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Bargaining and haggling isn't really part of Australian culture. That said, there's a Lnely 'cash' culture in commerce here, where you might get a lower price on a purchase if you What to Shepparton your girlfriend with cash rather than use a credit card thus relieving the vendor of some of their official tax obligations. In most cases the current stops within a couple of hundred metres of the shore: you can then swim parallel to the shore for a short way to get out of the rip and make your way back to land.
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Workplace loneliness leading to mistakes, poor productivity, study finds
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text: Buzz·Posted on Apr 4, 201714 Things You'll Only Get If You're Approximately 12 Inches Taller Than Your BFFYou will never be able to share clothes :(by Ximena RojoBuzzFeed StaffFacebookPinterestTwitterMailLink 1. You've been asked if she's your little sister. instagram.com She's just shorter than me! 2. Or worse, if she's your daughter. Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF NBC / Via giphy.com Why would she be my daughter? How old do you think I am/she is??? 3. You can never share clothes. Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF Disney It's kind of comical when you try. 4. Going to concerts is a nightmare. Brianajackson / Getty Images You can see everything perfectly fine, but since she can't, you spend the entire show moving to different places so she can see better. 5. And sometimes you lose her in the crowd. Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF Hulu / Via giphy.com But then she always finds you super fast because you're like a tower and there's no missing you. 6. She gloats when she buys heels because she can finally get up to your level with them. instagram.com Well, not really... but it's great that she gets so excited. 7. When you're the one wearing heels, you look like a monster next to her. Disney Your BFF is now at elbow level. Casual. 8. You always get to listen to her dad's jokes about how tall you are. Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF ABC / Via giphy.com "What's the weather like up there, kid?""Hey, don't you get dizzy at that height?" 9. When you go out, she always gets asked for her ID, even in the most divey bars, just because she looks younger. Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF FOX / Via giphy.com Yet they let you go right on in. 10. Taking selfies is a problem. instagram.com And heaven forbid she wants to tell you some gossip or show you something on her phone. You've had to crouch down to her level so often, you now wear the ~hunchback of friendship~ with pride. 11. Sometimes you use her to rest your arms. instagram.com And she gets mad, but she understands that you must get very tired being that tall. 12. And sometimes it seems as if you came into this world simply to retrieve items from tall shelves. Batke / Getty Images Going grocery shopping together inevitably turns into: "Could you grab that for me?" 13. She always says that you walk too fast, but really it's just that your legs are longer. Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF 20th Century Fox Television "OMG, WHY do you walk so fast?" 14. When you hug, her head is always at a... strategic height. instagram.com You're already used to having her head at boob level. But she's your BFF, why wouldn't you hug her!! Still, you're the best of friends and you wouldn't change a thing about one another for the world. Ximena Rojo / BuzzFeed México This is me with my shorter BFF, and no, she's not my little sister.<3 This post was translated from Spanish.

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Having suitable garden storage for all your tools is essential whether your outdoor space is used for growing your vegetable garden or a relaxing, styled, outdoor space for you to enjoy your landscape. Buying the correct tools for your garden needs can be expensive. The last thing you want to do is to have them exposed to the elements all year round.
That doesn't mean your only options are a standard wooden shed. That couldn't be further from the truth when it comes to creative storage ideas for your garden. I've gathered some of the best ideas to meet your your garden storage needs big or small!
Yes! You can grow mushrooms right in your garden! No logs or plugs needed! So exciting , so exciting, I know, and it is easy! Well this is my first go at to be honest but so far it is going great. Come this fall we are going to have some mushrooms straight from our garden and you can too!
Covid 19 lockdowns are easing worldwide, the sun is out and the weather is beautiful! It's a wonderful time to host a little garden gathering or party.
After being in lockdown I think the adults are about as antsy as the kids. We all need to get out in the fresh air and reconnect with our friends and loved ones. Gardens are great backdrops for gatherings with their open spaces and beautiful scenery.
Spring is here! The sun is shinning! This is the time when many of us start garden renovations and projects. Maybe you are building an outdoor kitchen, a greenhouse, raised garden beds, an arbor, or a swimming pond! We all have projects for our outdoor spaces but are we really planning properly for them? Or maybe you feel stuck because you don't know where to begin. You have definitely come to the right place my friend. Whether you're renovating your existing garden or you're about to move into a new house, you need to ensure you're as prepared as you can possibly be. Thankfully, there are multiple questions you can ask yourself to ensure exactly that. From setting yourself a budget to hiring help, the more questions you can ask yourself the easier your renovation will be.
Every gardener encounters pests in their garden. It is a fact of life. However, there are ways that we can minimize and even eliminate their damage. And all this can be done organically, without a single drop of chemicals!
Chances are you have noticed the sudden explosion of gardens in your community and country. With more and more people working from home due to the coronavirus pandemic, gardens have popped up everywhere. Yeah!!! If you have undeveloped land that you want to transform into a garden, you need to have a plan. I recently did a post on 3 Garden Tips For Beginners that goes over the basics of starting a garden. It will get you started and this post will lead you through the next step, how to choose what to plant in your garden. It is helpful for both new and experienced gardeners.
On the surface picking out what to plant in your garden seems like a pretty simple task. Really you can plant whatever you want. That would be pretty easy but I'm talking about how to choose what to plant in your garden for the greatest success harvest wise and also utilization wise. Utilization wise because it doesn't matter if you can grow 10 bushels of tomatoes if 8 of them are going to go to waste because you don't use that much. What are you to plant? How much?
If you have read anything about permaculture you have probably come across comfrey, a fast growing perennial that is commonly used in fruit tree guilds (companion planting). Its many benefits warrants its use in all garden settings and it is so easy to start from root cuttings!
3 Garden Tips for Beginners
As of 2017, 1 in 3 American households grew their own food, or at least had a garden to contribute to their food usage on a regular basis. That is AWESOME! But, so many people still shy away from gardening because they're worried about not having the skills or messing it up somehow. You know what I would say, set those worries aside and start a garden today!
As a gardener you know that water consumption can greatly increase as you start your garden and even more so in the hot summer months. Growing your own vegetables and maintaining a healthy garden requires a lot of water, which can be a big problem. Excessive water use can be hard on the environment, especially in areas that are prone to drought. It also means that your water bills are a lot higher, so it's important that you find ways to cut back. The good news is, there are some simple ways that you can reduce water usage to protect the environment and save yourself a lot of money at the same time. Yay!
Seed saving is easy but there is more to it than harvesting the seeds. It starts with planting. Different plants are pollinated in different ways. Some plants are more likely to cross pollinate. Cross pollination means the seeds are now hybrids with unknown outcomes. The plants from these seeds will not produce fruit that is the same as their parent plants. This is where things can start to get a little tricky. This is not what we want to happen when we are saving seeds. Don't worry, it's not too tricky if you are aware of which plants can cross pollinate and how to work around this.
Hello, I'm Jaci. I look forward to sharing my gardening and homestead adventures to help you reach your gardening goals! If you have any questions then don't be shy, I'd love to hear from you. Send me a message and I will be glad to help!


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Find Home
5308 97th Street Cir E Bradenton FL 34211
ENJOY FLORIDA LIVING AT IT'S FINEST in this meticulously maintained and tastefully decorated pool home. Located within the gates of Rosedale Golf & Country Club this popular Picadilly III floor plan is MOVE-IN ready and available *TURNKEY FURNISHED. Over $100,000 in UPGRADES including: new custom kitchen cabinets, granite countertops, hand scraped hardwood & tile floors (NO CARPET), plantation shutters, Hunter Douglas blinds, custom draperies, 166 bottle dual zone wine cooler and bar with underlit onyx countertop and built-in electric fireplace with 60" TV. New AC installed in 2015, color coordinated driveway/walkway pavers in 2017, gas pool/spa heater in 2019, dishwasher in 2018 & new front door with decorative glass in 2018. The modern kitchen is central to all activities and features tile backsplash, S/S appliances, custom built-in pantry storage and adjoining breakfast nook with built-in desk. The master suite with tranquil views of the pool and tropical plantings features an ensuite bath with double vanity, framed mirrors, his/hers "custom" walk-in closets + garden tub with separate walk-in shower. The PRIVATE screened pool area features heated pool/spa, upgraded outdoor kitchen with durable weather resistant countertop, cabinetry & wall mounted TV. You'll love the low monthly fees that include cable, internet, 24/7 manned security gates and NO CDD FEES! Social, golf and/or tennis memberships are available a la carte and not mandatory. World class shopping and dining are only minutes away or take a short drive to our award-winning beaches or numerous cultural & sporting activities the area has to offer. LIVING IS EASY, CONVENIENT & SECURE IN THIS ACTIVE LIFESTYLE COMMUNITY! *The owners are flexible and willing to sell all or part of the furnishings and contents in a separate agreement.
This property has been Viewed 1 times! Listing updated:
This 3 bedroom, 2 and 0 half bath located at 5308 97th Street Cir E, Bradenton, FL. It is currently listed for $549,000. This home is currently Active under the MLS#: A4473470. It is listed by Phillip Wasson of Bright Realty.The building is constructed of Block
Stucco. 5308 97th Street Cir E, Bradenton was built in 2,006. It has a 3 for parking. The homeowners association fees are $126 each month.
5308 97th Street Cir E, Bradenton, FL has been on the market for 0 days. Please contact one of Forbes Property Group's top-rated agents to see this property and to ensure you get the best price for 5308 97th Street Cir E, Bradenton, FL.
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5308 97th Street Cir E Home info
Current Price: $549,000
Original List Price: 549,000
MLS Number: A4473470
Community Name: Rosedale Highlands
Subdivision Name: Rosedale
Living Area: 2315
Year Built: 2,006
Bedrooms Total: 3
Bathrooms Full: 2
Bathrooms Half: 0
Total Acreage: 1/4 Acre to 21779 Sq. Ft.
Lot Size Acres: 0.35
Nearby Homes
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Top Ten Best Need for Speed Games
The Top Ten
The best Game 4 ever. I say it and I have right because the graphics are so cool, the cars the same and the rivals are good you need to work to be the best not to do one race then finish the game. xD This game is so cool
This game really cool good graphics and very cool cars lamborghini, audi and many more
By far the best nfs of all. The driving was easily the best of any nfs also you could control your car! Games that try to be too realistic leave you with a car that's unnecessarily hard to control when I hop into my m3 I don't break the steering wheel making a left turn... Great races, free roam fr w/ cop chases, customizable cars and cops that gave you a challenge but couldn't arrest you by pulling up next to you, they actually had to stop you! Everything about this game was great only way to improve it would be to make it longer.
Lots of cars, lots of police, excellent graphics, great storyline, plenty customizations, many races, its the best racing game I've ever played!
Most Wanted was definitely the "complete package" of the series. It had a stacked car list that showed great diversity, from everyday "tuners", to modern muscle, all the way up to dream cars and exotics. Customization, though toned down a bit in comparison to the Underground games, was still definitely prevalent and made each performance part feel like it was benefiting your car each time you equipped something new.
The way each car controlled was exactly where it needed to be, easy to pick up and get going no matter which of the cars you decided to drive in-game (something I wasn't too fond of when it was switched up in Carbon), meaning that you really could play through the game with the car you want to reach the endpoint with, whether it be a starter car like the Cobalt SS or Fiat Punto, to something much fancier like a Lotus Elise, Dodge Viper SRT-10, or Porsche Carrera GT.
The police chases are without question, the star of the show. On the ...more
Great gameplay, and you can't just skip to your events. The graphics were good, maybe not compared to games now, but for that time they were awesome! It was real street racing with the tuner cars that street racers would actually use, not just the whole exotic car bullcrap (even though those games are fun, too! ).
UG2 had the most customization of all the NFS games, a great soundtrack and probably also the best, and no crazy physics to deal with. If you turned the car, it turned. It didn't take a while to start turning nor did it suddenly spin out or oversteer. The car did what you want, when you wanted it to, and that's a lot more than most of the new NFS games can say. ALSO, it was the first NFS game to have a Free Roam mode, which was simply amazing when it first came out. In all honesty, this deserves to be the NFS game at the top of the list but I think the one reason why it isn't considered the best NFS game there is, is because there's no cops, and the graphics are now a little dated, or at least more so than Most Wanted. This game and Most Wanted were both the best NFS games ever made as well as the beginning of the end for the NFS series. EA (and NOT Critierion) need to make Underground 3 or make a modern version of Underground 2.
Plus, there was a good soundtrack, very detailed customizations. You could customize your mirrors, color your engine.. You could customize almost EVERYTHING on your car in this game. And once I unlock a new city, I cry in excitement. I never got to the end, but I hope someday, I play this game once more and reach the ending.
Drag racing, drifting, circuits, sprints.. It was also multiplayer! And it had this thing, were you could go to some race track thing and into a garage, and it would tell you your Wheel Drive. Like, Front Wheel, all wheel and rear wheel. And you could crash into cars and watch them fly. And in free roam, you could do that too, but in that mode, you could take scenic drives across the towns. You could also add under glows and there was this thing where you could take pictures for magazines! And there was this hydraulic thing. I don't remember what it was, but it was fun. Also, in the magazine pictures, you could open your hood, your trunk, and your other doors! ...more
Underground was the best until this game, but all it had to do was expand on everything from underground and it did it perfectly! NO need for speed game since has come close to this, we need an underground remake!
its nice... graphics quality is good
Great game, good graphics, but I think that is based on "Fast & Furious: Tokio Drift", beacuse its tracks have a lot of corners that makes you use the Handbrake.
Awesome Game! Better than Most Wanted because you could put as many stickers as you wanted.
The story's really nice and the graphics were astonishing despite being made in 2006. 10/10
Most complete NFS game of all times. Experience the reality and drive the most exclusive cars ever made. No tuning, just pure racing. Godlike!
Simply outstanding! Graphics, gameplay and content are just right. But best of all, it is what every game should be about in the first place, it's fun.
Ya its pretty cool.. Like the graphics.. And all the cars are just mindblowing.. If you want some race just go for it.. It is indeed the best nfs game so far..
Definitely the best Need For Speed game till date. The graphics are outstanding, gameplay scintillating and the cars are the best. Criterion Games certainly did an excellent job with this one. Each race is challenging and the pursuits are bound to keep you thrilled. Car range is very vast and the option to play both as racer and cop makes the game even denser. After this, probably NFS just degraded over time. Play it the way you want - earn bounty as a racer and reputation as a cop and go up the ranks, unlocking vehicles as you progress. Another striking feature is that you get cars by increasing your bounty, rather than earning and spending cash. Probably one of the best racing games made ever. No driving experience is complete without playing this game.
This game should at least be number two, all the great memory's that this game caused are enough despite the fact that it hasn't got that good graphics nowadays, it still pulls you into the game, it has great soundtracks and well about every pc/laptop can run it, there are loads of modifications you can add and it's the first one which also lead to need for speed becoming famous at all, which leads to all the other need for speeds, conclusion this NFS should be honored
I love this game my first need for speed given to me and its simply need for speed not the mumbo jumbo we got today this is legit the underground series is legit
This game should be second. Best modifications, good cars rather than the exotic cars you cannot afford. I would rather use a pimped up nissan skyline gt.
I simply loved this game back in the day, it was so full of color and awesome races, it's probably the Need for Speed that I enjoyed the most and would always gladly replay. Maybe we'll get a remake of this wonderful game some day, a really good remake, not something just for the grabs.
I have had every single need for speed yet, and I think most wanted 2012 is the best. The reason being is that the dynamics in the game are absolutely awesome, the speed is great and the cops are more aggressive than ever.
There are a few things that can be improved for example, the graphics and a few glitches within the game.
I think most wanted is probably the best need for speed, due to one of the facts that there are numerous astonishing cars in the game that do not require to be unlocked but just to be simply found. For the first time, there is a withe range of cars from muscle cars, to exotic cars, to super machines like the ariel atom and also 4x4 vehicles.
Another great aspect of this game is that you can switch from one car to another car just by pressing triangle or jumping straight to the car anywhere from the city. Moreover, when the next rival car is introduced ; the art work and animations are absolutely brilliant.
Excellent production from citreon ...more
Great graphics, great gameplay, great cars. I think this game is extremely realistic, as a lot of attention was paid to details for example civilian cars type of road surface ( tarmac, off road), and the surrounding area like the buildings. Also the free - roam city is just HUGE! You can mess with cops for hours. The only bad thing about this game is that it doesn't have so many modifications on the cars you get like it had on NFS Carbon for example, but mind this. The cars you get are mostly exotic or super with a few tuner and muscle cars. What really big modifications could someone do to a Bugatti Veyron 16.4 or a Koenigsgegg CCXR? Anyway, I believe this game is the best due to the fact that the cars handle so realistically and the speeds that you can achieve are exactly those you can achieve with those cars in real life. It is not the hardest NFS game but nor the easiest. It is very well balanced and super realistic.
Not the best one but it was still fun as a child finding all the cars
Honestly the best need for speed I've played in a long time. It crushes the first version. I don't know how it came in 6th place
Man this game has to be in the 1st place because there are many more cars than most wanted, has life-like graphics, you can also have the most wanted challenge series.
Man this should be in the 2nd place. This is so good... Lots of cars around to play with and the police maneuvers are like in real life...
This is the best game ever till now in Need for Speed history. It has got cool graphics, life - like racing, cars like lamborghini aventador, porsche carrera s,
Chevrolet camaro zl1 and many such cars. This game should be in the first place
I agree with the game in first place right now but I also think this game should be directly under it, it has the best looking graphics of a racing simulator I have ever seen, the story is pretty good but the idea of racing a 3, 000 mile endurance race in one sitting is to me, a pretty fun idea. It does take place in events but that doesn't mean you can't play it from start to finish in one go
This is the beginning of the golden era, a series of 5 games that are arguably 5 of the best in the history of racing games.
What puts this so high in spite of what the game was missing is the same thing that put Undercover so low despite everything it had. Physics. The handling in this game is by far the best in the series, I don't know what it is but the way the cars handle feels so satisfying, Police chases are also the most intense in the series and its quite hard to keep them off unlike the dumber AI cops of the newer games, and their cars actually weigh more than a cardboard box unlike Most Wanted.
Championship mode gets unbelievably hard in the later stages but every time you fail it makes you want to complete the challenge more, the soundtrack fits the game so well and keeps you in full focus through the races.
Hot Pursuit 2 didn't have as much content as the top two sadly but its simply impossible to ignore just how they nailed the physics!
Each game of ...more
Best of the the classic NFS games. Especially the music, which is just this great Rock of the early 2000's.
Personally in my opinion, NFS HP2 is an example for how a NFS game has to be! It packs a lot of value into one package. However it seems that the PS2 version is better then the PC one, but the PC one ain't that bad either.
Fast exotic dream cars on over the top scenic roads, unrealistic (but fun) physics, fun police chases, and arcade style gaming.
I can't believe this masterpiece is so low on the list. I don't even know what to say, I'm just sad. No faith in humanity anymore
This can be downloaded for free! You can play even you don't have money to buy almost every cars but if you want, sure. So many places to drive-in and discover. You can also look at the hundreds of cars to choose from! 3D, fast-based and a long running NFS game. They actually update the game almost every week! For me, one of the most fun and exciting game ever made!
Most wanted would never beat this because it has carbon mixed in with it, my name is yspaceicufo add me please! Only 1 more person. Anyway, it might have carbon canyon on it and rockport.
The best car-racing social experience ever! A bad thing that it has been ceased.
Actually this game is cool, but here's a lot of DONATION. (I hate donation in games)
Rivals is a brilliant, fast paced and tense game, which has combined the best elements from hot pursuit (2010) and most wanted (2012). Could do with a pause button, but apart from that it's incredible.
My only workable NFS game at the moment.. Anyways, fantastic game! Truly underrated!
Fantastic map with amazing scenery. The gameplay is alright but a little boring. Gets much more fun as you get better cars!
When it comes out it will be 1
Takes the best from the most recent Most Wanted and Hot Pursuit games and molds them together to make one hell of an experience.
The Contenders
It makes you feel like you're the one, the racer, the spy, the secret police, the one man army, introducing most wanted part2
The best ever NFS game till date. It's not only just a racing game but a mix of hot pursuit which really gets with a lot of chase.
Honestly, I have watched and played many racing games, and NFS games, and none of them is really really better than this one. Besides the graphics and availability of the cars, this game lacks nothing. This game features the actual "customization" rather than just color changing and tuning. For people who want to feel the "street racing" like in real life, this game is for you. Also, the fun part comes in when you are able to modify you cars. I think we have to give more credits on this game. In fact, I still play this game
I had this game for years and never sat down and focused on completing the career mode. I used it for pursuits and sprints. Boy was I an idiot for not working harder on the career! It's fantastic! My only complaint is the career mode is too short...I beat it in roughly 4 hours playing time. Regardless I've started a new career and making different choices in cars this time and even though I know the stories and the roads well, it sora feels new again! LOVE THIS GAME!
The best balance between realism and fun. The first NFS game with a decent physics model, you felt horrified driving that 911 turbo or Moby Dick.
It's the only game in the NFS series where the race can't be restarted or aborted, and you gotta repair your damages. This added tons to the risk feeling, making you drive to your limits but not exceeding them. Almost giving you the feeling that the car is really yours and you don't wanna crash it. I've never felt that way in any other racing game.
The "factory driver" mode was far from perfect, and there a few bugs here and there, but it's still my favorite
The best and the more interresting for each fan of Porsche: a great game.
I can't believe this is just on 11. This is the best one in my opinion, amazing driving and amazing cars. And landscapes are still great in 2012. I enjoyed this one so much.
The most sophisticated gameplay in the NFS series.
Absolutely needs a sequel.
I found this Need For Speed to be very good in fact, on par with its predecessor. I have never been fond of the direction the Need For Speed took after the first Underground, the games were too much arcade-like. This one is not and even though it often posses enough challenge, it still is a great fun.
Real Driving Experience! :')
ILoveItSoMuch! (Y)
Slighlty Mad Studios, You Really Rock! M/
It's a great game with good gameplay
Nice story mode!
It;s so good you must play it!
Nice games cause this game have a good graphics and the races what is very hard to beat
Awesome game... Improves great driving skills... Good cars, good graphics n a lot of fun competing with great opponents... Really cool! Try this game... Its worth it...
Best nfs game in my opinion. Its so realistic none of those new nfs games have such a high level of realism.
I've been playing this game since I was 4, now ten years later it's still my favorite Need for Speed game. Great cars and great graphics, this game never gets old.
Great online racing game
This game has everything you need about cars. Pictures from cockpit, slideshows and lots of things. Gameplay is very good too. And it has the kind of music what a race game should have.
For a 1998 game, this game sure is a masterpiece.
the first cop introduction
This is game best for Need For Speed series soundtrack good and graphic good the 1998 really awesome gameplay and even a car just 100 percent
The best of all need for speed games.
The reason why I think this game is cool because it is one of the longest need for speed games games and it has great graphics and cool cars and mean ass modifications for your cars.
ProStreet should be definitely on top 10, easily. Really enjoyable and well-built game. Great driving, physics, cars, music, enviroment, storyline, and so on... It has everything. The thing is, it's not a open world game.
This game us one of the best nfs games out there. There is an awesome storyline and great career mode autoscuplt is really cool and there is a variety of races the best being speed challenge
It has difficulty but excitement in it. it had many cars, extreme action and mystery.
Now that the game is out, there is many cars to choose from (In the beginning you only have 3 to choose from which is good for starting out in my opinion), it's true what others say about bringing back customization like Underground and police chase like Most Wanted (Even that underground is considered rice nowadays, which the type of customization should not be compared with the current in the game). When it was launched, in rare occasions when passing a cop lets just say at 15mph, they will go and pull you over/pursuit (one con).
Honestly, there is no suprise this game did'int even make the top 10, they could've added way more cars, not to mention the "3" free dlc whips added later on, and the map had much more potential than just the downtown region, plus the customizations we're sort of limited, there we're so many applicable parts that could've been added to most cars, it just felt repeatable with ever piece of setup, in my opinion rivals tops this by a long shot by vehicle inventory, dlc, and map expansion
Why is this game not in the top 10 or close to the top 10, do y'all know what good games are? Car customization and mechanics are one of the best in the series. Campaign is pretty solid, and the races are fun. The Characters are cool, and car legends are in. The only setback has to do with the cops.
Played it's an amazing game but don't have much cars I hope they do an update to bring more cars to the game
This is the best because it had the best track designs, innovated car damage, had interesting races. It was more of a simulator than an arcade racing game. I'd put this up in the Top 10, because this is what made the Need For Speed series.
Just bought it today lol
Insane arcade game that doesn't feel like Burnout! (Wich is good)
You also have the option to play in less arcadish physics in simulation game style. This game was a just about the true racing experince with exotic cars and exotic tracks, things that recent NFS lacks! Crash here is very dangerous and you can actually spin and roll your car, crashing in MW and Carbon is like nothing compared to this!
The best of all I think.. I wouldn't be intrested on NFS if I hadn't played this series as mine 1st NFS GAME
This is the best by far, of course its down the list cause its old no respect this game is amazing, music, racing, difficulty, gambling your car, dealing with the damage repairs, how weather completely alters the gameplay. to be honest there is no comparison in later games
Being able to drive police traffic police cars, like Crown Victorias, Caprices and Eagle Talons is a touch that only Need for Speed 4 has really delivered well. Also, the idea of a 5 member police squad and being able to switch between the cars was genius!
Having owned most of the need for speeds this was my favorite. People forget it because it is sandwiched between the Hot Pursuits, hasn't been remade and is pre underground, but it was the best iteration of Hot Pursuit, deeper than its sequel, more polished than HP. No way porsche unleashed should be beating it. I owned both. Also more fun than Shift. I owned or played every game listed above this save Carbon, and would rank this ahead of all of them.
No need Graphics Card to Install. Best locations Best Enjoyment. Not Easy to take Cups. Not so easy to finish, have to hardwork to get cup. More Than Gold - "Platinum". Thank you. Rajesh.
This game was fun, Nice story, lots of vehicle veriety and loads of customization in each vehicle class also with the super builds and the hidden car parts it gave me a reason to go exploring and not just jump race to race
Why is this so low? The game was near perfect! Perfect story line, perfect gameplay, perfect graphics, perfect amount of cars, perfect customization, what is not to like? However, there is one little complaint I have: when you finish the story then what? After finishing the story line there isn't much to do apart from driving around collecting parts and chips. The derelicts were a fantastic addition.
Solid story, amazing customization, cool concept of switching people for different builds, and huge selection of cars.
Worst game ever and expensive too.
The graphics is great and there is also a nostalgia easter eggs in it and has a lot of cars compare before and has a great customization but close to Underground 2's Customization still this is a best game in 2019-2020
This was the best game since 2005 and should definitely have been higher than rivals and underground but still not as good as 2005
This game could make a breakthrough due to its visual especially the day and night lightings, varieties of new modal cars and most importantly their maps seems promising. This just an early thought and heat maybe crash the game market.
Bought this yesterday... Played 15 minutes of it... BANG... 2nd best NFS game ever!
the genesis of need for speed
Most realistic Need for Speed ever. It's a shame the series turned to a more arcadey experience, though I can understand it from a commercial perspective... But none of the sequels ever managed to be as impressive in terms of graphics and state-of-the-art as this one was back in 1994. The first Need for Speed was a technical marvel and one of the most enjoyable racing simulations I've ever played.
Good game but the music annoys me.
This is an upcoming reboot. It's gonna be the best ever. I know it!
Watch it on youtube it will released in 2016 it will be an amazing race game more than need for speed 2015
The game is really good please add free roam
This game is so awesome I could just FARRT
WAAT?! V-Rally isn't even a NFS game! It was developed by Eden Games, not EA! But it's pretty cool.


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Photo by Jonathan Soroudi
Ezra Rosenthal: One Arm, Three Breaks
"I broke my arm three times. Two different times I just never realized. So the first time I broke it was when I came home to my mom saying that I had arm pain. The second time I broke it was when I was playing baseball. The third time was, we were playing basketball, and my friend shoots a basketball. I don't know what happened, but I fall back, use my arm as support, hear a snap, fall to the ground. My head's fine, but then I immediately feel pain in my wrist. My arm had completely broken. I could not play baseball for two years, which is really why I've never gotten back into it since then. I just found a way to make up for it and pushed it out of my mind so that I could focus on the things I still wanted to do. Overall, after these three experiences, I really think that I've been able to push past and get through it, and just keeping that mentality to push and push and not let this affect you."


text:
COMING EVENTSAll Events →
- Jr. High-Life ResumesWed, Sep 9When: Wednesday, September 9 at 6:00pm
Where: The Lodge back porch
Jr. High-Life (grades 7-8) will meet on the back porch this Fall for our weekly Jr. High meeting times. No dinner served this Fall. We hope your son/daughter can join us for a game, time of worship, teaching....all socially distanced!
- Sr. High-Life resumesSun, Sep 13When: Sunday, September 13 at 7:00pm
Where: The Lodge back porch
Sr. High-Life (grades 9-12) will meet on the back porch this Fall for our weekly Sr. High meeting times. We hope your son/daughter can join us for a game, time of worship, teaching....all socially distanced!
- Jr. High Saturday retreatSat, Oct 17When: Saturday, October 17 at 9:00am
Where: The Vision (187 Oscar Webster Road Huntsville, AL 35803)
Since we aren't able to have our yearly weekend retreat....we are planning a one day retreat and would love for your 7-8 grade student to join us. More details to come!
High-Life Core Values
High-Life focuses on six Biblical core values to help us advance the Kingdom of God in the lives of our students. These core values help us focus as fully devoted followers of Christ as we do ministry and life together. High-Life's core values are the Ministry of Presence, Ministry of the Word, Ministry of Mercy, Ministry of Partnership, Ministry of Evangelism and Discipleship, and the Ministry of Prayer.
Ministry of Presence
We loved you so much that we were delighted to share with you not only the gospel of God but our lives as well, because you had become so dear to us. 1 Thessalonians 2:8
Jesus, the Son of God, became a man just like us. Once he was here, he spent countless hours with his twelve disciples, as well as many other followers. Jesus walked, talked, and lived with his twelve closest friends for three years; and in this way he impacted their lives. In the same way, the leaders of High-Life Ministries seek to be a presence in each of the students' lives of Southwood. There are numerous invaluable aspects in leading and discipling students; however, one of the most important is being a presence in students' lives.
Ministry of the Word
For the word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart. Hebrews 4:12
God has given us His very words, the Bible, so that we may know Him and understand who He created us to be and how we are to live. The Word of God is an extraordinary gift of transforming power and a vital means of grace. What do we have to offer our students? The very words of God, which is life! Therefore, we try to teach and model it in everything we do. God's word is our chief authority and the pasture in which we feed.
Ministry of Mercy
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit, but in humility consider others better than yourselves. Each of you should look not only to your own interests, but also to the interests of others. Philippians 2:3-4
The heart of Christ is a heart of mercy. Therefore, as followers of Christ, we are called to continually serve others in a ministry of mercy. High-Life's Ministry of Mercy is as diverse as the needs of our world. It includes opportunities in short-term mission trips, the Junior and Senior Crew, and work days at Lincoln Village. It also includes continually offering both our resources and lives to students in crisis, single parents, and all those who walk through our doors in need. When the teacher of the law asked Jesus, "And who is my neighbor?" Jesus replied with the parable of the good Samaritan, and by turning the question upside down and essentially asking, "Who are you going to be a neighbor to?"
Ministry of Partnership
I thank my God every time I remember you. In all my prayers for all of you, I always pray with joy because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now, being confident of this, that he who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus. Philippians 1:3-6
The Ministry of Partnership takes on a variety of forms in youth ministry. First and foremost, we recognize that the spiritual development of our Junior High and Senior High students is primarily the responsibility of the parents. Therefore, it is our great joy to partner with the parents in everything we do, so that we are working together for the heart of the student. Partnership is a beautiful model for our students, the body of Christ working together for the hearts of students. Other partnerships exist in working with adult leaders, coaches, teachers, and other ministries within our community.
Ministry of Evangelism and Discipleship
Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age. Matthew 28:19-20
We want to model our lives after Jesus, and at the heart of His life was evangelism and discipleship. Christ was in the pursuit of calling men and women to be fully devoted followers of His Kingdom life. In the same way, High-Life Ministries is constantly partnering with Christ for the gathering and perfecting of his people.
Ministry of Prayer
Pray in the Spirit on all occasions with all kinds of prayers and requests. With this in mind, be alert and always keep on praying for all the saints. Ephesians 6:18
In the Gospels we find Jesus continually going off to a solitary place to pray. Everything Jesus said and did flowed from His life of prayer. At High-Life we try to foster an atmosphere that incorporates the spiritual discipline of prayer in all we do. Prayer is our communication with Christ and our humble acknowledgement that we are completely dependent on the love and grace of God.


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U2 rocked studio 6B on The Tonight Show featuring a fantastic live version of Song For Someone, along with Beautiful Day and Angel of Harlem. Below is the audio only versions of these performances. We have also added these to our live stream.
We also have stills from the I+E tour promo video, also check our Facebook page for video and more photos from this past week.
The following two tabs change content below.
A U2 Fan.
Latest posts by voxx (see all)
- Celebrate Bono's 60th Birthday with AWF - May 1, 2020
- Why Bono was hesitant about his son's music career - March 1, 2020
- December 15, 2019 – Mumbai, India – DY Patil sports stadium - December 15, 2019


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This article explains how you can generate share certificates for your shareholders.
Please also feel free to read our blog post on generating share certificates on Capdesk here.
When you issue shares, you will need to issue a share certificate to your shareholder, we are able to help you generate and sign this on Capdesk. We generate a certificate per shareholder i.e. if they have invested in multiple rounds, we will consolidate it into one. We do not generate a share certificate per transaction.
To generate share certificates, you will need to enable this feature in the Settings and Add-ons page (under Settings). Then in the Basic Settings section, you should see Shareholder Register and Certificates.
You will need to tick checkbox "Use Capdesk as shareholder register" before you can tick checkbox "Use Capdesk share certificates".
Once you have ticked both checkbox, please click "Save" (bottom of the page).
You will now see Certificates page in the Shares page (under Ownership) and before any share certificates are generated, you will need to click on "Generate":
Clicking on the generate button will lead you to the following page:
The first point of notice is to ensure your template is uploaded and attached, then from this you can choose how you would like your number your certificates.
Filling in the "Initial share certificate number" field will mean that you can specify a specific share certificate number to start the generation from.
If you want to "use the certificate numbers by share class", you will be asked to fill the numbers for each specific share class, shown below:
This allows you to choose a specific number from each share class to start the generation from.
You can upload your own template share certificate design by clicking on "Update Template"
You then name and upload the template:
Go to "Add Dynamic Document" to upload the share certificate template:
Your share certificate template will need Capdesk placeholders (you can see them under "View available placeholders") so the details of the share issuance is automatically filled in the share certificate. You then "Upload" and "Save".
After you have filled out all the details, click on "Generate".
Capdesk has generated share certificates for all issuances recorded (this includes historical share issuances) on Capdesk.
You can see the generated share certificates by clicking on "View", highlighted below.
Then if you click on the share certificate pdf, you will see the generated share certificate below:
There are different type of statuses for the share issuance:
You can have:
- Draft: this is when the issuance is recorded as drafts on Capdesk
- Registered: this is when the issuance is published on Capdesk
- In Signing: this is when the the share certificate is sent for company signing
- Signed: this is when the share certificate is signed (either signing executed on Capdesk or have uploaded a signed share certificate document) and the shareholder will be able to view the share certificate
- Cancelled: this is where previously signed certificates has later been replaced/updated
Please note, for the status - Draft, Registered and In Signing, the shareholder will not see the share certificate. They will only see it when it is signed (the status will be Signed or Cancelled).
When the issuance is 'Registered', you can:
We understand that you might have a certificate number that does not match Capdesks' autogenerated one or you have a signed share certificate for the issuance already, so we allow for changing the certificate number and uploading signed document.
If you click on "Change Certificate Number":
You can choose a certificate number for the share certificate. The certificate number must be unique, and not already in use. Then click on the "Save" button.
To upload an already signed share certificate, click on "Upload Signed Document", upload the relevant share certificate and click on Save.
The shareholder will now be able to see their share certificate.
If you want to execute the signing of share certificate on Capdesk, please refer to this help article here.
Thanks for reading this support article, we hope it was helpful. If you need further assistance, you can reach out to us by submitting a support ticket here.


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Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1 95
According to traditional economics, the
highest eciency of economic welfare is
achieved by reaching the Pareto-optimum.
is desirable state of the economy can
be basically achieved through a pure and
restriction-free market. Deviations from the
equilibrium can be remedied by improving
market operations. In such a world, relations
between economic actors can be established
and maintained by market coordination
only; ethical and bureaucratic coordination is
strictly separated and undesirable. Crises lead
to purer and more ecient markets. In our
opinion, such views tend to ignore the true
operation of society and the economy, as well
as the consequences of economic volatility,
which undermine society and cause long-term
economic setbacks.
Since the 2008 crisis stems from the nan-
cial sector, we set out to explore, within the
nancial domain, the possibilities of increas-
ing ethical coordination in public awareness
and thus better fullling social expectations.
We must note that in our view, the enforce-
ment of ethical aspects does not contradict
market interests either on a macro or a micro-
economic level. Economic welfare, however,
may be increased alongside such values which
are considered by traditional economics as ex-
Looking back at economic history, the
seeds of economic activities sprouted from
the exchange and lending of money, which
was later expanded by deposit transactions.
Transactions were regulated by ethical norms
Csaba Lentner − Krisztina Szegedi − Tibor Tatay
Corporate Social Responsibility
in the Banking Sector
Summary: As countries of the world used large amounts of public funds to manage the 2008 financial crisis, public debt has
risen to a critical level in many of them. Due to the drop in real economy, several countries faced unemployment and economic
fallback that are still unresolved to this day. After the crisis, many were concerned how to restore the confidence in financial
institutions and how banks can better contribute to sustainable social and economic growth. This paper discusses corporate
social responsibility (CSR), an attitude putting ethical norms in the spotlight. The CSR pyramid distinguishes various layers of
responsibilities. The first at the bottom is economic responsibility, serving as the foundation for the pyramid, however, companies
also need to comply with legal norms. Ethical responsibility is the obligation to conduct in a fair way and to do the right thing.
After the crisis, central banks in many countries became responsible for sustaining financial stability. To this end, central banks have
developed their own corporate social responsibility strategies. This activity is studied from the view of how CSR can contribute to
financial stability.
KeywordS: corporate social responsibility, bank, public awareness, financial stability, business ethics
JeL codeS: M14, E58 E44 G28
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com
96 Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1
for centuries, especially as far as lending was
concerned. With the increasing prevalence of
market economy, these ethical rules have all
but disappeared in Europe and in countries
that have embarked upon the development
of market economy. (Fekete – Tatay, 2013)
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the turmoil
of the nancial system caused the states to as-
sume a role in the regulation of nancial in-
stitutions. During the history of the nancial
institutional system, ethical, market and bu-
reaucratic coordination was present to a vary-
ing degree in the relations of nancial opera-
tors. e last quarter of the 20th century was
characterised by the dominance of market co-
ordination. is development is indicated by
the deregulation and liberalisation of nancial
markets. e expansion of nancial processes
beyond borders is not a new phenomenon,
however, the proliferation of cross-border
transactions and the standardisation of the
rules of these transactions are the results of the
changes seen in recent decades. is process is
generally referred to as nancial globalisation.
New technologies and methods, introduced
to nancial markets and supported by liberali-
sation, have generated an unprecedented level
of nancial innovation. e image of nancial
markets has been reshaped by these new in-
struments, solutions, transactions and institu-
tional forms.
e number of people aected by the activ-
ities of nancial organisations tends to be very
large, since not only owners and employees,
but also those using their services are linked to
a given institution for years or decades. Using
their services is not a one-o act or a system
of relations that can be easily dissolved, but
a long-term commitment. External stakehold-
ers "co-exist" with nancial institutions for
decades through their long-term investments
or loans. e nancial management of a given
organisation directly inuences their present
or future, as their investments can be de- or
revaluated, their income can change and their
debt service may be modied. (Sági, 2012)
e global economy of the 1990s saw a
signicant increase in the importance of -
nancial organisation activities. At the same
time, these institutions have acted as a re-
lay for the global proliferation of the crises.
Moreover, their transactions and instruments
themselves have become the reasons for the
crises and contributed to deepening their im-
pact. (Bessler ‒ Kurmann, 2013) e crises in
Latin America highlighted the phenomenon
of nancial markets acting as channels that
convey these crises. e crisis in East Asia has
shown how a region's economic problems can
be deepened or caused by nancial institu-
tions. e collapse of Barings Bank in 1994
and the crash of LTCM (Long Term Capital
Management) in 1998 drew attention to the
risks of innovative products and transactions.
Tensions that have been lurking deep under
the surface have become clearly visible with
the outbreak of the crisis in 2008.
e crisis that erupted at the epicentre of
the nancial markets, namely the nancial
markets of the USA, deeply aected most of
the developed world. It was not conned to
the boundaries of the nancial markets, also
causing a recession in real economy, as well
as social problems. Several avenues have been
explored as to how to remedy the crisis and
avoid similar events happening in the future.
e key areas of these analyses included re-
views on the nancial literacy of households,
the assessment of nancial sector regulations
and the implementation of self-regulation in
the nancial sector. e latter again concerns
the possible involvement of ethical coordina-
tion. Ethical aspects remain to be present in
particular areas, with the attention towards
them increasing as a result of the crisis. An
example of such ethical restraints, applied to
nancial activities in a special way, is the Is-
lamic way of nancing. Banks jointly assume
Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1 97
risks with their clients, they do not place ex-
treme burdens on borrowers that would con-
tradict the principles of Islam and depositors
do not expect an interest on their deposits.
(Bajkó – Varga, 2013)
In developed market economies, nancial
institutions, searching for a way out, started
to focus more on corporate social responsibil-
ity. Even their nancial statements pay atten-
tion to the social, economic and environmen-
tal impacts of their operations. In essence, a
bank's stable nancial position, increasing
economic performance, ethical and transpar-
ent activities and responsible nancial services
ensure its predictable and reliable operation,
which also enables it to acknowledge and
serve the interests of society to a larger degree.
In the nancial sector, besides the short-
term internal business interests of companies,
social, environmental and human rights ob-
jectives are gaining a dominant and increasing
role. An interesting example for the latter can
be accessed on the website of OTP's Fáy An-
drás Foundation (www.otpfayalapitvany.hu/
galeria/tipus/videogaleria/video/414). Open
Society Archives preserves documents from
various countries that serve as evidence of the
violation of human rights, which are also used
in litigation.
ere is no universally accepted denition of
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is
described as an instrument, a concept or even
a business model that requires companies to
apply a radical change in attitude. e latter
assumes a paradigm shift in business, according
to which there is more to a company than
return on investment and maximisation of
prot. It is also a community of people, which
operates in a social and natural environment,
the environmental and social impacts of which
must be considered (Szegedi, 2014).
One of the best known and most widely ac-
cepted denition of CSR is by Carroll, who says
that corporate social responsibility encompasses
the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary
(philanthropic) expectations that society has of
organisations. e CSR pyramid (see Chart 1)
distinguishes various layers of responsibilities.
e foundation is economic responsibility. At
the same time, however, companies also need
to comply with legal norms. Ethical responsi-
bility equals the obligation to conduct in a fair
way and to do the right thing, going beyond
mere compliance with rules. It can also mean
discretionary or philanthropic responsibility
(Carroll, 1991).
e banking sector responded relatively late
to the challenges of CSR. First it considered
environmental, then social issues (Viganò ‒
Nicolai, 2009). CSR as an instrument of the
business sector serves to increase and legitimise
the sector's economic performance and also ap-
pears as the embodiment of the fundamental
principles of business ethics (Scholtens, 2006).
e 2008 nancial crisis drew attention to the
necessity of CSR in this sector also, increasing
the need for trust, as well as accountability and
transparency that lead to it. Besides the role of
an intermediary which channels savings into
investments, traditionally considered as the
main social function of nancial institutions,
besides ecient allocation and risk manage-
ment, the need for ethical and responsible con-
duct has led to nancial and investment pro-
cesses pointing beyond the protection of the
legitimate interests of depositors and owners
(Tzu-Kuan Chiu, 2013).
Banks' stakeholders include the owners,
borrowers, depositors, managers, employees
and regulators. Compared to many other sec-
tors, a key characteristic of the banking sector
is that it aects a large number and a great
variety of people. is results in considerably
98 Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1
more complex information asymmetry. An-
other feature of the system is that in order to
ensure the stability of the banking sector, it
is characterised by much stricter regulation
(Yamak et al., 2005). Since the banking sec-
tor diers from other economic sectors, its
CSR practices are also dierent. Here there is
more emphasis on responsibility in the areas
of bank lending, investment and asset man-
agement operations, where combating bribery
and money laundering are particularly impor-
tant issues, being the key elements of anti-
corruption eorts, which is a crucial part of
the banks' CSR activities (Viganò‒ Nicolai,
Although banks have smaller direct impact
on the environment, their indirect environ-
mental and social responsibility may increase
if they grant credit to companies which pol-
lute the environment, produce unsafe prod-
ucts or violate human rights (Idowu – Filho,
2009). is way banks act as mediators of
sorts, which may cause signicant damages.
(ompson ‒ Cowton, 2004). e indirect
impact may arise not only in relation to the us-
ers of banking services, but also the suppliers.
As the management element of the responsi-
ble supplier chain, integrating environmental
and social aspects into supplier policies has
been adopted to nances as well.
Applying Carroll's CSR model to the -
nancial sector, the levels of responsibility in
terms of the banks are the following (Carroll,
Chart 1
CSR pyRamid
Source: Authors' own editing based on Carroll, 1991.
Economic responsibility
Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1 99
u Economic responsibility. is is the tradi-
tional reason for having banks, in other words
to increase the owners' welfare, ensure prot-
ability and growth. One of the means of this
is nancial innovation. Since individual and
corporate nancial interests are constantly
changing, banks create new opportunities for
risk management and the eective mediation
of resources. is involves developing new
products, redening the existing ones and
creating new channels. Interaction with stake-
holders has a crucial role in determining these
new products (Decker ‒ Sale, 2009).
v Legal responsibility. Regulation is de-
termined by statutes, and its aim is to mini-
mise risk and ensure safety and condence in
the nancial system. In practice, statutes are
supplemented by the compliance with the
guidance of various supervisory bodies and
trade associations, which is signied by the
compliance function (Decker ‒ Sale, 2009).
Such statutes include Recommendation No.
11/2006 or 6/2013 (III.11) of the Hungarian
Financial Supervisory Authority in Hungary;
Compliance and the Compliance function in
banks, the Guidelines on Internal Governance
(GL 44, September 2011) or the Guidelines
on Certain Aspects of the MiFID compliance
function requirements in the European Un-
ion; and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance
Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act (2010) or the UK
Bribery Act, 2010 (Wieland, 2013) at an in-
ternational level.
w Ethical responsibility. Ethical norms can
be interpreted through individual conscience
and the expectations of external stakeholders.
e motto of the London Stock Exchange "My
word is my bond" embodies the basic ethical
principles of honesty and sincerity, which to-
gether with trust, are traditionally linked to
the nancial sector (Decker ‒ Sale, 2009).
e codes of ethics that embody voluntary
constraints also include the basic principles of
integrity, fair conduct, respect and transpar-
ency in the nancial sector. e ethical values
and expectations of stakeholders are most ap-
parent in the stakeholder dialogue, which puts
communicative ethics into practice. Decker
and Sale (2009) draw attention to the fact
that the compliance approach, which is aimed
at compliance with statutes, often does not
favour the establishment of ethical business
practices and business culture.
x Discretionary (philanthropic) responsibil-
ity. It cannot be interpreted through external
expectations; it is a voluntary activity, how-
ever, it has become common practice among
banks, contributing to the better reputation
of the nancial sector (Decker ‒ Sale, 2009).
In the years following the crisis, there was
an apparent shift in social expectations to-
wards the general domains of CSR in the
banking sector and its preferences. ere is
a need for the endorsement of social expec-
tations in CSR that are more directly linked
to the bank's business activities and clientele.
(Lentner, 2011)
As far as stakeholders are concerned, the
key expectations of clients include secure
products and appropriate information provi-
sion. Employees want a safe workplace that is
free from discrimination, and the respect of
human dignity, while competitors expect fair
competition. Banks not only need to watch
the direct environmental impacts of their own
operations, but also the impacts of their lend-
ing activities (ompson and Cowton, 2004).
From a social aspect, there has been a new
development in recent years, namely helping
the poor. One example is the micro-loan pro-
gramme through low-income banking (Tzu-
Kuan Chiu, 2013). e backdrop to this is the
UN's Principles for Responsible Investment,
which stresses the importance of "inclusive -
nance" for vulnerable groups which otherwise
could not aord nancial products and ser-
vices (PRIs 2011).
100 Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1
Chart 2 shows banking activities and CSR
activities in relation to the typical CSR areas
of the banking sector. Banking activity is in-
terpreted in terms of the balance sheet total
and the number of branches, while CSR ac-
tivity shows whether the bank integrates CSR
initiatives into its business activities or just ap-
plies the philanthropic aspect. e following
CSR map is based on information available on
the websites of Hungarian commercial banks.
In our opinion, the CSR approach can be
expanded to other areas. During decision mak-
ing, benets and damages could be considered,
which are yielded or caused by that particular
decision outside of a given organisation and
not inuencing their prot in the short-term.
For example, faulty product development
causing system-level failures may destroy the
savings of certain household groups. e ba-
sic principles could be laid down in voluntary
codes of ethics that go beyond the statutes in
order to keep to the right directions. ere
should be more stress on guaranteeing com-
pliance with the Codes Of Ethics in banking
organisations. In the previous example of Is-
lamic banking, the implementation of Islamic
principles is checked by a separate supervisory
board. e enforcement of ethical principles
Chart 2
The CSR map of bankS
Activity integrated into business
• Developing financial literacy and awareness,
financial education
• Responsible, prudent lending, risk
• Fair and transparent financial
services, handling of complaints
• Helping disadvantaged clients to use banking
services, products for clients with special
• Involvement and ethical treatment of stakeholders
• Providing financial support to social enterprises
• Financing environmental protection
• Developing the basic principles of financing
sensitive sectors
• Combating money laundering, corruption and
Non-business activities
• Volunteering to improve the living
• Supporting disadvantaged social groups
• Supporting local communities
• Supporting sports
• Supporting NGOs
•Supporting culture and the arts
• Supporting disadvantaged people
• Supporting sports
• Supporting the arts, culture and science
• Supporting NGOs
• Mitigating environmental impacts (selective
waste collection, office layout)
• Providing jobs, appropriate working
conditions, equal opportunities
Source: authors' own editing
Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1 101
is guaranteed on the level of individual con-
ere are an increasing number of people
who think that business decision-making
must not only consider prot maximisation,
but businesses should also voluntarily contrib-
ute to solving social issues, since it is not their
economic interest, but their moral responsi-
bility (Barclift, 2012). CSR needs to apply a
value-oriented approach that becomes an in-
tegral part of the banks' everyday operations
and is incorporated into the organisational
e global survey of the CFA Institute
(2013) collected the opinions of 6783 re-
spondents from 22 countries. 56 per cent
identied a continuing lack of ethical cul-
ture within nancial rms as the major fac-
tor contributing to the current lack of trust in
the nance industry. Two-thirds of respond-
ents said that a culture of ethics and integrity
within rms needed to be reestablished, since
the primary problems were not the physical
failures of the market or government actions,
but the culture of rms within the nancial
industry. However, it is not enough to come
up with basic ethical principles; they should
also be implemented: "Ethics is an ongoing
project to help restore trust in the nancial
industry. We need to improve nancial profes-
sionals' sense of self control, construct related
culture for the whole industry and set a seri-
ous penalty system for any illegal and unethi-
cal activities." (CFA Institute, 2013, page 9).
e mitigation of the impacts of the 2008
nancial crisis consumed vast amounts of public
funds. A considerable amount of public funds
were required to manage the crisis immediately
and then soften its consequences. Bank bailout
packages, economic recovery measures and the
management of unemployment were all strains
on state budgets. is led to rising public
debt in many countries. As a result of these
severe consequences, the role of central banks
in nancial stability has been reconsidered in
several countries. (National Bank of Hungary,
2013) e central bank's role in maintaining
nancial stability has also been redened in
countries like the United States. Another
example is the European Central Bank.
(Naményi, 2012) Financial sustainability and
stability functions can generally be interpreted
as parts of CSR and they can be implemented
by using the tools provided by CSR.
Becoming aware of their social responsibili-
ties, central banks have established their CSR
strategies and activities. Traditional CSR ar-
eas, such as equal opportunities and environ-
mental protection have also been incorporat-
ed into these strategies. An important role is
given to information provision and improving
nancial literacy through education. rough
education and the provision of information,
central banks now focus on enhancing the -
nancial awareness of people who use nancial
services and highlight the importance of re-
ducing information asymmetry. Examples for
applying such methods are the Fed (Chicago
Fed, 2012) or the National Bank of Hungary.
Apart from regulatory tools, central banks
also have the option of transforming process-
es by inuencing expectations, opinions and
mindsets. We must not forget that taking out
loans and using investment or other nancial
services always entails uncertainties in the
decision-making of economic actors. Central
banks which pursue active communication
can shift these decisions in the right directions
by utilising the psychological components be-
hind the decision-making process. Herd men-
tality and the importance of expert opinions
may be used to prompt economic actors to
pursue proper conduct. (Sunstein ‒ aler,
102 Public Finance Quarterly 2015/1
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To this end, the various channels and forms
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In Hungary, the National Bank has devel-
oped its corporate social responsibility strate-
gy (MNB, 2008), which has been undergoing
signicant changes since 2013. Connecting
macro- and micro-prudential supervisory ac-
tivities in a wider sense allows new tools to
gain ground in order to promote sustainable
and secure economic and social development.
An important change in the monetary policy
of Hungary's central bank is that the objec-
tives, previously set by the EU laws and regu-
lations, such as achieving and maintaining
price stability, have by today morphed from
objectives into tools for the common good. In
addition to the task of the National Bank of
Hungary to maintain price stability, further
important elements include nancial stabil-
ity and the support of economic policy. e
National Bank of Hungary can use this tri-
ple mandate to serve the common good more
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companies operating in the administrative
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of activities has therefore been subjected to its
complex corporate social responsibility.
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