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Full Length Research Paper
Melia volkensii is a tree species growing in semi-arid regions of East Africa, and is recognized as one of the most valuable forestry species in such regions of Kenya. The use of root cutting is an easy method for its clonal propagation, but the most appropriate conditions have not been systematically examined. In this study, the relationship between diameter of root cut edge or fresh weight and formation frequency of adventitious bud were assessed. In addition, roots were divided into two fragments, and formation frequency of adventitious bud was compared between cross-sections roots without root tip and roots with root tip. Both the diameter of the cut edge and fresh weight of roots forming adventitious buds were significantly higher than in those not forming them (unpaired t-test, p<0.01). Formation frequency of adventitious bud was 77.0% in roots satisfying the criteria of cut edges diameter >15 mm and fresh weight >20 g, but it decreased (37.2%) in roots that did not meet this criteria. Based on anatomical analysis, an effect of the developmental stage of root fragments on adventitious bud formation was suggested, and root size is thought to reflect the stage of root development. The formation frequency of adventitious buds was 72% even in cross-sectioned roots, and the proportion was not significantly different from that of normal root tip (p>0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that root cutting using cross-sectioned roots are also available for clonal propagation.
Key words: Clonal forestry, anatomical analysis of root, availability of cross-sectioned roots.
Melia volkensii Gürke is a deciduous, broad-leaved monoecious tree species distributed in semi-arid regions
of east Africa (Orwa et al., 2009). The tree is recognized as one of the most valuable species for agroforestry purposes in the area because of features such as its drought tolerance, fast growth, high wood quality and ant resistance (Kariuki et al., 1990; Mulanda et al., 2015). Plus trees have been selected in Kenya, and improvement for drought tolerance and growth rate are being attempted through a breeding program (Muchiri and Mulatya, 2004; Luvanda et al., 2015). Superior varieties will be developed in the near futures, and the availability of clonal propagation protocol has important implications in the distribution of these varieties. This is because cloned trees maintain the genetic makeup of their mother trees, and the use of clones with homogeneous and desirable traits will improve productivity in forestry and agroforestry (Park et al., 1998; McKey et al., 2009). It is known that succession rate of stem cutting is not necessarily high (up to 33%) in M. volkensii although the reason is unclear (Indieka and Odee, 2004). Grafting is generally used as the clonal propagation method in M. volkensii. However, the method requires an investment in time and effort to prepare the plant materials, and a practiced technique and dedicated tools are also required. Therefore, other easy and cost-effective method for clonal propagation is needed for M. volkensii.
Root cutting is one of the general clonal propagation method, and it's use have been reported in various species such as Populus tremuloides (Schier, 1974; Snedden et al., 2010), Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides (Stenvall et al., 2004), Paulownia tomentosa, Paulownia fortunei (Ede et al., 1997), Prunus avium (Ghani and Cahalan, 1991) and Detarium microcarpum (Ky-Dembele et al., 2010). These studies have identified the effects of some factors on the succession of root cutting. For example, Ede et al. (1997) reported the importance of root size (whether > 5 mm of diameter of root cut edge or not) and the position where the root was obtained. Ky-Dembele et al. (2010) also reported significant effect of root size (> 10 cm of length and 15 mm of diameter) and no effect of root alignment on succession of root cutting. These studies indicate that optimum condition for root cutting should be considered in accordance with root configuration or other attributes of the target species.
A high ability to produce root suckers in M. volkensii is associated with mechanical damage to the root (Stewart and Blomley, 1994), and viability of root cutting was also reported by Mulatya et al. (2002). In addition, M. volkensii develop thick, deep roots (Mulatya et al., 2002) and therefore, clonal propagation using the abundant root resources is feasible. However, essential conditions for successful root cutting have not been systematically tested in M. volkensii, but very important knowledge for efficient clonal propagation. The present study evaluated: 1) the relationship between root size and formation of adventitious buds, 2) the anatomical differences between roots on which adventitious buds formed or did not form, to understand the anatomical factor needed for successful root cutting, and 3) the usefulness of cross-sectioned roots without root tips for enhancing the clonal propagation efficiency of M. volkensii.
Experiment 1: Effect of root size on efficiency of adventitious bud formation
The relationship between root size (diameter of cut edge and fresh weight) on the efficiency of adventitious bud production was examined. Plant materials were potted one-year-old juvenile trees of M. volkensii, derived from open-pollinated seeds collected in Kenya. The plants were grown in pots in temperature-controlled greenhouse with natural light in Hitachi, Japan (36.69N, 140.69E). One to four root tips of about 8 to 16 cm length were cut from each of the 48 juvenile trees with tree height of about 40 cm (Figure 1a). The diameter of the cut edge (average of two sides) and fresh weight were measured by caliper and electronic balance, respectively. Root length was not measured in this study because it was difficult to measure curved root fragments (Figure 1a). In total, 94 roots were randomly selected, and these roots were planted in polypots (diameter and height are 10 and 21 cm, respectively) with mixed soil (Yabashi et al., 1992; Kanuma soil: leaf mold = 1:2 volume ratio). Note that, about 0 to 5 mm of proximal end was exposed above ground (Figure 1b). They were kept in the above mentioned greenhouse, watered every two to three days until the 60th day after planting, and then the presence of adventitious buds was observed. Temperature and humidity in greenhouse during the experiment period were 24.9±3.5°C (mean±SD) and 75.2±17%, respectively. The difference in root size for roots with and without adventitious buds was tested by unpaired t-test using the t test function in R software (R Development Core Team 2015).
Experiment 2: Attempt at promotion of propagation
The suitability of cross-sectioned roots for improving the efficiency of propagation was tested. Roots were cut from four M. volkensii trees with diameter at breast height of about 3 cm that had been grown in the greenhouse (potted 3-year-old trees with height controlled at about 2 m). The roots were subjected to two kinds of treatments, that is, cross-section of roots without root tips (hereafter called C-S roots) and roots with root tips (hereafter called RT roots) were used for the experiments. The length of both kinds of roots was about 5 to 10 cm. In total, 22 C-S and 17 RT roots were used for the experiment. Environmental condition and subsequent procedures until observation of adventitious buds were the same as experiment 1. When C-S roots were planted, distal end was always buried in soil. If proximal end was buried in soil, adventitious bud would be formed in the soil as was found in the preliminary studies (Figure 2).
Testing for the difference in the proportion of roots forming adventitious bud in C-S and RT roots was carried out by prop.test function in R software (R Development Core Team, 2015).
Anatomical observation of adventitious bud formation
To reveal difference between adventitious buds formed and not formed roots, anatomical observation was carried out by frozen section technique (Kawamoto, 2003). Three samples were selected from roots both freshly forming and not forming adventitious buds. The roots were placed in a stainless steel container filled with SCEM-L1 embedding gel (Section-lab Co. Ltd., Japan) and frozen in cooled n-hexane by liquid nitrogen. The frozen blocks were removed from the container, and sectioned at a thickness of 10 µm using a CM3050S cryomicrotome (Leica Microsystems, Germany). The sections were stained with 0.5% toluidine blue or iodine-potassium iodide solution. The stained sections were observed under a DMRXE light microscope (Leica Microsystems, Germany) and photographed by a digital camera. The diameters of cut edges and secondary xylems were measured by a digital caliper. Regarding projected area of starch in secondary xylem or secondary phloem and cortex, two to five photos (size: 2048 × 1536 μm) of the sections stained with iodine-potassium iodide solution were randomly taken in each sample, and the photos converted to binary images to cover areas of starch grains using the software ImageJ 1.48v. The rates of starch (black) area were also calculated by the measure command of ImageJ software.
Effect of root size on efficiency of adventitious bud formation
Green, nodular and compact callus formation was observed within two to four weeks on most roots eventually forming adventitious buds (Figure 1c); adventitious buds developed from the callus (Figure 1d). The relationship among diameter of root cut edge, fresh weight and existence of adventitious buds is shown in Figure 3. Adventitious buds were observed in 50 out of 94 roots (53.2%).
Both the diameter of the cut edge and fresh weight were significantly different between roots that formed adventitious buds and those that did not form them (p < 0.01), and roots that formed adventitious buds were larger than those that did not form them (Figure 4).
Effect of sectioning of root cutting on adventitious bud formation
Adventitious buds were observed in 16 out of 22 (72.7%) C-S roots and 16 out of 17 (94.1%) RT roots. The relationship between the diameter of root cut edge, fresh weight and existence of adventitious buds is shown in Figure 5. The proportion of roots forming adventitious buds was not significantly different between C-S and RT roots (p > 0.05).
Anatomical observation of adventitious buds
Secondary xylem was observed in the core of roots (Figure 6a). The diameter of secondary xylem was larger in roots forming adventitious buds (4.0, 7.3, and 7.7 mm) than in those that did not form adventitious buds (2.6, 2.8 and 3.5 mm) (Table 1). Secondary xylem and vascular cambium developed in all cut roots forming adventitious buds (Figure 6b). On the other hand, interfascicular cambium and vascular cambium were not detected in roots that did not form adventitious buds (Figure 6c). Starch grains were more abundant in the cortex, secondary phloem (Figure 6d) and secondary xylem (Figure 6f) of roots that formed adventitious buds (Figure 6d, f and Table 1). Most vessels were occluded in roots that did not form buds (comparison between Figure 6h and i).
Effect of root size on efficiency of adventitious bud formation
In experiment 1, the frequency of formation of adventitious buds was higher in larger roots; both the diameter of the cut edge and fresh weight of roots forming adventitious buds were significantly higher than in those that did not form them (Figure 4). Therefore, root size (volume) is thought to be important for the success of root cutting in M. volkensii. For practical purposes, a cut edge larger than 15 mm and fresh weight greater than 20 g will be criteria to follow because the frequency of formation of adventitious buds was 77.0% under these conditions. On the other hand, it decreased to 37.2% in roots that did not meet these criteria.
Possible factors affecting adventitious bud formation in root cutting of M. voleksnii
The effect of root size on the formation frequency of adventitious buds has been reported in some species [for example, Actinidia chinensis (Lawes and Sim 1980), Prunus avium (Ghani and Cahalan, 1991), Detarium microcarpum (Ky-Dembele et al., 2010)], and the importance of nutritive conditions correspond to root size in some of them. In M. volkensii, starch content tended to be high in roots forming adventitious buds (Figure 6d-g and Table 1). However, it varied in roots that did not form adventitious buds. In populus, it is reported that carbohydrate is not necessarily a determining factor for successful root cutting, and the importance of hormones or unknown substances in roots was reported (Snedden et al., 2010). A similar phenomenon is thought to be applicable to M. volkensii, and starch accumulation may be a factor, though not a major one, for successful root cutting.
Three samples were selected for anatomical observation of roots both forming and not forming adventitious buds. Callus and adventitious buds usually formed around the cambium between the secondary xylem and cortical layer in M. volkensii, and the vascular cambium could be clearly distinguished in roots forming adventitious buds (Figure 6b). This means that mature roots in secondary growth stage might be easy to form adventitious bud. On the other hand, the vascular cambium was indistinct in roots not forming adventitious buds (Figure 6c). The average diameter of the secondary xylem was 2.4 mm in roots that did not form buds (n=3), which was smaller than that of roots that formed
adventitious buds (5.7 mm, n=3). Therefore, roots that did not form adventitious buds are thought to be transition stage from primary growth to secondary growth, which might affect the efficiency of adventitious bud formation. This study findings on more bud induction in larger roots indicated that root size might reflect the effect of the developmental stage of the root. In addition, it was observed that the vessels in one of the roots that did not form adventitious buds appeared to be filled by tylose or a similar substance, an indication of infection, water stress and/or senescence (Phillips et al., 1987; Neuhaus et al., 2007). However, only a limited number of samples could be observed in this study, and therefore, the relationship between root size, developmental stage and the resulting efficiency of formation of adventitious buds should be observed concurrently using more abundant samples in future studies.
The effect of some factors other than root size has also been reported in other species. For example, the effect of clonal variation (Stenvall et al., 2004) or temporal variation on efficiency of root cutting has also been reported (Snedden et al., 2010). In this study, many unknown tree families were used in experiment 1, and therefore, clonal variation could not be considered as part of the experiment. On the other hand, the efficiency of adventitious bud formation was confirmed in each family in experiment 2, and all families showed a high rate of formation of adventitious buds (80.0, 66.7, 80.0 and100% for the four mothers). Therefore, clonal variation was not observed, but a high tendency for root suckering in M. volkensii was confirmed. There may also be phonological effects: M. volkensii grows in east Africa, and clear rainy and dry seasons alternate in the region. Therefore, hormones and metabolic resources in roots will be different in different seasons of root collection. Unfortunately, source trees were grown in a greenhouse with controlled temperatures and watering conditions, and therefore, other conditions could not be tested in this study.
Viability of cross-sectioned root for root cutting
In experiment 2, most roots used in this second experiment satisfied the criteria for success root cuttings, that is, >15 mm cut edge and >20 g fresh weight (Figure 5), and formation frequency of adventitious bud were 74.4% in C-S root and 94.1% in RT root. Although the frequency was slightly lower in C-S roots, the values were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Therefore, efficient propagation will be achieved by using both C-S and RT roots.
From this study, the importance of root size for successful root cuttings in M. volkensii is concluded. Anatomical analysis indicated that root size roughly reflects the developing stage of root, and larger root (> 15 mm of diameter and > 20 g of fresh weight) are recommended for root cutting. Both parameters will be effective in inferring the developing stage of roots because significant correlation between root cut edges and fresh weight was observed (experiment 1, r2 =0.58, p < 0.01). However, diameter of cut edge could be more convenient visual parameter, and therefore, root cut edge will be more convenient parameter for practical utility.
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests
Ede FJ, Auger M, Green TGA (1997). Optimizing root cutting success in Paulownia Spp. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 72:179-186.
Ghani AKMO, Cahalan CM (1991). Propagation of Prunus avium from root cutting. Forestry 64:403-409
Indieka SA, Odee DM (2004). Vegetative propagation of Melia volkensii: an indigenous multipurpose drylands tree species. In: Kamondo BM, Indieka SA, Odee DW, Muluvi GM, Rao KN, Machuka J (2007). Regeneration of Melia volkensii Gürke (Meliaceae) through direct somatic embryogenesis. New Forest. 34:73-81.
Kimondo JM, Mulatya JM, Muturi GM (eds) Recent Mukau (Melia volkensii Gürke) Research and Development (Proceedings of the First National Workshop, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kitui Regional Research Center), pp. 22-26.
Kariuki JG, Mulaya J, Kimondo J, Ogawa S, Muchiri D (1990). Genetic improvement of Melia volkensii: Evaluation of candidate plus trees.
Kawamoto T (2003). Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 66:123-143.
Ky-Dembele C, Tigabu M, Bayala J, Savadogo P, Boussim IJ, Oden PC (2010). Clonal propagation of Detarium microcarpum from root cuttings. Silvae Fennica 44:775-785.
Lawes GS, Sim BL (1980). Kiwifruit propagation from root cuttings. New Zealand J. Exp. Agr. 8:273-275.
Luvanda AM, Musyoki J, Cheboiwo J, Wekesa L, Ozawa M (2015). An assessment of the socio-economic importance of Melia volkensii based enterprises in Kenya. Kenya Forestry Research Institute.
McKey D, Elias M, Pujol B, Duputié A (2010). The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants. New Phytol. 186:318-332
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Park YS, Barrett JD, Bonga JM (1998). Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: Deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 34:231-239.
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Snedden J, Landhausser SM, Lieffers VJ, Charleson LR (2010). Propagating trembling aspen from root cuttings: impact of storage length and phenological period of root donor plants. New Forest. 39:169-182.
Stenvall N, Haapala T, Pulkkinen P (2004). Effect of genotype, age, treatment of stock plants on propagation of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides) by root cuttings. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 19: 303-311.
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Update for CSYW members
Thank you to all of those who were able to attend our online meeting last week. It was great to see and hear from so many members across the state, connecting at a time where there is so much external pressure being put on the Department and its most valuable resource – you, the workers.
Members expressed frustration about the fact that, while everyone seems to have an opinion on what you do, very few people actually know what the work of Child Safety is, and how difficult it is for you to do your job. While the government may want to say that Child Safety in 2020 is very different from a couple of years ago, members are still battling through the same challenges of being overworked and under-resourced on so many levels.
Calls for further investigations or re-litigating other processes just won't cut it. Child Safety workers won't be scapegoated for systemic failures. You know what needs to be fixed in the child protection system, and it's time that your experience and commitment to keeping children safe is recognised.
We will be in touch with members shortly to talk about the next steps in ensuring that your voice – the voice of committed employees who face difficult decisions, a lack of resources and other constraints each and every day – is heard in this debate.
If you have co-workers who want to contribute to telling the story of Child Safety workers but aren't yet members of their union, they can join here.
Agency Consultative Committee report back
Last week, your delegates and organisers met with Executive Leadership at the Agency Consultative Committee (ACC), and we want to provide an update on outcomes of that meeting.
Regarding COVID-19 arrangements, the department has confirmed that more staff are returning to the workplace and recommencing face to face contacts for children in care. We were reassured that staff who are vulnerable (according to the Queensland Health Direction) should remain working from home. If you are considered vulnerable, let us know immediately if your manager or senior team leader is pressuring you to return to the workplace. As the COVID-19 risk remains, please let us know if your workplace is not providing the safest conditions.
The department confirms, whilst there has been no central directive regarding finalisation of temporary contracts or the recalling of those who are seconded, regions may have made these decisions in anticipation of possible upcoming budgetary constraints. Furthermore Arthur O'Brien (DDG) confirmed there is still monies available with the central and regional budgets, to maintain backfilling of those on parental leave.
In relation to Child Related Costs, Arthur O'Brien confirmed that any child with a legitimate entitlement, should receive approval for the CRC. Tracey Ryan (RED SE) confirmed that CSOs may be asked to source low or no cost measures, such as mental health referrals from GPs and free services from other community agencies.
Let us know if you have any questions.
EB Update
This week, Steering Committee delegates met to discuss and consider what last week's legislative changes could mean for your EB. We will have a further update for members very soon!


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|Adam Samuels (adamsammy) wrote in repose,
@ 2015-12-21 15:51:00
|Entry tags:
|*delivery, adam samuels, kyle van allen
[Delivery: Kyle V]
[shortly after this]
[Adam made it to the door, box in hand, but stopped short when he spotted both Ethan's much nicer car and the view of the two of them inside, lit by the soft glow. It clearly looked like a date, and he hesitated in even dropping the kitten off. It mewled in the box though so he went for it.
Left on the step in a box with holes in it, decorated with a too large bow was a tiny gray and beige tabby kitten, with a white belly and white feet. He'd thought he was going to wait, but panicked once he rang the bell, so there was no note, no indicator of who it was from.]


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Another month, another update. Here's what went down with Plausible Analytics in May:
🚀 Plausible is now much faster and can handle more load
🙌 Reduced the size of our tracking script by more than 50%
🔨 Good progress on a self-hosted version of Plausible
💵 MRR: $1,085: A lot of trials from April expired this month and we blew past $1k MRR. Huge month for revenue growth
👩 26k visitors (-59%): Traffic couldn't match April when we hit the front page of Hacker news. Still, 26k visitors is very strong
Here's the full recap https://plausible.io/blog/may-2020-recap


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Published: October 26, 2018 17:25:40 | Updated: October 31, 2018 19:26:08
Food Minister Advocate Qamrul Islam on Friday said former chief justice Surendra Kumar Sinha attempted judicial coup.
"He (Justice Sinha) made judicial coup attempt and tarnished the image of the judiciary in the way. He made the whole judicial system questionable. None expected this from him," he said.
Senior journalist and executive editor of daily Janakantha Swadesh Roy said Justice Sinha was ambitious and that's why he damaged the judiciary.
"Justice Sinha lost his capacity to remain as judge when he met the family of war crimes convict Salauddin Qader Chowdhury," he said.
They came up with the observations while addressing a roundtable titled "Broken Dream of Justice Sinha: Future of Judiciary" at capital's CIRDAP auditorium this morning.
Conducted by Barrister Tureen Afroz and presided over by senior journalist Rashed Chowdhury, the roundtable was also addressed, among others, by Vice-Chancellor of Begum Rokeya University Dr Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah, advocate Joynul Abedin, Subrata Chowdhury, Awami League leaders Rashek Rahman and Dr Badrul Hasan Kachi and former student leader Bappaditya Basu, reports BSS.
It's a blueprint to revive West Bengal's jute mills: Oikyafront
Govt has no roadmap to tackle corona: Fakhrul
AL to celebrate its 71st anniversary
Govt took more concerted steps than BNP's recommendations: Quader
FBCCI condoles death of Mohammad Nasim
'Balanced' budget to tackle economic fallout: Obaidul Quader
Proposed budget to inflict further sufferings on people: Fakhrul
Budget to focus on lives, livelihood: Obaidul Quader
BNP seeks three-year recovery plan in budget
Don't retrench workers in crisis time, Quader urges factory owners


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National Interest on May 16, 2020, reported on the new American legal framework, the Artemis Accords, for future mining and exploration. For excerpts see below:
NASA has revealed a series of principles that will govern the behavior of countries and companies on the moon and in space.
Despite opposition from some countries, the United States has long believed that nations and companies should be allowed to extract and use resources on the moon. With its Artemis program, NASA is aiming to return astronauts to the lunar surface by the year 2024.
The space agency will require allied countries to sign the doctrine if they want to participate in the lunar exploration program. NASA said the accord focuses on creating a "safe and prosperous future" between nations amid the shared goal of space exploration, which includes being fully transparent, assisting astronauts in trouble, registering space objects and releasing scientific data.
The agency noted that the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which prohibits nations from laying claim to the moon and other celestial bodies, is still valid, but the new Artemis Accords builds on the legal framework to help boost inter-country cooperation in space. More than 100 countries are included in the treaty, and 26 others have signed it but have yet to complete ratification.
"While NASA is leading the Artemis program, international partnerships will play a key role in achieving a sustainable and robust presence on the moon while preparing to conduct a historic human mission to Mars," NASA said in a statement.
"With numerous countries and private sector players conducting missions and operations in cislunar space, it's critical to establish a common set of principles to govern the civil exploration and use of outer space."


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Over the weekend the Seattle Times jumped at a news tip: there was a Confederate flag flying beneath the American flag in the city's Greenwood neighborhood, and residents were very concerned.
Only, it turns out, it wasn't the Confederate flag at all. It was the state flag of Norway, and a group of friendly Norwegians were just trying to show their patriotism and support for their Olympic Team when their very concerned neighbors contacted local media.
"Hi. Suddenly there is a Confederate flag flying in front of a house in my Greenwood neighborhood. It is at the north-east corner of 92nd and Palatine, just a block west of 92nd and Greenwood Ave N.," the tipster wrote, according to the Times. "I would love to know what this 'means' … but of course don't want to knock on their door. Maybe others in the area are flying the flag? Maybe it's a story? Thank you."
"That's a Norwegian flag," said the Norwegian owner of the flagpole in question. "It's been up there since the start of the Olympics." – READ MORE


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April 17th 2001
Model Name : Dalek_Black
installation directory : SIERRA\Half-Life\valve\models\Player\Dalek_Black
Author : Hamsterizer
Email Address : firstname.lastname@example.com
Model description : This model is of the deadly Dalek race from the popular British cult Sci-fi show Doctor Who. This model work really well when applied to bot skins. The Dalek is ideally suited to any deathmatch environment, as Daleks are quite happy to invade any unconquered planet! Watch in amazement as they travel up and down stairs! Now you too can scream 'Exterminate! Exterminate!' at your monitor!!
Other info : This is my second Half-Life model and my first to include animations. I was toying with idea of using them in a mod, but I don't really have the time. If anyone would like to use them in a mod or whatever, feel free! Do write and let me know as I would love to see any use they get put to. Your feedback is appreciated. Write and let me know what you think!
Additional Credits to : Valve for a damn cool game. Terry Nation and the BBC for making the Daleks in the first place.
Thanks to : Mungler for help playtesting.
* Play Information *
New Sounds : NO
CTF Skins : NO
VWEP Support : ?
* Construction *
Poly Count : can't remember
Vert Count : and I've deleted Milkshape
Skin Count : and the model viewer
Base : New Model
Editor used : Milkshape 3D
Known Bugs : None known
Build/Animation time : Quite a while on and off. I finished them ages ago.
* How to use this model *
It's a zip file so just unzip it using the folder names! Then look in your Multiplayer setup and pick the model (ignore some of the strange colours in the model pics). If you get lost this is were the model goes:
installation directory : SIERRA\Half-Life\valve\models\Player\Dalek_Black\Dalek_Black.BMP
* Copyright / Permissions *
Valve and BBC and Terry Nation
Please credit me if you use the models for anything else.
- Two other Daleks were featured as preview image in file, but was possibly went never released for unknown reasons. Otherwise, the example and a sneak peek for unreleased models images were kept for historical purposes.


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Visit our new web yourhomeforwomenshealth.org
We're Back at Henry Community Health's Main Campus
You are safe in our office and at Henry Community Health
All staff are wearing masks and have their temperatures taken daily. They are sent home if their temperature is higher than 100 degrees F.
All patients and visitors must wear a mask and are screened before they can enter the hospital and our office.
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Prior to your visit you will receive a phone call where you will be pre-registered, reminded to wear a mask and asked to call our office when you arrive in the parking lot.
We are spacing out appointments and minimizing the number of patients who can be in our waiting rooms as another safety precaution for social distancing. You could be asked to return to wait in your car if there are too many people in the office.
Telehealth visits are available.
Dr. Bruce Benninger Returning To Seeing Patients In Cambridge City
Beginning July 7 Dr. Bruce Benninger will begin seeing patients on Tuesday's at Cambridge City Family Health Partners. On August 3 he will begin seeing patients on Monday's and Tuesdays in their office.
Henry Community Health Respiratory Clinic
Call 599.3443 for your appointment.


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All LA SBDC workshops are currently being offered online only.
Due to the COVID-19 Safer-at-Home restrictions, all LA SBDC workshops are being rescheduled or offered online only. If you've registered for a workshop, please check your email or the calendar listing for the latest updates.
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Protocols & Requirements for Re-Opening, Resources, and Funding
June 30 @ 2:30 pm - 3:30 pmFree
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AfD Part 1: From anti-EU neolibs to Nazi front party September 7, 2018Posted by Citizen of Nowhere in Uncategorized.
Readers of this blog may be wondering just what is going on with the right in Germany. So here's the first of a series of entries focusing on the AfD. This is not because I want to give that party yet more publicity, but what is happening is important at least for the rest of Europe and is fascinating in it's on right. And a warning should anything similar develop in Ireland.
The anti-EU neolib / monetarist phase
The AfD started initially as a 'professor's Party' with a number of rightist academics – mainly jurists and economists – who were dissatisfied with the political establishments Europhilia and a Germany supposedly propping up lazy foreigners, while the sacred tenents of monetarism were being watered down, and political correctness had gone mad – Germany should return to a more nationalist but rigidly neoliberal capitalism and the Deutschmark. And cultural uniformity, where real Germans could feel at home. Total idiocy given the nature of contemporary capitalism – but so far so mainstream.
At the same time, the party portrayed themselves as being excluded from the mainstream discourse, and discriminated against by the media. This self-defined (and also illusory or propagandist – they got plenty of exposure in the media even before 2015) victimhood persisted into the second phase of the party's development – the movement further rightwards towards an militantly anti-migrant party, housing a large Nazi wing.
The revolt against Merkel's moment of humanity
Then came the latest proxy war in Syria, and large number of refugees fled from there over land routes into Europe. Large sections of German and indeed Austrian society spontaneously came out to welcome the refugees. And Angela Merkel, for the second time in her long chancellorship, did the unexpected and refused to close German borders.
This enraged the large pool of latent and not so latent racists and authoritarians in German society. Some sociologists estimate this to be about 20% of the population. The AfD saw its opportunity, and turned its focus to portraying migrants as competing for scarce resources with the indigenous working class and bringing with them a wave of criminality. The media acted as their reliable amplifier – more on this later.
And more is due on the social context in another part of this series – suffice it to say that there is no evidence that migrants lower wages and conditions etc. and the scarcity of resources is an artificial one imposed by political neo-liberalism. There is also no evidence that migrants are more criminal than the indigenous population, despite the massive pressure they are under.
Stoking the fear and recruiting the fearful
Some invaluable insights into the rapid growth of the AfD can be gained from ex-members of the party. For example in a podcast by by Jenny Günther (in German), two youngish women describe their reasons for joining the AfD and what they experienced within the party. One of them, Franziska Schreiber, went on to write and important book "Inside the AfD", after she left.
Both women describe heavy Facebook usage during bad times in their lives, and how they were sucked into a bubble of self-reinforcing paranoia about refugees, and the imminent danger of German society falling apart led by the left-green 'do-gooders' who sought to welcome the refugees. The support and recognition of having like minded people around them legitimate them sucked the pair further in and they became active members of the party.
The AfD operates like a mixture of cult and strict Leninist party. It love-bombs its new members, particularly women and the young – the AfD knows that it needs to cease to be mainly a party of older men to grow. But once inside, any open dissent against the party line is disciplined and seen as an attack on the party.
Die Flügel – the Nazi engine of the AfD train
Over the last couple of years the 'moderate' wing on the Party has either been driven out or made to dance to the tune of 'der Flügel'n organised wing of the party, based in East Germany, the core members of which are entryists from the German extreme right scene.
This Flügel has its own Führer, a sports and history teacher called Björn Höcke, from a family of East Prussian refugees. Höcke is a revolutionary national socialist who saw the AfD as ripe for entryism by the extreme right. He believes that the current political decay means that Germany requires and is ready for a putsch by a core cadre with sufficiently large support among the 'concerned citizens'.
Under his leadership (from the second rank in the Thürigen state parliament) all significant personnel and political decisions have to approved by the Flügel. Where AfD members of parliament are not aligned to the Flügel at federal or state level they will be forced to take on advisers associated with the Flügel.
He commands a fanatical following among younger male party members in the East who stand to attention when he enters a room, chant his name and delight in the way he edges close to what is illegal in Germany in terms of Nazi propaganda. Hitler salutes are confined to private gatherings.
The Flügel is based in Eastern Germany, but their power dominates the party in the west of Germany as well.
Nazi generations and heritage
The ideology of the AfD is now tightly focused around hatred of migrants, of social liberalism and of the left. It sees itself as defending the purity of German or European 'culture', a stand-in term for 'race', since organising around the latter is not allowed by the German constitution.
These themes it inherits from generations of Nazi activists and sympathisers who have remained stubbornly present in postwar Germany, partly underground, partly represented by a series of parties. They are joined by 'modernising' identitarians, nostalgics for Germany of the Kaiser (Reichsbürgers), and self-organising groups of 'angry citizens' like Pegida in Dresden and its imitators. All these groups cross-pollinate each other and share members.
There is also an unspoken antisemitism deep in there with talk of media and politics being steered by dark forces in the background. They've learned however not to refer to 'the Jews' – under the German constitution it would be illegal to be as explicitly antisemitic as Victor Orbán. So their world-puppeteers dare not speak their name, for now. At the same time the European fascist-spectrum admires the Israeli state for its wall-building, readiness to kill and the clear mastery of one 'culture' over others.
The Flügel also has an (at the moment hidden) dream of the regaining of the Eastern Prussian territories lost after WWII, another theme common to generations of German Nazis.
The social and economic conditions in the East of Germany after the fall of the Berlin wall proved particularly fertile ground for the growth of extreme right parties, for reasons that I'll deal with in another of this series.
Chemnitz – the Afd rehearses a putsch
The growing alliances between the AfD, Nazi groups, elements of the state and police came together in the recent demonstration following the stabbing a Cuban-German man in Chemnitz. The AfD ensured that their people came together in a common demonstration with Nazi groups, football hooligans and Pegida-style 'enraged citizens' which went on to chase foreign looking people off the streets and attack and intimidate journalists. The minimal police presence looked on.
This time no-one was killed during this proto-pogrom. But it represents a new explicitness about the role and political armoury of the AfD. How the rest of German reacts remains to be seen, but there are signs of hope.
- 1. 1729torus - September 7, 2018
As far as I can tell, the AfD in Saxony are basically like the DUP from around 1990, except more right wing economically.
The CDU branch in that state is pretty rightwing as well from what I hear, a bit like the UUP vs the Tories.
Incidentally, The Irexit Freedom Party hailed the rise of the AfD in eastern Germany on Twitter just a few hours ago.
- Citizen of Nowhere - September 8, 2018
I'm hoping to get the relationship between the CDU/CSU and the AfD.
Irexit Freedom Party – love the name because it's so shit. The Alternative for Ireland would have been cleverer.
The British Sun and Express seem to be all over them. I wonder why?
- 1729torus - September 8, 2018
AfD presumably want to overthrow and absorb the CDU the same way the DUP succeeded in overthrowing and absorbing the UUP.
An important step in AfD's growth is that AfD need to serve "competently" in a regional government or they will be permanently dismissed as nutters by many potential voters.
The easiest region for AfD to target is Saxony, so I'll just concentrate on there.
A recent INSA regional poll in Saxony had CDU 28%; AfD 25%; Die Linke 18%; SPD 11%; Greens 7%; FDP 7%. This is consistent with other regional polls conducted in Saxony.
We can see that the only plausible governments after the 2019 regional elections are: a CDU-AfD coalition; a CDU minority government supported by AfD; or some kind of arrangement between the CDU, Greens and SPD.
It would be great for AfD if the CDU choose to align with them, but this is unlikely. The local CDU would be too afraid of being getting expelled from the national party; getting sidelined like Franz von Papen; or losing support to the Greens.
AfD likely know that they'll be frozen out and are proceeding on the assumption that a Black-red-green coalition between the CDU, SPD and Greens will be formed after the 2019 elections in Saxony.
AfD would reasonably expect to gain votes off disaffected CDU voters unhappy with "red" or "green" policies, so that AfD are the biggest party in the 2024 elections.
It would be reasonable for the AfD to get at least 25%, and for Linke to get around 20% on the back of dissatisfaction with the SPD's support of the CDU.
This means that all the other parties together would only have 55% support at most. They might fail to get a majority entirely in fact.
AfD would have a decent, but not overwhelming, chance of convincing the regional CDU to associate with them after the 2024 election provided the Overton Window has been shifted enough.
The alternative for Saxony would be an unstable CDU-SPD-Greens-FDP arrangement that would be further eroded by AfD and Linke.
- 1729torus - September 8, 2018
I don't rate AfD's chances that highly.
As soon as they gain power in Saxony at some point (which seems likely), the contradictions in their programme would reveal themselves fairly quickly.
Eventually, working class voters in Saxony would get tired of voting for a party that supports flat taxes.
Look at how Loyalists are starting to get tired of being taken for granted by the DUP judging by the recent stories about Dee Stitt.
There aren't many brown people in Saxony so that AfD and/or their supporters could pose as some kind of community defence force.
The only solution would be for actual brownshirts to go around the place beating up political opponents of AfD so people couldn't vote them out. I can't see that being tolerated.
- 1729torus - September 8, 2018
A further question to be considered is how AfD could actually coax the CDU into an alliance with them. No Fascist movement has seized power on their own without support from conservatives.
The CDU could easily regard an arrangement with Die Linke as the lesser evil to one with AfD, should they be forced to choose between the two parties.
I don't think German conservatives will fall for the "you need us to fight Bolshevism" scam again.
- 2. CL - September 8, 2018
'populist, anti-immigrant sentiment is not actually being driven by claims that mainstream politicians cannot defend Europe's frontiers….
Europe has become a de facto fortress against migration…
anti-migration (more accurately, anti-foreigner) sentiment is beginning to be expressed violently, not just in Italy, where there have been several instances of shootings aimed at migrants, but even in generally well-ordered Germany….
Chemnitz is home to fewer foreigners than many similar-size German towns, and crime is generally under control there. Moreover, unemployment – which is declining throughout Germany – is not particularly high in Chemnitz, standing at 7%….
Whereas the total number of refugees as a share of Germany's total population is small (2.5%), refugees form a far larger share of Germany's young male population….
It is probably not a coincidence that Chemnitz, which has shown a readiness to vote for extremist parties , has the highest male-to-female ratio among 20-40-year-olds in all of Germany.'-Daniel Gros.
- 3. Lamentreat - September 8, 2018
How serious do you think the "lost provinces" stuff is? It seems like a kind of low-profit nostalgia they would be willing to ditch for the sake of alliances with the present day Eastern European far-right.
- Citizen of Nowhere - September 8, 2018
You're right for the time being. It's a Saxon Bierkeller pipe-dream. But don't forget the classic imagined Slav-German competition for living space.
If both Poland and Germany weren't in the EU you might well see PiS's militia and Höcke's eager youth having a go at each other.
That's not the immediate political danger in my opinion, which I hope to get to soon.
- Citizen of Nowhere - September 8, 2018
Not really – it's becoming more known, however. Whether it will make a difference remains to be seen. Certainly the turn towards extreme right dominance at the party conference in 2015 was widely documented in the non-Bild Zeitung media.
However, since then, and up till now, the media have been very kind to the AfD. I'm coming to that I hope.
- 5. Apple cases - June 2, 2020
Apple cases
AfD Part 1: From anti-EU neolibs to Nazi front party | The Cedar Lounge Revolution


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Optimizing GSM Abis Extensions Via Satellite
A technology solution that permits dynamic sharing of satellite bandwidth among multiple Abis links, producing dramatic cost savings
May 12, 2006
A little bit of satellite goes a long way ®
Optimizing GSM Abis Extensions Via Satellite Page 2
VSAT for Abis Extension
For some time, mobile operators have used VSAT (very small aperture terminal) satellite links to deploy base stations in rural and low-density areas sometimes known as "telecom islands." Satellite links are used to extend the Abis interface that, in the GSM architecture, connects the Base Station Controller (BSC) to Base Transceiver Stations (BSTs). This allows the operator to avoid the cost of deploying multiple instances of major network elements in areas where there is a need to provide coverage but too little local subscriber revenue to justify significant investment.
The standard design for the Abis satellite link is a dedicated single-carrier per channel (SCPC) link, with each BST allocated a fixed amount of satellite bandwidth. This approach works, but makes inefficient use of transponder capacity, which is the most expensive part of the satellite circuit. Some efficiency gains have been achieved recently by converting transmission to IP protocol, but they fail to attack the central cause of inefficiency. A dedicated SCPC link to a BTS must be dimensioned to provide enough bandwidth to handle peak traffic, which inevitably results in unused bandwidth during period of lower traffic flow. The typical design dedicates one or more full E1 links to each BTS, with idle GSM time slots carried across the satellite link.
Diagram courtesy mpirical limited
Sharing the IP Stream
Globecomm has developed a powerful solution called SatCell ® that optimizes
the Abis stream for transmission over IP using best-of-breed technology from iDirect Technologies. Based on years of experience helping mobile operators with Abis extension over satellite, Globecomm has created a platform that drastically reduces transponder capacity needs by sharing a single IP stream between multiple Abis links. The SatCell solution exploits the strengths of iDirect's Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) Unified Trunking technology
to assign access to the BSC instantly on demand.
GSM timeslots, rather than transmitting them over the satellite link, and allows
base stations spread across a wide area to share a common pool of GSM
SatCell also suppresses idle
Optimizing GSM Abis Extensions Via Satellite Page 3
timeslots. This permits the GSM time slot to be used in the transport layer only, so that E1s are no longer dedicated to individual base stations.
This diagram shows a network that would normally require 35 terrestrial E1s to support six base transceiver stations. The satellite DAMA network, however, creates the equivalent capacity with only 100 GSM timeslots. If any BTS experiences peak traffic, it can instantly access up to a full E1 from the pool of timeslots.
SatCell achieves this high efficiency through mediation of the Abis streams to minimize bandwidth per time slot while maintaining QoS. Methods include:
• Protocol adaptation between the TDM BS and the IP-based iDirect network
• Elimination of idle packets
• Compression of signaling overhead
Optimizing GSM Abis Extensions Via Satellite Page 4
iDirect DAMA Architecture
In a typical configuration, the DAMA network employs a single outbound carrier operating at up to 9 Mbps and multiple demand-assigned inbound carriers operating at 256k, 512k and 1,025 Kbps to minimize remote terminal costs and totaling up to 4 Mbps of capacity.
Optimal network architecture depends on the varying traffic demands at the remote locations as well as long-distance traffic flows. For low-density, long- distance traffic, a star or mesh DAMA architecture is usually most efficient. High-density, long-distance traffic typically requires a DAMA overlay on an SCPC core using high-order modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK or 16QAM. The traffic correlation gains are highest for lower-traffic base stations.
Cost Savings
Globecomm's SatCell implementation of DAMA-based satellite Abis extension has produced remarkable cost savings compared with both standard SCPC satellite extension and terrestrial network extension. Using erlangs as a standard measure of traffic volume per hour and an average cost for satellite bandwidth of US$4,000 per Mhz per month, Globecomm has achieved the following bandwidth cost per erlang of traffic:
256 Kbps
512 Kbps
1,024 Kbps
This compares with a typical terrestrial cost for serving the first erlang of traffic of US$1,000 per month.
About Globecomm
Globecomm integrates satellite into network applications in order to provide reliable, high-quality connection to the edge of the network, broadcast one-to- many, and support bandwidth-hungry applications. Globecomm is the only company in the industry that can, under one roof, design, install, integrate, support, manage and operate a customer's systems and networks, or provide turnkey services that offer the same features and functions as a customer- owned facility. Globecomm specializes in providing total solutions that free its
Optimizing GSM Abis Extensions Via Satellite Page 5
customers to focus on their core mission, whether it is telecommunications, broadcasting, retailing, serving constituents, maintaining security or projecting force. More information is available at www.globecommmsystems.com.


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