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The seasonal cycle of transport through the Yucatan Channel is estimated from 59 months of direct mooring measurements and 23 years of a transport proxy from AVISO sea level across the channel. Both exhibit a seasonal cycle with a maximum in summer (July–August) but have a minimum in March for the mooring and in November for AVISO data. The annual and semiannual harmonics explain respectively 19% (~32%) and 6% (~4%) of the subinertial variance of the moored (proxy) transports. Seasonal variations of zonal wind stress and anticyclonic wind stress curl over the Cayman Sea appear to be positively correlated with transport in Yucatan Channel and the northward extension of the Loop Current during the summer, agreeing to some extent with modeling results previously reported. Transport increments during summer coincide with enhanced regional easterly winds and anticyclonic wind stress curl in 60% of the cases (of 23 years). However, this connection is not as tight as model results suggest during winter. The summer correlation only appears to be valid in a broad statistical sense since it is modulated by large interannual and higher-frequency variability. Moored time series confirm previous results that the transport signal on the western side of the channel is quite different from the total Yucatan Channel transport and that eddy kinetic energy at higher frequencies (50–100 days) dominates the variability and is characterized by a relatively low net transport signal, with flow of opposite signs on each side of the channel.
1. Introduction
Since earlier studies in the region (Maul 1977; Molinari et al. 1978; Sturges 1994), a key question was whether or not there was seasonality in the Loop Current (LC) behavior and whether it had an impact on its eddy shedding process. Over the years, the issue has been addressed with numerical models relating the seasonal variations with those of the wind (e.g., Sturges and Evans 1983; Rousset and Beal 2010, 2011; Chang and Oey 2012, 2013). The first studies based on observations (e.g., Molinari et al. 1978) used 3 years of hydrographic data and concluded there was seasonality of the flow through the Yucatan Channel (within the top 500-m depth), with a maximum in June in phase with the maximum intrusion of the LC. Subsequently, studies of continuous velocity time series from mooring data did not find a clear seasonal signal in Yucatan transport (Abascal et al. 2003; Candela et al. 2003), though these series had a duration of less than 2 years, which does not allow for the determination of a reliable seasonal cycle. More recently, Rousset and Beal (2010) used 90 (oblique) crossings of shipboard ADCP data through the Yucatan Channel over 5 years, with an average of 7.5 near-surface measurements per month and two samples per month down to ~1200-m depth. They complemented these observations with numerical model outputs below that depth to calculate monthly means of the Yucatan Channel transport. Their results for the period 2001–06 indicated a semiannual behavior with an increase of 2.5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in July and 2.7 Sv in February. Other numerical model results (Chang and Oey 2012, 2013, from here on referred to as CO) suggested there was an asymmetric semiannual cycle of the Yucatan Channel transport and the Loop Current eddy releases, with one maximum in summer (June–July), a second weaker maximum in winter (January–February), and a minimum in fall. The seasonal range of their modeled Yucatan Channel transport anomalies is ~1.5 Sv in summer (0.5 Sv in February) and ~−1 Sv in fall, which is about half of what is observed (see section 2 below). From these numerical studies, CO suggests that wind forcing over the northwestern Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico (GoM) regulates the seasonality of the transport through the Yucatan Channel, the LC extension, and the anticyclonic eddy detachments. Their argument is as follows: during summer and winter, easterly winds over the Caribbean intensify and increase the Yucatan transport (lagged by 1 month), which leads to deeper penetration of the LC into the GoM and a tendency of anticyclonic eddy releases about one month after the transport increased. At the same time, during those seasons the easterly winds over the GoM weaken, and these conditions increase the likelihood of eddy detachments (see CO for details); the opposite situation occurs during spring and fall.
It is worth mentioning that other modeling studies contest some of CO's ideas. For example, the numerical results of Lin et al. (2009) indicate that the highest transports in the channel occur when the LC is less extended and outflows almost directly toward the Florida Straits. Mildner et al. (2013) conclude it is not wind stress forcing but internal variability of the anticyclonic bulge position of the LC what controls the variability in transport across the Yucatan Channel. Perhaps connected to this mechanism are the Cuban anticyclones described by Kourafalou et al. (2017), particularly those identified as Type A within the bulge of the LC either involved in blocking the flow or strengthening the Cuban Countercurrent. Rousset and Beal (2011) consider the anticyclonic circulation in the Cayman Sea as the main driver of the circulation in the Yucatan Channel and find no correlation with the wind forcing during their observation period. However, the dynamics of the Cayman Sea circulation and the LC bulge position are not fully discussed in these references.
Mesoscale variability in the Cayman Sea or further upstream could modulate the seasonal transport at the Yucatan perhaps conflicting with the CO ideas. The modeling study of Jouanno et al. (2008, 2009) and the analysis of maps of absolute dynamic topography (MADT) variability of Alvera-Azcárate et al. (2009) suggest eddy variability in the Cayman Sea is high but weaker than in the eastern Caribbean. Both show that baroclinic instability dominates the variability in the eastern Caribbean, whereas Jouanno et al. (2008, 2009) indicate barotropic instability is dominant in the Cayman Sea where the flow is more vertically extended and depicts stronger variability at lower frequencies (~100 days) than the eastern Caribbean (~50 days).
Jouanno and Sheinbaum (2012) also find strong semiannual mesoscale variability in the eastern Caribbean produced by changes in the wind that modify the mean currents and enhance or weaken instabilities. This variability is modulated by interannual variations of similar magnitude. Alvera-Azcárate et al. (2009) also suggest low frequency changes in the strength of the Caribbean Current (~4.5 years) produced by the north–south MADT slope in the basin related to changes in the winds. They also found significant annual variations, but conclude that they are associated with relatively homogeneous steric changes (surface heating and cooling) and therefore not clearly related to transport variations. Many of the processes referred to above and their possible connection with the Yucatan Channel flow require further investigation and have not been fully addressed in subsequent studies.
The existence of a seasonal cycle of LC extension and eddy releases was thoroughly investigated using several kinds of satellite data between 1978 and 2012 by Hall and Leben (2016). They show that seasonality of LC eddy (LCE) detachments is statistically significant, with two seasons of higher probability for anticyclonic eddies to be released: in August–September (at 95% confidence level) and in February–March (at 90% confidence level). They point out that a bimodal distribution of LCE detachments does not imply a biannual cycle since years with two separation events are relatively few. Hall and Leben (2016) also provide a detailed review of the research on the seasonal variability of the LC from both direct measurements and satellite imagery using data from the 1970s to the present.
In many of the previous studies it is common to consider the transport through the Yucatan Channel to be the same as the transport of the Yucatan Current, the latter defined as the intense jet above ~800-m depth (Sheinbaum et al. 2002) confined to the western side of the Yucatan Channel (west of 85.6°W; Athié et al. 2015). No distinction between these two different transports is made when discussing their relationship with, for example, the LC extension (Molinari et al. 1978; Lin et al. 2009; Rousset and Beal 2010, 2011; CO). Here, we want to highlight the difference between these transports; hence, we refer to them separately throughout the manuscript (i.e., Yucatan Current transport and transport through the whole Yucatan Channel).
Long time series are needed for a meaningful resolution of the seasonal cycle of the flow through the Yucatan Channel (Abascal et al. 2003; Athié et al. 2015; Hall and Leben 2016) given the characteristics of the variability whose spectral content is characterized by an energetic higher-frequency signal (100-day period and shorter; Abascal et al. 2003; Alvera-Azcárate et al. 2009), similar to the one found in the Florida cable time series (Meinen et al. 2010). In the present study, the seasonal cycle of transport through the Yucatan Channel is investigated from ~5 years of direct (quasi-continuous) mooring measurements across this channel and a transport proxy derived from 23 years of MADT satellite data. The results are compared with the seasonal cycles of local wind in the Caribbean, vorticity through Yucatan Channel, and their connection with the LC extension. The longer time series of altimetry data allows a more robust estimate of the seasonal signal in the transport proxy than the direct mooring measurements, and provides an update of some of the issues discussed in Athié et al. (2015).
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we describe the data and calculations performed in this study. The third section deals with the seasonal cycle of the transport through the Yucatan Channel from mooring data, the transport proxy calculated from AVISO MADT data, and the transports on the western and eastern sides of the channel addressed separately. In section 4 we analyze the seasonal cycle of wind stress forcing over the Caribbean Sea to evaluate its possible connection with the transport at the Yucatan Channel. In section 5 we look at the Yucatan Current (western-channel flow from the Caribbean into the GoM), to evaluate the variability and seasonal behavior of its vorticity and its relation to the LC extension. Section 6 provides the conclusions of the work.
2. Data and methods
a. Data description
Since 1999 a strong effort to measure and understand the variability of the current system at the Yucatan Channel has been carried out by the Canek research group from Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Mexico. Throughout several of these years, heavily instrumented arrays of moorings that include acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and point-measuring current meters have been deployed covering the whole Yucatan Channel (i.e., the region between the Yucatan and Cuba, 86.7°–85.0°W and 10–2030-m depths at ~21.5°N), with reasonable spatial resolution providing continuous time series of at least one year length [more detail about the mooring arrays can be found in Ochoa et al. (2003), Athié et al. (2015), and Candela et al. (2019)]. Presently, there are 78 months of hourly velocity time series covering the whole channel (Fig. 1). These time series are noncontinuous in time: the first measurement period was from September 1999 to May 2001, then a second period from May 2010 to April 2011, and finally there are 46 months of continuous data from October 2012 to August 2016 (Candela et al. 2019). There are small data gaps in the time series lasting less than a month due to instrument replacement. The time series used here were low-pass filtered using a Lanczos filter with a cutoff period of 48 h and subsampled daily to filter out tides and other high-frequency motions. The transport estimated from these mooring data between the surface and the bottom will be named Tyuc.
Daily MADT data from the AVISO Ssalto/Duacs multimission altimeter (delayed time products) with 0.25° spatial resolution are used to estimate a transport proxy in the Yucatan Channel [named Tyuc-proxy and described in detail in Athié et al. (2015)]. The method uses a linear regression between the Cuba–Yucatan sea level difference from AVISO and Tyuc using 120-day running mean series. Here, the Tyuc-proxy was recalculated considering the available 78 months of data at present, with a regression coefficient of [0.64 < 0.76 < 0.85] (95% confidence level). This Tyuc-proxy provides a long-term very reasonable estimate of Tyuc at periods longer than one month, although its standard deviation is ~30% lower than Tyuc, partly by construction but also because AVISO data underestimate mooring velocities (Athié et al. 2015).
Wind data from the ERA-Interim reanalysis were obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with 6-h temporal resolution and 0.25° spatial resolution with wind velocities taken at 10-m height [see Berrisford et al. (2011) for further information]. Zonal wind stress component τx (N m−2) and the vertical component of wind stress curl ∇ × τ (N m−3) were calculated with the following formulas:
where Cd in Eq. (1), is the empirical drag coefficient, referred to the 10-m level (Smith 1980), defined by
u(τx) and υ(τy) in Eqs. (1) and (3) are zonal and meridional wind velocity components (the corresponding wind stress components); 10−3 applies for wind magnitudes between 6 and 22 m s−1 and for lower wind magnitudes it is 1.1 × 10−3; ρ is the density of air [1.2 kg m−3, Eq. (1)], θ is the latitude [Eq. (2)], and R in Eq. (2) is Earth's radius [see Nelson (1977) for further information]. The wind stress components and ∇ × τ were averaged daily and monthly for the analyses (see below).
b. Methods
Annual and semiannual harmonics were fitted to the daily Tyuc anomalies for 59 months of measurements, which are the periods 2010–11 and 2012–16 (the anomalies of Tyuc are estimated with respect the 59-month mean). The Tyuc corresponding to the 1999–2001 measurements was excluded from the calculation because it was a period with anomalous low transport (Athié et al. 2015). The annual and semiannual fitting analysis for Tyuc-proxy series was also carried out for the same periods of mooring data (59 months) as well as for the full 23 years of available data from AVISO. In this paper, the seasonal cycle will be understood as the sum of the annual and semiannual harmonics, while the monthly means for each year will be used to compute a monthly climatology, since the latter may be composed of various harmonics. The seasonal cycles and the spectral analyses were estimated from daily time series, while the rest of the analyses presented in sections 3 and 4 (time series evolution, cross-correlation calculations, and correlation maps) were calculated from monthly averaged series.
To compare transport and energy fluctuations in the channel, a transport efficiency index I was calculated, following Johns and Schott (1987), giving continuity to the Abascal et al. (2003) results for the Yucatan Channel observations between August 1999 and June 2000. The index, defined as I = ⟨υ′⟩2/⟨υ′2⟩, compares the area-averaged velocity fluctuations squared ⟨υ′⟩2, with the area-averaged EKE of the velocity component perpendicular to the channel ⟨υ′2⟩, where υ′ represents the velocity anomaly (temporal mean subtracted) and (where the area A considers the whole channel).
Relative vorticity ζ = ∂υ/∂x − ∂u/∂y as well as horizontal shear ∂υ/∂x were estimated at the western edge of the Yucatan Current (taken between 86.375° and 86.125°W), using daily AVISO geostrophic velocities. The correlation coefficient between the relative vorticity and horizontal shear is 0.83. Then, it indicates that ∂υ/∂x is a reasonable indicator of the vorticity (r2 = 0.7). This result is useful since the term ∂υ/∂y cannot be calculated with the mooring data. Hence, ∂υ/∂x was calculated from daily mooring data near the location mentioned above and then monthly averaged.
Finally, the LC northward extension without the steric signal was calculated by following the 50-cm contour of MADT from AVISO data. It was verified that the 50-cm contour nearly represents the path of highest speed in the LC for this database, instead of the 17-cm contour used with the historical data processed by Leben (2005); the difference probably comes from the different means used in each dataset. Other LC metrics (Leben 2005) were evaluated, such as LC area and volume, with similar results to those presented here. The monthly climatology of the LC northern extension was calculated averaging the northernmost latitude from the LC metrics for each month of the year; detachments and reattachments of the LCEs are not investigated here, since these specific processes are not essential to our analysis [see Schmitz (2005) and Le Hénaff et al. (2012) for further information about LCE dynamics]. The steric signal is the change in MADT associated with the horizontally homogeneous heating or cooling; it was removed by subtracting the daily areal-averaged MADT values in all regions deeper than 200 m in the GoM using the MADT data (e.g., Liu and Weisberg 2012; Hall and Leben 2016).
3. Seasonal characteristics of the Yucatan Channel transport
The annual and semiannual harmonics fitted to the Tyuc anomaly explain 25% of the subinertial variance in the daily series; the considered period was between May 2010–April 2011 and October 2012–August 2016 (Fig. 2a; see also Table 1). The annual harmonic captures more of the seasonal signal with an amplitude of 2.6 Sv, while the semiannual component has an amplitude of 1.3 Sv and its variance only accounts for ~6% of the subinertial variance (Table 1). For comparison, the analysis of Tyuc-proxy from daily AVISO series for the same dates (Fig. 2b) results in an annual component of 2.7 Sv, (similar to mooring results) but the amplitude of the semiannual component is ~30% lower than that obtained with mooring data, with an amplitude of 0.9 Sv. Both harmonics explain ~51% of the daily Tyuc-proxy subinertial variance (Table 1). This is perhaps not surprising considering the proxy is obtained from regression parameters based on 120-day averages (Athié et al. 2015) and filters out some of the variability. In addition, harmonic analysis of the 78 months of Tyuc data, including the anomalous period of 1999–2001 [see Athié et al. (2015), for more information about the anomalous low transport during the 1999–2001 period] yields an amplitude of the annual and semiannual components of 2.4 and 1.4 Sv, respectively. They only explain ~18% of the subinertial variance due to the anomalous 1999–2001 period. The seasonal cycle calculated for the latter period alone (i.e., 19 months, not shown) shows notable differences, particularly very small amplitude of the annual component (<0.1 Sv). Finally, the analysis of 23-yr Tyuc-proxy series also yields a dominant annual contribution (2.1 Sv) and a small semiannual component (0.7 Sv), comparable to the calculation for Tyuc, which represents ~36% of the Tyuc-proxy variance (Table 1).
The monthly climatology of Tyuc derived from the mooring data for the periods 2010–11 and 2012–13, shows an annual structure with a maximum increase in July of 31.4 Sv (Fig. 3a, anomaly in July of +3.9 Sv), minimum of 24.9 Sv in March (anomaly of −2.6 Sv) and is well represented by the seasonal cycle derived from the two harmonics. The 25th and the 75th percentiles for each month (boxes in Fig. 3a) show that the increase in summer is significantly different from the minima in autumn and spring. It is important to consider that, on average, there are only 5 data points per month, a limitation of the dataset that renders large uncertainties to the results. However, up to now, this is the best estimate that can be made from continuous direct measurements in the Yucatan Channel.
The monthly climatology for the Tyuc-proxy was calculated considering the same dates corresponding to the mooring measurement periods (Fig. 3b). Maximum transport of 29.6 Sv corresponds to July (anomaly of +3.1 Sv) and minimum in November of 23.9 Sv (anomaly of −2.6 Sv). Its annual behavior (phase) is essentially the same if the monthly climatology is computed using the full transport-proxy time series (1993–2016, Fig. 3c). Some differences are observed between the Tyuc and Tyuc-proxy climatologies. In January–March, Tyuc decreases and has minimum transport in March, whereas Tyuc-proxy slightly increases during the same period and its minimum transport is in November. Given the large spread in monthly values and the uncertainties due to the limited number of data per month, it is difficult to determine how significant this difference is. However, we still believe the proxy captures the main features of the seasonal behavior of transport in the Yucatan Channel. The 23-yr transport proxy (Fig. 3c) depicts a maximum transport in July of 29.1 Sv (anomaly of +2.6 Sv), and minimum in November of 24.8 Sv (anomaly of −1.8 Sv), also with high variability. The large spread in monthly mean values is caused by substantial interannual and intraseasonal variability (see below) that complicates the estimation of a robust seasonal climatology, which needs a very long time series for a low-error estimation (Meinen et al. 2010; Liu and Weisberg 2012).
These results contrast with the ship-based cross sections of current measurements at the Yucatan Channel (0–1000 m) complemented with HYCOM model deep flows from Rousset and Beal (2011). They found a pronounced symmetric bimodal (semiannual) behavior with winter and summer maxima of the same amplitude (~2.5 Sv), although they do mention that the winter maximum in their calculations is not robust due to uneven temporal sampling during their observational period (2001–06). The monthly climatology produced by their model results has a dominant annual behavior with a small semiannual contribution in better agreement with our results and those of CO. However, the amplitude of the summer maximum reported by CO and Rousset and Beal (2011) is about 1.5 and 2 Sv, respectively, which is lower than the 3.3 Sv observed in July from mooring data (Fig. 3).
The seasonal cycle of Florida transport (between Florida and Cuba), from 4-yr continuous mooring measurements (Candela et al. 2019), also has a dominant annual component with an amplitude of 3.1 and 1.0 Sv for the semiannual component, in agreement with the amplitude of the seasonal cycle obtained here for the Yucatan Channel (Table 1). Further north in the Florida Straits (near 27°N submarine cable transport data), the annual and semiannual component contributions to the seasonal cycle can vary depending on the period considered (Meinen et al. 2010). The maximum seasonal amplitude was only ~1.5 Sv between 1982 and 2007 and ~1.0 Sv between 1990 and 2017. Moreover, the contribution of both components only accounts for 8% of the total variance for the cable transport (estimated by us from the cable data, not shown). The difference between the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Yucatan Channel and the Florida–Cuba section with the Florida cable measurements, suggests that the contribution of the flow from other channels can be important, particularly from the Old Bahama Channel (Candela et al. 2019). This contrasts with the Rousset and Beal (2011) results that suggest the monthly transport climatology in the Yucatan Channel and Florida Strait at 26°N have very similar behavior. Interestingly, the pronounced semiannual component reported in Rousset and Beal (2011) is also somewhat at odds with Meinen et al. (2010), who found a weak semiannual component in the seasonal cycle of the cable data during a similar period (2000–07).
A noteworthy issue arises when one calculates the transport in the Yucatan Channel at the western and eastern sides of 85.6°W separately (Fig. 3d), since they seem to have an inverse or almost compensating behavior not only at seasonal scales, but also at other frequencies (Athié et al. 2015). The transport compensation through Yucatan Channel was first discussed by Abascal et al. (2003), who showed that transport fluctuations are not necessarily associated with maxima in eddy kinetic energy. Analysis of the western Yucatan Channel seasonality is not very clear and presents stronger variability at higher frequencies (2–3 months periods). Moreover, the semiannual harmonic dominates over the annual signal (amplitudes of 1.4 and 1.0 Sv, respectively) with both harmonics explaining ~67% of the monthly climatology but ~6% of the daily series variance (Table 1); it needs ~4 harmonics (annual, semiannual, quarterly, and 1.5 months) to approach the observed seasonal cycle (with r = 0.8) at the 95% level. On the other hand, the seasonal cycle of Tyuc (considering the whole channel) accounts for 93% of the monthly climatology variance and only required two harmonics (annual and semiannual, see discussion above) to represent the monthly climatology (r = 0.99). Hence, the monthly climatology of Tyuc is different from the one considering only the western side of the channel, which basically represents that of the Yucatan Current transport. Although the western part carries most of the mean transport in the Yucatan Channel, it is important to notice that the annual and semiannual variability in the western and eastern parts is of similar amplitude.
4. Seasonal variations related to the wind
Correlation maps between monthly Tyuc-proxy (1993–2016) and ⟨τx⟩, as well as ⟨∇ × τ⟩ series at every point of the wind data grid, where angle brackets ⟨⟩ indicate monthly averages, were carried out (Figs. 4a,c). Transport series were lagged by one month, determined from cross-correlation analysis. Wind variables, ⟨τx⟩ and ⟨∇ × τ⟩, are leading Tyuc by one month, particularly at the Northwestern Caribbean, which is in agreement with CO results. Degrees of freedom (DOF) were also estimated at each point of the map to determine the significance of the correlations (Emery and Thomson 2001). Two inverse high-correlation zones are found in the Caribbean, with particularly higher values in summer (not shown). First is the region in the southern Caribbean, where ⟨τx⟩ is significantly correlated with the Tyuc-proxy (Fig. 4a, highest negative correlation of −0.46; which is negative due to the negative sign of the Easterlies; DOF are ~60 in this zone). This area has been previously identified as the Caribbean low level jet (CLLJ) region (Amador 1998; Wang 2007), with changes in the wind probably linked to meridional MADT gradients (Alvera-Azcárate et al. 2009; CO). Second is the region located mainly in the Cayman Sea, where ⟨∇ × τ⟩ is significantly correlated with the Tyuc-proxy (Fig. 4c, highest negative correlation of ~ −0.50, with DOF ~40 in this zone). It is interesting that similar behavior and values of the negative correlation in the Caribbean result if one only uses the 46 months of longest continuous Tyuc measurements (from October 2012 to July 2016; Figs. 4b and 4d, with transport also lagged by 1 month), although the correlation values are mostly nonsignificant, due to the small number of DOFs produced by the short time series (significant values are inside the black dashed line). Tyuc has a maximum negative correlation of ~ −0.34 with ⟨τx⟩ (Fig. 4b), while ⟨∇ × τ⟩ and Tyuc have correlations at the Cayman Sea with maxima of −0.54 (Fig. 4d; with DOF ~20 in this zone).
These zones of high correlation were also identified by Chang and Oey (2012, their Fig. 2) who built indices based on spatially averaging ⟨τx⟩ and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ over a single region (87°–80°W, 15°–22°N). Here we decided to compute wind-forcing indices in two different zones following the two areas of highest correlation in the Caribbean (Fig. 4). Hence, ⟨τx⟩ was spatially averaged within (80°–65°W, 12°–18°N), and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ was averaged within (87°–75°W, 16°–19°N). The results do not change significantly if one uses the same area as Chang and Oey (2012). The monthly time series, monthly climatology, and spectral analysis of these wind-forcing indices are presented in Figs. 5 and 6.
The monthly climatologies of ⟨τx⟩ and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ depict strong seasonal behavior (Figs. 5b,c), although they are slightly different. The seasonal cycle of ⟨τx⟩ is mainly biannual, with amplitude of 0.021 N m−2 (Table 1), which is almost twice the annual component (0.013 N m−2), while annual and semiannual components of the seasonal cycle of ⟨∇ × τ⟩, are of similar amplitude, 0.37 × 10−7 and 0.30 × 10−7 N m−3, respectively (Table 1). The seasonal cycles of ⟨τx⟩ and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ (annual + semiannual harmonics) in both cases represent ~60% of the monthly variance, but only ~20% of the daily variability (Table 1). Both variables have maximum negative strength in summer (negative values mean easterly intensifications and anticyclonic strengthening in June and July) that corresponds to the maximum transport observed at the Yucatan Channel (black lines). In winter, ⟨τx⟩ has a second easterly intensification between December and February. Confidence intervals were calculated using the bootstrap method that shows that both easterly maxima in ⟨τx⟩ are significantly different from the minima in spring and autumn. Note that ⟨∇ × τ⟩ has only a minor anticyclonic intensification in February (Figs. 5a,c).
The statistics of ⟨τx⟩ and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ presented in Figs. 5b and 5c show a large spread of the monthly values, suggesting other frequency signals are important, particularly interannual variations. For example, the monthly mean values of Cayman Sea easterly wind forcing during the 2000–06 period reported in Rousset and Beal (2011, also found in our data) depict stronger easterlies in fall rather than summer, somewhat opposite to our monthly wind climatology since the wind stress curl remains maximally anticyclonic in summer and cyclonic in fall. There is also the low frequency variability in the Caribbean documented by Jouanno and Sheinbaum (2012) and the peak of ~4.5 years that appears in the Caribbean MADT spectrum, computed by Alvera-Azcárate et al. (2009).
Given the complex dynamics and high variability of the Caribbean Sea–Gulf of Mexico wind and current system, it is important to look at year-to-year variations to determine if the wind–Tyuc deterministic relation proposed by CO still applies. The full-length monthly time series of Tyuc and negative ⟨∇ × τ⟩ at the Cayman Sea shows they both increase during summer, with a much less clear winter connection (Fig. 5d, with ⟨∇ × τ⟩ multiplied by −1 to have a direct comparison with the Tyuc intensifications). The correlation between ⟨∇ × τ⟩ and Tyuc, putting both periods together (2010–11 and 2012–16) is −0.47, which is significant at 95%, with ⟨∇ × τ⟩ leading Tyuc by one month (Fig. 5d). Monthly time series of Tyuc-proxy and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ for the 1993–2016 period (Fig. 5e) depict a clear intensification in the summer of nearly every year, wind stress curl leading by ~1 month (tick marks correspond to the month of July of each year) and a correlation of −0.45 (95% significant). Their amplitudes, however, are not always consistent over the 23 years in the sense that one would expect both series to grow or decrease together (e.g., stronger anticyclonic curl means stronger transports according to the CO mechanism). In our results only in 14 of the 23 years, that is, ~60% of the cases, Tyuc-proxy and ⟨∇ × τ⟩ have similar increments at seasonal scales during summer. Strong interannual variations in amplitude are present in the series (Fig. 5e); compare, for example, the summers of 1993–94, 2014–15 with those of 1998, 2000, 2003, and even some years where the anomalies have opposite sign (2009, 2012).
The relative increase of ⟨∇ × τ⟩ and Tyuc in winter vary from one year to another, not only in amplitude but also in the month that they occur (Fig. 5d). Also, Tyuc does not reach positive anomalies in two of the five winters available in the observations (2014–15). In the Tyuc-proxy series (Fig. 5e), a very small increase is observed in several winters, but anomalies reached positive values only in half of the 24 winters. This higher uncertainty in the winter connection between wind, Yucatan Channel transport, and LC response (the latter discussed in section 5 below) is consistent with the analysis of Hall and Leben (2016) using a longer series (30 years) of prealtimetric, altimetric, and reanalysis data. They found more differences in the date of LCE releases during winter and not enough statistical confidence to make it a preferred eddy release season in contrast with the robust result obtained for summer.
5. Variability of the Yucatan Channel transport, Yucatan Current dynamics, and LC extension
Spectral analyses of the daily ∇ × τ (1993–2016) series, mooring Yucatan Channel transport (Tyuc; 2012–16), and Tyuc-proxy (1993–2016) are shown in Figs. 6a–c, respectively. In addition, the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) spectra were calculated from the mooring (optimally interpolated) surface velocities (black line in Fig. 6d) and AVISO surface geostrophic currents (Fig. 6e) for comparison. A spatially averaged surface spectrum is obtained integrating the spectra at each point along the Yucatan section and dividing by the section's length. We also computed a full section averaged spectrum of the mooring interpolated velocities obtained by integrating the spectra at each point over the section and dividing it by the total area (gray line in Fig. 6d). The ∇ × τ spectrum is dominated by semiannual and annual frequencies, as well as high-frequency variability (between 10 and 15 days; Fig. 6a). Tyuc shows the highest peaks at ~25 and ~15 days, but also high variance at other frequencies, and a peak near 230 days at low frequencies (Fig. 6b). It is important, however, to consider that only ~3.5 years (from October 2012 to August 2016) of Tyuc continuous series were considered for computing its spectrum. The spectrum of 23 years of Tyuc-proxy series has a strong annual peak, with much lower energy at the semiannual frequency (Fig. 6c). For periods shorter than 120 days, energy is quite low due to the calculation of the proxy itself (Athié et al. 2015). Interestingly, the spectrum of EKE at the surface from either mooring (Fig. 6d, black line) or AVISO geostrophic velocities (Fig. 6e), have the highest energy at periods between 50 and 100 days, with an additional peak at 35 days in the mooring series. Similar results were obtained with the EKE spectrum integrated over the whole water column with mooring data (Fig. 6d, gray line). At these frequencies (50–100 days), the ∇ × τ series have lower energy than at seasonal or high-frequency scales (periods < 20 days), suggesting that the 50–100-day band is probably more related to instabilities and cyclonic/anticyclonic eddies reaching the Yucatan Channel than direct wind forcing, possibly implying some compensation in transport, as the relatively reduced transport spectra in this band suggests.
The transport efficiency index I (defined in section 2), is an indicator of the significance of transport compensation in the channel produced by the out of phase west–east normal flows in the section and must approach zero if there is compensation. Conversely, values of index I closer to one, represent efficient transport fluctuations or flows that are more spatially uniform and in phase. During the 2012–16 period of continuous mooring observations, I generally remains with values below 0.15, with only two events where I reached 0.17 (Fig. 7, series were 10-day filtered for clarity), in agreement with the 1-yr mooring series analyzed by Abascal et al. (2003) for the 1999–2000 period. This result indicates there is large compensation of the flows through the channel and high-energy events of low-transport signal, consistent with the presence or propagation of coherent eddies through the channel (either cyclones or anticyclones, e.g., Richardson 2005; Alvera-Azcárate et al. 2009; Jouanno et al. 2009; Athié et al. 2012) or other compensating mechanisms (Rousset and Beal 2011; Mildner et al. 2013; Kourafalou et al. 2017). However, when comparing the two components of I there are periods in which transport pulses are dominant, some with low energy and some where both components (energy and transport) are important. They could indicate (uncompensated) Yucatan Channel intensifications and meanders, full-section spatially coherent perturbations, or partial eddy crossings. Differences in vertical structure across the channel may also be important (Bunge et al. 2002; Sheinbaum et al. 2016). The cause of these dissimilar perturbations remains uncertain, and we only provide some discussion about them in the final section.
The monthly climatology of relative vorticity estimated from AVISO geostrophic velocities and the horizontal shear from mooring data (∂υ/∂x) at the Yucatan Channel are shown in Fig. 8. The reason for this calculation is that the CO mechanism also suggests a strong correlation between Yucatan Current relative vorticity, LC northward extension, and transport. There is a relative increase of vorticity between June and August, in agreement with the transport increase (Tyuc); however, there is also intense variability of 2–3-month periods in both ∂υ/∂x from moorings and vorticity from AVISO (Fig. 8a). The seasonal cycle (i.e., annual and semiannual components) of ∂υ/∂x from mooring data is mainly annual. Due to its high-frequency variability, it represents ~80% of the variance in the monthly climatology but less than 5% of the variance in the daily data (Table 1).
Monthly low-pass series of ∂υ/∂x calculated from moorings (Fig. 8b, blue line) were compared with the monthly averaged Tyuc (black line) and transports estimated only for the western side of the channel (gray line; the period between 2008 and 2016; see Fig. 1 for reference). Correlation between ∂υ/∂x and the western transports for the 2008–16 period is not high but significant (r = 0.50; with 55 DOF) and no significant correlation exists between ∂υ/∂x and Tyuc (r = 0.22). Again, looking at particular periods, one can see that vorticity, Tyuc, and Tyuc-proxy all tend to increase during the summer of almost every year. Higher-frequency (~3 months) variability appears to be stronger than the seasonal signal in both vorticity and western transport. Still, there are specific periods where ∂υ/∂x and the western transport have simultaneous peaks (e.g., August 2011; January 2013 or May–July 2015), but this does not happen at other times. The comparison between relative vorticity calculated from AVISO data and Tyuc-proxy (Fig. 8c, monthly data) also shows certain periods of agreement and simultaneous peaks, suggesting some connection between these variables too (particularly in summer). Nevertheless, the correlation between these two variables using the full time series is nonsignificant (0.14), and does not show a close connection or high predictability throughout the study period even at seasonal scales as suggested by CO.
The monthly climatology of LC northward extension (23 years) indicates some agreement with the Tyuc and Tyuc-proxy climatologies to the extent that all have maxima between June–August and lower values in fall (Fig. 9a, Table 1). The small decrease in LC northward extension in July is probably associated with eddy separations from the LC, which produces a decrease in all the LC metrics (Leben 2005). LC eddy detachments and therefore LC extension involve many processes including Loop Current frontal eddies (LCFEs) of different characteristics, instabilities, interaction with topography, etc. (e.g., Le Hénaff et al. 2012; Sheinbaum et al. 2016; Garcia-Jove et al. 2016; Hamilton et al. 2016, Jouanno et al. 2016). Our goal here is only to test the CO mechanism that relates LC extension with wind forcing, transports, and Yucatan Current vorticity.
Cross correlation of monthly time series shows that LC northern intrusions are significantly but weakly correlated (r = 0.42; with 53 DOF) with the western transport calculated from moorings (2008–16 period), with transport leading LC extension by ~1 month (Fig. 9b); stronger visually evident correlation only occurs at specific periods. Furthermore, correlations are nonsignificant when considering monthly averaged transports through the whole channel, either from mooring observations (Tyuc, r = 0.22) or from AVISO monthly series (Tyuc-proxy, r = 0.23; Figs. 9b and 9c).
Similar to the case between vorticity and transport, a more detailed analysis reveals Tyuc-proxy intensifications and LC northern extension do seem to be correlated at particular periods and mainly in summer (see correlation values for specific periods in Figs. 9b and 9c). Notice years with particularly low summer transports such as 2000, 2004, 2009, 2010, and 2012 with short LC extension but also in the years 1998, 2002, 2008, and 2013 with high summer transports but short LC extension. In summary, our analysis suggests that the connection between LC extension, Yucatan Channel transport, and Yucatan Current vorticity is not straightforward and not as clear cut as suggested by the CO mechanism, which implies a high positive correlation between all these variables. Our main conclusion is that such a relationship is only valid during some periods (particularly in summer), but opposite or nonexistent on many other occasions, which makes the overall correlation between the series very low or not significant.
Further evidence that western and full Yucatan Channel transports contain different dynamic information is obtained from correlation maps between monthly MADT data and transports at the Yucatan Channel (Fig. 10). These correlations have different spatial structures depending on whether the whole channel transport is considered (Tyuc or Tyuc-proxy; Figs. 10a and 10b) or just the transport at the western side of the channel (from moorings, Fig. 10c).
The highest correlation between Yucatan Channel transports (Tyuc or Tyuc-proxy) and MADT (Figs. 10a,b) is located around Cuba (significant values are inside the black line), particularly at the eastern Cayman Sea and the Bahamas. Correlations with Tyuc reach 0.7 north and south of Cuba, while those with Tyuc-proxy are significant, between 0.3 and 0.4 in the same area, with no lag in any of these cases. The correlation maps are indicative of surface pressure gradients associated with the main currents in the region, that is, positive (negative) correlations in the north (south) Cayman sea related to the Cayman (Caribbean) Current, positive (negative) correlations in the eastern (western) Yucatan Channel and Florida Straits. High positive correlations around Cuba agree with model results (Lin et al. 2009) and observations (Candela et al. 2019) that suggest changes in transport through Yucatan Channel can be compensated, in the Florida Current outside the GOM, by the flow passing through the channels north of Cuba, particularly the Old Bahama Channel.
The correlation map (Fig. 10c) between MADT and the western-channel transport computed for the period 2012–16 is quite different from the results in Figs. 10a and 10b discussed above. In this case, positive correlations are high in the area of the LC and its extension, with no lag. Together with the negative correlations on the Campeche Bank, the map is consistent with increased cross-shore sea level gradients and enhanced geostrophic transports. Although one could argue there are similarities in the correlation maps of Figs. 10a–c, it is clear that their "centers of action" are different; for example, the high values around Cuba in Figs. 10a and 10b are nearly absent in Fig. 10c. This is also telling us that the eastern Yucatan Channel dynamics responds to other processes and is not just passively responding to the Yucatan Current in the west. Thus, one should be cautious and take the differences between the east and west channel into account when trying to link LC variability with transports into the GoM.
Some of the high correlation regions (e.g., northeastern GoM in Fig. 10) may indicate changes of pressure gradients in those areas related to coastally trapped waves that could impact the transport in the channel, particularly in winter (Jouanno et al. 2016; Weisberg and Liu 2017; Candela et al. 2019), leading to the asymmetry between summer and winter. This is probably an indication that the forced and intrinsic variability of the LC is difficult to disentangle, since comparable results are used to support different theories of LC behavior (CO; Lin et al. 2009; Rousset and Beal 2011; Mildner et al. 2013; Weisberg and Liu 2017).
6. Summary and conclusions
Most of the work presented here was carried out to test some of the interesting ideas regarding the LC cycle and its seasonal variability put forward by CO. The CO mechanism suggests strong easterlies (and/or negative wind stress curl) over the Cayman basin lead to increased Yucatan transport, larger LC penetration, and increased Yucatan Current vorticity. Our analysis indicates that such a mechanism appears to be valid only during specific periods and mainly during summer but not in winter, even though the easterly winds in the Cayman Sea also increase in winter. Year to year variability also shows many instances where strong (weak) local winds coincide with low (high) LC extension and Yucatan transport, opposite to the CO mechanism. So the idea of a strong deterministic connection between variations of the easterly winds and LC behavior at seasonal scales should be considered with care, since it fails to hold on several occasions.
The seasonal cycle of the transport across the Yucatan Channel (Tyuc, ~5 years of mooring data) has a substantial annual harmonic component with an amplitude of 2.6 Sv and maximum transport in summer; the semiannual component is smaller (amplitude of 1.3 Sv) and is responsible for a weak increase in winter (Table 1; Fig. 2). This seasonal variability accounts for ~25% of the subinertial variance. A 23-yr time series of a transport proxy computed from sea level differences (Tyuc-proxy, see section 2a) yields annual and semiannual components with amplitudes of 2.1 and 0.7 Sv, respectively.
The dominant annual component of the Yucatan transport (both from moorings and the proxy) is somewhat at odds with the zonal wind forcing in the region that has annual and semiannual components of similar amplitude. Although transports and winds appear to be correlated at seasonal scales, with wind forcing leading by 1 month, the low amplitude of the semiannual component suggests there may be other processes besides the changes in zonal winds affecting the seasonal cycle. The failure to establish a clear correlation between forcing, transports, and LC metrics during winter introduces an asymmetry in the LC correlation statistics that remains to be explained. Possible causes of it may be 1) the anticyclonic wind stress curl over the Cayman Sea during winter is weaker than in summer (Fig. 5); 2) northerly winds from cold fronts crossing the region during winter can produce Ekman convergence along the Yucatan coast, downward displacement of the isopycnals, and a weaker slope of the thermocline across the channel reducing the strength of the flow; 3) the frontal weather systems during winter may generate coastally trapped waves over the GoM and the Yucatan coast that may affect the transport in Yucatan Channel (e.g., Jouanno et al. 2016). Changes in meridional winds and propagation of coastally trapped waves along the eastern coast of the United States have been considered as possible mechanisms modulating the seasonal cycle of the Gulf Stream (Schott et al. 1988; Anderson and Corry 1985). A similar mechanism could be at play in the Yucatan.
Finally, one cannot neglect the role of eddy activity due to the intrinsic variability of the system. The EKE spectrum over the channel shows a dominant 50–100-day band, which is relatively weak in the wind spectrum (Fig. 6a) and is most likely associated with cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies and meanders. Our results confirm the findings of Abascal et al. (2003) and Athié et al. (2015) who suggest many of these energetic features are associated with weak Yucatan transport anomalies indicating compensation between the western and eastern sides of the channel (Figs. 3d, 6, and 7). Moreover, western-transport has a weak seasonal signal (amplitude represents 8% of the monthly variance) and appears to be in better agreement with the vorticity of the Yucatan Current (Fig. 8) and with the LC extension (Figs. 9 and 10c). Therefore, a distinction needs to be made between Yucatan Current and Yucatan Channel dynamics.
The role of eddies in modulating the transport appears to be important though their origin and structure remain uncertain. Movies of MADT variability show the presence of cyclones or anticyclones propagating along the Cayman Sea modulating the flow either by full or partial crossings at Yucatan Channel. But there are other mesoscale features, such as the anticyclone within the LC bulge (Mildner et al. 2013) and/or the Cuban anticyclones (Kourafalou et al. 2017), that can either block the flow from the Caribbean depending on their position with respect to the Yucatan Channel, or enhance the flow toward the Caribbean on the eastern side of the channel. Extensions of the anticyclonic circulation within the Cayman Sea toward the Yucatan Channel (Rousset and Beal 2011) need to be considered too, though it remains to be determined whether this anticyclonic circulation is the result of wind forcing or an average produced by anticyclonic eddies passing through the Cayman Sea. Further downstream the focus has been to link LCFEs and LCE detachments with Caribbean eddies (Le Hénaff et al. 2012; Athié et al. 2012; Sheinbaum et al. 2016), but as shown by Kourafalou et al. (2017), the processes in the LC extension region also appear to modulate the formation of Cuban anticyclones and cyclones in the northwestern part of Cuba, which contribute to transport variability in the eastern Yucatan Channel. Clearly, the variability in the eastern channel is not just responding to Yucatan Current variations and has its own dynamics, most likely affecting the outflow at the Florida Straits and contributing to the west–east asymmetry in the Yucatan Channel flow.
In conclusion, due to the high variability in the Yucatan Channel–LC region on a wide range of frequencies, there are several processes that can impact the growing and retracting cycle of the LC and its associated transport and vorticity during a given year, not necessarily related to seasonal changes in the wind forcing, particularly the easterlies. The idea that wind forcing sets up the mean conditions in the LC system and that eddies and instabilities are just relatively small perturbations on top of that forced circulation cannot be clearly established from our work. In fact, this study suggests that eddies and other processes produce such a strong modulation that they need to be considered as important as the wind in setting the seasonal variability of the regional circulation. Different dynamic regimes appear to be dominant during different periods, and the reasons why is that the case remain to be determined.
Partial funding for this work comes from CICESE internal funds (Internal Project 36145). Partial funding comes from the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico, Mexican Ministry of Energy, Hydrocarbon Trust, as part of the Gulf of Mexico Research Consortium (CIGoM); Project 201441. AVISO SSALTO/Duacs produced the altimeter products and distributed by Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Information, supported by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at http://marine.copernicus.eu. The wind data used in this work were the ERA-Interim database, distributed by ECMWF at https://www.ecmwf.int. The Florida Current cable section data are made freely available on the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory web page (www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/floridacurrent/) and are funded by the DOC/NOAA/Climate Program Office/Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division. The captain Leobardo Ríos and the crew of the University of Mexico's (UNAM) B/O Justo Sierra are thanked for their participation in the CANEK program. Thanks are extended to Dr. Villy Kourafalou (Univ. of Miami/RSMAS) and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive criticism that greatly improved this work.
© 2020 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).


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Medical Facilities in Greenford
Here you will find accurate info on various businesses belonging to the Medical Facilities category in Greenford. From the latest category entries up to a list of similar categories in this area. Feel free to 'dig in' and get the data that you are looking for.
Latest entries in Greenford in the "Medical Facilities" business category
- Apollonia Dental Care231-233 Greenford Road- UB6 8QZOpening Times
- E Visa 4 U5 Rockware Ave, Rockware Business Centre- UB6 0AAOpening Times
- Alcoholics Anonymous170 Oldfield, Lane South- UB6 9JSDetails
- Alcoholics Anonymous358 Greenford Rd- UB6 9ANDetails
- Dr. Dennis Heavey136 Mansell Rd- UB6 9EJDetails
- Allendale Road Surgery35 Allendale Rd- UB6 0RAOpening Times

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We are pleased to announce that REDi has partnered with Klaytn, the public blockchain platform by the blockchain arm of Kakao Corp., the operator of Korea's top mobile messenger app KakaoTalk.
Selected as Klaytn's initial service partner, REDi will join an elite alliance of projects spearheading the public adoption of blockchain in various industry sectors around the world, including notable projects such as Cosmochain, Contents Protocol, and Humanscape. Our team at REDi is confident that the strategic partnership with Klaytn will provide greater momentum to provide added value to the energy industry through the industrial adoption of blockchain.
Kakao Corp. is arguably the largest internet service provider in South Korea, with a major presence in messaging, gaming, and content services, as well as notable expansions into the financial services and mobility sectors. Kakao announced its intentions to become the major driver for blockchain adoption in Korea, planning the launch of its own public blockchain platform through its blockchain arm, Ground X. Klaytn's competitive advantage is in its emphasis on providing an accessible platform for users to more easily experience a wide variety of blockchain services.
Since releasing the testnet version of Klaytn in October, Klaytn has formed partnerships with over 30 initial service partners focusing on providing blockchain-based services in various industry sectors, including healthcare, e-commerce, and creative contents. Klaytn has also announced plans for the official launch of its main-net in late June.
Through close collaboration with Klaytn, we hope to contribute to the mass adoption of blockchain into the daily lives of every user, as well as to introduce a wide range of data-driven services to accelerate the digital transformation of the energy industry. Following our recent selection into two of the most renowned accelerating programs in Korea for joint research and development, it is a great privilege to now join hands with Klaytn to bring about our innovative services to the wide public, both domestically and to the greater audience around the world.
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백해연78 19 시간전
지당하신 말씀입니다^^
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믿습니다 할렐루야!!
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그러게 말입니다
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좋은정보 감사용 추천하고 갑니다 코로나 조심하시고 예수님 믿고 구원 받으세요
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Farmer's Kitchen is back for 2020. With Spinneys we're going to show you truly amazing and delicious dishes which you can make at home. Recipes which come from the minds of the finest chefs in Dubai! We'll take you on a journey of where the ingredients actually come from before they reach the shelves of Spinneys too.
Each week you can hear Farmer's Kitchen on Dubai Eye 103.8, Fridays at 12 noon. Make sure you follow our social media to @dubaieye1038fm to see these tasty recipes come to life and exclusive interviews and content from our chefs and foodie experts.
Keep your eyes peeled here each week for recipes and content, Happy Cooking!
This week on Farmer's Kitchen presented by Spinneys, Helen is joined by Zahra Abdalla to make a one pot Saffron Chicken dish.
This wholesome layered shrimp makloube made by Lama Jammal is the perfect foodie start for Ramadan.
Andrew Alexander, the head baker from 1762 and Appetite joins Helen to make the most squishy, fragrant focaccia imaginable.
Make restaurant style tiramisu at home thanks to this great recipe on Farmer's Kitchen!
Using Spinneys ingredients Liz is here to show us how to make amazing Wobbly Lemon Jelly.
Order an online shop with these simple ingredients from your local Spinneys and you and the kids can create 1-2-3 cookies!
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Create this beautiful grilled sea bass served with a smooth masala sauce, a potato medley and a sweet strawberry and avocado chaat.
This guilt free, completely vegan fast food alternative will blow your mind!
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A modern day adaptation of two of William Shakespeare's tragedies - Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra.
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Property Details
Property Location
With a stay at The Umrao in New Delhi (South West), you'll be within a 15-minute drive of DLF Cyber City and DLF Phase II. This 4-star hotel is 7.1 mi (11.5 km) from Qutub Minar and 10.6 mi (17.1 km) from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital.Rooms
Make yourself at home in one of the 57 individually decorated guestrooms, featuring minibars and LCD televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and digital programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature rainfall showerheads and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.Amenities
Pamper yourself with a visit to the spa, which offers massages and body treatments. You can take advantage of recreational amenities such as an outdoor pool, a sauna, and a fitness center. Additional features at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and wedding services.Dining
Enjoy Indian cuisine at Thyme Fine Dining, a restaurant which features a bar/lounge and a garden view. You can also stay in and take advantage of the 24-hour room service. Buffet breakfasts are available daily from 6:30 AM to 10:30 AM for a fee.Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Planning an event in New Delhi? This hotel has 300 square feet (27 square meters) of space consisting of a conference center and a meeting room. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided for a surcharge (available 24 hours), and free valet parking is available onsite.Attractions
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
DLF Cyber City - 3.3 km / 2 mi
Ayyappa Temple - 4 km / 2.5 mi
Ambience Mall - 4.6 km / 2.8 mi
Central Mall - 4.7 km / 2.9 mi
DLF Phase II - 5 km / 3.1 mi
Palam Vihar - 6.6 km / 4.1 mi
Palam Vihar - 6.7 km / 4.2 mi
Golf Course Road - 6.9 km / 4.3 mi
Nelson Mandela Road - 7.1 km / 4.4 mi
Gurgaon Central Mall - 7.3 km / 4.5 mi
Sahara Mall - 7.3 km / 4.6 mi
Global Business Park - 7.4 km / 4.6 mi
Jawaharlal Nehru University - 8.1 km / 5.1 mi
Leisure Valley - 8.4 km / 5.2 mi
Fortis Hospital - 8.8 km / 5.5 mi
The preferred airport for The Umrao is Indira Gandhi Intl. Airport (DEL) - 6.6 km / 4.1 mi
Property Policies
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card, or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed Safety features at this property include a fire extinguisher, a security system, and a first aid kit This property advises that enhanced cleaning and guest safety measures are currently in place Disinfectant is used to clean the property; commonly-touched surfaces are cleaned with disinfectant between stays; bed sheets and towels are laundered at a temperature of at least 60°C/140°F Personal protective equipment, including masks and gloves, will be available to guests Social distancing measures are in place; staff at the property wear personal protective equipment; periodic temperature checks are conducted on staff; temperature checks are available to guests; guests are provided with hand sanitizer Each guestroom is kept vacant for a minimum of 24 hours between bookings Please note that cultural norms and guest policies may differ by country and by property; the policies listed are provided by the property Outside food is not permitted on the premises.
Front desk staff will greet guests on arrival. For more details, please contact the property using the information on the booking confirmation. 24-hour airport shuttle service is available on request. Fees may apply. Contact the property in advance to make arrangements. To register at this property, guests who are Indian citizens must provide a valid photo identity card issued by the Government of India. The proof of identity can be a valid driver's permit, valid passport or voter's identity card. A valid identity proof is required for all the guests sharing the room. Non Indian Residents are requested to present a valid passport along with a valid visa.
Important Information
Please note, there is important information about this property to know before you arrive.
- This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details 72 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- Christmas Eve (24 December) Gala Dinner per adult: INR 2499.00
- Christmas Eve (24 December) Gala Dinner per child: INR 2499.00
- New Year's Eve (31 December) Gala Dinner per adult: INR 3499.00
- New Year's Eve (31 December) Gala Dinner per child: INR 3499.00
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: INR 899 for adults and INR 899 for children (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: INR 1174 per vehicle (roundtrip)
- Crib (infant bed) fee: INR 1500.0 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: INR 1500.0 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- -Wedding services
- -Accessible bathroom
- -In-room accessibility
- -Designated smoking areas
- -Free newspapers in lobby
- -Television in common areas
- -Computer station
- -Roll-in shower
- -Restaurant
- -Bar/lounge
- -Breakfast available (surcharge)
- -Coffee shop or café
- -Luggage storage
- -Safe-deposit box at front desk
- -24-hour front desk
- -Concierge services
- -Free WiFi
- -Outdoor pool
- -Sauna
- -Steam room
- -Spa treatment room(s)
- -Fitness facilities
- -Garden
- -Laundry facilities
- -Dry cleaning/laundry service
- -Free self parking
- -Free long-term parking
- -24-hour business center
- -Conference center
- -One meeting room
- -Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- -Swimming pool
- -Tours/ticket assistance
- -Spa services on site
- -Full-service spa
- -Turkish bath/Hammam
- -Free valet parking
- -Conference space size (feet) - 300
- -Elevator
- -Airport transportation (surcharge)
- -Conference space size (meters) - 27
- -Wheelchair accessible path of travel
- -Wheelchair accessible parking


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Here is a interesting report by Franklin Lopez of the Vancouver Media Co-op that aired on Democracy Now! about the developing protests around the Winter Olympics which began in Vancouver today. To thwart positive coverage of the protests, Canada has stopped at least two American journalists from entering the country this week, including John Weston Osburn of Salt Lake City and Chicago radio journalist Martin Macias.
Seventy-five years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the anti-nuclear movement is taking big steps toward abolition.
"Prison By Any Other Name" authors Maya Schenwar and Victoria Law caution against quick-fix solutions and spotlight grassroots abolitionist movement building.
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The Man Who Makes Legal Highs - Meet Dr Zee


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In this TRACK [I] Introductory Course, Dr. Murphy teaches both SSA Cultures and Parents, how to recognize cross-gender spiritual disturbance; and educate Faith Leadership how to gracefully nurture, and counsel SSA cultures. Participants will learn how to recognize the sensitive and complex issues that Parents and loved-ones face and how to explain why "sexually questioning" teens must have the chance to voice their spiritual disturbance, explore their emotional/identity crisis by investigating the family system for healing plans options; instead of rejecting them; leaving them to hopelessly adopt a gay identity and choose to live a gay lifestyle. Faith Leaders, Teachers, and various other Social Service Providers will understand the process of intervention, deliverance, sanctification, traces of addictive behaviors, realistic transformation recovery expectations prevention counseling, and transformation aftercare tracking.
Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1Private


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Stratford Minor Baseball Association
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Village Signs is a series of caches based on the ornate signs that depict the heritage, history and culture of the villages that put them up.
Hinderclay is a village in the Mid Suffolk. The village is located around 14 miles from Bury St Edmunds in an area of rolling arable land to the south of the Little Ouse river valley. Neighbouring villages include Thelnetham and Rickinghall. In 2005 its population was 340. The parish also contains the hamlet of Thorpe Street.
The parish church is dedicated to St Mary and was thatched until 1842. Hinderclay Hall is to the south of the village. A tower mill used to stand in The Street. It was demolished either in 1920 or 1955. Two pubs used to exist in the village. First, the Bell (formerly Six Bells) The old pub was also located close to a bend in the road still known locally as 'Bells Corner' and secondly, the Crown.
Nearby, on the edge of Hinderclay wood, were found the remains of an early Iron Age settlement. Roman pottery kilns were found in the wood. The village was recorded in Domesday as "Hilderclea" (from the Anglo-Saxon for "tongue of land in a river where the elder grew").
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