text:
England coach Trevor Bayliss confident his side can break their inconsistent run of form and secure Ashes success at Trent Bridge
- England defeated Australia by eight wickets inside three days at Edgbaston
- However, England have followed each of their last three wins with a defeat
- Coach Trevor Bayliss is hopeful they can end their inconsistent run of form
Trevor Bayliss is challenging England to break their run of inconsistency when they need to most - with the prize of the Ashes in their sights at Trent Bridge.
England are 2-1 up against Australia and will regain the urn if they can add a second successive win to their eight-wicket success at Edgbaston when they travel to Nottingham next week.
Alastair Cook's team are, however, also officially the most inconsistent there has ever been in Test cricket - having followed each of their last three victories with a defeat, dating back to the Caribbean four months ago.
England coach Trevor Bayliss is confident his side can break their inconsistent run of form at Trent Bridge
England captain Alastair Cook (right) leads the celebrations as he saw his side dominate the third Ashes Test
Should they do so for a fourth time, the Ashes will be all square after all going into a decider at The Oval this month.
Their new coach Bayliss has reason to hope, after a convincing performance in a hectic three-day Test in Birmingham, that they may be able to break the sequence against his native country.
'The way the boys are playing at the moment is very good - obviously the challenge is to play as well two games in a row,' he said.
'Apart from the three or four experienced boys in this team, we have got a reasonably young team.'
England were set to name an updated squad for the fourth Investec Test at lunchtime on Saturday.
The main task at a selection meeting in the hours beforehand was to work out who should come in to replace England's all-time leading Test wicket-taker James Anderson, who strained his side on day two of the latest win and will be missing at Trent Bridge.
Mark Wood was rested with an ankle niggle, in favour of Steven Finn at Edgbaston, where the recalled seamer was man-of-the-match with an eight-wicket haul.
Steven Finn (second left) ripped through the Australia batting top order during the second day at Edgbaston
The likelihood is that Wood will return to the XI for Anderson, with uncapped left-armer Mark Footitt among those in the running to be named as back-up in the squad.
Bayliss said: 'Woody, we're still not really sure of at the moment - (but) he is improving each day, so we hope he's right for Trent Bridge.
'But there's one or two other guys who've been mentioned in dispatches around the squad since I've been here.
'Those guys will be spoken about and get the first opportunity if needed.'
Steven Finn's man-of-the-match return to Test cricket after a two years absence was hailed by his team-mates
Finn (centre) enjoyed a redemptive return to the team, and his face showed all his emotion at Edgbaston
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text:
Tony Award–winning Broadway legend Bernadette Peters gives voice to The Plaza Hotel's most iconic resident as she makes her audio debut in The Eloise Collection.Kay Thompson's beloved Eloise books have never been available on audio...until now! To commemorate the 60th anniversary of the first Eloise book, Kay Thompson's estate personally chose Bernadette Peters to narrate the very first Eloise audiobooks. Two New York City icons unite in The Eloise Collection, four classic Eloise stories: Eloise; Eloise in Paris; Eloise in Moscow; and Eloise at Christmas Time together in one amazing audio compilation. Join Bernadette Peters as she introduces you to the life and adventures of Eloise—a one-of-a-kind audio event! Download and start listening now!
"[An] excellent four-book audio collection about the girl who lives at the Plaza Hotel….If Eloise fans want to share this classic with their children and enjoy it again themselves, this production is the way to go. The incomparable Bernadette Peters consistently expresses the singular voice of Eloise—with its curious mix of pseudosophistication and youthful verve. Whether she's affecting a French accent or singing a tuneless duet with her nanny, Eloise's energy and activity level can sometimes be maddening. Musical interludes are a wonderful accompaniment; for example, 'The Flight of the Bumblebee' aids in describing her busy flights up and down elevators. Winner of the AudioFile Earphones Award."
Bernadette Peters is an award-winning American actress, singer, and children's book author.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Coffee & Donuts Maker FREE 1.2 Apk
Rate saved, Thank!
4 (1 votes)
Description of Coffee & Donuts Maker FREE
Coffee & Donuts is a Delicious, Fun and Free Cooking Game for Kids of all Ages!
Make, Bake & Cook Fried Donuts, Eat them up, then Select a Coffee Drink and Drink it after!
Decorate your Donuts with Candy, Toppings, Chocolate, Sprinkles, Gummy bears, and more!
Then Drink your Coffee after your donut by selecting from one of 4 coffee drinks!
Food Maker Games are so much fun, and Donuts is one of America's favorite breakfast treats, even yummy for Dessert, the best part is this one is Free!
Coffee & Donuts is a fun, whimsical baking game for all ages, and a wonderful game to enjoy over the Summer!
Share this Game
Install & Download
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text:
BDI Bevel
A compact writing and computer desk that features a top layer of Forbo, a unique writing surface, and soft angular shapes. Available in Drift Oak and Toasted Walnut.
Forbo – furniture grade linoleum
This all-natural furniture surfacing material provides an attractive matte appearance that is soft, durable, and pleasing to the touch. Comprised of linseed oil, wood flour, natural pigments, tree resins, and limestone, Forbo delivers a high-end finishing touch to modern furniture designs.
Well-suited for a wide range of everyday workplace tasks – from writing to daily computer use – Forbo furniture grade linoleum is resistant to fingerprints and spills, easy to refresh, and is renowned for its flexibility, elegance, and durability.


text:
Board index » verilog
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Announcing the Xilinx Users mailing list!
This list is for general discussion among users of Xilinx products: FPGAs, EPLDs and software tools.
Email your questions, bug reports, short-cuts you would like to share, why you're using Xilinx FPGAs instead of a competitor, your likes and dislikes about the products.
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A FAQ is being developed. Send in your suggestions on what you would like to see in it.
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1. Xilinx User's Mailing List
2. SYNOPSYS, XILINX, VHDL mailing list ?
3. SYNOPSYS, XILINX, VHDL mailing list ?
4. (fwd) harlequin's dylan-corba mailing list switching to MIT's info-dylan
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8. ANN: free mailing list hosting now available for Python User Groups
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text: Bringing a pet home is always a moment of pure joy for most people and this viral clip celebrates just that. A Tik Tok user from the US shared a video of how they brought home a tiny puppet in full filmy fashion. The family can be seen doing aarti with a thali and putting a tika on the dog and then placing the dog's in a plate of red Malta and preserving the pup's pawprints on a handkerchief. The adorable clip has been watched 1.7 million times.


text:
Find Top-Rated Atwood Funeral Homes
There are 0 top-rated funeral homes in your area and 91 to avoid.
After 20 years, it's now free to join.
- More than 10 Million Verified Reviews
- Nationwide Coverage
- Trusted Ratings
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Business Description: Our funeral home was started under the direction of Leonard Ferrara. We are a family owned and operated firm with three employees and serving all of Orange County for over 50 years. We treat people as family and provide services to fit all budgets. Traditional and Non Traditional Funeral and Cremation Services, Caskets, Urns and other funeral products available at fair and reasonable prices. Available everyday 24 hrs. a day!
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Metropolitan Mortuary
Business Description: The Metropolitan Difference: • Licensed, professional, compassionate staff available 24 hours a day • Bereavement Services • Concierge Services • Complimentary access to Metropolitan Mortuary grief resources • Full-service flower shop for online orders at www.metropolitanmortuary.com • Metropolitan 100% Service Guarantee Metropolitan Mortuary's 100% Service Guarantee Our prices represent the highest value in the area. Our staff is kind, considerate and well-informed. We hold our company to high standards of professional care and offer you this guarantee: In the event that you are not 100% satisfied with any aspect of our services, we will make every effort to correct the situation immediately. If the situation cannot be corrected, we will reduce or eliminate the unsatisfactory portion of that service charge
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Business Description: Since 1974, The Omega Society is the #1 provider of low cost cremation and burial services in Southern California. As a family owned and operated business, The Omega Society is known for providing high quality service without the high price. The Omega Society was the pioneer of one-price-includes everything packaging, and we are known to discuss ways to spend less, not more, unlike traditional mortuary services.
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Natural Grace Funerals
Business Description: Natural Grace Funerals is a funeral home offering environmentally friendly death care options to families throughout Los Angeles County and Orange County. We provide natural/green funeral, burial and cremation services. Our services are simple, affordable and focus on respect for the deceased, the living, future generations and this planet we all share.
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Affordable Funeral and Cemetery Services
Business Description: OFFER A FULL SELECTION OF TRADITIONAL AND CREMATION SERVICES AS WELL AS A SELECTION OF SINGLE, DOUBLE, OR ESTATE PLOTS IN A CEMETERY NEAR YOU AT COMPETITIVE PRICES.
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Larson Family Mortuary
Business Description: Larson Family Mortuary Funeral and Cremation Los Angeles Located in Santa Monica, we gladly serve all of greater Los Angeles and Orange County. Counselors are available to do house calls for your convenience, with delivery available. Santa Monica, Malibu, Pacific Palisades, and Westwood's ONLY family-owned funeral home and cremation specialist. Available 24/7
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Fund My Contract
Business Description: Fund My Contract makes it possible for dealers and retail stores to increase sales by offering consumer financing programs through a national network of lenders and consumer finance companies.
Business Description: Full service mortuary performs all aspects of a Jewish burial.
Lance Aaron/ Professional Online Portrait Artist
Business Description: Hey, I'm Lance! I became a professional online portrait artist in 2006 after my family was taken from me in a tornado losing my mother, father, brother, and son. Twenty-eight lives were taken as well as all their possessions, like mine. I drew from destroyed photos their families so they could have memorial portraits of them at the funerals and for the rest of time. Since then I have made a living traveling the country doing shows and drawing from photos you email me on line. There is NO GIFT more unique that brings more tears of joy to a loved one's eyes like one of these. Nothing. I've seen it time and time again. I make it affordable to anyone who's ever wanted one of these. Paintings with half the detail of these can cost upwards of $30,000 limiting something like this from hanging in living rooms for families to the rich only. Not anymore. Here's how it works.. Simply email me your favorite picture or pictures to email@example.com with a brief description of what you would like done. The bigger and clearer the picture the better the drawing. I will start an initial sketch right away and take pictures of it and show it to you. Please email them quickly if possible, because the holidays are coming and I get busy. Once the initial sketch is done. I usually take something down on it. It's a lot of work doing the initial sketch. This varies on the cost of the drawing which we will discuss right away. Drawings are usually 175 for 9x12's 225 for 11x14's 275 for 14x17's After this process is done I continue with your art piece sending you photos on line all the way through which many people find a lot of fun. I am also friends on Facebook with almost every person I've ever drawn for as well and would like to be your friend as well if you would like that. I post them on FB at your discretion. It makes me way more legit to people as well. The Prices vary with the art because of the size of the drawing as well as the number of faces. The number of faces DOES NOT double the cost. Usually an extra face is added depending on the size from anywhere between 25 and 50, but I do deals on these more than anything, so please call me about it at .(850) 691-3976
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Mortech Manufacturing Inc
Business Description: Providing Premium Quality Pathology, Autopsy, Funeral, Necropsy, Veterinary/Anatomy Dissection Equipment and Accessories.
Explore Our Solution Center for Helpful Funeral Home Articles
Funeral Home reviews in Atwood
AMC KENZIE MORTUARY SVCSadly, this is the second time, in 7 years, we needed the services of McKenzie Mortuary. We couldn't be more pleased with everything they do to assist grieving and stressed families. Mr. Donald Donan (director) and the entire staff have always been courteous, kind and patient. Their prices are extremely reasonable and affordable, as well. We couldn't be more grateful for their services.- J Z.
ABayer Cemetery BrokersI received EXCELLENT customer service from Ms. Stine Wickard at Bayer Cemetery Brokers from my initial contact through my purchase of the plot. Ms. Wickard was very professional, friendly and knowledgeable and I really appreciated her efficiency and follow thru with me. My purchase transaction was very smooth; the price was reasonable and I got exactly what I wanted. Thank you, Stine and Bayer Cemetery Brokers.- Sandra B.
AAffordable Cremations & Burial MortuaryThey provided cremation services for my wife. They also prepared paperwork for my wife to travel to the Philippines. Luisa Sled was very caring in my time of need. They have an awesome website I would recommend the company( Affordable Cremations) to everyone.- Kim P.
ACHEVRA KADISHA MORTUARYMy family is not orthodox and we're not seriously practicing Jews, but ten years ago when my mother was 91 I decided to do a bit of searching online for Jewish funeral homes in Los Angeles that I might use upon her death. I already knew she was going to be buried in Queens, New York in a family plot but I needed mortuary services on the Los Angeles end. Because Chevra Kadisha had an early web site and easily obtained contact information, I gave them a call. I spoke with Aaron Manela and he explained to me that their services would be appropriate for my mother even though we were not orthodox. He explained all of the variables in making a pre-death contract and sent me a contract as a proposal. I liked the entire thing and I liked him so I signed up. He informed me that depending on how long in the future my mother died some parts of the contract might change. I put the contract in a folder I kept on my mother's end of life wishes (original DNR forms, cemetery map and contact info and more). Three years ago I called Chevra Kadisha to make sure they still remembered who I was and Rachel Manela spent a lot of time on the phone with me going through my contract and the process. I was reassured. Last week my mother passed away at 101. She lived a very long and terrific life. Chevra Kadisha came immediately, picked her up, and after washing her ceremonially shipped her to New York where an associated funeral home picked her up. She was at the cemetery on time and her burial went perfectly. I knew I'd be upset when my mother died and I'm glad I didn't have to make all of the arrangements while upset. Making the arrangement ahead of time is the best advice I can give anyone who will be doing this for a parent or older loved one. And, whether or not you are an orthodox Jew, Chevra Kadisha will treat you with respect and handle all of the details perfectly.- Richard W.
AFunerals Your WayFunerals your way handled everything I asked. They made suggestions and were very responsive to my calls and requests. They made the loss of my family member a peaceful experience. I would recommend them highly.- kaye W.
ATodd Memorial ChapelIt went well, they were very sympathetic and caring. It is a hard time for everyone and they made it as easy as they could.- Tony H.
AMiller-Jones Mortuary CrematoryWe were very satisfied with their services. I believe they are family run and they have a number of areas in Riverside County. The cremation services were done as we asked.- Carol M.
AMT VIEW MORTURARY & CEMETRYTHIS WAS A GREAT EXPERIENCE BESIDE THE FACT THAT IT WAS A FUNERAL. ALL THE PEOPLE WERE GREAT AND THEY helped ME OUT A LOT. IT WAS A PAINFUL THING YET THEY MADE IT BETTER.- GAYLE I.
AWestminster Memorial Park MortuaryThey are local and has been in business for a long time. I really like them because my parents didn't want services so I went with that. I told them, we don't want anything special. I said I don't want to be talked in to anything. I just need simple cremation and told them exactly what I wanted, no argument. They were terrific. They showed up, took care of everything and processed everything with the state that has to be recorded. It was excellent and it was worth every penny. They were very understanding of my request. They showed me exactly what I needed to know, explained everything carefully and answered all questions. I never had a feeling that anything would be pushed on me. This is a long standing business and they always had a good reputation. They were very responsive to everybody. I think that they are an excellent operation. I checked out prices, they were very fair. They were actually kind of low middle in price.- Ann B.
ATRIDENT SOCIETYI had arranged everything in advanced and did prepay. They were very sensitive and I was pleased with their services. My husband passed away at the assisted living center and they arranged for someone to come and remove him for cremation. Their demeanor was extremely sensitive and obviously they were well trained for this type of situation. I really didn't know what to expect but I was impressed. I thought it might not be as personalized a service because they are not a funeral home but I thought they were very good. I think their pricing was fair but I didn't shop around a lot and their pricing does vary depending on the services and if you prepay. I would definitely recommend them.- Helene S.


text:
Artwork featured in the salon – 'Injunction Generator' (2001) Edition 3 + 1AP (online) (Screenshot, artwork courtesy of the artists)
Since 1995, lizvlx and Hans Bernhard have been collaborating as UBERMORGEN.COM ("day after tomorrow" or "super tomorrow" in German) on political pieces that question corporate and governmental authority, power structures, and institutional and individual responsibility and deal with issues like international rights, piracy, e-commerce, torture, democracy, and global communications. Whether in sculptures, software, or pixel paintings, they're interested in the mediality of how we experience and communicate information—"reality" doesn't mean much to them. Their work has appeared in Kasseler Kunstverein, MUMOK Museum of Modern Art, MACBA, ARS Electronica, SFMOMA, Centre Pompidou, New York, MoCA Taipei, and the Sydney and Gwangju biennales, and their awards include ARCO Beep, Swiss Art, Ars Electronica and IBM New Media.
Their manifesto states: "we are not activists. we are actionists in the communicative and experimental tradition of viennese actionism - performing in the global media, communication and technological networks, our body is the ultimate sensor and the immediate medium."
They're referring to pieces like GWEI – Google Will Eat Itself, a system of "economic auto-cannibalism" in which the money made by placing Google ads is automatically invested in Google (now Alphabet) stock; [V]ote-auction, a vote-selling website that blew up as a media hoax in the Gore / Bush election; and Superenhanced, an "interrogation software" that asks questions like "Have you ever been or are you now involved in espionage or sabotage; or terrorist activities; or genocide; or between 1933 and 1945 were you involved, in any way, in persecutions associated with Nazi Germany or its allies?" and was promoted with a newspaper, photo series, and musical album called Torture Classics.
After UBERMORGEN.COM facetiously promoted [V]ote-auction as a platform for buying and selling votes, a U.S. court issued an injunction to have their site taken down. Despite the papers being served over email, to a business outside American jurisdiction, the domain name registrar Corenic pulled the plug on vote-auction.com. And UBERMORGEN.COM sought revenge.
Injunction Generator's homepage asks "is there any web-site you wanna take off the web using a highly subversive method?" and offers the forms to get you started. The site page promises that in no more than 15 minutes, you can generate a standard court order to claim any website is operating on an illegal basis—plus alert the domain name registrar, journalists, and lawyers. UBERMORGEN.COM writes that it "automatizes and democratizes what normally remains reserved to big companies with a strong financial backing: the spreading of cease-and-desist letters in the form of court orders without any kind of legal basis."
Artist profile by Katheryn Thayer for The Current.
'Injunction Generator' is featured in 'The Current // Truth' curated by Tina Rivers Ryan from September 6 – 14th, 2018. Become a member of The Current to attend our private salons: http://current.mu/membership


text: Chemz.io is a fun multiplayer action game available for you to play with strangers or friends. Move around the new playfield set in mid-air and poison all of the people on the map as soon as possible! You need to cover faster than the rival to win the top spot sooner. Your coverage can become the target of somebody nearby. Therefore, you must defend your plane from critical hits in Chemz.io unblocked carefully. When you level up, your airplane will grow bigger and you can achieve the goal easier. There are also plenty of power-ups. They are scattered across the battlefield in Chemz.io free online. It is simple to collect and experience their special effects, from weapons to larger wings or an ability that allows you to speed up. Because they will not exist forever, you should take advantage of them smartly. While you are flying, attempt to avoid running into other chemtrails or you will lose! Good luck!


text:
- Introduction
- Debit Cards
- Debit Card Quiz
- Credit Card Part 1
- Credit Card Part 2
- Credit Card Part 3
- Credit Card Quiz
- Credit Score Part 1
- Credit Score Part 2
- Credit Score Quiz
- Savings and Investing
- Savings and Investing Quiz
What you'll learn
- Have a mastery over the use of debit and credit cards.
- Become an expert in credit scores as well as how to increase yours through wise spending decisions.
- You will learn how to beat the rigged financial system through tactical credit card usage.
Ever wonder how the rich get rich?
Have you ever heard people say the financial system is rigged?
Has anyone ever told you the secrets to beating the system?
The 1% are the 1% for a reason. They found a way to beat the system. This short and concise course takes you step-by-step through the secrets of how the rich beat the system.
If you are the type of person that uses your debit card at the gas station, online, or at a restaurant, you are almost guaranteed to never make it to the 1%. The 1% know the secret to getting to the top is strategically using your credit card for specific transactions, something the 99% don't even think of.
Using your credit card to earn rewards points, protect yourself from fraud, and maximize your credit score will bring you to the 1% faster than a raise.
This is the only course out there that actually shows you how to beat the system. If you don't want to feel taken advantage of by credit card companies or feel that you'll never make it to the 1%, this course will change your life. Check out our reviews if you don't believe us.
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An introduction and overview of MongoDB as a NoSQL database solution.
Introduction to Financial Modeling
Learn to build a simple integrated financial statement model.
How to Set your Course Goals: Official Udemy Course
Lay the foundation for your course creation journey by defining your target student and course goals
Photography: Ditch Auto - Start Shooting in Manual
Ditch Auto & learn how to take fantastic pictures with your DSLR Camera in Manual. Unlock your camera's true potential!
Introduction to TypeScript
Learn to supercharge your web-applications with the powerful typed language from Microsoft!
About the instructors
- 4.1 Calificación
- 8082 Estudiantes
- 1 Cursos
Nelson Alvarez
My name is Nelson B. Alvarez, CPA. I believe in providing the means, tools, and skills to all people to free them from the perils of poor money management that could plague they and their children's lives year after year. I believe in the power of interactivity and detailed knowledge and examples within my lessons as a means to give personal insight into the areas of personal finance that one may not learn until an irreversible financial mistake has been made. I hope you enjoy my lesson and please visit my website for more information on our values and philanthropic goals.
Student feedback
Course Rating
Con : Not once have I heard about a budget or debt management. I was thinking more about. I was hoping to hear about how much money should allocated in expenses, such as how much should a person be paying car insurance or put money aside from car repairs, or house repairs. Pro: It did let me think about how much money I store into savings vs checking.
Very Informative and something worth sharing with others.
I appreciate the reminding concerning fraudulent hackers to never forward recompense requitals or peculate information with unknown unidentified or identical mobsters for the chance to survive and change their user name as a getaway pirate!


text:
BLUE Fashion Accessories
Face Covering Mask: Plain Linen Fabric Handmade Lined Charity Donation - Powder Blue
9 in stock
Handmade Fabric Face Covering Mask by the brilliant Milliner Beverley Edmundson. Lined and made to a moulded high quality pattern, these masks are comfortable and look stylish, enabeling you to stay safe. Machine washable with elastic which can be tied to suit your size, giving versatility and can be used multiple times. Please be aware these masks are not to PPE standards and should not be used i…
Card Purse: Leatherette Snakeskin Gold Zip - Royal Blue - Estella Bartlett
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Carry all of your essentials in one place. The ideal size to slip into your pocket, clutch or even go bag free. Featuring four slots for your most used cards and a zip compartment to keep your change and receipts. With signature Estella Bartlett hardware and finished in a dreamy navy snake. Details Measures 8 x 12.5 x 1 cm
Purse Wallet: Leatherette Envelope Fold Snakeskin Gold Zip - Royal Blue - Estella Bartlett
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text: tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-07-04:posts-feed This is the Atom posts feed of Accurate Australia 2020-07-04T02:52:42+00:00 ]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-05-18:post-143 2020-05-18T04:20:34+00:00 2020-05-18T04:20:34+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com How do we combine our experience as a supplier and your experience as a manufacturer to create opportunities? ]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-05-17:post-142 2020-05-17T22:05:32+00:00 2020-05-17T22:05:32+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com We can't meet in person, so let's virtually come together to explore opportunities. Book a Pulse Check with our team today. ]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-05-05:post-141 2020-05-05T02:10:00+00:00 2020-05-05T02:10:00+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com How do we combine our experience as a supplier and your experience as a manufacturer to create opportunities? There is no greater time than now, that the global players in manufacturing have the opportunity to explore new markets and refine systems whether it's through increasing productivity or removing inefficiencies ]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-04-22:post-139 2020-04-22T23:10:00+00:00 2020-04-22T23:10:00+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com We recognise that wood machining is a complex business which demands sophisticated machinery and skilled operators to ensure success and profitability. That's why Accurate Australia & NZ have developed extensive training programs at all levels, to ensure that the quality of your human resource is in line with the quality of your equipment...]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-03-05:post-135 2020-03-05T01:29:00+00:00 2020-03-05T01:29:00+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com It will be "the greenest football stadium in the world". In Gloucestershire, England, the world's first all-timber football stadium has been given the green light...]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-03-04:post-137 2020-03-04T01:15:00+00:00 2020-03-04T01:15:00+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com Since the devastating April 2019 fire that crumbled major sections of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, discussion has been intense about how the 800-year-old landmark should be rebuilt.]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-03-04:post-136 2020-03-04T01:15:00+00:00 2020-03-04T01:15:00+00:00 Jarryd Biddle firstname.lastname@example.com Now that the new decade has begun in earnest, it's as good a reason as any to invest in your team for their future development. To be successful, any enterprise needs efficient, dedicated people to help drive productivity, promote growth and introduce diversity to the offering... ]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-02-24:post-133 2020-02-24T22:50:06+00:00 2020-02-24T22:50:06+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com Traditionally timber processors purchase their knife steel in bar lengths; manually cutting to size as required with instruments such as drop saws. Although this has been a satisfactory and commonly accepted practice; fewer and fewer companies are continuing this way...]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-02-16:post-131 2020-02-16T23:08:29+00:00 2020-02-16T23:08:29+00:00 Jarryd Biddle firstname.lastname@example.com Here we will look at three ways you can optimise your knife steel to achieve improved results across your operation. ]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-01-23:post-130 2020-01-23T01:48:00+00:00 2020-01-23T01:48:00+00:00 Jarryd Biddle firstname.lastname@example.com Think about this for a second: when was the last time you took a step back and questioned the tooling in your operation? Have you been using the same knife steel for 2, 3 or even 5 years?]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2020-01-20:post-129 2020-01-20T23:09:31+00:00 2020-01-20T23:09:31+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com Every year, before decking the halls for Christmas, the timber industry finds itself smack-bang in outdoor decking season...]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2019-11-20:post-125 2019-11-20T06:02:16+00:00 2019-11-20T06:02:16+00:00 Jarryd Biddle email@example.com A lot of processors are moving into hardwoods and looking to better, more efficient tooling solutions. Accurate have responded by bringing to market an advanced spiral cutterhead that is proving to increase efficiencies and cost savings.]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2019-11-12:post-124 2019-11-12T23:37:42+00:00 2019-11-12T23:37:42+00:00 Jarryd Biddle firstname.lastname@example.com For the first time ever, drought has claimed the lives of rare, centuries-old sandalwood trees in the South Australian outback. Ecologist John Read believes the situation is a real indicator of climate change...]]> tag:accurateaustralia.com,2019-11-06:post-123 2019-11-06T01:59:27+00:00 2019-11-06T01:59:27+00:00 Jarryd Biddle firstname.lastname@example.com Following the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch NZ earthquakes, engineering scholars mobilised to try to devise solutions to the utter devastation that was seen in so many buildings that crumbled to the ground. 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text:
Although family violence and mental retardation are both prevalent in today's society; very little research has been conducted to investigate the relationship between them. Characteristics that make individuals with mental retardation more vulnerable to family violence are discussed in the areas of child, adult, and sexual abuse. Common psychological effects of this trauma are then explored followed by implications for practice. Because family violence and mental retardation are both societal as well as personal issues, intervention and prevention efforts must occur at both a direct service level and a community/macro service level. With such intervention and prevention efforts, persons with mental retardation will receive superior service when dealing with issues related to family violence.
Editor in charge: Marty Wyngaarden Krauss
Family violence has plagued society for centuries. Currently, although much research is being conducted in this area, there is a dearth of research in which investigators have examined the relationship between family violence and mental retardation, studies necessitated by the current emphasis on deinstitutionalization and community integration. Individuals with mental retardation are now living with their families of origin, in small group homes that function as a family unit, or on their own in the community. As this trend continues, these individuals will be exposed to the same societal ills as individuals without mental retardation are. Therefore, it is imperative that practitioners working in both the field of family violence and the field of mental retardation become familiar with the perils facing this population.
My purpose in this paper is to review what is known about the relationship between family violence and mental retardation. A case study of an individual with mental retardation from my practice is used to illustrate themes found in the literature. This individual has experienced various forms of abuse as both a child and an adult, which were a central aspect of her treatment. Case study example are set in italics.
Case Study
Jane is a 40-year-old woman with moderate mental retardation. She has Axis I diagnoses of schizophrenia, undifferentiated type, post-traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorder, not otherwise specified. She has an additional Axis II diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Jane was removed from her family of origin when she was approximately 6 years of age because her neighbors contacted the police with reports of neglect. She was placed in a foster home, where she was burnt with cigarettes and beaten by the other foster children. At age 9 she ran away from this foster home and was placed in another. In this second foster home, she was gang raped repeatedly by her three foster brothers around the time she turned 12. After running away from this home several times, Jane was placed in a third foster home, where, if she made a mistake she was placed in the corner and hit. After running away again, at approximately age 16, Jane was placed in a state school for individuals with mental retardation. At the time of this writing she was served by her area Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center. She lived in an apartment with one female roommate. Jane received individual counseling twice per week, group counseling once per week, and psychiatric medication reviews every 3 months.
Characteristics That Increase Vulnerability to Abuse
Because individuals with mental retardation are often thought of to be child-like, people may wonder how they can be abused when they appear to need constant protection. Ironically, the people who believe that these individuals need protection are often the ones who are abusive. Statistics reveal that individuals with mental retardation are exposed to abuse at higher rates than are people within the general population. Individuals with disabilities have been found to be at least 1.5 times more likely than those without disabilities to experience sexual abuse (Sobsey, Randall, & Parilla, 1997). Children with disabilities are 4 to 10 times more likely to experience maltreatment than are children without disabilities (Sobsey et al., 1997). What factors make individuals with mental retardation so vulnerable to family violence?
Childhood Victimization
Each year approximately 33 out of every 1,000 children in America are reported to have been abused (Sobsey et al., 1997). Because, as already noted, children with mental retardation are several times more likely than those without mental retardation to experience abuse, it is important to investigate risk factors that may be unique to this population. One possible contributing factor is that as children, they lack certain behaviors that children without mental retardation use to attract attention from parents. Consequently, they are less likely to bond with their parents and are more likely to be targets of abusive behavior (Valentine, 1990).
Another factor that may increase the risk of abuse is that children with mental retardation place more financial and caretaking demands on their parents than do those without mental retardation. These financial and emotional demands may place stress on an already overloaded parent, leading the parent to violently punish the perceived cause of the stress (Valentine, 1990). Other possible links between parenting behavior and the abuse of children with mental retardation include high stress, parental isolation, and unrealistic expectations for a child's performance (West, Richardson, LeConte, Crimi, & Stuart, 1992).
Gender also appears to be a risk factor for various types of abuse. In the general population, girls are sexually abused 2.5 times more often than are boys, whereas boys are physically abused 35% more often (Sobsey et al., 1997). Specifically, boys with disabilities experience significantly more physical abuse and neglect, whereas girls experience significantly more sexual abuse (Sobsey et al., 1997). Therefore, depending upon the type of abuse, the child's gender can be considered a risk factor.
Adult Victimization
There are several factors, similar to childhood factors, that serve to make adults with mental retardation more likely to be victims of family violence. For the purposes of this paper, three types of adult living arrangements are considered "family." First, an adult with mental retardation may live with his or her biological, adoptive, or foster family, and any type of relative may perpetrate violence. Second, he or she may live in a small group home wherein the residents interact as a family unit, and violence may be perpetrated by either staff or another resident. Third, an adult with mental retardation may reside in his or her own apartment with a significant other or a roommate, and this relationship may become violent. These living situations are considered because most cases of abuse occur in the living arrangement. In addition, staff and "family" members are the most frequent perpetrators of abuse (Furey & Haber, 1989).
One factor contributing to the likelihood of abuse of adults with mental retardation is the level of cognitive functioning. The incidence of abuse is much higher for adults with mild and moderate mental retardation than for those with severe or profound levels. The higher incidence may be explained by the fact that individuals with mild or moderate mental retardation are more capable of interacting with or reacting to the abuser, thus accelerating the abuse cycle (Zirpoli, Snell, & Loyd, 1987). Those with a higher level of adaptive behavior functioning are also at greater risk. Therefore, contrary to the belief that individuals with severe and profound mental retardation are abused more often because they are less likely to report the abuse, researchers have found that individuals with mild and moderate mental retardation and higher levels of adaptive behavior functioning are at the greatest risk to be in a violent situation (Marchetti & McCartney, 1990).
Finally, in a very comprehensive analysis, Nosek, Howland, and Young (1997) have listed nine factors that place individuals with mental retardation at a greater risk for family violence than are those individuals without mental retardation: (a) an increased dependency on others for long-term care; (b) a denial of human rights, resulting in perceptions of powerlessness by both the victim and the perpetrator; (c) less risk of discovery as perceived by the perpetrator; (d) the difficulty some survivors have with getting others to believe their reports; (e) less education about appropriate and inappropriate sexuality; (f) living in social isolation, which increases the risk of being manipulated by others; and (g) having the potential for physical helplessness and vulnerability in public places (Nosek et al., 1997); (h) the values and attitudes held by professionals in the field of disabilities toward integration without considering individual capacities for self-protection, and (i) the lack of economic independence that most individuals with mental retardation face contribute to the risk of adult abuse.
Sexual Victimization
Many of the risk factors for family violence both in childhood and adulthood are carried over into the sexual violence arena. There are, however, certain factors that make individuals with mental retardation more susceptible to sexual violence than to any other form of family violence. Women with mental retardation are at particular risk for this type of victimization, and the greatest threat again comes from caregivers, friends, and acquaintances (Furey, 1994). In fact, Furey estimated that 99% of sexual perpetrators are known by the victim.
Because the majority of perpetrators of sexual violence are known to the individual and are caregivers of some type, the increased dependence upon others that most adults with mental retardation experience is a contributing factor to their risk for sexual violence (Furey, 1994). Corresponding with this dependence is a sense of acquiescence from the individual with mental retardation. Typically, such individuals tend to obey their caregivers rather than challenge them. Persons with mental retardation are frequently educated to believe that they do not have control over what happens to them and that they do not have choices in their lives (Furey, 1994; Murphy, & Razza, 1998). Interestingly, the majority of victims have no communication problems, no hearing or visual impairment, and no mobility problems.
One factor that makes adults with mental retardation afraid to report sexual abuse, especially abuse that occurs in a family setting, is the fear of retribution. This fear is often combined with a fear of becoming homeless and being separated from their family and support network (Furey, 1994; Murphy & Razza, 1998). Therefore, individuals with mental retardation may be more likely to continue to live in an abusive environment than would individuals without mental retardation.
Although these risk factors may be similar to those found in the population at large, there is a group of factors pertaining only to individuals with mental retardation, including beliefs that these individuals are or should be asexual beings, have repressive rules about sexuality, have been sexually abused as a child, been punished for masturbation, have had contact with the opposite sex monitored or forbidden, and have been forbidden to discuss sexuality (Furey & Niesen, 1994). Although the general population has certain taboos about sexuality and may feel uncomfortable discussing such topics, there is a virtual blanket of silence about sexuality in the interactions individuals with mental retardation have with family members, staff members, teachers, etc. Accurate information about sexuality is not available from peers, and frequently the opportunity for such discussion does not exist (Furey & Niesen, 1994). Finally, these individuals, particularly those functioning in the mild to moderate range, often experience social isolation. They do not quite fit in with people who do not have mental retardation nor those with more severe levels of mental retardation (Tharinger, Horton, & Millea, 1990). Consequently, they exert great effort trying to "fit in" with persons who do not have mental retardation. These attempts increase their sexual vulnerability, particularly with significant others who may be functioning at a higher intellectual level (Finucane, 1998; Tharinger et al., 1990).
Individuals with mental retardation are at significant risk for sexual victimization by someone with whom they live, are dependent upon, or with whom they are friends. Sobsey and Doe (1991) reported that 16.8% of the perpetrators of sexual abuse were natural family members, 15.2% were acquaintances, 9.2% were generic service providers (e.g., babysitters), 8.2% were strangers, 3.8% were dates, and 2.2% were step-family members. These investigators also found that women with disabilities are 1.5 times more likely to have been sexually abused as children than are women without disabilities. In fact, upon admission to a psychiatric institute, approximately 81% of women reported a history of physical or sexual abuse prior to admission.
Psychological Sequelae of Abuse in Individuals With Mental Retardation
Despite the amount of literature devoted to reasons why individuals with mental retardation are at greater risk for family violence, there is a noticeable dearth of literature about the psychological consequences of this abuse. This lack may be due to several reasons. First, because family violence is often difficult to assess in individuals with mental retardation, it is difficult to evaluate its consequences (Tomasulo, Keller, & Pfadt, 1995). Second, there is a belief among many professionals that individuals with mental retardation are not suitable for counseling. This belief is erroneous with regard to individuals with mild and moderate retardation because there are case reports demonstrating the effectiveness of psychotherapy with such individuals (Finucane, 1998; Murphy & Razza, 1998; Tomasulo et al., 1995). Third, the majority of shelters for battered women and children are ill-equipped to deal with individuals who have mental retardation, and, therefore, these individuals are excluded from research on treatment and psychological effects that come from the clinical experience of shelter workers (Tomasulo et al., 1995). A final explanation is related to the misdiagnosis of posttrauma symptoms as psychiatric or behavioral disorders (Crane, Henson, Colliver, & MacLean, 1988).
Psychological Sequelae of Childhood Abuse
Children who are abused by their caregivers suffer many social, cognitive, and psychological consequences just like children without mental retardation. When children are continually abused, they develop less productive intellectual skills, fewer social cognitive competencies, and display lower levels of intelligence than do children who are not abused (Barahal, Waterman, & Martin, 1981). This finding demonstrates another interaction between family violence and mental retardation. Although children with mental retardation are more likely to experience family violence than those without mental retardation, family violence might also lead to mental retardation and developmental delays (Barahal et al., 1981). In addition, a child with a mild developmental delay may become more socially and cognitively deprived as a result of abuse and, therefore, exhibit an even lower level of behavioral and intellectual functioning (Barahal et al., 1981). Another factor differentiating children who are and are not abused is locus of control. Children who are abused tend to exhibit a highly external locus of control, whereas children who are not abused tend to have a balance between an internal and external locus of control (Barahal et al., 1981).
A final difference between children who are and are not abused exists in the realm of social functioning, which Zirpoli et al. (1987) found to be an area in which individuals with mental retardation are especially lacking in skills. Children who are abused are often less able to comprehend social role concepts, exhibit more difficulty understanding subtle and complex relationships between people, and are more egocentric and insensitive to socioemotional contexts than are nonabused children (Barahal et al., 1981). Zirpoli et al. noted that these deficits are frequently extensively apparent in children and adults with mental retardation. Further such individuals often have difficulty with complex and abstract social interactions, commonly lacking the ability to negotiate social role options in various situations. These difficulties can be exacerbated by family violence, as will be shown in the case study example.
Jane's intellectual functioning was compromised through family violence. She went from having a diagnosis of borderline intelligence on her first intelligence test to having mild retardation on her second, and finally to having moderate mental retardation on her adult intelligence test. This example is congruent with the negative effect that violence can have on intellectual development. Jane displayed several social deficits as a child and carried these deficits through adulthood. She viewed things in the extreme and as totally beyond her control. When she lost a job, she attributed this to unfavorable conditions rather than her frequent absences or aggressive outbursts. In interpersonal relationships, Jane had severe difficulty with boundary issues and could not negotiate the differences between acquaintance, friend, and best friend.
Psychological Sequelae of Sexual Abuse
Because sexual abuse can occur at any age, I now combine some of the effects of childhood abuse discussed earlier with adult sexual abuse. Psychological effects of such abuse of individuals with mental retardation are important to investigate in a family violence setting because almost 50% of individuals with mental retardation who are interviewed report incestuous relationships and 70% to 90% report being sexually abused prior to their 18th birthday (Stromsness, 1993). In interviews, the majority of individuals with mental retardation revealed that the abuse "upset them a lot." Some of the women, however, were ambivalent and reported that they were confused by the love combined with abuse. Others noted confusion because they felt the abuse was educational (Stromsness, 1993).
As noted earlier, there are some similarities between women with and without mental retardation with regard to their experiences of sexual abuse. Both groups of women typically respond to sexual victimization in one of two ways. They either withdraw from family and peers or they act out in self-destructive ways (Cruz, Price-Williams, & Andron, 1988). In addition, both groups report more negative self-concepts, suicidal ideation, and difficulty forming and maintaining interpersonal relationships (Cruz et al., 1988). In fact, the primary difference between the two groups is that women with mental retardation often exhibit an increased difficulty in discriminating between safe and potentially abusive situations (Cruz et al., 1988). In one comprehensive study on sexual abuse of persons with disabilities, Sobsey and Doe (1991) found that uncategorized emotional distress was expressed by 63% of the victims; withdrawal was reported by 26.5%; and aggression, noncompliance, behavioral disturbances, and inappropriate sexual behavior was reported by 24.7%.
Despite the similarities to women without mental retardation, women with the disorder who have been sexually abused face additional problems when they exhibit either withdrawal or acting out behavior. Because of their diagnosis of mental retardation, these individuals are more likely to be committed to state hospitals for such behaviors (Craine Henson, Colliver, & MacLean, 1988). State hospitals to date have been notorious for not exploring the possibility of sexual abuse and the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with mental retardation (Craine et al., 1988). In fact, out of a sample of 105 state hospital patients, 51% reported being sexually abused, and 66% of the abused sample met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, yet not one individual carried that diagnosis. Instead, women with mental retardation who are placed in state hospitals receive diagnoses of affective disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and psychosexual dysfunctions (Craine et al., 1988).
Misdiagnosis of persons with mental retardation who have been abused is prevalent for other reasons as well. Razza (1999) found that sexual abuse leads to effects that can be somatic, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and characterological; however, many of these experiences have not been explored with individuals who have mental retardation. Razza noted further that it is important for practitioners to be aware that depressive symptoms in individuals with mental retardation may be more likely to be experienced as irritability, anger, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behavior than with the prototypical depressive symptoms. It is equally important, in my opinion, to assess the possibility of the presence of eating disorders, addictions, and suicidal or self-injurious thoughts by asking concrete, straightforward questions. Such sensitive questioning can help accurately assess the psychological sequelae that individuals with mental retardation experience as well as serve to avoid the dangerous pitfalls of misdiagnosis, as the illustration below will show.
Jane was sexually abused in her second foster placement by her foster brothers. Typical of individuals who have been sexually abused, Jane presented as an adult with very low self-esteem and a persistent abandonment fear because of her perception that she was a worthless unlikable person. Jane reported being confused about the abuse because, although it hurt, she also felt loved by the boys. As an adult, she had difficulty discriminating safety in potentially sexual situations. She tended to misinterpret accidental touches and had been suspended from work for punching a man who accidentally bumped into her. She reported that she believed the man was going to touch her inappropriately. In addition to her negative self-concept and confusion about social situations, Jane was also an excellent example of misdiagnosis.
Jane had three state psychiatric hospitalizations and several local psychiatric hospitalizations. She was diagnosed as havine schizophrenia, undifferentiated type at each of these hospitalizations. After a year of individual counseling, Jane revealed to her therapist her history of abuse. This disclosure was the first one of its type to be recorded. Upon listening to the disclosure, the therapist noted that what had been diagnosed as psychotic symptoms, such as people trying to get into her body through her stomach, were really posttraumatic stress symptoms. Following consultation with the psychiatrist, Jane was given the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and her medication was modified.
Psychological Sequelae of Adult Abuse
Despite frightening statistics indicating that domestic violence reports have increased by 117% from 1983 to 1991, and that each year at least 572,032 women are violently assaulted by someone they know, relatively little is known about domestic violence as it relates to mental retardation (National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women, 1995). Individuals with mental retardation who have been abused in a domestic violence setting often present with confusion, low self-esteem, and have a difficult time communicating their experience (Murphy et al., 1998). As a result of the abuse, these individuals frequently display excessive obedience and compliance that contribute to an increased sense of helplessness and vulnerability. Because abuse of persons with mental retardation is extremely likely to be perpetrated by someone the individual knows, these persons often have an extremely difficult time developing trust (Murphy & Razza, 1998). Noted psychological effects of adult violence in persons with mental retardation have been identified as low self-esteem, dependency, inadequate coping skills, and impaired decision-making abilities (Murphy et al., 1998).
Further psychological effects may be extrapolated from domestic violence practice with members of other minority groups. Social isolation and extreme obedience have been identified as effects of domestic violence for many culturally diverse groups (e.g., Brownell & Congress, 1998). These factors are also often seen in persons with mental retardation. Somatic complaints have also been identified as a prevalent result of domestic violence in culturally diverse families. Such complaints include trauma responses (such as hypervigilance and jumpiness), anxiety reactions (such as trembling and heart palpitations), or psychiatric manifestations (such as suicidal ideation) (Yoshihama, 1998). Another common theme in domestic violence to culturally diverse individuals is that, typically, the abused person attempts to endure the situation and does not consider separation as a viable option. These beliefs are frequently supported by friends and relatives (Lee & Au, 1998). Women in this situation frequently hold internalized values and beliefs about perseverance and submission to men as being part of what is necessary to be a "good" woman (Lee & Au, 1998).
Despite the limited information on the effects of adult domestic violence on persons with mental retardation, the minority status allotted to persons with mental retardation allows for comparison to other cultural minorities. Just as with other cultures, persons with mental retardation tend to display excessive obedience and compliance, low self-esteem, and an internalized belief in enduring the situation (Murphy & Razza, 1998). In addition, because persons with mental retardation, particularly at the mild or moderate level, wish to be perceived as "normal," they may endure a situation or not explore options in order to try to fit in with what they believe is mainstream society (Finucane, 1998). I have not included a case study presentation for the psychological effects of adult domestic violence because Jane has not experienced this type of violence.
Implications for Practice
Despite a lack of literature on the topic of family violence and its relationship to mental retardation, practitioners in a variety of areas must be informed about this topic. Specifically, service providers in psychiatric facilities, medical facilities, schools, and child and adult protective services need to be cognizant of issues of family violence for individuals with mental retardation. In addition, practitioners in the domestic/family violence field must be aware of and knowledgeable about issues regarding mental retardation, and service providers in the mental retardation field must be attentive to and well-informed about family violence issues.
Direct-Practice Implications
Direct-practice implications involve interventions for individuals with mental retardation who are at risk for or have suffered from family violence. Direct-service practitioners must be conscious of the increased risk factors for family violence among individuals with mental retardation. They need to educate children and adults with mental retardation about issues related to sexuality, abuse, and neglect. In addition, practitioners must ensure that they consider more than intelligence when determining an individual's ability to consent to participate in various acts. An intimate knowledge of the client's individual abilities is necessary to understand behavioral, psychological, and cognitive sequelae of abuse (Parker & Abramson, 1995). To ensure that posttraumatic stress is not misdiagnosed, direct-service providers must also be knowledgeable of the differential diagnosis of psychiatric and behavioral problems in individuals with mental retardation who have been abused (Craine et al., 1998).
Once professionals are erudite about these broader areas, a look into the individual's specific situation can begin. Prior to starting an intervention, professionals working with individuals with mental retardation who have been abused should provide a comprehensive assessment that includes exploration into the person's levels of dependency and overcompliance, assertiveness, self-esteem, and any history of abuse. A skills evaluation of such areas as problem-solving abilities, communication skills, and the ability to discover alternative solutions and explanations for abusive events should also be conducted (Carlson, 1997). Following the completion of the assessment, the professional can develop an individualized treatment plan for intervention. Typically, such interventions aim to improve self-esteem, increase independence, and enhance coping skills, problem-solving skills, and communication skills (Carson, 1997). Although these are the most common areas in which intervention is needed, other treatment areas may be added or omitted, depending upon the individual's needs. In addition to enhancing these skills, professionals should have an important, yet practical goal of treatment in which they address the development of self-protection skills and a safety plan (Carlson, 1997). Through safety planning, persons with mental retardation who have been abused can begin to re-establish feelings of safety in their surroundings as well as better protect themselves in the future.
Finally, therapeutic intervention, such as processing the abuse through role-plays and other experiential exercises, can be used with individuals who have mental retardation. Cognitive–behavioral therapy is also helpful in assisting the individual with correcting thinking errors regarding abusive experiences as well as learning and planning safer methods of behaving in various situations. These goals can be accomplished by utilizing an interactive behavioral model that has been shown to work with individuals who have mental retardation specifically in relationship counseling, mental health counseling, sexuality education and counseling, and advocacy training (Tomasulo et al., 1995). Regardless of the method of intervention, practitioners must take care to utilize repetition and may need to assume a more directive stance than one would if working with a person who does not have mental retardation. When this special care is taken, psychotherapy is indeed possible with individuals who have mental retardation (Carlson, 1997). (For a summary of the direct-practice intervention process, see Table 1.)
Jane participated in individual psychotherapy that was a combination of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral techniques. Individual psychotherapy occurred twice weekly for 30 to 45 minutes and was reinforced by daily phone calls. During individual psychotherapy the focus was on identifying and coping with feelings related to the abuse as well as everyday life. Individual sessions also were focused on utilizing cognitive behavioral techniques to improve Jane's self-esteem and combat irrational thinking patterns. The daily phone calls served as a reminder that someone valued Jane and reinforced topics discussed in therapy sessions. In addition, individual sessions also served to monitor Jane's psychiatric symptoms and response to psychotropic medications. It was through the establishment of empathy and a trusting therapeutic relationship that the abuse was disclosed and worked through.
Jane also participated in two psychoeducational groups. The first was a relaxation group in which relaxation techniques, such as progressive relaxation, deep breathing, and guided imagery, were taught. This group provided a setting for Jane to learn techniques and receive feedback about when and where each technique would be appropriate for use. Jane graduated from this group and has been able to successfully utilize the relaxation techniques to combat stressful situations and trauma-related flashbacks. Jane also participated in a food issues group where emotional connections to food were explored. Jane was able to reveal that she alternated between self-starvation and bingeing in an effort to control her emotions because she was frightened by their intensity. This pattern of disordered eating began after her experience with sexual abuse. Jane also developed insight into how her current eating habits were affected by her perceptions of interpersonal stress, being controlled and danger.
Macro Implications
In order for family violence toward persons with mental retardation to be ameliorated, intervention at societal, interagency, and agency levels needs to occur. An important agency intervention includes developing agency policy that requires practitioners to be trained in the areas of family violence, sexuality, and mental retardation. Currently, such training is lacking in protective services, mental health/mental retardation services, and domestic violence services (Buchele-Ash, Turnbull, & Mitchell, 1995). Community domestic violence services should, at the very least, institute training policies on individuals with mental retardation and develop a policy to ensure the coordination of services for such individuals. Personnel at community mental health/mental retardation centers should be trained on how family violence may affect their clients and appropriate methods of dealing with such problems should they arise (Carlson, 1997). Once such cross-training occurs, staff at both mental retardation centers and at domestic/family violence agencies will be better equipped to deal with the varying problems of the unique individuals they serve.
In addition to a lack of training, existing domestic violence services are often inaccessible, inappropriate, or unavailable to persons with mental retardation. These services need to be evaluated in terms of their accessibility, availability, and appropriateness for individuals with mental retardation, and corrections in these areas should be made where warranted (Carson, 1997). On an interagency level, intervention may merely involve better coordination between agencies that serve victims of family violence and agencies that serve individuals with mental retardation. Coordination of services is especially important as a prevention effort because families with an individual who has mental retardation are under increased stress (Buchele-Ash et al., 1995).
Although agency and interagency interventions will assist individuals who have both mental retardation and abuse issues, societal interventions that require community action are necessary if the problem of family violence in this area is to be eradicated. Advocacy on behalf of clients should be performed in relation to all service areas, including protective, social, legal, medical, educational, and employment. Advocacy in these areas should ensure an awareness of the impact of violence on individuals with mental retardation and ways to coordinate and handle situations that may arise (Carlson, 1997). See Table 2 for a summary of macro intervention strategies.
By virtue of having mental retardation, individuals are placed at a greater than normal risk for child abuse, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. Psychological consequences of abuse are strikingly similar to those suffered by individuals without mental retardation; however, individuals with mental retardation are frequently misdiagnosed with psychiatric or behavioral conditions because abuse issues are not explored. Although sex education is becoming increasingly available to individuals served by mental health and mental retardation centers, abuse prevention and intervention services remain underdeveloped and underutilized. The majority of individuals who are abused have mild or moderate retardation and good verbal skills. They are, therefore, suitable candidates for psychotherapeutic intervention. Such intervention can be successful, as demonstrated by the example of Jane, as reported in this paper, if the therapist is knowledgeable about both mental retardation and the effects of abuse. Further research must be done in the area of mental retardation and family violence in order to determine how social service professionals can better serve this population.
Author notes
Author:Heidi L. Strickler, MSSW, University of Texas Medical Branch, The University of Texas at Arlington, 701 S. Nedderman Dr., Arlington, TX 76019. Address correspondence to the author at 2201 Ramada Dr., Waco, TX 76712. ( firstname.lastname@example.com)


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A judge on Tuesday granted Robert Trump a Temporary Restraining Order halting the publication of Mary Trump's upcoming tell-all, Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man.
The injunction marks the first, tentative win for President Donald Trump's younger brother in his war to stop the publication of his niece's memoir, which The Daily Beast revealed earlier this month would contain allegations embarrassing to the First Family. The Trump siblings have maintained that the book, to be published by Simon & Schuster, violates the confidentiality clause that Mary Trump signed off on in the settlement of family patriarch Fred Trump Sr.'s estate.
Robert Trump and his celebrity attorney Charles Harder made their first play to block the book in Queens Surrogate Court—but the judge junked the suit almost immediately, telling the elder Trumps to refile in state Supreme Court. They took the advice, and submitted a new request for a Temporary Restraining Order in Robert Trump's home turf of Dutchess County, in upstate New York.
Their arguments seemed to at least somewhat persuade Judge Hal Greenwald, who ordered Mary Trump and Simon & Schuster to appear before him on July 10—and barred them from disseminating her book.
"Pending the hearing and determination of Petitioner Robert S. Trump's within motion for a preliminary injunction, Mary L. Trump and Simon & Schuster, Inc., together with their respective members, officers, employees, servants, agents, attorneys, representatives and all other persons acting on behalf of or in concert with either or both of them, are hereby temporarily enjoined and restrained," the jurist ordered. "From publishing, printing or distributing any book or any portions thereof including but not limited to the book entitled: 'Too Much and Never Enough, How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man,' in any medium containing descriptions or accounts of Mary L. Trump's relationship with Robert S. Trump, Donald Trump, or Maryanne Trump Barry."
This decision is only preliminary, leaving the book's ultimate fate up to a later decision on the merits of the lawsuit.
Mary Trump's attorney, Theadore Boutrous Jr., told The Daily Beast in a statement, "The trial court's temporary restraining order is only temporary but it still is a prior restraint on core political speech that flatly violates the First Amendment. We will immediately appeal."
A person familiar with the matter told The Daily Beast the book, to be published by Simon and Schuster, is already on its third print run and the publishing giant are working to get the tome, which is currently Number Four on Amazon's best-seller list, out to bookstores ahead of its July 28th release.
The Daily Beast first reported that Fred Trump Sr.'s granddaughter and Donald Trump's niece had written a "harrowing and salacious" tell-all in which Mary would out herself as The New York Times' primary source for their Trump tax investigation.
The post Mary Trump's Tell-All Book Temporarily Blocked in Court appeared first on The Daily Beast.


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Recapping Tuesday's primaries: Donald Trump won overwhelmingly in West Virginia and Nebraska, which is expected when you're the last man standing, but still a nice feeling. With the GOP race all but settled, the real news is happening on the Democratic side (not that you'd know it from all the media outlets wringing their hands about how the Republican Party is so disunified, a tragedy that surely must keep them awake at night.)
A funny thing happened on the way to the coronation: the court jester keeps tripping up the queen. Hillary Clinton won the Nebraska primaries by about 53-47% (but it was the May 5th caucuses that bind delegates, and Bernie won those 57-43%). But that barely caused a media ripple among all the chatter about the shellacking she took in West Virginia. To paraphrase Sally Field, "They hate her. They really, really hate her!"
Hillary not only lost West Virginia's Democratic primary to Bernie 51-36%, but in a Fox News exit poll of Democrats, only 45% said they would vote for her for President in November, with 35% choosing Trump and 18% neither. Again: that's among DEMOCRATS. When voters are actually telling you to your face, "We don't want you here, get out," it's not a good omen.
(To see the depths of Hillary's WV problem, check out this CNN interview of random people on the street, as they tried to find anybody who planned to vote for her, even in a Democratic stronghold. You won't believe who 19 out of 20 did plan to vote for: CLICK HERE )
The media are again trying to do damage control for Hillary, supporting her claim that when she publicly declared that her policies would put a lot of coal miners out of work and a lot of coal companies out of business, she was taken out of context. After all, she went on to propose a $3 billion job retraining program for those unemployed workers.
Okay, let's put that in the context West Virginians heard: She's going to destroy the industry that's been our way of life for generations and cut off our family's income, but she'll try to get back on our feet with some government job training programs (you know what a great record of success those have) to help us find one of the plentiful jobs that will spring up after she kills our state's largest industry. But maybe we can get jobs in one of West Virginia's other growing industries: oil, natural gas and logging. Oh, wait, forgot: her green supporters want to destroy those, too.
It's no wonder that Hillary is about as popular in West Virginia as a Yankees fan in Boston.
Two more stunning exit poll findings:
NBC reports that 39% of Sanders voters said they would vote for Trump over Sanders in November, as would 9% of Clinton voters. Again: DEMOCRAT voters.
CNN found that nearly 40% of Democratic voters say they want the next President to be less liberal than Obama. Of those, 62% voted for self-proclaimed socialist Bernie Sanders. At first glance, that seems crazy…unless maybe they think Obamaism is further left than socialism. Then it sort of makes sense.
Here's more on the WV vote, with some interesting demographic breakdowns: CLICK HERE
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Iran's Atomic Energy Organisation spokesman Behrouz Kamalvand said: "In a letter that will be handed over to the International Atomic Energy Organisation, Iran will announce that the process of increasing the capacity to produce UF6 will start on Tuesday."
He said Iran had the capacity to accelerate production of centrifuges, which are used to enrich uranium.
Enriched uranium is used to make reactor fuel, and can also be used to create nuclear weapons.
Weapons grade uranium is around 90 per cent enriched, but uranium with 3-4 per cent enrichment of U-235 is used to fuel nuclear power plants.
In 2015, when the Iran nuclear deal was reached, Iran had almost 20,000 centrifuges, but it only has one uranium enrichment plant, Natanz.
By January 2016, Iran had drastically reduced the number of centrifuges installed at Natanz and Fordo, and shipped tonnes of low-enriched uranium to Russia.
The uranium stockpile has been reduced by 98 per cent to just 300kg, and the deal states that they cannot go over this level until 2031.
The deal also restricts the level of enrichment going above 3.67 per cent.
When the deal was struck, Barack Obama's government said they thought it would prevent the country from building nuclear weapons in secret.
Iran said that it had committed itself to "extraordinary monitoring, verification, and inspection".
Inspectors from the global nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency continuously watch Iran's nuclear site to make sure no material is moved in secret for bomb building.
If they think any site is suspicious, the watchdog can gain access.
More to follow…


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You can use potty training pads to give a puppy a place to go inside. They are usually scented in order attract dogs to urinate on them. This can be an aid in potty training and may seem necessary depending on your situation. But, it can also cause some problems that may prolong the training period and make it more difficult. Using pads can confuse a puppy into thinking that it is OK to go inside.
With your dog sitting at your side, set off and give the command "heel" (so that your dog is aware you are about to move). If the dog gets ahead, stop and encourage it back to your side with a titbit. Repeat. To begin with, stop every three to four paces to praise your dog and give a titbit. Do not use your voice unless your dog is at your side. You can also practise this off-lead in a secure area – this makes you work really hard at keeping your dog with you, rather than relying on the lead.
Any area that the pup has access to must be kept clear and clean. Put out of puppy's reach anything you don't want him to chew or destroy. Do not allow your puppy to have unsupervised access to 'unchewables.' Do not chase the puppy in an attempt to take something away. Instead provide puppy with her own toys and teach her how to play with them exclusively.
Training clubs that run the Kennel Club Good Citizen Dog Scheme - the largest dog training programme in the UK are a sensible place to begin. Here you will learn about every aspect of dog ownership from the Puppy Foundation Courses through to Bronze, Silver and Gold award levels. Go to GCDS Training Clubs in your County to find one near to you or email the GCDS Team ([email protected]) or call 0207 518 1011.
Every dog needs to learn to walk on a leash. Besides the fact that most areas have leash laws, there will be times when keeping your dog on a leash is for his own safety. Learn how to introduce your dog or puppy to the leash, then teach him how to walk properly on the leash, even beside you on a bike. A loose leash walk teaches your dog not to pull or lunge when on the leash, making the experience more enjoyable for both you and your dog.
Though it differs by each individual dog this is the time when most will come up with their own little way of letting you know they've got to go. It might be crying at your feet, ringing a bell you've set up or waiting at the door — just be sure to pay attention to these signals & follow up. Once your dog knows how to get your attention when he's got to go you can relax a little and congratulate yourself on a job well done.
Young puppies can't hold their bowels & bladders for long. If you come home to find that they've had an accident in there it's quite possible that they can't hold it that long. Generally puppies can hold their bladder for about one hour per month of age. So your 3 month old pup can probably only hold their bladder for about 3 hours. If you're going to be away at work for long periods of time see if you can get a neighbor, relative or dog sitter to come over to let your pup out during the day.
Many owners appear disappointed that their young puppy will not toilet when out on a walk, yet relieves itself the second it gets back home. This is because the puppy has been taught to toilet only at home (hopefully in its garden), and being creatures of habit, they often wait until they have returned home before evacuating their bladder and/ or bowels.
There are several ways in which you can study Dog training on reed.co.uk. The most common ways are by enrolling on to an online Dog training course where the content will be accessed online or by enrolling on to a classroom Dog training course where the course will be taught in an in-person classroom format, at a given location. reed.co.uk also offers distance learning courses and in-company Dog training courses if these are the preferred methods of study you are looking for.
It also helps to teach your puppy a "potty phrase" when you take him outside for a bathroom break. A potty phrase is a way to gently remind your puppy what he needs to do when he's outside. It's a big help during the potty training phase of puppyhood and you can continue to use for the rest of his life. Pick a phrase like "hurry up" or "go ahead" and say it softly right as your puppy eliminates. In time your dog will associate the phrase with the act of elimination, so you can say it when your puppy gets distracted and forgets what he needs to do outside.
There are several medical issues that can interfere with potty training. Dogs with a urinary tract infection (UTI) will urinate frequently in small amounts, and will not have much control. You may also notice excessive licking of their genital region. If you notice a change in the consistency of their stool, the cause could be a gastrointestinal issue. Some common causes in puppies are intestinal parasites, having eaten something not in their normal diet, or a sudden food change. If a food change is necessary, do it gradually over 5 to 7 days. If you suspect any of these issues could be a problem, you should consult with your veterinarian.[19]
Don't punish your dog if they pee inside. Regardless of all those old training ideas punishment isn't a good deterrent for house training. Yelling at your dog after the fact just confuses them and makes them nervous around you. If you catch your did in the act you can try to get their attention & move them outdoors. If you're successful & they continue going once you get outside praise them like crazy.
You can use potty training pads to give a puppy a place to go inside. They are usually scented in order attract dogs to urinate on them. This can be an aid in potty training and may seem necessary depending on your situation. But, it can also cause some problems that may prolong the training period and make it more difficult. Using pads can confuse a puppy into thinking that it is OK to go inside.
One of the biggest mistakes new puppy owners make is expecting their puppy to hold it for longer than he is physically capable. The general guideline for puppy "hold times" is that each month of age equates to an hour of "hold time," so a two-month-old puppy can hold it for roughly two hours. There are exceptions to the rule; your puppy should be able to hold it for slightly longer period of time at night as he gets older and you pup will need potty breaks more frequently when he's playing.
When you have to leave the puppy alone, you'll need to confine it to a crate. This will prevent the puppy from peeing and pooping all over your home, and will also help teach it control, since it won't want to soil the crate. However, young puppies need frequent bathroom breaks, so you'll also need to ask a friend or pet-sitter to stop by and let the puppy out throughout the day until it's old enough to go for longer stretches without needing to use the bathroom.
Before you begin dog obedience training, choose the best method for you and your dog. Training styles vary, but most trainers agree that dogs respond best to positive reinforcement, such as praise or treats. One common training variation, known as clicker training, includes the use of conditioned reinforcer. There are plenty of dog training books and websites where you can learn about training techniques and determine which best suits you and your dog. When planning out your training methods, don't forget about socialization.
Remember that training is an ongoing process. You will never be completely finished. It is important to keep working on obedience training throughout the life of your dog. People who learn a language at a young age but stop speaking that language may forget much of it as they grow older. The same goes for your dog: use it or lose it. Running through even the most basic tricks and commands will help them stay fresh in your dog's mind. Plus, it's a great way to spend time with your dog.
It's not so much the dog doesn't listen, more that he doesn't understand what you want him to do. Go back to basics and don't punish him when he toilets indoors. Double your vigilance and take every opportunity to put him outside to toilet. The crucial thing is to be present when he does toilet in the correct place, so that you can reward him. This makes him keener to repeat the performance to get another treat. Conversely, if you have been telling him off for indoor accidents he may already feel inhibited about going to the toilet in your presence, including when he goes outdoors. This is one reason why it's important not to punish for inappropriate toileting.
It's best not to punish the puppy for making a mistake. Instead, focus on praising appropriate bathroom behavior. If you catch your puppy in the act, interrupt it by saying "No!" in a firm voice or clapping your hands loudly, then take the puppy outside to finish going to the bathroom. Never swat your puppy, yell at it, or try to rub its nose in the mess.


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Idea for a T-shirt
So I had an idea for a tshirt, just wanted some feedback:
On the front, it would be CrossFit, with a cool design or whatever
On the back it would say: "Because if you aren't giving 100 percent, what the ***** are you doing here?"
How should I write the quote out? Should it be a full curse, or bleeped out? Should it be Because, or 'Cuz? Should there be ... after CrossFit and ... before because?
Help me make a sick shirt!!!!
Re: Idea for a T-shirt
If motard CrossFit shirts are your bag (which is fine), my $0.02 is to:
- Leave out the profanity. I hate it when people forcefully expose others to profanity, vulgarity, nudity, etc. It's like second-hand smoke.
- No ellipsis would be my advice, but if anywhere, only before the sentence on the back.
- Because
Might wanna check with the folks at HQ about printing and/or selling a shirt with their trademark/logo/whatever, just to be on the safe side. They seem to be fairly corporate these days.
Re: Idea for a T-shirt
How about..
Because you're a f**king weak, p***y-azz motherf**ker and I'm not.
wear it to the globogym and do your WODs near the entrance to the babysittying door.
I joke, I keed :D
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- Our Czech Rummage Sale goods are filling up the church basement as we get ready for it next week! Thanks for all the donations! If you have more to donate, please come on by the church anytime between 8–4 today, tomorrow, or Friday, so we can get it set with everything else. Also, if you're able to volunteer at the sale, we'd be very glad for your help! Let us know when we can expect you!
- Shoutouts to our volunteers! Thanks to our lawn mowers (the people driving them, that is), to our Food Pantry helpers in the month of June, and to our 5-Day Club leaders from last week. We're putting God's love on display in action; we're communicating the gospel to our community as we join in the work God gives us. Thank you for your fervent and obedient walk with Jesus!
- If you need some air conditioning, the church is a pretty cool place to be 😎 Come on over to the church, maybe pull up a chair in the Café Corner or grab a book out of the library, and enjoy beating the heat with us here. It would be great to see you here––maybe with some friends, too!
- In advance, Happy 4th of July. "For freedom Christ has set us free; stand firm therefore, and do not submit again to a yoke of slavery. … For you were called to freedom, brothers. Only do not use your freedom as an opportunity for the flesh, but through love serve one another" (Galatians 5:1, 13).
Church COVID Update: July 1, 2020