14 is due on Wednesday night, June 17 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 15 is due on Friday night, June 19 at 11:59 p.m., the last day of class.
The amount of time needed to complete the modules varies by assignment and your experience in
historical research and writing, so read through the assignments well in advance to get a sense of
how long they will take and when you should begin working on them. One of the most important
things in an online course is to block off time in your schedule to concentrate on the course. It takes
self-discipline and planning, and you may need to adjust your time as you go. You can work ahead
if you want, but it is important not to get behind because it is almost impossible to catch up in four
weeks if you get far behind. Taking a 3-credit course in four weeks is almost like taking a full-load
during the semester. In other words, it will likely take you most of the day. I estimate that the
average student will spend about 135 hours to complete the course. Note: You must do the
assignments in the order listed below; each assignment builds on the prior assignments!
Finding the Lessons (Modules) and Other Course Materials
The lessons are called "Modules" in the Canvas Learning Management System and are on
Learn@UW under the "Modules" link. They are arranged by number, 1-15, and are in Word and
pdf format.
Readings are pdf files that you can download and rotate on your computer to read (Command, Shift
+ or – will rotate 90 degrees, or right click and choose "Rotate").
Lectures are PowerPoints with audio. If you do not have Microsoft Office software on your
computer (which contains Word and PowerPoint, etc.), you can download it for free from the DoIt
website using your UW NetID. Go to https://it.wisc.edu/services/office-365/
Please be aware that it is possible that some technical problems will pop up. For example, in
Canvas, audio files do not work in the preview mode, so it is best to download each lesson to your
computer and then go through the PowerPoints and listen to the audio lectures. Please promptly
inform Professor Dennis of any problems so he can try to fix them.
Part One: Background
Modules 1-4 are due on Sunday night, May 31 at 11:59 p.m.
Module One. Basic Background on Chinese Language, Geography, and History.
1. DOWNLOAD the PowerPoint "Welcome to the class" and listen to the audio lecture as
you go through the slides (click on the sound icon on the slide). AUDIO WON'T WORK
2. From the "Modules" tab, download and fill out the "Student background sheet" and then
upload the completed sheet by clicking on the "Assignments" tab, then "Student background
sheet," then the "Submit Assignment" button. Please be sure to let me know what times
would work best for you for my live online office hours at which I will answer questions
live on Blackboard Collaborate (an online conferencing function in Canvas). I will schedule
the times once enough students have filled out the sheets.
3. Introduce yourself to your "Small Group." A list of Small Groups will be announced just
before class begins. Go to our course website on Learn@UW and click on the "Collaborate"
tab and look for the Google Doc for your group number. Write a paragraph about yourself
on the document. During the course, please feel free to work with the students in your group
to study or ask questions. There is no required group work or discussion due to the difficulty
of coordinating in such a short period across multiple time zones and work schedules, but I
have put discussion questions for the readings at the bottom of the "Modules" tab on
Learn@UW. I suggest looking at these before you read because they will make it more
likely that you will do well on the quizzes. If anyone is inclined, they should feel free to set
up discussions with one or more other students.
4. Open the PowerPoints "Basic Background" (parts 1 and 2) and listen to the audio lectures
as you go through the slides. I have broken this lecture into two parts to reduce the file size
and thus the download time. If anyone has trouble downloading, let me know and I can
separate the lecture into even smaller files.
5. Watch the first 57 minutes of the documentary film: China: A Century of Revolution
1911-1949, Part 1. It is on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5cl0GjPjy4
(there are physical copies in the UW campus libraries if you are in Madison and the libraries
reopen). If the link doesn't work, search YouTube for the title; there have been multiple
copies posted although a few have been taken down.
6. Take: "Quiz on Basic Background and China: A Century of Revolution, Part 1."
7. Read: "Introduction to the Readings" and "Said, brief intro" (go to Canvas, then
'Modules', then 'Readings' at the bottom of the Modules tab)
8. Take: "Quiz on Said, brief intro."
9. Think about how Professor Said's ideas might be relevant to our study of Shanghai, write
up your thoughts following the prompt, "Module 1 Response to Said, Orientalism," and
upload your paper via the Assignments tab on Learn@UW, "Module 1 Response to Said
Modules 1-4 are due on Sunday night, May 31 at 11:59 p.m.
Module Two. Development of Shanghai and the Treaty Ports.
1. Read: "Discussion Questions for Beyond the Neon Lights pages 1-66"
(Canvas/Modules/Readings) and "Beyond the Neon Lights pages 1-66, intro and Chapter 1"
(posted 'Modules', then 'Readings.'" Fill out the discussion questions as you read.
2. Take: "Quiz on Beyond the Neon Lights pages 1-66."
3. Listen to the audio and study the two slides on the "First Five Treaty Ports Exercise."
4. Take: "Quiz on Five Treaty Ports."
5. Read: "Treaty of Nanjing."
6. Write: One paragraph about what you think are the most important or interesting clauses
of the Treaty of Nanjing, and what questions they raise in your mind. Upload to
Modules 1-4 are due on Sunday night, May 31 at 11:59 p.m.
Module Three. Communism and Historical Questions.
1. Read: "Discussion Questions for "Marxism, a brief introduction," and "Marxism, a brief
introduction," pp. 9-13. Fill out as you go.
2. Read: "Meisner, Communism," pp. 10-51.
3. Open the PowerPoint "Rise of Communism" and listen to the audio lecture as you go
through the slides.
4. Take: "Quiz on Marxist Theory and Meisner on Communism."
5. Read: The first section of "Module 3 Suggestions for Writing a History Paper"
("Choosing a Topic: Asking a Question"). This is in Modules under "Writing
Resources" folder section below the Readings.
6. Read: "The Chinese Church and the New Industrial System" (in Modules, Readings).
7. Do: "Module 3 Worksheet on The Chinese Church and the New Industrial System" and
upload it via the Assignments tab, "Module 3 Worksheet on 'The Chinese Church
and the New Industrial System."
Part Two: Daily Life in Shanghai
Modules 1-4 are due on Sunday night, May 31 at 11:59 p.m.
Module Four. Daily Life in Shanghai.
1. Read: "Discussion Questions for Beyond the Neon Lights, Chapter 2, pp. 67-105" and
"Beyond the Neon Lights, Chapter 2, pp. 67-105"
2. Take: "Quiz on BTNL, pp. 67-105."
3. Read: "North China Herald Origins, Wasserstrom."
4. Take: "Quiz on North China Herald Origins Wasserstrom."
5. Study: "Boolean Searching," in "Modules", "Readings."
6. Take: "Quiz on Boolean Searching."
7. Do: Research and writing exercise: "Module 4 Assignment, Newspapers." Upload your
worksheet and writing to Assignments, "Module 4 Assignment Newspapers."
Modules 5-8 are due Sunday, June 7 at 11:59 p.m.
Module Five. Education Part 1.
1. Read Li Hongshan, U.S.-China Educational Exchange: State, Society, and Intercultural
Relations, 1905-1950 (follow the instructions on "Module 5 Assignment. Education Part 1:
Chinese students at UW-Madison in the early 1900s" to find this reading online).
2. Take "Qinghua Quiz."
3. Do: Research and writing exercise: "Module 5 Assignment. Education Part 1: Chinese
students at UW-Madison in the early 1900s." Be sure to attach to your filled-in worksheet
your data table and write up on the lives of Chinese students at UW in the early 1900s when
you upload it to Assignments.
Modules 5-8 are due Sunday, June 7 at 11:59 p.m.
Module Six. Education Part 2.
1. Do: Research and writing exercise: "Module 6 Assignment, UW alumni working in
China in the early 1900s." Upload your filled-in worksheet with the assigned paragraphs
Modules 5-8 are due Sunday, June 7 at 11:59 p.m.
Module Seven. Religion in China.
1. Read: "Buddhism and Daoism in Chinese civilization Tim Barrett."
2. Open the PowerPoint "Module 7, Buddhism" and listen to the audio lecture as you go
through the slides.
3. Take: "Quiz on Buddhism and Daoism."
4. Read: "Christianity in China up to 1900."
5. Take: "Quiz on Christianity in China."
6. Do: "Module 7 Assignment, Religion," database exercise and upload both the worksheet
and 1-2 page write-up, "Module 7 Assignment, Religion."
Part Three: Law and Crime in Shanghai
Modules 5-8 are due Sunday, June 7 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 8. The legal system in late Qing and Republican periods.
1. Open the PowerPoint "Development of the Chinese Legal System" and listen to the audio
lecture as you go through it.
2. Take "Quiz on Development of the Chinese Legal System"
3. Read "Criminal Abortion in China."
4. Do: "Module 8 Worksheet on Criminal Abortion in China." Upload to Assignments,
"Module 8 Worksheet on Criminal Abortion in China."
5. Download the PowerPoint "Chinese Court System and Administration of Justice in
Republican China" and listen to the audio lecture as you go through it.
6. Take: "Quiz on Chinese Court System and Administration of Justice in Republican
7. Read: "U.S. v. Moore, Adultery case from U.S. District Court for China"
8. Do: "Module 8, Worksheet for U.S. v. Moore, Adultery case from U.S. District Court
for China." Upload to Assignment, "Module 8 Worksheet for U.S. v. Moore, Adultery
9. Do: "Module 8 Research and Writing Exercise": Upload to Assignments, "Module 8
Research and Writing Exercise" folder.
Modules 9-12 are due Sunday, June 14 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 9. Crime, Part 1: Prostitution.
1. Read: Hershatter, "Courtesans and Streetwalkers: The Changing Discourses of
Shanghai Prostitution"
2. Take: "Quiz on Courtesans and Streetwalkers."
3. Read: "Bourdieu, Brief Intro."
4. Do: "Module 9 Bourdieu, Brief Intro Worksheet."
5. Do: "Module 9 Historical Argumentation Practice." Upload it to Assignments, "Module 9
Historical Argumentation Practice."
6. Do: "Module 9 Research Exercise." Upload it to Assignments, "Module 9 Research
Modules 9-12 are due Sunday, June 14 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 10. Crime Part 2. Drugs, Gambling, etc.
1. Read: Wakeman, "Licensing Leisure: The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate
Shanghai, 1927-49." Find and download this article from JSTOR (The Scholarly Journal
Archive), through the UW Library Database page.
2. Take "Quiz on Wakeman."
3. Do: "Module 10 Research and Writing Exercise." Upload it to Assignments, "Module 10
Research and Writing Exercise."
Part Four: Final Project
Modules 9-12 are due Sunday, June 14 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 11. Final project primary source research.
It is important that you finish on time so that Professor Dennis can listen to your
presentation and give you timely feedback.
1. Pick a topic for your final project (which is a three-minute oral presentation), from the
following list:
a. A history of Chinese students at UW. The focus could be on one individual, a
particular subset such as "women," "athletes," or "engineers"; policies, daily life,
social or political groups, clubs, etc.
b. A history of UW alumni who worked or lived in China in the 1800s and 1900s.
The focus could be on one individual, a particular subset such as "professors,"
"businesspeople," "government officials," their daily lives, impact on China or
Wisconsin, etc.
c. A study of some type of criminality in Shanghai: prostitution, gambling, drugs, in
the late 1800s to early 1900s. If you do prostitution, don't just repeat what
Hershatter says in the reading!
d. A study of one or more court cases and what they reveal about life in Shanghai in
the late 1800s to early 1900s.
e. A history of a particular kind of work in Shanghai in the late 1800s to early 1900s.
f. A study of religious activity in Shanghai in the late 1800s to early 1900s.
Because time is so tight in a four-week course, I strongly suggest picking a topic
for which you have already found at least a few good sources during the first
part of the class.
2. Conduct primary source research for your final project as directed in "Module 11, Final
Project Primary Sources Worksheet." Upload completed worksheet to Assignment "Module
11 Final Project Primary Sources Worksheet."
3. If you do not know how to make an audio recording and save it as an audio file, using a
phone, webcam, computer, etc., learn how. You can get software such as Audacity for sound
recording and editing, and Kaltura CaptureSpace Desktop Recorder for free through the
UW. You can record but not necessarily edit on most smart phones too.
4. Write out the text for a two-minute oral presentation on your research, including topic,
historical research questions you will pursue, primary sources you found already, and what
categories of secondary sources you will look for next and where you will look. When
Professor Dennis gives an academic lecture, he assumes that a 300-word text (about one
page, double spaced) will take about two minutes to present, but your pace might vary.
Practice your talk repeatedly and time it so you will not go over. Upload your written text to
Assignment "Module 11 Oral Presentation Written Text."
5. Save an audio file to Assignments, "Module 11 Oral Presentation." The instructors will
listen to the presentations beginning on the morning of June 11 and give feedback as quickly
as possible. Do not make a video unless you make it stream so that we don't have to wait for
a huge file to download.
Modules 9-12 are due Sunday, June 14 at 11:59 p.m.
Module 12. Final Project Secondary Sources: Conduct secondary source research for your final
project as directed in "Module 12, Final Project Secondary Sources Worksheet." Upload
completed worksheet to Assignments, "Module 12, Final Project Secondary Sources
Module 13. Due Tuesday, June 16 at 11:59 p.m. Final Project Annotated Bibliography:
1. Read: Rampolla, page 27 about annotated bibliographies.
2. Examine: "Module 13 Sample Annotated Bibliography." This was one of the best ones
from a few years ago, and it can show you what one should look like (of course, every
example has flaws, so make yours even better!).
3. Write: An annotated bibliography with correct citation format. For citation format, please
use the "Basic Citation Sheet" found in the "Writing Resources" section of the Modules tab
on Learn@UW. If you are using Chinese or other foreign-language sources, please use the
"Asia Center House Style" sheet, which is also in the "Writing Resources" section. These
are based on the Chicago Manual of Style, which is standard for historical essays. The
Chicago Manual can be found online through the UW Library.
At this point you should have found and read everything you need for your paper and should
be figuring out what to do with it all. Creating and annotating a bibliography of all your
sources will force you to more carefully consider what is significant about each source, how
you can use it in your paper, and how the primary and secondary sources relate to each
other. I expect that your annotated bibliography will be 3 or 4 pages, double-spaced. But of
course, the more detailed your work, the closer you are to an actual text of your final
4. Upload your completed annotated bibliography to Assignments, "Module 13, Annotated
Module 14. Due Wednesday, June 17 at 11:59 p.m. Final project: Sentence Outline for your
A sentence outline will force you to think about how everything you have goes together to
make a coherent argument related to one or more historical questions. Use complete
sentences for each entry. The entries will consist of general headings with subsidiary
points, put into a logical order that helps build the argument as it progresses. Each paragraph
will have a topic sentence. Below each topic sentence you should list the evidence that
supports the point. I expect your outline will be about three pages.
1. Examine: "Module 14 Sentence Outline Sample." This was done by the same student as
the Module 13 annotated bibliography sample. You can see how his argument progressed.
Please note that both samples were done during the regular semester and were leading up to
a final ten-page paper, so they are longer than what you need to do in this summer
version of the class.
2. Write the Sentence Outline.
3. Upload your completed outline to Assignments, "Module 14, Sentence Outline."
Module 15. Final project Completion:
1. Write: The text for your three-minute oral presentation.
2. Make: Your audio presentation and save it as an audio file.
3. Upload: Your final audio oral presentation to Assignments, "Module 15 Final Oral
Presentation." Upload your written text to Assignments, "Module 15 Final Oral Presentation
Written Text."
All assignments must be completed and uploaded to Assignments by 11:59 p.m. on June 19,
Module 16: Relax and enjoy the rest of the summer having completed your Comm-B requirement,
and for history majors, your Historian's Craft requirement!
There is no final exam in this course.
Quizzes 30% (15 quizzes, 2% of the final grade each)
Assignments: 70% of final grade
(each assignment's % of the 70%)
1% Module 1 Student background sheet
2% Module 1 Response to Said, Orientalism
2% Worksheet on "The Chinese Church and the New Industrial System"
4% Module 4 Assignment, Newspapers
10% Module 5 Assignment. Education Part 1:
1/6 = filled-in worksheet,
1/6 = data table
4/6 = write-up on Chinese students @UW.
10% Module 6 Assignment, UW alums working in China in the early 1900s.
6% Module 7, Religion Assignment:
3% Worksheet on Criminal Abortion in China
3% Module 8 Research and Writing Exercise
3% Module 8 Worksheet on U.S. v. Moore
3% Module 9 Bourdieu Brief Intro Worksheet
3% Module 9 Historical Argumentation Practice.
4% Module 9 Research Exercise
3% Module 10 Research and Writing Exercise
4% Module 11, Final Project Primary Sources Worksheet
4% Module 11 Oral Presentation Written Text
4% Module 11 Oral Presentation
3% Module 12, Final Project Secondary Sources Worksheet
5% Annotated Bibliography
4% Outline
10% Module 15 Final Oral Presentation
9% Final Oral Presentation Written Text
Grading scale:
As you might notice from the above, you need to hit the whole-number minimum for each grade
level. That means a 92.51, or a 92.97 will not be rounded up to a 93 for an "A". Grades in this
class tend to be high because you can retake quizzes, you should be able to tell if you got
everything on the work sheets as you do them, and you can track your grades easily.
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Past Events
Events Search and Views Navigation
October 2019
Global Heart Medicine Art w/Adam Bauer & John Genyo Sprague–Shutesbury MA
John Genyo Sprague's latest performance art/activism piece, Global Heart Medicine Show, shares an evening of sacred space with Adam Bauer's heartfelt Kirtan in this unique and special evening, hosted at John Broucek's lovely home in Shutesbury MA. This is an intimate home event with very limited tickets! Available now at https://www.eventbrite.com/e/global-heart-medicine-art-wjohn-genyo-sprague-and-adam-bauer-tickets-71907243501Find out more »
Satsang w/Ira Schepetin + Kirtan w/Adam
We are delighted to offer this rare chance to experience an intimate evening of Satsang with renowned Woodstock Sanskritist and Vedanta wala Ira Schepetin. Ira and his lifelong wife and partner Sophia have dedicated much of their lives to the study and practice of the ancient awareness traditions of India, and I am blessed to enjoy their friendship and good association. They were also great friends of Shyamdas--so they have many good stories to share from all walks of the…Find out more »
November 2019
Relax and Restore Retreat at Ratna Ling, Cazadero CA
I am delighted to return to Ratna Ling to sing at a luscious retreat at this incredibly gorgeous retreat center in the hills of western Sonoma County, about 90 minutes north of San Francisco. I'll be singing Saturday morning and my good friend Miyu Tamamura will be offering crystal healing bowls on Saturday evening; lots of other restorative time too. From the Ratna Ling website: Come and enjoy an autumn retreat with offerings to nourish and revitalize your spirit. This retreat…Find out more »
December 2019
Kirtan at Yoga Mandali in Saratoga Springs NY
Delighted as always to return to Saratoga Springs to partake of the healing waters of the devotional spirit we always share in communion there. Let's gather and witness the depth of the darkness, while we invoke the return of the Light principle at the coming moment of the winter solstice. All are welcome.Find out more »
Sunday Kirtan at YCA (Yoga Center Amherst)
Happy to return to the lovely YCA (Yoga Center Amherst) on Kellogg St for a much-needed early evening of Satsang and chanting. Our Amherst yoga community has been through a lot lately, with the sudden and unexpected loss of our brother Parmatma Singh Khalsa due to a road accident only last week sending shockwaves through our corner of the world. Parmatma played tablas with me the last time I sang at YCA, and it was the last time I ever…Find out more »
January 2020
A Journey to Sacred India ~ January 20-Feb 1, 2020
People have been asking me for years: "When are you going to lead a trip to India?" Well, here we go! With my friends Thomas and Claudia from Austin, we are planning a very special journey, and there is room for a limited number of folks to join us. Interested? More info below: Journey to Spiritual India ~ January 20 - February 1st, 2020 14 days/13 nights $2650/per person double occupancy, $3400 private room All inclusive except airfares and tips -- $500…Find out more »
April 2020
CANCELLED: Kirtan at Yoga Center Amherst
Sorry, this event has been cancelled. We are looking into possible virtual broadcast, I will post the info here if that happens. Stay safe! I'm already looking forward to welcoming back springtime at the beautiful Yoga Center Amherst space! Please join us for this early program: 530-7pm. Brrr! See you there!Find out more »
May 2020
POSTPONED UNTIL 2021: Somatic Stretch and Fractal Anatomy w/Meredith Sands Keator (Southern France)
Where Mary Magdalene has been revered and celebrated for centuries. Where the Church is the land and your Body is the Temple. My friend Meredith is an extraordinarily gifted somatic practitioner and teacher of sacred geometry and how it maps to the human body--this rare retreat time with her, immersing in her lineage of Somatic Stretch®, will surely be eye-opening! I look forward to supporting Meredith's transformational work with my voice and mantra arts through the program. And to experiencing how…Find out more »


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According to the Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional, President Nicolas Maduro has announced that oil will be sold for cryptocurrency petro:
We will sell Venezuelan oil for petro, we already sell Venezuelan iron and steel for petro.
In addition to iron, steel and oil, the Bolivarian Republic will sell aluminum and part of gold for cryptocurrency. And these are not just plans, they are already backed by signed contracts.
The introduction of cryptocurrency Nicolas Maduro announced in October 2017. Petro was put into circulation by Caracas on the basis of the Ethereum blockchain platform since February 2018 in response to economic sanctions by the United States. Its rate depends on the price of a barrel of oil produced in the country. Petro is tied to the national currency - the sovereign bolivar.
According to the president of the country, the introduction of cryptocurrency in the daily life of citizens is a success, as shown by test tests. So, on the eve of the New Year holidays, Venezuelan pensioners and public servants received benefits in petro.
If the experience of this Latin American country is successful, it will become an example for those who decide to get out of the influence of American sanctions and the power of the dollar.


text:
JohnnyAppleSeed3's Ankama Profile
Member since 2015-06-28
JohnnyAppleSeed3 hasn't written a personalized description yet
Status : Former subscriber
|Lvl Omega 13
Activity on the dofus Forum
By JohnnyAppleSeed3 - 2016-07-26 08:11:42 in Shika
1 666
Hi i`m TimeChop and i`m looking for new people to play with i`m a 199 iop Just trying to have fun!! and when do server maintenance get done?
By JohnnyAppleSeed3 - 2016-07-23 19:17:57 in Fan Art and Videos
11 1636
If I created a YouTube account that only posted dofus gameplay and tutorials would anyone watch it and subscribe to it(English) btw


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Founded in
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On average, employees at Trion Worlds stay with the company for 1.3 years. Employees most commonly join Trion Worlds after leaving Sony Corporation of America. When they leave Trion Worlds, they most frequently get their next job at Certain Affinity.
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text:
Samsung Galaxy Tab S3 (SM-T820)
One UI version: 1.1
Android version: 9
Security patch dated 2019-08-01
Don't hesitate to ask for more detail.
Samsung Galaxy Tab S3 (SM-T820)
One UI version: 1.1
Android version: 9
Security patch dated 2019-08-01
Don't hesitate to ask for more detail.
Excuse me but, I downloaded android build 64 bit and it seems cool and the layout is perfect however I can barely seem to even create a file and draw. It's mostly because I can't edit the canvas settings, like my keyboard doesn't show up. And some of the tools are out of sight.
Help??? Or like update it plz???
Edit: also I think there should be a back button to return where I last was. And I heard that you guys were aware of the ratio problem, So is there gonna be another built soon?
It'll look small, but you can have less cramped space by changing your Android device's dpi settings. Go to settings > developer options (enable dev options also) > minimum width.
Yes, we are aware of this problem. Unfortunately the solution to this would be a full UI rework, at least for tablet/mobile devices. This is something on our minds, but isn't something that which is going to be fixed immediately.
You could try what @98adus9823dse suggests:
And increase the number under minimum width and then go to Krita and then turn off highDPI scaling. Then you can revert back the minimum width.
(but bear in mind that changing phone's DPI settings can change your Homescreen Layout.)
Oh, I have a Cintiq Hybrid Companion too, and don't use Android on in anymore, just as a tablet for Ubuntu/Krita. Im not surprised, since Wacom never updated the system of the Hybrid Companion. But too bad that we cant use Krita / Android on it.
Krita APKs based on current
krita/4.2 branch.
Hopefully this should work better than the previous ones.
Thank you for testing!
[if there is a better place for test feedbacks, let me know]
The good thing: the load error dialogs I had with the previous APK are now gone.
The less good thing: trying to open any file (.kra, .png, .jpg), no error message, but no loading either.
Any log / additional test I can run?
Thank you for reporting, it was a missing function which must have fallen through the seams while back porting.
I might have the same problem as you. I open a file and it seems like it doesn't load anything, but then I rotate the device or select a brush on the toolbar, and the screen refreshes, and the file is suddenly there, open and ready for work.
Here are some observations I noticed in the build from this link
-Toolbox docker: Cannot select a tool with finger-click. But it does respond to finger scrolling if you thin the docker into a column thats 1 icon wide.
-Layer docker: You cannot toggle the visibility of a layer on or off when trying to finger-click the eye icon. Behavior is normal with a mouse or S-Pen.
Brush Preset History docker: When selecting a brush with the finger, your brush preset will not actually change to the selected brush, even though the chosen brush in the Brush Preset History docker becomes highlighted in blue. Behavior is normal when using a bluetooth mouse or Samsung S-Pen.
Keyboard Shortcuts: 1) This menu does not respond to finger-clicks. 2) Attempting to create a shortcut involving modifier keys is glitchy. Apparently the same shortcut is entered multiple times. For example, inputting "Ctrl+H" inputs this shortcut twice. To enter a modifer shortcut "correctly just once," input your modifer shortcut that enters itself multiple times. Then add a shortcut that already exists on another action. When the window prompts you to replace, cancel. Your original shortcut now appears to be entered "once" in the correct fasion. 3) Even after doing issue 2, attempting to save a shortcut involving modifer keys does not save.
This problem (file loading but needing a pinch/zoom/rotate or other refrsh to show up) I knew from the previous APK (sorry, I should have mentioned it) so I initially though that was it.
But that one is different: there absolutely no reaction after selecting the file, Krita still displays the "New / Load / History / Welcome" screen and neither image zoom/rotate/pinch or device rotate have any (visible) effect.
I have updated the
arm64 build link. You should get an error dialog now.
This shouldn't happen again, did you try the recent APKs?
I am indeed getting the error dialog again ("The chosen file's location etc.").
I am also still unable to open any file.
With this new APK canvas is black until i disable Canvas Graphics Acceleration. Re-enabling Canvas Graphics Acceleration doesn't re-introduce the bug until i restart Krita.
edit: bug appears when i open my previous work but it doesn't when i create new one.
I just installed the latest APK you have provided. The issue I was describing is indeed fixed. I cannot replicate the other described issue however. Opening .jpg and .kra files works just fine on my tablet.
This problem is a bit hard to debug, I'm afraid. It can be anything from a driver issue from your device's manufacturer to a bug in our OpenGL ES code. I'd suggest you to specify your hardware, Android version, bit-depth, scaling mode and color profile (of the file causing black canvas).
However, I'm not sure if it's best to post it here…
You can DM me here I suppose, or as @email@example.com, or as aaribaud on Twitter.
I can provide the drawing in DM or on some file sharing service.
I am not an Android developer so I cannot tweak the APK code, but I am a dev nonetheless, so I should be able to build and test a custom APK to help debugging if this helps.
As to the device: Samsung Galaxy Tab S3 (SM-T820), One UI version: 1.1, Android version: 9, Security patch dated 2019-08-01.
I tried an hour or 2 so far and here is what I noticed:
Device: Galaxy Tab A10.1 with stylus 2016 version (64bit ARM processor)
4.3 version mentioned on top:
I've also tried the newer 4.2 build, and all the bugs were still there. (Though I have not used it long enough to see if the invisible brush gui still happens, I'll see if I can find how I did it)
General Complaints:
The top navigation is a waste of space, I don't mind clicking the 3 dots to get to the menu, but having just the logo there and the 3 buttons feels like it just uses up space.
The right menu with all the layers and tool options needs a minimum mode. It takes up a lot of space for no reason. I like it how other editors do it where you just see the layers as small boxes and when you click more, the whole thing pops up.
Effectively it would be nice to have a focus of being able to draw, change layers, change colors and brushes as a minimalist mode, then pressing a button would expand them to give finer controls.
That's it for now, but overall I think you've done an excellent job!
Previous APK doesn't have such bug. My device is Huawei MediaPad M5 Lite (BAH2-L09). Android 8. Any scaling mode. I don't know what my bit depth is, i didn't change it. Here is an example of problematic file: James.kra
Thanks! I can reproduce this.
I found what code is making this happen. However, I can't figure out why it doesn't happen with my other files…


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DES MOINES, Iowa — A West Des Moines man is in the Polk County Jail following a motorcycle chase in Des Moines early Wednesday morning.
Des Moines police say 29-year-old Jordan Young was riding a stolen motorcycle when he led officers on a high-speed chase. It ended around 2:00 a.m. at Northeast 51st and Hull. Young tried to take the bike off-road near a wooded area but that's when officers say the motorcycle stalled.
Young wasn't injured in the chase but two officers suffered minor injuries when their squad car went into a ditch.
Young faces charges including 2nd degree theft, eluding, and OWI.