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All Views Articles for 2012-headline-2012
John Atcheson
Lunatic, Counterfactual Rantings of the Mythical "Center"
On the perils of blind bipartisanship
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Robert Reich
The President's Opening Bid on a Grand Bargain: Aim High
I hope the President starts negotiations over a "grand bargain" for deficit reduction by aiming high. After all, he won the election. And if the past four years has proven anything it's that the...
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Medea Benjamin
Pushing Obama's Arc Towards Peace
Foreign policy played a minor role in a presidential election that focused on jobs, jobs, jobs. But like it or not, the United States is part of a global community in turmoil, and U.S. policies often...
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Dud Hendrick
Reflections of an Anti-War Veteran
The following remarks were made on the occasion of the removal for winter of flags commemorating lives lost in Iraq and Afghanistan at the Iraq War Dead Memorial in Blue Hill, Maine on Saturday,...
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Cathy Breen
Dust-Covered Dreams in Iraq Shattered by War
NAJAF, Iraq—I returned from Baghdad last night. Over coffee this morning, I filled the father of my host family in on my trip. I told him it was wonderful to see everyone, but I only heard sad...
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Rachel Shabi
The Israeli Documentary Putting Military Rule in Palestine on Trial
The Law In These Parts builds a strong case against the judges responsible for Israel's draconian occupation laws
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Charles Eisenstein
Why Occupy's Plan to Cancel Consumer Debts is Money Well Spent
Occupy's Rolling Jubilee idea transcends politics and will be difficult for lenders to oppose
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Allison Kilkenny
Occupy Wall Street Activists Buy Up Debt to Abolish It
Strike Debt, a movement formed by a coalition of Occupy Wall Street groups looking to build a popular resistance to debt, plans to hold a telethon and variety show November 15 in support of the...
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Mattea Kramer, Chris Hellman
Washington's Fiscal Cliff Notes
How to Get Yourself to the Edge of the Fiscal Abyss and Not Jump
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Chris Hedges
Once Again—Death of the Liberal Class
The presidential election exposed the liberal class as a corpse. It fights for nothing. It stands for nothing. It is a useless appendage to the corporate state. It exists not to make possible...
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Heidi Garrett-Peltier
Don't Drive Off the Fiscal Cliff
Congress's newest game of chicken threatens the recovery
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Cenk Uygur
The Grand Bargain is a Grand Lie
Why the scheme being negotiated in Washington is one-sided and totally unfair
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Jane Mayer
A Petraeus Puzzle: Were Politics Involved?
The director of the C.I.A. has resigned over an extra-marital affair two days after a Presidential election in which the Agency's role in Libya was of burning concern—what is really going on here?
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Paul Krugman
On Deficit Hawks and Hypocrites
Back in 2010, self-styled deficit hawks — better described as deficit scolds — took over much of our political discourse. At a time of mass unemployment and record-low borrowing costs, a time when...
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David Macaray
The Military Honor Code: Myth or Mission?
Even if we choose to ignore the numerous cheating scandals that, over the years, have plagued U.S. service academies (all of which adhere to rigorous and well-publicized honor codes), the most...
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Norman Solomon
How to Build a Grassroots Power Base
Millions of Americans are eager, even desperate, for a political movement that truly challenges the power of Wall Street and the Pentagon.
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Lucinda Marshall
It's Time To Ratify Global Women's Rights Treaty
The United States is one of six countries that has not yet ratified CEDAW , the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women which was adopted by the United Nations in...
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Robert Kuttner
Let's Not Make a Deal
President Obama gave a pretty good speech on Friday about the economy and the budget.
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Paul Buchheit
Five Misconceptions about our Tattered Safety Net
Mitt Romney said he wasn't concerned about the very poor, because they have a safety net. This is typical of the widespread ignorance about inequality in our country. Struggling Americans want jobs,...
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Eugene Jarecki
As US states Legalize Marijuana, Is This the End of the War on Drugs?
The director of a landmark documentary which chronicles how the current penal approach has resulted in social disaster says the greatest legacy of the US elections may be shifting attitudes towards illegal narcotics
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Stan Goff
Petraeus – Scandals and Veterans Day
History selected one man to oversee critical points in the defeat of the United States Armed Forces by two nations in Southwestern Asia. And in the short term, the ever obsequious American media...
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Joseph Nevins
True Leadership in a Time of Global Warming
In the wake of extreme drought in much of the United States, widespread wildfires in the U.S. west, and now Hurricane Sandy, Barack Obama's and Mitt Romney's refusal to discuss human-induced climate...
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Jennifer Kennedy
Indigenous Protestors Against Guatemala Energy Company Targeted
Six demonstrators were killed and dozens injured when the Guatemalan military fired into a group of indigenous Maya-K'iche' gathered on the Inter-American highway to protest rising electricity...
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Gwynne Dyer
The Loss of Centrality
In this interval of blessed tranquility between the titanic struggle to choose the next president of the "world's greatest nation" (same guy as last time), and the world-shaking choice of the next...
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Ray McGovern
Pundit Tears for Petraeus's Fall
Much of Official Washington is in mourning after David Petraeus admitted to an extramarital affair and resigned as head of the CIA. Top pundits were as smitten by the former four-star general as his mistress was.
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Glenn Greenwald
Petraeus Scandal is Reported with Compelled Veneration of All Things Military
The reverence for the former CIA Director is part of a wider religious-like worship of the national security state.
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Robert Parry
Behind Petraeus's Resignation
The resignation of CIA Director David Petraeus over an extramarital affair marks a stunning reversal for the longtime media darling. But some in President Obama's inner circle are not displeased the neocon-friendly ex-general is gone
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Christopher Brauchli
Soothsayers, Science and Skeptics
Religious feeling is as much a verity as any other part of human consciousness; and against it, on the subjective side, the waves of science beat in vain. —John Tyndall, Science and Man (1863) 2012...
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Chris Kromm
Did Big Money Really Lose This Election? Hardly.
After the most money-drenched elections in history -- with close to $6 billion spent on the 2012 presidential and Congressional races alone, by one estimate -- big donors and the media alike are now...
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Mark Engler
After the Election: Time to Stop Settling for the Lesser Evil
There was a lot less dancing in the streets this Election Day than in 2008, when the nation celebrated the election of the first African-American president. But progressives can nonetheless feel...
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Michelle Chen
Bulls-Hit Ranch Labor Scandal Ensnared Florida Homeless
They called it "The Bullpen." Farm workers were roped in from the street by recruiters and herded into the enclosed camp, where they worked during the day and slept in dirty, overcrowded bunks rife...
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Jesse Hagopian
I'm Black and I Want More "Stuff" and "Things": An Open Letter to Bill O'Reilly
Dear Mr. Bill O'Reilly, On election night, as it became increasingly clear that Mitt Romney was going to lose the election to Barack Obama, I watched Fox News host Megyn Kelly ask you, "How do you...
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Matt Taibbi
Hey, Rush Limbaugh: 'Starting an Abortion Industry' Won't Win You Female Voters
Like a lot of people, I listened to Rush Limbaugh the day after the election. Pure Schadenfreude , I admit it; I just wanted to hear the reaction. I searched the right-wing media landscape far and...
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Tom Engelhardt
How Presidential War Came Out of the Shadows – and We Went Into Them
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Cold War was commonly said to have partially plunged "into the shadows" as a secret, off-the-grid, spy-versus-spy conflict fought between the planet's two...
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Kristen Sheeran, Jules Boykoff
The Path Forward on Climate Change: Sandy Is the Mandate
When the onslaught of Hurricane Sandy forced US presidential candidates to temporarily suspend their campaigns, one could be forgiven for thinking the superstorm was an act of a merciful God. But as...
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Tani Bellestri
This Old Party: The Conservative Renovation
I know there are scores of disappointed, heavy-hearted Republicans and conservatives walking around, and I can imagine your angst, your pain, your bitterness, and your confusion. I have the notion...
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Barbara Miner
In the Trenches of Democracy: Reflections from a Milwaukee Polling Site
It was 6:10 a.m., cold and dark on a dimly lit street. "Who are you?" an obviously harried woman asked as I stepped out of my car. I told her I was there to work at the polls. "Good," she said. "Two...
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Tony Norman
Reagan is Dead. The Future Looks Bright.
No one is happier about Tuesday's election outcome than the ghost of Ronald Reagan. Finally, the Gipper's spirit can pass over the River Styx to his great reward after being held hostage by a...
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Karl Grossman
Fracking and a Radioactive Silvery-White Monster: Radium Must be Left in the Earth
Fracking for gas not only uses toxic chemicals that can contaminate drinking and groundwater -- it also releases substantial quantities of radioactive poison from the ground that will remain hot and...
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Robert Scheer
Yes We Can, We Did, and Now Obama's Second Term Is Our Responsibility
Yes, election night was a heck of a party and it's great that the really bad guys lost. Karl Rove and his reactionary ilk were defeated by a new American majority that is younger, more tolerant,...
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Ben Lilliston
Money, Politics and Food
It didn't make headlines, but Tuesday was the start of an important movement to reform our food and agriculture system by restoring our democracy. Statewide initiatives in Montana and Colorado, and...
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Laura Carlsen
Obama Must Rewrite His Foreign Policy Legacy
With a more than comfortable margin of 332 to 206 electoral votes, President Barack Obama held onto office last Tuesday. Now the big question for foreign policy is whether Legacy Obama will be a...
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Alfred W. McCoy
Beyond Bayonets and Battleships: Space Warfare and the Future of U.S. Global Power
It's 2025 and an American "triple canopy" of advanced surveillance and armed drones fills the heavens from the lower- to the exo-atmosphere. A wonder of the modern age, it can deliver its weaponry...
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Glenn Greenwald
CNN Claims Iran Shot at a US Drone, Revealing the News Network's Mindset
Its Pentagon reporter parrots significant, inflammatory government claims without an iota of skepticism or balance
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Stephen Mulkey
Time for Higher Education to Take a Stand on Climate
We are running out of time. While our public policy makers equivocate and avoid the topic of climate change, the window of opportunity for salvaging a livable planet for our children and...
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Adil E. Shamoo
A New Middle East Agenda for Obama
In his first term, President Barack Obama's vision for the Middle East failed to materialize. Because he failed to deliver on his promise to redefine America's relationship with the Islamic world, he...
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Amy Goodman
Now the Work of Movements Begins
There is a force more powerful: People organized around this country, fighting for a more just, sustainable world.
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Ellen Brown
It's the Interest, Stupid! Why Bankers Rule the World
In the 2012 edition of Occupy Money released last week, Professor Margrit Kennedy writes that a stunning 35% to 40% of everything we buy goes to interest. This interest goes to bankers, financiers,...
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Dean Baker
Climate Change, Not the National Debt, Is the Legacy We Should Care About
Worry about the grandchildren? Then stop global warming, but don't pretend deficit reduction by slashing pensions is for them
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Costas Douzinas
Greece Is Ripe for Radical Change
The latest draconian austerity measures imposed on the Greek people can be a catalyst to bring about the end of the old system
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Ocean Robbins
Did Monsanto Trick California Voters?
California could have been the first state in the nation to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered foods. We would have joined more than 60 countries where consumers have the right to know if...
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Richard Eskow
Voters Didn't Ask for Bi-Partisanship, They Demanded Good Policies
After the Election, a New Mandate -- and New 'Fiscal Cliff' Math
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Robert Kuttner
Hey, Obama, Hands Off Their Medicare
Striking a deal with Republicans to cut entitlements would be a disastrous start to the president's second term.
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Fran Korten
Five Things to Watch for in Obama's Second Term
The devil's in the details, but so are the angels. Here are five things on Obama's agenda you'll want to keep an eye on—and get active in, too.
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Pa Ousman Jarju
An Open Letter to Obama from the World's Poorest Countries
As president you have helped those who cause climate change more than those affected most by it. Helping the world's poorest adapt is now a matter of urgency, and it can be your great legacy
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Erin Niemela
Voting? Done. Democracy? Just Begun.
Election night is finally over. Television can resume its originally broadcast programs and Facebook can return to cat memes and photos of our dinner. We can go back to talking about our personal...
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Vince Warren
Let's Get to Work
Two big things happened in the last week, and they're both going to require our attention for the next four years and beyond: the national election repudiated religious conservatives and handed Obama...
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Ralph Nader
On a Progressive Civic Agenda
The "democracy gap" in our politics and elections spells a deep sense of powerlessness by people who drop out, do not vote, or listlessly vote for the 'least worst' every four years and then wonder...
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John Buell
The US Austerity Fight Cometh
President Obama may soon face a three-headed monster. Though a tepid recovery is underway in the United States, unemployment remains high and some of the tools used to promote recovery carry...
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Elizabeth Rose
Social Security: It Ain't Broke
It's a basic part of what makes America run, like our national highway system.
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Paul Krugman
The Real Real America
So, for a while there during the campaign it seemed very iffy. But in the end, discipline and being on the right side of the issues prevailed. Yes, Elizabeth Warren won! Oh, and that guy Obama too.
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Glenn Greenwald
From Liberal Victory to Disempowerment in Six Easy Steps
Obama and Progressives: What Will Liberals Do with Their Big Election Victory?
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Sarah Waheed
The Malalas You Don't See
On October 24 in Northwest Pakistan, two children were injured in a drone strike authorized by the President of the United States. Other kids have been killed by similar strikes; Americans do not...
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Sarah Anderson
Those Fighting Economic Inequality Rewarded by Voters
Members of Congress who received good marks in an Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) report card on inequality fared well in the election.
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Anis Shivani
What Progressives Expect from Obama
Dear President Obama,
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Hamid Dabashi
Obama Again, But Is the Global Grace Gone?
Very few US presidents have had the opportunity to alter the global perception of the US, and Obama so far has squandered it.
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Matthew Breen
Historic, Wondrous Night for LGBT Equality
Being pro-equality is no longer risky
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Phil Aroneanu
Bill McKibben's Math: Climate Change Hits Home (in a 22-City Tour)
It shouldn't take a hurricane to blow open the debate about climate change. But Sandy might help 350.org prove what's at stake in a nationwide campaign to divest university endowments from the fossil fuel industry.
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John Nichols
For Obama, a Bigger Win Than for Kennedy, Nixon, Carter, Bush or Bush
It wasn't even close. That's the unexpected result of the November 6 election.
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Mark Weisbrot
Obama's Victory and the Progressive Work To Come
Barack Obama's carefully crafted economic populism carries the day
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Adam Parsons
Why We Should All Be Talking About Global Sharing
The idea of sharing is increasingly popular today as an answer to many of our social, environmental and economic problems. By learning how to share more in our everyday lives - in everything from...
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Michael Winship
Whatever It Takes – If You Can, Vote!
A week has passed since Hurricane Sandy struck, and the short subway ride uptown this morning almost seemed normal, except for the bigger crowds getting on at Penn Station and Times Square —...
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Rebecca Solnit
The Fourth Horseman of the Apocalypse: Hurricane Sandy Rides In
The first horseman was named al-Qaeda in Manhattan, and it came as a message on September 11, 2001: that our meddling in the Middle East had sown rage and funded madness. We had meddled because of...
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Richard Eskow
A Vote Against Despair
Some people I respect are agonizing over their Presidential vote. Others are voting third-party, or not at all. Speaking only for myself, my choice wasn't made lightly: I'll be voting to re-elect a...
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Cenk Uygur
Why Obama Will Disappoint Progressives and I Voted for Him Anyway
Anyone who thinks President Obama will magically turn around in his second term and be a real progressive is high on a 2008 supply. Soon after President Obama is re-elected he will do the Grand...
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Thom Hartmann, Lamar Waldron
Romney, Richard Nixon, and Las Vegas Cash: A Hidden History Repeats Itself
A hugely-wealthy casino tycoon--whose empire is the subject of government investigations and media scrutiny--pours huge sums of money into the presidential campaign of the Republican nominee, while...
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Aditya Chakrabortty
America Has Supersized Inequality. Political Gridlock Was Bound to Follow
US voters are split along an ever-widening faultline of wealth and poverty, so it's no wonder there's little hope of moderation in politics
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George Monbiot
Obama and Romney Remain Silent on Climate Change, The Biggest Issue of All
Despite hurricane Sandy, neither Obama nor Romney will speak about global warming. The danger this poses is huge
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Naomi Klein
Superstorm Sandy—a People's Shock?
Seizing the climate crisis to demand a truly populist agenda
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Janet Redman
Is Obama Taking Climate Voters for Granted?
My relationship with President Obama has been getting a bit strained lately. I really like Obama, and I know he likes me, too. But I feel like he's taking me for granted… as a climate voter.
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Robert Reich
We the People, and the New American Civil War
The vitriol is worse is worse than I ever recall. Worse than the Palin-induced smarmy 2008. Worse than the swift-boat lies of 2004. Worse, even, than the anything-goes craziness of 2000 and its...
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Valerie Strauss
What's at Stake for Public Schools in Election
Tuesday's election will determine whether Arne Duncan remains as President Obama's education secretary (Duncan says he wants to stay and Obama has shown no interest in replacing him) or whether Mitt...
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Medea Benjamin
A Chat With Counterterrorism Chief John Brennan
Having recently returned from Pakistan meeting with drone victims, on November 4 my partner Tighe Barry and I were having a leisurely Sunday morning breakfast. The discussion turned to John Brennan,...
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Jeremiah Goulka
Mitt Romney's Team Would Let Loose Dogs of War in Iran
It's the consensus among the pundits: foreign policy doesn't matter in this presidential election. They point to the ways Republican candidate Mitt Romney has more or less parroted President Barack...
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Carolyn Eisenberg
Before the Post-Mortems…
This weekend, activist list-serves and web-sites were crackling with furious debate over whether or not progressives should be voting for President Obama this time around or helping to build a third...
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Phyllis Bennis
Stormy Elections, Wars & Occupations
The massive storm that ravaged Haiti, Cuba, and much of the east coast of the United States may be the 'shock and awe' of climate change's permanent war against the U.S. (it attacked the rest of the...
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Simone Campbell
Power to the People - Below the Poverty Line
With all the attention being paid this election to millionaire campaign donors and the importance of helping the middle class, candidates on both sides are overlooking one critical segment of our...
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Juan Cole
Top Ten Coming Disasters: Romney's America 2016
What will the United States look like in 2016 if Mitt Romney wins? While predicting the future is of course impossible, actually my experience is that if you play out known possible scenarios in your...
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Richard Schiffman
Obama and Romney Differ on Energy Policy, But Less Than You Might Think
New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg's endorsement of President Obama for his stance on climate change has brought the candidate's energy policy back into focus. So let's start off with a quiz.
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Mijin Cha
Now That Climate Silence Has Been Broken, How about a Carbon Tax?
The surprise Obama endorsement from New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's is a good time to revisit one of Bloomberg's ideas to combat climate change: the carbon tax.
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Chris Hedges
The S&M Election
I learned at the age of 10, when I was shipped off to a New England boarding school where the hazing of younger boys was the principal form of recreation, that those who hunger for power are...
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Ira Chernus
Occupy Obama on Election Day
The Occupy movement has a very big dog in this year's presidential fight. Election Day will determine the size of the movement's legacy, and very possibly its future too.
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Paul Buchheit
A Vote for the Republicans is a Vote Against Yourself: 5 Reasons Why
To be more precise, it's a vote against yourself as long as you're making less than $250,000 a year, which includes about 99% of us. The Republicans have repeatedly turned against middle-class and...
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Robert Kuttner
Notes for a Manifesto: How Austerity Conservatism Will Screw Us
The enormity of last week's super-storm is just beginning to sink into political consciousness. Hurricane Sandy should transform what Americans expect from their government, and give the party of...
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Jeremiah Goulka
The Dogs of War Are Barking
Mitt Romney's Team Wants to Let 'Em Loose in Iran
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Mary Bottari, Sara Jerving
Hurricane Sandy Endorses Obama
Storm Provides a Counter-Narrative to the Hundreds of Millions in Fossil Fuel Campaign Contributions
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Dave Lindorff
Broken US System Needs Watching: International Election Observers Could Face Arrest
Tuesday's national election in the US is shaping up to be a bruising affair, with both parties hiring armies of lawyers to fight over likely contentious battles over voter access to polling stations...
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Robert Reich
By now, in these last remaining days before the election of 2012, we have learned enough about the beliefs of the Republican presidential candidate to see them as a worldview all its own – a kind of...
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Frances Moore Lappé, Anna Lappé
GMOs at the Polls: 7 Things to Tell Your Friends Before Election Day
Americans are the world's GMO guinea pigs, say Frances Moore Lappé and Anna Lappé. But California's ballot initiative on labeling GMO foods would give everyone the choice to change that for themselves.
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Caroline Arnold
We Can't Afford the Silencing of the Voice of "We, the People"
We use the metaphor "herding cats" to describe a situation in which someone tries to govern the collective behavior of creatures who have only individual goals and agendas, and little interest in...
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RAJAN, Bharath (Dr)
RAJAN, Bharath (Dr) – aged 74 years. Passed away peacefully at home on the 15th June with his wife Grace by his side. Much loved husband of Grace, loving and devoted dad of Linda and Tara, treasured grandad to Mia and Teo. Due to current circumstances, a private family funeral is to take place. Donations in memory of Bharath if so desired may be sent direct to the Macmillan Nurses. All enquiries to Little & Caine, 48 Ulverston Road, Dalton. Tel: 462564

subset: commoncrawl


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Download of moodle-3.1.7.zip (moodle-3.1.7.zip ( external link: SF.net): 49,968,181 bytes) will begin shortly. If not so, click link on the left.
Moodle is a Course Management System (CMS), also known as a Learning Management System (LMS) or a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). It is a Free web application that educators can use to create effective online learning sites. https://moodle.org/


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"It is obvious that we are operating in a very challenging market," Chief Financial Officer Aditya Mittal said on a call with reporters. "This is essentially the result of very low export prices out of China that are impacting prices worldwide."How are they financing the losses?
The steel industry has been roiled by the slowest economic growth in two decades in China, the biggest consumer. The flood of cheap exports from the nation has drawn complaints from Europe and the U.S. that the shipments are unfair. Bloomberg Intelligence estimates Chinese steel shipments overseas will exceed 100 million metric tons this year, more than the combined output of Europe's top four producing countries.
..."The pricing that is coming out of China is just not sustainable," Mittal said. "The volume of losses that they are encountering is very significant. Their problem is being amplified and then exported on to our markets."
"The American Government Still Owes A Debt": Reparations Bill Gaining Steam In House - "The American Government Still Owes A Debt": Reparations Bill Gaining Steam In House Tyler Durden Fri, 07/03/2020 - 12:55 *Authored by Ben Wilson via Sara...


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Note: As most in-person events have been cancelled or postponed, please check the links for the most accurate details on their status.
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Artists Finding Our Way Through COVID-19
April 21 @ 7:00 pm
Artists Finding Their Way Through COVID-19
Weekly free virtual meetings
Join Athena Project as we highlight the work of an artist each week who has been able to shift her business to still engage with the community and possibly even pay her bills. This is an opportunity for artists to empathize with each other and share resources. Each meeting is facilitated by Angela Astle of Athena Project. This is a FREE event, but donations are always welcome!
What: Artists Finding Their Way Through COVID-19
Where: Zoom Meeting
Date: Tuesdays April 21, 28 and May 5, 12
Time: 7-8:30pm
Website: https://athenaprojectarts.org/30157-2/
Cost: Free
*At Athena Project, we believe that "women" means many things and can be a complicated term. We recognize that the term "women" does not automatically include all aspects of the gender spectrum. We want to create a safer space for the expression and growth for all women, trans and gender nonconforming individuals.
About Athena Project Athena Project empowers women through the arts and creates a world with gender equity where women's voices are amplified. Programs include our Plays In Progress Series showcasing the contributions of women playwrights from the earliest stages of new play development; Curating Art for Impact authentically connecting brand or mission to stakeholders in a thoughtful and engaging way; Artists' Night Out connecting our community in an open mic type forum allowing artists to give and receive feedback on projects as well as hold space for conversations around the unique challenges of being an artist; Girls Create summer intensive week-long camps exploring various art forms, which culminates in final performances shared with friends, family, and the public. This program empowers girls to lead and effect change in themselves and others through creative learning.
Website: www.AthenaProjectArts.org
Facebook: AthenaProjectArts
Twitter: @AthenaProjArts
Instagram: @athenaprojectarts
Hashtag: #AthenaInAction #AthenaProjectArts
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What Parasite's Oscar win means for Korean culture
SOUNDING BOARD: We ask the industry how the success of 'Parasite' will affect brand appetite for Korean content.
An absurdist exaggeration with industry parallels: Superson's Antti Toivonen on his TIFF film entry
Five questions for Antti Toivonen, the head of Singapore creative agency Superson. His most recently written film, 'Are You Hungry' is headed to the Toronto International Film Festival.
Japan's first IMAX film serves as inventive promotion for a cinema
An ambitious production using the full scale of IMAX technology acts as a promotional vehicle and direct draw for a new Tokyo cinema complex.
Riding the wave of China's burgeoning film and TV markets
From the silver screen to OTT media, the country's demand for both localised and international content is causing ripples in the marketing industry.
Film winners: Cannes Lions 2018
A reasonably successful category for APAC with nine award wins out of 74 in total, with Thailand flying the flag for the region.
Singapore sends delegation to Hong Kong FilMart 2018
Lights, camera, action in the film marketplace.
Top news, insights and analysis every weekday
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Hoping in Pain
Eugene Peterson says that "the primary use of prayer is not for expressing ourselves, but in becoming ourselves." ...Keep Reading
A faithful presence of love in the absences of our city.
July 2, 2020 by Joanna Hinks
"Galatians 2:20 says, "I have been crucified with Christ. It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me." When by God's grace I'm able to help someone, it's not my compassion being expressed - it's Christ's compassion. When I feel like I'm all dried up and have no capacity left to help others, Christ, who lives in me, has infinite capacity. Rather than wearing myself out trying to fix the world's problems out of guilt or self-righteousness, I need to help others out of Christ's fullness and not my emptiness."...
June 25, 2020 by Jeremy Warren
"But what if we were a community that could reset as individuals and as a body. For spiritual, physical, mental, familial health. We could be that light of forgiveness for each other and those around us. I know Justin said that he will be preaching on this for another couple of weeks. And I am glad. My prayer is that we as God's Church would dig deep find our personal resets. Perhaps it is not yet time for one, but a perspective of preparation might be all we need right now. To slow down for a minute and evaluate. Jubilee does sound joyous and fun, and I realize that to reset well in the grace of Christ, it takes work and community as well. What a beautiful thing that God has for us in his Son. His mercies are new every morning, and we can experience his resetting power today - each day - when we fall to our knees at his cross." ...
July 25, 2018 by Taeler Larsen | Tags: anger, hope, Pain, Control
Eugene Peterson says that "the primary use of prayer is not for expressing ourselves, but in becoming ourselves." ...Keep Reading
December 8, 2016 by Emily Leslie | Category: Gospel | Tags: anger, power, justice, trust, faith, God, Christ, Refuge, Strength, Reliance, Wrath
"Safe?" said Mr. Beaver, "Who said anything about safe? 'Course he isn't safe. But he's good."...Keep Reading


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1300 722 099
If you have ever wanted to try the exciting new sport of Working Equitation then come along for a weekend of Working Equitation Obstacle training with leading trainer Sue Franks. Sue's vast experience in Western Dressage, Trail & Working Equitation a...
Sat 5 Sep, 9:00 AM
Branyan, QLD
Paediatric Endocrine Education Dinner About this Event The Bundaberg Paediatric Team are once again hosting our annual paediatric endocrine education dinner on 16th September 2020. We cordially invite you to spend an evening with our guest speakers, ...
Wed 16 Sep, 6:00 PM - 9:00 PM
Showcasing some of the best athletes in the world performing a high octane spectacular. Nitro Circus - You Got This is an explosive, high adrenaline action sports spectacular starring the best athletes in FMX, BMX, Skate, Scooter and more. Don't mis...
Sun 7 Mar 2021, 4:00 PM
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News and Issues
If You're Looking For A Link To the Mueller Report, Look No Further
Editor's Note:
We're not downloading the entire Mueller report, but here is the Justice Department URL to read the report at:
Report On the Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Election, Vol I and II; Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III
Mueller received the following military awards and decorations:
Love Me, Love My Vote
It's an election year, and my popularity is at a all-time high! Not that I'm running for office myself, but if I were, it's nice to know that I recently acquired a lot of friends in high places whom I've never actually met. Nevertheless, many of them have really been putting themselves out lately to win my approval, and I must say I'm extremely flattered, even though there are times when I might characterize their efforts as "overkill." more »
Domino Effect
What if I scan all those photographs, dump the film and originals to save space in my house, only to discover the technology of the future (probably being developed somewhere by a 12-year-old as you read this paragraph) would work better if I started from the irreplaceable articles I tossed in the garbage two weeks ago instead of my digital copies? more »
FactCheck and Arizona's 'Papers, Please' Law
"We examine a widely circulated chain e-mail written by an Arizona state senator who supports the law, and find her claims to be misleading. The violence against ranchers that she describes is real, but it is the work of Mexican crime cartels, not illegal immigrants." more »
Older But Happier
"Stress and Anger steeply declined from the early 20s, Worry was elevated through middle age and then declined, and Sadness was essentially flat. Unlike a prior study, men and women had very similar age profiles of Well Being. more »


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Video – Vermont Winemaker Spotlight: ZAFA Wines
Tweet Summer is coming and there is no time like now to sip a glass of wine, drink 'a pint of your finest', or enjoy some gin to celebrate England's vast array of breweries, vineyards and distilleries. With a … Continue reading →
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Biozen – Herbal food supplements
Biozen High Efficacy is a effective herbal food supplement for heart block, . Biozen High Efficacy fortified comprehensive combination of anti-glycemic, Laxative Digestive, Anti-Lipid, Neurotonic, Anti-oxidant, Stamina builder, systemic correction, Anti-obesity and Anti-cancer. It does the same function of Biozen; the only difference is its ingredients are organic which makes it the best organic health drink for cardiac patients.
Biozen high efficacy is strongly made of lemon, ginger, garlic, apple cider vinegar and honey. These are natural materials which are generally used for medicine. There is no preservative and no side effects to the health.
- Acts as ayurvedic medicine for High blood pressure
- Reduces Cholesterol
- Reduces of Cardiac Diseases
- Helps in Improving stamina
- Dissolves the block in Blood Vessels
- Reduce obesity
- Corrects Gastric Disorder
- Ensure Digestion
- Blood Purifier
- Improves Face and Body Complexion
- People suffering from heart diseases.
- Geriatric Patients
- Diabetic Patients
- Pregnant Women( consult the physician before use)
We prepare natural and organic food producer for the benefits and importance of health and focusing to cure the diseases. After several researches these products came to market as a solution for many problems.
This unique herbal solution helps from head to toe. Reduces weight lose, acidity, indigestion, fatty liver and also gives a better solution for menstrual disorder.
- Drink 15 ml in empty stomach mixed with a glass of warm water & smacks the mix along with saliva and for good results.
- Smacks the mix along with saliva. For the reduction level heat and for better results.
- To reduce the heat in your body, take oil bath once in a week or 1 teaspoon natural honey at night every day. This process will give good results
- Take Biozen regularly which will help in Homostasis and Rejuvenates for the health.
For better solutions it takes time more than 6 months. Some medicines give solution within a few days but there won't be good results after a few days. There is no permanent solution. It is finally said to that "Biozen is not a medicine it is a solution."


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White Birch Wedding
This was a cake a from a few years ago, white birch effect with fondant and hand painting, everything on the cake was edible besides the baby's breath and the topper. Chocolate and red velvet tiers. Initials were carved
fondant gel color ball tool birch tree wedding cake rustic wedding cake
Thanks so much!


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Travel safely: Make sure that you follow any government safety guidelines for travel. Learn more
The area's monuments and history are just some of the reasons to come on holiday to St. Peter im Schwarzwald. This walkable and welcoming city entices travellers with its forests and restaurants. If you need more space to accommodate a family holiday or a trip with friends, rental homes often come with separate dining areas and spacious living rooms.
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Whether you're looking for fun outdoor activities or just want to spend some time taking in the scenery, you'll be sure to find the perfect setting for your holiday in St. Peter im Schwarzwald. Here are some of the area's noteworthy sights, all within 30 miles (48.2 km) of the city centre:
The nearest airport is in Mulhouse (MLH-EuroAirport), located 37.1 mi (59.7 km) from the city centre.
Our 2020 accommodation listings offer a large selection of 913 holiday lettings around Sankt Peter. From 841 flats & apartments to 22 houses, find unique self catering accommodation for you to enjoy a memorable stay with your family and friends for a long holiday or a weekend break.
If you are hoping to discover some natural attractions in and around Sankt Peter, you won't be disappointed by:
To discover some extra natural attractions, just click on the search tab.
There are plenty of great attractions in Sankt Peter. Here are some of the most popular:
For even more well-known tourist attractions, just hit the search tab.
Sometimes you just need to get away from it all. Ditch the crowds and experience the allure and authenticity of country living. HomeAway has 236 rural holiday properties in this destination. Of course, that might not work for the whole group. Fortunately, HomeAway has a bunch of other options, including:
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eMoviePoster.com - The most trusted vintage original movie poster site & the only major online auction with no buyers premiums!
2502UF FISTS OF FURY Italian locandina '73 great Bruce Lee action kung fu art by Ciriello!
What do TF, UF, and FF mean in Fixed Price titles? (Learn More)
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An Original 1973 (from the first release of this movie in Italy) Vintage Theatrical Unfolded Italian Locandina Movie Poster (measures 13" x 27 1/2" [33 x 70 cm]) (Learn More)
Artist: Averardo Ciriello
Tang Shan Da Xiong (released in Hong Kong as "Tang Shan Da Xiong/The Big Boss", released in the U.S. in 1973 as "Fists of Fury"), the classic 1971 Lo Wei Hong Kong kung fu martial arts thriller ("Karate/Kung-Fu!"; "The new screen excitement that gives you the biggest kick of your life!"; "Karate/Kung-Fu! The oriental sensation - now gives America the action its been waiting for!"; "No evil on earth could survive the fury that was Bruce Lee!") starring Bruce Lee ("every limb of his body is a lethal weapon"), Maria Yi, Han Ying Chieh, Tony Liu, and Malalene. Note that this movie (and "The Chinese Connection") received very limited release in the United States until after the success of "Enter the Dragon", at which point both movies received wide U.S. releases. Also, note that Australia distributed this movie as "The Chinese Connection", and released Lee's next movie (Jing Wu Men) as "Fist of Fury", which further complicates things!Important Added Info: Note that this movie was very popular in Italy upon release! The first release posters are incredibly rare and have a red Titanus logo, instead of the black one that is on the re-releases (printed by Novograph). The second release one-panel posters (likely from 1976) are printed by Grafitalia, and the third release posters (likely from 1979 to 1981) are printed by Rotopress. There is a 1980s re-release from Sericolor, and there are likely even more releases! If anyone knows more about any of this, please e-mail us and we will post it here.
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Pertussis continues to be an important public-health issue. The high immunization coverage rates achieved, mainly in industrialized countries, have certainly decreased the spread of the pathogen. However, as immunity wanes, adolescents and adults play an important role in the dynamics of the infection. The surveillance system has several limitations and the underestimation of pertussis in adolescents, young adults and adults is mainly related to the atypical clinical characteristics of cases and the lack of lab confirmation. The real epidemiological impact of pertussis is not always perceived. The unavailability of comprehensive data should not hamper the adoption of active prophylactic measures designed to avoid the impact of waning immunity against pertussis. Different immunization strategies have been suggested and/or already adopted such as immunization of newborns, pre-school and school children, adolescents, adults, healthcare workers, childcare workers, pregnant women, cocoon strategy. Prevention of pertussis requires an integrated approach and the adoption of different immunization strategies, with the objective of achieving and maintaining high coverage rates.
|Original language
|Pages (from-to)
|Number of pages
|Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics
|Issue number
|Publication status
|Published - Jan 1 2015
- Epidemiology
- Immunization strategies
- Pertussis
- Prevention
- Vaccination
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Immunology and Allergy
- Immunology
- Pharmacology


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Judith from Ashburn Age: 24. A charming liberated student will dispel melancholy and surround you with care and love. With me, you'll forget your problems.
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Meet Amy and Jonathan! When I first met Amy we both found that we have something in common….we are both PK's (preacher's kids) and grew up in south GA very near each other. Amy & Jonathan are also getting married in Savannah where I used to live! Amy is a Spanish teacher and Jonathan just finished up med school at Emory. Jonathan proposed to Amy in the middle of Centennial Park so that is where we started their session.
Here is the spot where Jonathan popped the question. They had just had dinner and were walking through the rain across the park and Amy was all annoyed that he parked way on the other end of the park because she had to walk in the rain in heels…. but as soon as she realized what was going on and he was proposing she dropped their take out and said YES!
We thought that rain was going to come but it held off just for us!
They are so adorable!
Have you noticed a reoccurring theme in my last few engagement sessions. Fountains! I am thinking of giving them their own category and tag if this continues! The Olympic fountain was filled with lots of soaked kiddos, but this couple managed to stay dry for these romantic shots!My favorite!
And the gold medal winners are….Amy & Jonathan!
It's amazing how many places there are to photograph in Atlanta! We stopped for a drink of Coca-cola, it was refreshing and delicious. Hahaha, but fitting for the home of Coke…Atlanta, GA.
There was a British phone booth across the street that we had to take advantage of!
Then we headed to a museum for some artsy shots!
Amy & Jonathan, thanks for such a fun day showing me around Atlanta! I had a blast hanging out with you two and I cannot wait for your wedding in June! I know we are going to have so much fun on the wedding day!
Jenny Evelyn


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Family Guy
S5E18: Meet the Quagmires
Views: 46
Sorry, I've already got plans. What do you mean, "plans"? I'm going to the Country Club Dance with Glenn. I wanted to surprise you with the invitation last night, but you never showed up. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to get ready. Peter, the Country Club Dance is where Lois said she fell in love with Quagmire.
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Installing Realtek Wireless Driver for Ubuntu on a Desktop PC
Recently I did a fresh install of Ubuntu (actually Kubuntu) 20.04 on my desktop PC. Unfortunately, my PC motherboard (Gigabyte Z370) does not have any built in wireless or bluetooth chipset, and somehow I need to get internet working. Also I live in a place where there is no ethernet ports, which makes the process more difficult. So, I use one of the cheap USB WiFi adapter I bought from Amazon. It uses Realtec RTL8811CU chipset. Read more →


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SEATO's flag
Map of SEATO members, shown in blue.
|8 September 1954
|30 June 1977
|Intergovernmental military alliance
|Bangkok, Thailand
Region served
|Southeast Asia
States protected by SEATO
2 nations
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954.
Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left longstanding effects in Southeast Asia. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and withdrew.
The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, was signed on 8 September 1954 in Manila, [1] as part of the American Truman Doctrine of creating anti-communist bilateral and collective defense treaties. [2] These treaties and agreements were intended to create alliances that would contain communist powers (Communist China, in SEATO's case). [3] This policy was considered to have been largely developed by American diplomat and Soviet expert George F. Kennan. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles (1953–1959) is considered to be the primary force behind the creation of SEATO, which expanded the concept of anti-communist collective defense to Southeast Asia. [1] Then-Vice President Richard Nixon advocated an Asian equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) upon returning from his Asia trip of late 1953, [4] and NATO was the model for the new organization, with the military forces of each member intended to be coordinated to provide for the collective defense of the member states. [5]
The organization, headquartered in Bangkok, was created in 1955 at the first meeting of the Council of Ministers set up by the treaty, contrary to Dulles's preference to call the organization "ManPac".[ citation needed ] Organizationally, SEATO was headed by the Secretary General, whose office was created in 1957 at a meeting in Canberra, [6] [7] with a council of representatives from member nations and an international staff. Also present were committees for economics, security, and information. [7] SEATO's first Secretary General was Pote Sarasin, a Thai diplomat and politician who had served as Thailand's ambassador to the U.S. between 1952 and 1957, [8] [9] and as Prime Minister of Thailand from September 1957 to 1 January 1958. [10]
Unlike the NATO alliance, SEATO had no joint commands with standing forces. [11] In addition, SEATO's response protocol in the event of communism presenting a "common danger" to the member nations was vague and ineffective, though membership in the SEATO alliance did provide a rationale for a large-scale U.S. military intervention in the region during the Vietnam War (1955–1975). [12]
Despite its name, SEATO mostly included countries located outside of the region but with an interest either in the region or the organization itself. They were Australia (which administered Papua New Guinea), France (which had recently relinquished French Indochina), New Zealand, Pakistan (including East Pakistan, now Bangladesh), the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom (which administered Hong Kong, North Borneo and Sarawak) and the United States. [11]
The Philippines and Thailand were the only Southeast Asian countries that actually participated in the organization. They shared close ties with the United States, particularly the Philippines, and they faced incipient communist insurgencies against their own governments. [13] Thailand became a member upon the discovery of the newly founded "Thai Autonomous Region" (the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture) in Yunnan (in South West China) – apparently feeling threatened by potential Chinese communist subversion on its land. [14] Other regional countries like Burma and Indonesia were far more mindful of domestic internal stability rather than any communist threat, [13] and thus rejected joining it. [15] Malaya (including Singapore) also chose not to participate formally, though it was kept updated with key developments due to its close relationship with the United Kingdom. [13]
The states newly formed from French Indochina (North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) were prevented from taking part in any international military alliance as a result of the Geneva Agreements signed 20 July of the same year concluding the end of the First Indochina War. [16] However, with the lingering threat coming from communist North Vietnam and the possibility of the domino theory with Indochina turning into a communist frontier, SEATO got these countries under its protection – an act that would be considered to be one of the main justifications for the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. [17] Cambodia, however rejected the protection in 1956. [18]
The majority of SEATO members were not located in Southeast Asia. To Australia and New Zealand, SEATO was seen as a more satisfying organization than ANZUS – a collective defense organization with the U.S. [19] The United Kingdom and France joined partly due to having long maintained colonies in the region, and partly due to concerns over developments in Indochina. Last but not least, the U.S. upon perceiving Southeast Asia to be a pivotal frontier for Cold War geopolitics saw the establishment of SEATO as essential to its Cold War containment policy. [13]
All in all, the membership reflected a mid-1950s combination of anti-communist Western nations and such nations in Southeast Asia. The United Kingdom, France and the United States, the latter of which joined after the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty by an 82–1 vote, [20] represented the strongest Western powers. [21] Canada also considered joining, but decided against it in order to concentrate on its NATO responsibilities. [17]
Average of contributions to civil and military budgets between 1958 and 1973: [22]
Secretaries-General of SEATO:
|Pote Sarasin
|5 September 1957
|22 September 1957
|William Worth (acting)
|22 September 1957
|10 January 1958
|Pote Sarasin
|10 January 1958
|13 December 1963
|William Worth (acting)
|13 December 1963
|19 February 1964
|Konthi Suphamongkhon [ de ]
|19 February 1964
|1 July 1965
|Jesus M. Vargas
|1 July 1965
|5 September 1972
|Sunthorn Hongladarom [ th; de ]
|5 September 1972
|30 June 1977
After its creation, SEATO quickly became insignificant militarily, as most of its member nations contributed very little to the alliance. [17] While SEATO military forces held joint military training, they were never employed because of internal disagreements. SEATO was unable to intervene in conflicts in Laos because France and the United Kingdom rejected use of military action. [18] As a result, the U.S. provided unilateral support for Laos after 1962. [18] Though sought by the U.S., involvement of SEATO in the Vietnam War was denied because of lack of British and French cooperation. [20] [18]
Both the United States and Australia cited the alliance as justification for involvement in Vietnam. [17] U.S. membership in SEATO provided the United States with a rationale for a large-scale U.S. military intervention in Southeast Asia. [12] Other countries, such as the UK and key nations in Asia, accepted the rationale. [12] In 1962, as part of its commitment to SEATO, the Royal Australian Air Force deployed CAC Sabres of its No. 79 Squadron to Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. The Sabres began to play a role in the Vietnam War in 1965, when their air defence responsibilities expanded to include protection of USAF aircraft using Ubon as a base for strikes against North Vietnam. [23] [24]
In addition to joint military training, SEATO member states worked on improving mutual social and economic issues. [25] Such activities were overseen by SEATO's Committee of Information, Culture, Education, and Labor Activities, and proved to be some of SEATO's greatest successes. [25] In 1959, SEATO's first Secretary General, Pote Sarasin, created the SEATO Graduate School of Engineering (currently the Asian Institute of Technology) in Thailand to train engineers. [8] SEATO also sponsored the creation of the Teacher Development Center in Bangkok, as well as the Thai Military Technical Training School, which offered technical programs for supervisors and workmen. [26] SEATO's Skilled Labor Project (SLP) created artisan training facilities, especially in Thailand, where ninety-one training workshops were established. [26]
SEATO also provided research funding and grants in agriculture and medical fields. [27] In 1959, SEATO set up the Cholera Research Laboratory in Bangkok, later establishing a second Cholera Research Laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh. [27] The Dhaka laboratory soon became the world's leading cholera research facility and was later renamed the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. [28] SEATO was also interested in literature, and a SEATO Literature Award was created and given to writers from member states. [29]
Though Secretary of State Dulles considered SEATO an essential element in U.S. foreign policy in Asia, historians have considered the Manila Pact a failure, and the pact is rarely mentioned in history books. [1] In The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina, Sir James Cable, a diplomat and naval strategist, [30] described SEATO as "a fig leaf for the nakedness of American policy", citing the Manila Pact as a "zoo of paper tigers". [1]
Consequently, questions of dissolving the organization arose. Pakistan withdrew in 1972, after East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. [7] France withdrew financial support in 1975, [11] and the SEATO council agreed to the phasing out of the organization. [31] After a final exercise on 20 February 1976, the organization was formally dissolved on 30 June 1977. [11] [32]
Despite the dissolution of the SEATO in 1977, the Manila Pact remains in force and, together with the Thanat-Rusk communiqué of 1962, constitutes the basis of U.S. security commitments to Thailand.
The foreign relations of Laos, internationally designated by its official name as the Lao People's Democratic Republic, after the takeover by the Pathet Lao in December 1975, were characterized by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic aligning itself with the Soviet bloc, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with Vietnam and formalized a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China.
The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975.
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. Tens of millions of people died during the conflict due to genocides, premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict which included the use of terror bombing, strategic bombing and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
The Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, commonly known as the Warsaw Pact, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.
French Indochina, officially known as the Indochinese Union from 1887 and the Indochinese Federation after 1947, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia until its demise in 1954. It consisted of three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south), Cambodia, Laos and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The capital was Saigon, with the exception of a brief time in Hanoi (Tonkin) from 1902 to 1945.
Lê Duẩn was a Vietnamese communist politician. He rose in the party hierarchy in the late 1950s and became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (VCP) at the 3rd National Congress in 1960. He continued Hồ Chí Minh's policy of ruling through collective leadership. From the mid-1960s until his own death in 1986, he was the top decision-maker in Vietnam.
The military history of the Philippines is characterized by wars between Philippine kingdoms and its neighbors in the precolonial era and then a period of struggle against colonial powers such as Spain and the United States, occupation by the Empire of Japan during World War II and participation in Asian conflicts post-World War II such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The Philippines has also battled a communist insurgency and a secessionist movement by Muslims in the southern portion of the country.
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula. With an estimated 95.5 million inhabitants as of 2018, it is the 16th most populous country in the world. Vietnam shares its land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares its maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital city is Hanoi, while its most populous city and commercial hub is Ho Chi Minh City, also known by its former name of Saigon.
The Laotian Civil War (1959–1975) was a civil war in Laos fought between the Communist Pathet Lao and the Royal Lao Government from 23 May 1959 to 2 December 1975. It is associated with the Cambodian Civil War and the Vietnam War, with both sides receiving heavy external support in a proxy war between the global Cold War superpowers. It is called the Secret War among the CIA Special Activities Division and Hmong veterans of the conflict.
The First Indochina War began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted until July 20, 1954. Fighting between French forces and their Việt Minh opponents in the south dated from September 1945. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Việt Minh, led by Hồ Chí Minh and the People's Army of Vietnam led by Võ Nguyên Giáp. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after World War II. The period is generally considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by the two powers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945. The doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) discouraged a pre-emptive attack by either side. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the founding and ruling communist party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Although it nominally exists alongside the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, it maintains a unitary government and has centralised control over the state, military and media. The supremacy of the Communist Party is guaranteed by Article 4 of the national constitution. The CPV was founded in 1930 by Hồ Chí Minh; since 1954, it has been the only legal party in the country alongside the former South Vietnam when it took over in 1976 at the end of the Vietnam War. It also controls the military, the People's Army of Vietnam.
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) is a designation for United States military advisors sent to other countries to assist in the training of conventional armed forces and facilitate military aid. Although numerous MAAGs operated around the world throughout the 1940s–1970s, the most famous MAAGs were those active in Southeast Asia before and during the Vietnam War. Typically, the personnel of MAAGs were considered to be technical staff attached to, and enjoying the privileges of, the US diplomatic mission in a country. Although the term is not as widespread as it once was, the functions performed by MAAGs continue to be performed by successor organizations attached to embassies, often called United States Military Groups. The term MAAG may still occasionally be used for such organizations helping promote military partnerships with several Latin American countries such as Peru and the Dominican Republic as well as in African countries such as Liberia.
The August Revolution, also known as the August General Uprising, was a revolution launched by Ho Chi Minh's Việt Minh against French and the Japanese Empire colonial rule in Vietnam, on August 14, 1945.
The military history of Thailand encompasses a thousand years of armed struggle, from wars of independence from the powerful Khmer Empire, through to struggles with her regional rivals of Burma and Vietnam and periods of tense standoff and conflict with the colonial empires of Britain and France. Thailand's military history, dominated by her centrality in the south-eastern Asian region, the significance of her far flung and often hostile terrain, and the changing nature of military technology, has had a decisive impact on the evolution of both Thailand and her neighbours as modern nation states. In the post-war era, Thailand's military relationship with the United States has seen her play an important role in both the Cold War and the recent War on Terror, whilst her military's involvement in domestic politics has brought frequent international attention.
The United States Air Force (USAF) deployed combat aircraft to Thailand from 1961 to 1975 during the Vietnam War. Today, US military units train with other Asian militaries in Thailand. Royal Thai Air Force Bases are an important element in the Pentagon's "forward positioning" strategy.
A defense pact is a type of treaty or military alliance in which the signatories promise to support each other militarily and to defend each other. In general, the signatories point out the threats in the treaty and concretely prepare to respond to it together.
In 1955, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm faced a severe challenge to his rule over South Vietnam from the Bình Xuyên criminal gang and the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects. In the Battle of Saigon in April, Diệm's army eliminated the Bình Xuyên as a rival and soon also reduced the power of the sects. The United States, which had been wavering in its support of Diệm before the battle, strongly supported him afterwards. Diệm declined to enter into talks with North Vietnam concerning an election in 1956 to unify the country. Diệm called a national election in October and easily defeated Head of State Bảo Đại, thus becoming President of South Vietnam.
In the northern-hemisphere summer of 1940 Germany rapidly defeated the French Third Republic, and colonial administration of French Indochina passed to the French State. In September 1940 Japanese troops first entered parts of Indochina; and in July 1941 Japan extended its control over the whole of French Indochina. The United States, concerned by Japanese expansion, started putting embargoes on exports of steel and oil to Japan from July 1940. The desire to escape these embargoes and to become self-sufficient in resources ultimately contributed to Japan's decision to attack on December 7, 1941 the British Empire and simultaneously the USA and at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii). This led to the USA declaring war against Japan on December 8, 1941. The US then joined the British Empire, already at war with Germany since 1939, and its existing allies in the fight against the Axis powers.
There are allegations that the United States (U.S.) directly armed the Khmer Rouge during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in order to weaken the influence of Vietnam and the Soviet Union in Southeast Asia. It is not disputed that the United States encouraged the government of China to provide military training and support for the Khmer Rouge and that the United States voted for the Khmer Rouge to remain the official representative of the country in the United Nations even after 1979, when the Khmer Rouge was mostly deposed by Vietnam and ruled just a small part of the country.


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