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Body mass index (BMI) is influenced by genetic, behavioral and environmental factors, while interactions between genetic and socioeconomic factors have been suggested. Aim of the study was to investigate whether socioeconomic position (SEP) interacts with a BMI-related genetic sum score (GRSBMI) to affect BMI in a population-based cohort. SEP-related health behaviors and a GRS associated with educational attainment (GRSEdu) were included in the analysis to explore potential interactions underlying the GRSBMIxSEP effect. Baseline information on SEP indicators (education, income), BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and genetic risk factors were available for 4,493 participants of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Interaction analysis was based on linear regression as well as on stratified analyses. In SEP-stratified analyses, the highest genetic effects were observed in the lowest educational group with a 0.24 kg/m2 higher BMI (95%CI: 0.16; 0.31) and in the lowest income quartile with a 0.14 kg/m2 higher BMI (95%CI: 0.09; 0.18) per additional risk allele. Indication for a GRSBMIxSEP interaction was observed for education (ßGRSbmixeducation = -0.02 [95%CI:-0.03; -0.01]) and income (ßGRSbmixincome = -0.05 [95%CI: -0.08; -0.02]). When adjusting for interactions with the GRSEdu and SEP-related health behaviors, effect size estimates of the GRSBMIxSEP interaction remained virtually unchanged. Results gave indication for an interaction of BMI-related genetic risk factors with SEP indicators, showing substantially stronger genetic effects in low SEP groups. This supports the hypothesis that expression of genetic risks is higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged environments. No indication was observed that the GRSBMIxSEP interaction was affected by other SEP-related factors included in the analysis.
Citation: Frank M, Dragano N, Arendt M, Forstner AJ, Nöthen MM, Moebus S, et al. (2019) A genetic sum score of risk alleles associated with body mass index interacts with socioeconomic position in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. PLoS ONE 14(8): e0221252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221252
Editor: Man Ki Kwok, University of Hong Kong, CHINA
Received: April 11, 2019; Accepted: August 4, 2019; Published: August 23, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Frank et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Due to data security reasons (i.e., data contain potentially participant identifying information), the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study does not allow sharing data as a public use file. However, other authors are allowed to access data upon request, which is the same way the authors of the present paper obtained the data. Data requests can be addressed to: email@example.com.
Funding: This work was supported by the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation; the German Ministry of Education and Science [grants Nationales Genomforschungsnetz, 01GS0820], the German Research Council [projects SI 236/8-1, SI 236/9-1]. We also acknowledge support from the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Obesity is a complex condition caused by various genetic, environmental and behavioral factors [1,2]. Research has shown that indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP), such as income and education, are also strongly related to obesity, indicating the highest prevalence in groups of low SEP, especially in western countries [3–5]. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have detected numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated with body mass index (BMI), indicating a polygenetic contribution to obesity risk. The effects of single genetic variants are modest to small, as well as the variance explained by the combined effect of all genetic loci detected [1,6]. It has been suggested that interactions between genes and the environment (GxE) may partly account for the unexplained variance of BMI, meaning that for some genetic variants, the genetic effect depends on environmental exposures [7–9]. In the study of GxE interaction, SEP indicators can serve as proxy markers for a wide range of socially unequally distributed environmental, psychosocial and, in particular, behavioral health risks (e.g., low physical activity, unhealthy diet, smoking) [10] which are usually more prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups [11–13]. Twin studies have suggested an interaction of genetic factors with education on BMI [14] and with education and income on overall physical health [15,16]. However, previous studies on GxSEP interactions have rarely included underlying risk factors potentially responsible for the interactions detected.
The aims of the present study were to investigate whether (1) the SEP indicators income and education interact with a genetic sum score of BMI-related risk alleles (GRSBMI) to affect BMI in a population-based cohort and (2) whether these GRSBMIxSEP interactions might be mediated by physical activity, smoking or alcohol consumption as SEP associated health behaviors. Further, (3) a GRS associated with educational attainment (GRSEdu) was included to investigate potential gene by-gene interaction effects (GRSBMIxGRSEdu).
Materials and methods
Study population
Baseline data of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, a population-based prospective cohort, was used. The rationale of the study has been described in detail elsewhere [17]. In brief, 4,814 participants aged 45–74 years were randomly selected from mandatory registries of residence of the cities Bochum, Essen and Mülheim/Ruhr within the largest metropolitan region in the western part of Germany. The baseline response proportion (December 2000 to June 2003) was 55.8% [18]. The study was approved by the ethics committees of the University Hospital Essen and included extended quality management procedures and certification according to DIN ISO 9001:2000. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Data collection
At study baseline, BMI (kg/m2) was calculated based on standardized weight (in underclothes) and height measures. Information on educational attainment, household income, physical activity and smoking was assessed in standardized computer-assisted face-to-face interviews. Education was defined by combining school and vocational training as total years of formal education according to the International Standard Classification of Education [19]. Years of education was used as a continuous variable or categorized into four groups with ≤10 years, 11–13 years, 14–17 years and ≥18 years of education. The lowest educational group is equivalent to a minimum compulsory school attendance and no additional vocational degree and the highest educational group is comparable to a vocational training including additional qualification or a university degree. Income was measured as the monthly household equivalent income calculated by dividing the participants' household net income by a weighting factor for each household member [20]. Income was included as a continuous variable or divided into four groups, using sex-specific quartiles. In order to take account for their different mechanisms in causing health inequalities, both SEP indicators were analyzed separately [21,22]. Smoking status was dichotomized for analyses as current smoker (smoking cigarettes during the past year) versus former and never smoker. Physical activity was defined as no regular engagement in physical exercise versus exercising one and more times per week. Amount of alcohol intake is given in gram per week and was estimated from information on the total number of alcoholic drinks by type of drink (beer, wine, sparkling wine, and spirits) usually consumed in a week and was included as a continuous variable into analyses.
Genetic data.
Lymphocyte DNA was isolated from EDTA anti-coagulated venous blood using the Chemagic Magnetic Separation Module I (Chemagen, Baesweiler, Germany). Genotyping was performed using different Illumina microarrays (Metabochip, Omni1-Quad, Omni1S, OmniExpressv1.0, HumanCoreExomev1.0, HumanCoreExomev1.1; Illumina, San Diego, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocols. Quality control was applied prior to imputation, separately for each chip and was first performed on subject level including sex-, ethnicity- and relatedness-checks, excluding subjects with missing genotype data >5%. Further, SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) <1%, a missing genotype frequency >5% or a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) (p<10−5) were excluded. Imputation was carried out using IMPUTE v.2.3.1 [23] with reference data from 1000 Genomes Phase 1, release March 2012, for the Metabochip and 1000 Genomes Phase 3, release October 2014, for all other microarray data.
Using the meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by Locke et al., 2015 [6], 97 SNPs or suitable proxy SNPs (r2>0.90), representing independent genetic loci robustly associated with BMI, were identified (S1 Table and S2 Table). In addition, 74 education-associated SNPs, or their proxy SNPs (r2> 0.94), were selected from GWAS meta-analysis by Okbay et al., 2016 [24] (S3 Table). For two loci associated with educational attainment, neither the original SNP nor their proxy SNP was available within the study population. Unweighted genetic risk scores associated with BMI (GRSBMI) and with educational attainment (GRSEdu) were calculated by aggregating the total number of risk alleles for each individual across the selected SNPs (for detailed information see S2 Fig and S3 Fig). The GRSBMI was additionally weighted by the effect size estimates of each SNP reported by Locke et al. [6]. As the results using the weighted score did not differ to those resulting from the unweighted GRSBMI, only the latter were reported.
Statistical analyses
Overall, 4,493 participants with non-missing information on BMI, gender, age and genetic variants were included in the analyses (S1 Fig). As participants had missing information on education (n = 13) and income (n = 279), smoking status (n = 76), physical activity (n = 71) and alcohol consumption (n = 109), analysis populations differed in the respective analyses. Participants with missing information on income or education did not differ substantially in age, BMI or in GRSBMI compared to the analysis population. As most of the SNPs associated with educational attainment were found on the GWAS microarrays, which were available for n = 4,147 participants only, analyses including the GRSEdu were carried out in this sub-sample.
Linear regression models were fitted, adjusted for sex and age, to estimate effects and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) on BMI for education and income (model 1), the GRSBMI (model 2) and SEP-related health behaviors smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption (models 3–5). To assess GRSBMIxSEP interactions, the GRSBMI and SEP main effects as well as GRSBMIxSEP interaction terms were included (model 6). The SEP indicators education and income were used separately as continuous variables. Interaction analysis was also repeated for each BMI-associated SNP and SEP indicator. The genetic effect on BMI was calculated stratified by education groups and income quartiles; the effect of SEP indicators on BMI was stratified by tertiles of the GRSBMI.
All possible combinations of GRSBMI tertiles and SEP groups were entered as dummy variables into regression models to calculate the joint effects of the GRSBMI and SEP indicators on BMI, separately for income and education, using the group with the highest SEP and lowest GRS tertile as single reference [25].
To analyze whether the GRSBMIxSEP interaction may be affected by underlying interactions between GRSBMI and SEP-related health behaviors, smoking (S), physical activity (PA) or alcohol (A) main effects and the respective GRSBMIxS/PA/A interaction terms, in addition to an SEPxPA/S/A interaction term, were included in model 6, separately for each health behavior and SEP indicator (models 7–9) [26]. Moreover, a model was fitted including GRSBMI, GRSEdu, SEP main effects, GRSBMIxGRSEdu and GRSBMIxEducation interaction terms to investigate whether there is indication for overall gene-by-gene interaction (model 10). For all analyses the statistical computing software R v3.1.1 [27] was used. For single SNP analyses Plink v1.07 software package for Windows was used [28].
The mean BMI (± standard deviation) in the study population was 27.9 ± 4.6 (Table 1). Men showed a higher BMI than women (28.2 ± 4.0 vs. 27.7 ± 5.2). Sex differences were also observed in the distribution of the two SEP indicators with women reporting lower formal education and a lower median income. One fourth of the study population was current smoker, while almost half of the study population stated to be physically inactive. The median alcohol consumption was 13.9 gram per week.
Socioeconomic inequalities in BMI were found in the study population with a lower BMI observed with higher household income and years of education (Table 2, model 1). On average, a 0.10 kg/m2 higher BMI was seen per additional risk allele (Table 2, model 2). Adjusted for SEP, reporting no physical activity resulted in a higher BMI, while current smoking and higher alcohol consumption showed a negative effect on BMI (Table 2, model 3–5).
In stratified analyses, the genetic effect on BMI was strongest in groups with low SEP (Fig 1).
Participants with ≤10 years of education showed the strongest genetic effect which almost disappeared in the highest educational group. Similar results were observed for income, although the trend across income quartiles was less pronounced. Results for the association of SEP indicators with BMI stratified by GRSBMI tertiles revealed the strongest effect sizes estimates in the highest GRSBMI stratum (S4 Table). In the analysis of joint effects with a single reference group, beta estimates showed a clear trend within and between groups: with increasing years of education and decreasing number of risk alleles, the weaker the effect size estimates. Compared to the reference group with the highest education and lowest GRSBMI, participants with a high GRSBMI and less than 10 years of education showed on average a 4.54 units higher BMI. Less clear patterns were observed for the joint effects of income and GRSBMI on BMI (Table 3).
For the GRSBMI by income interaction term (ß = -0.05 [95% CI: -0.08; -0.02] per 1000€/month increase and additional risk allele) as well as for the GRSBMI by education interaction term (ß = -0.02 [95% CI: -0.03; -0.01] per year of education and additional risk allele) negative effect size estimates were observed (Table 4, model 6).
After including physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, effect size estimates of the GRSBMIxSEP interaction virtually did not change (Table 4, models 7–9). Moreover, an indication for GRSBMIxPA interaction was found in regression models adjusted for income and for education (Table 4, model 7). However, no changes in interaction effects were observed after excluding income main effects and respective interaction effects from models 7–9. The GRSEdu showed an association with education (ß = 0.03 [95%-CI: 0.02, 0.05] per additional risk allele), but no indication for GRSBMIxGRSEdu interaction (Table 4, model 10).
Interaction effect size estimates between individual BMI-associated SNPs and SEP indicators were close to each other in the range of -0.20 to 0.15 for education and -0.33 to 0.38 for income (S1 Table and S2 Table). Interaction effect size estimates for some single SNPs pointed in the opposite direction than the respective interaction effect of the GRS. Effect sizes of the interaction effect between rs1558902 of the FTO gene and both SEP indicators were rather small compared to other SNPs of the GRSBMI.
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a sum score of genetic variants associated with BMI interacts with indicators of SEP in a population-based cohort and to explore SEP-related health behaviors and genetic factors which may explain such GRSBMIxSEP interactions. Results gave indication for a negative interaction between the GRSBMI and the SEP indicators income and education. This was supported by results of stratified analysis in which the strongest genetic effects on BMI were seen in groups of low SEP. Joint effects of all possible combinations of GRSBMI tertiles and education groups showed the strongest effect on BMI for participants with highest genetic risk within the lowest education group. Effect size estimates for the GRSBMIxSEP interactions remained virtually unchanged after including SEP-related health behaviors (i.e., smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption) and education-related genetic factors into regression analysis, suggesting that these factors do not explain the observed GRSBMIxSEP interaction. Independent of the SEP effect, a GRSBMI by physical activity interaction was observed.
The direction of the GRS by SEP interaction effect was consistent with results of previous studies: Liu et al. have investigated interaction between a GRS of BMI-associated risk alleles and education, using data of the Health and Retirement Study. While the GRSxEducation interaction on BMI revealed non-significant results, the direction of interaction effect size estimates has been consistent to the present results [29]. Likewise, another study that has examined interactions between BMI-associated GRSs and SEP reported smaller genetic effects within groups of higher educational attainment in two different study samples, albeit interaction effects were again statistically non-significant [30]. Within study samples of the UK Biobank, GRSBMIxSEP interaction has been observed using the area-related Townsend deprivation index (TDI) as SEP indicator [31,32]. Additionally, Tyrrell et al. have assessed interactions of GRSBMI with job class and education, measured by the ISCED, which, however, yield non-significant results. Rask-Andersen et al. have evaluated interactions between GRSBMI and 131 environmental factors and reported an GRSBMIxIncome interaction [31], which is comparable to the present results.
Even though education and income are correlated SEP indicators, each of them represents certain aspects of SEP related to different health behaviors and risks. Regarding the impact of SEP on BMI, several causal pathways have been described ranging from an improved knowledge about promoting health skills, increased social support in groups of higher education, to lower levels of stress and stress reactivity and better access to recreational facilities and healthy food with higher income [14,15,33]. Moreover, higher SEP leads to greater control over important determinants of health due to a better ability to engage in healthier behaviors. Via these pathways, SEP may also have an effect on the genetic susceptibility to higher BMI, including the possibility of altered gene expression by epigenetic modifications [34,35]. However, including SEP-related health behaviors physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption in the present analysis no substantial changes in the GRSBMIxSEP interaction effect size estimates were revealed, indicating that other SEP-related risk factors potentially mediate the found GRSBMIxSEP interaction. In a recent study by Komulainen et al. within a Finnish study sample, a GRSBMIxEducation interaction has also been reported [36]. Similar to the present results, the observed interaction effect size estimates attenuated only slightly after further adjusting for main effects of physical activity and their respective interaction effects.
While in the present study no indication for a GRSBMIxS or GRSBMIxA interaction was observed, some indication for positive GRSBMIxPA interaction was obtained, supporting results of previous studies [31,37,38].
The present study adds further knowledge to the results of previous studies with the investigation of gene by gene interactions potentially underlying the observed GRSBMIxSEP interaction. However, the GRSEdu showed no indication for interaction with GRSBMI. This suggested that strong GenexGene interactions in the present study population are unlikely, albeit interactions of single BMI- with education-related genetic loci cannot be ruled out. In using a GRS the cumulative genetic risk of a person was being considered and thus, results of interaction analyses have to be interpreted rather global. The power of the study was not sufficient for robustly analysing single SNPxSNP interactions, indicators of SEP or SEP-related health behaviors. Effect size estimates of SNPxSEP interactions, however, were found to be rather similar in magnitude, indicating that no single genetic variant by itself noticeably triggered the observed GRSBMIxSEP interaction, which is in line with the results of a previous study [32]. Different to other studies, which have found interactions especially between variants of the fat-mass and obesity-associated FTO gene [37,39–41], the variant of the FTO gene used in the present study did not belong to the SNPs with strongest interaction effect.
Strengths of the present study include its population-based study sample and the use of two different individual SEP indicators in the analyses. Further, evidence on interaction was not only based on testing GRSBMIxSEP interaction terms, but also on stratified analyses and analysis of joint effects. Another advantage of the present study was that several health behaviors and a GRS of genetic variants related to educational attainment were included in the analyses. However, following limitations need to be considered: Next to the sample size and the limited statistical power for single SNP analyses, the age range of study participants did not enable to make statements about interactions between childhood/youth BMI and SEP during childhood/youth. As the detection of BMI-related genetic loci is still ongoing, the genetic information included in the analysis does not represent all genetic susceptibility to higher BMI.
In conclusion, the results of the present study provide indication for an interaction of genetic factors related to BMI with indicators of SEP in a population-based study sample, showing stronger genetic effects in groups of low SEP. This gives support to the hypothesis that SEP influences the expression of genetic susceptibility related to BMI: Higher SEP groups seem to be better enabled to reduce their genetic effect on BMI. However, physical activity, smoking status or alcohol consumption did not seem to explain the observed SEP-related differences. GRSBMIxSEP interaction has thus to be explained by other factors underlying the interaction effect. To fully understand the complex relationship of genetic variants and environmental factors on BMI, further research is needed that takes account of other factors, such as dietary patterns or stress levels, which might modify the effect of BMI-associated genetic variants on BMI.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Sex- and age-adjusted effects and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) ofthe interaction of each body mass index (BMI)—Associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with education on BMI.
S2 Table. Sex- and age-adjusted effects and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the interaction of each body mass index (BMI)- associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with income (per 1000€) on BMI.
S3 Table. Overview of 72 loci associated with educational attainment (Okbay et al, 2016) included into genetic risk score (GRSEdu).
S4 Table. Sex- and age-adjusted effects and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the genetic effect on body mass index (BMI) in linear regression models, stratified by tertiles of the BMI-associated genetic risk score (GRSBMI), separately for income (per 1000€) and education (per year of education).
S5 Table. Sex- and age- adjusted effects and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) on body mass index (BMI) in linear regression models including main effects and respective interaction terms of a BMI-associated genetic risk score (GRSBMI) and socioeconomic position-related health behaviors (no physical inactivity [PA], current smoking [S], alcohol consumption [PA; per 100g/week]).
S1 Fig. Flowchart of participants out of the entire Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR) cohort included in the analysis.
S2 Fig. Selection of SNPs from different Illumina microarrays for calculating the BMI-associated genetic risk score (GRSBMI) in the HNR study population.
Using the meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies by Locke et al., 2015 (6), 97 SNPs representing independent genetic loci robustly associated with BMI were identified. Of these, 95 SNPs (incl. 2 SNPs were proxy SNPs [r2 > 0.9]) were found in genotyped data of the Metabochip available for all study participants included in the analysis. Two SNPs (incl. 1 SNP was a proxy SNP [r2 = 1]) were found in imputed and combined data of different Illumina genome-wide chips (Omni1-Quad n = 779, Omni1S n = 1,348, OmniExpressv1.0 n = 457, HumanCoreExome n = 1,747 with partly overlapping information available for 3,874 participants of the study population) with an imputation quality of 0.98 for both SNPs. As for these two SNPs information for 718 individuals was not available in the study population, this information was imputed based on the sample allele frequency according to the PLINK scoring routine (Purcell et al., 2007). The GRSBMI was then calculated for n = 4,493.
S3 Fig. Selection of SNPs from different Illumina BeadArrays for calculating the genetic risk score associated with educational attainment (GRSEdu) in the HNR study population.
Using the meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies by Okbay et al., 2016 (24), 74 independent genetic loci robustly associated with educational attainment were selected. Of these, 12 SNPs were found in data of the Metabochip (incl. proxies for 6 SNPs [r2 between 0.94 and 1.00] and 3 imputed SNPs with an imputation quality between 0.94 and 0.99). Further, 60 SNPs were found in combined data of different Illumina genome-wide chips (Omni1-Quad n = 779, Omni1S n = 1,348, OmniExpressv1.0 n = 457, HumanCoreExome n = 1,747 with partly overlapping information available for 4,147 participants of the study population). Of these, 12 SNPs were selected from genotyped data and 48 SNPs (incl. 1 proxy SNP with r2 = 1.0) were imputed with an imputation quality between 0.92 and 1.00. For 2 loci, neither the original SNP nor the proxy SNP was available. Thus, the GRSEdu was calculated including 72 SNPs associated with educational attainment for n = 4,147.
We are indebted to all study participants and to both the dedicated personnel of the study center of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study and to the investigative group, in particular to U. Slomiany, E. M. Beck, A. Öffner, S. Münkel, R. Peter, and H. Hirche.
Advisory Board: Meinertz T., Hamburg, Germany (Chair); Bode C., Freiburg, Germany; deFeyter P. J., Rotterdam, Netherlands; Güntert B, Halli, Austria; Gutzwiller F., Bern, Switzerland; Heinen H., Bonn, Germany; Hess O., Bern, Switzerland; Klein B., Essen, Germany; Löwel H., Neuherberg, Germany; Reiser M., Munich, Germany; Schmidt G., Essen, Germany; Schwaiger M., Munich, Germany; Steinmüller C., Bonn, Germany; Theorell T., Stockholm, Sweden; Willich S. N., Berlin, Germany.
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- 35. Borghol N, Suderman M, McArdle W, Racine A, Hallett M, Pembrey M, et al. Associations with early-life socio-economic position in adult DNA methylation. Int J Epidemiol. 2012; 41: 62–74. pmid:22422449
- 36. Komulainen K, Pulkki-Råback L, Jokela M, Lyytikäinen L-P, Pitkänen N, Laitinen T, et al. Education as a moderator of genetic risk for higher body mass index. Prospective cohort study from childhood to adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017. pmid:28757641
- 37. Ahmad S, Rukh G, Varga TV, Ali A, Kurbasic A, Shungin D, et al. Gene × physical activity interactions in obesity: combined analysis of 111,421 individuals of European ancestry. PLoS Genet. 2013; 9. pmid:23935507
- 38. Li S, Zhao JH, Luan J'a, Ekelund U, Luben RN, Khaw K-T, et al. Physical activity attenuates the genetic predisposition to obesity in 20,000 men and women from EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS Med. 2010; 7: e1000332. pmid:20824172
- 39. Cauchi S, Stutzmann F, Cavalcanti-Proença C, Durand E, Pouta A, Hartikainen A-L, et al. Combined effects of MC4R and FTO common genetic variants on obesity in European general populations. JMM. 2009; 87: 537–546. pmid:19255736
- 40. Corella D, Carrasco P, Sorlí JV, Coltell O, Ortega-Azorín C, Guillén M, et al. Education modulates the association of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with body mass index and obesity risk in the Mediterranean population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 22: 651–658. pmid:21186106
- 41. Foraita R, Günther F, Gwozdz W, Reisch LA, Russo P, Lauria F, et al. Does the FTO gene interact with the socioeconomic status on the obesity development among young European children? Results from the IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015; 39: 1–6. pmid:25135377


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Research Output per year
Personal profile
Research Interests
My research interests are in chronobiology. I am interested in the circadian regulation of plant immune responses to pathogens, and the effect of clock genotype on human behaviour and health. Understanding that the time of day that things occur affects outcomes has important implications in pest control in agriculture and horticulture, as well as training and performance in athletes, and human health.
Education/Academic qualification
Plant Sciences, Doctorate, University of Cambridge
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics where Laura Roden is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Recent external collaboration on country level. Dive into details by clicking on the dots.
Research Output
Assessing the validity and reliability and determining cut-points of the Actiwatch 2 in measuring physical activityKemp, C., Pienaar, P. R., Henst, R. H. P., Roden, L. C., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L. & Rae, D. E., 21 Jul 2020, (Accepted/In press) In : Physiological Measurement. (In-Press), p. (In-Press)
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Associations between self-reported sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in young African-origin adults from the five-country Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS)Rae, D. E., Dugas, L., Roden, L., Lambert, E. V., Bovet, P., Plange-Rhule, J., Forrester, T., Riesen, W., Korte, W., Crowley, S., Reutrakul, S. & Luke, A., 4 Mar 2020, (Accepted/In press) In : Sleep Health. (In-Press), p. (In-Press)
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Circadian oscillations persist in cervical and oesophageal cancer cells displaying decreased expression of tumour suppressing circadian clock genesWatt, P. J. V. D., Roden, L., Davis, K., Parker, M. I. & Leaner, V. D., 5 Jun 2020, In : Molecular Cancer Research. (In-press), p. (In-press) MCR-19-1074R.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
The effects of sleep extension on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic reviewHenst, R. H. P., Pienaar, P., Roden, L. & Rae, D. E., 1 Dec 2019, In : Journal of Sleep Research. 28, 6, 17 p., e12865.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article
The tumour suppressing role of the circadian clockDavis, K., Roden, L. C., Leaner, V. D. & Watt, P. J. V. D., Jul 2019, In : IUBMB Life. 71, 7, p. 771-780 10 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

subset: commoncrawl


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Siemens CEO Joe Kaeser. Source: Time
Siemens (OTCPK:SIEGY) reported solid results for its fiscal Q2. The company reported revenue of EUR 20.94 billion and GAAP EPS of EUR 2.24. Revenue was up 4%, which I found surprising given the company's past troubles. The company also announced it would spin off its Power And Gas unit amid declining demand for gas turbines. I had the following takeaways on the quarter.
Top-Line Growth Was Solid
The key to a good investment is whether the target can generate consistent revenue growth. Total revenue grew 4% Y/Y, up from low single-digit growth last quarter.
The power generation business, which I would characterize as Power and Gas and Energy Management, represented a combined 28% of total revenue. Its revenue also fell by a combined 1% Y/Y. Power and Gas fell due to weak orders from prior periods. The segment is being disrupted by renewable energy. Siemens has to contend with General Electric (GE) and Mitsubishi (OTCPK:MHVYF) for the gas turbine orders that still remain; Meanwhile, Energy Management benefited from large orders in the transmission products business.
Digital Factory (16% of revenue), which provides industrial software, grew revenue by 4% Y/Y. This segment is expected to fuel future growth as certain industrial processes adopt automation. Siemens Healthineers (17% of revenue) saw its revenue grow in the high single-digits. The segment experienced out-sized growth in its imaging business and strong order growth in China. Healthcare could be key as it has the potential to be more recession-proof vis-a-vis the company's other operating segments.
Operating Income Ticks Up
Siemens also experienced an increase in its EBITA to 11.4% from 11.04% in the year-earlier period. EBITA for Mobility fell 10% Y/Y; each of Siemens' other operating segments grew EBITA. EBITA for Power and Gas grew 37% on strong contribution from its service business. The unit's EBITA margin was 6%, up 200 basis from the year-earlier period. This could be difficult to sustain as Power and Gas continues to be disrupted by alternative energy sources.
Siemens Healthineers and Power Industries and Drives grew EBITA by 16% and 33%, respectively. Healthcare was aided by increases in imaging and advanced therapies. Operational improvements at Power Industries and Drives spurred EBITA growth during the quarter. Margin improvement was a pleasant surprise, but can the company keep it up long term?
Spin-Off Of Power and Gas
Management's decision to spin off Power and Gas is a bold stroke and has the potential to be transformational. The segment has been in the doldrums for some time now. Its revenue and operating income will likely deteriorate over time. It appears management is shuttering a business that is out of favor. Part of the reason Power and Gas is out of favor is because it is being disrupted by renewable energy.
Secondly, if the economy has peaked then demand for gas turbines could fall anyway due to a decline in industrial activity. Siemens Healthineers could be recession-proof; however, the company's other segments could face the same recessionary headwinds faced by Power and Gas. Will management shutter other segments that experience revenue and margin erosion? If that is the case, then maybe Siemens no longer wants to be an industrial business.
Lastly, the devil is in the details pursuant to a spin-off. Siemens has debt of EUR 36 billion. How much of its debt will be transferred to Power and Gas? How much debt can the spin-off realistically service given the diminution in its operations? Siemens' shares could spike initially on a spin-off. However, over the long term, there is no guarantee the sum-of-the-parts will exceed the company's enterprise value prior to the spin-off. Such financial engineering will garner major media attention as its success (or lack of success) could have implications for General Electric's Power segment.
Financial engineering may not help Siemens long term. The U.S. is having trouble spurring inflation despite trillions in money-printing from the Fed. That does not bode well for industrial businesses. I do not believe a spin-off of Power and Gas will solve the company's long-term problems. SIEGY is down by double-digits Y/Y. It will likely fall further on the diminution of Power and Gas or a stagnant global economy.
I also run the Shocking The Street investment service as part of the Seeking Alpha Marketplace. You will get access to exclusive ideas from Shocking The Street, and stay abreast of opportunities months before the market becomes aware of them. I am currently offering a two-week free trial period for subscribers to enjoy. Check out the service and find out first-hand why other subscribers appear to be two steps ahead of the market.
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Disclosure: I am/we are short GE. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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We are excited to offer this 2014 Jeep Cherokee. This 2014 Jeep Cherokee comes with a CARFAX Buyback Guarantee, which means you can buy with certainty. The Jeep Cherokee Trailhawk offers a fair amount of utility thanks to its advanced features and unique styling. It's also quite sporty, and injects an ample amount of handling chutzpah into the ridin'-high body of a family-friendly SUV. This 4WD-equipped vehicle will handle majestically on any terrain and in any weather condition your may find yourself in. The benefits of driving an Four Wheel Drive vehicle, such as this JeepCherokee Trailhawk, include superior acceleration, improved steering, and increased traction and stability. The incredibly low mileage and painstaking upkeep on this Jeep Cherokee makes it a once-in-a-lifetime deal that won't last long! Call us today to reserve your test drive! More information about the 2014 Jeep Cherokee: The Cherokee is a compact SUV competing with vehicles such as the RAV4 and the Honda CR-V. Unlike its competitors from Toyota and Honda, the Cherokee has been around for a long time and has steadily built a reputation for ruggedness and off-road ability, all without forcing buyers to break the bank. The 2014 Cherokee maintains this tradition with competitive pricing starting at just under $23,000. While the Cherokee and its competitors are both offered with all-wheel-drive, the Cherokee can also be equipped with more hard core off-roading equipment, such as a locking rear differential. This model sets itself apart with available all-wheel-drive, roomy interior, bold styling, excellent value, well equipped, and Good ground clearance


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The Ghana Highway Authority (GHA) has tendered in evidence at the ongoing Commission of Enquiry investigating the payment of judgement debts, more payment certificates issued to Messrs Construction Pioneers (CP) for the construction of roads in the country.
The company was said to have received £85.2 million, in addition to a previous sum of £7 million, during the tenure of Betty Mould-Iddrisu as Attorney General and Minister of Justice between 2009 and 2011—a move that has aroused the public's suspicion about how the payments were determined.
The Ghana Highway Authority (GHA) has already told the commission, presided over by Justice Yaw Apau of the Court of Appeal, that CP was paid millions in the 1990s for road projects. Some of these projects, GHA disclosed, were not executed by the construction giant.
The Authority cited the Akim Oda-Kade/New Abirem – Nkawkaw road in the Eastern Region, which CP never executed, but managed to claim loss of profit with interest from the Government of Ghana.
The GHA has already testified that, the initial contract sum for Akim Oda – Kade/New Abirem – Nkawkaw, for which payment was made for no work done, was Ghc10.6 million (¢106 billion old cedis), with a foreign component of 155 million Deutsche Marks.
The Authority confirmed that the Assin Praso – Yamoransa road, which was 'shoddily done' by CP, also attracted a contract sum of Ghc1.5 million (¢15.2 billion old cedis), with a foreign component of 28.3 million Deutsche Marks which was subsequently paid.
The Biriwa-Takoradi road was executed at an initial contract sum of Ghc2.9 million (¢29.5 billion old cedis), with a foreign component of 49.4 million Deutsche Marks. The evidence already before the commission was that CP was overpaid by 44 million Deutsche Marks for that project. The Obuasi township roads were completed, and the government issued a defect liability certificate.
The GHA has already retrieved certificates covering the overlay of the Biriwa-Takoradi road project and tendered it to the commission, but the Accra City Centre Improvement Project's certificate was still not found.
Executive Director of GHA, Michael Abieteh Abbey, told the commission yesterday that the GHA submitted the payment certificate for the Obuasi township roads contract to CP but were still searching for the Accra City Centre Improvement Project's certificate.
He said they were also searching for back-ups for all the payment certificates issued to CP, and asked the commission to contact the Department of Urban Roads (DUR) to provide payment certificates for the Accra City Roads Projects since GHA did not award those contracts.
Mr. Abbey also tendered, in evidence, a compilation of what he called a reconstructed CP judgement debt issue saying, "a few people were there when CP was working, and they have confirmed some of the issues for us."
Justice Apau commended the GHA boss for always wanting to assist the commission with its work saying, "you are one of the few heads who attend our sittings personally."
Earlier, Nii Adjei Kpobi Asaawa II, who claims to be the head of the Agbawe Family in La, Accra, and whose family is claiming compensation for the Adentan lands which were compulsorily acquired by the government for the then State Housing Corporation, also testified.
Evidence before the commission indicates that another chief, Nii Sowah Okataban II, has also been making similar compensation claims since 1993.
Nii Asaawa II said the family sued the SHC, SSNIT and the AG to force the government for compensation, but its efforts proved futile.
He said when they put in a claim in 1993 for 1,395.11 acres of land, the valuation was about ¢4.420 billion.
Justice Apau however advised the factions to settle their differences before approaching the State Housing Company since the SHC had made it clear that it was willing to negotiate with a united front.
Jacqueline Avotri, a staff officer of the Economic and Organized Crime Office (EOCO), formerly Serious Fraud Office (SFO), also testified on the investigation the office conducted into the compensation claims of some of the Volta flooded areas following the construction of the Akosombo Dam.
She tendered, in evidence, documents covering Apaso and Makango areas and said they were yet to retrieve documents covering Pai areas.
She said the outstanding report for the Pai flooded areas was still not retrieved but added that SFO handed copies to the Ministry of Finance who had asked them to conduct the investigation.
Send your news stories to and via WhatsApp on +233 55 2699 625.


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Two words that are really twins
If you don't do one or the other, you can't win.
The gift of life must include one or the other
Similar to a spiritual definition of sister and brother.
One is ancient and the other fairly young
Both gifts from God like our earthly sun.
One is ethical just like our creative God
The other has to do with working in the sod.
Every gift of life placed on earth
Must use some of time to show its worth.
The birds given the gift to fly
To feed their young is the reason why.
Man does not live by bread alone
Planting of spiritual seeds and not atone.
Part of a harvest offer to God
What was given to you for planting in the sod.
One to have a spiritual reference
Practice out of goodness and not deference.
God's gifts of word and time
To be shared with others like bread and wine.
10-11-05 Aho Speaks


text: By HR - 16/12/2011 21:13 - United States Today, I had two of my wisdom teeth removed. One side of my face is completely swollen, and the other is normal. I feel like the elephant man. FML I agree, your life sucks 22801 You deserved it 4209 155 Comments Favorite Tweet Share


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5918 Summerwind Drive, Fort Wayne, IN 46835
Sales Agent Paula Lipp, Wendi Smith
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Same-day scheduling unavailable online. To request a same-day tour, please call the builder
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We are open for business By Appointment Only! We can also live stream a model home video tour. Whatever option you choose, we'll help with your new home decision. Start your shopping online, then contact us to schedule your personal appointment. Greenwood Lakes is a quiet community with large ponds located in a rural setting near all the amenities you would like including: schools, shopping, dining, and the highway.
5918 Summerwind Drive
Fort Wayne, IN 46835
Fort Wayne, IN 46835
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Area Schools
Actual schools may vary. Contact the builder for more information.
In 1978, D.R. Horton broke ground on our first home in Fort Worth, Texas. Since that day, the company has defined its success not by bricks and mortar, but by the satisfaction of the families that make our houses their homes. Our foundation is a single, guiding principle: a value-first dedication to the individual needs of each and every one of our nation's homebuyers. From first-time homebuyers to empty nesters, our family of brands provides a home for every stage in life. Our highly-trained, market experts are where you want to live, from New Jersey to Hawaii, providing unique, personalized services tailored to your individual needs. But the real value comes from the quality construction we put into every home, and the peace of mind that comes with a premium-backed warranty from America's Number One Homebuilder. We've come a long way, and while more people choose our family of brands over any other builder in the country, we never forget the most important thing of all – the families that choose us for their place to call home. So continue to live out those dreams, America, and know we'll be here for you every step of the way.
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Over the last couple weeks, a few customers have asked how to access the Nintex Live actions for O365. Here is a short tutorial on how to do so.
Workflow action that uses the Nintex Live service. Connects to an internet-based application exposing web service APIs for public or contracted consumption. Examples: Google Drive download file, Dropbox query files.
How do you access Live actions on O365?
To add actions to your toolbox from the Nintex Store
In the Nintex Workflow designer, click Store in the ribbon.
For instructions on accessing Nintex Workflow designer, see Accessing the Nintex Workflow designer.
http://help.nintex.com/en-US/O365/Default.htm#O365WorkFlow/Creating%20workflows/Accessing the Nintex...The Nintex Store dialog box appears.
On the action or pack of interest, click Add or Try (for information on trialing an action, see the following section).
The added actions are now available in the Actions toolbox of the Nintex Workflow designer for use in your workflows.
Nice Guide, hopefully the live store gets some more love with some new or updated functionality of actions in the near future.
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Scholars Row
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The Team at UC-B Properties congratulates Jay Ashman and his partners.Read More
Women Who Lead – Lynn Carlton
The Team at UC-B Properties congratulates Lynn Carlton as being one of…Read More


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1 head red cabbage, halved and very finely shredded (about 8 cups)
1 teaspoon salt
1 large or 2 small ripe mangoes, peeled, fruit sliced from the pit, and diced
1 tablespoon chopped fresh cilantro leaves
1/4 cup lime juice (about 2 limes)
1 tablespoon cider vinegar
1 tablespoon granulated sugar
Indulge in our decadent chocolate desserts, from cookies and cakes to puddings, souffles and truffles.
Are you infatuated with ice cream? Do you lust over lobster? Swoon at the sight of chocolate? Here's the best recipe for each food …
Anthony Bourdain and Eric Ripert have teamed up with master chocolatier Christopher Curtin to create the "Good & Evil" chocolate b …
Make this classic and elegant French dessert using our step-by-step guide.
Looking for an easy gift idea? Cooking Channel's recipe for Chocolate-Covered Toffee is just the ticket. A touch of coffee in the …
It's officially American Chocolate Week. Check out photos of mind-blowing chocolate creations.
Learn how to make a chocolate lover's favorite treat: the classic truffle made from smooth chocolate ganache.


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Indian Banks providing Education Loans for Learning Abroad
Research Overseas Professional
Education Loans for Learning Abroad
Learning abroad are a decision that is life-changing nonetheless, this doesn't come easy. Those that like to pursue greater studies abroad, but finding it hard to request funds, will have the choice to create plans for funding their training. In this specific article, we will cover every single information linked to training be it the procedure to try to get that loan, eligibility or documents needed for it. We're going to additionally protect many other aspects associated with figuratively […]


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Interview 025: Thibault & Khan | The Non La Project – France to Vietnam
In episode 025 of Bike Tour Adventures I have the opportunity to talk to Thibault and Khánh (Lea), a French and Vietnamese couple. They are trying to do something good for the world by raising money for the NGO Poussieres de Vie, which raises money to enable young kids from poor families to go to school. The name of the...
Interview 024: Viktor Zicho | Amazing moments in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan + 1 Month in Pakistani Prison
In Episode 024 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have the chance to speak with Viktor Zicho, a 26 year old Hungarian citizen that is currently from Hungary to India on a recumbent bike. Not just your everyday adventurer, Viktor combines his favourite pastimes of photography, climbing and travelling in to one amazing lifestyle. Don't miss the bonus section where...
Interview 023: Jonas Deichmann | Cape-to-Cape World Record
In episode 23 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have the opportunity to catch up with Jonas Deichmann, an ultra-endurance cyclist that was previously a guest in Episode 13. Currently holding two Guinness Book records as the fastest cyclist to cross Eurasia and the fastest cyclist to ride the Pan-America. When I last spoke with Jonas, he was preparing for...
Interview 022: Pablo Espitia | Cycling the Silk Road
In Episode 22 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have the chance to catch up with Pablo Espitia, a young university graduate that has spent the last year cycling from Portugal to China, combining his passions of geography, sustainability and geography with bicycle travel through various cultures.
Interview 021: Rob Lea | Ultimate World Triathlon
In Episode 021 of Bike Tour Adventures I have the chance to speak with Rob Lea, an adventurer that has just completed the Ultimate World Triathlon, a combination of climbing Mt. Everest, swimming the English Channel and crossing the USA on a bicycle: all in one calendar year. Learn about how he prepared for all these different challenges, what...
Interview 020: Chris Bennett | Ultra-Distance Cycling + Tips on Gear and Bike Set-up
In Episode 020 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have the chance to get to know Chris Bennett, a 60 year-old Canadian who settled in New Zealand to escape the Canadian winters. After completing an Ironman race on every continent, except Antarctica, he shifted to self-supported ultra-endurance bicycle racing. Among his races are the Tour Divide from Canada to Mexico,...
Interview 019: Sam Johnson | From Camper Van to Touring Bike + 18 Things He's Learned From Life on the Road
In Episode 019 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have a chance to catch up with Sam Johnson, an English adventurer that has gone from travelling around in a camper van to pedalling the globe. Having now cycled through 32 countries and over 52,000 km, Sam has experienced civil unrest, seen the worst in people, and the good that is...
Interview 018: Arthur Desclaux | Cycling the World on a Bamboo Bike + How Not To End Up In A Myanmar Prison
In Episode 018 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have the chance to speak with Arthur Descleux, a wood engineer that built his own bamboo bicycle, has toured the world for the last 2 years, and has loved the people he met throughout the entire journey, including those he met while spending time in a Myanmar prison.
Interview 017: Tristan Ridley | From Bike Tourer to Bikepacker + Tips for Cycling the Middle East and Africa
In Episode 017 of Bike Tour Adventures, I have the chance to catch up with Tristan Ridley while he on a 100 country journey with the plan of cycling 100,000km. In this episode we talk about his original 13 month tour from New Zealand to the United Kingdom, his current tour, what he considers to be the best country...
Interview 016: Onion Adventure | Going on a 3-year Bike Tour and Returning Home with a Tiny House
In episode 016 of Bike Tour Adventures, I interview Vroni and Jonas, a.k.a, Oni-on-Adventure, and learn about their how a bike tour adventure with a work and travel visa turned into a 3-year expedition from New Zealand back to Germany.
Interview 015 – Swag Family Hughes | Bike Touring With Children on Tandem Bikes
In Episode 015 of Bike Tour Adventures I interview the Swag Family Hughes as they take their two young children on a one year bike tour around Australia as a means of educating them about the country, learning the stories of people around the country and creating educational content that can be used in primary schools around the world.
Interview 014: Matt and Becky | Post-Tour – Going Back to "Normal" Life + Tips for Riding the Pamir Highway
In episode 014, I speak with Matt Arnold and Becky Prince about their 1 year tour from the United Kingdom to Singapore. We talk about places they really loved along the way, things they would have done differently, how not to waste too much money before the tour even starts and what it's like going back to "normal" life...
Interview 013: Jonas Deichman | From Bike Tourer to Ultra-Endurance Record Holder
In Episode 013 of Bike Tour Adventures, I interview Jonas Deichman, a German ultra-endurance cyclist and motivational speaker. During this interview we talk about how he went from being a guy that did an 18 month world tour to becoming a professional ultra-endurance racer, a holder of two world records for being the fastest to cycle across Eurasia from...
Interview 012: Sam Rice | Spirituality, Ayahuasca and a World Tour With No Destination
In Episode 12 of Bike Tour Adventures, I interview Sam Rice, who goes from nearly becoming an alcoholic to discovering spirituality and himself in the process, ultimately deciding to do a world bike tour while searching for answers.
Interview 011: Davide Travelli | Bears in Alaska, Love in S. America and Police in Egypt
In Episode 11 of Bike Tour Adventures, Davide shares his story of how he flew to Alaska with zero experience and has now cycled Alaska to Patagonia, and S. Africa to Egypt.


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You've found Pest Control of Chauvin with service offered by 24H Pest Extermination Pros. The perfect location if you require reputable and efficient pest control and extermination services. In Chauvin, Louisiana as a result of the hot, humid weather there are lots of usual pests including
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Shielding your home from pests is not a single occasion. Ensuring your residential or commercial property continues to be free of pest damages and also your household's wellness is safeguarded from pests calls for a plan to stop pest invasions from ever happening.
A lot more times than not, homeowners only think about pest control Chauvin when they see an insect in their kitchen area. Yet one of the most efficient strategy to pest management is not responding, but to be aggressive and also protect against issues from ever before occurring in the first place. This sensible technique requires an experienced eye to determine prospective dangers throughout your property and create an obstacle system to remove problems prior to they occur. As well as like various other parts of your home, this system needs to be kept as well as inspected for efficiency regularly.
Honest Bed Bugs Exterminators – Nearby Pest Control company
You can always and you need to truly start trying to find the very best pest control Chauvin techniques so that you might eliminate bed bugs as well as stop it from returning. While it's feasible to get rid of bed bugs on your own, if you take the proper pest control approach, I don't suggest it unless you definitely don't have any other option. As specified by the experts, it isn't possible to eliminate the bed bugs by yourself. Bed bugs trigger numerous issues for those consisting of physical difficulties and a whole lot a lot more. If it concerns killing bed bugs, you must have the capacity to incorporate natural techniques together with the help of organic bed bug sprays.
Bed bugs are extremely very little parasites, which make them very challenging to spot. They can be more challenging to treat than other home pest insects for a few reasons. Since they are difficult to see, make use of a magnifying glass. They are very misleading and there is a great reason. Today, nevertheless, they are a true risk that could infest your house and also create you many sleep deprived evenings. Louisiana bed bugs like a great deal of the country have actually gotten really bothersome and prevalent over the previous few years.
When you've confirmed an infestation, you can not delay! If you prefer to remain to maintain your infestation a secret, we will make certain it remains that fashion. If you're concerned you possess a bed bug infestation, search for physical indicators of their existence. The absolute most reliable approach to dealing with a thought bed bug infestation is to connect with a local pest control company Louisiana.
Find Pest Exterminator in Chauvin IMMEDIATELY.
How Much Does Pest Control Service Cost?
Oftentimes, a mousetrap or a canister of bug spray won't do the trick when you want to remove pests in your house. That's when it's time to contact the pros.
Certainly, professional pest control isn't totally free. You can quickly invest hundreds of dollars to work with a pest control service for an one-time see to toss out the termites. Yet by reading this overview, you can guarantee you're not overpaying (or even underpaying) for pest control.
The national average cost for pest control was $170 since January 2018, with a general series of $100 to $270. However what you'll wind up paying for pest control could be lower or greater, relying on what kind of pests you're attempting to kick out and just how usually you're getting the service.
Where do home dimension and item types fit in?
Various other price variables consist of the size of your home as well as the kind of pest control products that are used. In terms of the size of your home, bigger generally suggests costlier. So, possibilities are pest control for a 3,000-square-foot house will certainly cost more than it does for a 1,500-square-foot condominium.
Our Pest Control Services
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Our Pest Control experts can resolve the complying with problems:
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What are the 3 methods of pest control?
As discussed over, there are many pest control methods available to pick from, however they can be loosely organized right into six classifications: Hygienic, Biological, Chemical, Physical, Fumigation, and Heat treatment.
What is the difference between pest control and exterminator?
The biggest difference is that pest management professionals search for long-term services, as opposed to just splashing chemicals to eliminate the pests you see. Even though completion objective of exterminators and pest control professionals is to get rid of the pest, that's where the similarities end
What chemicals do they use for pest control?
Abamectin. Cyfluthrin. Fipronil. Permethrin. Bifenthrin. Hydramethylnon. Pyrethrum. Boric Acid.
How much does pest control cost monthly?
Pest control plan costs He says regular monthly treatment in an average-sized home would cost $40 to $45. Semi-monthly treatments cost regarding $50 to $60, relying on the dimension of your home.
How do you control pest control?
Identify the pest. Eliminate standing water. Keep your kitchen area tidy and all food in containers. Keep your house tidy and clutter-free. Reject access to your home. Attempt the much less harmful pesticides first if various other preventative procedures fail. Make use of a lot more volatile pesticides if needed.
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Call us today and give your residence address to ensure that we can send a group of pest control technicians and have them inspect your residence totally for the visibility of rodents, rats and other home bugs and supply you with the most effective feasible remedy to get your house completely WITHOUT these frustrating insects. Our total action plan will entirely block all sort of entry factors and also avoid the parasites from entering your house.
We have lots of happy as well as completely satisfied consumers in your area that trust us with their pest control needs.
Please call our 24 Hour Pest Control center at (888) 408-2399 to learn more regarding our Pest Control solutions as well as prices and also obtain your Home Inspection Report – Pests, Rodents & Termites.


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At IONOS, we always strive to offer our products at competitive price levels - for all customers. However, due to the sheer size of our product portfolio, we cannot guarantee to have the best price available for all products, all the time. Instead, we focus on a selected range of domain extensions which are frequently sought after by our customers, such as a .com, and provide those domain names to you using a very aggressive price point.
Almost all the services offer some sort of drag-and-drop website builder that makes it easy to drag and drop items to build your page. These are great for getting started, but they often lock you into the service. Most page builders are proprietary to the service, or don't create HTML that's portable enough to be easily moved to another service if you decide it's necessary.
Alexandra Leslie's interest in website administration was sparked in her teens, priming her for a fast-paced career in managing, building, and contributing to online brands, including HostingAdvice, Forbes, and the blogs of prominent hosting providers. She brings to the table firsthand experience in reviewing web hosts, perfecting website design, optimizing content, and walking site owners through the steps that add up to a successful online presence. Today, she combines her extensive writing experience with technical understanding to unpack some of the most complex topics that daunt novice website owners, as well as the subjects that excite veteran technologists within the HostingAdvice readership.
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Many web hosting services offer a low "starting price," but require you to prepay for two or three years of service to get that price. After the promotional period, the renewal price for some web hosting services can be two, three, or even four times the initial promotional pricing. While the initial deal might be incredible, the cost of transferring your site (or paying the added fee) in a couple of years may be something to consider.
This is unfortunate because, these days, owning a website is becoming a crucial part of running a successful business, and more and more folks are establishing a web presence for their personal brand as well. You can use hosting to sell online, store and share your portfolio, or even publish your freelance writing samples and resumé. Yet, even the basics — What is web hosting? — can be lost on the average web user.
Our aim is to keep our servers clean from malware, phishing, and other malicious activities posing threat to Internet users. It does not mean that we judge before knowing you, but today's reality is that we can not predict intentions of every user who signs up. In order to prevent misuse of our services we had to apply certain limitations to free hosting accounts. In turn our servers are never blacklisted so you can always expect your email message to reach it's recipient, and Internet users to reach your website.
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BigCommerce is a bit different from our other hosting plans in that it's a SaaS (software-as-a-service) provider instead of an IaaS (infrastructure-as-a-service) provider. In other words, rather than renting space on a virtual machine where you setup and configure your own site, BigCommerce provides you with an app you login to that creates and online store.
The web hosting provider got bonus points for its policy of performing regular daily backups, even on the lowest-priced shared hosting accounts. Be aware, though, that the promotional price on the low-cost shared hosting does go up after the promotional period. That said, Bluehost offers 24/7 phone support, a 30-day money-back guarantee and SSH access for certain plan options.
Complete Internet Solutions is not like that. The price they quote is your locked-in price. In addition, they offer a free twelve months on top of your term. So, if you sign up for two years at $3.95 a month, you pay $94.80 for the two years, and then pay nothing for another year. If you choose to renew at the end of those three years, you can repeat that pricing program without a fee increase. This is how it should be done.
GlowHost earned our kudos for its 91-day money-back guarantee. It's six days short of DreamHost's 97-day guarantee, but with these numbers, who's quibbling over a few days? The company also offers 24/7/365 phone support option and free cPanel offering for most plans. The company operates 18 data centers worldwide. Finally, the company garnered extra kudos by driving all its hosting services with wind power.
I recommend the OP remove 1 & 1 from this as well. I had a nearly similar experience with them, and I didn't even use them for web hosting. While you are right in what happens with expiration, it is worth noting that 1&1 makes it as difficult as possible to transfer and *will* keep your domain after it expires. Once you're in, you're stuck and you're at their mercy.
The company doesn't list a virtual private server offering, but it bills its Elastic Sites service as a VPS alternative, offering the ease of use of a simple shared hosting plan and the performance and scalability of a VPS. GlowHost also offers a number of different cloud hosting plans, with special attention to providing enterprise-grade services.
When you sign up for SiteGround, you get a proactive chat from a live agent offering to call you, inquiring if you need any help setting everything up. Customer support includes tutorials, live chat, tickets, and phone calls. All are available 24/7 - and when you call on a Saturday night and get connected to an agent in 10 seconds, you know you're getting your money's worth.
This is unfortunate because, these days, owning a website is becoming a crucial part of running a successful business, and more and more folks are establishing a web presence for their personal brand as well. You can use hosting to sell online, store and share your portfolio, or even publish your freelance writing samples and resumé. Yet, even the basics — What is web hosting? — can be lost on the average web user.
Cloudways is, needless to say, a web hosting service which is focused on one thing only, cloud web hosting, hence the name. They offer a fully managed cloud hosting of which all plans have one fantastic feature: pay as you go. In other words, you only pay for the resources you need and nothing else. This makes it very user-friendly, for everyone to benefit from. Being the type of a hosting provider which focuses only on managed cloud hosting platform, it makes them one of the best at what they do. If you are looking for something else, Cloudways is not the host to go with.
If you register a domain with Bluehost when signing up for a hosting account, there is a domain fee that is non-refundable. This not only covers our costs, but ensures that you won't lose your domain name. Regardless of the status of your hosting service, you'll be free to manage it, transfer it after any required lock periods, or simply point it elsewhere at your convenience. You retain ownership of your domain until the end of its registration period unless you elect to extend it.
Welcome to the CNET 2020 directory of web hosting services. In this directory, we'll look at a few of the best web hosting providers like Bluehost, A2Hosting, Hostinger, DreamHost, HostGator, InMotion Hosting and more. In this evaluation of the best web hosting providers, we're featuring commercial web hosting companies that offer WordPress, VPS, shared hosting and many more web hosting services, along with a variety of annual and monthly plans.
PCMag, PCMag.com and PC Magazine are among the federally registered trademarks of Ziff Davis, LLC and may not be used by third parties without explicit permission. The display of third-party trademarks and trade names on this site does not necessarily indicate any affiliation or the endorsement of PCMag. If you click an affiliate link and buy a product or service, we may be paid a fee by that merchant.
For many customers, possibly the most influential variable in evaluating a hosting service is cost. Cost can drive conversion, but cost can also cause you to make regrettable purchasing decisions. Don't assume the cheapest option you can find is the best. Low cost can also mean low value, but not with the affordable hosts atop our recommendations list.
Please be objective. Please remove A2 from your blog. They encountered serious issue with their Windows server. Site down again, same thing happened on past April, have a look at https://windowswebhostingreview.com/a2hosting-infected-malware-looking-for-a2-asp-net-hosting-alternative/. I think they will recover so I give chance for them. But not now, I will take legal action to them. I subscribed their Windows hosting plan for 12 months * Have had major outage in past April and then it happened again. Right now, my site still down. * The web server process is being killed after five to ten minutes idle time, which is resulting in a minimum 40 seconds extra wait time for most users entering the website. I RECOMMEND to avoid A2.
Regarding business hosting, Cloudways is also able to handle business class web servers and even announced today staging capabilities that business, publishing, agencies and more app critical firms require for performance and testing. Support chat is also a big plus for wpengine who also has staging and good backup capabilities. Support response time is critical for business sites and the pricing is typically 3x per instance higher plus companies should always retain a specialists even with managed hosting partners.


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Printable Flyer
Map on Yahoo!
Request Appointment
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Corner lot and privacy fenced yard are two great features of this home.
Entrance: Covered porch has a decorative iron fence and entrance to the home.
Living Room: Very large living room has cherry look laminate flooring, painted walls.
Kitchen: Oak cabinets, ceramic tile floor, and ceramic walls. All appliances included however dishwasher hasn't been used ever.
Bedroom: Berber carpet, painted walls, closet.
Bath: Ceramic tile floor, large vanity, tub/shower combo and storage.
Master Bedroom: Huge room with burgandy accent wall, and other walls are grey. Closet, cream carpet, private master bath has shower, vanity, commode and ceramic floor.
Exterior: Vinyl siding, shingled roof. Off street parking on oak street.
Yard: Very large yard has privacy fence, nice storage shed and room for all your hobbies or childs play area.
Code 240 06042020 Re Tax: $1417


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Below Are Different Ways To Market Your Growing Addiction Rehab Service-Learn More About The Most Award Winning Alcoholism Treatment Center Near Delray Beach FL Legacy Healing Center. 33406Written by-Putnam Rosenberg
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4.99 (31)
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New Zealand's Premier Hunting & Wilderness Guides
You face a lot of options when planning your New Zealand hunting experience – our team is here to make things easier for you. We specialize in the South Island's "big four" including the mighty red stag, the stoic Himalayan tahr, the wary alpine chamois, and the mean-spirited but gorgeous fallow buck. Mix in a good number of Merriam's turkey, elk, boar, goat, wallaby, and rabbit hunting days – and you'll find us hunting in New Zealand's hills and valleys nearly 365 days a year.
We hunt a lot. We hunt in a lot of fantastic hunting places around the South Island. Nearly all of your other outfitter options will put you in a lodge with a relatively small paddock and a handful of big animals to choose from and then shoot. We can assist with that type of hunting, but we're generally the other side of the coin: we set up and guide what we feel are real and unforgettable hunting days. New Zealand is an epic country, full of fantastic game animals and hunting landscapes, and we love sharing the real South Island. We work with trusted local landowners and ranchers to ensure that animals and hunting are free-range and high-quality. We hunt more private ranches & acreage than any other outfitter in New Zealand – you're going to find the game that you're after with us!
Choose from popular New Zealand hunting packages or we can build a hunt to fit your travel schedule, hunting preferences, & budget. We offer fully-guided hunts from two hours long to two months long. Are you traveling with your partner or family? We have fantastic options for bringing along the family or non-hunting observers. Southern Hunting Adventures caters to all hunter ages, abilities, and fitness levels. Is this your first time hunting or first international hunt? We're here to ensure that your adventure is safe & successful. Join us! We guarantee that your New Zealand hunting adventure will be stress-free, priced fairly, organized, & unforgettable!
Send us a note to start planning your hunt today – we're here to make hunting in New Zealand easy for you,
– Sheldon Lye & the Southern Hunting Adventures Team
New Zealand red stag hunting is a serious passion for local and international hunters alike. Diverse terrain, good game populations, and year-round availability make hunting red stag a "can't miss" New Zealand experience.
Known for their agility, beautiful shaggy coats, and challenging alpine habitat, a New Zealand Himalayan tahr hunt is rewarding and unforgettable. Join us to chase these 'kings of the mountains.'
It would be a mistake to underestimate the compact Chamois – this may be New Zealand's most challenging hunt! Chamois are found in only a few places in the world – join us to find out why hunters love pursuing them.
Possessing palmate antlers, a range of color phases, and a street fighting disposition – the mighty Fallow buck is a true New Zealand challenge. Fallow deer are widely considered one of the most beautiful deer species in the world! Join us!
Diverse terrain, good game populations, and year-round availability make hunting red stag a "can't miss" New Zealand experience. Join us!
Wild Stag - Fewer than 12 Pts.
Free-range on private/public land.
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330 to 369 SCI.
Estate hunt on private land.
370 to 400 SCI.
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*All prices are approximate, subject to change, and listed in $USD. Please contact our team and we'll work to create a hunt & price tailored to you! Bronze, Silver, and Gold Red Stag packages include lodge accommodations and are generally 1-2 day hunts.