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Ethnobotany Research and Applications http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era
Dear colleagues,

we hope all of you are well in these challenging times!

Many of us have been using the worldwide shutdowns to engage in writing up our data, and submissions to ERA have increased tremendously in the last few months. The new sections "Notes on Ethnobotany", "Repatriation of Ethnobotanical Studies" and "Mini-Reviews" have been particularly successful.

ERA is by no means an "easy" journal - our current rejection rate is around 80%. Still, we had so many good submissions this year, that for the first time, we will have two regular issues in 2020. You have now Volume 20 (2020) in front of you. For Volume 19 (2020) please see the journal archives.

You will see that SCOPUS has started to pick up the papers published so far in 2020 and is working backwards covering previous issues.

This success has come with lots of work for the editorial and layout team, and the reviewers. Many thanks to all of them!

However, the COVID-19 epidemic, together with increased costs for hosting, databasing and software, as well as copyediting, makes it more and more difficult to keep ERA completely free of charge. Thus, in order to maintain the journal independent, starting July 1, 2020, we will be implementing a publication fee of US$ 200, in order to help financing the running costs of ERA, to maintain the unique scope of the journal.

If authors do not have funds to pay such fees, they will have an opportunity to ask for a waiver. We do not want fees to prevent the publication of worthy work.

Ethnobotany Research and Applications is an electronic, peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary open access journal devoted to the rapid dissemination of current research, published by the Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

The journal seeks manuscripts that are novel, integrative and written in ways that are accessible to a wide audience. This includes an array of disciplines (biological and social sciences) concerned particularly with theoretical questions that lead to practical applications. Articles can also be based on the perspectives of cultural practitioners, poets and others with insights into plants, people and applied research.

We encourage manuscripts in the language of the country research has been conducted in, and also in indigenous languages. Authors are also encouraged to submit bilingual manuscripts, rather than simply to translate their original work into English.

BEFORE STARTING YOUR SUBMISSION, KINDLY CONSULT THE AUTHOR GUIDELINES:

http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/about/submissions#authorGuidelines
 Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia en-US Ethnobotany Research and Applications 1547-3465
All articles are copyrighted by the first author and are published online by license from the first author. Articles are intended for free public distribution and discussion without charge. Accuracy of the content is the responsibility of the authors.
 Rising to the occasion: outlining Ethnobiologists' response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2135
The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as the greatest threat to humankind so far in the 21st Century. As of 27th May 2020, there were 5,717,726 reported cases, and 352,983 fatalities (WHO 2020). The pandemic is not just a health crisis anymore, because lockdowns and other restrictions have greatly affected economic activities, which in turn affects cash flows in local and regional scales. Closure of businesses lead to widespread rise in unemployment, further leading to socio-economic problems, and reduction of public expenditure available for healthcare (McKee & Stuckler 2020). The health and economic impacts are predicted to be even much more serious in indigenous communities who live in remote areas and suffer institutional apathy (Ferrante & Fearnside 2020). Such a situation underlines the need for Ethnobotanists to rise to the situation and complement the ongoing efforts from our communities and local governments in combating COVID-19 and its impacts.
 F. Merlin Franco Rainer W Bussmann 2020-05-29 2020-05-29 20 1 4 Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used for chronic diseases treatment in Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region (Morocco) http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2043
Background: This work aims to the valorization of resources in the provinces of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region, particularly aromatic and medicinal plants, and to the collection and documentation of the new ethno-medico-botanical information concerning the traditional use of these medicinal plants against chronic disease.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region with traditional herbalists, on one hand, and with subjects suffering from chronic diseases on the other hand, during 5 months from February to June 2019. Data were collected thanks to 581 questionnaire cards based on semi-structured interviews. Relative Citation Frequency (RFC), Family Importance Value (FIV), Plant Part Value (PPV), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) were used in ethnobotanical data analysis.

Results: A total of 79 medicinal and aromatic plant species were identified, belonging to 74 genera and 39 botanical families, of which Lamiaceae (FIV=0.038) and Asteraceae (FIV=0.015) were the most frequently represented. The most cited plant species were Nigella sativa (RFC=0.12), and Origanum compactum (RFC= 0.091). Leaves represent the most used plants part with PPV=0.246 and decoction was the major preparation model of remedies (37.7%). Concerning treated diseases, chronic kidney disease has the highest ICF (0.93). Furthermore, 18 cases of side effects related to the use of medicinal species such as Aristolochia longa and Peganum harmala were recorded.

Conclusion: In light of this work, the population recognizes the effectiveness of medicinal plants in the treatment of chronic diseases, but their use will have to go through extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological research in order to clarify their effectiveness and innocuousness.

Keywords: Medicinal and aromatic plants, Ethnobotanical surveys, Chronic diseases, Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region.
 Naoufal El Hachlafi Abderrahim Chebat Rachida Soulaymani Bencheikh Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim 2020-05-23 2020-05-23 20 1 23 Quilombola perceptions about plant-mediated ecological interactions http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/1971
Background: Networks are useful tools to show ecological interactions because they allow to virtually represent natural structures. When applied to local knowledge this approach can reveal unnoticed perspectives, going beyond the species known and used, and showing the interdependence among them. We aim to investigate the ecological interactions between plants-and-animals and plants-and-plants perceived by people from three Quilombola groups in Southern Brazil. We also discuss how the proximity to urban areas can influence these perceptions.

Methods: Through 141 ethnobotany interviews in three communities, we asked about the plants known and how each plant interacts with other plants and with animals.

Results: The networks formed were similar in the three communities and had characteristics of free-scale networks. The main interactions perceived were between cultivated plants, and between plants and native animals, and were especially related to competition, facilitation, inquilinism, and herbivory. Manihot esculenta, Citrus sinensis, Psidium guajava, and Zea mays were species with the highest centrality. Ecological interactions among different species, especially the native ones, were more prone to occur in less urbanized areas, due to proximity to forested sites.

Conclusions: The refined understanding of ecological interactions amidst traditional people reinforces the importance to preserve and maintain their knowledge beyond the simple species' records, to assist traditional people to guide their claims to establish their rights.

Keywords: Ecological interaction networks, local ecological knowledge, Quilombola communities, traditional people, ethnoecology.
 Kênia Maria de Oliveira Valadares Fernanda Ribeiro-da-Silva Natalia Hanazaki 2020-05-25 2020-05-25 20 1 17 Ethnobotanical study of traditional knowledge, sustainable uses and management of indigenous non-medicinal plants among the Marakwet Community (Embobut Basin), Elgeyo Marakwet County (Kenya) http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/1501
Background: Sustainable utilization and conservation of indigenous plants requires information on the Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK). This study assessed IEK on plant species identification, use and management of indigenous non-medicinal plants among the Marakwet Community in Embobut Basin in Kenya, which has a wealth of such knowledge.

Methods: Plant inventories for this study were done through interviews with seven elders from the Marakwet Community who are considered to have immense IEK. The same knowledge was also evaluated among 116 local community members using checklist-based questionnaires.

Results: There were 48 indigenous plant species inventoried by elders, where 4 plants (8.3%) had up to 3 indigenous names for the same plant while nine plant species (18.75%) had two names for the same plant among elders. The number of plant species that had a single and consensus name among the elders were 66.67%%. The average identification index of the species among the local was only 47.7%. Up to 58.3% of the local community members identified at least over 50% of the plant species, while 41.7% were able to identify below 50%.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates loss of IEK in the Marakwets Community of Kenya. The results of the study could be used to develop culture specific sustainable utilization and conservation strategies to preserve indigenous plants of cultural value to the rural communities. This may form the first strategy in co-management of plant resources for sustainable ethnobotanical and environmental management.

Key words: Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Indigenous plants, Kenya, Plant utilization
 Bernard Kariuki Wanjohi Elizabeth W Njenga Vincent Sudoi Wilson K Kipkore Henrietta L Moore Mathews IJ Davies 2020-05-26 2020-05-26 20 1 16 Hyphaene compressa; an important palm in the arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/1907
Background: Peasant agroecosystems in Kenya are considered to be a continuum of integrated traditional farming systems and natural ecosystem conservancy programs. Hyphaene compressa (doum palm) exists in arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) of Kenya. While research in these areas is focusing on new plants to be brought to the areas, there is no focus on doum palm, which is already adapted to these areas. Scanty ethnobotanical knowledge exists in the form of unpublished material. The study aimed to determine domestication status, management practices, important use categories, plant part value, biotic and abiotic stresses of H. compressa.

Methods: Four sampling sites in the ASAL of Kenya were selected. Tharaka Nithi, Kwale, Tana River and Turkana. Responses of 79 informants were analyzed to establish doum palm domestication profile, uses, biotic and abiotic stresses affecting its growth.

Results: The domestication status varied across the sampled areas, with most regions showing no willingness to domesticate the plant. The study revealed that doum palm has fourteen uses with food (fruit) use, and prevention of soil erosion (roots) recording the highest and the least fidelity level scores, respectively, in the sampled areas. The most observed biotic stress was human interference and pest infestation, while the observed abiotic stress was drought and salinity.

Conclusion:The most important doum palm use is food. Due to the high usage and poor domestication, doum palm could be losing its gene pool and hence genetic diversity studies are important for its conservation.

Key words: Doum palm, Hyphaene compressa, domestication, ethnobotany, ASAL, conservation, biotic stress, abiotic stress, uses, plant part value
 Agnes Omire Johnstone Neondo Nancy Budambula Robert Gituru Cecilia Mbithe Mweu 2020-06-05 2020-06-05 20 1 15 From the sea to the mountains - plant use in Adjara, Samegrelo and Kvemo Svaneti, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2075
Background: Ajara, Samegrelo and Kvemo Svaneti are historical provinces of Georgia located on the south-facing macro-slope of the western part of the Greater Caucasus (Samegrelo and Kvemo Svaneti) and west of the Lesser Caucasus towards the Black Sea (Ajara). In this study we documented traditional plant use in Ajara, Samegrelo and Kvemo Svaneti.

Methods: Fieldwork was conducted from July-August 2014 and June -November 2019. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with 84 participants (40 women and 44 men), with oral prior informed consent.

Results: We encountered 276 plant species belonging to 181 genera of 88 vascular plant families, and 3 fungal species and 8x undetermined fungi of at least 9 genera, belonging to at least 7 fungal families, and 1 lichen being used in the research region. Of these 163 species were exclusively wild collected, 114 were grown in homegardens, and 18 were both grown in gardens and collected in the wild. Plants and their uses mostly overlapped among the areas within the region, with a slightly wider divergence in uses than in plants.

Conclusions: The environmental fit analysis showed that a large degree of this variation was explained by differences among participant communities. The elevation of the participant community significantly fit the ordination in plant-space and explained a large degree of the variation in plant species reported but not in use-space. Gender was not significant in plant-space or use-space.

Key words: Caucasus, ethnobotany, plant use, traditional knowledge, post-soviet development
 Rainer W Bussmann Narel Y Paniagua Zambrana Shalva Sikharulidze Zaal Kikvidze Maia Darchidze Zurab Manvelidze Jana Ekhvaia David Kikodze Manana Khutsishvili Ketevan Batsatsashvili Robbie E Hart 2020-06-21 2020-06-21 20 1 34 Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Khandadevi and Gokulganga Rural Municipality of Ramechhap District of Nepal http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2027
Background: This study was focused on the ethnobotany of different ethnic communities residing in Majhuwa and Chuchure villages of Khandadevi and Gokulganga Rural Municipality of Ramechhap District of Bagmati Province of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.

Methods: The ethnobotanical study was carried out by using semi-structured questionnaires in which participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) tools were used to acquire knowledge from local people regarding ethnobotanical uses of plants of their surroundings. The quantitative data were analyzed by the relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), and informant consensus factor (ICF).

Results: A total of 139 plant species belonging to 74 families were found to have ethnobotanical significance. Among these species, herbs accounted for 41% followed by trees (29%), shrubs (14%), climbers (9%), grasses (3%), epiphytes (1%), ferns (1%), fungi (1%), and lichens (1%). Out of which, 136 species were of medicinal importance and used to treat different ailments followed by other uses such as fodder, veterinary, religious, pesticide, timber, etc. The new uses of Lespisorus mehrae, Plumbago zeylanica, Pterocarpus santalinus, Rhus parviflora, and Roscoea auriculata were found. The highest RFC was found to be 0.82 for Ageratina adenophora, Curcuma domestica, Acorus calamus, Centella asiatica, Avena sativa, and Allium sativum. The highest UV was found in Zingiber officinale (1.30), and the highest ICF was found in the gastro-intestinal disorders ailment category (0.50).

Conclusions: For the first time, we revealed the ethnobotanical application of plant species from Majhuwa and Chuchure villages of Ramechhap District. This study showed that Majhuwa and Chuchure villages are rich in medicinally important plant species and different ethnic communities have enormous knowledge of ethnobotanical uses of plants. Moreover, illegal collection, trade, and marketing have threatened the abundance and distribution of some high-value medicinal plants. It is of utmost importance to conserve floral diversity through the local peoples' participation.

Key Words: Ramechhap, Medicinal Plants, Ethnobotanical knowledge, UV, RFC, ICF
 Suman Prakash Pradhan Ram Prasad Chaudhary Sagar Sigdel Bishnu Prasad Pandey 2020-06-22 2020-06-22 20 1 32 Medicinal plant diversity of Hindubaig Mountain, Lalku Valley, District Swat, Pakistan http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2191
Abstract

Background: Continuous studies and surveys on medicinal plants used by local communities in different parts of the world are needed for the documentation of local knowledge and for the development of modern pharmaceuticals. This study aiming on the documentation of knowledge about medicinal plants diversity in northern Pakistan was conducted during summer 2018. During the survey, it was found that medicinal plants still are of paramount importance in the everyday life and are extensively used for medicinal purposes.

Methods: By using semi-structured interviews with questionnaires, medicinal information was collected from 150 respondents in the area. The respondents involved in the interview were mostly older people, but young people and children were also included in the interviews. During interviews the information about plants used by the local population for medicinal purposes was collected.

Results: The current study found 53 medicinal plants of 38 genera belonging to 25 families. Medicinally dominant family wereRanunculaceae with 9 species, followed by Rosaceae 7 species, Primulaceae have 5 plants species, Fumeriaceae, had 1 species. These plants were used for treating different disorders through the traditional system of medicine.The Hakims in the area had higher knowledge about medicinal plants than other members of the population. Similarly, elders had more knowledge than younger people, and children and women showed less knowledge than men in the community.

Conclusion: The present study revealed that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is still very common in the study area. The majority of the species were still known to most people, but overexploitation of plants and overgrazing in the area are dangerous for future plant life. The current study suggests that there is a need teach awareness and understanding of plant management to the people of the area in order to ensure proper collection and to control on overgrazing. These measures will ensure protection of the available medicinal herbs diversity and is also necessary for threaten species to increase their number.
 Hazrat Sher Inamuddin Inamuddin Zishan Khan Rainer W Bussmann Inayat Ur Rahman 2020-07-14 2020-07-14 20 1 13 Wild edible fruits generate substantial income for local people of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tamiang Region http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/1523
Background: Gunung Leuser National Park offers a variety of wild edible fruit species (WEFs) with food, nutrition, medicine, and economic value to the local people. In recent times, these WEFs have been threatened by over-exploitation, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss. This study aims to investigate the diversity of WEFs and their contribution to household income for communities living around the National Park.

Methods: The study was conducted in three sub-districts adjacent to Gunung Leuser National Park. The plant materials were randomly collected from three sub-districts, while local knowledge was gathered through a structured survey and in-depth interviews. The informant sample comprised 450 people, 150 from each of the three sub-districts.

Results: A total of 54 wild edible fruit plants belonging to 41 genera and 27 families were recorded in the study area. Thirty-nine (72.22 %) species were found growing in forests, 12 (22.22 %) species in farmland, and 3 (5.56%) species occur in the bush. Several species have economic value including Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., Diospyros kaki L.f., Flacourtia rukam Zoll.&Moritzi, Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson, Lansium domesticum Corrêa, Mangifera foetida Lour., Mangifera odorata Griff., Mangifera laurina Blume, Nephelium cuspidatum Blume, Passiflora edulis Sims., Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston, and Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. These fruits formed a source of household income and were harvested by approximately 82% of respondents. The sale of WEFs contributed approximately 34.31% of the total annual household income. These findings confirm the assumption that WEFs are important for the generation of household income.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of WEFs to local communities in Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia, particularly rural communities living near Gunung Palung National Park. WEFs play an important role in rural livelihoods by ensuring food, medicine, and sustained income. Policies and legislation involving stakeholders are required to ensure the cultivation, management, sustainable use, and promotion of WEFs in order to encourage the economic growth of the rural community in the Aceh Tamiang region.
 Adi Bejo Suwardi Zidni Ilman Navia Tisna Harmawan Syamsuardi Syamsuardi Erizal Mukhtar 2020-07-14 2020-07-14 20 1 13 Perceptions locales des services écosystémiques des aires protégées à l'Est du Burkina Faso http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2103
Contexte: Les écosystèmes offrent d'innombrables services à l'Homme. Cependant, la source pourvoyeuse des services qu'est l'écosystème est mal perçue, entrainant de sérieux problèmes de conservation. Cette étude vise à évaluer les perceptions locales des services écosystémiques et leur source d'approvisionnement.

Méthodes: Elle a été conduite dans trois aires protégées et leurs zones environnantes à l'Est du Burkina Faso. Des interviews semi-structurées individuelles ont été réalisées au près de 148 personnes pour recenser les bénéfices qu'elles tirent des aires protégées (AP) et les stratégies locales pour leur pérennisation. Les bénéfices ont été rangés entre les quatre catégories de services écosystémiques (approvisionnement, régulation, culturels et support) et une autre catégorie dénommée « autres services ». Des pourcentages de citations ont été calculés et un test de comparaison statistique a été effectué. Une Analyse en Composantes Principales a été également conduite pour répartir les différents bénéfices par AP.

Résultats: Les populations locales ont énuméré huit zones protégées offrant 39 types de bénéfices, répartis entre les différentes catégories. La catégorie des services d'approvisionnement et celle « autres services » offrent le maximum de services. Les bénéfices offerts varient d'une zone à une autre. Le parc national du W offre le plus de bénéfices (64,10 %). Le statut de conservation de chaque aire protégée influence l'approvisionnement des services. Ainsi, la plupart des services classés par le Millennium Ecosystem Assessment sont fournis par les parcs pendant que ceux de la catégorie « autres services » sont fournis par les zones cynégétiques. Les populations reconnaissent bien les services écosystémiques avec leurs sources d'approvisionnement et ont proposé 25 solutions pour assurer leur pérennisation.

Conclusion: Les populations locales ont fourni des données importantes pouvant aider à l'élaboration des plans de gestion fiables prenant en compte leurs connaissances et aspirations culturelles.

Mots clés: Conservation, Populations locales, Gestion durable des ressources naturelles, Services écosystémiques, Stratégies locales
 Issaka Ouedraogo Oumarou Sambare Salfo Savadogo Adjima Thiombiano 2020-07-27 2020-07-27 20 1 18 Traditional use of wild edible plants in the communities adjacent Mabira Central Forest Reserve, Uganda http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2133
Background: Wild edible plants have been collected and consumed by humans since pre-historic times. They act as safety nets in times of food shortage and improve the livelihoods of rural communities. Evidence has proven that they contribute to nutritional health. However, dependence on wild edible plants is being threatened by loss of indigenous knowledge, environmental degradation, and limited scientific validation.

Methods: This study focused on documentation of indigenous knowledge, identity of, and use of wild edible plants in 13 villages of Mabira Central Forest Reserve (CFR). Data were collected through structured and semi-structured interviews, field visits, and free listing. A literature review was carried out to obtain nutritional data on the identified plants.

Results: The twenty-seven plant species identified were distributed in 24 genera and 22 families. The majority of wild edible plant species were trees (41%) while climbers (3%) were the least likely to be edible. Fruits (66%) were the major parts consumed while tubers and roots were the least (4%). Most fruits (74%) were consumed raw; in contrast all the vegetables were cooked. Aframomum angustifolium (Sonnerat) K. Schum was the predominant wild food consumed by 74% of the 57 households surveyed. Reviewed nutritional data showed that the identified plants possess a variety of minerals and antioxidants that improve human health and nutrition.

Conclusion: Wild edible plants play a significant role in the nutritional health of consumers. Therefore, research on priority plants for domestication, value addition and standardization into food supplements is recommended. Results on such aspects might motivate local communities to conserve forest biodiversity through sustainable use and management of wild edible plants.

Key words: Indigenous knowledge; livelihoods; nutritive value; Mabira Forest Reserve; wild edible plants.

 Clement Nyakoojo Patience Tugume 2020-07-31 2020-07-31 20 1 14 An overview of Ethnomedicinal plants of Uzbekistan http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/1923
Background: The Flora of Central Asia is extremely rich, with about 9800 species of vascular plants. Uzbekistan, with over 4500 species, has a central position in the region, and is regarded as one of the main centers of medicinal plants diversity, in particular because of its high percentage of local endemism. About 600 species of medicinal plants have been documented in Uzbekistan for the treatment of numerous diseases, many of them endemic. These plants are still used for the medicinal traits in industrial scale as well as by local tabibs (local practitioner).

Methods: During research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with tabibs, elders and herders with experience in healing by using medicinal plants. During expedition visits, herbarium material and samples of medicines from vegetative raw materials were collected. Collected materials were determined using local floristic monographs and herbarium vouchers.

Results: During fieldwork, we recorded 117 medicinal plants belonging to 45 families and 94 genera, used widely for the treatment of various diseases. Traditional practitioners prepared the plants mostly as extract, decoction, powder, bathing and sometimes used them fresh. Extract and decoction were generally preferred, and the preparations were normally made fresh just before use. Some of the encountered plants are now also used by private entrepreneurs for the production of herbal medicines for various purposes.

Conclusions: Our results show that despite the achievements of modern allopathic medicine, the population in Uzbekistan continues to actively use wild medicinal plants for health purposes. The wide availability of medicinal plants, low costs, and perceived efficacy contribute to popularization of traditional medicine.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; ethnopharmacology; medicinal plants; Uzbekistan; Central Asia.
 Olim Kahharovich Khojimatov Dilovar Tolidjonovna Khamraeva Alisher Nuralievich Khujanov Rainer W. Bussmann 2020-06-21 2020-06-21 20 1 19 Indigenous Knowledge and Medicinal Significance of Seasonal Weeds of District Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2111
Background: Most of the medicinal plants are available as wild or weeds in the world including Pakistan. It was reported by many researcher that Pakistan is rich with medicinal flora based upon the surveys conducted in the Northern areas but still there are some areas other than Northern parts in Pakistan that has not been studied so far. There is a need to explore the medicinal flora from neglected area where most of the people still rely on local medicinal plants to cure their diseases by means of indigenous knowledge. District Gujrat is among those area that has not been explored to study the medicinal flora.

Methods: Surveys were conducted to collect the indigenous knowledge and medicinal significance of seasonal weeds in Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan in winter 2018 and summer 2019. Information collected through questionnaire and interviews.

Results: Weeds have much importance among local inhabitants to cure many diseases as respiratory disorders, kidney and liver disorders, muscle and skeletal disorders, ear, nose and throat problems, dermatological disorders, fever, diabetes, cancer etc. The plant parts and its percentage used by local inhabitants were leaves (58%), fruits (36%), seeds (25%), whole plant (34%), roots (32%), milky latex (1%), flowers (8%) and stem (3%). The most important families were Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae and Solanaceae. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) had 100% Fidelity Level (FL) value as liver tonic and blood purifier. Highest 0.76 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values were noted against stomach, gastric, intestinal and digestive problems. Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) showed the highest Fidelity Level (FL) values that was 93% used gastrointestinal disorders and menstrual pain.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the area of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan is a rich source of important medicinal weeds that needs to be utilized for useful medicinal purpose. There is need to create awareness among the farmers and local people about the efficacy of weeds.
 Abdur Rehman Khalid Hussain Khalid Nawaz Noshia Arshad Iqra Iqbal Syed Saqib Ali Arifa Nazeer Zobia Bashir Sana Jafar Usman Arif 2020-07-14 2020-07-14 20 1 19 Distribution pattern and ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Kanchanpur district, Far-Western Nepal http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2067
Background: Far Western Region of Nepal boasts a large inventory of floral diversity including medicinal plants. In order to conserve medicinal plants in Nepal, it is necessary to better identify and assess their distribution, population, uses and interactions with culture. Medicinal plant species are main element in traditional system of healing in Nepal, which have been an integral part in history and cultural practices. In the present study, we aimed to document medicinal plant species and their indigenous uses in Bhimdatt-18, Far Western Nepal. It deals with the study of relationship of people with plants and the documentation of indigenous knowledge on how local plant resources are utilized by local people to cure different diseases.

Methods: Fieldwork was carried out in two distinct sites for studying both distribution pattern and folk medicinal uses of plants. A total of ten quadrats in each site (N=20) were used to calculate phytosociological characteristics (frequency, density and Important Value Index). In order to assess the distribution of plant use knowledge, semi-structured questionnaire was used for interview and supplementary information was collected during informal group discussions. The use reports were categorized into medicinal and non-medicinal. Medicinal uses were further analyzed using the relative frequency citation (RFC).

Results: We recorded 74 species of flowering plants at Bhimdatt-18, (Katan) Kanchanpur district, of which 35 species were recorded from agriculture farmlands (site 1) and the large number (66) from a conserved area (site 2). The recorded plants belonged to 29 families in which highest number of species was associated with families: Poaceae (16), Cyperaceae (12), Leguminosae (5), Asteraceae (4) and Malvaceae (4). On the basis of Importance Value Index, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae), Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae), Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. (Leguminosae) were placed as top three species, respectively. Of the recorded 74 species, 56 species of medicinal plant are used to cure different diseases through various modes of application.

Conclusions: Dominant species, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban., Eclipta prostrata L. and Euphorbia hirta L. are popular medicinal plants, used in folklore of Kanchanpur district, Nepal. Of ten dominant plant species, nine are being used in ethnomedicine. Dominant plant species are frequently used in ethnomedicine in Kanchanpur district hinted that ecological and ethnobotanical accounts are interrelated. This study concluded that documentation and preservation of biodiversity and its associated knowledge is necessary which could generate further research activities and will help upcoming generations conserve ethnobotanical knowledge for the benefit of ecology and ethnobotany.

Key words: Composition; Semi-structured interview; Importance Value Index; Use; Achyranthes aspera.
 Man Dev Bhatt Ripu M Kunwar 2020-07-24 2020-07-24 20 1 21 Ethnobotanical investigations on plants used in folk medicine by native people of Kumaun Himalayan Region of India http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2053
Background:A large population in the rural area of Uttarakhand is still dependent upon traditional plant-based knowledge to combat various disease conditions. This study aimed to explore the ethnopharmacological information and document traditional uses of plants in the Kumaun Himalayan region. Here we show the study of nine villages of three districts of the Uttarakhand state in India, located in the western Himalayan region.

Methods:A total of 26 traditional healers and experienced inhabitants between 30-85 years of age were interviewed by a semi-structured questionnaire. The data obtained was quantitatively evaluated using use value (UV). Further, the informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) were also calculated for species having UV higher than 0.15.

Results:A total of 56 plant species were reported from 34 families. The highest number of plant species were collected from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families followed by Rosaceae. Primary uses of plants were categorized into 29 disease categories. The highest number of species was reported to be used for gastrointestinal disorders (11.21%) followed by immuno-modulation, anti-stress, as adaptogens (10.2%), analgesics (7.47%), for nervous system related disorders (6.54%) and as antimicrobials (6.54%).

Conclusions:Local traditional knowledge and practice of plant-based medicine is quite widespread in the rural areas of Uttarakhand and is an indispensable part of the healthcare system. It plays a vital role in the absence of basic medical facilities and tremendous paucity of trained medical personnels.

Keywords:Ethnobotany, Himalaya, Cordyceps, Uttarakhand
 Devesh Tiwari Archana N Sah Sweta Bawari Rainer W Bussmann 2020-07-24 2020-07-24 20 1 35 Uso etnomedicinal, fitoquímica y actividad biológica de la planta andina Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav. (Scrophulariaceae) http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/1959
Antecedentes: Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav. (Scrophulariaceae) es una planta medicinal ancestral de los andes de América del Sur de uso en medicina tradicional desde la cultura Inca, pero poco estudiada en sus componentes químicos actualmente. El objetivo de esta revisión es reunir toda la información científica sobre esta planta con el fin de su uso en medicina alternativa y a la vez estimular su estudio en grupos de investigación en los países andinos.

Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron diversos motores de búsqueda electrónica y herramientas de referencia especializadas como Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, sitios de publicación y bases de datos electrónicas (Pubmed, Springer, Wiley y Science Direct).

Resultados: Estudios fitoquímicos han encontrado los siguientes componentes químicos:flavonoids, esteroides, saponinas, leucoantocianidinas, triterpenos, fenoles, taninos, azúcares reductores, cumarinas, alcaloides, terpenos y verbascósidos. Esta planta es utilizada para tratar varias enfermedades y condiciones patológicas, habiendo demostrado efectos antiinflamatorios, antineoplásicos, antiespasmódicos, antibacteriano, antimicótico y febrífugo, en las siguientes condiciones: heridas, neuralgias, úlceras cutáneas y gastrointestinales, papilomatosis, cáncer cutáneo, fotosensibilización, inmunomodulador.

Conclusiones: La Buddleja incana fue una planta sagrada y medicinal de los Incas. Actualmente se usa para el tratamiento de enfermedades hepáticas, bronquiales y urogenitales. Tiene efectos diurético, antiinflamatorio, analgésico, antirreumático, antimicrobiano, anti-hiperglucémico, regenerador de heridas, para el tratamiento de verrugas, úlceras cutáneas, antiproliferativo, y por su efecto fotoprotector de la piel. En veterinaria se utiliza para tratar la fotosensibilización cutánea en ovejas, en verrugas de bovinos y en papilomatosis oral canina.

Palabras clave: Buddleja incana, fitoquimica, plantas medicinales, flora de los Andes.
 Javier Enciso Jose Amiel Victor Miranda Ana Mayanga Salyoc Tapia Fredy Fabian 2020-05-31 2020-05-31 20 1 14


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Guide for playing 'Doc' on 'Border'.Guides
[DISCLAIMER: This guide is intended to be as bare bones as possible in order to give general advice to any new Rainbow Six: Siege players. In addition to this article being opinionated, I would like to also state that zero-sum strats in this game do not exist and the tell of a good Siege player is their decision making and adaptation to the changing battlefield.] Border is a double-level map (consisting of two floors) found both in ranked play as well as professional. The current architecture of the map is generally balanced though a slight edge may be given to attackers as the map is highly destructible. Doc is a one speed, three armour defending operator. Doc's ability is the 'Stim Pistol'; a projectile gadget which shoots medical stims, capable of healing teammates with low HP as well as reviving teammates who are in a DBNO state. Doc is most commonly used for the operators MP5 which can be customized to have an ACOG equipped as an optic. Due to the MP5's low recoil, the ACOG can be highly useful if used to hold long angles on the bomb site. This makes Doc ideal as an anchor. If you are to be in accordance with the current meta, Doc's loadout should be as follows; -PRIMARY - MP5 (WITH ACOG) -SECONDARY - LFP586 (Revolver) -UTILITY - Can vary based upon the needs of the team. (Personally, I always bring Barbed wire.) DEFENDING: [2F] ARMORY(A) - ARCHIVES(B) The primary route of attack on this bomb site will be by the attackers gaining control over CCTV and Break room located on the north side of the second floor. After establishing control over CCTV-Break room, attackers will then proceed to breach the reinforced wall of the outside balcony leading into the Armory(A) bomb site; attackers will then plant the defuser in or around the breach hole made by the hard breachers. Doc should be playing inside of the Fountain room - adjacent to the Archives(B) bomb site. From this position, you will have access to an incredibly powerful long angle which can allow you to prevent any attackers from vaulting the Archives(B) window all the way from the opposite end of Fountain. POSITIONING: [2F] ARMORY(A) - ARCHIVES(B)
DEFENDING: [1F] BATHROOM(A) - TELLERS(B) The primary route of attack on this bomb site will be by the attacking team breaching the reinforced wall separating Tellers(B) from the outside - located on the north eastern wall of the first floor. Attackers will also typically need control of the second floor 'Offices' as it is very common for defenders to defend Bathroom(A)-Tellers(B) vertically from the second floor. Doc should be playing on the first floor, inside of the Bathroom(A). Bathroom(A) is connected to the rest of the building with a long hallway which leads to the primary first floor intersection (the open area of metal hallway, directly underneath the default camera.) This provides Doc with a good opportunity to use the operators low recoil and long range capabilities to the players advantage as the Bathroom(A) is a relatively safe location to play inside of and hold a long-angle looking down the adjacent long hall. POSITIONING: [1F] BATHROOM(A) - TELLERS(B)
DEFENDING: [1F] SUPPLY(A) - CUSTOMS(B) The primary route of attack on this bomb site will be by the attacking team breaching the south-western reinforced wall leading from the outside into Detention. Attackers will also commonly attempt to gain control over the second floor CCTV and Break Room as these positions will provide great vertical control over the two first floor bomb sites. Doc should be playing by the connector window, located in between Detention and Supply(A). This will be a great spot for you to get the most out of Doc's long-range capabilities by either holding a long-angle from the connector to the Supply(A) window, or by holding an aggressive long-angle through the detention wall after it has been breached by attackers. Use caution when playing in this position as it is very common for attackers to use frag grenades to eliminate defenders playing in this position. POSITIONING: [1F] SUPPLY(A) - CUSTOMS(B)
DEFENDING: [1F] WORKSHOP(A) - VENT(B) The primary route of attack on this bomb site will be by the attackers establishing full control of the second floor Armory-Archives rooms located directly above the Workshop(A)-Vent(B) bomb sites. After gaining control of the second floor, attackers will breach the reinforced hatches located inside of Armory Desk and Archives in addition to destroying the flooring of the second floor as this will allow attackers full vertical control of the two ground floor bomb sites. Doc can be played in a variety of positions on this bomb site. I believe the most influential way to play the operator would be similar to the way in which I had previously explained how to play Doc on 2F Armory-Archives. Due to attackers commonly dedicating a large amount of resources to the second floor, Doc will be well positioned inside of Fountain to help contest the inevitable push from attackers entering the building through the second floor Archives Window. POSITIONING: [1F] WORKSHOP(A) - VENT(B)
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The logo or text can be continious or front and back. cheap-festival-wristbandswristbands-bulk-buy nd wash it once. Then we can fully screw the water and dry it for 9 minutes with a hairdryer. We should clean both inside and outside the white rubber wristbands. 2. If there is dirt and dust on the white rubber wristbands, we can use a small toothbrush to stick some toothpaste to clean it. If there is grease stain, use toothbrush to stick it. 3. If there is a sticky stain on the wristband such as glue, use a cotton swab to stick on a little wind oil essence and apply it evenly.Material is cleaned with a small toothbrush, so that stubborn stains can be removed. 4. Finally, we can use a dry cloth to dry the ring. Dry with a blower and cold air. But we must remember do not use hot air for hair dryer, it will be damaged by silicone material.  rubber band bracelet styles; being-human-wristbands-buy-onlinewhere-can-i-buy-yellow-wristbands
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Posted in Food & Agriculture, Others Comments Off on Agricultural experience helps reduce stress hormones, study shows
Japanese restaurant chains starring domestic melon desserts to spur consumption
TOKYO, Jul. 14 – Several restaurant chains are introducing desserts featuring fresh melons grown in Japan. Cakes and parfaits with a lot of the fruit in season will hopefully pull in more customers and loosen up their wallets to help the foodservice industry hit hard by the new coronavirus outbreak. Sweets Paradise is a chain restaurant with an all-you-can-eat dessert buffet with stores in and the west of the Kanto east Japan area. On July 10, it started offering a limited-time dessert buffet featuring melon. The plan includes cut melon, special melon cakes, drinks, and, most importantly, one whole melon per group, which was the most popular attraction last year. … Continue reading
Posted in Food & Agriculture, Others Comments Off on Japanese restaurant chains starring domestic melon desserts to spur consumption
Tottori Prefecture starts online auction of Tottori beef in Taiwan in a bid to boost exports
TOTTORI, Jul. 4 – Tottori Prefecture has begun an online beef auction in Taiwan using social media in an effort to promote the local specialty Tottori wagyu beef. The prefecture hopes to maintain and expand beef exports which have recently been declining amid the COVID-19 outbreak. Blocks of sirloin steaks and fillets are put on sale on a Facebook page of a meat wholesaler in Taiwan and buyers write down their bid prices in the comment section. The first auction, held on May 29 on the page specially created for Tottori beef, attracted 76,000 views, as a meat wholesaler live streamed the event, showing different beef cuts and explaining their … Continue reading
Posted in Food & Agriculture, Others Comments Off on Tottori Prefecture starts online auction of Tottori beef in Taiwan in a bid to boost exports


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With the 2020 NFL season approaching quickly and COVID-19 concerns still lingering, several players are choosing to opt out. After what has already been a tumultuous offseason in which Tom Brady left for the Buccaneers, no team has been hit as hard by opt-outs as the Patriots. Dont'a Hightower, Danny Vitale, Brandon Bolden, Najee Toran and Marcus Cannon will all be absent for New England, affecting the latest 2020 Fantasy football rankings.
Vitale and Bolden weren't going to see many touches in the backfield, but their absence might lead to more opportunities for James White, Sony Michel and Rex Burkhead. Meanwhile, Cannon's loss could have an impact on the running game and pass protection, which could drive Cam Newton and Julian Edelman down the Fantasy football rankings 2020. If they fall too far, could either be 2020 Fantasy football sleepers to target? Before going on the clock this season, be sure to see the latest Fantasy football rankings 2020 and cheat sheets from the team at SportsLine, given the success they've had in calling sleepers like Titans running back Derrick Henry.
The team at SportsLine was all over Henry from the start in 2019. He was going off the board around the fifth round, but SportsLine had him ranked as a top-20 back and graded him higher than multiple running backs who were picked in the third round on average. The result: Henry finished as the 2019 rushing champion and as the No. 2 Fantasy running back. Fantasy players who followed SportsLine's advice got a season-defining steal.
The same model has a proven track record providing Fantasy football tips, calling past sleepers like Christian McCaffrey and Alvin Kamara in 2018, as well as Davante Adams in 2017. Anybody who banked on players such as those likely made a run at their league title. This same model is power by the same people who generated projections for all three major Fantasy companies, and it beat human experts last season when there was a big difference in ranking. The projections update multiple times daily, so you're always getting the best Fantasy football advice.
Now, SportsLine has simulated the entire NFL season 10,000 times and released its latest 2020 Fantasy football rankings, along with plenty of sleepers, breakouts and busts. Head to SportsLine now to see them.
Top 2020 Fantasy football sleepers
SportsLine's Fantasy football rankings 2020 and cheat sheets are all over Cowboys wide receiver Michael Gallup. The former Colorado State standout had an extremely productive season in 2019, finishing with 66 receptions, 1,107 receiving yards and six touchdowns.
Gallup proved last season that he could be a standout Fantasy option as Dallas' No. 2 receiver opposite Amari Cooper. In fact, Gallup had 10 games with at least seven targets and averaged 17.7 points in PPR leagues in those outings. He also had nine games with at least 11 points and six with 16 or more.
In addition, slot receiver Randall Cobb and tight end Jason Witten, who combined for 166 targets last year, both left in free agency, which bodes well for Gallup's production. SportsLine's 2020 Fantasy football cheat sheets say Gallup (10th-round ADP) will provide more production than receivers like Stefon Diggs (eighth) and D.J. Chark (ninth), making Gallup one of the Fantasy football sleepers 2020 you should be all over.
Another sleeper that SportsLine's Fantasy football rankings 2020 have identified: Bears wide receiver Anthony Miller. Despite Mitchell Trubisky's troubles, Allen Robinson reestablished himself as one of the best wide receivers in the NFL in 2019 with 98 catches for 1,147 yards and seven touchdowns. He'll attract extra attention from defenses in 2020, which should benefit Miller on the other side of the field.
Miller caught 33 passes for 423 yards and seven touchdowns as a rookie and had 52 catches for 656 yards and two touchdowns in 2019. With Nick Foles coming in to compete with Trubisky, the hope is that overall target quality will improve and that Miller will benefit from single-coverage situations. That's why the model ranks him ahead of 10th-round options like Brandin Cooks and Christian Kirk despite the fact that Miller is going in the 13th round on average.
How to find 2020 Fantasy football rankings
SportsLine is also extremely high on an overlooked wide receiver going off in the middle rounds of 2020 Fantasy football drafts. This receiver is ranked in the top 10 at his position and in line to outperform receivers being taken much earlier like Mike Evans and Adam Thielen. You can only see who it is, and the 2020 Fantasy football rankings for every player, at SportsLine.
So what 2020 Fantasy football sleepers should you snatch in your draft? And which WR1 candidate can you wait on until late? Visit SportsLine now to get 2020 Fantasy Football cheat sheets from the model that was all over Derrick Henry's huge season, and find out.


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Count Michigan coach Jim Harbaugh among those in favor of significantly expanding the four-team College Football Playoff.
Harbaugh, whose Wolverines were not in Tuesday's top-25 rankings, appeared on the "Jamie and Stoney Show" on 97.1 The Ticket on Tuesday with an ideal number in mind.
"I would change it to 16 teams," Harbaugh said, as per Will Burchfield of CBS Detroit. "FCS, they've got a great system. It's been in place for many years."
The FCS system actually features 24 teams with 10 automatically qualifying and 14 receiving at-large bids. The playoffs begin in the last week of November with last year's championship being played on January 7th.
The common issue that critics raise when discussing playoff expansion is the amount of games teams would have to play, but Harbaugh has already considered that.
"If not 16, then 12. It makes all the sense in the world," Harbaugh said. "You've got the best way to do it, a playoff. The argument is, 'Well they would have to play 15 games.' There's teams playing 15, 16 games already and that's only if you're in the championship. Our regular season right now is 12 games. You go to the Big Ten championship, that's 13 games. You go to the playoffs, semifinals, there's 14. Play in the national championship, that's 15."
It's not surprising that Harbaugh, or any coach, would advocate for a larger playoff field, as it would make their jobs significantly easier. With five major conferences and only four playoff bids available, there will always be at least one left out.
Michigan also plays in the same conference as perennial powers Ohio State, Penn State, and Wisconsin with only one likely making the playoffs each year.


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Pore structure and fractal characteristics of ultra-low permeability reservoirs in Yanchang Formation in Zhenbei area,Ordos Basin
ZHANG Quanpei;WU Wenrui;LIU Liping;YANG Hongmei;WANG Lianguo;XIE Yuhang;ZHU Yushuang;State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics/Department of Geology,Northwest University;No.5 Oil Production Plant,Changqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina;No.7 Oil Production Plant,Changqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina;No.2 Oil Production Plant,Changqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina;No.11 Oil Production Plant,Changqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina;Research Institute of Huabei Oilfield Branch,PetroChina;
Seven ultra-low permeability core samples of Yanchang Formation in Zhenbei area,Ordos Basin are selected to carry out casting thin section,scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction,high pressure mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments,respectively. The characteristics of pore throat distribution,pore type,mineral composition and its content of ultra-low permeability reservoirs are clarified. The fractal theory is used to study the fractal characteristics of reservoir pore throat,and the relationships between the fractal dimension and the reservoir physical properties,pore structure parameters as well as mineral composition and its content are systematically analyzed. The results show that the reservoir pore types are mainly residual intergranular pores,dissolution pores and intercrystalline pores.The mineral composition of the reservoir is dominated by quartz and feldspar,and the content of chlorite in clay mineral is the highest. According to the morphology of capillary pressure curve and displacement pressure,the reservoir pore structure can be divided into three types:Type I,Type II and Type III. The corresponding reservoir performance and percolation capacity become worse in turn,and the heterogeneity of pore structure gradually increases. The pore throat size distribution obtained by high pressure mercury injection has multi-fractal features. There are two obvious turning points in the fractal feature curve,which divides the pore space into macropores,mesopores and micropores. Compared with macropores and mesopores,the pore size distribution of micropores is relatively uniform and regular,and the corresponding fractal dimension is the smallest. NMR can provide a better characterization of the reservoir pore space. The pore throat distribution of the T2T2 cutoffsection does not have fractal features. The movable fluid pore space and effective pore of the T2T2 cutoffsection conform to the fractal structure,and the corresponding fractal dimension reflects the complexity of interconnected pores.The fractal dimension of reservoir pore throat has a good negative correlation with porosity and permeability,and also has a good correlation with pore structure parameters. The mineral composition and its content of reservoir are the internal factors that determine the size of fractal dimension,and then affect the reservoir quality and pore structure characteristics.
【Fund】: 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目"深水相高杂基对致密砂岩微观孔喉结构及渗流能力影响评价"(41802140);; "十三五"国家科技重大专项"鄂尔多斯盆地致密油资源潜力、甜点预测与关键技术应用"(2016ZX05046)
【CateGory Index】: P618.13
【CateGory Index】: P618.13
CAJViewer7.0 supports all the CNKI file formats; AdobeReader only supports the PDF format.
|【Secondary Citations】


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