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1. Preamble
This guideline covers preoperative investigations, indications, contraindications, operative and postoperative phase of implantable hearing aids for hearing loss in adult and pediatric patients (abbreviation: ImplHA guideline). Simultaneously requirements for structures, processes and quality measurements are described. This guideline furthermore describes the framework, personal requirements and documentation requirements.
The treatment with cochlear implants (including auditory brainstem implants) is covered by the respective guidelines of the German Society for ENT, Head and Neck Surgery and the German Society for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology.
2. Interdisciplinary decision and evaluation process
The decision and evaluation process in preparation for implantation of a hearing aid should be interdisciplinary. The team involved in the decision should comprise an ENT specialist and in children a specialist for speech, language and pediatric hearing disorders, as well as a hearing aid specialist (engineer, audiologist, hearing aid acoustician) during the pre- and postoperative evaluation.
If needed, further specialties should be consulted (e. g. educator, speech and language therapist, psychologist). The decision should be made by the surgeon, based on individual findings and in agreement with the involved specialties. Postoperative evaluation should be done in an interdisciplinary setting to ensure appropriate quality control.
3. Classification of implantable hearing aids
The ImplHA guideline covers all active implantable hearing aids in which the transmitted signal to the cochlea is not processed in a conventional acoustic or electric way, but transmitted via mechanical stimulation of the cochlea. These implantable hearing aids in general consist of 5 components: signal receiver, signal processor, signal transmitter, signal output and a power source. They differ with regards to arrangement and implantability of the individual components. The signal output is achieved via mechanical transmission, meaning all systems are acoustic–mechanic transducers. Signal processing can be individually tailored to the patients' needs by means of programming.
Active middle ear implants
The signal transmission is located in the middle ear, whereby the signal transducer is coupled with an intact ossicular chain [19], parts of an intact ossicular chain or the round window membrane. Systems that are in direct contact with the perilymphatic fluid via penetration of the membrane are also included in the definition [10]. Fixation can be achieved via coupling elements [13, 14, 33], additional prosthesis, and autologous or allogeneic materials [28].
Partially implantable active middle ear implants
The power source and the microphone as well as the signal processor are placed in an external audio processor. The signal is transmitted wireless to the implantable component, which is transducing the signal. The external audio processor is typically fixed via a magnet to the implantable part. The skin remains intact [19].
Fully implantable active middle ear implants
All 5 components are implanted. The microphone is located either within the intact middle ear or subcutaneously. The power is supplied by transdermal chargeable batteries or replaceable batteries [24].
Bone conduction hearing aids
In this device, the signal is transduced to the skull. The mechanical oscillations of the signal transducer are transmitted to the inner ear via bone. Both inner ears are stimulated; however the signal transmitted to the contralateral ear is attenuated, depending on the frequency.
Active bone conduction hearing aids
In this device, the power source, microphone and signal processing are located in an external audio processor. The signal transmission is wireless to the implantable component of the hearing aid. The implanted component is responsible for signal transduction. The transducer is located in the skull bone. Typically, the audio processor is fixed via a magnet to the implanted component. The skin remains intact [12, 26].
Passive bone conduction hearing aids
Similarly, the power source and microphone as well as signal processing are located in an externally worn audio processor. The implanted component is passive.
Passive transcutaneous bone conduction hearing aids
The signal from the external audio processor is transmitted via the magnets of the external unit and the implantable unit (magnet coupling). The implantable component is screwed to the bone of the skull [17, 29] and is responsible for signal transduction.
Passive percutaneous bone conduction hearing aids
The signal of the externally worn audio processor is transmitted via a rigid coupling to an osseo-integrated bone anchor [30].
4. Preoperative investigations
The responsibility regarding the necessary preoperative investigations lies with the surgeon. These investigations can be done in an outpatient or inpatient setting. The following requirements should be kept in mind:
general patient condition,
ENT findings,
imaging (high resolution CT, DVT or flat panel tomography, FpT), always perform an MRI (exclusion of neurodegenerative disorders, retrocochlear lesions) except in cases where a percutaneous hearing implant is planned,
pure tone audiometry including bone and air conduction thresholds as well as impedance audiometry and if necessary specific audiometry in pediatric cases,
audiometric topodiagnostic including otoacoustic emissions and early evoked response audiometry (exclusion of retrocochlear hearing loss or auditory neuropathy) if needed in individual cases,
speech audiometry, including speech in noise audiometry,
adjustment and testing of existing hearing aids in noise and in quiet (if necessary in situ measurements),
preoperative simulation of expected hearing result with the planned implantable hearing aid—if possible,
if necessary psychological/psychiatric consultation to diagnose potentially treatment delaying conflicts,
if available, questionnaires (e. g. APHAB, HHIE, IOI-HA, SSQ, BBSS) should be used [1, 15, 21].
5. Indications (medical and audiological indications, patient-based indications)
The indication for a device-based hearing rehabilitation according to the German hearing aid guideline ("Richtlinie des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses über die Verordnung von Hilfsmitteln in der vertragsärztlichen Versorgung (Hilfsmittel-Richtlinie/HilfsM-RL)") must be fulfilled. In the case of a unilateral hearing rehabilitation this includes:
hearing loss of the worse ear in pure tone audiometry (DIN ISO 8253-1) of at least 30 dB (SPL) at at least one of the tested frequencies between 500 and 4000 Hz,
in speech audiometry the SRS ("Speech Recognition Score") with head phones (DIN ISO 8253-3) of the worse ear at 65 dB (HL) should not exceed 80%.
In case of bilateral hearing rehabilitation:
Standard of care should be a bilateral hearing rehabilitation. Prerequisite for bilateral rehabilitation is:
hearing loss of the better ear in pure tone audiometry (DIN ISO 8253-1) of at least 30 dB (SPL) at at least one of the tested frequencies between 500 and 4000 Hz, and
in speech audiometry the SRS with head phones (DIN ISO 8253-3) of the better ear at 65 dB (SPL) should not exceed 80%.
Hilfsmittel-Richtlinie, version: 17th December 2015
The indication criteria for implantable hearing aids are fulfilled in patients in whom a conventional hearing aid either due to medical or audiological reasons cannot be used, and if by using an implantable hearing aid long-term rehabilitation can be expected [19, 30]. Prior to any implantation a documented conventional hearing aid trial is mandatory, including professional setup and optimization and follow-up taking into consideration the individual hearing pattern.
The hearing aid chosen should be the optimal choice given the medical and audiological factors to provide the best possible rehabilitation [25]. The expected aided SRS is most important. If bilateral hearing rehabilitation is indicated both sides should be aided. Bimodal hearing aids are possible. The indication should be made team based, after thorough counselling of the patient by the surgeon and in consideration of the available interdisciplinary information.
Limitations and indication criteria set by the producer are to be considered [25]. In comparison to conventional hearing aids one or more of the following criteria should be met:
Conductive hearing loss.
Wearing conventional hearing aids causes recurrent external ear canal inflammation (e. g. chronic otitis externa, inflammatory meatal fibrosis), sensitivity (e. g. pruritus) and other medical symptoms (such as external auditory canal eczema, pain in the ear canal) which prevent a lasting use of the conventional hearing aid [19, 27].
Furthermore, if the conventional hearing aid does not sufficiently compensate the existing hearing loss, an implantable hearing could be indicated.
Conductive hearing loss and combined hearing loss.
Better SRS through an implantable hearing aid could be achieved:
Especially in cases of conductive hearing loss and combined hearing loss, in which conventional air conduction hearing aids do not sufficiently aid hearing. This includes malformations, acquired hearing loss as a result of middle ear surgery and temporal bone surgery as well as sclerosing middle ear conditions [3].
In cases of acquired conductive hearing loss, all conventional surgical means should be exhausted.
The regular use of conventional hearing aids can cause ear canal inflammation (e. g. chronic otitis externa, inflammatory meatal fibrosis), sensitivity (e. g. pruritus) and other medical symptoms (such as external auditory canal eczema, pain in the ear canal) which prevent a lasting use of the conventional hearing aid.
Single sided deafness.
Single sided deafness can be regarded as a special case: an indication could be set in patients who do not fulfill the indication for a cochlear implant (missing or destroyed vestibulocochlear nerve) and in whom satisfying hearing rehabilitation with conventional CROS/BiCROS ((bilateral) contra lateral routing of signal) hearing aids can not be achieved. The indication in these cases exists exclusively for bone conduction hearing aids [16].
5.1 Distinction of indications of the existing systems
There is an overlap of indications and spectrum of use of the currently available implantable hearing aids. The patient should be thoroughly counselled about the existing implants, in order to be able to form an informed decision. The following criteria could help in choosing the right system:
The aim should be a long-term hearing rehabilitation of more than 30 dB respective the augmentation characteristics of the system [25]. To achieve sufficient speech recognition the dynamic range of the system should be of at least 30–35 dB [25].
CROS effects should be taken into consideration [4].
The preoperative bone threshold should not be planned at the maximum output level of the implantable hearing aid; a reserve should be available to enable sufficient rehabilitation in case of progressive hearing loss.
Advantages and disadvantages of a transcutaneous vs. a percutaneous implantation should be considered [32].
MRI safety and possible imaging artefacts in individual implants should be considered [22].
5.2. Special notes on aiding children with dysplasia
Early stimulation of the affected ear should be aimed for children with dysplasia. Like in other forms of hearing loss a selective and direct stimulation of the affected ear should be aimed for, as far as the morphology permits.
A temporary transcutaneous bone conduction system (e. g. held by a headband) from birth should be considered, until the patient has fulfilled the criteria for an implantable hearing aid (see also: German guideline on peripheral hearing disorders in children). In individual cases an implantable hearing aid can be considered without a trial of a conventional hearing aid. The audiologic approvement of the cochlear function is mandatory. Depending on the chosen implantable hearing aid, a preoperative simulation can be done [5, 20].
The selection of the implantable hearing aid should be based on age, anatomic and audiologic criteria. The inner ear threshold determines the audiological–technological criteria of the implant [25]. Scoring systems are available for objectifying anatomical findings [8]. For preoperative planning and positioning of bone conduction hearing aids, CT-based simulations could be helpful [2, 23, 31]. The implantation of a hearing aid should be performed considering possible plastic reconstructive surgery of the pinna at a later stage [6, 9, 11].
5.3. Contraindications
The following conditions are absolute contraindications:
severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss,
considerable progression of the hearing loss, which will lead to insufficient hearing rehabilitation by the implantable hearing aid.
The following conditions are relative contraindications (existing or expected):
impairment of wound healing,
dermatologic disorders,
implant rejection,
can't use the implant.
5.4 Consent taking
Prior to implantation the patient has to be consented for the following issues:
advantages and disadvantages/special risks of the available implantable hearing aids (e. g. including the MRI safety),
indications and contraindications,
treatment alternatives,
risks and side effects of the surgical procedure,
aftercare and follow-up,
necessary technical aids.
6. Operative procedure
The implantation should be done in an inpatient setting.
6.1. Requirements on the surgeon and surgical equipment
The following minimum requirements are to be fulfilled by the implanting surgeon:
experience in special microsurgery of the temporal bone over many years.
Prior to performing this type of surgery for the first time, an attachment to an experienced unit, supervision by an experienced surgeon and an introduction by the respective manufacturer is mandatory.
The implanting center has to document the number, outcome and complications in all cases, preferably via a database.
Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring has to be available and should be used in cases where it is deemed useful.
A backup implant, screws and fixtures have to be available.
6.2. Possible complications of implanting hearing aids
The following possible complications could occur during the procedure and should be managed accordingly [7, 18, 34]:
bacterial infections of the middle ear with possible spread to the implant bed (see below), impaired wound healing of the implant bed, the percutaneous screw and the suture,
acute cochlea–vestibular disorders (sensorineural hearing loss, balance disorders, loss of residual hearing, labyrhintitis, tinnitus) (irreversible in individual cases),
facial nerve damage,
damage to the chorda tympani (taste disturbance),
intracranial hemorrhage,
intracranial abscess formation,
technical faults and complications.
6.3. Recognition of special rules on active medial products
According the German medical product law (Medizinprodukte-Betreiberverordnung (MPBetreibV, Abschnitt 2 § 10)), the surgeon has the responsibility of handing out written information regarding the implant after the implantation. This information should contain general advice using layman's terms. The content of this written information should comply with the MPBetreibV and the hand out should be documented.
7. Postoperative period and evaluation
7.1 First adjustment
After the procedure a follow-up, primarily by the ENT specialist, should be in place like in other middle ear procedures. Besides regular wound check-ups (dressing changes, bone conduction tests, removal of suture material) the postoperative follow-up should comprise the following:
medical aftercare (see above),
first adjustment of the audio processor and technical check-ups at latest 4 to 6 weeks post surgery (in noncomplicated cases) by staff specially trained and experienced in audio processor adjustments,
situation-dependent further optimization of the audio processor by staff specially trained and experienced in audio processor adjustments,
hearing tests (see section "Preoperative investigations") (at least during the first adjustment of the audio processor and following all subsequent audio processor adjustments after 3, 6 and 12 months),
technical and audiometric check-ups are the responsibility of the implanting unit (yearly, see below),
documentation and evaluation of results,
training in the use of the systems as well as additional systems.
The proof of special qualifications is to be done by proof of regular training: for specially trained staff via the implant manufacturer and in the case of external cooperation partners this has to be agreed on in the cooperation contract with the implanting clinic. Furthermore the specially trained staff has to attend indications and evaluation meetings.
The evaluation and documentation of the treatment process in implanted patients should be done by using quantitative and qualitative measures. With the help of these, individual treatment should be agreed on, checked and judged. Evaluation forms the base of quality control and the whole treatment. The evaluation is meant to capture the indication criteria, decisions during the treatment process and planning, including the postoperative period and complications.
7.2. Follow-up
Follow-up has to be done at regular intervals (usually once a year), or if new problems arise. It should, in a documented fashion, entail a technical check, counselling and a medical check as well as a pure tone audiometry. This is necessary to document long-term effects, complications, update on new available technologies and continued patient support. It furthermore helps to ensure continuous hearing rehabilitation, quality control and the setting of indications for further diagnostic, therapeutic or rehabilitative measures (e. g. audiotherapy). Private ENT practitioners can be included in the follow-up if coordinated with the implanting center. Extradepartmental hearing aid acousticians can be included if they gained the necessary qualifications (see above). The cooperation could entail the adjustment of the sound processor.
The proof of special qualifications is to be done by proof of regular training: for specially trained staff via the implant manufacturer and in the case of external cooperation partners this has to be agreed on in the cooperation contract with the implanting clinic. Furthermore the specially trained staff has to attend indications and evaluation meetings.
Creation date: 12/2017
Next planned revision: 12/2022
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Conflict of interest
Information on the conflict of interest can be found under:https://www.awmf.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Leitlinien/017_D_G_f_Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde__Kopf-_und_Halschirurgie/017-073i_Implantierbare-Hoergeraete_2018-06.pdf
The information corresponds to the long version of the guidelines on the AWMF homepage, see link: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/017-073l_Implantierbare-Hoergeraete_2018-06.pdf
The supplement containing this article is not sponsored by industry.
Additional information
I. Todt is the coordinating author of this guideline.
In the interest of readability the masculine form has been chosen in the text, nevertheless, the details provided refer to members of both sexes.
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Beutner, D., Delb, W., Frenzel, H. et al. Guideline "Implantable hearing aids"—short version. HNO 66, 71–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-018-0533-2
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- Implantable Hearing Aids
- Bone Conduction Hearing Aids
- Audio Processor
- Hearing Rehabilitation
- Retrocochlear Hearing Loss


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There is also a third clip.
Take a good look at this video compilation of Darnell footage by Denis Morissette and you will see that he is on the left side of Elm.
Wiegman was in Cam Car 1, whereas Darnell was in Cam Car 3. His footage is roughly 10-15 seconds after Wiegman shot his segment of the front of the T.S.B.D.
Both these two segments are odd as NBC5 used the Wiegman film assuming it was Darnell's. But more importantly NBC5 had a 16MM copy of the Wiegman film!
Anatomy Of Lee Harvey Oswald's Interrogations Vol II
Anatomy Of Lee Harvey Oswald's Interrogations Vol II
In Dec. 2016 I started to work on the second paper, Anatomy Of Lee Harvey Oswald's Interrogations, after I had released the first Volume of Anatomy Of The Second Floor Lunch Room Encounter a few months prior. I can now safely say that I have finally finished this beast of a paper. As that is how it felt, I have given it way more time than I intended to and at certain points in the last year I just had to put it aside as it just kept going on and on. Especially when I was granted access to Malcolm Blunt's archive where I found some key documents that cemented this thing just a wee bit more. In the end this instalment (Vol. 2) is better than I could have hoped for due to the subterfuge of evidence I managed to get my hands on and which are pasted inside the paper and linked to it.
The two hour talk I did in April 2018 at Canterbury Christchurch University was a summarisation of what was going to be released a short while after. But then I decided to change the whole thing. Since its original release the paper had accumulated an extra 150 pages and it had become too cluttered with info that had no real bearing on the actual period while Oswald was incarcerated.
The other self critique I had was that it was nowhere close to the quality of the Anatomy Of The Second Floor Lunch Room Encounter paper. The info was there but it was just a huge swamp. So decided to try the idea of putting it in a rough time line setting instead.
This was easier said than done and it has taken me a year just to do this. Quite a few reports and interviews summarised that weekend and it was quite a job to peel the material layer by layer and get it in the right time period and setting. No doubt things will get more material added on at a later date, but for now this will have to do.
The only other person that made an attempt on timing the happenings around Oswald that weekend was Mae Brussell. She managed to kick things off with the limited material available at that time.
I hope you enjoy reading this pretty long read, which is filled with documents, pictures and videos. And quite a lot of external links to boot.
Going to end with especially thanking Malcolm Blunt, Ed Ledoux and Alan Dale for proof reading this paper.
View the Anatomy of Lee Harvey Oswald's Interrogations Paper. Opens new tab. 331 Pages – 32MB.
The Other Witnesses by George and Patricia Nash
Today I came across an article that I had read about when I read "Into The Nightmare" by Joe McBride. The article in question is called: The other Witnesses by George and Patricia Nash for the The New Leader in 1964 (pages 105 – 109). This article largely looks into the Tippit murder and points out other witnesses which were never properly interviewed nor brought forward. In this article at the end the second floor lunch room encounter is brought up as well and more importantly that Bill Shelley told them that Truly and Baker entered the T.S.B.D. five or six minutes after the shooting. This of course destroys the W.C. timings once again, which were set at 75-90 seconds and of course Oswald' departure in 3 minutes after the deed.
I'd love to see George and Patricia Nash's archives.
Oswald's Shirt
Oswald's Shirt
I expect t
I expect this article will be amended in the near future. Since I have a paper coming out soon I needed a referral article to start off with.
Lee Oswald would wear a shirt on his way to and from the Texas School Book Depository and be working in his T-shirt inside the building. He was captured inside the Texas Theater wearing a brownish shirt and after the scuffle inside, his arrest and ride to City Hall he can be seen with this shirt hanging of one shoulder entering City Hall's third floor.
In this post we will have a look at that brown shirt he wore on the 22nd. The shirt he allegedly changed into after a bus & cab ride to his rooming house after having 'escaped' from the T.S.B.D.
Oswald is seen wearing this shirt for the whole duration of the 22nd. Only just after the midnight press conference is he asked to hand it over. F.B.I. Special Agent Vince Drain eventually takes possession and flies with it and the rest of the evidence overnight to Washington for the F.B.I. to analyse it.
Lee Oswald was allowed to wear his own clothes for the day. Whereas Jack Ruby was put in a white uniform quite quickly after murdering Oswald.
Several people, who had seen or interacted with Oswald at various times that day were asked whether they recognised this shirt as the garment Oswald was wearing on the 22nd. And by going through the statements of them we get the following:
Here are their statements just regarding that particular shirt.
From that whole group of statements is one important person missing, and that is Marrion Lewis Baker, who allegedly encountered Oswald in the second floor lunch room, which we know is complete and utter rubbish. Let's study his W.C. testimony.
Mr. BELIN – Did you notice what clothes the man was wearing as he came up to you?
Mr. BAKER – At that particular time I was looking at his face, and it seemed to me like he had a light brown jacket on and maybe some kind of white-looking shirt.
Anyway, as I noticed him walking away from me, it was kind of dim in there that particular day, and it was hanging out to his side.
Mr. BELIN – Handing you what has been marked as Commission Exhibit 150, would this appear to be anything that you have ever seen before?
Mr. BAKER – Yes, sir; I believe that is the shirt that he had on when he came.I wouldn't be sure of that. It seemed to me like that other shirt was a little bit darker than that whenever I saw him in the homicide office there.
Mr. BELIN – What about when you saw him in the School Book Depository Building, does this look familiar as anything he was wearing, if you know?
Mr. BAKER – I couldn't say whether that was–it seemed to me it was a light-colored brown but I couldn't say it was that or not.
Mr. DULLES – Lighter brown did you say, I am just asking what you said. I couldn't quite hear.
Mr. BAKER – Yes, sir; all I can remember it was in my recollection of it it was a light brown jacket.
Mr. BELIN – Are you referring to this Exhibit 150 as being similar to the jacket or similar to the shirt that you saw or, if not, similar to either one?
Mr. BAKER – Well, it would be similar in color to it–I assume it was a jacket, it was hanging out. Now, I was looking at his face and I wasn't really paying any attention. After Mr. Truly said he knew him, so I didn't pay any attention to him, so I just turned and went on.
Mr. BELIN – Now, you did see him later at the police station, is that correct?
Mr. BAKER – Yes, sir.
Mr. BELIN – Was he wearing anything that looked like Exhibit 150 at the police station?
Mr. BAKER – He did have a brown-type shirt on that was out.
Mr. BELIN – Did it appear to be similar to any clothing you had seen when you saw him at the School Book Depository Building?
Mr. BAKER – I could have mistaken it for a jacket, but to my recollection it was a little coloured jacket, that is all I can say.
Baker's testimony is very telling and one can only draw the conclusion that he did not see him at the T.S.B.D. why wouldn't any copper not know what a possible suspect wore after an encounter as such. This is basic stuff for any law enforcement officer to notice and memorise.
Captain Will Fritz made mention of two changes of Oswald's 'escape'. The first one was the inclusion of a cab ride as he left the bus prematurely, which he did in his interrogation notes from the Nov. 23rd morning session, and the second one as described, in the document of Dec. 4th below, that Oswald not just changed his shirt, but all his clothing. Which he did not, he did not change his T-shirt! Which is a strange thing, change your shirt but not the T-shirt after having worked in it that morning.
Lee Oswald's bus and cab ride can be doubted for several reasons. Ed Ledoux initiated a great thread about this at Reopen Kennedy Case Forums . I added various pieces of evidence to this thread and it is more than likely that this escape from the T.S.B.D. did not happen at all.
Roger Craig noticed someone looking like Oswald coming down the hill in front of the T.S.B.D. and getting into a Nash Rambler at about 12:42. Craig ID-ed Oswald as the man inside Fritz's office later that afternoon. All this was reported in the Dallas Times Herald on the morning of the 23rd.
The bus ticket was only found on Oswald when he was frisked again just before his first line-up. Why would Oswald take this transfer with him while going into the Texas Theatre? Bus driver McWaters, co-passenger Julia Bledsoe and cab driver William Whaley can be doubted to a high degree speaking the truth.
Oswald's shirt is photographed in great detail for the Shaneyfelt exhibition. Named after Lynda L. Shaneyfelt who is a special agent for the FBI in the laboratory. I am showing two of the photographs that are cropped on to the shirt. Compare the pix and see that this is not Lee Oswald. These and the others can be seen at the Mary Ferrell website (pgs 467-470).
Anatomy Of The Second Floor Lunch Room Encounter V5 March 2019
Anatomy Of The Second Floor Lunch Room Encounter V5 March 2019.
It has been a year since my last update and in that year's time I have been handed a few key pieces of evidence that I have added to the first paper. I have added, edited and deleted text and some documents and a video.
You can read and download the paper HERE.
Marina Oswald: "It's Lee"
Marina Oswald: "It's Lee"
By Ed Ledoux and Bart Kamp.
Some photos and text has been added and amended. Feb. 22nd 2019.
In June and July of 2018 the core ROKC members were discussing amongst themselves whether to get in contact with Marina Oswald and ask her what she thought of the whole Prayer Man situation. We agreed to put it forward to her, nothing ventured nothing gained right?
Stan Dane printed one of the better shots of the Wiegman and Darnell films alongside a picture of the book cover and sent these enlargements to her. No photo of Doorway man (a.k.a. Billy Lovelady) was sent to her at any time. Stan did not receive a reply so Ed Ledoux rang her and left a message on her answer machine not expecting to hear back from her. But less than 25 minutes later she rang back. He asked her whether she had received the images and she said she had.
What follows is Ed Ledoux's story abut this particular phone call:
I wanted Marina Oswald to tell me about that figure seen in the Darnell and Wiegman films Stan Dane had sent to her, a figure who was standing in the dark shadowy top left corner, one whom was labelled Figure J. in drawings by Richard Bernabei.
I felt the need to explain everything first, as she immediately asked what this was all about and began to tell all the details as best as I could relate quickly to her about Weigman and Darnell, the steps, our research and that of others.
When I was about to mention Richard Bernabei's annotated sketches of Weigman from the late 60's, which were not sent to her, with the unknown figure marked J. she stopped me.
Marina interjected and said "That's Lee" I was taken aback as she knew exactly what and who I had asked about. She volunteered her answer. I exclaimed "What?" to make sure I had heard her correctly. And she replied to me "It's Lee." and did so as quite a matter of fact.
There I was thinking, here is the one person besides Marguerite Oswald whom would know the likeness of Lee better than any armchair detective or internet warrior could. Here she was confirming the identity of her husband and in effect the work done by Sean Murphy until the 50th anniversary of the murder, and now carried on by the ROKC crew as a litmus test in the Kennedy assassination.
Well I was dazzled by her quick wit and retorts. She is no slouch when it comes to her late husband and the case.
I asked if she knew of a way to help and she understood the problem.
She wanted to know my age, she sharing hers first like a lady. I shared mine and she said "Good, you're young enough to get something done."
I told her about the book, "Prayer Man, Out Of The Shadows And Into The Light" by Stan Dane.
Marina asked when it was published. I said it has been out three and a half years.
When I told her what information it had about documenting Lee on the first floor and in the vestibule, she responded resolutely, "I don't need to be convinced."
Marina was kind and soft spoken, wanted me to help her children who suffer the most by having a father wrongfully called a murderer. No jury, no trial, no full investigation, yet the United States legal system allows this.
NBC Universal holds the original footage of Darnell and Wiegman from that day in 1963 when The President, John F. Kennedy, was murdered.
These original 16 mm films contain much better detail than the circulating ones. The copies that are around were transferred to 3/4 inch VHS tape nearly 60 years ago and are overall not very clear due to the generational gap and the artefacts it inherited due to the transfer.
Poor quality images allow the weak and timid to say it might be Lee or dispute it, and until better images they retort that they can't agree it is Oswald, until its shown and proven to be Lee.
Thus the Prayer Man litmus test has enabled ROKC to sample those researchers genuinely looking to end all debate as to Lee's innocence.
The naysayers dismiss with a wave of the hand the literal mountains of physical and documented evidence that puts Lee on the first floor during the assassination and outside during the shooting.
Naysayers accomplish this by saying the images taken from the films are to blurry.
Blurry yes, but good enough for them to identify Buell Frazier, and Billy Lovelady without second guesses.
I have spoken with Buell Frazier and I got the sense he recognises the figure but cannot allow himself to say what Marina effortlessly stated. "It's Lee."
Buell has identified himself in the films.
He has said he thought the figure near him called Prayer Man is Bill Shelley, Buell may default to Bill but he also realises Bill left the steps with Billy Lovelady to walk down to the rail yard and knoll area. Buell cant reconcile the figure with the logistics of those present.
I want to show Buell a better image too.
Slowly these things help to settle this important matter. Just over a week ago Bart managed to show a note made by FBI agent James Hosty which clearly stated that "He went to 2nd floor to get coca cola to eat with lunch and returned to 1st floor to eat lunch. Then went outside to watch P. parade."
This document and the Fritz interrogation notes show that Lee himself is giving his alibi to the police and knowing that Bill Shelley was there with him, only for police authorities to twist things and use it against him.
Lee said he stepped out to see what all the excitement was about as reported by Detective Ed Hicks.
Reporters were documenting this statement.
In his interview shortly before Lee was murdered by Jack Ruby, Postal Inspector Harry Holmes asked about Lee's alibi.
Specifically that Lee was in the Vestibule or nearing the vestibule when the shooting took place. There is only one vestibule proper. It is between the two outer columns flanking the steps, up to the front door.
That is in part Oswald's alibi, being out in the vestibule and knowing who else was on the steps.
I wanted to see the best images of those steps and who was in the vestibule and asked for and was granted a license for the Darnell film. Additionally I made an offer to transfer Darnell into 4k or 8k resolution, using the vendor of their choice to perform the scan and at my cost, but I was soon told that the powers that be had denied access to the film.
Rather than provide me the best quality image available NBC asked that I use a high quality format but media that was from a 3/4″ tape circa 1970's era.
I declined to accept this paltry material.
I thank the folks who helped with the project, especially Bart Kamp, Greg Parker, and Stan Dane who have searched for the original films with me.
Thanks to the fine folks at ROKC I knew beyond a shadow that Lee was Prayer Man and I continued based on evidence that the films were in New York at the NBC 'archives' there.
The films are still awaiting a new Executive to allow access to study them.
Greg Parker has sent a public letter asking NBC Universal for the films to be accessed by researchers and students.
We are still waiting their reply.
Thanks to Marina I realised the truth has just begun.
Marina asked me about the films timing, she said its important. I explained that the limo is still seen exiting Dealey Plaza in the Dave Wiegman film, which syncs up with Wiegman and then Darnell, so its a matter of seconds.
Marina said that makes Lee innocent.
I agreed,…
I've spoke to Marina a few more times to update her on the Prayer Man project and various aspects of the case. I am going to tell her about the Sixth Floor Museums donation they received of a 2k copy of Darnell.
Alan Dale asked Stephen Fagin at the Lancer conference about the film and Fagin told that it can be viewed in the museum's viewing room, but there is no zooming or slowing the playback there unfortunately.
I had mentioned to her that I would find better footage, as she was not positive NBC would ever allow access. So we are hopeful to have more to discuss in the near future.
Cheers and ROKC on.
Then went outside to watch P. parade
As I have mentioned before on the Prayer Man FB page I have been quite busy with putting a new website together for Dealey Plaza UK. Part of that website was trying to put some archives in there as well. It started with the Harold Rydberg materials, but shortly after I was asked to do the Harry Livingstone archives, or part of that as well. Malcolm Blunt asked me to do this to which I readily agreed. The work is still ongoing and means less online appearances unless there is something worthwhile to make mention of.
This research then also led to me digitising parts of Malcolm Blunt's old Dallas collection. Malcolm does a lot of deep agency research and the Dallas material is from the period before that when he stayed in Dallas and in Washington in the 90's.
So here I will show you a note made by Jim Hosty no one else has seen before or even bothered to share or simply overlooked it . It comes from the National Archives and it was Malcolm who found it. Who else as hardly anyone spends any real time at the National Archives in Washington than Malcolm!
Written on the backside of a D.P.D. affidavit sheet of paper, Hosty outlines what Oswald's movements were and what he said.
What do you think P. stand for? Presidential? Yeah I agree. Presidential parade.
What this document does is:
1/ kills off a so called second floor lunch room encounter.
2/ places Lee Oswald outside while the Presidential motorcade went past the building.
This document is hand in hand with Will Fritz's handwritten notes that mentions "Out with Bill Shelley in front"
Both attendees to the first interrogation of Lee Oswald wrote down where he claimed he was, not on the 6th floor, not waiting in the lunch room.
But outside with Bill Shelley while the Presidential parade went past.
Lee Oswald is the Prayer Man!
The Darnell film at the 6th floor museum
The Darnell film at the 6th floor museum
During and shortly after the recent Lancer conference I was in contact with two individuals, who would try to get in touch with Stephen Fagin of the 6th Floor Museum and ask about the Jimmy Darnell film. It was the late Gary Mack who mentioned a first generation copy in the museum's possession from 2008. His last mention was shortly before he passed away in 2015. You can read more about this in the huge post I made a couple of years ago.
To some the answer to proving, as in cherry on top, that Prayer Man is actually Lee Harvey Oswald lies in the Darnell film, to me not a chance in hell unless there happens to be a sharp frame in the roughly 5 seconds of that particular film sequence. The film, and especially the happenings on the stairs, offer some value in those frames. Some of the detail has been washed out and is too blurry to actually identify all people on those steps. S some individuals could be recognised with a better copy, but when it comes to ID-ing Lee Oswald being there on the first step below the landing is doubtful.
Alan Dale asked Stephen Fagin after a talk during the Lancer Conference in Nov. 2018 about whether the 6th Floor Museum had a copy of the Darnell film and if so when could scholars get access to it?
This then got the reply: "Funny as you mention this we are about to give access to a digital 2K copy of the Darnell film in our reading room". That is partial good news, its existence has been acknowledged, but 2K is not 4K which it should have been. Since this film could give a lot of info on T.S.B.D. employees I would have not spared any money to get the best optimal result from the 16 mm film.
Stu Wexler had one of his friends go there and I asked Scott Reid to pay the Museum a visit as he happened to be in Dallas at that time. Sadly neither could give me anything conclusive and on top of that Scott managed to tell me that he could only stop and start the movie, not zoom in nor go for a slow motion setting either, so overall that was not very helpful.
The big let down is the fact that the film can only be seen in the Reading Room inside the 6th floor museum, you have to physically be there. Copies cannot be made for copyright reasons. I have asked whether it would be possible to get some still copies and that might still be possible, the powers that be will need to give their consent before this happens, whenever that may be. Will keep you posted.


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New from Off the Sky
Jason Corder, aka Off The Sky, has just put the finishing touches on two new collaborative releases. The Present Day is a project with Italian artist Opium and has been released on Practising Nature. We All Fall Down is a collaboration with The Circular Ruins and has been released on Databloem. MP3 clips are available from both releases for your listening pleasure.


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Trusted News Discovery Since 2008{{/content}}
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El Topo | Ein Film von Alejandro Jodorowsky | Mexiko 1970 | DropOut022 - Auf DVD & Blu-ray | Alle Informationen zum Film
**Please note the late-night screenings on Fri 6/14 and Sat 6/15 begin at 12:05am, not 11:59pm!** DCP Projection The follow-up to his Midnight Movie sensation El Topo, writer-director Alejandro Jodorowsky's THE HOLY MOUNTAIN caused a scandal at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival with its flood of sacrilegious imagery, existential symbolism and outrageous violence. Once again, [...]
Alejandro Jodorowsky and Horacio Salinas in La montaña sagrada (1973)
Here's how we can take Jodorowsky's keys to being 'a morally sound human being' and apply them to making film.
Virtually every scene of Alejandro Jodorowsky's film "The Holy Mountain" involves some surreal event unfolding within an amazing set.
El Topo · Alejandro Jodorowsky 1970
IF YOU HAVENT HAD YOUR MIND MELTED BY THIS FILM THEN PLEASE LET US BRIEF YOU: Legendary psychedelic film maker and overall magician Alejandro Jodorowsky has finally officially released his masterpiece the Holy Mountain; a metaphysical journey by a Christ-like thief, Grand Alchemist and Seven
From breaking news and entertainment to sports and politics, get the full story with all the live commentary.
The Holy Mountain (1973) – Directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky #setdesign #film
Alejandro Jodorowsky - "The Holy Mountain" (1973)
The Holy Mountain (1973) Director: Alejandro Jodorowsky
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[Alejandro Jodorowsky • 1973]