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JP3752252B2 - Electrically isolated specimen surface analyzer - Google PatentsElectrically isolated specimen surface analyzer Download PDF
- Publication number
- Authority
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- surface
- anode
- energy
- analyzer
- means
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
- 239000000126 substances Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000003595 spectral Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000903 blocking Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001678 irradiating Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000000695 Crystalline Lens Anatomy 0.000 description 75
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 238000004458 analytical methods Methods 0.000 description 22
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 methods Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 materials Substances 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,[encoded data, 6908 characters] data:image/svg+xml;base64,[encoded data, 6876 characters] [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metals Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000864 Auger spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,[encoded data, 4908 characters] data:image/svg+xml;base64,[encoded data, 4916 characters] [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical elements Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001941 electron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering processes Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001819 mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixtures Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002186 photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,[encoded data, 4888 characters] data:image/svg+xml;base64,[encoded data, 4916 characters] [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/227—Measuring photoelectric effect, e.g. photoelectron emission microscopy [PEEM]
- G01N23/2273—Measuring photoelectron spectrum, e.g. electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis [ESCA] or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS]
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/227—Measuring photoelectric effect, e.g. photoelectron emission microscopy [PEEM]
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/252—Tubes for spot-analysing by electron or ion beams; Microanalysers
- H01J37/256—Tubes for spot-analysing by electron or ion beams; Microanalysers using scanning beams
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
- H01J37/285—Emission microscopes, e.g. field-emission microscopes
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/44—Energy spectrometers, e.g. alpha-, beta-spectrometers
- H01J49/46—Static spectrometers
- H01J49/48—Static spectrometers using electrostatic analysers, e.g. cylindrical sector, Wien filter
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/25—Tubes for localised analysis using electron or ion beams
- H01J2237/2505—Tubes for localised analysis using electron or ion beams characterised by their application
- H01J2237/2516—Secondary particles mass or energy spectrometry
- H01J2237/2522—Secondary particles mass or energy spectrometry of electrons (ESCA, XPS)
The present invention is a continuation-in-part of US Patent Application No. 954429 filed on September 29, 1992. The present invention relates generally to surface electron microanalysis and imaging, and more particularly to an electrically isolated specimen surface analysis apparatus according to claim 1.
In recent years, various electron microscopes and related surface analyzers have been developed. One approach to chemical analysis surface analysis is electron spectroscopy (ESCA) for chemical analysis, which irradiates the specimen surface with ultraviolet light or preferably with X-rays to detect the characteristic photoelectrons emitted. To do. The method of X-ray irradiation is also known as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photoelectrons are filtered by electrostatic or electromagnetic analyzers that allow only specific narrow energy band electrons to pass to the detector. The intensity of the detected beam generally represents the concentration of chemical components on or near the specimen surface. U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,381 (Watson) describes such a scheme.
Electron kinetic energy is detected or analyzed by an electromagnetic or electrostatic device that deflects charged particles according to their velocity. Examples of the electrostatic type include a coaxial cylindrical type, a radial cylindrical type, and a radial hemispherical type. The Gerlach et al. Patent discloses a coaxial cylindrical analyzer. A radial cylinder is taught in US Pat. No. 4,764,673 (Bryson; Bryson et al.). The Watson patent and US Pat. No. 4,358,680 (Read) describe an electrostatic hemispherical analyzer. In front of radial analyzers (cylindrical and hemispherical), a lens system consisting of rings, cylinders and / or grids is generally arranged to adjust the electron energy and focus the electrons on the analyzer. ing. Such lenses are disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,358,680 and 4,764,673. The design of such a lens that attenuates to a moderate attenuation rate range is described in the article "Computer Optimization of Attenuating Lens System for ESCA Spectroscopy" (B. Vol. 45-78, 1977; "Computer Optimization of Retaling Systems Systems for ESCAS Spectrometers"; These methods relate to region analysis using a relatively small solid angle of electron focusing, and it is preferable that the range of attenuation rate is wide.
Another method for analyzing the surface utilizes secondary Auger electrons generated in a small area of the specimen surface by a focused primary electron beam. Element surface mapping is performed by scanning with a primary electron beam. An example of a scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) using a coaxial cylindrical electrostatic electron analyzer is described in US Pat. No. 4,048,498 (Garrack et al.).
A more commonly known instrument is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that raster scans a focused electron beam over the specimen surface. Secondary electrons emitted from the surface are detected in relation to the raster position. The secondary electron signal is processed electronically to form an image showing the topographic features of the surface. The SEM itself does not perform chemical metrology analysis, which uses radiated X-rays induced by incident electrons. In the SEM, since charges are rapidly accumulated by an incident electron beam, a problem also arises when imaging the surface of the electrical insulator. Conductive coatings and other techniques are used to mitigate such charging, but loss of surface details, time and cost loss due to extra preparation, and time and effort to remove surface layers during analysis There are many problems such as. Assignee's US Pat. No. 5,189,941 (Larson) discloses that an insulator specimen can be imaged with a single frame SEM raster, but is inferior in resolution.
In addition, separate detectors are commonly used on the same instrument for analysis and imaging functions, for example as disclosed in the Larson patent. Therefore, the cost increases and a space that can be originally used for another purpose must be used. In addition, especially in low current systems, most of the electrons from the specimen need to be detected for imaging, and the background of stray electrons and ions and excited neutrons from other sources needs to be blocked. . In the case of energy analysis, the specimen is generally held so as not to be affected by the magnetic field, but in the case of imaging, the magnetic field is applied so as to maximize the amount of electrons collected by the detector.
The Larson patent also discloses a system that uses a SEM in conjunction with a microanalyzer to locate a target area for microanalysis of a specimen surface. Backscattered electrons from the SEM electron beam pass through the analyzer to produce another image that is superimposed on the SEM image. This other image represents the target area to be analyzed.
With such a system that irradiates an electron beam onto the surface of a specimen, a highly sensitive instrument capable of selecting an extremely small area for analysis has been developed. Raster scanning can be used to form surface images or chemical mapping.
However, similar small area high sensitivity instruments and raster mapping were difficult to capture in the case of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
X-rays from the anode target are disclosed in U.S. Pat. As taught in US Pat. No. 5,270,28 (Wittry), it is focused on the specimen surface using a concave quartz monochromator. A method of constructing a concave monochromator for focusing X-rays is disclosed in US Pat. No. 3,772,522 (Hammond et al .; Hammond et al.), In which a quartz disk is brazed with a metal film on the concave spherical surface of a substrate. Since the disk is easily damaged when it is attached to the curved portion, a plurality of small plates may be joined to the surface like a monochromator used for PHI5600 type equipment sold by Perkin Elma. Joining techniques include brazing, optical contact, epoxy resin, and the like. The platelets are cut sequentially from the end of the single crystal rod of quartz.
A second approach to microarea analysis floods the specimen surface in combination with a microregion objective for photoelectrons, as taught in US Pat. No. Re33275 (Wadell et al.) For electrostatic objectives. Using an irradiating X-ray beam. Direct XPS imaging of a surface flooded with X-rays can be performed using immersion lenses, monopole single lenses, or as taught in US Pat. Nos. 4,810,880 (Gerlac) and 4,810,879 (Walker), or Various known electromagnetic lenses such as a snorkel lens are used.
The XPS scan may be performed by raster scanning a specimen or a mechanically troublesome analysis system. In addition, the scanning was performed in the paper "Wide-angle secondary ion probe for organic ion imaging" (Grim, Short, Todd, "Journal of American Society of Mass Spectrum", 1991, Vol. 2, pages 362-371. "A Wide-angle Secondary Ion Probe Organic Ion Imaging" as described in CC Grimm, RT Short, PJ Todd, J. AmSoc. Mass. Spectrum 1991, 363-371). In addition, it can also be achieved by deflecting electrons in the objective lens in order to make electrons off-axis incident. Scanning of the objective lens to generate a photoelectron image is described in US Pat. No. 4,752,685 described above, and the paper "Axis: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for imaging" (Dramond, Street, Ogden, "Scanning" 13 by Thurman, 1991). March-April, pages 149-163; "Axis: An Imaging X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer", I. W. Drummond, F. J. Street, L. P. Ogden, D. J. Surman, SCANING, 13 149-163 (March-April 1991).
High resolution X-ray microscopes utilize zone plates and mirror technology. This requires a very strong X-ray source such as a synchrotron and is not practical for general use. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus for performing chemical metrology mapping across the entire surface area by X-ray photoelectron analysis. The particular purpose of such a device is to compensate for changes in electron energy over the entire surface area. Another object is to provide an improved mapping along with the total area information of the insulator by X-ray photoelectron analysis.
The object is to have an electron gun for generating a focused electron beam and an anode surface arranged so that the focused electron beam is incident, and from the anode spot on the anode surface to X-rays This is achieved at least in part by a scanning X-ray apparatus for analyzing a specimen surface with an anode for generating The electron beam is raster scanned over the anode surface and the anode spot is scanned over the anode surface. X-rays from the scanning anode spot are focused in the form of X-rays of a certain energy band as X-ray spots on the pixel area correspondingly scanned on the specimen surface, preferably by a concave Bragg quartz monochromator. As a result, photoelectrons having electron energy specific to the chemical species in the pixel region are emitted from the scanning pixel region. The analyzer means receives photoelectrons from the scanned pixel region for analyzing electron energy. The analyzer means has a detector that generates a photoelectron signal corresponding to the incident photoelectrons. The processing means to which this signal is inputted cooperates with the raster means and the analyzer means to generate specimen information representing the electron energy and the chemical species of the specimen surface.
In one aspect of the invention, X-rays and the resulting photoelectrons have a natural energy shift across the specimen surface. The compensation means compensates for this shift in conjunction with the analyzer. Preferably, the analyzer means comprises hemispherical electrostatic deflection means for deflecting photoelectrons to perform detection according to a predetermined pass energy. In a preferred embodiment, the analyzer further comprises lens means for receiving electrons from the specimen surface and transferring the electrons to the analyzer means with a certain pass energy range. A predetermined voltage for determining a passing energy range is applied between the lens unit and the deflecting unit. The compensation means adjusts the voltage means to a predetermined voltage so as to compensate the shift by linking the voltage means to the raster means.
In another aspect of the present invention, the above-described scanning X-ray apparatus may be used for analysis of an electrically isolated specimen surface. In such an embodiment, the processing means sums the photoelectron signals from the entire predetermined area, and generates photoelectron spectral information representing the total chemical species of the entire predetermined area of the specimen surface. The blocking means excludes the spectral information of the peripheral area of the predetermined area from the spectral information of the total chemical species . The raster scan is performed sufficiently quickly so that the charged potential on the pixel area that is scanned across the surface of the insulating specimen does not change significantly during the residence time of the X-ray spot.
The above object can also be achieved by a specimen surface analysis apparatus including a beam means for irradiating an energy beam to a pixel region on the specimen surface in order to emit electrons from the specimen surface. The energy beam may be a focused electron beam or a focused x-ray beam as described above. The emitted electrons are in the low energy range of 1 to 10 eV and in the high energy range of 300 to 1500 eV. The low energy range represents the characteristics of the specimen surface, and the high energy range represents the characteristics of the chemical species within the specimen surface. The beam is raster scanned over the anode surface, thereby scanning the pixel area of emitted electrons over the specimen surface. The analyzer means typically receives electrons in the pass energy range of 3 eV to 300 eV and generates a signal representative of these electrons.
The lens means receives electrons from the specimen surface and selectively transfers them from the specimen surface to the analyzer means. The lens means modifies the energy of the transported electrons so that it is within the passing energy range. The control means selectively controls the lens means to operate in the first mode or the second mode. The first mode modifies the electron energy from the low energy range to the passing energy range, and the second mode modifies the electron energy from the high energy range to the passing energy range. The display means receives the analyzer signal and, in cooperation with the raster means, displays information relating to the pixel area scanned across the specimen surface. In response to the control means, the information represents an image of the specimen surface for the first mode or indicates the mapping of chemical species within the specimen surface for the second mode.
In a preferred embodiment, the lens means has a first electrode for receiving and transporting electrons from the specimen surface, and a second electrode for further transporting said electrons disposed coaxially away from the first electrode. Electrode. Preferably, each of the first electrode and the second electrode is a grid having a concave surface facing the sample surface. The electron focusing means extends coaxially from the second electrode toward the analyzer and focuses the electrons having energy modified in the passing energy range onto the analyzer. The control means has means for applying a first potential to the first electrode and applying a second potential to the second electrode. The second potential is negative with respect to the first potential, the first potential is positive with respect to the first mode sample, and is the same potential as the second mode sample.
If the specimen surface is electrically isolated, the apparatus further includes flood means for flooding the specimen surface with low energy electrons during periodic scan pauses to neutralize the loss of photoelectrons from the specimen surface. I have. In the first mode of periodic scan pauses, the information surface of the analyzer signal is omitted. In the dual mode lens embodiment, the first potential is equal (or positive) to the sample during the periodic scan pause of the first mode.
According to the present invention, in an apparatus for performing chemical measurement mapping over the entire surface region by X-ray photoelectron analysis, it can also be applied to an insulator and can compensate for changes in electron energy over the entire surface region. .
Moreover, an electron energy analyzer system suitable as a high-performance secondary electron detector for mapping is provided.
FIG. 1 schematically shows an apparatus 10 for analyzing a surface 12 of a specimen 14. The electron gun 16 has a suitable electron lens system 18 for focusing the electron beam 20 on the surface 22 of the target anode 24. The gun may be of a conventional type modified to be optimal for high power and large beam dimensions. The electron beam 20 should be focused on a spot 26 (FIG. 3) on the anode surface, which is practically as small as about 4 microns, for example. As a result, X-rays 27 are generated from the anode, particularly from the anode spot.
FIG. 2 shows a useful electron gun 16. The rear part consists of a cathode member 1 having a LaB 6 cathode 2, a wenwelt 3 and a gun anode 4. The central portion is composed of an electron condensing lens 5 having a condensing aperture 6. The electromagnetic objective lens 7 includes a pole piece 8 and a coil 9. The deflection of the beam is performed using the electrostatic deflector 11. The gun is operated at 1 to 60 watts and 10 to 20 KV with selectable beam dimensions of 4 to 250 microns. The anode 24 can be formed from any metal, such as aluminum, that imparts the desired X-ray radiant energy band, but this energy band is typically a line having a substantially small energy width. The anode is at or near the ground potential, and the gun cathode is operated at a negative voltage with respect to the anode, for example, -20 KV, to form X-rays including a desired X-ray band having a predetermined energy. The energy band selected is preferably 1.4866 keV aluminum Kα radiation.
A deflector plate 28 (a pair is shown in FIG. 1) guides the electron beam 20 from the electron gun 16 to the anode spot 26 between the array of spot positions 32 on the anode surface 22. The voltage from the deflector control device 30 controlled by the processor 76 via the line 80 is applied to the deflector disposed on the x and y axes to deflect the beam. The controller 30 scans the anode spot across the entire anode surface by raster scanning the focused electron beam 20 across the entire anode surface. X-rays are emitted from the anode when scanning the anode spot. The raster speed is at least 0.5 microsecond per pixel, for example 1 to 10 microseconds.
In order to input a part of the X-rays 27 from the anode 24, a Bragg crystal monochromator 34 preferably made of single crystal quartz is provided. The monochromator has a crystallographic orientation and a concave shape 35, selects a beam of X-rays 36 of the desired energy band, for example Kα rays, as the X-ray spot 38 and focuses it on the specimen surface 12 to be analyzed. . The X-ray spot on the specimen is an image of the anode spot 26. The specimen 14 is mounted on a stage 40 having an orthogonal micrometer positioner 42 for positioning manually or with a motor relative to a support base 44 in the apparatus.
A Bragg quartz monochromator is preferred, but other focusing means can be employed. For example, an oblique incidence mirror or a synthetic multilayer device in which high-density materials and low-density materials (for example, tungsten and carbon) are alternately stacked may be used. In either case, the reflector is curved two-dimensionally and focuses the diffracted x-rays on the specimen.
A suitable configuration is based on a conventional Roland circle 46, where the anode surface 22, lens 34 and specimen surface 12 are substantially on a circle as taught, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,772,522 described above. To position. On paper, the lens has a radius of curvature equal to the diameter of the Roland circle. In the case of point focusing, the radius of curvature in a plane orthogonal to the drawing is (2R * cos 2 B), R is a circular radius, and B is a Bragg angle. For example, in the case of quartz cut into the (100) plane and using aluminum KαX rays and the Roland circle radius is 25 cm, the radii are 50 and 48 cm, respectively (the (100) plane is the y-axis plane or "0 degree" also known as "y-cut"). These are not the curvature of curvature on the surface, but the curvature of the crystal lattice. The lens should be elliptical for optimal point-to-point focusing.
By focusing the energy band of the X-ray 36, an X-ray spot 38 is formed on a predetermined pixel region 48 on the specimen surface 12 (FIG. 3). This pixel area coinciding with the X-ray spot is an X-ray image of the anode spot 26. Pixel 48 is in the array of pixel positions 50 corresponding to the array of anode spots 32. Thereby, a predetermined pixel region corresponds to a predetermined anode spot, and the position thereof is determined by selecting a voltage to be applied to the deflection plate 28 for the electron beam 20. Thus, the position of the pixel region is effectively selected via these deflection voltages. With raster scanning, the position of the anode spot, which is a continuous spot position in the array on the anode surface, changes constantly. The focused beam raster scan for the anode spot array corresponds to the x-ray spot raster scan for the array of pixel locations 50 covering the desired surface area of the specimen surface.
X-rays 36 cause photoelectrons 52 to be emitted from the activated scan pixel region 48 of the specimen. Electron kinetic energy is typically in the range of about 2 to 5 eV up to 10 eV and high kinetic energy peaks characteristic of chemical species (ie chemical elements and / or their electronic bonds) within a given pixel region. Or include a line. In the case of raster scanning, the specific high energy photoelectrons vary depending on the chemical properties across the specimen surface, and the low energy electrons (usually known as "secondary electrons") also vary depending on the topography. The photoelectron spectrum provides information on the surface in a given pixel area or across a raster array of areas. For this purpose, Auger electrons are also generated by X-rays and are included in the term "photoelectrons".
A high scanning speed is desirable to enable high power and uniform charging. The scanning speed is in the range of 0 (when a spot is selected) to 100 m / second, for example, 10 m / second. The time per pixel area is about 1 microsecond, and mapping and imaging are composed of thousands of frames.
In one embodiment of the present invention (FIG. 1), a portion of the photoelectrons 52 are incident on the electron energy analyzer 54. The analyzer deflects the photoelectrons into a predetermined path 68 in response to the electron energy and thus the detector 70, and may be any known electromagnetic or electrostatic type desired. In order to determine the amount of deflection, a predetermined control signal (current or voltage difference) is applied to the analyzer system, so that the signal level represents the selected energy of the photoelectrons deflected to the predetermined path. In the case of an electromagnetic analyzer such as an electromagnetic prism, the current signal through the electromagnetic coil is selected appropriately. In the case of an electrostatic analyzer, a deflection voltage signal is selected.
The electrostatic energy analyzer may be of a radial cylindrical shape, as described in the aforementioned US Pat. No. 4,048,498. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the analyzer 54 is hemispherical as described in the aforementioned US Pat. No. 3,766,381. The analysis means also includes a lens system, such as an electrostatic lens, to focus the input to the analyzer. This lens usually has both the objective lens function and the energy correction function, and collects photoelectrons emitted from the effective pixel region and inputs them to the analyzer within a desired passing energy range.
The electrostatic lens 56 may be a conventional lens such as PHI Omnifocus IV (TM) lens manufactured by Perkin Elma. This lens includes a pair of orthogonal deflection plates 59 to which a supply voltage is applied from a supply source 55 (FIG. 4). Under the control of the processor 76, the voltage on the plate is selected, fluctuated or oscillated by the positioning of the primary electron beam 20 or the synchronism with the raster means, which collects off-axis photoelectrons. Thus, a considerable part of the electrons arrives at the slit of the blocking member 84 and is input into the analyzer 54.
Alternatives to the objective lens function are preferably various known electromagnetic lenses 58 (FIG. 4) such as an immersion objective lens, a single pole single lens or a snorkel lens as described in the aforementioned US Pat. No. 4,810,880. ) This objective lens is positioned below the specimen so that the magnetic field of the lens collects a substantial portion of the photoelectrons 52 emitted from the specimen surface. To accomplish this, the specimen is placed in close proximity to the immersion objective and the specimen is placed between the immersion lens and a separate electrostatic lens 60. In this case, lenses 58 and 60 form lens system 56 (FIG. 1). More generally, the specimen is positioned between the immersion lens and the analyzer. When the electromagnetic lens has a light condensing field (schematically indicated by a broken line 61) smaller than the rasterized region, off-center radiation may be collected at the center by the deflector plate 59. Such a system provides particularly good light collection efficiency and sensitivity.
Returning to FIG. 1, the selected voltage from the voltage source 62 applied across the hemispherical portions 64, 66 of the analyzer via the line 69 causes electrons having the selected energy to move within the path 68 and to the analyzer. To the detector 70. The detector 70 may be a conventional multi-channel detector having, for example, 16 channels to detect the range of electron energy that passes through the analyzer in a slightly different path. Depending on the detector, another lens (not shown) may be disposed between the analyzer and the detector as necessary.
A signal from the detector 70 corresponding to the number and energy of the detected electrons is input to the analysis unit 74 of the processing device 76 along the line 72 (via an appropriate amplifier (not shown)). The processing device 76 performs electronic control and computer processing by a Hewlett Packard 425E computer or the like. This process converts the spectral data into information relating to chemical species appearing in a particular sample pixel region 48 (FIG. 3). This information is stored and displayed on the monitor 78 and printed out in the form of an image, table or graph. By coordinating the display means (here including the processor) with the electron beam guiding means 28, 30 via the line 80 from the processor to the control device 30, the mapping of the chemical species in the selected or scanned surface region is possible. Done and displayed. By this mapping, sample surface information corresponding to the array of raster-scanned pixel regions on the sample surface is obtained.
As described above, the voltage to the analyzer system including hemispheres 64, 66, entrance aperture blocking member 84, input lens 56 and detector 70 is from voltage source 62 under the control of processor 76 via control line 82. Supplied. The voltage may be set to detect a specific photoelectron beam, or may be set to generate a broad spectrum covering several chemical species. For spectral analysis of the entire region, the average spectral analysis of the entire raster region of the insulator is obtained by summing the raster data from all the scanned regions of the specimen surface.
For example, when using a Bragg crystal monochromator 34, scanning the electron beam in the direction of dispersion (in the plane of FIG. 1) causes a slight shift in the X-ray energy and thus the kinetic energy of the photoelectron beam across the specimen surface. So there is a problem. Furthermore, the scanning range is limited by the line width of the X-ray, for example, the line width of the aluminum Kα, and the intensity is adjusted by the shape of the line. Means for compensating for such shifts can be realized in several ways.
One method is to raster the specimen instead of the electron beam. Another method is to raster scan the electron beam over the anode and obtain the data with an energy analyzer (such as the spherical analyzer of FIG. 1) that has a sufficiently wide energy window to capture the changing spectral characteristics. The software is designed to convert the spectrum to a constant energy. In yet another method, the shape of the analyzer is such that the dispersion of the monochromator is compensated as taught in the aforementioned US Pat. No. 3,567,926. Alternatively, the monochromator configuration may be adjusted synchronously so that the X-ray energy is maintained constant and the intensity is always maximized to the X-ray line peak.
Another compensation method is to use the section 86 of the processor 76 to convert the energy control signal from the voltage source 62 to the analyzer 64 in synchronism with the scanning of the electron beam. For example, in the case of an electrostatic analyzer, the applied voltages of the analyzer hemispheres 64 and 66 and the entrance aperture blocking member 88 are adjusted in synchronism with the scanning of the electron beam so that the capture of all energy is substantially constant. Is done. This is executed by performing sawtooth modulation using software (firmware) in the processor. The software is easily assembled by theoretically or experimentally determining the voltage change necessary to maintain a given peak of constant energy as the beam 20 is scanned over the anode 24. Therefore, to compensate for the shift, the processor 76 programs the voltage source 62 to harmonize with the raster means 28, 30, thereby corresponding to the voltage (or current) on the line 69 to each analyzer element. You may make it fluctuate.
A simple and preferred way to adjust the analyzer voltage to be compensated is to split a portion of the raster voltage from the deflector plate 28. A portion of this branch is applied via line 87 to adjust the voltage on line 69 to analyzer hemispheres 64, 68 and blocking member 84. The modulation amplitude is chosen empirically to optimize the compensation.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the device 10 has a second detector 88. The detector 88 receives photoelectrons 80 directly from the sample, particularly low energy "secondary" electrons up to about 10 eV, without being filtered by the analyzer. The detector then generates a corresponding optoelectronic signal. Another section 94 of the processor 76 receives these signals via line 92 and works with the raster means 28, 30 to generate a secondary electron image of the surface and display it on the monitor 78. The information content is almost topographic like black and white photographs.
The second detector 88, shown here as a secondary electron detector (SED), is a conventional type commonly used in scanning electron microscopes (SEM). A suitable detector is a Perkin Elma Model 04-202 detector with a suitable amplifier and (if necessary) an A / D converter. The obtained secondary electron image is exactly the same as that obtained by the SEM operation except that the detected electrons are detected by X-rays as described above.
In an alternative embodiment for secondary electron imaging, the second detector 88 shown in FIG. 1 is omitted and a modified lens system 56 is used. This embodiment is effective for an apparatus for raster scanning the specimen surface with an incident electron beam or X-ray. The deformable lens is particularly suitable for a hemispherical electrostatic analyzer.
The shape and action of the deformable lens system 56 ′ (FIG. 6) is basically based on the recognition of the three kinetic energy ranges of electrons. The lower energy range generally represents secondary electrons emitted from the surface up to 10 eV. These electrons are typically detected by a detector 88 (not shown) to image the topography and qualitative constitutive features of the specimen surface. The higher energy range (generally 300 to 1500 eV) represents Auger electrons or photoelectrons emitted from the atomic shell and representing the species on the specimen surface. Third, the analyzer is operative to detect electrons incident from the lens in the predetermined pass energy range that the particular analyzer operates on. The passing energy is generally between a high energy range and a low energy range, typically in the range of 3 eV and 300 eV, and a passing energy range of 10% to 15% is usually high resolution (low passing energy). Depends on a certain exchange between high and high sensitivity (high pass energy). One function of the conventional lens or deformable lens 56 'is to adjust the high energy electrons to the selected pass energy range for the analyzer.
The deformed lens system 56 'operates between the first mode and the second mode so that the analyzer 54 can be used to image instead of the normal function of detecting chemical species. In the first mode, the electron energy in the low energy range is changed to the passing energy for the imaging function of the analyzer. In the second mode, the electron energy is changed from a high energy range to a passing energy range for spectral analysis of chemical species. In this embodiment, these modes are selected by applying a voltage to the lens from a control means including a voltage source 62 and a voltage control unit 86 of the processor 72. In practice, the mode selection is variable between an acceleration of 20 times the input electron velocity in imaging and a deceleration of up to 500 times in spectral analysis.
In imaging mode, low energy secondary electrons are typically accelerated to about 100 eV pass energy so that a total 0-10 eV window is captured by the detector. In this mode, a positive potential is applied to the first grid to effectively extract secondary electrons from the specimen. In the spectral analysis mode, electrons are decelerated from high energy to selected passing energy for analysis of chemical species. In this mode, the first grid must be grounded with the sample so that the sample is not affected by the magnetic field .
The lens 56 ′ (FIG. 6) has a first electrode 130. The electrode consists of a ring, or preferably (as shown), for example a grid formed from a conductor with a diameter of 0.03 mm on a center of 0.3 mm. The grid is recessed in the specimen direction.
The second, larger electrode 132, which is also preferably a grid, has a shape similar to that of the first electrode and is spaced in the direction of the analyzer 54 from the first electrode. The curvature of the grid can be determined by standard commercial computer programming for electro-optic equipment to empirically determine the optimal electron trajectory. Ideally, the axial cross section of the grid is a confocal ellipsoid. However, spherical approximations have been found to work well. A series of three intermediate electrode rings 131 are arranged at intervals between the grids, and are set to have an intermediate voltage of the grid voltage.
At least one electrode is added coaxially behind the second grid 132 for further passing electrons towards the analyzer. In this embodiment, a ring electrode 133, a plurality of divided electrodes 59 ', and a cylindrical electrode 134 are provided vertically in the direction of the electron flow from the second grid to the analyzer. With the exception of the electrodes 59 ′, they are held at the same potential as the second grid, and the cylindrical electrode preferably includes an aperture plate 136 having a central aperture 138. The electrode 59 'is arbitrarily divided into four and is nominally held at the same potential as the second grid, but if necessary, for the same purpose as the deflection electrode 59 (FIG. 4), ie as needed. In order to adjust the off-axis electron trajectory, it may be biased in the vertical direction. When such correction is unnecessary, a cylindrical electrode may be used instead of the divided electrode.
The opening 138 is preferably positioned corresponding to the choice of grid shape and applied voltage so that passing electrons are deflected across the opening. A conventional electron focusing lens system 140 is disposed behind the cylindrical electrode 134. The lens system consists of a series of tandem cylindrical and conical electrodes 142 that adjust the electron energy to focus them on the entrance aperture 144 to the analyzer. Other conventional or desired shapes for the lens system 140 may be utilized.
For the normal spectral analysis function of the analyzer utilizing the second mode of the lens 56 ', the first grid 130 is connected to the sample 14 (usually grounded) so that the sample 14 is not affected by the magnetic field. It is the same potential. The voltage potential V2 on the second grid is a negative blocking potential (relative to the sample), typically 90% of the initial energy. Further, the magnetic field between the grids functions as a lens that focuses the electrons on the central opening 138. The electrons are then focused into the analyzer, where they reach the normal pass energy range by selecting different lens voltages. The analyzer voltage is selected in the usual manner to detect a specific energy associated with the specimen species.
In the first mode for imaging, a positive voltage V1 (relative to the specimen) on the first grid accelerates low energy electrons from the specimen. The voltage V2 of the second grid is negative with respect to the first grid so as to decelerate and focus the electrons, but the net energy is high enough to transfer the electrons. The analyzer voltage in the pass energy range applied to the hemispheres 64, 66 (FIG. 1) is set so that the analyzer can pass these electrons, and the voltages V1 and V2 maximize the imaging signal. Set to In this mode, for example, V1 is + 300V and V2 is + 150V.
In the imaging mode, the operation of the analyzer with lens 56 'is generally significantly superior to that of a normal scanning electron detector (SED) or detector 88 of FIG. The analyzer dual function setting is particularly useful for scanning X-ray devices for guiding photoelectrons as disclosed for FIG. This embodiment is also effective for a scanning Auger microprobe of the type disclosed in the above-mentioned US Pat. No. 4,048,498 as shown in FIG. For Auger spectrum analysis, the electron gun 150 with the deflector 154 is an alternative to the X-ray scanning system, and all other relevant elements are substantially the same as in FIG. 1 (except SED 88, flood gun 98 and Related program elements are omitted). These are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted. The electron gun for injecting the focused electron beam 156 onto the specimen surface 12 may be the same type as the gun 16. Secondary electron images in the first mode are particularly useful for locating regions on the specimen surface where chemical species are to be analyzed by the energy analysis embodiment. For example, the image may be viewed on the monitor 78 while moving the specimen 14 with respect to the stage 40 (FIG. 1). Since both the imaging mode and the analysis mode are performed at the same focal point of X-rays, the positions are substantially the same.
Scanned X-ray embodiments for topographic imaging, chemical mapping, or summing chemical information across the surface are advantageous for electrically insulating material specimens because the primary beam is neutral. The photoelectric effect causes the specimen to be positively charged to prevent further radiation, but this positive charge is caused by low energy electrons 100 (generally 1 to 10 eV and 0 from a flood gun 98 such as Perkin Elma 04-090 electron gun). .1 to 10 μA) is easily neutralized by flood irradiation of the specimen. Low energy electrons are not detected through an analyzer for chemical mapping.
If the insulator is raster scanned for imaging from low energy secondary electrons, the apparatus preferably further includes pause means 102 during programming to periodically pause imaging. During each pause, under the direction of the pause means 102 via the line 101, the flood gun 98 is activated to flood- illuminate the specimen surface 12 with a low level pulse of electrons 100 of approximately 1 μA (generally 0.1 to 10 μA). This compensates for photoelectrons lost from the surface in the raster. Pause with pulsed irradiation is necessary because detection of low energy flood electrons adds noise to the image. The pulse irradiation and the pause performed at the same time have a duration of 10 milliseconds per second, for example. When the mode lens 56 'is used in an imaging analyzer, the first grid 130 is relative to the specimen (generally ground potential) so that flood electrons can reach the specimen without being extracted into the lens. Should be simultaneously pulsed to equal (or positive) potential. The imaging detector of this aspect may be a normal SED88.
In the case of electrically insulating specimens, raster scanning should be performed quickly on the insulator to minimize the differential charge across the surface in a time-dependent manner that will broaden the line width of the electron energy. The scan should be performed quickly enough so that the potential on the scan pixel does not fluctuate significantly during the dwell time at each pixel location. The charged potential should be kept below about 0.1V. For a typical photocurrent of 1 × 10 −12 A with a typical capacity of 3 × 10 −17 A / V in a 10 μm pixel region, there is a charge of 0.03 V in 1 microsecond per pixel region. . Therefore, in order to maintain a charge of 0.1 V or less, a scanning speed faster than about 3 microseconds per pixel is required.
Differential charge effects may occur at the edge of the raster region of the insulator where the full area analysis is being performed. In view of this, the processor may include means 103 such as software to block (gating) data from the peripheral pixel region 104 (FIG. 3) of the array from the spectral data. The width of the gating can be one or more outer pixel widths, and the selected width can be readily determined empirically to sufficiently reduce the differential charge effect. By combining edge gating and rapid scanning, an excellent energy resolution of the insulator can be obtained.
For the sake of clarity, several functional parts of the processor 76 are shown separately in FIG. However, each of these parts actually includes a common property of each element and various parts of the computer program. The computer program described herein can be readily prepared in a conventional language such as "C" that is generally available from the manufacturer of the computer in use. Some of the programming parts are embedded in a PROM chip such as firmware.
The analysis is preferably performed using a very small anode spot 26 coupled with a precision monochromator to focus a small spot 38 on the specimen as well as a selected energy band of X-rays. As described above, the monochromator lens is crystallographically oriented to select an X-ray band and is curved for light collection. For example, the crystalline lens is oriented in the (100) plane prior to bending. The monochromator is preferably mounted on a base member 106 having a polished surface 108 with a desired concave curvature as a thin lens 34 that is joined to the polished surface to exhibit curvature. The base plate should be made of the same or similar material as the lens so that the coefficient of thermal expansion is matched. A quartz or glass base having a similar expansion coefficient is a suitable base for the lens.
For ease of construction, the monochromator lens 34 is comprised of a plurality of crystal platelets 110, preferably having a uniform thickness. Each platelet is formed of a common (same) material, lattice structure and crystal orientation with respect to the polished surface of the platelet joined to the base member. Each quartz crystal plate is bonded to the polished surface 108 in a crystal-aligned manner so as to exhibit a concave curvature and arranged like a tile. Bonding can be done by conventional means, but the wrinkles on the interface should be as small as possible.
According to a preferred embodiment (FIG. 5), the platelet 110 is formed by partitioning the initial array 112 of juxtaposed portions on the plane 114 of the single crystal member 116 and then cutting the partition portion from the member 116. Also, the single crystal member 116 may be first cut to the desired thickness of the platelets prior to sectioning and cutting the platelets. Next, the polished surface side of the platelet is joined to the polished surface 108 with the same alignment pattern 118 (FIG. 3) as the initial array 112. The initial and positioning arrangements are illustrated by the letters a to h in FIGS. By this method of creating a platelet, it is possible to form a platelet having a common material, lattice structure, and crystal orientation.
In order to form a high precision monochromator, the following procedure is desirable. That is, first, a crystal of 40 × 40 mm having a large surface oriented 0 degree with respect to the y axis and having a thickness of 5 to 10 mm is prepared. The quartz should be thick enough to ensure rigidity in the subsequent polishing and thinning process, but not thick enough to unduly delay the thinning process. The quartz is then tested with an interferometer and the twins are eliminated. The large surface is cut with a lapping machine and is preferably optically flattened to be within 1/10 waves per inch (0.04 waves / cm) at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. This polished surface is irradiated with X-rays at the center and in the vicinity of each corner so that the orientation of each point is exactly the same and the average is within one arc (') of the y axis. . Next, the small plate is connected to an optically flat support member that is, for example, within 1/10 wave (0.04 wave / cm) per inch. The support member holds the platelets side by side in relative positions (including rotation) with crystal alignment as in the original crystal. In addition, each platelet is thinned to a predetermined final thickness of 50 to 100 microns (preferably within ± 5 microns) and 1/10 wave per inch over the entire 40 × 40 mm area. Polish to be parallel inside. Next, each platelet is removed from the support member and joined to the polished surface of the base member at the same position (including rotation) as in the original quartz. The number of platelets in the entire area of 40 × 40 mm is preferably 2 to 16. Each lateral dimension is preferably in the range of 10 to 20 mm. The sensitivity of the monochromator is substantially proportional to the solid illumination angle obstructed when viewed from the anode, approximately according to the formula A / D 2 , where A is the lens area and D is the diameter of the Roland circle. The greater the solid angle, the better the sensitivity, but introduces aberrations that limit both energy and spatial resolution. Here, for a given dimension, the solid angle is 0.04 steradians. Such a monochromator can form an X-ray spot having substantially the same size as that of the electron beam on the anode on the specimen only by being subjected to the width expansion by the monochromator of about 10 microns.
Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments, various changes and modifications within the spirit of the invention and within the scope of the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents.
In addition, a high performance chemical metrology analyzer is provided.
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Apparatus 14 Specimen 16 Electron gun 18 Lens system 20 Electron beam 24 Anode 27 X-ray 28 Deflection plate 30 Plate controller 34 Monochromator 54 Analyzer 62 Voltage source 70 Detector 76 Processor
Claims (5)
- An electrically isolated specimen surface analyzer comprising:
An electron gun for generating a focused electron beam;
An anode having an anode surface arranged to receive the focused electron beam and generating X-rays from an anode spot on the anode surface;
Raster means for raster scanning the focused beam on the anode surface, thereby scanning an anode spot on the anode surface;
Focusing for receiving X-rays from the scanning anode spot and focusing an X-ray energy band of a predetermined energy as an X-ray spot on a pixel region correspondingly scanned on the predetermined region of the insulating specimen surface Means for focusing to emit photoelectrons from the scanning pixel region having electron energy characteristic of chemical species in the pixel region;
Analyzer means for receiving photoelectrons from the scanned pixel region and analyzing the electron energy to generate a corresponding photoelectron signal;
Processing means for summing the photoelectron signals over the predetermined area and generating photoelectron spectral information indicative of the summed chemical species across the predetermined area of the specimen surface;
And a blocking means for excluding the spectral information of the peripheral region of the predetermined region from the spectral information of the summed chemical species .
- 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the raster scanning is performed quickly enough so that the charged potential on the pixel area scanned across the surface of the insulating specimen does not change significantly during the residence time of the X-ray spot.
- 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the raster scanning is performed sufficiently rapidly so that the change of the charging potential is smaller than 0.1V.
- In order to neutralize the loss of photoelectrons from the sample surface, flood means for flood irradiating the sample surface with low energy electrons during periodic scanning pauses, and receiving photoelectron signals and presenting sample information representing the sample surface 2. Processing means cooperating with said raster means to generate a data signal, comprising processing means for omitting presentation of the data signal during said periodic scan pause period. apparatus.
- The focusing means is disposed in association with the anode surface and the specimen surface so as to form an X-ray spot in a predetermined energy band as an X-ray image of the anode spot, and has a concave curvature. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a linear quartz monochromator.
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|US3567926A (en) *
|Hemlett Packard Co
|Electron spectroscopy system with dispersion compensation
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|Hewlett Packard Co
|Electron spectroscopy system with a multiple electrode electron lens
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|Ass Elect Ind
|Apparatus for charged particle spectroscopy
|US3787692A (en) *
|Varian Associates
|Induced electron emission spectrometer using plural radiation sources
|US3772522A (en) *
|Hewlett Packard Co
|Crystal monochromator and method of fabricating a diffraction crystal employed therein
|DE2216821C2 (en) *
|Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin U. 8000 Muenchen
|US4048498A (en) *
|Physical Electronics Industries, Inc.
|Scanning auger microprobe with variable axial aperture
|GB2064213B (en) *
|Kratos Ltd
|Electron spectrometers
|US4358680A (en) *
|Kratos Limited
|Charged particle spectrometers
|US4752685A (en) *
|Anelva Corporation
|Electronic spectrometer for identifying element conditions of a sample surface by utilizing an energy spectrum of charged particles
|JPS6230944A (en) *
|Shimadzu Corp
|Scan type x-ray photoelectron analyzer
|US4680467A (en) *
|Kevex Corporation
|Electron spectroscopy system for chemical analysis of electrically isolated specimens
|GB8609740D0 (en) *
|Spectros Ltd
|Charged particle energy analyser
|GB8612099D0 (en) *
|Vg Instr Group
|US4764673A (en) *
|Kevex Corporation
|Electric electron energy analyzer
|US4810880A (en) *
|The Perkin-Elmer Corporation
|Direct imaging monochromatic electron microscope
|US5127028A (en) *
|Wittry David B
|Diffractord with doubly curved surface steps
|US5118941A (en) *
|The Perkin-Elmer Corporation
|Apparatus and method for locating target area for electron microanalysis
|JPH0510897A (en) *
|Jeol Ltd
|X-ray photoelectron spectral imaging apparatus
|US5315113A (en) *
|The Perkin-Elmer Corporation
|Scanning and high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and imaging
- 1994-02-25 US US08/201,912 patent/US5444242A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-02 EP EP01120822A patent/EP1170778A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-02-02 EP EP19950101428 patent/EP0669635B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-02 DE DE1995626688 patent/DE69526688T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-24 JP JP03708495A patent/JP3641288B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-02 JP JP2004225648A patent/JP3754696B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-08-02 JP JP2004225647A patent/JP3752252B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-08-02 JP JP2004225649A patent/JP2004301864A/en active Pending
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|DE69526688T2 (en)
|US5444242A (en)
|EP1170778A3 (en)
|EP0669635A2 (en)
|JP3641288B2 (en)
|JP2004301864A (en)
|EP0669635B1 (en)
|JPH07325052A (en)
|JP3754696B2 (en)
|EP0669635A3 (en)
|JP2004301862A (en)
|JP2004301863A (en)
|DE69526688D1 (en)
|EP1170778A2 (en)
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Easiest business major reddit
Chihuahuas puppies
Free Chihuahua Puppies Craigslist. In case your Chihuahua is a silent canine, do anticipate his habits to develop a notch when a stranger comes to the doorway. A Chihuahua will bark like he robust sees the canine if he feels an unknown individual or feels there could be a potential risk to its proprietor.
Teacup chihuahua puppies for sale UK Enter your email address to receive alerts when we have new listings available for Teacup chihuahua puppies for sale UK . Email field should not be empty Please enter a valid email address. Welcome to Mirasou Chihuahuas We are a small scale breeder of AKC long & smooth coat Chihuahuas. I have been an animal lover all of my life. My parents let me get my first "show" dog as a...
NEW PUPPY INFO. When considering adding a Chihuahua to your family it is best to do research to make sure that a Chihuahua is what is best for your family and lifestyle. Having a Chihuahua is a lifetime commitment, their lifetime. Chihuahuas can live up to 15 years or so.
LoveBug Chihuahuas – I am a small hobby breeder of AKC Champion Line Chihuahua puppies .We have long coat and smooth coat. (California) (California) Midwest Chihuahuas – At Midwest Chihuahuas we breed only the finest, genetically screened parents to make our lovely and exotic short and long coated puppies.
This page is dedicated to letting you know about me and how I breed, raise, and take great care of my Chihuahuas. We have around 6-8 litters of chihuahua puppies for sale per yer and strive for the highest quality over quantity. All of our adult chihuahuas are in the 3.5-5 pound range and so our puppies are genetically very small as well. .
Chihuahuas are often born via cesarean section because puppies are born with relatively large heads. Susceptible to fractures and other accidents in puppyhood. Some Chihuahuas have a molera, an unclosed section of the skull which can remain open throughout life. This makes the dog prone to injury.
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Oct 12, 2018 · *** NEWS GOING ON HERE AT RINKS LITTLE CHIHUAHUAS!! *** I am no longer doing waiting list for my puppies. I have missed too many opportunities for potential homes, waiting for people on their list to decide if they want the puppy and later to decide they don't. Mean while great homes ended up buying some where else. I'm sorry if this upsets anyone. .
Find Chihuahuas for Sale on Oodle Classifieds. Join millions of people using Oodle to find puppies for adoption, dog and puppy listings, and other pets adoption. Don't miss what's happening in your neighborhood. Chihuahuas aren't always the cuddliest, but they're smart, independent, vigilant, easy to groom, and won't drag you out to the dog park three times a day. If you work from home, keep the thermostat above 70 degrees, have older children or teenagers, and love dogs who speak their minds, you might be Chihuahua-ready.
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We want you to be happy with your new Chihuahua puppy but more importantly, we want our puppies to remain healthy and happy after entering their new homes! Besides our Chihuahuas, we also share our home with our horse, Bullet and our three Bloodhounds, Gracie, Sissy Baby and Dillon.
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H.R. 266 will fund an additional $484 billion for small businesses, hospitals and coronavirus testing. This second round of stimulus
The last month could easily be described as unprecedented for healthcare and our economy (not to mention the world economy).
Federal Legislative Summary
Virtually all federal legislation tracked in March was associated with the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The


text:
On Father's Day Jonny speaks from 1 Samuel, on how to a live a life of purpose by turning problems into opportunities.
After some feedback from the recent mission trip to Hong Kong, Archie teaches on 3 choices we can all make that will position ourselves more for the Holy Spirit to flow in and through us
Helen preaches on how the Holy Spirit is our helper.
Nakita speaks about Jesus breathing on his disciples in John 20; and how Jesus shows them his love, gives them peace, and then sends them out.
Jonny looks at discovering your purpose starting right here in 1 Samuel 3, with a little help from Oprah...
Archie follows up an exciting Easter period with a message of hope
James Bailey preaches from John 20 on the final service of Easter.
Jonny explores how we handle disappointment in our lives, drawing from Jeremiah 1
A talk of three parts from Kirsty Nelson, Emanuel Kialungila and Chesca Kirkland talking on how fixing our eyes on Jesus can overcome the trap of comparison.
Angie looks at how we deal with unhealthy comparison
for a direct RSS feed enter https://stpetersbrighton.org/podcast-sundaytalks.xml in your reader
Subscribe to our podcast in iTunes.
If you have problems, please contact Webmaster here
© Copyright St Peter's Church 2020


text:
Manish Dixit
Ann McNamara
Andre Thomas
In the future, as the projected limits of human exploration extend beyond the moon to Mars and even further destinations, some workplaces will be in deep space with low- and no-gravity environments. How can workers be trained for extreme environments like space, deserts or deep oceans in a safe, cost-effective manner?
A research team that includes three Texas A&M College of Architecture scholars is developing design principles for virtual reality training simulators for workers to flourish in these environments in a three-year, $1.2 million study funded by the National Science Foundation.
"Our main goal is to understand how spatial cognitive processing differs in altered gravitational and visual environments, and how virtual reality-based simulation can help train workers to adapt to such environments," said Manish Dixit, Texas A&M assistant professor of construction science and the study's principal investigator.
The current approaches to train workers for operations in altered environments are expensive, insufficient, and risky, he said.
"To train workers for microgravity conditions, parabolic flights are used to experience a microgravity-like environment through free fall," he said. "This is expensive and risky. Each flight has to perform multiple parabolic climbs and descents to achieve a few seconds of microgravity."
Traditional scuba diving training methods are also risky, he said. "In 2014, nearly 1,220 emergency room visits due to scuba injuries were reported in the U. S. alone, resulting in 188 deaths."
Dixit and Texas A&M visualization researchers Ann McNamara and André Thomas, will measure and analyze subjects' eye movements, brain electrical activity, cognitive strategies and mental workload reaction time during behavioral tests in simulated normal and altered environments, then apply the results to create a framework for a training simulation or game.
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In the study, the College of Architecture researchers are also teamed with Joseph Orr and Jyotsna Vaid, faculty members of the Texas A&M Department of Psychological Brain Sciences, and Greg Chamitoff, a former astronaut and professor of aerospace engineering.
The study's funding is from the Human Technology Frontier Program of the National Science Foundation's Division of Computer and Network Systems.
Richard Nira
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Political Correctness: The Munk Debates [EPUB]
19 December 2019, 15:31
ìYouíre telling me Iím being sensitive, and students looking for safe spaces that theyíre being hypersensitive. If youíre white, this country is one giant safe space.î ― Michael Eric Dyson
Is political correctness an enemy of free speech, open debate, and the free exchange of ideas? Or, by confronting head-on the dominant power relationships and social norms that exclude marginalized groups are we creating a more equitable and just society? For some the argument is clear. Political correctness is stifling the free and open debate that fuels our democracy. It is also needlessly dividing one group from another and promoting social conflict. Others insist that creating public spaces and norms that give voice to previously marginalized groups broadens the scope of free speech. The drive towards inclusion over exclusion is essential to creating healthy, diverse societies in an era of rapid social change.
The twenty-second semi-annual Munk Debate, held on May 18, 2018, pits acclaimed journalist, professor, and ordained minister Michael Eric Dyson and New York Times columnist Michelle Goldberg against renowned actor and writer Stephen Fry and University of Toronto professor and author Jordan Peterson to debate the implications of political correctness and freedom of speech.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2020 [EPUB]
18 December 2019, 03:43
Get thousands of facts at your fingertips with this essential resource.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts is Americaís best-selling reference book of all time, with more than 82 million copies sold. For more than 150 years, this compendium of information has been the authoritative source for all your entertainment, reference, and learning needs. The 2020 edition of The World Almanac reviews the biggest events of 2019 and will be your go-to source for questions on any topic in the upcoming year. Praised as a ìtreasure trove of political, economic, scientific and educational statistics and informationî by The Wall Street Journal, The World Almanac and Book of Facts will answer all of your trivia needs effortlesslyófrom history and sports to geography, pop culture, and much more.
Features include:
- Decade in Review: As the ëteensí decade closes, take a look at the highlights, low points, and everything-in-between of the past 10 years. From the introduction of Obamacare and iPads in 2010 to ìOld Town Roadî and the immigration policy debate in 2019, The World Almanac provides a recap of events and puts into perspective just how much hasóand hasnítóchanged in the last 10 years.
- 2020 Election Preview: The World Almanac provides a comprehensive look at the entire 2020 election process, including a calendar of state primaries and caucuses. Also includes 2019 election results for governorsí seats and special congressional elections.
- World Almanac Editorsí Picks: Never Say Die: With Tiger Woods achieving the seemingly impossible in 2019 with his 15th major titleóhis first Masters win in 14 yearsóthe editors list their favorite major comeback moments from athletes across the sports universe.
- The World at a Glance: This annual feature of The World Almanac provides a quick look at the surprising stats and curious facts that define the changing world.
- Statistical Spotlight: A popular annual graphic feature highlights statistics relevant to the biggest news of the year. These data visualizations provide important context and new perspectives to give readers a fresh angle on key issues.
- The Year in Review: The World Almanac takes a look back at 2019 while providing all the information you'll need in 2020.
- 2019óTop 10 News Topics: The editors of The World Almanac list the top stories that held the world's attention in 2019.
- 2019óYear in Sports: Hundreds of pages of trivia and statistics that are essential for any sports fan, featuring coverage of the womenís World Cup soccer tournament; a preview of the upcoming 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan; the World Series, improved MLB player stats, and much more.
- 2019óYear in Pictures: Striking full-color images from around the world in 2019, covering news, entertainment, science, and sports.
- 2019óOffbeat News Stories: The World Almanac editors select some of the most unusual news stories of the year.
- World Almanac Editors' Picks: Time Capsule: The World Almanac lists the items that most came to symbolize the year 2019, from news and sports to pop culture.
- New Sections: Reorganized chapters on ìFood and Agriculture,î ìEducational Statistics,î and ìColleges and Universitiesî make it easier to find information about subjects like nutrition, student loans, a directory of colleges, and much more.
- Other New Highlights: New statistics on income tax reform, top-grossing movies, biggest YouTube channels, religious populations in the U.S. and worldwide, and much more.
Religion in Vogue: Christianity and Fashion in America [EPUB]
18 December 2019, 03:34
How the fashion industry has contributed to religious change
From cross necklaces to fashion designs inspired by nunsí habits, how have fashion sources interpreted Christianity? And how, in turn, have these interpretations shaped conceptions of religion in the United States?
Religion in Vogue explores the intertwined history of Christianity and the fashion industry. Using a diverse range of fashion sources, including designs, jewelry, articles in fashion magazines, and advertisements, Lynn S. Neal demonstrates how in the second half of the twentieth century the modern fashion industry created an aestheticized Christianity, transforming it into a consumer product.
The fashion industry socialized consumers to see religion as fashionable and as a beautiful lifestyle accessory―something to be displayed, consumed, and experienced as an expression of personal identity and taste. Religion was something to be embraced and shown off by those who were sophisticated and stylish, and not solely the domain of the politically conservative.
Neal ultimately concludes that, through aestheticizing Christianity, the fashion industry has offered Americans a means of blending traditional elements of religion―such as ritual practice, miraculous events, and theological concepts―with modern culture, revealing a new dimension to the personal experience of religion.