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\r\n\tThis book will include topics of epidemiology, biomarkers, tumor markers, disease prevalence, treatment outcomes, imaging, radiation therapy metastases, systemic chemotherapy of HCC, OSCC and cancer Cervix.",isbn:"978-1-83880-535-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-534-0",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb3276a0256cf8258f16ca0a61386cde",bookSignature:"Dr. Sivapatham Sundaresan and Prof. Yeunhwa Gu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7015.jpg",keywords:"Cancer Cervix, Liver Cancer, Head Cancer, Neck Cancer, Cancer Metastasis, Biomarkers, Molecular Markers, Clinical Research, Preclinical Research, Cancer Cell Line, Cancer Drug Research",numberOfDownloads:416,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 15th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"187272",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivapatham",middleName:null,surname:"Sundaresan",slug:"sivapatham-sundaresan",fullName:"Sivapatham Sundaresan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187272/images/system/187272.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Sundaresan received his M. Phil. in Biochemistry in 1999 from Annamalai University and his Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 2003 from Annamalai University as well. He currently teaches research methodology at SRM MCH and RC. Dr. Sundaresan is Ph.D guide in Medical and Health sciences, and is also incharge for the Central Research Laboratory. He is a Journal editorial board member and reviewer for many national and international publications. He is a member of the Association of Clinical Biochemists of India (ACBI), member of the Society of Biological Chemists –MSBC and member of Indian Inborn Errors of Metabolism society IBEM.",institutionString:"SRM Institute of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"248214",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeunhwa",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",slug:"yeunhwa-gu",fullName:"Yeunhwa Gu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248214/images/system/248214.jpeg",biography:"C.V\r\nName: Yeunhwa GU, Ph.D., O.M.D., Professor.\r\nThe date of birth: October 30, 1963\r\nAddress: 1-1-1 Chikushigaoka, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8510 Japan\r\n\r\nTEL :+81-92-554-1255\r\nFAX : +81-92-552-2707\r\ne-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com\r\firstname.lastname@example.com\r\nhttp://gulaboratory.web.fc2.com/index.htm\r\nhttp://www.junshin-u.ac.jp/\r\n\r\nEducational Background\r\n\tMarch, 1985: Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, graduation (Degree of Health Science of Arts)\r\n\tApril 1989: Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, master\\'s course entrance\r\n\tMarch 1991: Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, master\\'s course, graduation. Degree of the health science Master of Arts (No. 377, Tokyo university)\r\n\tOctober, 1992: Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, doctor\\'s course entrance \r\n\tSeptember 1995: Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, doctor\\'s course, graduation. Degree of health science Doctor of Arts (No. 1055, Tokyo university)\r\n\t2000-2003: University of Beijing Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Degree of Chinese Medical Doctor of Arts (No. 09J003, Beijing Chinese Medical University)\r\n \r\nProfessional career\r\n\tOctober, 1993 to September, 1995, University of Tokyo, department of medicine, Department of radiation health TA\r\n\tMarch, 1992 to September, 1992, University of Tokyo, department of medicine, Department of radiation health visiting professor\r\n\tOctober, 1995, to March, 1996, University of Tokyo, department of medicine, Department of radiation health visiting professor\r\n\tMay, 1996 to March, 1997, Korea National Health Medical Technology Research Planing Project Evaluation Bored, responsibility researcher\r\n\tApril, 1997 to March, 2005, Department of Health Science, Suzuka medical science university, associate professor\r\n\tApril, 1998 to March, 2005, Faculty of Medical Science graduate course, Suzuka medical science university, associate professor\r\n\tMarch, 2004 at present, Department of oncology. Catholic university of medical Science, Visiting professor\r\n\tApril, 2005 at present, Department of Health Science, Suzuka medical science university, Professor\r\n\tApril, 2005 at 2012, Faculty of Medical Science graduate course, Suzuka medical science university, Professor\r\n\tApril, 2002-; Russian cosmic ray chemical protection meeting for the study conjugation researcher\r\n\tApril, 2001-; Korea health science society arts and sciences organization committee\r\n\tApril, 2012 at present, Chairperson International Affairs,Department of Radiological Science,Graduate School of Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, Junshin Gakuen University, Professor\r\n\r\nResearch society career\r\n\r\n\tJournal of radiation research editor\r\n\tJournal of oriental medicine editor\r\n\tJapan medical radiation research society\r\n\tJapan cancer research society\r\n\tJapan radiation research society\r\n\tJapan congenital anomalies research society\r\n\tJapan space biology society\r\n\tKorean space medicine society\r\n\tKorea electrochemistry cancer therapy society arts and sciences\r\n\tRussian cosmic ray chemical protection meeting for the study \r\n\tKorea health science society arts and sciences question committee\r\n\tJapan congenital anomaly society\r\n\tKorea radiation protection society\r\n\tInternational oriental medicine society regular member\r\n\r\nOther achievements\r\n1.\tBook (31 times)\r\n2.\tPaper (278 times)\r\n3.\tPresentation at conference (455 times)",institutionString:"Junshin Gakuen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Junshin Gakuen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"71740",title:"Evaluation by Monte Carlo Simulation of Doses Distribution in Tumors with Hypoxia",slug:"evaluation-by-monte-carlo-simulation-of-doses-distribution-in-tumors-with-hypoxia",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"69589",title:"Acquisition and Management of Data for Translational Science in Oncology",slug:"acquisition-and-management-of-data-for-translational-science-in-oncology",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"241806",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas J.",surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"thomas-j.-fitzgerald",fullName:"Thomas J. Fitzgerald"}]},{id:"69697",title:"Implications of Radiosensitizer and Radioprotector Factors in Refining the Dose-Volume Constraints and Radiobiological Models",slug:"implications-of-radiosensitizer-and-radioprotector-factors-in-refining-the-dose-volume-constraints-a",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"239510",title:"Dr.",name:"Petru Teodor",surname:"Dragos Iancu",slug:"petru-teodor-dragos-iancu",fullName:"Petru Teodor Dragos Iancu"}]},{id:"70814",title:"NQO1-Bioactivatable Therapeutics as Radiosensitizers for Cancer Treatment",slug:"nqo1-bioactivatable-therapeutics-as-radiosensitizers-for-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71273",title:"Bozepinib: A Promising Selective Derivative Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"bozepinib-a-promising-selective-derivative-targeting-breast-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"40607",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquín",surname:"Campos",slug:"joaquin-campos",fullName:"Joaquín Campos"},{id:"52192",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",surname:"Conejo-García",slug:"ana-conejo-garcia",fullName:"Ana Conejo-García"},{id:"52193",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Cruz-López",slug:"olga-cruz-lopez",fullName:"Olga Cruz-López"}]},{id:"70253",title:"Ion Channels and Transporters as Cancer Biomarkers and Targets for Diagnostics with Antibodies",slug:"ion-channels-and-transporters-as-cancer-biomarkers-and-targets-for-diagnostics-with-antibodies",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"70795",title:"IL10 as Cancer Biomarker",slug:"il10-as-cancer-biomarker",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72674",title:"Brachytherapy in Endometrial Cancer",slug:"brachytherapy-in-endometrial-cancer",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"email@example.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61262",title:"Introductory Chapter: Scientific Research on Mycobacteria and the Absence of Evaluation Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76831",slug:"introductory-chapter-scientific-research-on-mycobacteria-and-the-absence-of-evaluation-processes",body:'
About 150 species belong to theMycobacterium genus and are known as acid-fast bacillus. These bacteria are widely distributed in different ecosystems and it can be isolated from water, soil, or air. The Mycobacterium genus has a great metabolic diversity that has allowed them to adapt and survive in almost all environmental conditions. They are called slow-growing bacteria, because of their long generation times in comparison with other bacterial genus. Currently, there are new species which are being studied in order to be classified as new members of the Mycobacterium genus.
Some species of the Mycobacterium genus are known as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It can cause the mycobacteriosis disease in humans or animals. At present, it has not been established that mycobacteriosis is transmitted from person to person. This is one of the causes for not knowing precisely the number of cases of this disease and difficulties for an opportune diagnosis. The severity of the disease caused by NTM depends on multiple factors, the most relevant being the condition of the individual's immune system, the virulence characteristics of these bacteria, and the amount of NTM that is transmitted to the infected host. In the field of scientific research, there are studies on different aspects related to these microorganisms, nevertheless many characteristics of NTM and their implications in environmental processes, health or industrial use are not known in which given their great metabolic variety can help to solve environmental problems that threaten the human and animal's health and that compromise the quality of life of future generations.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Tuberculosis was declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization and it is considered a serious public health problem worldwide, given that it is one of the infectious diseases that causes the most deaths worldwide along with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite the strategies and efforts to achieve its control, the situation of tuberculosis is worrying and it is considered in several countries as an event of interest in public health. Therefore, the control implemented by each country is of vital importance to cut the chain of transmission. The foregoing evidences the priority need to conduct research on factors associated with tuberculosis control while continuing to produce new information in all areas of knowledge that may contribute to tuberculosis control.
Leprosy is a chronic disease, known as a peripheral neuropathy that can produce several and irreversible sequelae observed in the patient who has suffered from this disease, and as a consequence, it has generated a great stigma for all patients. Leprosy is an ancestral disease and has also been known as Hansen's disease, and there are currently studies documenting the great social and cultural component involved in the worldwide transmission and persistence of this infectious disease. The World Health Organization has declared leprosy as a disease in elimination due to the number of reported cases of patients, but there are countries that still report a recent transmission of the disease and in some of its provinces a larger number is diagnosed. A number of cases estimated by the World Health Organization consider that this country has reached the goal of elimination. M. leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is not a cultivable microorganism in synthetic culture media, causing the diagnosis of the disease to be basically clinical even though there are currently molecular methodologies that can make an opportune diagnosis of the disease before the disability is observable in each individual affected by this alcohol-resistant acid bacillus.
The scientific research done on the species belonging to Mycobacterium genus can be classified into three groups. The following graph shows that a large number of publications in scientific research related to tuberculosis, leprosy, and some mycobacteriosis are produced. In the environmental field or application of mycobacteria to industrial processes, a smaller amount of new knowledge is produced that is useful for contribution to solving problems that threaten humanity but something very important is the little evidence generated by evaluation projects that must be carried out on the processes implemented in each country or region of the world so that the effect achieved can be attributed to the measure or knowledge implemented (Figure 1).
Given that tuberculosis, leprosy, and mycobacteria are diseases that affect a large population worldwide, control programs are performed in the regulatory framework of each country, and it is necessary and urgent that there is solid and incontrovertible evidence its impact and management in the control of these diseases that affect all individuals of different ages, genders, and social strata of a community, being of great importance the performance of periodic evaluations of the measures implemented by each government against the knowledge generated by the scientific investigation.
The evaluation of the projects, plans, policies, and strategies implemented must include the commitment of the authorities of each country and of the different territorial entities, in order to determine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and attributions of the results obtained to the extent implemented in the community or country. These scientific evaluation projects should be based on official data collected through the information and monitoring system of territorial entities for the measurement of performance and evaluation of the measures implemented. These evaluation projects make it possible to demonstrate the changes generated from the implementation of national or international policies, but especially should be evidence for decision-making and recommendations in health, public health, and international health.
One of the main limitations for the realization of scientific evaluation projects is to attribute the observed effect to the intervention implemented and evaluated. Because many of the processes in health, public health, or global health are assumed by the state governments through their national control programs, all control and surveillance activities must be authorized, assumed, and monitored by these control programs. Therefore, significant variations are only possible because of the implemented measures of an official nature or the sociocultural and political situation of each country that in any way affects the epidemiological situation of the disease independent of the adoption of measures or plans. In scientific research projects, many of the studies are conducted in environments and under highly controlled conditions and obtain reasonable cost-effectiveness levels, contrary to the result obtained in some situations on the costs that are required to reach the same level in the programmatic conditions of each country, requiring a large amount of human resources, infrastructure, and inputs that make the measure provided is not feasible to implement.
The great diversity of environments and social, cultural, and environmental determinants, scientific research and its evaluation in the species that make up the Mycobacterium genus, also presents the difficulty that its results and knowledge generated are representative for a community and applicable to other regions of the world. world that are similar in their conditions, it is almost imperative that each region or country performs its own evaluation processes to obtain evidence before implementing new control measures in their communities, complying with the provisions of the ethical considerations that shelter the population in the safekeeping of their human rights and a healthy environment.
The information obtained in the research and evaluation projects in the Mycobacterium genus should provide in the medium and long term that the results obtained contribute to the construction of new policies for the management and control of the disease, should serve as a critical input for the construction once again, knowledge must allow the evidence obtained to be able to reformulate or propose the operation of the indicators in time, form, and recourse. They should strengthen and contribute new knowledge in public health research and in the evaluation of broad coverage health programs.
The results of the research and evaluation projects must be translated into a language that is comprehensible to all through support provided by communicators with experience in health, politics, the environment, and the general community, who must objectively and appropriately carry out the adjustment of the vocabulary for dissemination in press, radio, television, and the general population.
The information must be widely disseminated and at all levels as illustrated in Figure 2.
The results obtained should be released to the community and the media in full report in large print and digital form, preferably with a slide presentation and a written guide to the presentation, to facilitate the management of information at management meetings and decision-making to finance new research or scientific evaluation projects, which leads to objective planning and decision-making based on the results of a rigorous scientific research or evaluation that will benefit the community and the different groups of policy-makers, decisions, and generators of knowledge.
This panorama and epidemiological record shows the difficult situation that is experienced worldwide against transmission, morbidity, and mortality caused by mycobacteria, and despite the strategies and efforts made by different countries through their national control programs, the situation has a high impact on the world economy. Therefore, the control carried out by each country is of vital importance to cut the chain of transmission, requiring that operational research be prioritized and evaluations be made of the measures, plans, and policies implemented by each country to successfully advance in its control. It is also necessary to carry out scientific research on the species that make up the Mycobacterium genus to know the metabolic characteristics that allow its application in the process of great benefit for industry, health, and the environment.
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neurocrine messenger that is synthesized from tryptophan (TRP) by tryptophan hydroxilase in the brain and mastocytes and enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [1]. TRP is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and metabolize into 5-HT in the raphe nuclei within the brain stem. In the intestinal tract, 5-HT is produced by EC and to a lesser extent by serotonergic neurons and released upon mucosal stimulation. The synthesis of 5-HT is identical in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the gut, where TRP is first converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) via tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of enzyme. 5-HT is eliminated from the interstitium by 5-HT transporters on enterocytes and neurons; 5-HT overflow from the gut reaches the intestinal lumen and portal circulation. In the circulation, it is quickly removed from the plasma by uptake into platelets (PLTs) or metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in hepatic and lung endothelial cells. Plasma 5-HT is quickly transported into the PLTs via 5-HT reuptake transporter (5-HT transporter; SERT) on the PLT membrane. PLTs accumulate, store, and release 5-HT in an analogous manner to central serotoninergic synaptosomes. The free plasma 5-HT exerts important systemic functions, modulating PLT aggregation, and has been reported to be also involved in vasomotor function [1, 2].\n
In GI tract, 5-HT interacts with receptors on afferent neurons, initiating peristaltic, secretion, and secretory reflexes. On the other hand, 5-HT induces smooth muscle cell contraction and proliferation but stimulates endothelial cells to release vasodilating substances and acts as a "helper agonist" of PLT aggregation [2, 3].\n
Measurement of 5-HT in whole blood gives a reasonable approximation of 5-HT in PLTs [4], and the free 5-HT/whole blood-5-HT (f-5HT/WB-5-HT) ratio may be a marker of PLT activation [5]. The concentration of free 5-HT is typically measured in PLT-poor plasma (PPP), produced by prolonged or high-speed centrifugation of plasma and containing <10,000 PLTs/μl [6]. Several researchers reported PPP 5-HT values in healthy horses range from 2.5 ng/ml to 90 ng/ml, with a majority varying between 3 ng/ml and 30 ng/ml [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Plasma 5-HT is the fraction which shows the equilibrium state between synthesis by EC cells, the inactivation by liver and lung by MAO and PLT uptake.\n
5-HT plasma concentrations in horses are subject to physiological variations such as age [17, 18], exercise [7, 8, 9], stress [19], seasonal, circadian and nycthemeral rhythms [15, 20], altitude [21], reproductive status [22], and type of anticoagulant and laboratory technique [23, 24, 25]. In addition, these factors also influence the analytical results of this neurotransmitter. Even in healthy horses, reported reference values for 5-HT are not consistent, which hampers further research into the role of 5-HT in equine diseases. One possible explanation for this inconsistency is the use of different biological samples and analytical methods for 5-HT determination. Indeed, to determine the concentrations of 5-HT in whole blood high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) [7] and in serum, commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or radioimmunoassays (RIAs) [19] have been used. Torfs et al. [24] showed that for accurate determination of plasma levels of 5-HT, it is essential to use PPP. It is believed that 5-HT in PPP reflects the amount of 5-HT synthesized and recently secreted in EC cells. Although ELISA [23] and HPLC [18, 21] have been used, the tandem chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method is suitable for determining the plasma reference values of 5-HT and analyzing changes in 5-HT associated with pathological conditions.\n
In horses, changes in 5-HT levels are associated with gastrointestinal pathologies such as ileus, colic or endotoxemia, vascular dysfunctions such as digital hypoperfusion causing laminitis, recurrent airway obstruction and endocrine disruption such as intermediate equine pituitary dysfunction (PPID) or Cushing syndrome, and behavioral alterations such as stereotypes [26, 27].\n
In the intestine, there are three types of cells that produce 5-HT, such as immune cells, nerve cells and EC cells [26]. Free plasma 5-HT concentration is a potential predictive parameter for postoperative ileus, since it may reflect intestinal integrity, as well as the circulatory effects associated with inflammation or endotoxemia. Therefore, 5-HT quantitation might be an aid in prognosticating the outcome in horses with postoperative colic. The knowledge of plasma 5-HT changes in colic horses is also important in the quest for an effective treatment for ileus, since certain classes of prokinetic drugs target 5-HT receptors [26]. A risk of receptor desensitization [27] might exist when these drugs are used in patients with already elevated 5-HT levels.\n
5-HT contractile receptors have been identified in the longitudinal and circular layers of the smooth muscle [28] and myenteric neurons of descending colon, ileum and submucosal neurons of ileum, and duodenum in horses [29, 30], in which 5-HT exerts local actions, causing the activation of intrinsic and extrinsic afferent neurons. This initiates secretory and peristaltic responses to transmit the information to the CNS [27]. While the interaction of 5-HT with 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT4 receptors stimulates contractibility, 5-HT1 and 5-HT7 receptors induce relaxing effects in the GI tract [31]. Among these types of receptors, 5-HT4 exerts important control over intestinal motility. Indeed, a prokinetic effect occurs following the administration of 5-HT4 agonists, such as Tegaserod and Mosapride [32].\n
In horses with intestinal hypomotility, the agonist of 5-HT4 receptor Prucalopride can increase motor contractility of the duodenum, cecum, and colon, 30–90 minutes after oral administration. This motor activity is maximal in the duodenum, with a minimal increase in the cecum and left colon related with other intestinal segments [33]. Tegaserod is other selective agonist of 5-HT4 receptor that induces increase in the frequency and amplitude of contractions in equine ileum and pelvic flexion [34], speeding up GI transit time and increases frequency of bowel sounds and defecation [29]. In this way, Tegaserod can offer therapeutic potential in horses suffering from impaction or paralytic ileus. Cisapride is an indirect cholinergic prokinetic agent that acts by promoting the release of acetylcholine from intramural nerve terminals (myenteric plexus) through stimulation of 5-HT4 receptors [35]. Mosapride is other selective agonist of 5-HT4 receptors. The use of this agonist improves gastric, jejunal, and cecal motility in horses [36]. A disadvantage of this medication is the oral administration route. This complicates the use in horses with postoperative ileus. Unfortunately, the availability of this drug is also limited. On the other hand, Tegaserod with a higher risk of cardiac events in humans has been suspected (as for cisapride), its availability is limited, as well as its application in equine practice, explaining the lack of more clinical reports. This drug is a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, a moderate 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT4 receptor agonist [29] that increases the contractility of smooth muscle [37] and improved in vivo motility of the jejunum [36].\n
The final effects of 5-HT in the intestine will depend on plasma concentrations and the balance between activation and desensitization of these receptors. The concentrations of 5-HT in the intestinal mucous membrane and its association with postoperative bowel recovery may better reflect the net effects of 5-HT on intestinal motility [38].\n
5-HT is a very potent proinflammatory, vasoconstrictor, and immunomodulatory agent. Although Delesalle et al. [11] reported an increase in plasma concentrations of 5-HT in horses with intestinal strangulation, Ayala et al. [19] showed a decrease in serum concentration of 5-HT in horses with acute abdominal pain.\n
Several authors have observed higher concentrations of 5-HT after ischemia-reperfusion in the peritoneal fluid intestinal lumen and mesenteric, portal, and hepatic veins [11, 39]. Increased plasma of 5-HT can have important consequences in colic horses. It has been shown in vitro and in vivo that 5-HT is an important and very powerful vasoconstrictor agent [16]. The accumulation of 5-HT in the systemic circulation of horses that have colic may reinforce continuous intestinal ischemia. Both local lesions in the intestinal wall and the associated inflammatory and endotoxemic systemic reactions promote the development of ileus. The concentration of free 5-HT in plasma is a possible predictive parameter in cases of postoperative ileus, as it may reflect the integrity of the intestine, as well as the circulatory effects associated with inflammation or endotoxemia. For this reason, the quantification of 5-HT in horses could be an important tool to predict postsurgical evolution as a consequence of colic [26, 40].\n
Coagulation of circulating PLTs, as well as EC from necrotizing intestinal segments, could serve as a source of 5-HT. In horses, it is argued that intestinal ischemia makes the mucosa more permeable. This event leads to an important translocation of endotoxins and amines from the diet, among which 5-HT passes from intestinal contents to systemic circulation [28]. Indeed, Davis et al. [41] showed liver lesions in horses suffering from proximal duodenitis-jejunitis. In addition to the lesion caused by the ascending bile duct infection, these authors also propose the absorption of endotoxins or inflammatory mediators of portal circulation. In addition, hepatic hypoxia resulting from systemic inflammation and endotoxemic shock may be possible causes of liver injury.\n
Intestinal microorganisms are also important for the 5-HT synthesis. Yano et al. [42] estimated that 90% of peripheral 5-HT is produced by the intestinal microbiota. These authors found that in germ-free mice, the production of 5-HT was approximately 60% less in comparison to mice with normal intestinal bacteria. Indeed, when bacterial colonies were restored in the intestines of germ-free mice, 5-HT levels are recovered. Several metabolic byproducts of the intestinal microbiota are controlled by the mixture of spore-forming bacteria acting on EC to alter 5-HT production. However, bacteria are capable to produce 5-HT on their own. In fact, Lactobacillus spp. produce acetylcholine and GABA; Bifidobacterium spp. produce GABA, Escherichia produce norepinephrine, 5-HT, and dopamine; and Streptococcus and Enterococcus produce 5-HT. Bacillus species have also been shown to produce norepinephrine and dopamine [43].\n
Torfs et al. [24] showed that the plasma concentrations of 5-HT are significantly lower in horses with small bowel surgical colic compared to healthy animals. In addition, it was demonstrated that 5-HT concentrations remained low until at least the first morning after surgery. A previous study on horses with signs of acute colic showed significantly lower concentrations of 5-HT compared to healthy ones [19]. However, this earlier study focused on serum concentration of 5-HT used the ELISA method of analysis. This situation complicates the comparison of these results with the current ones. In contrast to these achievements, Delesalle et al. [11] indicated an increase in plasma concentrations of 5-HT, measured by HPLC, in a small group of horses undergoing small bowel surgery. In addition to the analytical differences between these studies, there are multiple possible physiological and pathological explanations for variations in the results obtained.\n
The GI flora produces relatively high concentrations of dietary amines by fermenting the consumed amino acids [44, 45]. It is thought that the link between the GI system and the equine foot occurs through dietary amines.\n
The bacteria responsible for the fermentation of carbohydrates produce enzymes (amino acid decarboxylase) that convert free amino acids to monoamines. Then, the fermentation of large amounts of carbohydrates in the large intestine is associated with a greater number of Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococci and Lactobacilli) and elevated production of dietary amines [12]. These bacteria increase in the production of lactate, which is responsible for the decrease in intraluminal pH causing death of Gram-negative bacteria and therefore an increase in endotoxin release (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Tryptamine is the most potent amine in the cecum. It causes vasoconstriction both in vitro and in vivo through direct activation of serotonergic receptors and 5-HT displacement of PLTs. Monoamines found in the horse's cecum could potentially induce hemodynamic disturbances in the hoof resulting in lamellar ischemia and therefore laminitis [46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. Besides, these monoamines present in the cecum can also be detected at much lower concentrations in blood plasma.\n
Leukocytes can be indirectly activated by PLTs and mainly by LPS. Therefore, endotoxin may contribute to the initiation of early inflammatory changes observed in experimental models of acute laminitis [13]. This may occur because the amines are able to mimic and potentiate the effects of the biogenic amines (5-HT, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the circulation. Gut-derived amines mimic the actions of the endogenous biogenic amines by displacing 5-HT from PLTs or norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve ending or by directly activating the receptors for these amines on the vasculature [49]. The potentiation of the action of endogenous amines is produced by two processes: inhibition of absorption in endothelial cells and PLTs [47, 48] or by competition between amines derived from the intestines and endogenous amines by the metabolism of the enzyme amine oxidase [12, 47, 48].\n
Dietary amines are similar to substances normally produced by the body, including catecholamines and 5-HT. Since 5-HT is a potent vasoconstrictor that is mainly stored in PLTs, it helps to maintain low plasma concentrations that reduce its effects. Bailey et al. [46] reported that the absorption of 5-HT by PLTs is a saturable process in horses. The most efficient way to work is at substrate concentrations below the micromole. The noncompetitive inhibition of 5-HT absorption by other natural monoamines may result in increased plasma concentrations of 5-HT and endotoxin release. The amines present in the diet inhibit the uptake of 5-HT from the PLTs. As a result, plasma concentration of 5-HT would increase above the level at which digital vasoconstriction occurs [44, 51]. However, other peripheral blood vessels are unaffected, since digital vessels are much more sensitive to the vasoconstriction effects of 5-HT [52, 53]. Dietary amines can also cause digital vasoconstriction directly [49]. The overall result is the digital ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, which could lead to the activation of metalloproteinases.\n
Endotoxins act as a mechanism that triggers laminitis. These substances activate the coagulation cascade directly through the Hageman factor (factor XII, in the intrinsic coagulation pathway). They are called the contact factor because the activation occurs by contact with nonendothelial and foreign surfaces. In addition, endotoxins are the initial stage of intrinsic plasma coagulation. They also cause damage to endothelial cells and favor the addition of PLTs, thereby establishing a blood profile compatible with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction initially results in decreased capillary perfusion of the hoof with some degree of ischemia [47, 48].\n
The aggregation of PLTs and the formation of microthrombi in the capillaries of the hull contribute to maintain vascular occlusion ischemia. In addition, a potent vasoconstrictor such as thromboxane A2 is released from PLTs, which adds to increase the process. At the same time, the inflammatory response begins with the release of autacoids such as histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, prostanoids, leukotrienes, and interleukin 1. Histamine plays a very important role in acute inflammation. It has a vasodilatory action on arterioles, but the role in inflammation is more important, since it improves the action of other mediators such as histamine and bradykinin. This results in arteriolar dilation, increased capillary permeability, and hyperalgesia. Leukotriene B4 is also involved in the passage of leukocytes to inflammatory exudate [16].\n
The relationship between the appearance of digital hypoperfusion and increases in plasma concentration of 5-HT is consistent. This is because PLTs-derived mediators are associated with LPS-induced laminitis. These experimental data support the use of antiPLT therapy in the prevention of laminitis related to endotoxemic diseases [16].\n
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or Cushing's disease is characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the Pituitary Pars Intermedia and is argued to be due to a reduction in dopamine synthesis or degeneration of periventricular pituitary dopaminergic neurons [54]. PPID is more frequent in adult horses and result of a progressive loss of the neurotransmitter at central and peripheral level as result of the degeneration of the pineal gland [15].\n
The role of 5-HT in the regulation of the PPID it is not clear. Treatment of PPID in horse includes 5-HT antagonists [55], such as cyproheptadine. Antagonist of 5-HT is potent secretagogue of ACTH in pituitary rat tissue, and it was used effectively in human Cushing's disease. Cyproheptadine decreases the 5-HT-induced stimulation to the pituitary pars intermedia, the synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and finally, ACTH secretion. Cyproheptadine (0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO, SID, or BID) was used for the treatment of PPID result in an improvement in clinical status and normalization of laboratory parameters within 1–2 months of treatment initiation, being effective in 28–60% of cases [56]. However, similar improvements were achieved with improved nutrition, preventive care, and management alone [57].\n
Additionally, Bailey et al. [46] measured peripheral plasma concentrations of 5-HT in summer, autumn, winter, and spring in clinically normal ponies and those predisposed to laminitis, and no significant differences were observed. Although light/dark differences were not investigated in the latter work, nycthemeral increases in serum 5-HT in the healthy, athletic horse have been reported [20]. Later, Haritou et al. [15] reported seasonal changes in circadian peripheral plasma concentrations of melatonin, 5-HT, dopamine, and cortisol in aged horses with PPID. Six horses and ponies with PPID were matched with six controls to test the hypothesis that aged horse responds differently to changes in season because of deficiency in melatonin production. They also examined the link between the presence or absence of the clinical signs of PPID and peripheral plasma concentration of 5-HT, dopamine, and cortisol. Results showed that the 24-h pattern of plasma melatonin concentrations during the four seasons of the year was similar in both groups, indicating that impaired melatonin output is unlikely to play a role in PPID. However, 5-HT profiles were affected by season, with lower 5-HT detected in PPID horses in the summer and winter. Although the reasons for this reduction remain unknown, enhanced conversion of 5-HT to melatonin could account, at least in part, for the lowered circulating level. The total amount of dopamine released was dependent on season and markedly lower in PPID horses versus controls. These results implicate both serotonin and dopamine in the pathogenesis of the disease [15].\n
Most frequently observed stereotypies in domestic horses are crib biting, weaving, box walking, wind sucking, and wood chewing. However, there is no scientific consensus as to whether wood chewing is definitely a stereotypy [58]. More recently, some morphological variations of these stereotypic activities have also been identified as equine stereotypies, such as licking the environment, lip licking, sham chewing or teeth grinding, self-biting, and rubbing self, as well as locomotion stereotypies, including pawing, tail swishing, door kicking or box kicking, and head tossing/nodding [59]. The most common forms of equine stereotypies are within two general categories, oral and locomotion stereotypic behaviors.\n
The neurobiological consequences of equine stereotypies focus on neurotransmitter systems, specifically the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways [59, 60]. 5-HT is implicated in the underlying pathology of stereotypies. Indeed, Lebelt et al. [61] found a trend for lower basal 5-HT levels in crib-biting compared to nonstereotypic horses, suggesting that the serotonergic system of crib-biters may differ from that of noncrib biting horses (mean 201.5 vs. 414.3 nmol/l). The precise role of 5-HT in the development or maintenance of the behavior remains unclear however, and the results obtained by these authors have yet to be confirmed or refuted through additional experimental studies of the serotonergic system in crib-biting horses.\n
However, blood levels of 5-HT in horses with weaving is more than triple compared to healthy horses. Thus, 5-HT is recognized as the "happiness hormone" or "pleasure hormone" [62]. It can be assumed that during the demonstration of stereotypical disorder, horses are "happy," and that repetitive disturbance is a means of increasing 5-HT levels in the blood and therefore the feeling of comfort [63].\n
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) are a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) by blocking the action of the serotonin transporter (SERT). This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of serotonin and, therefore, an increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. Although administration of SRIs drugs has been associated with the reduction of stereotypies, it was dubious if such medications decreased stereotypic behaviors due to general sedative effects or selectively influenced stereotypic behavior. These uncertainties were due to general sedative effects or selective influence on the type of behavior. As previously expressed, the specific role of 5-HT in the development or maintenance of behavior remains uncertain [60, 61, 64, 65], and further studies are needed to provide a more accurate interpretation of stereotypes.\n
Pharmacological preparations containing TRP are marketed worldwide as relaxing agents for treating excitable horses. The few studies in which TRP has been administered to horses suggest that low doses cause mild excitation. However, high doses reduce endurance capacity and cause acute hemolytic anemia when given orally due to the presence of a toxic metabolite in the intestine [65, 66]. Despite questions about its effectiveness, TRP is marketed as an equine sedative and is related to sedation, inhibition of aggression, fear, and stress.\n
Because TRP competes with other amino acids to bind to protein transport and cross the blood-brain barrier, researchers are now using a ratio of TRP with other large neutral amino acids (ANNALs) to estimate the production of 5-HT in the CNS [67]. Besides, previous researchers showed that the age, breed, and gender modify the response of serotoninergic system due to changes in dietary TRP [17, 68]. While all of these factors may play a role in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, the effectiveness of supplemental TRP on 5-HT biosynthesis, it is also worth considering that these types of treatments may be most effective in horses with dysfunctioning serotoninergic system.\n
Although the safety of TRP doses should be confirmed, there is no evidence to suggest that a single dose is an effective analgesic in horses. In fact, given that TRP continues to be used as a tranquilizer, there is an urgent need for research to confirm its efficacy and establish a range of safe therapeutic doses. In the meantime, available data suggest that it would be unwise to rely on the TRP to calm the excitable horse. Instead, more efforts should be made to identify the underlying causes of excitability and explore other more appropriate nonpharmacological solutions. Indeed, when evaluating the use of calming supplements or drugs, it is important to consider the welfare of the horse. While calmative compounds may be beneficial in alleviating short-term stress and anxiety, the cause of such emotions should also be evaluated. Horses kept in unnatural environments, managed poorly, or asked to perform beyond their level of training may show signs of stress and anxiety. Chronic health issues, such as ulcers or lameness, may also be the culprit. Sedative drugs and supplements are often utilized to limit unwanted behaviors such as spooking, bolting, rearing, or bucking. Looking into the potential causes of unwanted behaviors should be the first step before owners turn to calming drugs or supplements. Providing more training, turnout time, or treatment for an underlying disease or condition could result in a more sustainable way to reduce a horse's unwanted behaviors and could improve welfare for the animal [65].\n
Equine self-mutilation syndrome (ESMS) includes glancing or biting at the flank or pectoral areas, bucking, kicking, vocalizing, rubbing, spinning, or rolling. Eight flank-biting horses with ESMS were enrolled for a behavioral study, and the effects of drugs that either stimulate or inhibit central opioid, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-HT neurotransmitter systems were reported. Behaviors were recorded hourly during the study and were compared with those of a saline control baseline to determine whether there were significant differences among the treatments. The suppression of ESMS activities with Buspirone (0.5 mg/kg) suggests a role for serotonergic modulation of the behavior. However, the clomipramine, a preferential 5-HT reuptake blocker, does not produce any significant effect on ESMS behavior in horses [69].\n
Horses with compulsive disorder may help the fluoxetine at dose of 0.25–0.5 mg/kg/day PO. Fluxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that increases 5-HT levels within CNS by preventing the reuptake of 5-HT at level of the presynaptic neuron. This allows 5-HT to accumulate in the synaptic cleft and affect the postsynaptic neuron. While no cases of fluoxetine-induced colic have been reported in horses being treated for behavior problems and because there are many 5-HT receptors in the gut, it is advisable to begin administering the drug at the lowest dose and increase it gradually in horses that do not improve and have not exhibited adverse effects [70].\n
The ability to train and control horses is an important behavioral trait for the handling and training of animals. Hori et al. [71] inform that horses carrying allele A located at c. 709G > A had a lower capacity to be handled. These results provide the first evidence that a polymorphism in a 5-HT-related gene may affect the management of horses with a partially different sex-related effect.\n
Based on the results reported in humans, in which PLTs contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease, Hammon et al. [14] compared PLT aggregation induced by the activating factor PLTs (PAF), thromboxane (Tx), plasma Tx, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) production in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) before and after antigen exposure. Plasma 5-HT was significantly higher in ponies with RAO but did not increase more by exposure to the antigen. There were also no differences between the aggregation of PLTs induced by PAF or the production of Tx or plasma Tx before or after exposure. These evidences suggest that there may be a difference between 5-HT uptake of PLTs in RAO and normal ponies. However, they do not provide evidence of PLTs activation after exposure to the antigen. This bronchoconstriction can be mediated by 5-HT. However, the effect or pathway of 5-HT may be deactivated during the development of small airway disease [72].\n
Accordingly, the synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT in the CNS increase in response to exercise [73]. Increased 5-HT concentration in the brain is associated with central fatigue markers, such as decreased motivation, lethargy, fatigue, or loss of motor coordination [74].\n
It has been shown that nutritional status can alter cerebral neurochemistry, especially carbohydrates and 5-HT [75]. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that infusion of TRP may increase the ratio of fTrp (free TRP) and fTrp to BCAA while decreasing the resistance of endurance horses to treadmill. Therefore, central fatigue may limit resistance in horses, and by manipulating fTrp and BCAA, exercise capacity could be altered in a predictable way [76]. However, TRP infusion results are consistent with the central fatigue hypothesis where an increase in plasma fTrp concentration is related to the early onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise [77]. Piccione et al. [20] reported that if exercise is performed at the time of the rhythmic acrophase of the TRP (18:45, 18:16), it is likely that exercise performed at the time of the acrophase of the TRP rhythm (18:45, 18:16) affects the onset of physiological fatigue, thus turning on the body's exercise adaptation mechanisms in order to maintain better physical performance.\n
Virus of Borna's disease (BDV) can enter into the brain and infect neurons, often the limbic system. It can also remain active for long periods of time in the CNS without generating neuronal lysis. The BDV virus is unique in the order of mononegavirals because it replicates in the cell nucleus. Alterations include falling, tremor, abnormal posture, hyperactivity or hypoactivity, increased aggression, and paralysis. In some rodent species, BDV can cause mild or asymptomatic symptoms, while in other animal species such as horses, it can cause severe CNS symptoms that often lead to death. In humans, a common treatment for psychiatric illnesses such as depression or anxiety disorders is the use of SSRIs. The function of these drugs is to increase extracellular 5-HT. Interestingly, there are viruses that can exert the opposite action and reduce levels of 5-HT and therefore theoretically have an opposite effect to SSRI [78].\n
Equine hepatic encephalopathy is caused by direct damage to the liver or by toxins derived from the intestine that overwhelm or evade this organ. These toxins act on the CNS, giving rise to signs of encephalopathy. Secondary hepatic encephalopathy in horses occurs more often than liver failure. This may be due to megalocytic liver disease caused by ingestion of plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio, Crotalaria and Amsinckia), Theiler's or Tyzzer's disease, cholangiohepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, liver neoplasia, toxic liver disease, and portosystemic shunts [79]. Because the liver is incapacitated, normal detoxification activities cannot be performed in all these conditions. Therefore, toxins derived from IG enter the CNS through the bloodstream.\n
In horses, hyperammonemia has been linked to clinical signs of encephalopathy without evidence of liver disease, which promotes the formation of Alzheimer's cells II [80]. It is also suggested that alteration of amino acid metabolism with upward regulation of aromatic amino acids and downward regulation of BCAA lead to direct neuronal inhibition secondary to effects on CNS. Alteration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate during liver failure plays an important role in the physiopathology of hepatic encephalopathy. Liver impairment leads to an increase in substances similar to endogenous benzodiazepines that inhibit neuronal excitation. Therefore, the most likely scenario is that there are multiple mechanisms working in synergy with each other to create signs of encephalopathy.\n
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter associated with important physiological, digestive, and vascular functions of the central nervous system. This review describes the involvement of serotonin in the most common pathological processes of equine clinic. Deficiencies or excesses in plasma serotonin concentrations may predispose to endocrine, vascular, or nervous disorders in the horse. Therefore, new additional studies are needed to continue showing the physiopathological mechanisms with implications of serotoninemia in other organs of the horse.\n
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can't afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can't afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we'd love to hear from you. Contact Dr. Anke Beck at email@example.com.\\n\\n
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All posts tagged "Jennifer Garner"
Movie News
Jared Leto Enters DALLAS BUYERS CLUB!November 7, 2012
Jared Leto is back! Not from Mars, he's finally returning to the big screen, and as...
Movie News
Jennifer Garner To Join THE DALLAS BUYERS CLUBNovember 1, 2012
We have learned that Matthew McConaughey dropped 30 pounds for his next project The Dallas Buyer's...
Movie Trailers
Watch: Olivia Wilde Exclusive Strip Club Clip From BUTTER, Opening Tomorrow!October 4, 2012
Watch but do not touch your screen! I'm sure you're all interested in this update because...
Movie Trailers
Jennifer Garner and Hugh Jackman in BUTTER ClipSeptember 6, 2012
There's a new clip from the upcoming comedy Butter, which stars Jennifer Garner, alongside an all-star...
Movie Trailers
BUTTER Trailer Starring Jennifer GarnerAugust 24, 2012
The Weinstein Company has released the fist trailer for Butter, Jim Field Smith's comedy about a butter...
Movie Trailers
THE ODD LIFE OF TIMOTHY GREEN Featurette and 4 TV SpotsJuly 18, 2012
Walt Disney Pictures has released the first featurette and four TV spots for its upcoming family...
Movie Trailers
THE ODD LIFE OF TIMOTHY GREEN Extended TV SpotJune 11, 2012
Here's (finally) an extended TV-spot for the upcoming The Odd Life of Timothy Green movie, which...
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Second THE ODD LIFE OF TIMOTHY GREEN TrailerMay 10, 2012
Today we have the second trailer for The Odd Life of Timothy Green, an inspiring, magical...
Movie Photos
BUTTER Movie Clip and 12 Hi-Res PhotosOctober 27, 2011
The Weinstein Company has released a new clip and twelve high resolution photos from Butter, which...
Movie Trailers
THE ODD LIFE OF TIMOTHY GREEN Trailer and PosterAugust 9, 2011
Walt Disney Pictures has officially released the trailer and poster for the upcoming sci-fi movie The Odd...

subset: commoncrawl


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Great Britain have named a strong squad for the World Road Race Championships in Denmark.
The squad for the Mens Elite Race which will take place from September 19-25th, features current La Vuelta leader Bradley Wiggins, Mark Cavendish, Geraint Thomas, Chris Froome, Daniel Lloyd, Jeremy Hunt, Alex Dowsett, David Millar, Peter Kennaugh, Steve Cummings, Ian Stannard and Ben Swift.
Eight of these riders will be selected by David Brailsford to compete in the race.
British Time Trial Champion Bradley Wiggins is also expected to compete in the Time Trial race with either David Millar or Alex Dowsett.
Nicole Cooke's whose father and grandfather are both Coventry born, has been named in the Womens squad with seven from Lizzie Armitstead, Katie Colclough, Nicole Cooke, Catherine Hare, Nikki Harris,
Sharon Laws, Lucy Martin, Emma Pooley and Emma Trott to take part in the road race.


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Special Thanks to a post By Solo Dove – Published: 04/23/2013 – Section: Advice, Events *Updated for 2014 The … More
Category: Jayz and Beyonce
Poem for Jay-Z: Jigga get bigger with what you're doing!
By. W. Calvin Anderson April 12, 2013 We're proud of your accomplishments but rap ain't created English monuments, and Billy … More


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As per reports, Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) to stop selling skin whitening creams which are very popular in Asia and the Middle East after such products gained social pressure in recent weeks amid debate about racial inequality globally. The company to stop selling its Clean & Clear Fairness line of products along with its Neutrogena Fine Fairness line, available in Asia and the Middle East with no further shipments.
Johnson & Johnson stated, "Conversations over the past few weeks highlighted that some product names or claims on our dark spot reducer products represent fairness or white as better than your own unique skin tone. This was never our intention – healthy skin is beautiful skin."
Dow 30 component Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) is a worldwide healthcare focused company that embraces research and science so that it can provide customers with innovative ideas, products, and services. To learn more about Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) and to continue to track its progress visit the Vista Partners Johnson & Johnson Coverage Page.
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Shoes Winter Haven, FL
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... Restaurant supply store, Uniform store, Uniform Supplier, Footwear Store
- Belk253 Citi Centre St33880 Winter Haven (863) 401-9031Open
... southern states and online to find an assortment of national brands and private-label fashion, shoes and accessories for the entire family, along with top-name cosmetics, a wedding registry, home...
- Bealls Outlet 4781384 6Th St Nw33881 Winter Haven (863) 299-2375Open
... Clothing store, General Merchandise Stores, Home goods store, Retail Shops, Store, Factory Outlets,...
- Advanced Prosthetics Of Florida101 6th St NW33881 Winter Haven (863) 299-8940
... Orthopedic Shoes, shoes Retail, shoes Orthopedic Appliances, Appliance
- Beall's Home Outlet1395 6th St NW33881 Winter Haven 863-299-2375
... Retail Store, Clothing Store, Shoe Store, Home Decor
Results from similar categories
- Burress Shoe & Screen Repair503 Cypress Gardens Blvd33880 Winter Haven (863) 294-8349Closed
... Shoes, Shoes Repair, Shoe & Boot Repairing, Window, Shoe Dyers, home appliance repair, Sale, Shoe...
- Bills Shoe Repair & Leather204 BURNS LANE33884 Winter Haven (863) 318-0304
..., Accessories, Shoes, Clothing, Boot Repairing, Accessory Cleaning Repair, Cleaning, Shoes Repair
- Bills Shoe Repair & LeatherHWY 542 DUNDEE RD33884 Winter Haven (863) 318-0304
... Shoes, Shoes Repair, Clothing, Accessories, Accessory Cleaning & Repair, Leather Clothing Cleaning...
- Bealls Store5998 Cypress Gardens Blvd33884 Winter Haven (863) 324-8517Open
Retail store stocking home goods & an assortment of apparel, shoes & accessories for all ages.
- Hanger Prosthetics & Orthotics Incorporated215 1st St N33881 Winter Haven (863) 299-8555
... that improve their walking. Hanger Prosthetics & Orthodics is known for the good products and services offered such as spinal braces, orthopedic shoes, diabetic orthopedics, pediatric orthotics.
- Central Florida Foot and Ankle Center, LLC101 6th St NW33881 Winter Haven (863) 299-4551Closed
Orthopedic Shoes
- WEST MARINE Winter Haven1107 3Rd St Sw Ste 833880 Winter Haven 863-401-2500Open
... sunglasses, watches, shoes, athletic shoes, boat shoes, boots, canvas shoes, sandals, watersocks,...
- Macy's231 Citi Ctr St33880 Winter Haven (863) 297-6300Open
... brands including Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Clinique, Estee Lauder & Levis. In addition to shoes and clothing, Macy's has a wide variety of housewares, gifts and furniture in select stores...
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A look at East Nashville
#eastnashville #eastnashvilletn
More info on East Nashville tn June 20 2020
East Nashville tn June 20 2020 - BingNews Search results
Vanderbilt: In East Tennessee, coronavirus is spreading fast to older residents
In Sevier County and communities around Knoxville, coronavirus is quickly infecting older, more vulnerable populations.
Suspect arrested after shooting sister's boyfriend in East Nashville
Metro police arrested a man accused of shooting his sister's boyfriend in East Nashville. Officers responded to a home in the 1000 block of Lischey Place on May 21 for a reported shooting. That's ...
Return to the saddle is matter of survival for East Tennessee woman
A mysterious illness threw a competitive horseback rider from the saddle and getting back on turned out to be a matter of survival.
Around 21,000 new unemployment claims filed in Tennessee for the week ending June 20
The Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development said that 931 new claims were filed in Knox County ...
Storm threat shifting east of I-65 late afternoon/early evening
As we head through the late afternoon and evening hours, the majority of the storm activity will push east of I-65 through eastern parts of Middle TN and South KY. A Flood Advisory continues for parts ...
Congrats, Class of 2020! See hundreds of photos from high school graduations across East Tennessee.
East Tennessee high school seniors walked across the stage this month despite the safety challenges of the coronavirus pandemic.
Oak Ridge wins $20 million prize to propel research, training in East Tennessee
A new partnership between the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Tennessee has won a $20 million prize to help propel a $100 million effort to recruit, train and utilize top ...
NR 20-018: Nashville District beaches, picnic shelters in Tennessee reopening June 12
NASHVILLE, Tenn ... day use recreation areas and amenities on June 12, 2020. This opening will include all USACE-operated swimming areas and group picnic shelters at Nashville District Lakes in ...
Dirt track racing returning to East Tennessee
The Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series returns to Smoky Mountain Speedway in Maryville on Saturday, June 13 for the Mountain ... kids 11 and under are $20. Minors 18 and under must submit a Minor ...
Nashville Livestream Roundup: Through June 10
As of April 7, the state of Tennessee ... Nashville tip link. June 6, 6 p.m.: Blues-rock duo Larkin Poe hosts the final installment of their Home Sweet Home series via Veeps. June 8, 7 p.m.: East ...
Popular East Nashville restaurant to shutter permanently
The shutdowns and social-distancing mandates due to Covid-19 have claimed a popular East Nashville restaurant. Marche Artisan Foods announced June 2 that it will not reopen, ending a 13-year run.
Man in critical condition after electrocution in East Nashville
NASHVILLE, TN ... East Nashville business. The incident happened around 8:00 a.m. Officials with Nashville Fire Department tell News4 the man was electrocuted while in a boom lift about 20 ...


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It isn't that we don't know how to interlink blog posts. Then why do we ignore that? It is because, either we don't know the benefits of it or we are too lazy doing it. It's mostly ignored by new bloggers. Yes, I also did for some times. But let me tell you, … [Read more...]
The Essential Blog Promotion Checklist Every Blogger Should Have
Are you going to hit on the publish button? Wait a moment? Because you need to promote your post like crazy to stand out in the crowd. And it begins even before you write the first word. For this, you have to be well prepared from the beginning. That means you need … [Read more...]
Blogger Outreach: The Ultimate Guide For Beginners
This blogger outreach guide is for those who want to turn their blog into a successful business. In this guide, I'll show you a five-step process to successfully use blogger outreach to grow your blog. You're creating content and sharing them everywhere possible to get … [Read more...]
How to Find and Join Perfect Group Boards on Pinterest to Grow Your Blog
Be where the world is going. – Beth Comstock Pinterest group boards can be a great source of your blog traffic if you can utilize them effectively. We, as bloggers, are always hungry for blog traffic. The reason is obvious. The success of any blog depends on the … [Read more...]
Blogger Guide to Creating an Effective Content Marketing Plan
It's true that creating valuable content is crucial to blogging success. But, only creating content alone won't take you anywhere. You need to let your target audience know about your content. That's where the content marketing plan comes. What Is a Content Marketing … [Read more...]
How to Create a Twitter Profile for Blog promotion
Creating a Twitter profile is a part of your blog promotion strategy. I know you work hard to write quality contents for your blog. But there is no use of that post if no one read your post. So to be a successful blogger you have to take the step to promote your blog. And … [Read more...]
15 Practical Tips for Using Twitter Effectively to Promote Your Blog
Being on social media is a part of blog promotion. When you talk about blog promotion you can't ignore Twitter. Because it is one of the most popular social media sites with 300 million active users. I've talked about how to create a twitter profile for your blog before. In this … [Read more...]
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A total of 868 results were found.
|Search results 1 to 5 from a total of 868 properties:
Holiday home in San Miquel de Salinas (Spain, Murcia, Costa Calida)
No. 8926
|Ferienhaus Finca-in-Spain
|Nice house in a quiet residential area with sun terrace and pool
Holiday apartment in Leukerbad (Switzerland, Valais, Leukerbad)
No. 9874
|- Dala -
|Holiday apartment*** in LEUKERBAD (thermal Spa in the Swiss Alps) for 2 persons. SUMMER and WINTER, active-holiday (extensive offer for all kinds of sports), relaxing holidays or even convalescence (clinics specialising in rheumatism, accident recovery, wellness, etc.)
Holiday apartment in Tettnang (Germany, Baden-Wurttemberg, Lake Constance)
No. 3267
|Ferienwohnungen am Bodensee
|We have three holiday apartments in a calm and idyllically situated region, with view of a swimming pond (200 metres). The distance to the Lake of Constance is 4. miles. Austria 15 miles.
Holiday home in Guia de Isora (Spain, Tenerife, Tenerife - South)
No. 12201
|Ferienhaus Teneriffa-Süd 11622
|This rural house is composed of a beautiful living room with terrace and nice views over the swimming pool and the islands of la Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma.
Holiday home in Los Llanos de Aridane (Spain, La Palma(Santa Cruz de La Palma), La Palma (Santa Cruz de La Palma) – Western part)
No. 13070
|Casa Rural La Palma 12514
|The house can be found in a property estate 700 m², of which 85 are used.


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MFA Incorporated 201 Ray Young Drive Columbia, MO 65201 573-874-5111
CLICK HERE to use the MFA Customer Portal
Farm news in the MidwestToday's Farmer MagazineMFA Incorporated NewsBrownfield Ag NewsCattleFaxMissouri Farmer TodayCME Daily BulletinAgWeb / Farm JournalSuccessful farmingProgressive Farmer/DTNMissouri RuralistWallace's FarmerKansas FarmerHigh Plains Journal
Thunderstorms will work across the Northern Plains and Midwest Saturday, with seasonal temps. Other areas will be dry and hot with highs above 100 F in much of the western and Southern Plains. » More DTN Weather Commentary


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2020-07-07T23:10:30Z http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=363 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 Long Non-coding RNA ZEB1-AS1 Promotes Tumorigenesis and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Hajar Rezanejad Bardaji Malek Hossein Asadi Mohammad Mehdi Yaghoobi Emerging evidence implicates that a large fraction of human genome was transcribed but the transcripts known as long non coding RNA are not translated into proteins. They are contributing in different cellular processes, including cellular proliferation and apoptosis. LncRNAs were found to play critical roles in many diseases and act as key regulators in malignancies. In this study, we investigated the expression and clinical significance of ZEB1-AS1 in colorectal cancer. In the present study, 64 samples including 32 samples of colorectal tumor and 32 matched tumor marginal samples were obtained from Iran National Tumor Bank (Tehran, Iran). RNA extraction was performed with TRIzol reagent and cDNA was synthesized using MMULV reverse transcriptase enzyme. The expression of ZEB1-AS1 in tumors and marginal tissues was determined by using real time PCR. We found that the expression level of ZEB1-AS1 was much higher in tumor tissues compared to marginal samples. Moreover, in tumor group, ZEB1-AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in high-grade tumors in comparison to low-grade ones. Additionally, we observed the expression of ZEB1-AS1 was much higher in lymph node metastatic tumors compared to non-lymph node metastatic ones. Our data showed that the ZEB1-AS1 was dramatically overexpressed in colorectal cancer tissues. The results of the study revealed that the expression of ZEB1-AS1 is correlated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion. Based on our findings, we suggested that ZEB1-AS1 might be considered as a tumor marker with potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value for aggressive and metastatic colorectal cancers. ZEB1-AS1 Metastasis Tumor marker Colorectal cancer 2018 03 01 1 6 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1883_07e3b1eb59a827f1d489342be5022204.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 The Polymorphism of FecXG Region Exon 2 of BMP15 Gene in Hisari Sheep Yadollah Bahrami Sajad Bahrami Elham Rezvannejad Seyed Azim Mousavizadeh Booroola gene is one of the major genes in the enhancement of ovulation rate and could be an attractive candidate gene for ovulation rate in sheep. Molecular technologies have been widely used for discovery of mutations in animal species. These mutations have major effects on the important economic traits of sheep and goats. This study was conducted to identify the mutation in FecXG region of exon 2 of BMP15 gene which is associated with twining using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in Hisari Sheep. For this purpose, blood samples were obtained from 110 sheep. DNA was extracted using the salting out method and quantity and quality properties of DNA were determined using electrophoresis gel. Afterward, a 141 bp fragment, which contains the given polymorphic site of BMP15 gene, was amplified by the specific primers. Restriction enzyme (HinfI G/ANTC) cuts the "wild-type" allele and as a result of digestion, 112 and 29 bp fragments produced. Mutant type allele is not cut because of the removal of the intended cutting site. All the samples showed the similar monomorphic of genotype (+/+) (wild genotype). Results of this study indicate that the investigated polymorphism is not present in the hisari sheep polymorphism BMP15gene Hisari sheep Twining PCR-RFLP 2018 03 01 7 13 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1884_03546396f5c5be2beed57dc146a718f6.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 A Taxonomic Reassessment of Consolida (Ranunculaceae) Species: Insight from Morphological and Molecular Data Maneezheh Pakravan Arezoo Dastpak Ali Sonboli Zahra Khalaj In order to compare the efficiency of morphological traits and molecular markers in distinguishing the Consolida species, molecular analysis using nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-trnF with maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods were done in a total of 34 species and forma representing 28 species of Consolida, 6 species of Aconitella, plus two species of Delphinium and two species of Aconitum as out groups. Beside phenetic analysis for 20 quantitative morphological traits in 17 species of Consolida in Iran are performed. The molecular analysis, based on successive reweighting by rescaled consistency index, revealed thatMaximum parsimony method and Bayesian analysis gave very similar results based on individual and combine data sets. In the combined analysis (chloroplast and nuclear DNA) recovered most parsimonious trees (L= 558 steps, CI=0.695, RI=0.827). The ITS results revealed that Consolida is not monophyletic and the genus Aconitella is clearly nested within Consolida. Our results confirms the decrease of C. paradoxa Bunge to a forma of C. rugulosa alsoconfirmed the decrease of C. kabulica as a variety of C. stokciana. One way ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used in phenetic analysis to visualize the species among different traits. Most of the quantitative morphological traits which showed significant differences between populations were deleted. PCA and cluster analysis carried out for morphological traits divided the Consolida species in to two cluster and A. barbata has separated from other species. Aconitella species are located in separate cluster and location of other species are almost similar to molecular results. Consolida Morphometry nrDNA ITS trnL-F Iran 2018 03 01 14 25 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1885_a99bea4c8ff47661bf1ed9414f2b42f6.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 The Effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Extract on the Expression of norA Efflux Pump Gene in Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Ali Salehzadeh Mahsa Sadat Hashemi Doulabi Bita Sohrabnia Amir Jalali The NorA efflux pump considered as one of the contributors to antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains. One of the challenges of the researchers is finding natural plant compounds with the ability to inhibit the pumps. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on NorA efflux pump in ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Here, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the presence of norA efflux pump was identified in 10 clinical and standard ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of S. aureus. The extract of thyme (T. vulgaris) was prepared using ethanol solvent and the effect of the extract against norA efflux pump was investigated by ethidium bromide method. In the following, after exposure to sub minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract, norA gene expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, we used the gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-mass) method to characterize the compounds with antibacterial properties. The results of PCR showed that all strains had a norA efflux pump, and ethidium bromide phenotypic method indicated that thyme extract had an inhibitory effect on all resistant strains with norA efflux pump. The norA gene expression in ciprofloxacin-resistant strains also decreased in sub minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract. By using gas chromatography- mass spectrometric, five chemical compounds of thymol, carvacrol, indole, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol and quinic acid were determined as the dominant compounds of thyme (T. vulgaris) extract. Due to the antiefflux pump effect of thyme extract, it seems that this plant extract can be used as a good antibacterial component in the pharmaceutical industry of Iran. Ciprofloxacin Efflux pump GC-mass Staphylococcus aureus 2018 03 01 26 36 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1886_b80794892bf71a33512363a4073eb736.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 HBB FSC 36-37 (-T) Gene Mutation Detection in Carriers of Thalassemia Minor Using High Resolution Melting Analysis Zahra-Sadat Asadi Fatemeh Akhoundi Mansour Salehi Parvaneh Nikpour Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi Beta-thalassemia is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in the world population resulting from over 200 different mutations of HBB gene. Beta-thalassemias are caused by point mutations or, more rarely, deletions in the HBB gene leading to reduced (beta+) or absent (beta0) synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin (Hb). High-resolution melting of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products can detect heterozygous and most homozygous mutations without electrophoretic or chromatographic separations.
 In the current study, blood samples collected from 20 individuals carrying minor thalassemia were genotyped using HRM technique. The genotype of each sample had been previously determined via the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)/ amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS) or sequencing method. This study aimed to determine the specificity and sensitivity of HRM method in the diagnosis of carriers of FSC 36-37 (-T) mutation from carriers who do not have this mutation. DNA extraction from peripheral blood was performed and HRM method was used to genotype samples. The results were analyzed according to the normalized and difference plot. High-resolution melting analysis could correctly identify all carriers of FSC 36-37 (-T) from who did not have this mutation. In summary, HRM is a technique associated with high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, HRM is an appealing technique for the identification of FSC 36-37 (-T) mutation. Beta thalassemia minor Difference plot Genotyping Hemoglobin HRM Normalized plot 2018 03 01 37 43 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1887_e20c5ad9eb2a36b3a01a36f9ad5b0835.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 The Cadmium Toxicity in Helianthus annuus can be Modulated by Endosymbiotic Fungus (Piriformospora indica) Saleh Shahabivand Azar Parvaneh Ali Asghar Aliloo Cadmium (Cd), as a widespread metal pollutant, readily accumulates in the food chain due to its easy absorption and high mobility. The endophytic fungi are cosmopolitan microorganisms that occur widely in association with plants in a heavy metal stress environment. A current pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of Piriformospora indica, as a root endosymbiotic fungus, on the biomass and biochemical responses of sunflower cv. Zaria under excessive Cd concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg Cd/kg) in the soil, in a 2 × 4 factorial randomized block design in five replicates. In response to increasing Cd levels in soil, root colonization, growth parameters, and total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), whereas root and leaf Cd accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) amount and the antioxidant enzymes activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased (P < 0.05). Under different levels of Cd in soil, presence of P. indica (in inoculated sunflowers) had a significant increase (P < 0.05) on growth rate, photosynthesis pigments content, root Cd accumulation, and activities of CAT, POD, APX and SOD in compare to absence of P. indica (in non-inoculated ones). Also, P. indica-inoculated plants showed a reduced MDA concentration and leaf Cd accumulation than un-inoculated sunflowers. The results indicated that P. indica, as an appropriate fungal association, can improve tolerance of sunflower to Cd toxicity through increased levels of photosynthesis pigments and antioxidants, and reduced Cd accumulation and MDA content of the leaf. Therefore, this root endophyte can be modulated cadmium toxicity in Helianthus annuus under excessive cadmium in soil, and recommended as a complement crop-growing strategy in the fields under Cd-contaminated soils, for other studies.
 Antioxidant enzyme assay Cadmium pollution Piriformospora indica Stress mitigation Sunflower 2018 03 01 44 55 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1888_78a3fd3d3f5bebbb97b45cf3cf8c0ccd.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 Phylogenetic Analysis of Three Long Non-coding RNA Genes: AK082072, AK043754 and AK082467 Farzane Amirmahani Kiarash Jamshidi Goharrizi Now, it is clear that protein is just one of the most functional products produced by the eukaryotic genome. Indeed, a major part of the human genome is transcribed to non-coding sequences than to the coding sequence of the protein. In this study, we selected three long non-coding RNAs namely AK082072, AK043754 and AK082467 which show brain expression and local region conservation among vertebrates. Thus, the sequences of these genes are appropriate for phylogenetic analysis. In order to evaluate the evolutionary and molecular trend of lncRNAs in vertebrates, phylogenetic analysis and natural selection process were analyzed during evolution. The nucleotide sequences of selected long non-coding RNAs from different vertebrates were aligned and the phylogenetic trees were constructed using Neighbor Joining method with maximum sequence differences of 0.75. Our analysis of nucleotide sequences to find closely evolved organisms with high similarity by NCBI-BLAST tools and MEGA7 showed that the selected sequence of AK082072 in human and M. fascicularis (macaque) were placed into the same cluster and they may originate from a common ancestor. In addition, the human sequence of AK082467 and AK043754 had the closest similarity with cow. Also, bioinformatic analysis showed that the dN/dS ratio is lower than 1 for all three genes which demonstrates purifying selection for the longest predicted ORF of each lncRNA. Together, these results indicate that lncRNAs act as regulatory genes that have important roles in development. Natural selection Long non-coding RNA Phylogenetic tree Common ancestor Development 2018 03 01 56 64 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1906_6819ca50677a66e8ade8bf51c395e7d0.pdf 2018-03-01 10.22080 Journal of Genetic Resources J Genet Resour 2423-4257 2423-4257 2018 4 1 Persian Abstracts 2018 03 01 65 71 http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_2008_9961768f6454b1f5d9b6d8c136f0bc0b.pdf


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The following Competition guidance note provides comprehensive and up to date legal information covering:
CASE HUB (appeals lodged at the General Court in Cases T- 67/11 (Martinair), T-63/11 (Air France), T- 62/11 (Air France-KLM), T- 56/11 (SAS Cargo), T- 48/11 (BA), T- 46/11 (Deutsche Lufthansa), T- 43/11 (Singapore Airlines), T- 40/11 (LAN Airlines), T- 39/11 (Cargolux), T- 36/11 (Japan Airlines), T- 28/11 (Koninklijke) and T- 9/1 (Air Canada))
ARCHIVED–this archived case hub reflects the position at the date of the re-adopted decision of 17 March 2017; it is no longer maintained.
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