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Mexican Communities Are Trying to Protect an Endangered Fir Forest
By Agustín del Castillo
For 20 years, the Colima fir tree (Abies colimensis) has been at the heart of many disputes to conserve the temperate forests of southern Jalisco, a state in central Mexico. Today, the future of this tree rests upon whether the area's avocado crops will advance further and whether neighboring communities will unite to protect it.
The Colima fir tree's distribution has been reduced to the area surrounding the Nevado de Colima volcano. In November 2019, Mexican authorities included the tree on a list of endangered species.
The Nevado de Colima volcano stands 4,260 meters (13,976 feet) above sea level. Agustín del Castillo
According to biologist José Villa Castillo, the director of Nevado de Colima National Park and Nevado de Colima Cloud Forest State Park, it is imperative to stop the commercialization of the tree's timber and to create policies that conserve the forests in which it lives. Villa Castillo also supported the inclusion of the tree on the endangered species list.
Villa Castillo acknowledged the enormous challenge of conserving this tree, and he said the pressure to exploit its timber without sustainable management is far from the only problem. The expansion of the nearby avocado industry also threatens its survival.
When allowed to grow, the Colima fir tree can become monumental: It can reach 60 meters (196 feet) in height and 2 m (6.5 ft) in diameter. To protect this giant, specialists and communities often promote ecotourism and conservation projects inside the national and state parks that surround the Nevado de Colima volcano.
Fires That Clear Land for Avocado Crops
In 2012, a group of researchers from the University of Guadalajara proposed to the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) the recognition of the A. colimensis as a unique species to differentiate it from the sacred fir (A. religiosa), which is the dominant fir tree in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, a collection of volcanoes in central Mexico.
The Colima fir tree "has extremely low genetic diversity; it has the lowest known genetic diversity among all the species in the Abies genus in Mesoamerica and one of the lowest among all the species of trees on the planet," according to the authors of the proposal to recognize the tree as an endangered species. The area it occupies "is very limited": just 15,002 hectares (37,071 acres), or 0.007% of the territory of Mexico.
The Nevado de Colima volcano, which stands 4,260 meters (13,976 feet) above sea level, is one of only eight peaks that exceed 4,000 m (13,123 ft) in Mexico. It is only 40 kilometers (25 miles) from the Pacific Ocean and is considered an "evolutionary island" because the ecosystems in its high-altitude areas drive unique adaptations in species and are cut off from other ecosystems by hundreds of kilometers. The Colima fir tree is an example of the area's biological differentiation, according to Libertad Arredondo, a researcher and expert on the ecology of high mountains.
The fir forests are mainly located in the middle of slopes or in ravines. Agustín del Castillo
Even though the tree has remained on that "evolutionary island," its situation has become increasingly complicated by the impact of deforestation, which was propelled by the issuance of permits for forest exploitation. Fires, started to convert the land to agriculture or other uses, also present a threat to the ecosystem, according to the experts who suggested the tree should be considered endangered.
The researchers said the tree's future prospects are further complicated by its slow growth rate, its high degree of genetic erosion, the effects of climate change, and the movement of clouds to higher altitudes. The position of clouds is crucial because they act as an essential source of moisture for fir trees.
Villa Castillo, an expert in pine genetics and reproduction, said the Colima fir tree has never been successfully reproduced in nurseries, which would likely make it impossible to conduct reforestation efforts to help repopulate the species.
The forests that contain the Colima fir tree are in cold, humid climates, with very little light reaching the understory, and they're mainly located in the middle of slopes or in ravines. The species thrives when surrounded by oak trees, coniferous trees and other types of vegetation common in mountainous cloud forests. The tree also requires a primary habitat with little disturbance from humans.
According to Villa Castillo, fire kills most Colima fir tree seedlings, as it kills seedlings of other species in the Abies genus. In recent years, more fires have been started in the forest to clear the way for avocado trees.
A tree and other vegetation in the cloud forest surrounding the Nevado de Colima volcano. Agustín del Castillo
Sonia Navarro Pérez, a researcher from the University of Guadalajara who has monitored and conducted biological inventories in the area, has seen firsthand how the growth of the avocado industry has led to the loss of important forested areas.
She described the case of the indigenous community of San José del Carmen, which is in the municipality of Zapotitlán de Vadillo, near one of the patches of forest.
"We were working with them to establish productive alternatives that are good for nature," Navarro Pérez said. "But when the avocado came, it overwhelmed us completely."
Since 2013, the coniferous forests around the Nevado de Colima volcano have lost nearly 6,600 hectares (16,300 acres) due to illegal logging, livestock rearing and intentionally set fires, according to Mexico's deforestation risk index developed by the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change.
A section of cloud forest in San José del Carmen, inside the state park created in 2009. Community members have been protecting the forest voluntarily for over two decades. Agustín del Castillo
"[What was once] an original area of 7,000 hectares [17,300 acres] of fir-specific forest is now cut in half," said Villa Castillo, the director of the Nevado de Colima national and state parks.
The expansion of the avocado crops is the most recent threat in a series of events that have negatively impacted the conservation of the forests in the area.
Between the 1940s and the 1990s, the Atenquique Industrial Company had exclusive rights to use the timber from these forests under a concession from the Mexican government. The result was "that the forests were skimmed — that is, they took the best parts," Villa Castillo said.
When the concession expired in 1995, the forests did not experience a transition to a sustainable timber extraction method. Those who, along with landowners who held small plots, had rights to the shared land were limited to selling the forested areas, at very low prices, to the new logging industries located in Ciudad Guzmán. "Then, there were many abuses against the communities. The money was given to the caciques" — families who have always controlled the shared land — "alms were left for the community, and our forests were very poorly managed," said Rafael González Merín, the former president of Huescalapa, a collective of communally owned farmland known as an ejido.
As a result, many residents of the community believe the solution is to conserve the forests with productive projects.
Communities Pitch in to Save Their Trees
Unlike the communities that have been overtaken by the avocado industry, Huescalapa has largely managed to resist its arrival. The community of shared land, which spans more than 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres), is home to pine and fir trees within its shady temperate forests.
The residents of Huescalapa have also set aside the proposals they've received from the forestry industry, which has expressed interest in buying their trees.
According to Gerardo Bernabé Aguayo, logging activity in this area of Jalisco "has been very negative because the industry has managed delicate areas — with very limited species — poorly, so we are supporting and launching projects with the communities." Bernabé Aguayo is the president of the board of trustees of Nevado de Colima and Adjacent Basins, a civil association created about 20 years ago after being promoted by the government of the state of Jalisco. To support the conservation of the national and state parks, the board has financing from the regional private sector.
The board manages about 6 million pesos ($268,000) contributed by the federal government in 2020. With resources from the private sector, it has been able to access an additional 1.5 million pesos ($67,000).
An area of fir trees that has been destroyed by logging. Agustín del Castillo
Rodrigo Cantera Hernández, the president of the El Alcázar Ecotourism Center, said that in Huescalapa, the caciques removed timber from the fir forests, "but they did not report any money to the other community members, so we fought to eject them and were able to do so a couple of years ago."
In Huescalapa, three main conflicts over timber have taken place in the past 20 years. First, in 1999, a group of community members sold part of the forest to a forestry industry from Ciudad Guzmán. A movement led by citizens put an end to the logging five months later.
Next, in 2012, environmental authorities granted permission for forest exploitation in these areas, so fir trees continued to be cut down. An opinion by the Institute of Environmental Law, a civil society organization, cited scientific evidence that demonstrated the uniqueness of mountain fir trees and forced SEMARNAT to withdraw these permissions.
The citizens of Huescalapa formed a cooperative to launch the El Alcázar Ecotourism Center. El Alcázar Ecotourism Center
Then, in 2015, a federal judge suspended a new authorization to exploit timber in the cloud forest.
For communities like Huescalapa to have economic options that do not involve the use of timber because of the detrimental effects that this may have on the remaining population of Colima fir trees, ecotourism and similar activities are promoted.
According to Bernabé Aguayo, the goal is for the natural forest to be conserved as "a key area for contemplation, enjoyment, the preservation of environmental services, and research."
In 2019, the cooperative in El Alcázar received 1 million pesos ($44,600), which allowed it to have the basic infrastructure for the ecotourism center. The cooperative may receive an additional 3 million pesos ($133,800) in 2020 to purchase more equipment and improve the roads, but support for this funding was blocked in a community assembly. "They have not understood that it is for the benefit of everyone, that it is not money for our pockets," said Cantera Hernández, the president of the cooperative.
In Huescalapa, one of the challenges that interferes with efforts to promote the ecotourism center is the division that exists between community members. Many seek to use the timber, but others are already convinced of the importance of conservation.
Villa Castillo, the director of the Nevado de Colima national and state parks, emphasized that projects similar to the El Alcázar Ecotourism Center are being promoted in San José del Carmen and Zapotitlán de Vadillo, which are very close to the border between the states of Jalisco and Colima.
María de la Luz Cortés Reyes, the leader of the Amixtlán cooperative, which was created in San José del Carmen. Agustín del Castillo
The Amixtlán Ecotourism Center is located in the community of San José del Carmen. A cluster of cabins marks the entrance to the cloud forest, designated a state park since 2009.
"We decided to protect our forest long before they declared the state park, 20 years before then," said María de la Luz Cortés Reyes, a community leader in San José del Carmen. She recalled that when loggers came with offers to buy the forest, members of the community believed that they offered very little payment and that "the damage [that the loggers left] was too much." For that reason, they decided "not to touch the forest, because it produces water for the crops and for our houses."
Cortés Reyes said the community was able to construct the ecotourism center because it had resources managed by the Nevado de Colima Cloud Forest State Park and by the Board of Trustees of Nevado de Colima and Adjacent Basins. However, she said it is important that more promotion is given to the area and that urgent problems, such as those with the water supply system, are resolved.
A view of the Nevado de Colima volcano from the Amixtlán Ecotourism Center in San José del Carmen. Agustín del Castillo
In the community of Zapotitlán de Vadillo, citizens also promoted the Puerta de la Hacienda Ecotourism Center, where administrators support the biocultural production of mezcal, an alcoholic beverage made from agave. The drink is made by two mezcaleros, or people who are experts in creating mezcal: Marcario Partida from Zapotitlán de Vadillo, and Rosario Pineda from Tetapán, a small community in Zapotitlán de Vadillo.
Other productive projects that are promoted in the communities include the organic production of eggs, such as by Efigenia Larios, a small producer from the community of El Tecuán. Additionally, the shared land communities of Zapotitlán de Vadillo, San José del Carmen and Huescalapa are provided with equipment for fire prevention and materials to help restore the forest soil.
Artists have painted murals that shine a spotlight on forest conservation in San José del Carmen and Zapotitlán de Vadillo.
The intention of these efforts is to allow those who own land or have rights on this fragile mountain to "understand that there are other options besides logging, and that they, too, can generate development," said Arredondo, the researcher who specializes in the ecology of high mountains.
Despite the strong pressure for land use changes brought by the avocado agroindustry and fostered by the high level of impunity that often prevails in rural areas, many of the area's landowners continue to search for a model in which their forests can remain standing.
"Many neighbors say that we are foolish for not wanting to sell this beautiful forest that we have, but that money only lasts for a short time," said José Avalo Lino, a farmer in San José del Carmen. "We are so certain of [the importance of] preventing logging that, long before the declaration of the natural protected area, our community assembly had already decided to save this forest. We will continue to be 'foolish' in this decision."
Reposted with permission from Mongabay.
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By Gavin Naylor
Sharks elicit outsized fear, even though the risk of a shark bite is infinitesimally small. As a marine biologist and director of the Florida Program for Shark Research, I oversee the International Shark Attack File – a global record of reported shark bites that has been maintained continuously since 1958.
A Big, Diverse Family
Not all sharks are the same. Only a dozen or so of the roughly 520 shark species pose any risk to people. Even the three species that account for almost all shark bite fatalities – the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) – are behaviorally and evolutionarily very different from one another.

The tiger shark and bull shark are genetically as different from each other as a dog is from a rabbit. And both of these species are about as different from a white shark as a dog is from a kangaroo. The evolutionary lineages leading to the two groups split 170 million years ago, during the age of dinosaurs and before the origin of birds, and 110 million years before the origin of primates.

White, tiger and bull sharks are distinct species that diverged genetically tens of millions of years ago. Gavin Naylor / CC BY-ND
Yet many people assume all sharks are alike and equally likely to bite humans. Consider the term "shark attack," which is scientifically equivalent to "mammal attack." Nobody would equate dog bites with hamster bites, but this is exactly what we do when it comes to sharks.

So, when a reporter calls me about a fatality caused by a white shark off Cape Cod and asks my advice for beachgoers in North Carolina, it's essentially like asking, "A man was killed by a dog on Cape Cod. What precautions should people take when dealing with kangaroos in North Carolina?"

Know Your Species
Understanding local species' behavior and life habits is one of the best ways to stay safe. For example, almost all shark bites that occur off Cape Cod are by white sharks, which are a large, primarily cold-water species that spend most of their time in isolation feeding on fishes. But they also aggregate near seal colonies that provide a reliable food source at certain times of the year.

Shark bites in the Carolinas are by warm-water species like bull sharks, tiger sharks and blacktips (Carcharhinus limbatus). Each species is associated with particular habitats and dietary preferences.

Blacktips, which we suspect are responsible for most relatively minor bites on humans in the southeastern United States, feed on schooling bait fishes like menhaden. In contrast, bull sharks are equally at home in fresh water and salt water, and are often found near estuaries. Their bites are more severe than those of blacktips, as they are larger, more powerful, bolder and more tenacious. Several fatalities have been ascribed to bull sharks.

Tiger sharks are also large, and are responsible for a significant fraction of fatalities, particularly off the coast of volcanic islands like Hawaii and Reunion. They are tropical animals that often venture into shallow water frequented by swimmers and surfers.

Humans Are Not Targets
Sharks do not "hunt" humans. Data from the International Shark Attack File compiled over the past 60 years show a tight association between shark bites and the number of people in the water. In other words, shark bites are a simple function of the probability of encountering a shark.

This underscores the fact that shark bites are almost always cases of mistaken identity. If sharks actively hunted people, there would be many more bites, since humans make very easy targets when they swim in sharks' natural habitats.

Local conditions can also affect the risk of an attack. Encounters are more likely when sharks venture closer to shore, into areas where people are swimming. They may do this because they are following bait fishes or seals upon which they prey.

This means we can use environmental variables such as temperature, tide or weather conditions to better predict movement of bait fish toward the shoreline, which in turn will predict the presence of sharks. Over the next few years, the Florida Program for Shark Research will work with colleagues at other universities to monitor onshore and offshore movements of tagged sharks and their association with environmental variables so that we can improve our understanding of what conditions bring sharks close to shore.

More to Know
There still is much to learn about sharks, especially the 500 or so species that have never been implicated in a bite on humans. One example is the tiny deep sea pocket shark, which has a strange pouch behind its pectoral fins.

Only two specimens of this type of shark have ever been caught – one off the coast of Chile 30 years ago, and another more recently in the Gulf of Mexico. We're not sure about the function of the pouch, but suspect it stores luminous fluid that is released to distract would-be predators – much as its close relative, the tail light shark, releases luminous fluid from a gland on its underside near its vent.

Sharks range in form from the bizarre goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni), most commonly encountered in Japan, to the gentle filter-feeding whale shark (Rhincodon typus). Although whale sharks are the largest fishes in the world, we have yet to locate their nursery grounds, which are likely teeming with thousands of foot-long pups. Some deepwater sharks are primarily known from submersibles, such as the giant sixgill shark, which feeds mainly on carrion but probably also preys on other animals in the deep sea.

Sharks seem familiar to almost all of us, but we know precious little about them. Our current understanding of their biology barely scratches the surface. The little we do know suggests they are profoundly different from other vertebrate animals. They've had 400 million years of independent evolution to adapt to their environments, and it's reasonable to expect they may be hiding more than a few tricks up their gills.

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Should Plants and Animals That Relocate Because of Climate Change Be Considered Invasive?
By Jenny Morber
Caribbean corals sprout off Texas. Pacific salmon tour the Canadian Arctic. Peruvian lowland birds nest at higher elevations.
Known and anticipated changes in species distribution due to climate change around the world have implications for culture, society ecosystems, governance and climate change. Figure used with permission from Gretta T. Pecl, originally published on 31 Mar 2017 in Science 355(6332).
How we define species is critical, because these definitions influence perceptions, policy and management. The U.S. National Invasive Species Council (NISC) defines a biological invasion as "the process by which non-native species breach biogeographical barriers and extend their range" and states that "preventing the introduction of potentially harmful organisms is … the first line of defense." But some say excluding newcomers is myopic.

"If you were trying to maintain the status quo, so every time a new species comes in, you chuck it out," says Camille Parmesan, director of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, you could gradually "lose so many that that ecosystem will lose its coherence." If climate change is driving native species extinct, she says, "you need to allow new ones coming in to take over those same functions."

As University of Florida conservation ecologist Brett Scheffers and Pecl warned in a 2019 paper in Nature Climate Change, "past management of redistributed species … has yielded mixed actions and results." They concluded that "we cannot leave the fate of biodiversity critical to human survival to be randomly persecuted, protected or ignored."

Existing Tools
One approach to managing these climate-driven habitat shifts, suggested by University of California, Irvine marine ecologist Piper Wallingford and colleagues in a recent issue of Nature Climate Change, is for scientists to adapt existing tools like the Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT) to assess potential risks associated with moving species. Because range-shifting species pose impacts to communities similar to those of species introduced by humans, the authors argue, new management strategies are unnecessary, and each new arrival can be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Karen Lips, a professor of biology at University of Maryland who was not associated with the study, echoes the idea that each case is so varied and nuanced that trying to fit climate shifting species into a single category with broad management goals may be impractical. "Things may be fine today, but add a new mosquito vector or add a new tick or a new disease, and all of a sudden things spiral out of control," she says. "The nuance means that the answer to any particular problem might be pretty different."

In recent years, northern flying squirrels in Canada have found themselves in the company of new neighbors — southern flying squirrels expanding their range as the climate warms. Public Domain / USFW
Laura Meyerson, a professor in the Department of Natural Resources Science at the University of Rhode Island says scientists should use existing tools to identify and address invasive species to deal with climate-shifting species. "I would like to operate under the precautionary principle and then reevaluate as things shift. You're sort of shifting one piece in this machinery; as you insert a new species into a system, everything is going to respond," she says. "Will some of the species that are expanding their ranges because of climate change become problematic? Perhaps they might."

The reality is that some climate-shifting species may be harmful to some conservation or economic goals while being helpful to others. While sport fisherman are excited about red snapper moving down the East Coast of Australia, for example, if they eat juvenile lobsters in Tasmania they could harm this environmentally and economically important crustacean. "At the end of the day … you're going to have to look at whether that range expansion has some sort of impact and presumably be more concerned about the negative impacts," says NISC executive director Stas Burgiel. "Many of the [risk assessment] tools we have are set up to look at negative impact." As a result, positive effects may be deemphasized or overlooked. "So that notion of cost versus benefit … I don't think it has played out in this particular context."

Location, Location, Location
In a companion paper to Wallingford's, University of Connecticut ecology and evolutionary biology associate professor Mark Urban stressed key differences between invasive species, which are both non-native and harmful, and what he calls "climate tracking species." Whereas invasive species originate from places very unlike the communities they overtake, he says, climate tracking species expand from largely similar environments, seeking to follow preferred conditions as these environments move. For example, an American pika may relocate to a higher mountain elevation, or a marbled salamander might expand its New England range northward to seek cooler temperatures, but these new locations are not drastically different than the places they had called home before.

Climate tracking species may move faster than their competitors at first, Urban says, but competing species will likely catch up. "Applying perspectives from invasion biology to climate-tracking species … arbitrarily chooses local winners over colonizing losers," he writes.

The marbled salamander, a native of the eastern U.S., is among species whose range could expand northward to accommodate rising temperatures. Seánín Óg / Flickr / CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Urban stresses that if people prevent range shifts, some climate-tracking species may have nowhere to go. He suggests that humans should even facilitate movement as the planet warms. "The goal in this crazy warming world is to keep everything alive. But it may not be in the same place," Urban says.

Parmesan echoes Urban, emphasizing it's the distance that makes the difference. "[Invasives] come from a different continent or a different ocean. You're having these enormous trans-global movements and that's what ends up causing the species that's exotic to be invasive," she says. "Things moving around with climate change is a few hundred miles. Invasive species are moving a few thousand miles."

In 2019 University of Vienna conservation biology associate professor Franz Essl published a similar argument for species classification beyond the native/non-native dichotomy. Essl uses "neonatives" to refer to species that have expanded outside their native areas and established populations because of climate change but not direct human agency. He argues that these species should be considered as native in their new range.

They Never Come Alone
Meyerson calls for caution. "I don't think we should be introducing species" into ecosystems, she says. "I mean, they never come alone. They bring all their friends, their microflora, and maybe parasites and things clinging to their roots or their leaves. … It's like bringing some mattress off the street into your house."

Burgiel warns that labeling can have unintended consequences. We in the invasive species field … focus on non-native species that cause harm," he says. "Some people think that anything that's not native is invasive, which isn't necessarily the case." Because resources are limited and land management and conservation are publicly funded, Burgiel says, it is critical that the public understands how the decisions are being made.

Piero Genovesi, chair of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Invasive Species Specialist Group, sees the debate about classification — and therefore about management — as a potential distraction from more pressing conservation issues.

"The real bulk of conservation is that we want to focus on the narrow proportion of alien species that are really harmful," he says. In Hawaii "we don't discuss species that are there [but aren't] causing any problem because we don't even have the energy for dealing with them all. And I can tell you, no one wants to remove [non-native] cypresses from Tuscany. So, I think that some of the discussions are probably not so real in the work that we do in conservation."

Indigenous frameworks offer another way to look at species searching for a new home in the face of climate change. According to a study published in Sustainability Science in 2018 by Dartmouth Native American studies and environmental studies associate professor Nicholas Reo, a citizen of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, and Dartmouth anthropology associate professor Laura Ogden, some Anishnaabe people view plants as persons and the arrival of new plants as a natural form of migration, which is not inherently good or bad. They may seek to discover the purpose of new species, at times with animals as their teachers. In their paper Reo and Ogden quote Anishnaabe tribal chairman Aaron Payment as saying, "We are an extension of our natural environment; we're not separate from it."

The Need for Collaboration
The successful conservation of Earth's species in a way that keeps biodiversity functional and healthy will likely depend on collaboration. Without global agreements, one can envision scenarios in which countries try to impede high-value species from moving beyond their borders, or newly arriving species are quickly overharvested.

In Nature Climate Change, Sheffers and Pecl call for a Climate Change Redistribution Treaty that would recognize species redistribution beyond political boundaries and establish governance to deal with it. Treaties already in place, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which regulates trade in wild plants and animals; the Migratory Bird Treaty Act; and the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, can help guide these new agreements.

"We are living through the greatest redistribution of life on Earth for … potentially hundreds of thousands of years, so we definitely need to think about how we want to manage that," Pecl says.

Genovesi agrees that conservationists need a vision for the future. "What we do is more to be reactive [to known threats]. … It's so simple to say that destroying the Amazon is probably not a good idea that you don't need to think of a step ahead of that." But, he adds, "I don't think we have a real answer in terms of okay, this is a threshold of species, or this is the temporal line where we should aim to." Defining a vision for what success would look like, Genovesi says, "is a question that hasn't been addressed enough by science and by decision makers."

At the heart of these questions are values. "All of these perceptions around what's good and what's bad, all [are based on] some kind of value system," Pecl says. "As a whole society, we haven't talked about what we value and who gets to say what's of value and what isn't."

This is especially important when it comes to marginalized voices, and Pecl says she is concerned because she doesn't "think we have enough consideration or representation of Indigenous worldviews." Reo and colleagues wrote in American Indian Quarterly in 2017 that climate change literature and media coverage tend to portray native people as vulnerable and without agency. Yet, says Pecl, "The regions of the world where [biodiversity and ecosystems] are either not declining or are declining at a much slower rate are Indigenous controlled" — suggesting that Indigenous people have potentially managed species more effectively in the past, and may be able to manage changing species distributions in a way that could be informative to others working on these issues.

Meanwhile, researchers such as Lips see species classification as native or other as stemming from a perspective that there is a better environmental time and place to return to. "There is no pristine, there's no way to go back," says Lips. "The entire world is always very dynamic and changing. And I think it's a better idea to consider just simply what is it that we do want, and let's work on that."

Biologist Egor Kirillin is on a special mission. Deep in the Siberian wilderness in the Russian Republic of Sakha, he waits on the Olenjok river until reindeer come thundering into the water.
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text:
Hi All, Currently I am facing the above issue, ours is distributed system with search head pooling configuration setup. Before the search head F5 load balancer is configured to balance the User traffic hitting the search head.
Splunk Version 6.0.3.
Issue -
I have validate the splunkd process running in both the search head instances, but still in F5 load balancer it showing down and also when one of the splunkd process were stopped its not switching to the other splunk instances automatically. But not sure what algorithm or configuration has been done in F5 side. But before going to F5 team I need to check from splunk side for this issue. So kindly guide me what are the configuration file should verified in Splunk.
If you can load the search head by hostname in a broswer the same as the others then odds are the F5 simply cannot talk to the search head. My guess, firewall/vlan rules.
Was this working earlier? Check if the F5 is redirecting traffic to correct Splunk web port.
Unfortunately you need to know exactly how the F5 is configured because it sounds like it isnt properly configured.
You should have a "front end" VIP listening on some port (usually 8000, but could be whatever you desire) with a backend pool of splunk search head instances listening on your splunk web port (usually 8000), and load balancing based on cookie persistence. You should be using the sessionid{splunk web port number} cookie for the application cookie based persistence.
You should also have health checks based on your splunk web port number.
Hi All thanks for your inputs on this issue, I had tried to access the URL individually but it failed, I am able to access one of the Splunk search head URL instance which is showing up in the F5 balancer.
https ://hostname.xxx.com:8443 --- splunk search head 1 (Status showing UP in F5)
https://hostname.xxx.com:8443 --- splunk search head 2 (Status showing down in F5)
I am getting page can not be displayed error
How / where to find the web port /URL configuration details for accessing the search head.
thanks in advance
you can log onto the search head and run a few commands that will shed light.
./splunk list web-port
Will show what the current configured web port is
netstat -an
Will show if the server is indeed listening on that web port
./splunk btool web list --debug
Will help to show which web.conf file is setting the server port
thanks jkat54, after executing the below command on both the server, I got this output
Search head 1 :
./splunk btool web list --debug
/splunksearchpool/etc/apps/ADMIN-allsearchheads/default/web.conf httpport = 8443
/splunksearchpool/etc/apps/ADMIN-allsearchheads/default/web.conf trustedIP = 10.140.x.x,10.140.x.x,127.0.0.1,168.133.x.x,168.133.x.x,168.133.x.x,168.133.x.x,168.133.x.x,168.133.x.x
search head 2 :
./splunk btool web list --debug
/opt/splunk/etc/system/default/web.conf httpport = 8000
After executing the above commands, I could see that search head 1 is listening to the port 8443 and where as search head 2 listening to the port 8000.
when executed this url https://search head1.xxxx.com:8443 - able to access and login
where as for search head 2, i am able to access using http://search head2.xxxx.com:8000 but unable to login.
Similarly when execute nestat -an , I could see that search head is listening to the port 8443 where as the search head2 its not listening to any ports mentioned in web.conf file.
Kindly guide me how to fix this issue so that I can able to access both the search head and sync with each other.
thanks in advance.
Hi All, Can you guide us on this issue, as we need to make both the splunk search head up URL link up and running in our environment. Currently only one search head is accessible. thanks in advance.
looks like search head 2 is down
Try these commands as the splunk user
/opt/splunk/bin/splunk status <- might tell you its not running
/opt/splunk/bin/splunk restart <- might tell you an error during the startup
Any reason why sh1 has sso enabled and runs on different port? Shouldnt they be in sync?
Hi Jkat thanks for your effort on this, I have checked both splunk status and found to be up and running fine. Even checked with the F5 team and they told me that its configured with Round Robin method and its listen to 8443.
Status of search head 1 (root user)
./splunk status
splunkd is running (PID: 26667).
splunk helpers are running (PIDs: 26668).
splunkweb is running (PID: 26702).
status of search head 2 (root user)
./splunk status
splunkd is running (PID: 31308).
splunk helpers are running (PIDs: 31309).
splunkweb is running (PID: 31372).
I am not sure why the search head is listening to different port. Can you guide me how to make this sync with the same port number.
thanks in advance.

subset: commoncrawl


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VarroJet - US version
VarroJet is our newest oxalic acid vaporizer designed for commercial beekeeper or beekeeper with more hives.
Our new model VarroJet is heated by gas from bayonet type of cartridge. It features a rotating carousel with cups for 6 or 8 colonies. Smoke vaporized acid is cocky with a small fan into a beehive. The parts are from aluminium or stainless steel. Evaporation time 2 grams of acid is about 30 seconds. Gas cartridge type is bayonet.
Technical information:
Scale : 1,5 kg
Torch power: 1,8 to 2,25 KW
Time to vaporize 2 gram of OA: approx 30 až 40 second
Gas type: bayonet
Fan power: 3xAAA
Price by design:
6x stainless version : 6000,- incl. VAT
8x stainless version : 7000,- incl. VAT
On sale since October 2016 - the possibility of ordering via email or phone.


text:
Chaba Fadela
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chaba Fadela (born Fadela Zalmat, Oran, Algeria, 5 February 1962) is an Algerian raï musician and actress.
Raised in a poor neighborhood, she starred in the Algerian film Djalti at the age of 14. She launched her musical career as a singer in Boutiba S'ghir's band and began recording with producer Rachid Baba Ahmed in the late 1970s. She was the first woman to defy the ban on women singing in clubs, and she quickly reached great success in Algeria.
She met and married Cheb Sahraoui, and the pair began recording together as a duo, starting in 1983 with "N'sel Fik (You Are Mine)", which became one of the first international raï hit records. An album of songs from those sessions was released by Mango/Island/PolyGram Records in 1989. Fadela and Sahraoui toured internationally and recorded widely in the 1980s, with further success. While in New York in 1993 they recorded the album Walli with producer and multi-instrumentalist Bill Laswell. They relocated from Algeria to France in 1994.
In the late 1990s, the professional and personal relationship between Fadela and Sahraoui broke down, and since then Fadela has continued to work as a solo singer.


text:
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text: Site: ABCwon't play on ABC app. Code 023-01-006-037-417 Add new comment Comments my Apple TV ABC app almost ALWAYS has a problem. Today it is code 023 01 006 037 417 when trying to watch bachelor in paradise. reply Add new comment Your name * E-mail * The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Comment * Notify me when new comments are posted LFMFEn Enter the code above * Enter the code without spaces.


text:
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text:
Article content
Q: My strawberries have become hard and/or deformed and I was told that you had a column on this problem. I tried to find the column but couldn't, and ran into something that wanted to know if I was a robot! Can you help me?
A: Your question made me go and check out the link to my previous columns at edmontonjournal.com/filipski. The link worked fine, so I'm not sure where you ran into being questioned as to your being a human or robot. Regardless, we addressed this issue in a previous column but it is certainly worthwhile to revisit the problem.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
Salvage strawberries by keeping them bug-free Back to video
The strawberry issue might be caused by an insect called the tarnished plant bug, or Lygus lineolaris. That would be my best guess. The little critters feed on the flowers, causing the fruit to deform when it grows. The deformed strawberries might have a dried-out appearance at the end, and that might explain the hardness you referred to.
There are two eco-friendly solutions to the problem. First, many broadleaf weeds can act as alternate hosts for the bugs, so eliminating those hosts would be a good place to start. Creeping Charlie, chickweed and dandelion are some of the most common broadleaf weeds that can serve as hosts for the tarnished plant bug. Second, you can cover your strawberries with a floating row cover to keep the insects off. However, if you find that you are still having a problem after trying these methods then a soil analysis might be called for.


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I don't like to play favorites…but maternity sessions with a beautiful red head on our family farm at sunset (even without sun)….? It's a little hard not to! I adored this session, and tend to adore maternity sessions in general. I don't actually shoot a lot of them- I think a lot of women feel really uncomfortable during pregnancy, especially during the end of it, and just are not in the mood to be photographed, which I get from having been there…twice! But I just want to grab them by the shoulders, look them in the eye, and say "Sister! I have been there, and I get it! But you are carrying LIFE!"! Not to be too cheesy or anything. But it is an AMAZING thing, and a gift you can give to your children that will mean something INCREDIBLE to them. I would give so much to see a picture of my mom pregnant with me! Ok off my soap box! 🙂 Hannah and Derek met me last week on a warm evening to wander in the fields and it was absolutely magical! Hannah is a stunning pregnant woman, and they were just so sweet together and I could not be more thrilled that I will be photographing their new baby boy in a few weeks when he arrives. I absolutely adore these images. This little man is going to be LOVED and it is absolutely beautiful to see. Meet Hannah and Derek!
Um, this on the left? LOVE it!
Girlfriend, seriously?! So beautiful!
Ok all of these in the grass are just my favorites…some of my favorites EVER.
Hannah gets a dimple and a nose crinkle you will see later when she really gets laughing…love it!
Love this!
So cute!!
You guys…I cannot wait for September! Or August, if Derek is right! 😉 Hope you love these favorites!


text:
Yo! I'm Sunil from Sacramento, CA. I'm currently a college student studying Psychology and Public Health. In my free time I like to shoot hoops and go to concerts. Favorite genres: hip-hop, bedroom pop, RNB, and indie. Favorite artists: Mac Miller, Berhana, Summer Salt, Frank Ocean, Yeek, Omar Apollo.
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text:
I made a "collection" out of my sermon illustration resources. There are 14 of them, all bought from Logos. When I do a basic "search all text" in my illustration collection of books, I get no results, no matter what word I type or how I format. . .
Logos experts--vhat am I doing wrong? Called logos support--no help.
Logos Bible Software 6.4 SR-16.4.0.0046
OS X Yosemite10.10.4MacBook Pro Retina, 15 inch, Mid 2014
Is the index still running?
Can you perform searches of other resources? For example does a search all resources instead of the collection does it return expected results?
If you can, something else is happening. If you cannot then it is likely an index problem and you would need to rebuild the index.
Logging Tool
Try the "Rebuild Index" command in Logos, let everything re-index and then try it. Let me know if that works.
Thanks gurus---rebuilding the index did the trick, however, rebuilding the index seems stuck at the 99% point.
Kill the indexer process, setup logging then restart Logos. If it gets stuck again upload the zipped logs as described.
Windows 10 & Android 8


text:
Work Text:
"Thage," Retica says, fidgeting awkwardly as she picks up the collar, "are you sure this is the only way?"
"Don't be difficult," Thage answers. She has to stand on tiptoes to buckle the collar around his neck, but then she keeps her hands there for a minute, and murmurs something under her breath that makes the air crackle and Retica's hair stand on end. "Duphaston is hiding something from me. I need a chance to investigate his library, and these parties of his are the only time we can be sure his attention will be fully occupied elsewhere."
"What did you just do to me?" Retica asks. He reaches for the collar, and then yanks his hand away again when it burns his fingers. "Thage!"
She smiles up at him. "You're my property," she says. "The collar makes that obvious. The spell will prevent anyone else from removing it. That's all."
Retica wants to argue, like he always does when she says stuff like that. But she sounds impatient, and she'll probably just hurt him if he complains now. "I just hope this is worth it," he says instead.
"It will be," Thage says. "I'm close to finding the Eternal Poison, Retica." Her expression changes, her eyes pleading, and that's the part that makes it hard for him to resist her, not the punishment. "I just need your help."
"Okay," Retica says.
Thage locks a chain leash to the front of the collar, and then hands him a heavy cloak he can wear to hide the fact that he's naked. It'll still be plenty obvious that something isn't right, if she's going to be holding his leash all the way from Twilight's Rest to the count's manor, but maybe in Isapolis people won't care. Everything here is creepy anyway.
It's cold outside, and half-dark like always. Retica hugs the cloak tight around himself and follows Thage up the cobbled street. She's moving fast, so he has to hurry to keep the leash from pulling tight. She didn't have to change her clothes at all for this. Her black velvet and high boots are apparently the right kind of costume for the role she's playing already.
When they reach the manor, the door opens before they've even knocked, and one of the count's koona blinks up at them. "Emoclew!" it says, waving one stubby paw. Retica thinks probably it would be smiling, if bears could do that. "Ytrap eht rof ereh uoy era?"
"We are," Thage says. She hands the koona a stiff white card. "At the count's invitation."
"Ni emoc, ni emoc!" the koona says, pulling the door open wider and stepping back. Thage and Retica step inside. The koona closes the door, and then holds out its paws for Retica's cloak.
Retica fidgets. "Do I have to?" he asks. Thage raises a warning eyebrow, and he flinches a little. He takes off the cloak. The koona won't care, right?
It sniffs the air as it takes the cloak, though. "Reti, yako uoy era?"
He opens his mouth to answer, and Thage says, "He's fine. Don't give me a reason to complain to the count about your services."
The koona squeaks, and flees with Retica's cloak.
"You're going to be trouble if I leave you to your own devices, aren't you?" she says. "You aren't to speak to anyone. You're here as my slave." She produces something black and strappy from somewhere -- more magic, maybe? -- and says, "Open your mouth."
"Thage," Retica says, "I won't --"
"Now," Thage says, and the power of the oath she put on him snaps along his nerves. Retica opens his mouth, and Thage fits the thing she's holding into it. He tastes leather, and his mouth feels full, his tongue pressed down by the thick bulb. Thage wraps the straps around his head and fastens them snugly. "There. Can you speak?"
Retica tries, but all he can manage is an awkward moaning sound. He can't close his jaw or move his tongue enough to make words. He shakes his head.
"Good. This way," Thage says. Her heels click sharply on the marble floors as she leads Retica through the manor, and he wonders if she's been here before; she seems to know her way around pretty well.
The party is happening in a big room in the back of the manor. They walk in, and Retica stumbles a little, eyes wide as he tries to take it all in. There's music playing from somewhere, and at least half the people he's seen in the Libertine or in Twilight's Rest seem to be there -- most of them at least partly undressed, a lot of them touching each other. There's a rack on one side of the room, with one of the twins from Peluna tied to it. Retica can't see which one from here, just sees blond hair and tattooed limbs shuddering every time the woman standing in front of the rack lashes out with her whip. There are majin in one corner, even, pinned down by the bright spears of binding light. As Retica watches, a man pushes his cock into the mouth of a kneeling lapis sylph.
Retica whimpers, and tugs on his leash. Thage hushes him, and steps forward, extending her free hand to offer it to their host as he walks up to greet them.
"I'm so glad to see you, my princess," Duphaston says, bowing over Thage's hand. His eyes are bright, predatory green. "I've been hoping you would accept my invitation. And yet -- the Guiding Sage has not come with you?"
"He said he wasn't interested," Thage says. She nods to Retica. "But I don't come entirely without offerings."
Duphaston looks Retica up and down, arching an eyebrow theatrically. "Ah," he says, "a rare treat, indeed. I doubt many of my guests have had the pleasure of sampling a heretic."
Thage laughs brightly. "Have I managed to bring you a luxury you haven't yet enjoyed?" she asks. She hands the end of the leash to Duphaston. "Then please, do try him. I insist. You'll find that neither his collar nor his gag can be removed, but I don't mind if you want to add...further embellishments."
"My princess is too kind," Duphaston says. "Will you assist me, or would you prefer simply to watch?"
"In a little while, perhaps," Thage says. "I'd like to look around first, and see what other entertainments your friends are enjoying. Please don't feel you need to wait on my account."
Retica watches the back and forth; he thinks Duphaston looks suspicious, but he's not sure. He shifts a little, uncomfortable, and for some reason that makes Duphaston smile broadly.
"I'll do my best not to wear him out before you return to my side," Duphaston murmurs. He pulls on the leash, and Retica takes a nervous step toward him. "This way, boy," he says.
He leads the way further into the room, into the middle of the revelers. Retica's nerves are already strung taut -- Thage has made him do...a lot of stuff for her by now, even some of the stuff that the people here are doing to each other, but never out in public like this. And Duphaston seems to want to do it where everyone can see.
"Frightened?" Duphaston asks, tilting Retica's chin up. Retica shakes his head, glaring. "Good. You needn't be, so long as you're as entertaining as your mistress has promised. Now, I'd like you to kneel."
Retica fidgets for a second, but he obeys before Duphaston has to tell him a second time. He can't see Thage anymore. He hopes it doesn't take long for her to find what she's looking for.
Duphaston kneels with him, and fastens the other end of Retica's leash to an eyebolt set in the floor. Retica tries not to let himself act nervous. He won't be able to stand up like this -- the leash isn't long enough. He can still move a little, but only as long as he's on his knees. His face gets hot. Duphaston would probably like that, seeing him crawl.
For now, Duphaston pulls Retica into his lap, facing away from him, so Retica can see what other people are doing while the count's hands pet and stroke him all over. He keeps trying not to look at the majin, but he can't help himself. There's a velox pinned on its elbows and knees, being mounted from behind. The man using the lapis sylph is fucking its mouth so roughly that Retica's almost glad Thage gagged him. At least he won't have to cooperate for that.
Duphaston's touch is light, teasing, playing with Retica's cock and balls. Retica squirms in his lap, moaning. "You are charming," Duphaston purrs in his ear. "I thought she'd have much more trouble taming you, but you're really quite pliant, aren't you?"
Retica clenches his fist for a second, then makes himself relax. Thage needs him to do this. He moans again, and pushes into Duphaston's hands.
"Good boy," Duphaston says. He spills Retica out of his lap, onto the floor. "Now wait right here. I'll be right back."
As Duphaston walks away, Retica catches himself reaching for his own cock, and stops in embarrassment. He shouldn't be enjoying this so much that he actually wants anything. He can hear a boy's voice crying out in climax somewhere behind him, and squirms.
"Please don't stop on my account," Duphaston says. "You do make a lovely showpiece. Here. Allow me to assist you with that." He spreads Retica's thighs, slipping leather cuffs around each one just above the knee. The cuffs fasten to either end of a polished black bar, so that Retica can no longer close his legs. He whimpers. Any position he took now would leave him on display -- and as Duphaston presses him down, into a pose like the velox's, they do start to attract an audience. A few of the men at the party come to watch Duphaston oil and stretch his ass, and Retica wonders if he should be grateful for the training Thage has put him through, the toys she's made him wear.
He still moans pitifully when Duphaston's cock fills him, bowing his head so he won't see the men watching as they start to stroke themselves. He still hears it clearly enough, though, when one of them says, "Really, count, you do earn your reputation. Where did you find such a creature?"
"Ah, this one isn't mine," Duphaston answers, fucking Retica with slow, lazy strokes. "He's been generously provided by a dear friend. Exciting, isn't it?"
The other man laughs. "That's one word for it," he says.
"Would you like him after me?" Duphaston asks. "I'm afraid I can't free his mouth for you, but I have no intention of monopolizing him all evening."
"Touch a heretic?" the man asks. "I think not." Retica tenses angrily again, and then tries to relax when he realizes that of course Duphaston will be able to feel it.
"I'd take a turn with that," the man on Retica's other side says. "Pretty little ass like that, I'd bet he's tight."
Duphaston hums, stroking Retica's thigh possessively. "Sinfully," he says. "You won't be disappointed."
The first man who'd spoken steps closer. His boots are the white-and-purple of the church's dark order. "Look at me, heretic," he says, nudging Retica's chin with the toe of one boot.
Retica looks up, tilting his head back, to see the man's hand working his cock quickly and efficiently, the head flushed dark with arousal in his pale fist. The motion is ruthless, determined in a way that reminds Retica of Thage, and he knows where this is headed but he's trying to be...entertaining, so he stays put and keeps watching until the man in the priest costume finishes and splatters come all over his face.
"That does look nice," says the man who was waiting. "Damn shame we can't have his mouth, too."
"My apologies for keeping you waiting," Duphaston says, and a minute later he shudders and goes still. "Please, help yourself." He pulls out, and the other man laughs as he walks around to take Duphaston's place.
The second man's cock is much thicker than Duphaston's, big enough that Retica squirms uncomfortably, trying to get away when it first fills him. He can't struggle very much with the bar holding him spread, though, and it's easier to just stop fighting and let the man have him. After the second man finishes with him there's a third, who calls him names in a low, hissing voice the entire time, and then a fourth, who says nothing at all. He's getting sore by the time the fourth man lets him go, and he feels like a mess, a sticky mixture of oil and come dripping down over his balls and the insides of his thighs. What's taking Thage so long?
After a break that seems entirely too short, he feels another touch run down his back, and a woman's low, smoky voice says, "They've warmed you up, have they?" Retica has to think for a moment before he places the voice: it's Archaya, the mistress of the Traviata House. He cringes a little.
She drips more oil into the crack of his ass, and Retica squirms at the sensation. She laughs, the sound harsh and short. "Don't fight," she says. Retica nods. He knows he doesn't have a lot of choice.
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He's a bastard, but Retica doesn't fight.


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People Can Fly Is Staffing up for a Next-Gen Action Adventure to Follow Outriders
After it finishes up another shooter, the studio's moving on to something new.
Unreal Engine 4.25 Offers "Initial Support" For PS5 and Xbox Series X
With new consoles on the horizon, Epic's Unreal Engine begins to more fully support those platforms.
"Outriders Isn't Games as Service:" People Can Fly on What Makes Their Next-Gen Shooter "Old-School"
Where we're going, we don't need roadmaps.
Get an Early Glimpse of Next-Gen With 20 Minutes of Outriders Gameplay
We captured high-end PC footage from Outriders, which will also be out on PS5 and Xbox Series X later this year.
We Still Don't Much About Outriders, People Can Fly's New Shooter
People Can Fly has a dark looking shooter, and that's all we know so far.
Outriders Release Date: New Square Enix IP, Gameplay, E3 2019 Trailer - Everything We Know
Square Enix just revealed a brand new IP. Here's everything we know so far about Outriders.


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Used 2019 Toyota Corolla SE 4dr Car FWD near Ontario, CA
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Vehicle Details
|Stock #
|Exterior Color
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*Pricing of vehicles on this web site does not include options that may have been installed at the Dealership. Pricing may include current promotions and/or incentives. Monthly payment calculator is an estimate and does not include tax, title, license or dealer doc fee of $85. Please contact the Dealership for latest pricing and monthly payment. Published price subject to change without notice to correct errors or omissions or in the event of inventory fluctuations. Price good for 2 days only, please contact store by email or phone for details.
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American actor Robert Downey Jr., who was last seen in the iconic superhero film 'Avengers: Endgame', is returning to the big screen with the upcoming...
2019-10-13 12:38:20
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