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Ex-wife convicted of Missouri husband's 2007 murder
PLATTE COUNTY (AP) - A Missouri woman has been convicted of first-degree murder in the 2007 death of her ex-husband.
A Platte County jury found 59-year-old Letti Strait, of Parkville, guilty Thursday of killing Charles Cammisano. He was shot to death at his home in Riverside in September 2007.
Prosecutors say Cammisano and Strait had argued for months before his shooting because she had improperly claimed she had custody of the four Cammisano children so she could collect food stamps.
Strait's husband, Terry Strait, pleaded guilty earlier to conspiracy to commit murder and is awaiting sentencing in Cammisano's death. He testified that his wife shot Cammisano.
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LAKE OF THE OZARKS - An Illinois man was killed on the Lake of the Ozarks Sunday after a boating... More >>


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The Slim Chino Shorts from PacSun will elevate your warm-weather look. These shorts feature a zip button-fly closure, dual back pockets, side hand pockets, belt loops, and PacSun branding.
- Chino shorts
- Dual back pockets
- Side hand pockets
- Zip button-fly closure
- PacSun branding
- Stretch cotton fabrication
Sku # 0170436750197

subset: commoncrawl


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Your cart is currently empty!
Size approx. 5 7/8" x 5 7/8" with hanger on back. Easel is not included. Tile and bead colors will vary slightly from photo.
French Butter Keeper
An ingenious French-country way to keep your butter soft and spreadable without going rancid. Originating in the late 1800s, this method involves adding cold water to the base of the keeper so that, coupled with anywhere from 1/2 a stick to a 3/4 a stick of butter, it creates an airtight seal. Butter will last on the counter for over a week.
Davis Pottery is handmade in York Harbor, Maine by Chris Davis. Davis Pottery is lead-free, ovenproof and may be used in a microwave oven and washed in a dishwasher. For years of enjoyment avoid extreme temperature changes.
Available in a variety of colors. Color pictured might not necessarily be available.
Wall Basket
Sky Candle Perkins Cove
Lee Spiller Stone Vase


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Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
Contents Note to Reader Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: A View from the Battlefront 1. Overweight and Overpowered 2. Welcoming Children to Weight Loss-A Day at the OWL Clinic Part II: Making Peace Within Us 3. Eating to Feel Full 4. Getting Physical 5. It's the Thought that Counts Part III: Making Peace in Our Families 6. There's No Place Like Home 7. The 9-Week Program Part IV: Making Peace Around Us 8. Changing the World Part V: Increase the Peace 9. Recipes Part VI: Reinforcements Diaries for the 9-Week Program Shopping List Recommended Reading Notes Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Obesity in children -- Popular works.
Weight loss.


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The following video is brought to you courtesy of the Disclosed TruthTV YouTube Channel. Click the video below to watch it now.
Artefacts and discoveries have been found over many centuries but these ones have continued to baffle researchers as to their whereabouts, existence and fate. Despite decades of research there are many things in this documentary that scholars cannot explain or agree on. Travel back in time with us and explore some of the greatest mysteries of all time. As much as we know about the ancient world, there is still so much more we can't fully comprehend – and perhaps never will – about the distant past.
Watch awesome eye opening, educational, mind provoking, controversial documentaries by subscribing and of course hit the bell button at the top tight of the screen. We will make each film expand the horizons of the viewers who are open to learning more about the world. We hope you will discover many facts you may have been previously unaware of in this very educational ancient discoveries expose.


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- aerial switching
- сканирование
English-Russian marine dictionary . 2014.
Смотреть что такое "aerial switching" в других словарях:
Aerial warfare — For military aviation forces and equipment see Military aviation. For strategic theory on the use of air forces, see Airpower. Warfare Military history Eras … Wikipedia
Electrical lengthening — is the modification of an aerial which is shorter than a whole number multiple of a quarter of the radiated wavelength, by means of a suitable electronic device, without changing the physical length of the aerial, in such a way that it… … Wikipedia
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Tesla coil — at Questacon the National Science and Technology center in Canberra, Australia Uses Application in educational demonstrations, novelty lighting, as well as music Inventor … Wikipedia
Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… … Universalium
Conical scanning — is a system used in early radar units to improve their accuracy, as well as making it easier to steer the antenna properly to point at a target. Conical scanning is similar in concept to the earlier lobe switching concept used on some of the… … Wikipedia
List of United States Marine Corps MOS — The Marine Corps s Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) is a system of categorizing career fields. The standard structure of an MOS identifier is a 4 digit number, with the first two being the category, and the second two being the career within … Wikipedia
skiing — /skee ing/, n. the act or sport of gliding on skis. [1890 95; SKI + ING1] * * * I Sport and mode of transportation involving moving over snow on a pair of long flat runners (skis) attached to shoes or boots. Skiing was born in northern Europe;… … Universalium
Life Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Zoology In 2008 several zoological studies provided new insights into how species life history traits (such as the timing of reproduction or the length of life of adult individuals) are derived in part as responses to… … Universalium
Right- and left-hand traffic — countries with right hand traffic … Wikipedia
Abkürzungen/Luftfahrt/S–Z — Dies ist der fünfte Teil der Liste Abkürzungen/Luftfahrt. Liste der Abkürzungen Teil 1 A A Teil 2 B–D B; C; D Teil 3 E–K E; F; G; H; I; J; … Deutsch Wikipedia


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As a public service, Shaw Media will provide open access to information related to the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) emergency.
Clark County Public Health reported 17 new cases of COVID-19 on Tuesday, a day after the county saw a 68-case jump.
Grand County Public Health confirmed on Tuesday the first death related to COVID-19 in the county.
The latest deaths involved a man in his 70s and a woman in her 80s. Also, the health department reportedly conducted an initial investigation and reached out to people who have been deemed high risk contacts with guidance. This additional information replaces the information that was previously provided daily in this format.
In Northumberland County, the total is now 304 county residents have tested positive for COVID-19. There are now currently three active COVID-19 cases in Marshall County and six active cases in Bureau County. Bureau County has had 29 confirmed cases. 60 in Northumberland County, eight in Montour County, eight new cases in Union County, and two new cases in Snyder County in the past two weeks.
Lycoming County has had 182 positive cases to date, Clinton 78 cases, Sullivan five cases and Tioga 25 cases.
Update your WhatsApp soon! to get new features
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Australian PM threatens fines as 1,000 in Melbourne refuse coronavirus testing
That means residents will be confined to home except for grocery shopping, health appointments, work or caregiving, and exercise. These "hot zones" will be required to return to Stage 3 Stay at Home restrictions - until at least July 29.
Basketball star Emoni Bates commits to Michigan State
Out of the clear June sky, Michigan State landed a seismic recruiting commitment. "They've been recruiting me hard since then". Bates said Spartans coach Tom Izzo has recruited him since he was in seventh grade.
JR Smith, Lakers Finalizing Deal
Have you subscribed to our YouTube channel ? (For more sports coverage, visit the ABS-CBN Sports website ). He should be a great addition to the team, playing off the bench while LeBron is resting.
South Africa Takes Part in Human Trial for Potential COVID-19 Vaccine
All the vaccine teams are keen to stress that they are not in a race against each other, but against the virus. Several wealthy countries have already ordered millions of doses of those experimental vaccines.


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Irrigation Tech Responsibilities -
Operates all irrigation equipment and tools
Hand waters greens, tees, fairways, roughs, landscaped areas, and seeded areas.
Operates irrigation heads in dry areas, during fertilizer applications, and spray applications where additional water is needed.
Repairs the irrigation system, pipes and irrigation heads as needed.
Performs small repairs on pump stations
Ability to program irrigation clocks and central computer
Operates and maintains all irrigation equipment to manufacturer specifications and safety standards.Hand waters greens, tees, fairways, roughs, landscaped areas, and seeded areas.
Performs small repairs on pump stations.
Experience Requirements:
Minimum 2 years golf or landscape experience. Working knowledge of irrigation components
Special Requirements:
Must be able to work outdoors in inclement weather. Must be able to lift 50 lbs. Must be able to bend, stoop, crawl.
This job requires overtime as needed.
This position requires candidates to be highly detail when it comes to monitoring irrigation system, including trouble shooting clocks and heads out on the field.
This position is a good opportunity for someone looking to move up to an assistant or superintendent position within the company.


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401 North May Street
West Town, Chicago, 60642
Commute to Downtown Chicago
Daily errands do not require a car.
Transit is convenient for most trips.
Daily errands can be accomplished on a bike.
401 North May Street has a Walk Score of 96 out of 100. This location is a Walker's Paradise so daily errands do not require a car.
401 North May Street is an eight minute walk from the Green Line and the Pink Line at the Morgan stop.
This location is in the West Town neighborhood in Chicago. Nearby parks include Bickerdike Square Park, Union Park and Union Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 401 North May Street.
401 North May Street has excellent transit which means transit is convenient for most trips. Car sharing is available from Zipcar, I-GO and RelayRides.
Rail lines:
Green Line
0.3 mi
Pink Line
0.3 mi
Blue Line
0.5 mi
UP-N Union Pacific North
0.9 mi
UP-W Union Pacific West
0.9 mi
UP-NW Union Pacific Northwest
0.9 mi
MD-W Milwaukee West
1.1 mi
NCS North Central Service
1.1 mi
HC Heritage Corridor
1.1 mi
BNSF Burlington Northern
1.1 mi
Bus lines:
65 Grand
0.1 mi
56 Milwaukee
0.4 mi
8 Halsted
0.4 mi
19 United Center Express
0.4 mi
401 North May Street compared to all of Chicago.
Lowest crime area.
Lowest crime area.
How do you feel walking near 401 North May Street?
Thanks for your feedback!
401 North May Street is in the West Town neighborhood. West Town is the 12th most walkable neighborhood in Chicago with a neighborhood Walk Score of 92.
Moving to Chicago from another city? View our moving to Chicago guide.


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Coffee is one of the world's most consumed drinks with over 1400 million cups of coffee drunk around the world each day. It is one of the most traded commodities in the world and it's name 'coffee' originates from the Arabic word 'kaweh' meaning strength or vigor. This Café Vienna Fragrance Oil, just like your favorite caffeine addiction, is a brilliant delight. It has coffee notes with the sweet [read more]
Powdered pumice. A very soft exfoliant.
This is an original 1929 color print ad for Palmolive featuring S. Pessl of the House of Pessl- beauty advisers to the aristocracy for over 100 years.
Bentonite clay has excellent oil absorbing properties. A very soft clay, often times used for acne or as a mask for absorbing Oil. It's thought to absorb toxins and revitalize tired skin. Cosmetic grade
Powdered pumice. A very soft exfoliant.
Vienna has notes of jasmine, spice, citrus, lavender, basil and marine notes with a soft amber and musk woody dry down. Made with Steigl Pils Beer as the liquid portion of the recipe.
Manufacture:MADE IN USA. Designed, Printed and Shipped out of our California Facility.Features:Our place mat is made of natural rubber with Fabric. High quality cloth weave surface bonded to a special NON-SLIP 100% natural Eco-Friendly rubber base to enhance precise tracking, effortless control, steady surface support and extended durability. The weave also provides a nice, comfortable feel under [read more]
© Shoplology.com - price comparison shopping - all rights reserved - Sitemap Shoplology.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com


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1400 North 14th Street, 12th Floor
Arlington, VA 22209
©2020 Lean Construction Institute. All Rights Reserved. · Threshold Technologies, Inc.
LCI New York State Community of Practice
Lean in Western New York
Date: Thursday, September 29, 2016
Time: 12:00 noon to 2:00 pm
Location: LP Ciminelli
2421 Main Street
Buffalo, NY 14214
Visit leanconstruction.org for an overview of Lean.


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Gmc 1200000 m2 of production bases by 2019 gmc has built 6 advanced manufacture bases which cover a total area of over 1200000 m2 dby 2019 gmc has built 6 advanced manufacture bases which cover a total area of over 1200000 m2 contain various of grinding mill production line such as hammer mill and raymond mill.[email protected]
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Hammer mill grinder introduction. huaqiang hammer mill grinder is used for grinding raw materials of large and medium livestock and aqua feed mills. it can also be used for grass and pharmacy fine grinding. the granular raw materials, such as corn, sorghum, wheat, beans, etc can be grinded. features of hammer mill grinder..Details
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This is a 3 hp 220v electric direct driven hammer mill. -this hammer mill has both a grinding and a shredding function. -shredding of any dry or green product such as corn,maize,sugar cane,branches and any kind of green crop used for animal feed.-this hammer mill comes standard with 5 siev es0.8mm3mm5mm12mm and 25mm for grinding any wet or dry product.-these mills are.Details
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The gd and 2d hammer mills are designed for the animal feed industry, to grind raw materials into small particles and meal. both the gd and 2d hammer mill series cover capacities ranging from 5 100 tons per hour, dependent on type of raw material, formula and required grinding structure and can be incorporated in a pre-grinding as well as a post grinding system as a complete grinding.Details
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Игри на CRNOBELO.com > shoot
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either supersede or interfere with the civil law of the realm and the military is in general subordinate to the latter. [Tyler on Military Law, 365.] The Articles of War do not provide for such a case for they are confined strictly to military matters even on a soldier himself, and cannot be exercised even against a soldier by an officer except in such matter and about which the officer has the right to order him. So zealous has been England in such cases that Governor Wall was executed in England after the lapse of twenty years for flogging [so that he died] a soldier for an offense not military, and by a pretended court - martial not full. If I have been guilty of the offense charged I have violated the law of this State, and am amenable to the judgment of the court which by the Constitution is appointed to take jurisdiction of my case. If I am cleared of this charge by this tribunal the acquittal here will the acquittal in bar of an indictment found by a grand jury of Pettis County.
Lastly the charge in substance is murder. Now by what standard can this tribunal determine the offense? By the law of this State murder is divided into two degress, and manslaughter into four. By the criminal court of the United States there is no division of murder or of manslaughter. Will this court make its standard the law of the United States? The United States cannot take jurisdiction of any homicide unless it be committed in a place over which it has exclusive jurisdiction such as forts, dockyards, arsenals or in the Indian country. Congress has no power to provide for a homicide committed in a State. The subject belongs make its standard the State? This tribunal is no State tribunal; it belongs to no department of power of this State. The State has no power to create this tribunal.
If I have in my comments upon the power and jurisdiction of tthe commission in any respect overstepped the limits accorded to me I crave the indulgence and pardon of the commission. The position in which I am placed is without precedent in this Republic; and I may without a blush acknowledge my embarrassment and inability to discuss satisafactorily the great principal involved in my case in the brief time allowed to me.
Respectfully submitted.
Sedalia, Mo., December 14, 1861.
Whereas, Ebenezer Magoffin, formerly a colonel in the Army of the Southern Confederacy, has given his parole of honor that he will not in any manner by word of deed aid, assist or give countenance to the enemies of the United States Government; and whereas, by order of Geneal Halleck said Med to remain at home or vicinity in the quiet unmolested pursuit of his usual peaceful occupations, I therefore order all officers and soldiers of the U. S. Army to give him protection, and by this safeguard he is protected in person and property so long as he remains in the quiet pursuit of his ordinary business in same manner as other loyal cotozens of the United States.
By order of Colonel F. Steele, commanding Fifth Division, Army of the West:
Lieutenant - Colonel, Quartemanster and Acting Aide - de - Camp.


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- 1 European Weaponry
- 2 Asian Weaponry
- 3 Improvised Weaponry
- 4 Siege Engines
- 5 Other Resources
- 6 See Also
Here are some well-known and not so well-known weapons that your character or your men might be wielding, or facing, in battle. Within their types, weapons are listed alphabetically.
Gunpowder weaponry is not listed, as BattleMaster never mentions it.
European Weaponry
Pole Weapons
Axes have been included in this list.
- Ahlspiess - also called an Awl Pike. A metal spike, usually over three feet in length, mounted on a shaft of 5 to 6 feet in length. At the base of the spike was a rondel guard, a simple round piece of metal, to protect the hands.
- Bardiche - an Eastern European weapon. A tall axehead - perhaps 2 feet long - mounted by two sockets onto a short pole, usually up to 5 feet long.
- Battle Axe - an axe specifically designed for warfare. Since flesh is easier to slice than wood, battle axes were usually lighter than utility axes and had narrower blades. Axes might be used by horsemen or infantrymen, and might be double- or single-handed.
- Bec de Corbin - similar to a polearm length war hammer (see below). Usually, instead of using the hammer head to attack, the hammer's 'beak' or fluke was used.
- Bec de Faucon - a polearm with a large hammer head instead of an axe, and backed with a spike or curved fluke. The weapon either terminated in a heavy steel counterweight, or a sharpened buttspike, and seemed to range anywhere from five to seven or more feet long.
- Bill - also called a bill hook or bill-guisarme. A pole 6 to 9 feet long, with (usually) three implements attached: a blade on one side of the end, a hook on the other and a spear-like spike straight off the top.
- Boar Spear - a short and heavy spear for hunting wild boar. Two 'lugs' or wings were placed behind the blade of the spear to prevent the head entering too deep, and to stop the boar working its way up the spear. On the battlefield, the lugs could be used to entangle enemy equipment, and also prevented a thrust going too deep which meant the user could be confident that he would be able to pull the spear out again.
- Breach-Pike - an awl pike without the rondel guard.
- Candeliere - an Italian term, literally 'candlestick'. This was a shortened awl pike.
- Chacing Staff - also called a chasing staff, this was a staff 10 to 12 feet long with a spike on the butt end and a shallow blade on the other. It resembled an early halberd or bill.
- Danish Axe - originally the axe used by the Vikings, 4 to 6 feet long. This spread throughout Europe during the 13th century.
- Doloire - also called a wagoner's axe, this was roughly 5 feet long. The head was pointed at the top and rounded at the bottom, and a small hammer head is mounted on the reverse. As the alternative name suggests, this weapon was used as a tool and for self-defence by the men in charge of supply trains.
- Fauchard - a curved blade mounted on a 6 to 7 foot pole. The curve of the blade was concave, similar to a sickle or scythe.
- Fauchard-Fork - a fauchard (see above), with a lance point attached to the top or the point of the blade.
- Flax - like the pitchfork, this was a farming implement, in this case one used to manipulate the material flax, used as an improvised weapon. This was a serrated, saw-like blade, topped with a broad, flat hook and with a spike on the reverse, mounted on a 7 to 8 foot pole.
- Glaive - a single edged blade - perhaps 18 inches long - mounted on a pole 6 to 7 feet long.
- Guisarme - also called a gisarme or bisarme. Originally simply a pruning hook on a spear shaft. Later a hooked blade with a spike on the reverse side. Eventually a catch-all term for any weapon with a hook on.
- Halberd - An axe head on a pole, with a hook-blade on the reverse and a long spike straight off the top.
- Half-Pike - a shortened pike, commonly used by sailors, as it was easier to manipulate in the limited space of a ship's deck.
- Jousting Lance - a lance (see below), but with a blunt and spread out tip, and sometimes with a hollowed shaft to break on impact.
- Lance - the lance as used by knights was longer, stouter and heavier than the spear and was mounted with a vamplate, a circular metal plate to prevent the hand sliding up the shaft upon impact. Once the initial charge had been made, the lance usually had to be abandoned.
- Long-Bearded Axe - an axe where the cutting edge of the blade extends below the width of the throat, which saves weight and allows the axe to be held just below the head if necessary, for close blows and woodcutting.
- Lucerne Hammer - so-called because many were found at Lucerne, Switzerland. This is a three or four pronged hammer head mounted on a 7 foot pole, with a spike on the reverse and a longer spike straight of the top.
- Man Catcher - a bizarre non-lethal polearm. A pole mounted with a two-pronged head. Each prong was semi-circular, with a spring-loaded 'door' on the front. This valve-like system allowed a man-sized object to be caught from a horse and pinned to the ground. This was ideal for capturing nobles for ransom.
- Mattock - similar to a pickaxe, but with the head terminating in a broader blade than the pickaxe's long spike. This was an agricultural implement that could be used as an improvised weapon by peasants.
- Military Fork - an evolution of the pitchfork (see below) for battlefield use. Usually military forks had only two tines (prongs); these were usually parallel or slightly flared. This became the favoured polearm in some areas of Europe.
- Ox Tongue Spear - also called the langue de boeuf. An English broad bladed, double edged halberd.
- Partisan - also called a partizan. A lance or spear head mounted on a shaft with a small double axe head mounted just below it. It eventually became clear that the partisan was not a good battlefield weapon. It became a ceremonial and civil weapon, and so might be borne by city guards and militia.
- Pike - a polearm, similar to a spear, from 10 to a remarkable 22 feet long. Primarily used in a close formation against cavalry.
- Pitchfork - a farming implement which might be used by peasants lacking anything else. Pitchforks varied in lengths and usually had 2 to 6 tines.
- Poleaxe - also called a pole axe, poll-axe, polax or hache. This was a polearm 4 to 7 feet long with a modular head. Usually an axe blade - smaller than that of a halberd - or a hammer head was mounted on the damaging 'face', with a spike, hammer or fluke on the reverse. A blade often came off the top too. A rondel guard might be fixed below the head, and a spike might be fixed to the butt.
- Ranseur - also called a runka or rawcon. Essentially a spear with a cross hilt mounted just below the head. Sometimes the hilt was crescent shaped, which produced something like a trident.
- Spear - the simplest polearm. The spear was cheap and required little training, but as the Middle Ages progressed, it was gradually abandoned in favour of other polearms.
- Spetum - also called a chauve, souris, corseca, corsèsque, and korseke. A 6 to 8 foot long polearm, spear-tipped, with two projections at the base of the tip. Unlike the ranseur and the partisan, the projections are single edged and used for slashing.
- Swordstaff - a Danish weapon ('Svaerdstav'), in essence a sword blade mounted on a staff - not as long as a spear but longer than a sword - and thus better than a spear for very close combat, and better than a sword for fighting mounted opponents. However, it was probably a 'jack of all trades and master of none' because of its hybrid nature.
- War Hammer - a hammer head mounted on a pole or staff. Polearm length war hammers were employed against cavalry, whereas shorter war hammers were used by them. Often a spike might be mounted straight off the top.
- War Scythe - this is a peasant's scythe, but adapted for warfare. The blade is moved, from its position at right angles to the shaft, to extend upright from it. Particularly associated with Poland.
- Voulge - a polearm similar to a glaive (see above), but with a broader blade and more of a hacking than a cutting motion. Sometimes the blade narrowed to a 'pointed top' for stabbing.
- Chain Mace - a morningstar (see below) or a metal ball on the end of a long length of chain. The chain was often wrapped in leather or another protective material.
- Club - also called a cudgel or a bludgeon. Probably the simplest of all weapons. A wooden stick with which the wielder strikes his enemies. This would be a peasant's weapon, but soldiers might employ it when doing police work. Maces were derived from clubs.
- Cosh - otherwise known as a sap or a blackjack, it was simply lead weights wrapped in a bag, and used to incapacitate people when they weren't looking. Other heavy materials could be substituted. A common mugger's weapon, as it was easily concealed.
- Flail - strictly speaking, one or more metal balls - sometimes morningstars (see below) - attached by a chain or chains to a staff. An impact weapon, which could curve around a shield or a parrying weapon.. Named a flail because the wielder's motions resembled those of someone using the (quite different) farming implement.
- Godendag - also called the goedendag, plançon-à-picot or chandelier. This was a Flemish variant of the morningstar mace. It was a long wooden club, 4 to 6 feet long, with an iron spike on the end.
- Holy Water Sprinkler - also called a goupillon. Strictly speaking, a short, spiked iron bar on the end of a chain, similar to a morningstar flail - indeed the term can also refer to morningstar flails or morningstar maces. So-called probably because the spikes resemble sprays of holy water from an eclesiastical aspergillum.
- Horseman's Pick - a cavalry war hammer, with a long spike on the reverse of the hammer head. The spike was curved downwards, giving it a pick-like shape.
- Long Stave - also long staff. This was a longer, Early Modern version of the quarterstaff (see below). A long stave could be 12 to 18 feet long.
- Mace - a wooden, reinforced or metal shaft topped with a metal or stone head, which was thicker than the shaft and often sported spikes, knobs or flanges. Infantry maces were usually 2 to 3 feet long. Cavalry maces were somewhat longer.
- Maul - originally a long handled hammer used to split wood, with a wedge-shaped head, a little like a broad axehead. A peasant's implement. This could be modified with metal banding and rivets to provide a battlefield weapon. Two-handed maces were also called mauls.
- Morningstar - strictly speaking, the small spiked round ball found either on the end of a chain in a flail or on the end of a shaft in a morningstar mace. More generally could refer to any type of spiked club.
- Quarterstaff - an English staff weapon, usually 6 to 9 feet long. A quarterstaff might have metal caps or spikes at one or both ends. Early, longer variants of the quarterstaff were called long staves (see above). Many implements can be converted into a quarterstaff and a quarterstaff could of course be used as a long walking staff.
- Shillelagh - a weapon associated with Ireland. A wooden club or cudgel, usually a knotty stick with a large knob on the end, made from blackthorn or oak. A shillelagh might be hollowed out at the striking end and filled with molten lead. This variation was called a 'loaded stick'.
- Shield - Shields could serve as a weapon in an emergency, especially with the addition of spikes or sharp edges.
- Arming Sword - a single handed, double edged sword usually used for cutting. Until the late 13th century and the rise of the longsword, these swords were the standard knight's sword - 'war sword' - and after that time they remained a common side-arm. Knights would wear arming swords in and out of armour; they would be 'undressed' without one.
- Backsword - the backsword was so named because it only had one cutting edge. The non-cutting edge (the back of the blade) was much thicker than the cutting edge thus creating a wedge type cross-section.
- Baselard - also called a basillard, this was a Swiss weapon, somewhere between a short sword and a dagger. It was perhaps 40 centimeters long, although after the Middle Ages it became longer.
- Cinquedea - a thrusting civilian short sword from Italy during the end of the Middle Ages, with a heavy, roughly 45 centimetre long blade.
- Claymore - a two-handed sword, somewhat smaller and lighter, and thus faster, than other two-handed swords. Medieval claymores - with a cross guard - are different from the 18th century basket-hilt claymore. The blade was roughly 40 inches long.
- Dagger - a simple knife, usually double edged. A particularly popular variant was the rondel (see below). Daggers were usually used as a side-arm, and, since they could penetrate the joints in a suit of armour, they could be used to kill an unhorsed knight or to force him to surrender.
- Dirk - a Scottish word. The actual configuration of a dirk varied. Sometimes a dirk was a small, straight dagger; sometimes it was a sword blade mounted with a dagger hilt.
- Ear Dagger - a rare weapon, thought to have originated in Spain. An Ear Dagger usually had a single sharpened edge ending in an acute point. The pommel had a distinctive shape, supposedly resembling a human ear.
- Falchion - a single hand, single edged sword with a wide blade. These were cheap to produce.
- Flamberge - any sword with a wavy edge (hence the name, 'flame blade'). Such a sword would have been attractive and distinctive, but would also apparently create unusual vibrations in an opponent's blade when parrying, which might disrupt their technique. The word 'flamberge' was sometimes also used to refer to a Zweihänder sword (see below).
- Greatsword - a 'greatsword' was not a particular type of sword, but the word might mean a heavy arming sword, a large longsword, a claymore or a bihänder
- Großes Messer - also called a langmesser, heibmesser or simply a messer, this was a single edged, inexpensive German blade, similar to a falchion. The blade might be 30 inches long.
- Katzbalger - an arming sword 75 to 85 cm long, with a distinctive figure-eight shaped guard. Famously sturdy, sometimes used as a secondary weapon by pikemen, archers and crossbowmen.
- Longsword - also called a langschwerdt, spadone or montante (the terms bastard sword and hand-and-a-half sword are modern). An evolution of the arming sword, with a cross guard. Lengths varied, but usually both hands could fit comfortably onto the hilt, although it might be used one-handed.
- Misericorde - also called a mercygiver, this was a long English knife specifically designed for delivering a coup de grâce to a wounded man. It saw much use during the Hundred Years' War; the French considered it unchivalrous.
- Poniard - a thrusting dagger with a slim square or triangular blade.
- Romphaia - a two-handed sword with a shallow curve, originally used in Classical times but surviving in use during the Early Medieval period.
- Rondel - also called a roundel, this was a single edged dagger which had rondels - flat metal circles - for both its pommel and guard. It was worn by a variety of people from knights to merchants. The blade was usually more than 12 inches long. There were also four-edged variants, the blade having a cruciform cross-section.
- Sabre - usually a single-edged, curved blade with a hand guard. Sabres originally arrived in Europe with the Magyars in the 10th century.
- Shamshir - a sabre of Persian ancestry. The one striking feature about a shamshir was the radical curve of the blade, sometimes even up to 15 degrees. As such, it was used mostly for slashing, as the curve made stabbing difficult.
- Shortsword - in medieval terms, a 'shortsword' was a one-handed sword short only in comparison to a longsword. The word was rarely used and is something of a neologism.
- Scimitar - a curved, single-edged sword, used mostly in North-Africa and Arabia. It dates back to almost 2 millennia B.C. during the 18th Egyptian Dynasty, when the first mention of curved blades is made. It is primarily used for slashing enemies.
- Stiletto - a small, straight dagger. It had no edge, only an extremely sharp point. Used primarily by infiltrators to carry out assassinations, being light,slim and easy to conceal. However, it was almost worthless for any other purpose.
- Sword Breaker - could be a term for any weapon designed to break swords, but usually a long and sturdy dagger with slots on one side. By catching an opponent's blade in a slot, and twisting the Sword Breaker, the user could in theory break his opponent's weapon. How well this worked in practice is not certain.
- Zweihänder - also called a bihänder, or bidenhänder, this was an extremely large two-handed sword. Its heyday was the 16th century, but it originated in Germany during the 14th century. The weapon as a whole might be 5 or 6 feet long, and usually had a cross guard.
Personal Ranged Weapons
- Arbalest - although this word could mean any crossbow, it more commonly meant a crossbow-like weapon with a steel prod, which allowed for a greater draw force. Also called an arcubalist or abblast.
- Crossbow - a bow, called a 'prod', mounted on a stock. The string was drawn back - either unaided or by a mechanical mechanism - and then released by a trigger; the weapon fired arrow-like projectiles called bolts. Crossbows fired slowly but had great draw force. They were often considered unchivalrous.
- Dart - darts have been present in European warfare for a long time. Some were used in the Middle Ages, but they generally played little part in battle. Sometimes darts were fashioned for special purposes: for example, certain Byzantine heavy cavalry would throw specially made, 12 inch long, barbed, lead-weighted and feathered darts as they charged.
- Longbow - famously used by the Welsh and then the English, this was a bow of great length - perhaps 6 feet - requiring great strength and a great deal of practice to be used effectively. The longbow could be long-ranged, and it could be accurate, but it could not be both at the same time. A variety of arrowheads were used for different purposes.
- Staff Sling - also called a stave sling or fustibale. Although the sling was obsolete during the medieval period, the staff sling was still used during sieges. A sling on the end of a staff - up to 6 feet long - could hurl heavy stones great distances, utilising a lever effect.
Asian Weaponry
(those generally not associated with European Medieval society)
Pole Weapons
- Kusarigama - More of a composite weapon, it composed of a scythe with a flail attached to the bottom end. A user would use the flail to knock the opponent off balance, and then rush forward to bring the scythe edge into play.
- Naginata - similiar to the glaive, a curved blade mounted on a wooden shaft. While naginata could both slash and stab, slashing usually held more power due to the leverage provided by the pole and the shape of the blade. The length of the haft was around 5 to 7 feet, while the blade was around 2-3 feet long.
- Qiang - a weapon of Chinese make, it was essentially a cheap, mass-producible spear. However, one striking feature was the red horse-hair tassel situated just below the blade. The spear was a strong but flexible wood, which bends to absorb impact preventing breakage. The bending motion combined with the blurring effect of the tassle made the spear tip very hard to follow.
- Tachibo - a Bo with a slot that could allow a Tachi (blade) to slide into, thus creating a Spear.
- Yari - the Japanese longspear, recognized by its straight and long blade. Yari were extremely durable. The shaft was made from hardwood and covered in bamboo strips, and then held together by metal rings. Yari varied from one meter long for a foot soldier to about 2.5 meters for a mounted combatant and even 6 meters for use in a phalanx-like formation.
- Bō - the Japanese name for a quarterstaff.
- Kanabō - a staff composed of heavy wood or metal and covered with metal at the striking end. Few could wield it due to their extreme weight, but a skilled wielder could use it to cleave heads and smash horses' legs. Also known as a Tetsubo.
- Lathi - an Indian bamboo staff, of varying length, usually (but not always) tipped with a metal blunt at one end. Usually used to incapacitate opponents.
- Manriki-gusari - a ninja's weapon, consisting of a thick chain with lead weights at the end. The user either hurled them at the target or whirled it around, causing the weights to slam into the enemy, and thereby incapacitating him. It could be easily folded up and concealed.
- Nunchaku - not a dedicated martial weapon, it consisted of two lengths of wood joined by a thick chain. Exponente wielded it in a manner similar to a mace, but a lot faster due to its light weight.
- Tonfa - The tonfa consisted of two parts, a handle with a knob, and perpendicular to the handle, a shaft or board that lies along the hand and forearm. The shaft was usually 20–24 inches long.
- Chuttuval - lit. 'coiled sword', also known as the urumi. An Indian weapon, something between a short whip and a sword; a flexible band of steel 3/4 to 1 inch in width, and perhaps 4 to 5 foot in length, mounted on a handle. Difficult to control. Apparently multiple bands can be mounted on the same handle for an even more complex weapon.
- Dao - a catch-all Chinese word to refer to all curved swords developed for the purpose of slashing.
- Jian - a traditional Chinese weapon, it was a long, straight sword. There a thin blade allowed it to bend. A jian was difficult to wield, as its effectiveness depended on the user's finesse and agility, rather than brute force, much like a rapier.
- Jitte - Similiar to the sai; a light, dull sword with a tsuba (outblade) designed to catch opponent's swords. It was roughly the size of a wakizashi, and was wielded if the wielder wanted to disarm, not kill. As such, it was commonly used by law-enforcement officers.
- Katana - feudal Japanese blade. Perhaps 70-90 cm long and remarkably sharp and strong, despite being very thin. Difficult to master but extremely effective. Single-edged. The katana held a special significance for samurai, who felt that they were incomplete without it, whether they actually used it or not - much like a European knight's relationship with his 'arming sword'.
- Katar - an Indian punching dagger or sword. Unusually, the grip is mounted horizontally to the blade, so the blade sits on the user's knuckles and thrusts are made with a punching motion (see also the Pata).
- Ninjatō/Ninjaken - the type of sword a ninja would have carried, a cut down version/variant of the Katana and Wakizashi, and usually not made of folding metal like the katana. Straight bladed.
- Pata - an Indian concept, a little like a scaled-up Katar (see above); a blade of 10 to 44 inches length was mounted on the end of a gauntlet. As with the Katar, the user was able to thrust by using a punching motion.
- Sai - The sai's basic form is that of an unsharpened dagger, with two long, unsharpened projections (tsuba) attached to the handle. It is originally a purely defensive weapon, used to trap an opponent's sword between the prongs, and attempt to disarm him. A sai is basically a jitte (see above) with two tsuba instead of one.
- Talwar - an Indian sword, similar in shape to a Shamshir but usually with a wider blade.
- Tessen - a fan which had metal spokes, sharpened to deadly points. They were designed to look like regular fans, and were used in places where swords and other overt weapons were not allowed.
- Wakizashi - a smaller version of a katana, it was commonly worn as a sidearm by katana-wielding samurai. In the Feudal era, a technique comsisting of using a katana and a wakizashi in tandem (collectively knowm as the 'daisho', meaning long(katana) and short(wakizashi)) was developed.
- Zanbato - A huge, heavy sword, with no finger guard or noticeable hilt. Used as more of a bludgeoning weapon, downing foes with brute force. Two handed.
Personal Ranged Weapons
- Chakram - an Indian throwing weapon; a flat metal ring, usually 5 to 12 inches in diameter and with a sharpened outer edge. This weapon is frequently featured in modern fantasy and martial arts media, where it usually appears with a larger diameter and is often solely a melee weapon.
- Shuriken - a Japanese term for any concealed throwing weapon. Although modern culture is most familiar with the 'throwing star' form of the shuriken, shuriken could be any easily concealed sharp object, fashioned from a wide range of objects (such as needles, nails, coins or chisels), or made from scratch. Shuriken were usually used for incapacitation or distraction.
- Yumi - a Japanese term use to refer to bows, which included the Daikyu (Longbow) and the Hankyu (Shortbow).
Improvised Weaponry
A number of the weapons listed above were converted agricultural implements - scythes, pitchforks et cetera - and, given the poor understanding of logistics during the Medieval period, commanders were often forced to improvise. The Byzantine general Belisarius, for example, was supposedly forced to equip some of his infantry with park fenceposts and large metal platters in lieu of spears and shields before his last battle (he won).
Moving away from a purely military context, almost anything might serve as a weapon in an emergency. During a tavern brawl mugs might serve as missiles and chair-legs as clubs, a civilian rider might have to resort to his whip, if an urban population revolted they might well throw cobblestones and tiles, and a noble would be forced to use the first thing that came to hand against an assassin; Julius Caesar is supposed to have had only a stylus to defend himself when he was assassinated (Caesar was not Medieval, but the principle is the same).
Siege Engines
Miscellaneous thrown objects might include simple stone or metal balls, flammable objects, large arrow-like objects, beehives, carcasses, or unsuccessful spies. Siege engines - especially the larger, more expensive types - were sometimes named. King Edward I, for example, possessed thirteen trebuchets; some were named to intimidate ('War-Wolf') and others were named with a certain black humour ('Vicar' and 'Parson' - presumably playing on the trebuchet's ability to usher souls into the next world).
- Ballista - this classical weapon - a kind of giant crossbow - was occasionally used in the Middle Ages, but it was expensive and complex, and so was generally replaced by the onager.
- Battering Ram - at its simplest, a log which soldiers batter gates with. More advanced rams might be slung from a frame or placed on rollers. Often rams were protected with roofs and side-screens.
- Catapult - this appears to have been a catch-all term for any siege engine that launched projectiles.
- Onager - the onager used a sling attached to a throwing arm to launch a solid projectile. Later onagers might have fired several projectiles from a fixed bowl. 'Onager' appears to have been interchangeable with 'mangonel'. Onagers used torsion bundles to throw their projectile(s).
- Siege Hook - a large metal hook, if strong enough, could be mounted on a long pole, or attached to a strong rope, and used to physically pull down the stones of the defender's wall. These saw little use and were probably only useful against minor defences which could be easily taken by other methods as well.
- Siege Tower - a tower on wheels, usually constructed at the scene of the siege and built higher than the besieged walls. Siege towers could carry archers, and a drawbridge might be lowered onto the walls to allow troops access.
- Trebuchet - unlike the onager and ballista, the trebuchet used a counterweight acting on a lever to hurl much larger projectiles. Trebuchets appear to have had a range of about 300 yards - within skilled bowshot. Large trebuchets were slow to operate, launching perhaps two projectiles per hour.
Miscellaneous Siege Techniques
It should be noted that, until the arrival of gunpowder, the balance of technology and logistics usually favoured the defender.
Boiling Oil
Various unpleasant substances might be poured on attackers through purpose built holes, or simply over the walls. Boiling oil in particular would have been expensive, and oil was a limited resource. Defenders would more commonly employ cheaper alternatives, such as boiling water, burning pitch or heated sand.
This was a ladder assault on besieged walls. Attackers carrying out an escalade suffered heavy casualties from missile weapons, boiling oil et cetera; if they reached the battlements, they would be outnumbered. Often an escalade was not attempted aggressively, but stealthily, at night, in order to infiltrate and open the gates.
If the besiegers faced a moat or ditch, they might attempt to bridge it by filling it - with stones, bundles of sticks, earth or corpses - often as a prelude to the deployment of rams, or to an escalade.
Greek Fire
Greek fire was a weapon made using a secret formula, deployed by the Byzantine empire. Greek fire stuck to things, and water did not put it out. Objects could be soaked in Greek fire and then launched by siege engines, or it could be combined with a metal siphon to create a primitive flamethrower. The Byzantines also supposedly had a variation which was ignited by contact with sunlight; this could be smeared on enemy siege engines by spies during the night, with predictable results when day came!
Sapping was also called undermining or simply mining; besiegers might dig tunnels under besieged walls to cause a breach. Gunpowder was not used until the very late Middle Ages, but the engineers might build the tunnel using wooden supports which could then be burned to cause the tunnel to collapse. The besieged might countermine, digging into the tunnel themselves to kill the engineers, or digging underneath the initial tunnel before it reached their walls and attempting to collapse that tunnel.
Fortifications often had one or more inconspicuous or concealed secondary gates. The defenders could come outside the walls using one of these in an attempt to catch the attackers off guard - making a sortie. Depending on the forces available, the defenders might aim simply to drive the enemy back and destroy some of their siege equipment, or might hope to actually lift the siege entirely. Sorties were also made in co-ordination with relieving forces.
Unless a relieving army was on the way or the attackers themselves lacked supplies, often the simplest option was to attempt to starve the defenders out.
Other Resources
- myArmoury.com - a resource for historic arms and armour collectors
- The Book of the Sword by Richard Francis Burton, pub. 1884
- Warfare of the Medieval era - Wikipedia Category
- Weapons Glossary at ShadowedRealm.com (Medieval History Community)


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ProVAL Workshop in Sacramento, CA – April 8, 2019
We will conduct a ProVAL workshop in Sacramento, CA for California Asphalt Paving Association. Seats are limited. Register and reserve your seats now!
We will conduct a ProVAL workshop in Sacramento, CA for California Asphalt Paving Association. Seats are limited. Register and reserve your seats now!
The 2019 ProVAL Workshop Schedule is updated. The upcoming workshops include:
February 20, 2019 Little Rock, AR- Inivitation by : ARDOT
March 5, 2019 Salt Lake City, UT – Invitation by : UDOT
April 8, 2019 Sacramento, CA- Register via : CalAPA
April 19, 2019 Sapporo, Japan – Register via JRPUG conference
May, 2019 TBA, IL, USA TBA
Drive the Transtec grinder over high spots to maximize pavement smoothness in The ProVAL Game app for your phone. Click here to download the app for your iOS or Android phone, or search for 'The ProVAL Game' in the App Store or Google Play. The Transtec Group developed The ProVAL Game for promotion.
Win real prizes by earning a top score by January 17, 2019 at 11:59 pm EST.
To enter, tap the share button on the game over or pause screen and email a screenshot with your score to email@example.com.
Highest scores are always saved in the app, so users do not need to share every score earned and can submit the highest score at any point within the contest period.
Users can submit as many scores as they like but are only eligible to win one prize per household, regardless of how many top scores they have.
Click here or scroll down to see the complete terms and conditions.
Click here to see the leaderboard.
Hold and drag to move the profiler van from side to side. Earn points by driving over high spots to grind them. The game ends if you crash into a cone, light pole, or barrier.
ProVAL (Profile Viewing and Analysis) is the world's industry standard engineering software application for viewing and analyzing pavement profiles. It is easy to use, yet powerful enough to perform many types of profile analyses. To learn more about ProVAL and download the computer software for free, visit www.RoadProfile.com.
The Transtec Group engineers pavements that reduce cost, increase performance, accelerate schedules, and protect owners from risk. Transtec creates practical research tools like ProVAL, Veta, and HIPERPAV, and has engineered innovative real-world pavement for over $50 billion worth of pavement projects worldwide. Transtec services include pavement engineering, pavement research, pavement testing, pavement construction support, and the creation of new pavement software and hardware tools. Transtec is a minority-owned small business based in Austin, Texas, USA.
The 2019 schedule of the ProVAL Workshops for pavement smoothness is updated. Please check it out.
The first Japanese Road Profile Users Group (JRPUG) meeting will be held on April 19, 2019 in Sapporo, Japan. Dr. Robert O. Rasmussen of Transtec Group will deliver a keynote speech on "State-of-the-Art Pavement Surface Characteristic technologies". Dr. George K. Chang of Transtec Group will present how RPUG promotes innovation promoted through the three decades of RPUG meetings. Dr. Chang will also teach a ProVAL workshop onsite. The due date for abstracts of presentation is on January 25, 2019. Check out the flyer for further details.
This is an important fix to the HRI fixed-interval analysis for the Smoothness Assurance (SAM). Changes are listed in the Release Notes and also provided below.
This addresses some issues when importing files. Changes are listed in the Release Notes and also provided below.
The Last ProVAL workshop in 2018 will be at LTRC. Thanks to the funding from TTEC of LADOTD!
ProVAL 3.61.27 includes numerous fixes. Changes are listed in the Release Notes and also provided below.
The Transtec Group's ProVAL Support Team has just updated the US DOT Smoothness Specification database (http://www.smoothpavements.com/default.aspx)
The following state spec. files are updated during this round of work:
For State DOTs' smoothness specification writers, please check on the Smoothness Specification website and contact us if there are any further updates!


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Everything posted by Negri's lovechild
Unfortunate Gazza went mate. Some cracking tops there, but you really couldn't knock back Pele! You'll be chuffed with that.
Bayer 04 Leverkusen VS Rangers - Match Thread
Negri's lovechild replied to mitre_mouldmaster's topic in The Bears' Den😂 just meant in response to sema's suggestion that Morelos may not play. Our options are quite limited.
Bayer 04 Leverkusen VS Rangers - Match Thread
Negri's lovechild replied to mitre_mouldmaster's topic in The Bears' DenWe would be taking a risk playing Morelos if that is the case. Other options i can think of would be Stewart or Barker i would assume, but both a bit too left-field for me.
Bayer 04 Leverkusen VS Rangers - Match Thread
Negri's lovechild replied to mitre_mouldmaster's topic in The Bears' DenThink it will be Hagi up top?
Bayer 04 Leverkusen VS Rangers - Match Thread
Negri's lovechild replied to mitre_mouldmaster's topic in The Bears' DenIt's an infectious enthusiasm! No reason why we can't !
Bayer 04 Leverkusen VS Rangers - Match Thread
Negri's lovechild replied to mitre_mouldmaster's topic in The Bears' DenStop that you, I might start believing we can do it! would absolutely love it if we did it. It's wildly stacked against us but you never know.
Got to be the Gazza one. Looks like you also get the added bonus of Chris Waddle's signature on it! What a player he was as well.
Thing is though, they absolutely should be able to put their branding and our crest on the packaging. It's the mindset of the morons that inhabit this country that means that these logos give them carte Blanche to do what they want. Scandalous that a football top will need to be packaged like an item from LoveHoney.
Shows what a shit hole of a country Scotland has become where football tops aren't safe once they have been passed to the courier. Football tops. Can you imagine that happening in any other country? Wanton vandalism and damage because the items have a brand or a crest on them? Obsession isn't the word.
Officialdom Conspiracy 2020/21?
Negri's lovechild replied to SeparateEntityMyArse's topic in The Bears' Den😂😂 oops. I did watch it...honest!
Officialdom Conspiracy 2020/21?
Negri's lovechild replied to SeparateEntityMyArse's topic in The Bears' DenThought overall Madden had a good game but wasn't given anything too difficult to make decisions on until the latter part of the game. After the sending off they got a lot worse with the physicality. He got the sending off spot on, Ferguson could easily have seen red for repeated fouls (thought the shoulder barge an easy yellow) and at least one Aberdeen player was booting McGregor at the goal line incident. Hayes o would say was a definite yellow. Penalty shout was one that could go either way. Seen them given but no complaints. Overall, nothing overly contentious but I think a lot of that was down to Aberdeen not playing the usual way they do against us. 7/10 I would say.
The dae whit you like about THEM thread
Negri's lovechild replied to dummiesoot's topic in General Football & SportI work there so need to make sure I'm out too😂
The dae whit you like about THEM thread
Negri's lovechild replied to dummiesoot's topic in General Football & SportCoatbridge needs to be added there 😂
World Snooker championships 2020
Negri's lovechild replied to magic8ball's topic in General Football & SportHe was outstanding. Boy he is playing is a decent player as well. Unstoppable in that form.
Tomket Tires
Negri's lovechild replied to EMRFC's topic in The Bears' DenGold tier access only
I just find it difficult to believe that we would knowingly play a game without the proper procedures having been followed. Something just doesn't ring true. It was a BCD friendly so it could have easily been cancelled if the results hadn't arrived. You would also think officials would be checking through clearance paperwork before the game kicks off? If we are at fault here then there are a few procedural issues as well.
SFA involved in arbitration as well doesn't fill me with confidence. They nailed their colours to the mast when they brought disrepute charges against Hearts and Thistle. It's a compromised procedure right away when that happens but then again we have a guy in charge of one of the organisations who has openly shown his disdain for a member club. What hope have we for parity? I do try and keep positive. They don't make it easy eejay!👍
I always take these sensationalist headlines with a pinch of salt. Need to see how it pans out. If it turns out that we did proceed with up to nine players not having had official test results back then obviously we should be disciplined for that. However, I don't believe that we would have played the bounce game against DU had we not been sufficiently confident of the results, neither would DU or the officials. It's easy to get caught up in the headlines. The big issue here is the number of positive cases at St Mirren. If the league start is delayed it will be down to that, not the situation at Rangers (unless of course some of the results come back as positive then a while can of worms opens for us).
Let's hope the ruling is given today. It does look like it should be a win for Hearts and Thistle, but I would bet no overturn of relegation but compensation agreed. I think with 8 days to go until the start of the season there will be no other outcome. (I hope I am proven wrong there). SPFL and SFA appear to be trying their very best to keep Scottish football in the financial doldrums for the foreseeable.
7 cases at St Mirren surely means a delayed start. Doubly so if anyone from Hamilton tests positive. The game really is run like an amateur sport up here.
There's a picture that tells 1000 words. Captures the magnificent bastard perfectly. Strength, confidence, experience. A midfielder like him would elevate us tenfold.
You would like to hope that Hearts and Partick would release some of the findings / process, especially if this ends up going against them. Obviously if there's a payoff in there that will tell a story in itself, but you can guarantee there will be some sort of non disclosure agreement if the SPFL get their way. As Dave says, keeping the level of secrecy they have over this when they couldn't hold their water three months ago is an admission of guilt.
It is and should continue to be an embarrassment for the SPFL, but they just front it out and continue business as usual through both Covid-19 and through the arbitration process. Since Hearts and Thistle have been given the arbitration meeting, the SPFL have released the fixture list and have released the names of the new board. Arrogance from them again. They already have this won in their own minds and are poised to strike against Hearts and Thistle. I agree that they (SPFL) have lost to a degree, but they aren't acting like it, which again highlights why they are not for purpose.
People only need to look at the way the SPFL and SFA have conducted themselves over the last three or four months, pandering to certain clubs, abusing their power and steamrolling to their preferred outcome. They act like they are untouchable. They have the situation sewn up and as you say, this season coming will be like nothing we have seen before with regards to questionable decisions and "honest" mistakes.
Stewart Robertson.... Again
Negri's lovechild replied to falkirkNS's topic in The Bears' DenI agree, that's where I think it's a clumsy statement. It isn't accusing our fans of it but it can be interpreted as having a go.


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Want to get the word out there and boost your visibility on social media without taking years to build the audience? Then you should certainly leverage influencers. But the key is to find the right influencer. You don't have to go with influencers with millions of followers. You could opt for micro-influencers with tens of thousands or even a hundred thousand followers.
While any "regular" job requires you to be at work to make money, affiliate marketing offers you the ability to make money while you sleep. By investing an initial amount of time into a campaign, you will see continuous returns on that time as consumers purchase the product over the following days and weeks. You receive money for your work long after you've finished it. Even when you're not in front of your computer, your marketing skills will be earning you a steady flow of income.
Market research is a way of getting an overview of consumers' wants, needs and beliefs. It can also involve discovering how they act. The research can be used to determine how a product could be marketed. Peter Drucker believed[4] market research to be the quintessence of marketing. Market research is a way that producers and the marketplace study the consumer and gather information about the consumers' needs. There are two major types of market research: primary research, which is sub-divided into quantitative and qualitative research, and secondary research.
A vision statement is a realistic, long term future scenario for the organisation. (Vision statements should not be confused with slogans or mottos.)[61] A vision statement is designed to present a realistic long-term future scenario for the organisation. It is a "clearly articulated statement of the business scope." A strong vision statement typically includes the following:[62]
Strategic planning typically begins with a scan of the business environment, both internal and external, this includes understanding strategic constraints.[54] An understanding of the external operating environment, including political, economic, social and technological which includes demographic and cultural aspects, is necessary for the identification of business opportunities and threats.[55] This analysis is called PEST; an acronym for Political, Economic, Social and Technological. A number of variants of the PEST analysis can be identified in literature, including: PESTLE analysis (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental); STEEPLE (adds ethics); STEEPLED (adds demographics) and STEER (adds regulatory).[56]
This is the standard affiliate marketing structure. In this program, the merchant pays the affiliate a percentage of the sale price of the product after the consumer purchases the product as a result of the affiliate's marketing strategies. In other words, the affiliate must actually get the investor to invest in the product before they are compensated.
Dun & Bradstreet is another commercial source of market research that offers an abundance of information for making marketing decisions. It operates the world's largest business database and tracks more than 62 million companies around the world, including 11 million in the United States. For more information, visit the Dun & Bradstreet Small Business Solutions website.
You have to realize, whether you are a business with a physical presence or work completely online, marketing in the internet is something you have to work with and put to your advantage. This would mean that you could reach millions of people around the world. It is unsurprising, then, that businesses have been moving more and more of their marketing resources online.
From there, companies were developed that would interview people on the street about publications that they read and whether they recognized any ads that were published in the magazines or newspapers the interviewer showed them. Data collected from these interviews were compared to the circulation of the publication in order to see how effective those ads were. Market research and surveys were adapted from these early techniques.
Since the emergence of affiliate marketing, there has been little control over affiliate activity. Unscrupulous affiliates have used spam, false advertising, forced clicks (to get tracking cookies set on users' computers), adware, and other methods to drive traffic to their sponsors. Although many affiliate programs have terms of service that contain rules against spam, this marketing method has historically proven to attract abuse from spammers.
Since the emergence of affiliate marketing, there has been little control over affiliate activity. Unscrupulous affiliates have used spam, false advertising, forced clicks (to get tracking cookies set on users' computers), adware, and other methods to drive traffic to their sponsors. Although many affiliate programs have terms of service that contain rules against spam, this marketing method has historically proven to attract abuse from spammers.
An influencer is an individual who holds the power to impact the purchasing decisions of a large segment of the population. This person is in a great position to benefit from affiliate marketing. They already boast an impressive following, so it's easy for them to direct consumers to the seller's products through social media posts, blogs, and other interactions with their followers. The influencers then receive a share of the profits they helped to create.
If the above locations do not yield information pertaining to affiliates, it may be the case that there exists a non-public affiliate program. Utilizing one of the common website correlation methods may provide clues about the affiliate network. The most definitive method for finding this information is to contact the website owner directly if a contact method can be located.
While these models have diminished in mature e-commerce and online advertising markets they are still prevalent in some more nascent industries. China is one example where Affiliate Marketing does not overtly resemble the same model in the West. With many affiliates being paid a flat "Cost Per Day" with some networks offering Cost Per Click or CPM.
The category/brand development index is a method used to assess the sales potential for a region or market and identify market segments that can be developed (i.e. high CDI and high BDI). In addition, it may be used to identify markets where the category or brand is under-performing and may signal underlying marketing problems such as poor distribution (i.e. high CDI and low BDI).
Digital marketing shows results in near real-time, whereas TV ads require rotation to realize any level of market penetration. In the traditional marketing mix model, a marketing plan would fall under the category of "promotion," which is one of the four Ps, a term coined by Neil Borden to describe the marketing mix of product, price, promotion, and place.
A disadvantage of using the horizontal integration strategy is that this limits and restricts the field of interest that the business.[84] Horizontal integration can affect a business's reputation, especially after a merge has happened between two or more businesses. There are three main benefits to a business's reputation after a merge. A larger business helps the reputation and increases the severity of the punishment. As well as the merge of information after a merge has happened, this increases the knowledge of the business and marketing area they are focused on. The last benefit is more opportunities for deviation to occur in merged businesses rather than independent businesses.[86]
In 2006, the most active sectors for affiliate marketing were the adult gambling, retail industries and file-sharing services.[21]:149–150 The three sectors expected to experience the greatest growth are the mobile phone, finance, and travel sectors.[21] Soon after these sectors came the entertainment (particularly gaming) and Internet-related services (particularly broadband) sectors. Also several of the affiliate solution providers expect to see increased interest from business-to-business marketers and advertisers in using affiliate marketing as part of their mix.[21]:149–150
As the speed of change in the marketing environment quickens, time horizons are becoming shorter. Nevertheless, most firms carry out strategic planning every 3– 5 years and treat the process as a means of checking whether the company is on track to achieve its vision and mission.[55] Ideally, strategies are both dynamic and interactive, partially planned and partially unplanned. Strategies are broad in their scope in order to enable a firm to react to unforeseen developments while trying to keep focused on a specific pathway. A key aspect of marketing strategy is to keep marketing consistent with a company's overarching mission statement.[91]
One of the most important information resources you'll find is the SBA. The SBA was created by Congress in 1953 to help American entrepreneurs start, run, and grow successful small enterprises. Today there are SBA offices in every state, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Among the services offered by the SBA are financial assistance, counseling services through Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs), management assistance through programs like SCORE, and low-cost publications. The counselors at SCORE can provide you with free consultation on what type of research you need to gather and where you can obtain that information. They may also be able to suggest other means of gathering the information from primary sources. SBDCs generally have extensive business libraries with lots of secondary sources for you to review.
From there, companies were developed that would interview people on the street about publications that they read and whether they recognized any ads that were published in the magazines or newspapers the interviewer showed them. Data collected from these interviews were compared to the circulation of the publication in order to see how effective those ads were. Market research and surveys were adapted from these early techniques.
Beyond online web-based market research activities, the Internet has also influenced high-street modes of data collection by, for example, replacing the traditional paper clipboard with online survey providers. Over the last 5 years, mobile surveys have become increasingly popular. Mobile has opened the door to innovative new methods of engaging respondents, such as social voting communities.
The terms marketing plan and marketing strategy are often used interchangeably because a marketing plan is developed based on an overarching strategy framework. In some cases, the strategy and the plan may be incorporated into one document, particularly for smaller companies that may only run one or two major campaigns in a year. The plan outlines marketing activities on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis while the marketing strategy outlines the overall value proposition.
Definition: The process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information about a market, about a product or service to be offered for sale in that market, and about the past, present and potential customers for the product or service; research into the characteristics, spending habits, location and needs of your business's target market, the industry as a whole, and the particular competitors you face
In 1994, Tobin launched a beta version of PC Flowers & Gifts on the Internet in cooperation with IBM, who owned half of Prodigy.[10] By 1995 PC Flowers & Gifts had launched a commercial version of the website and had 2,600 affiliate marketing partners on the World Wide Web. Tobin applied for a patent on tracking and affiliate marketing on January 22, 1996, and was issued U.S. Patent number 6,141,666 on Oct 31, 2000. Tobin also received Japanese Patent number 4021941 on Oct 5, 2007, and U.S. Patent number 7,505,913 on Mar 17, 2009, for affiliate marketing and tracking.[11] In July 1998 PC Flowers and Gifts merged with Fingerhut and Federated Department Stores.[12]
This article includes a general overview of types of affiliates and agreements. Every business situation is unique, so be sure to get help from an attorney in preparing any affiliate agreement. There may be "gotcha" clauses or language that you may not have seen or included. For example, if you are the affiliate, check to see what percentage of ownership, if any, the other company has in your business.


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In the model describing the origin of excess arsenic content in low-temperature grown GaAs layers developed by the research group of professor Strunk during the last ten years, formation of an interstitial As atom was identified as precursor to excess arsenic formation. After an As 2 molecule interacts with the GaAs surface, a metastable conformation can form, where one of the As atoms of the As 2 molecule is located in an interstitial position. Starting from this geometry, during growth stable conformations can easily arise by the assistance of one or two arriving Ga atoms which stabilize the interstitial As atom in its position by forming a half or full cage-like structure. Another model describes how the antisite excess As atoms form in GaAs layers by an incomplete exchange of As atoms in the surface reconstruction layer with arriving Ga atoms. The present article connects these two aspects of the excess As formation by analyzing the stability of the interstitial excess As atom, calculated in four different atomic arrangements according to experimentally observed surface structures. Energies of initial, final and transition states of interstitial to antisite reaction path were calculated by DFT/B3LYP/6-31++G method. Results show that interstitial to antisite conversion happens preferably after a half-cage formation, while after a full cage has been formed, the interstitial As atom remains fixed in its position.
|Original language
|Pages (from-to)
|Number of pages
|Physica Status Solidi (A) Applications and Materials Science
|Issue number
|Publication status
|Published - Dec 1 2005
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Surfaces and Interfaces
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Materials Chemistry


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Busted! Brittany Dumps Jax After He Admits He Cheated On Her With Faith
'I f**king hate you!' Cartwright screams at Taylor.
'I f**king hate you!' Cartwright screams at Taylor.
Some people never learn! The most recent episode of Vanderpump Rules began with Brittany Cartwright telling Jax Taylor that she would "punch him in his f**king fake nose," if he really did cheat on her. To fans' surprise, the explosive feud ended with her dropping a major bombshell about the status of their relationship.
The group ratted out Taylor, telling his livid girlfriend that he had, in fact, had sex with Faith Stowers at Sheana Marie's birthday party.
"He was telling me that he was leaving her, that he was done," Stowers said before storming away at the party.
"I just don't know what to believe," Cartwright wailed while Lisa Vanderpump called Taylor out. "I never believe with anything that starts with 'I heard,' because invariably it isn't true. But when it comes to Jax Taylor, invariably it is."
Stowers then told James Kennedy that her period was late and that she could be pregnant.
Taylor was adamant that he "never cheated on Brittany," who was crushed by the accusation. "I really liked knowing I was the one that changed Jax Taylor," she said. "If this is true I'm going to punch him in his f**king fake nose."
Cartwright popped over to her visit neighbors Katie Maloney and Tom Schwarz, revealing to them the drama from the party. "I'm so embarrassed. If he's going to do it with Faith, someone that I know, who else would he do it with?" she said.
"I've always had gut feelings that he's done stuff. I've been home and there are fake eyelashes on the counter!" she told Maloney, adding that she was heading out of town to party with her friend Cara in Vegas.
Before she could leave, however, Taylor showed up and let her look at his text messages with Stowers.
"You guys f**ked! I hate you I hate you. You don't deserve me. You f**ked another girl and f**ked up everything. I'm done. I f**king hate you," she screamed at him.
A tearful Cartwright confronted Taylor when they were both back in their own apartment. "Tell me the truth. You did have sex with her," she yelled and Taylor shockingly said "Yes."
"At least you can finally f**king admit it," she said.
Taylor copped to the sex with Stowers quickly. "This isn't the first time I've been caught cheating," he confessed.
Cartwright was inconsolable. "I would never do that to you."
She called her mom on the phone crying, and told her what happened. "He cheated on me and he just admitted. I hate him. I should have known better."
"I seriously thought I was marrying Jax," she said. "I wanted it so bad. But the thought of it just makes me want to cry. You don't treat somebody like this if you love them. So obviously he doesn't love me."
After Cartwright returned from her trip to Vegas she headed back to work at Sur, and so did Taylor.
Vanderpump comforted her during her shift. "There's only one a**hole in this situation. I hope Brittany has the strength to make the right choices and not get sucked into Jax Taylor's bullsh*t."
Cartwright then dropped a major bombshell to Sheana Marie and Ariana Madix.
"I did something really stupid today. We had sex. I know I shouldn't have done that. I just wanted affection I guess. I wish so bad that I could stop loving him, but I can't. I just don't know what I'm doing."
She admitted that she was struggling with his cheating. "I go through different feelings. It just doesn't seem real. I broke up with him before he even admitted it."
But she said she didn't get wild in Vegas after she dropped him. "I'm not like Jax, who can just f**k someone that easily."
Stassi Schroeder was the only other cast member to get significant time on VPR. She asked Vanderpump to let her be an event planner at Sur, and she agreed. Schroeder also had a romantic dinner with her boyfriend Patrick Meagher where she gushed about their relationship.
"I'm worried about getting back together with Patrick. It's f**king hard. And I'm willing to fight for that."
Stay with Radar for weekly recaps of all the drama on Vanderpump Rules!
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