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e-learning & Smart learning contents creator tool iU-CELL
This is an easy-installing system for the management of educational content which can be learned on PC or other smart devices. Particularly, in existing systems, learning management system(LMS) and content should be purchased and made separately....
Category: Computer Hardware & Software | Other Computer Products
automotive e-learning education/car repair/vehicle lesson/automotive course/IMI standard/NATEF stand
Electude is the world's leading automotive e-learning solution. It is an online curriculum of interactive lessons designed for instructing today's generation of automotive technicians. Users learn all elements of maintaining and repairing vehiccles...
Interactive White Board
Description You can operate computer directly on the whiteboard as well as write or annotate with comfortably designed electronic pen/ finger/ wand, which has double-click function. There are no less than 18 hotkeys on both side of PKLNS board to...
Magic Nanny E-100
Introduction Magic Nanny E-100 is the world's first multi-sheet English learning toy for babies and kids, which is designed to help its users learn through touching its smooth sensitive icons and listening its built-in sounds. English learning tool...
Category: Computer Hardware & Software | Touch Screen Monitors
YES Gold
Smart Interactive Whiteboard,Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard,Electronic Whiteboard e-learning
Smart board is large interactive display that connects to a computer and projector. A projector projects the computer's desktop onto the board's surface, where users can write by pen or finger. The board is typically mounted to a wall or on a floor...
Category: Office & School Supplies | Whiteboard
Smart Podium KPS-300
KPS-300 KPS-300 is the state-of-the-art Podium for e-learning Age. It has the latest technology for presenting in classrooms, Auditoriums, Meting Rooms and lecture Halls. All necessary equipment (Amplifier, Wired and Wreless Microphone are...
Changes appear to be the only constant in the field of information and communication technologies and e-Learning is the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based...
Category: Business Services | Software Development
mythware e-learning software
Mythware e-Learning Class software is classroom management tool for teachers both in computer rooms and in wireless environment. Broadcast his screen to students; Play multimedia files, and the software supports all the popular multimedia...
Touch screen smart whiteboard for e-learning 82 inch CE and Rohs certified
Brand Name:Touch Resource Model Number:IW182 Frame Material:Aliminium alloy Board Material:Aluminum honeycomb panel Size:82 inch Color:White Touch:Two point Certification:CE & Rohs Technology:Optical Accessories:Pen*2; Pointer*1; Power line*1...
GY LCD Writing Tablet,8.5 inch Highlight Electronic drawing board for Kids drawing/learning
GY-industries LCD Writing Tablet,8.5 inch Highlight Electronic drawing board for Kids drawing and learning gifts doodle pad e-writer Office Memo Pad Message Board
Category: Office & School Supplies | Drawing Board
Selling Leads
E-Blocks English e- learning solution
Methodology Children work together to respond to the stimuli and questions presented by different level software and place the blocks in the sensory panel to form their answers. The E-blocks The system can be used either as a total class solution...
United Arab Emirates
Date: Aug 5, 2020
United Arab Emirates
e learning
STUDY GURU EDUCATION SERVICES INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED e learning software in pune Your URL: https://www.studygurueducation.com/ Description: Study Guru is an Elearning DVD CD Pendrive android box education software company in Pune Maharashtra...
Date: Aug 23, 2019
Magic Nanny E-100
Introduction Magic Nanny E-100 is the world's first multi-sheet English learning toy for babies and kids, which is designed to help its users learn through touching its smooth sensitive icons and listening its built-in sounds. English learning tool...
Date: Jan 15, 2020
Category: Computer Hardware & Software | Touch Screen Monitors
YES Gold
SAMING E-learning Class/ classroom magement software
SAMING E-learning class is a professional and effective classroom management software.It is divided into teacher end and student end. The main features of SAMING E-learning Class: >Broadcast Teaching >Student Presentation >Web Broadcast >Whiteboard...
Xi'an SAMING Technology Co., Ltd.
Date: Nov 12, 2014
Category: Computer Hardware & Software | Software
Xi'an SAMING Technology Co., Ltd.
Wireless Digital Podium PK-220SP
It is new version podium since PKLNS podium sales. World wide only PKLNS product made for wireless podium -220SP model It is specially , all in one OPS pc , speaker and goosneck mic with touch 22inch monitor built in together, only connection is...
Date: Mar 30, 2020
Study Guru is an Elearning DVD CD Pendrive android box education software company in Pune Maharashtra providing Maharashtra board and CBSE board e-learning courses.
Business Type: Service
Category: Service Equipment | Other Service Equipment
Mythware founded in 2000. located in Nanjing, Jiangsu province . We are the professional manufacturer of Classroom Management and Language Lab softwares. 1.Our company have developing the International Market for education softwares since 12 years ...
Business Type: Manufacturer
Category: Computer Hardware & Software | Software
PKLNS Co.,Ltd.
PKLNS is the leader of the E-Learning market in Korea. It is the provider of the unique digitizer tablet technology in Korea. We have also patented the optical touch sensor technology which introduced the touch technology that is ideal for 60" ...
Business Type: Manufacturer, Exporter
Maximus Plus
Quality Education: A Community Commitment. Engaging all students in partnership with family and community to become informed, compassionate, global citizens. Greetings and welcome to Maximus Plus E-Learning platform! At maximus+ we are committed ...
Business Type: Service
Forwiz System
Forwiz System Co., Ltd is a professional IT service company provides the best value to the clients through Smart Technologies& Services. Name : Forwiz System Co., Ltd Establishment : April, 2000 CEO: Kyoo-Huyk, Kim Address : 1005, 10th Floor, ...
Business Type: Manufacturer
Recent History


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Today a special session of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has been held under the chairmanship of the President of the country Emomali Rahmon.
The issues of preparations to autumn and winter of 2012-2013 and other urgent issues have been reviewed at the meeting.
The report of the Prime Minister of the country Oqil Oqilov has been heard on the main subject of the meeting. It was in particular noted that the works on preparation of power networks, automobile roads and other substructure facilities to cold season, abundant storage of coal, liquid petroleum gas, other types of fuel and food are being continued according to the approved plans.
There was also considered the report of the Deputy Prime Minister of the country Murodali Alimardon on harvesting of plant crops, gardens and vineyards.

subset: commoncrawl


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Photo gallery
Popular amenities
Explore the area
Choose dates to view prices
Double or Twin Room, Non Smoking
Photos of Double or Twin Room, Non Smoking
Double or Twin Room, Non SmokingMore details
Room amenities
- 215 sq ft
- Sleeps 2
- 1 Queen Bed OR 2 Single Beds
Room information
Bed details
Bed details
- Max people: 2Max adults: 2Max children: 1
Room details
1 Queen Bed or 2 Single Beds
20 square metres m2
Sleep – Linen
Bathroom – Private bathroom, shower, free toiletries and a hairdryer
Practical – Safe and phone; cots/infant beds available on request
Comfort – Heating and daily housekeeping
About this area
San Gimignano
Located in San Gimignano, Affittacamere Leonetto is in a rural location. Rocca of Montestaffoli and Castelvecchio Natural Reserve reflect the area's natural beauty and area attractions include The SottoVico Garden and Rossi Alabastri Volterra.Visit our San Gimignano travel guide
What's nearby
- Vernaccia di San Gimignano Wine Museum - 10 min drive
- San Gimignano Communal Palace - 10 min drive
- Piazza Duomo - 10 min drive
- Collegiate Church of Santa Maria Assunta - 10 min drive
- Torre Grossa - 10 min drive
Getting around
- Certaldo Station - 28 min drive
- Florence (FLR-Peretola) - 78 min drive
- Echoes - 8 min drive
- I Quattro Gatti - 9 min drive
- La Taverna del Granducato - 9 min drive
- Rigoletto - 9 min drive
- La Mangiatoia - 10 min drive
About this property
Affittacamere Leonetto
Property amenities
- Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Parking and public transport
- Free nearby parking
- Off-street parking
Food and drink
- Buffet breakfast available for a fee daily 7:30 AM–10 AM: EUR 10 for adults and EUR 10 for children
- 1 restaurant
- 1 bar
Things to do
- Seasonal outdoor pool
Family friendly
- Cots/infant beds (surcharge)
- Laundry facilities
- Seasonal outdoor pool
Guest services
- Concierge services
- Daily housekeeping
- Laundry facilities
Languages spoken
- English
- French
- German
- Italian
- Garden
- Terrace
- Designated smoking areas
Room amenities
- Cots/infant beds (surcharge)
- Heating
- Linens
- Bidet
- Free toiletries
- Hairdryer
- Shower
- Towels
- Phone
- Safe
Special check-in instructions
Children and extra beds
Payment types at the property
Important information
Optional extras
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at the time of service, check-in or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 10 for adults and EUR 10 for children (approximately)
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 11.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
You need to know
We should mention
Property is also known as
Frequently asked questions
Plan your next trip
Hotel Palazzo San Lorenzo & SPA
Relais Cappuccina Ristorante Hotel
Relais la Costa - Dimora Storica
Tenuta Bonomonte Podere San Bartolo


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The performance of a 3 × 3 MIMO system using RoF-enabled DAS technology is experimentally investigated in a Non-Line-Of-Sight environment. Reduced spatial correlation and improved SNR are achieved due to the larger antenna separation.
|Original language
|Title of host publication
|2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics
|Subtitle of host publication
|Laser Science to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011
|Publication status
|Published - 1 Sep 2011
|2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2011 - Baltimore, MD, USA United States
Duration: 1 May 2011 → 6 May 2011
|2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2011
|USA United States
|Baltimore, MD
|1/05/11 → 6/05/11
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Cite this
Zhu, K., Crisp, M. J., He, S., Penty, R. V., & White, I. H. (2011). An experimental investigation of RoF-enabled MIMO das in a non-light-of-sight environment. In 2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011 [5950112]


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I'm sad to see the end of Google Labs, the one stop shop to try some of Google's bleeding edge innovations. Check in and try some of the fun things they've been cooking up before they dissappear! Here are some of my favourite Lab experiments.
bodybrowser.googlelabs.com , an amazing web based 3d human body
Google Goggles – take a photo with your mobile to initiate a search.
Browsersize – a little reminder of how visible your site it to users. browsersize.googlelabs.com
google-gruyere.appspot.com – A project to educate about hacking threats. Try a range of hacks on a dummy web application that's riddled with security holes!
chromeexperiments.com – Pretty things.


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Troll Face Quest USA Adventure 12+
- Free
- Offers In-App Purchases
Is there room in your schedule to try out some really tricky and very cool puzzles? If so, then put up a Do Not Disturb sign and play this brand new point and click adventure game. It'll help you escape boredom like no other game out there...but it could make you feel like a potato head!
This American-themed version of Troll Face Quest, the acclaimed point and click adventure series, is here to make you LOL and test the very limits of your brain. It's as tough as any quiz game, but much more funny!
Show us how brainy you are and prove that you're no potato head! You'll get to challenge yourself with brand new puzzles. Not everybody will be able to handle them! They're almost as difficult as an impossible quiz!
Escape boredom with this thrilling point and click adventure game that will take you on a journey through many of America's most legendary tales. It's a lot more fun and hilarious than an impossible quiz you'd take in a history class.
That's right, it's adventure time, but will you be fooled by this collection of pranks? Use your detective skills to avoid getting tricked, even if that might seem impossible. Are you clever enough to make it all the way through this epic point and click quest while you escape from each totally wild level?
Troll Face Quest: USA Adventure is the only game where you can solve puzzles that involve both American presidents and indestructible superheroes! As always, if it exists, we can mock it! Do you think that's impossible? Don't take our word for it! Play the game and find out for yourself!
Point and click your way through new adventures involving baseball, football, boxing, and so much more! Will you drop the ball and disturb your brain? Or will you relax while you use your detective skills to solve all of the puzzles in this ultra exciting but very tricky game?
Are you a die-hard fan of American movies? If so, make room for lots of new levels of fun along with some amazing stories that will tease, prank, and trick you! A quick word of warning, though: a few of them might make you feel like a total potato head!
Dive into a world filled with Hollywood stories and legendary events from American history, but don't worry. This isn't an impossible quiz that will test your ability to remember all that boring stuff you learned in the classroom. Oh, and definitely let us know if we managed to prank you with our new levels and tricky puzzles!
Fab Features:
- Experience totally crazy and funny puzzles that will make you LOL!
- Solve hilariously illogical puzzles and go on crazy quests! It's adventure time!
- Meet (and occasionally disturb) delirious, legendary, and wacky characters who are all a bit edgy and really cool!
- Dive into unexpectedly hilarious situations!
- Discover truly one-of-a-kind graphics.
- Play anytime and anywhere. No Wi-Fi needed!
- Fully-enabled leaderboards and achievements. Show off your skills!
Are you great at quiz games? Do you think you have what it takes to solve all the tricky puzzles in this one? Test your brain power and prove that you've got some really impressive detective skills. Play Troll Face Quest: USA Adventure today if you're looking for a real challenge! Even potato heads will love it!
What's New
Version 1.9.1
Various bug fixes and performance optimizations.
Ratings and ReviewsSee All
Not that bad
I noticed that a lot of people say too much ads but if you turn on airplane mode it won't give you any ads also people say with mobile you can't pass level 4 but I play with mobile and I passed it people think you have to tap the ball when you just need to hold it.
All haters out there stop leaving bad likes
Hey guys I want to give everybody a shoutout by me why do you say that you can't pass level 4 in mobile cuz you can oh and plz give this game 5 stars cuz the developer worked very very very hard on USA American 2 and on the other troll face games ok so I want all of you to know that if you want other levels and the ads to stop coming out 1.new levels are gonna probably come out soon 2. And 2 you should put airplane mode on on your mobile so no more ads come out ok and this is for all haters out there and everyone else
There is only a little bit of Levels
There was only a little bit of levels pls make more levels
- Seller
- SPIL Games
- Size
- Category
- Games
- Compatibility
Requires iOS 8.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
- Languages
English, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Vietnamese
- Age Rating
- 12+
- Infrequent/Mild Alcohol, Tobacco, or Drug Use or References
- Infrequent/Mild Cartoon or Fantasy Violence
- Infrequent/Mild Profanity or Crude Humor
- Infrequent/Mild Mature/Suggestive Themes
- Copyright
- © Spil Games B.V.
- Price
- Free
- In-App Purchases
- No ads and unlimited hints $2.99
Game Center
Challenge friends and check leaderboards and achievements.
Family Sharing
With Family Sharing set up, up to six family members can use this app.


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When I use my phone (Turbo) on wifi instead of 4G, my phone doesn't ring. It doesn't even show any calls coming in. For the person on the other end, the phone rings for them a few times and then goes to voicemail. I never have an indicator that my phone has missed a call.
Does the phone get any cell reception while on wifi?
this needs to be taken in for repair, not normal.
I don't know if this info will be of any value regarding your issue but: I just placed a call from my house phone to my Samsung S5 while it was on Wifi. The S5 gave no indication of an incoming call. I did record a message from the house phone to the S5 but found no evidence of that message being left on the S5. Yikes. Checked my S5 network setting and found it set to Global.
Changed that setting to LTE/CDMA, redialed from the house phone and the S5 rang indicating an incoming call. I let that call go to voice-mail and recorded a message which I was then able to access via the S5.
oh my god thank you for answerting this question ive been trying to figure this out for days, and verizon is not helping with their AI "real people" in the chat... they would say "I'm sorry you're having that problem... vcanned response/canned response/ canned response... " even when i asked to speak to real person i just got a more updated robot. no information from either just talking in circles..
Eah3, I'm glad that your concern has been resolved with help from GZRX in our community. Our sincere apologies for the inconvenience of not receiving help when reaching out to us. Here's a link with the various ways that you can contact us: www.vzw.com/contactus. Our goal is always to assist during every interaction. Please be sure to let us know if you need additional assistance. TanishaS_VZW


text:
Our cannabis packaging is made using from 100% plant-based hemp plastic, 100% reclaimed ocean plastic, and other sustainable materials.
Topicals Salve Packaging
Salve packaging that is 100% made from hemp and reclaimed ocean plastic materials. Our sustainable packaging solutions are both child resistant and smell proof. We also have options to customize the packaging with your own logo and branding!
Learn more about our products!
Sana Packaging is based in Denver and Los Angeles, but that doesn't stop us from sharing our message throughout the world: the time for regenerative packaging is now! We currently ship within the United States and to Canada, so join us in laying the foundation for a sustainable future.


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Qoros 3 Hatch is displayed to the public
The Chinese carmaker Qoros used the Geneva Motor Show to reveal the 3 Hatch to the public for the first time. Based on 3 Sedan, even keeping the same space wheelbase, the model will hit the European market in late 2014.
With visually pleasing to the eye, the 3 Hatch was developed in view of the young consumers. According to the manufacturer, another striking design feature is the generous interior space, above average for a compact.
Two engine options are available, both based on a 1.6 petrol engine. The naturally aspirated version offers 124 horsepower and can accelerate from 0 to 100 km / h in 11.6 seconds. Have the option turbo delivers 154 hp, going from 0 to 100 km / h in 9.7 seconds. The transmission can be a six-speed manual or dual-clutch.
The Hatch 3 will have four versions of finish. From the most basic (Essence), items will be available as air-conditioning, multimedia system with eight-inch and keyless start system screen. In the top row (Elegance), the package improves with leather upholstery, bizona climate control, reverse camera, glass sunroof, heated seats and cruise control.
Read more automotive news
Mazda is not going to let out the car with rotor engines
Head of Mazda of Masamichi Kogay say that for the company return to rotor engines is almost impossible. In interview to the Automotive News edition Masamichi Kogay told that "Mazda" does not plan to let out new models with rotor engines - they simply will not pay off.
Ford F-150 will receive a defective frame
The portal autoguid.com referring to insiders in Ford reports that the new generation of pickup F-150 can lose a high-grade frame.
Volvo Concept can produce the Estate in 2015
The Volvo was already thinking about the new successor to the V70, and it should be the Estate Concept, a concept that was shown at the Geneva Salons and Frankfurt.
Mercedes Announces third shift in manufacturing of CLA
Mercedes-Benz announced that its manufacturing CLA model, will have third shift, due to the high demand for the vehicle. The car is produced in f?bricade Kecskem?t, Hungary, which is also partly responsible for the manufacture of Class B.
USA: New Jersey bans direct sales Tesla
Tesla Motors suffered a blow in its expansion in the United States. The government of New Jersey instituted a ban on all automakers, sealing the direct sales of vehicles in the state.
New Corolla will cost R $ 66,570
The new Toyota Corolla is offered in four versions in the Brazilian market: 1.8 GLi with manual or automatic transmissions and XEi Altis.
Mercedes-Benz forehead rival the Porsche 911 in the snow
Mercedes-Benz is developing a new coupe, which should reach the global market between late this year and early 2015. FOUR WHEELS spies caught him the model being tested on the asphalt with snow on European winter.
Opel Astra OPC Extreme shows in detail
Opel broke and revealed the mystery altogether Astra OPC Extreme model that will be presented to the public next week's Geneva Motor Show. This is the fastest Astra ever produced and authenticated to the streets.
New generation of Chrysler minivans have all-wheel drive system
The American Chrysler will have news on its new generation family of minivans, among them are the all wheel drive system AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) and 9-speed automatic transmission, items that are already present in the medium sedan models 200 and Jeep Cherokee.
USA: Chrysler recall summons RAM ProMaster
Chrysler announced on Friday (7) call for a recall of 9,655 units of RAM ProMaster in the United States, all of the model 2014.


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Dawn French confesses she'd like to 'LICK Holly Willoughby like a human lolly'
DAWN FRENCH made an unusual confession at last night's Glamour Women of the Year Awards when she admitted that she'd like to lick Holly Willoughby "like a human lolly".
Dawn French admitted that she'd like to lick Holly Willoughby like a lolly
The 58-year-old comedian began giving a typically hysterical tribute to Jennifer Saunders, 57, after she was awarded the Outstanding Contribution prize, before turning the focus to Holly, 35.
Looking out at the crowd, Dawn declared that the beautiful blonde was looking "mighty fine", and then said: "I'd like her like a lolly, like a human lolly."
Her object of affection could be seen cheering from the crowd, but was stopped in her tracks by the former Vicar of Dibley star who barked jokingly: "Shut up Willy, it's not about you."
She continued: "Stop shifting focus with your long glistening come hither legs and let me concentrate on this less exciting person which it is my duty to introduce tonight."
Dawn paid tribute to her friend Jennifer Saunders
Holly was awarded TV Personality of the Year
I'd like her like a lolly, like a human lolly
Garnering unanimous applauds from the audience, the comic chuckled before moving onto the duty at hand.
Tasked with the momentous challenge of summarising the Absolutely Fabulous creator's career in just a few words, Dawn gave a moving yet side-splitting speech about her dear friend.
"Over the last 30 years, she has appeared in 30 TV shows," she divulged. "And alongside her writing partner - insert woman's name here - has become one of the most beloved comedy duos in British TV history.
"She's responsible for creating the two most seminal characters in sitcom history - supposedly - in Eddy and Patsy, who this summer make a triumphant return on the silver screen in a huge big f**k-off movie.
Jennifer was the Outstanding Contribution prize
"Showbiz is a fickle old t**t, who loves you one minute and then sleeps with Russell Brand behind your back. And brings you a mammoth yeast infection," she added.
Taking to the stage moments later, Jennifer demanded that her flatterer stand next to her as she delivered a humble acceptance speech.
"I actually can't believe it, it's amazing," she beamed. "And to be honest, I would have come to the party anyway."
Other winners on the night included Holly for TV Personality of the Year, Little Mix for Music Act of the Year, and James Norton for the token Man of the Year gong.


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The Bucket List
Movie The Bucket List was released on 2007-12-25. Directed by Rob Reiner and lasts 97 min. The IMDB rating of The Bucket List is 7,4 (upd: 08-13-2020). On 123Movies you can watch online official trailer of The Bucket List as well as the full movie for free.
Views: 306
Genre: Uncategorized
Director: Rob Reiner
Actors: Alfonso Freeman, Amber Mead, Angela Gardner, Annton Berry Jr., Beverly Todd, Brian Copeland, Christopher Stapleton, Dawn Lewis, Destiny Brownridge, Ian Anthony Dale, Jack Nicholson, Jennifer Defrancisco, Jonathan Hernandez, Karen Maruyama, Morgan Freeman, Noel Gugliemi, Rob Morrow, Rowena King, Sean Hayes, Serena Reeder, Taylor Ann Thompson, Verda Bridges
Country: United States of America
Duration: 97 min
Release: 2007
IMDb: 7.4
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text:
- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Joint multiband signal detection and cyclic spectrum estimation from compressive samples
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2014, Article number: 218 (2014)
1503 Accesses
2 Citations
This paper focuses on wide-sense stationary signal processing within a compressive sensing framework, proposing a new method of compressive sampling fast Fourier transform (FFT) accumulation method (CS-FAM). Depending on how it is applied, CS-FAM has one or two steps, allowing for versatility in multiband signal detection and parameter extraction. In the first step, the active sub-bands are detected using multiple measurement vectors (MMVs) and multiuser detection is achieved using a bandwidth constraint. In applications where it is required, such as in estimations of carrier frequency, symbol rate, or modulation format identification, the second step can be used to reconstruct the cyclic spectrums of each user individually. Based on the results of first step, parameter extraction is performed by searching for peaks in the cyclic spectrum rather than by the usual method of setting a threshold. Compared to other cyclic feature detection methods based on sub-Nyquist sampling, CS-FAM is low in complexity, allowing for practical implementation. Based on the results of the first step, parameter extraction from the cyclic spectrum is performed by searching for peaks rather than by setting a threshold. Although CS-FAM can only be employed for multiband signal detection, compared to other cyclic feature detection methods based on sub-Nyquist sampling, it is low in complexity, which makes practical implementation possible. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the robustness of CS-FAM's multiband signal detection and the effectiveness of its cyclic spectrum estimation against both sampling rate reduction and noise uncertainty.
1 Introduction
Signal detection and parameter estimation of wideband radio signals are increasingly important aspects of communication systems such as electronic countermeasures[1], carrier tracking[2], and spectrum sensing[3]. However, conventional detection techniques using standard analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have been primarily designed to capture narrowband signals[4]. Wideband sensing based on Nyquist sampling is similarly unsuitable in such applications, often yielding either an insupportable sampling burden or an unacceptable sampling complexity. Additionally, because of this, wideband receivers require a high sampling rate, which typically results in high power consumption. In contrast, analog front-ends have often been used to capture sparse signals in scenarios such as cognitive radio networks and radar detection systems. Consequently, compressive sampling (also known as compressive sensing[5]), conducted using low rate ADCs, has been extensively employed to detect wideband signals. With the underlying assumption of signal sparsity, this technology is capable of complete signal recovery from a small number of linear measurements[6].
A number of methods for radio signal detection using compressive sampling have been presented in the literature. Several studies have focused on use of blind multiband signal reconstruction[7] and power spectrum sensing[8–11]. These works aim to detect active sub-bands distributed over a wide frequency spectrum, which is a crucial step in dynamic spectrum access[12, 13]. Other literature has proposed methods for cyclic spectrum estimation using sub-Nyquist sampling. Also known as cyclic feature detection, these methods pertain not only to spectrum sensing but also to symbol rate estimation, carrier frequency estimation, and modulation identification[14–17]. In[18], the spectrum correlation function (SCF) (also known as cyclic spectrum.) of each narrowband signal was analyzed individually. This scheme recovered signals in the time domain using compressive sampling and then computed the SCF at the Nyquist rate. The linear relationship between the SCF and the time-varying covariance function was first derived in[19] and[20]. This operation makes the sparse approximation algorithms generated by compressive sensing available for cyclic feature detection. The scheme in[21] used the symmetry property of the cyclic autocorrelation function for blind spectrum sensing. On another side, the time smoothed algorithm known as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) accumulation method (FAM) was presented in[22] for effective cyclic spectrum estimation based on the Nyquist sampling. A practical implementation of this algorithm for spectrum sensing, presented in[23], showcased its high efficiency and low complexity. In this paper, a two-step compressive sampling FAM (CS-FAM) scheme that employs multiple measurement vectors (MMVs) is presented. Multiband detection is accomplished in the first step by means of a modified version of the periodogram method using sub-Nyquist samples, while cyclic spectrum estimation is performed in the second step.
The main characteristics of CS-FAM are as follows: (i) based on the FAM framework, this scheme has low complexity, which is important because cyclic spectrum analysis can lead to high complexity due to the use of two-dimensional spectrum correlation computations, especially from compressive samples. For example, the methods in[20] required matrices proportional to N4. However, in implementations such as high-resolution cyclic spectrum estimation by the order of N × N, the memory requirements are quite large, making cyclic spectrum analysis especially difficult. (ii) Conventional cyclic spectrum estimation methods require front-end components capable of high rate sampling. In contrast, in this work, the detection problem is addressed by using a low rate sampling device to capture sub-Nyquist samples. Another advantage of CS-FAM is that performing multiuser detection in the first step eliminates the effect of signal superposition in the multiuser cyclic spectrum, whereas conventional methods require an additional signal separation process. (iii) Due to the use of power spectrum estimation, the multiband signal detection process is robust, compared to other methods based on signal recovery from compressive sampling, which are sensitive typically to noise. For example, the power spectrum blind sampling (PSBS) method used in[9] and[10] demonstrated poor estimation performance in inactive bands, which also led to high complexity in matrix operations. (iv) The process of CS-FAM is flexible in regards to practical application. Multiuser detection is achieved in only one step and, based on the results of the first step, parameter estimation is accomplished in the second step by searching for the peaks in the cyclic spectrum rather than by setting a threshold.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the system model along with the FAM algorithm and compressive sampling framework. CS- FAM is then developed within the framework of FAM. Signal detection is addressed in Section 3. A simple signal recovery algorithm, simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP) is employed for multiband detection. A vector indicating the power distribution of the analog input is then computed from the iteration of SOMP. Following this, active sub-bands are identified using a constant false-alarm detector, and multiuser detection is achieved using a bandwidth constraint. If the signal is reconstructed, the second step of CS-FAM, cyclic feature detection, can be performed. Simulations are presented in Section 4 to demonstrate the detection performance of this scheme, followed by a summary in Section 5.
2 System model
Modulated signals have a built-in periodicity, which is characterized as cyclostationary[24]. The auto-correlation function R x (t, τ) = E{x(t)∗x(t + τ)} (* is the complex conjugate operator), which is periodic in the time domain with a period T0, is given by
The cyclic auto-correlation function (CAF) is represented in terms of Fourier coefficients as
where α ≜ {k/T0}k ∈ ℤ represents the cyclic frequencies. The SCF is defined by
Wide-sense stationary signals can be detected from stationary interference because general stationary signals do not possess cyclic stationary characteristics. The advantage of cyclostationary feature detection lies in its ability to separate the signal of interest (SOI) from noise and interference in the spectral correlation plane, making it well suited for modulation recognition and parameter estimation.The framework of CS-FAM is illustrated in Figure 1. Because the detection method in this paper is based on a process of cyclic spectrum estimation using compressive sampling, we will introduce the FAM algorithm and compressive sampling framework first.
2.1 The FAM algorithm
Compared to other methods used to estimate SCF, time smoothed algorithm is computationally efficient for general cyclic spectral analysis[22]. Based on the time smoothed cyclic periodogram, the parameter estimation is calculated with a data tapering window of the length T sliding over the data for a time span of Δt and Δt = N ′ T s (N ′ is the length of x[n]), where T s is the sample interval. The SCF of the digital signal x[n] is defined as with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The cyclic periodogram[25] is defined as
where f = (f1 + f2)/2 and α = f2 - f1. X T (n, f) denotes a complex demodulator, which is expressed as
where w(n) is a data tapering window, which is well accomplished by using a Hamming window. The limited cyclic spectrum with the discrete-time span of N ' is defined in terms of the time smoothed cyclic periodogram as
where g(n) is a data tapering window of length N '. An implementation based on time smoothed cyclic periodogram is illustrated in Figure 2. As shown in[25] and[26], if the time windows w(n) and g(n) are properly normalized, the time smoothed cyclic periodogram converges to the cyclic spectrum in the limit as follows:
In order to obtain a substantial reduction in random effects using a time-smoothed approach, the time-spectrum resolution product must significantly exceed unity
Thus, substantial observation time is needed to obtain a reliable SCF estimate, where a smaller spectral resolution is required to resolve the individual features of the SCF. The output filter g(n) is not as crucial as the input filter w(n). Therefore, for simplicity, g(n) is taken to be a rectangular window, as is commonly done in FAM algorithms. The computational efficiency of (6) can be improved by decimating the outputs of the filter w(n). With a decimating factor D, (6) is modified to
L = N '/D. The filter w(r) ensures that no aliasing takes place after D-decimation[27–29]. Since the outputs of channelization are oversampled by a factor of N, the sampling rate can be reduced to f s /D, D ≤ N before aliasing occurs[22, 28]. The effects of these parameters on the FAM algorithm are analyzed in[22], which discusses resolution, reliability, and computation reduction. In this paper, we have selected D = N to satisfy the compressive sampling framework expressed by (12). However, the filter is always not ideal. Then, the leakage will influence the estimation performance. While the selection D = N leads to a slight increase in cycle leakage, it significantly reduces complexity. Considering the frequency shifting of the production sequence from α to α + qΔα, where q is an integer, (9) becomes
Here, f l and f k are the frequency values in correlating two spectral components. The FAM estimate computed in (10) corresponds to α = (f l - f k ) and f j = (f l + f k )/2. The length of w(n) is N and the frequency resolution is Δf = f s /N, where f s is the sampling frequency. The other dimension α describes the cyclic frequency and the resolution Δα = f s /N '. The FAM is a computationally efficient algorithm by adopting N-point FFT operation to (5) after decimating and L-point FFT to (10), respectively.
Figure 3a presents a block diagram of the FAM algorithm. The first step includes channelization using data tapering and the N-point FFT operation. Data channelization divides the input x[n] into L segments where the size of each segment is N. The complex demodulator of (5) after decimating is computed by the N-point FFT operation in the first step of Figure 3, which is derived as
where n and f denotes the data is expressed in the time domain and in the frequency domain, respectively. F is the N-points of the DFT matrix and F(i,j) = [e- j 2πij/N]. X0[f] = FX0[n]. and F- 1 is the N-points of the IDFT matrix. W is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are determined from the N-point Hamming window. X0[n] is the data matrix of size N × L, which is generated from x[n] using channelization. x[n] is the digital signal from the Nyquist sampling.
There are three operations in the second step of FAM as shown in Figures 2 and3. The complex demodulators are downshifted in frequency to baseband by down conversion. The SCD function is then estimated by multiplying its complex conjugate. The second FFT is a smoothing operation, which is executed by L-point FFT. More details on this process are given in[22, 24–26]. In this paper, the proposed method is based on the framework of FAM from sub-Nyquist samples as presented in Figure 3b. The process of obtaining X0[f] from compressive samples in the first step of CS-FAM is discussed in following section, while the merits of CS-FAM's second step are presented in Section 3.2.
2.2 Compressive sampling
According to compressive sampling theory, a small amount of signal data obtained through inner-product operations can be used to reconstruct the original signal with overwhelming accuracy[5, 6]. The holy grail of compressed sampling is an acquisition device that exploits signal structure in order to reduce the sampling rate. An example of this is the analog-to-information converter (AIC)[30], which is used in place of the ADC in the front-end of a sampling device. As illustrated in Figure 3b, using an AIC, the output from compressive sampling is expressed as
where A is a measurement matrix of the size M × N (M < N), the elements of which are randomly selected. A measurement matrix obeying the restricted isometry property (RIP) in[6] can be used for CS-FAM (e.g., Gaussian random matrix or ±1 distribution matrix obeys the RIP with high probability). In this paper, the elements are selected from {-1, 1}, which facilitates hardware implementation by using integrate-and-dump processes[31]. The average sampling rate is equal to the Nyquist rate multiplied by M/N. F is invertible. Therefore, we can have
where Φ = AF- 1. The output of the first step in CS-FAM is derived by from (11) as illustrated in Figure 3b. X0 ′ [f] is the sparse approximate matrix of X0[f], which is recovered from compressive samples Y[n] and only contains the signal in active bands. X0 ′ [f] is computed in Section 3.2.
3 Joint signal processing from compressive samples
In this article, multiband detection and parameter extraction are performed in the frequency domain. The process of signal reconstruction using the MMV model will be introduced first. Due to the sparsity of wideband signals, only a few rows of X0[f] contain large values, denoted as signals with additive noise. In the other rows, where only noise is present, the values are very small. In this study, we let K be the number of rows where the signal is present in X0[f], and the value of K is small because there are only a few active sub-bands in the whole frequency range. This has given rise to the problem of sparse signal recovery using the MMV model[31] to analyze joint row sparsity, as shown in Figure 4 and which will be addressed below. However, it has been shown that signal recovery rate is greatly increased by using the MMV rather than the single measurement vector (SMV) model. The results in[32–34] reveal the advantages of the MMV model, including the key assumption that the support (i.e., the indexes of the signal entries) is identical in every column of X0[f]. The literature also endorses increasing L for better recovery performance.
Many effective algorithms have been proposed for solving the MMV problem, such as convex relaxation methods using mixed norms, greedy search mechanisms, and sparse Bayesian learning. Compared to other methods, the algorithms based on greedy search mechanisms have the advantageous characteristic of low complexity. Therefore, we selected the simple algorithm SOMP[35], which has proven that under certain conditions, the OMP algorithm can find the sparsest representations from the MMV model with computational efficiency. The SOMP algorithm is modified in this paper as follows:
where (.)T denotes the matrix (or vector) transpose and Φ k is the k-th row of Φ. X is used to obtain the sparse approximate matrix X0 ′ [f] in Section 3.2. The iteration times l should be larger than K. If K is unknown, l should be chosen such that it is sufficiently large. To distinguish between signal and noise measurements, in this paper, the threshold λ k is computed by (23). Therefore, in practice, we can give the iteration a termination condition of d[k] < λ k . When the best matching column in Φ is found in step 2 of SOMP, indicates the value of ∥X k ∥, where ∥X k ∥ is the k-th row in X. Therefore, it is possible to use d to identify the active sub-bands using a technique that is similar to the periodogram method, as shown in Figure 5b.
3.1 Multiband signal detection from compressive samples
If M is large enough (M > 2K is an empirical condition for SOMP), X is accurately recovered by SOMP with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Constant false-alarm rate energy detection is employed for multiband detection using the periodogram method[36]. The decision statistic for energy detection in the k-th row of X is
where X(k,l) is the (k, l)-th element in X. In the following, the detection model is represented by
where s is signal sample, and n0 is circular complex zero-mean Gaussian independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) noise with a variance of σ2. With this model, is the sum of the squares of L independent identically distributed zero-mean Gaussian random variables. Therefore, the model produces a random variable using a chi-squared distribution that has L degrees of freedom. To achieve predefined sensing performance, the sample frame number L is always large. Therefore, we can use the central limit theorem to approximate as the Gaussian function
A binary hypothesis test is then formulated using a decision rule, resulting in
The threshold λ is chosen according to a target false-alarm probability P FA where and is given by
where Q(.) stands for the tail probability of the Gaussian distribution
However, it must be noted that the recovery performance of compressive sensing is sensitive to the number of sampling branches and to the SNR[37]. When M < 2K or the noise level is large, X cannot be accurately recovered by SOMP and errors may be introduced into , as illustrated in Figure 5a. Performance is even worse if the SNR < 0 dB. Therefore, in our scheme, we employ the vector d from SOMP as the input to ensure testing accuracy. The approximate value of the residual R i is obtained using steps 4 to 6 of SOMP.
B is a submatrix of Φ by removing the columns same with S (S is derived from SOMP algorithm). Then,
where Φ k is the k-th column of Φ. The correlation between two different columns of the sampling matrix is weak, i.e., (k ′ ≠ k), which satisfies the basic RIP condition for compressive sampling[6]. The element in A is selected from {1, -1}, so the sign of the elements in Φ is usually random and is close to zero. We then have
where X(k,l) is the (k, l) -th element of X,. The threshold of decision statistic d[k] is
Taking this into account, the binary hypothesis test (16) is rewritten as
In a multiuser network, a single user signal usually occupies successive frequency bands in high-resolution spectrums. Therefore, d can be divided into N g groups where the length of i-th group is b i , the number of users is N g , and the i-th user occupies bandwidth B i . To eliminate false spurs in the decision results with the threshold (23), a multiband signal bandwidth constraint is given by
where b mw is minimum frequency bin and b mi is minimum interval frequency bin. is minimum bandwidth of a user and is minimum bandwidth interval between two adjacent users.
3.2 Cyclic spectrum estimation
Another objective of the SOMP algorithm is to reconstruct X0[f], which involves signal recovery from compressive samples in the frequency domain. However, using CS-FAM for signal detection differs from using the SOMP algorithm. SOMP directly assigns X0[f] = X, where X is the output of SOMP. In contrast, according to the first step of CS-FAM, the row index of X0[f] indicating only the presence of signal is known. The sparse approximate matrix X0 ' [f] is computed by
X k is the k-th row of X, the elements of which are set to zero, as it indicates only the presence of noise. Φ ' is the submatrix of Φ with removing the columns whose index k supports k ∈ V. The element of set V are defined by (24) as the row index of k, s.t. d[k] < λ k . Equation (26) is then solved using the least square (LS) method assuming M > K. It is obvious that if the iteration of SOMP algorithm is ended by the termination condition of d[k] < λ k , we can have X0 ' [f] = X, where X is the output of SOMP. If the approximate matrix X0 ' [f] is obtained, cyclic spectrum estimation is processed in the second step. Cyclic feature detection in CS-FAM aims to extract parameters rather than to merely detect whether a signal is present or not.
The complexity of the second step is greatly reduced because only K rows are nonzero following (26). Compared to FAM, which is used to estimate the whole span of the spectrum, CS-FAM computes solely the occupied frequency regions of each user. The operation complexity of cyclic spectrum estimation in the second step is illustrated in Table 1. Due to, this complexity of the second step is substantially reduced.
Different modulation formats result in different type of spectral peaks. The pairs of the peaks exhibited by for some common digital modulations[38] are summarized in Table 2, where f c is carrier frequency and 1/T b is symbol rate. If the occupied frequency areas have been identified in the first step, the peaks can be detected in the second by searching within the support range rather than by setting a threshold with the allowable false-alarm rate. For example, if a user with band of (f c - f a , f c + f a ) is detected from the first step of CS-FAM, the support range of its cyclic spectrum[24] is given by
Once the peaks are obtained, modulation classification is performed. Some literature on the subject of automatic modulation classification based on cyclic spectrum analysis is summarized in[39]. The symbol rate and carrier frequency are obtained after the modulation format is identified. Because CS-FAM separates multi-signals in the first step, the multiuser cyclic spectrum reconstruction problem of conventional methods becomes simply multiple operations of a single user problem, avoiding signal separation from the whole cyclic spectrum. Performing multiuser detection in the first step of CS-FAM also avoids cyclic spectrum superposition of different users, which may lead to false peaks.
4 Detection performance and simulation results
In this section, we demonstrate the performance capacity of the proposed method with performance test results. In Section 4.1, we examine multiband signal detection performance from compressive samples, assuming that the received signals contain only zero-mean Gaussian i.i.d. noise. Section 4.2 is dedicated to examining cyclic spectrum estimation performance.
4.1 Multiband signal detection performance
The process of multiband detection using CS-FAM is illustrated in Figure 6. The analog input content was provided by three binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated signals, N = 1,000, M = 400, and L = 50, shaped by a raised-cosine filter. Figure 6a shows the spectrum of the received signals, which were transmitted through the additive Gaussian white noise (AWGN) channel. The SNR was 0 dB. The normalized frequency in Figure 6b, c, d is presented with the resolution of f s /N, where f s is the sampling frequency. The result of d, computed by the SOMP algorithm, is presented in Figure 6b. We then applied the constant false-alarm detector with PFA = 0.05. The signal detection results are shown in Figure 6c, where it can be seen that the false-alarm detector identified a number of false spurs. Figure 6d presents the final detection results following elimination of false spurs using a bandwidth constraint of b mw = b mi = 2. All of the active sub-bands were detected and all three users identified.
An evaluation of the performance of the CS-FAM test is shown in Figure 7. The reference line of Theory in Figure 7a was set by P ' FA = PFA, so it presents as a diagonal line. Because using the bandwidth constraint eliminated some of the false spurs, the probability of false-alarm occurrence was lower in the test than in the theoretical value computed by (23). In addition, the rate of false-alarm occurrence using CS-FAM was identical under various noise levels.
Detection performance of the test is presented in Figure 7c, d. The multiband signal contained two BPSK modulated signals. The main lobe of each signal occupied the spectrum from - 0.032π to 0.032π in the baseband. The threshold was set by (23) according to the target false-alarm rate. Figure 7b shows the detection performance under different noise levels, illustrating that the detector demonstrates better performance in higher SNR scenarios. The quality of detection is improved by increasing sensing time, as shown in Figure 7c. However, the results also show that this effect is limited when L is very large. Detection performance with various compression ratios is shown in Figure 7d, which indicates that the ratios are improved by increasing the number of sampling branches.
As mentioned before, the CS-FAM multiband detection method is based on power spectrum estimation. Therefore, a comparison between CS-FAM and PSBS[9, 10] is presented in Figure 8. As illustrated in Figure 8a, the probability of false alarms in the test was higher when using PSBS than when using CS-FAM, meaning that the PSBS method has poor estimation performance in the inactive bands where there is no signal. This shortcoming is clearly shown in Figure 8b. Compared to the PSBS method, CS-FAM identifies a wide disparity between signals and noise, as shown in Figure 8c, which is advantageous for signal detection using a threshold. Another drawback of PSBS is that the size of the matrix used in this method is proportional to 3M2 × 3N, so the values of M and N chosen for PSBS were much smaller than those selected for CS-FAM, as shown in Figure 8. When using PSBS, a large M value leads to high complexity, which further demonstrates that the PSBS method is not suitable for high spectral resolution sensing.
4.2 Cyclic spectrum estimation performance
Cyclic spectrum estimation is performed in the second step of CS-FAM, assuming that the active sub-bands have been detected in the first step. Here, we discuss the application of cyclic spectrum estimation from compressive samples. In the following tests, BPSK signals that exhibited spectral peaks at several (f, α) pairs in the cyclic spectrum were selected for analysis. The results showed that three distinct peaks are present at (f c , 1/T b ), (0, 2f c ), and (0, 2f c ± 1/T b ). From these spectral peaks, the carrier frequency, symbol rate, and modulation format can be obtained.
The results of cyclic spectrum estimation using compressive samples are presented in Figure 8. In this test, the analog input contains two BPSK signals and the power of the weaker signal was one quarter that of the larger one. The carrier frequencies of the weaker and stronger signals were f1 = 3 kHz and f2 = 7. 1 kHz, respectively, where N = 660 and M = 160. Contour graphs of the estimation results are given in Figure 9. As Figure 9a shows, the cyclic spectrum of the two BPSK signals exhibits special peaks when using the FAM method with the Nyquist sampling. A similar estimation result is obtained using CS-FAM (from compressive samples without multiuser detection in the first step) is shown in Figure 9b. The number of the areas with a large magnitude was 16, including eight false areas yielded by the superposition of the two signals. Figure 9c, d presents the cyclic spectrum estimation results of each signal using CS-FAM with multiuser detection. The signal was correctly identified by the CS-FAM method, as shown in Figure 9c, d, whereas the FAM method failed to identify the peaks of the weaker signal, as shown in Figure 9a. Using FAM, a complex separating operation was required to identify the weaker signal correctly. In contrast, using the CS-FAM scheme, the smaller signal is separated during the first step and is not masked by the larger one.
In the next experiment, we examined the cyclic feature detection performance of CS-FAM using different compressive ratios. Three BPSK signals with different carrier frequencies were selected as analog inputs. A simple binary hypothesis test statistic was employed by
where U is the reference set of a modulated signal from Table 2, i.e., U = {(f c , 1/T b ), (0, 2f c ), (0, 2f c ± 1/T b )} if the input is a BPSK signal. U ' is the set composed of the detected peaks. This matching decision method is stricter than the approaches used in[39] because the goal is to demonstrate cyclic spectrum estimation performance rather than signal classification. The resulting U ' set contained four detected peaks for the BPSK signals. Figure 10 shows the symbol rates of the three BPSK signals, which were 5f s /N, N = 500, and L = 48. To reconstruct the cyclic spectrum with an order similar to N × N, the methods in[20] require matrices proportional to (500)4, which is unacceptable for common devices. It is clear that, when using CS-FAM, estimation quality improves with compressive ratio and that it converges towards the Nyquist rate obtained using FAM.
In Figure 11, a BPSK signal is selected with different bandwidth, indicated by K. SNR = 0 dB and N = 500. The process of cyclic spectrum estimation requires more sampling branches than multiband detection does. Therefore, if the second step is operated effectively, the assumption of the active bands been detected is stated for (26). In addition, the results indicate that both of the steps require more sampling branches to maintain high performance when the wideband signal is less sparse.
5 Conclusions
This paper has introduced a joint scheme for low complexity cyclic spectrum estimation and robust multiband signal detection method based on compressive sampling. The process is divided into two steps. First, active sub-bands are identified from MMVs using joint sparse recovery and multiuser detection is performed using a bandwidth constraint. The proposed multiband detection method demonstrates striking robustness with sampling rate reduction and noise uncertainty. In the second step, the cyclic spectrums of each user are individually reconstructed. We also examine signal identification performance under different sampling rates and noise levels. The flexible nature of this scheme, accomplishing multiband and multiuser detection in its first step and parameter extractions in its second, allows for implementation in many practical applications.
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Mishali M, Eldar YC: Wideband spectrum sensing at sub-Nyquist rates [applications corner]. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 2011, 28(4):102-135.
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Cotter SF, Rao BD, Engan K, Kreutz-Delgado K: Sparse solutions to linear inverse problems with multiple measurement vectors. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 2005, 53(7):2477-2488.
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Tropp JA, Gilbert AC, Strauss MJ: Algorithms for simultaneous sparse approximation. Part I: greedy pursuit. Signal Process. 2006, 86(3):572-588. 10.1016/j.sigpro.2005.05.030
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Urkowitz H: Energy detection of unknown deterministic signals. Proc. IEEE 1967, 55(4):523-531.
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Oymak S, Khajehnejad MA, Hassibi B: Recovery threshold for optimal weight l1 minimization. In Information Theory Proceedings (ISIT), 2012 IEEE International Symposium. IEEE, Cambridge, USA; 2032-2036.
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Ramkumar B: Automatic modulation classification for cognitive radios using cyclic feature detection. IEEE Circ. Syst. Mag. 2009, 9(2):27-45.
This work was supported by the Shanghai Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 14ZR1447200, and the National Defense Foundation of China under Grant No. 9140C18010211Zxxx01 and No.9140C1801021xxx18. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments.
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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Pan, L., Xiao, S., Yuan, X. et al. Joint multiband signal detection and cyclic spectrum estimation from compressive samples. J Wireless Com Network 2014, 218 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2014-218
- Multiband signal detection
- Parameter extraction
- Cyclic spectrum estimation
- Compressive sampling


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-First you must disconect a small wire under your glove box down by the floor mat before you can start timing, (its a small brown wire) -Hook up your timing light to the #1 spark plug.
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If you'd like to stay up to date on the current COVID-19 restrictions and recommendations, or the latest case data please visit the Department of Health & Human Services website.Please note DHHS does not provide Council with a breakdown of cases by suburb. We only have the information publically available on the DHHS website. Please see pages 3-4 for Council by Council data via the link below.
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Trusted News Discovery Since 2008{{/content}}
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Video Credit: Reuters Studio
Published on June 25, 2020 - Duration: 01:54s
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The United States has recorded the second-largest increase in coronavirus cases since the health crisis began, with a rise of 35,588 new infections on Tuesday (June 23) as a dozen states see infections surge, according to a Reuters tally.
Ryan Brooks reports.
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💡 One News Page Knowledge: Other News Mentions
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Shortlisted for Choc Lit Search for a Star Competition 2016
Sorry, was that a bit ear-splitting? That was me, overtaken by excitement - okay, it's still me, overtaken by excitement - reading my name on the shortlist of six on the Choc Lit, Search for a Star competition this morning, for my debut novel, Ticket to Ride.
Mind if I do it again? Only a bit quieter?
The winner will be announced on 16th July. I'll be the one prodding my emails every 30 seconds until then...
So, at the moment I'm about 12000 words into the stand-alone sequel to Ticket to Ride, which I told you about earlier. I've called it A Spoke in the Wheel.
I am loving it - and living it. My characters are real - no they ARE - and are living out their lives inside my head.
My 'outside my head' life is endangered by them - I have to keep going back to check that I've locked the door, I couldn't remember how to get to the gym the other day - and that's not because I don't go!
Real, spoken words that come out of my mouth, seem to desert me when I'm in writing, as if my brain's using all the best ones on the page. Plus, over-excitement has rendered me useless at anything more than jigging excitedly round my studio so far today.
So, I'm off to tell the page what my Spoke in the Wheel friends are up to - and hopefully you'll get to read about them some time soon!
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Thursday, April 23, 2020
1:00 PM until 5:00 PM
Hester, Whitted & Daye Funeral Service
603 South Main Street
Roxboro, North Carolina 27573
(336) 599-0104
Funeral Service
Friday, April 24, 2020
Family will receive visitors from 12 Noon until 12:30 PM
Reformation Christian Center
1314 North Main Street
Roxboro, North Carolina 27573
(336) 599-1265
Bishop Peter Baker, Pastor & Eulogist
Glenview Memorial Park
Durham, North Carolina 27713
(919) 596-8102
Mr. Willie Lee Ramsey
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About Us
Allen, Gaynessa
Barnett, Ramona Lee
Brooks, David
Cook, Thelma Chase
Davis, Dora Y
Elliott, Patricia
Jones, Reginald
McDougal, Geneva
Ross, Sylvia Ann
Shaw, Earnestine
Smith, Willie Bernard
Woods, Roberta
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Mr. Willie Lee Ramsey, age 60, of 733 Oliver Loop Road in Roxboro, North Carolina entered eternal rest on Monday, April 20, 2020 in Durham, North Carolina.
Mr. Willie Lee Ramsey was preceded in death by his father James Louis Ramsey, Sr. and two brothers Mark Anthony Ramsey and Glen Earl Ramsey.
He is survived by his mother Margaret Jeffries Ramsey of Roxboro, North Carolina; one sister Beverly Ramsey of Roxboro, North Carolina; one brother James Louis Ramsey, Jr. of Durham, North Carolina; three aunts Isabell Hester of Durham, North Carolina; Ernestine Shaw and Dorothy Perry both of Roxboro, North Carolina; three nieces Saige, Zharia and Gabriella; seven nephews Gregory Ramsey (wife Cheryl) of Morrisville, North Carolina; Damon Ramsey of Baltimore, Maryland; Jehdon Ramsey of Durham, North Carolina; Julius Ramsey of Macon, Georgia; Torhi Parker of Raleigh, North Carolina; Phoenix and Gregory, Jr.; and numerous loving relatives and friends.
The family of the late
Mr. Willie Lee Ramsey
would like to thank everyone for the many acts of kindness that they received surrounding the loss of their loved one.


text:
By the way
9 months sober. just another day. doing good. I know I haven't been posting much lately so my apologies, I know how it consumes so much of your free time waiting on new posts. heh heh.
Party on Wayne.
2 Responses to "By the way"
9 Is fabulous!
Party on, Garth.


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TANKS: Sci-Fi Battle
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SMM, May 27th:
In recent days, there has been no obvious change in the fundamentals of pure nickel, the price of nickel ore has increased significantly, and the cost support of nickel pig iron has been strengthened, but the rise of stainless steel has temporarily slowed down, the rise of raw material prices is difficult, and short-term prices are running smoothly. We still need to pay attention to the sharp fluctuations in nickel prices caused by changes in macro sentiment except fundamentals.
Lunni jumped as low as $12215 / tonne yesterday and immediately rose to $12350 / tonne after opening, giving up gains and adjusting around the 20-day moving average of $12240 / tonne. In the afternoon, Renni concussion upward, gradually recovered the downtrend to explore $12400 / ton, the 5-day moving average fell under pressure, the 20-day moving average of $12240 / ton was once again supported upward, and finally closed at $12415 / ton. compared with the settlement price of the previous day, the settlement price rose 70 US dollars / ton, or 0.57%, the trading volume was 4653 lots, and the position decreased by 437 lots to 214000 lots. Lunni closed at Xiaoyang column yesterday, K-column up through the 10 / 20 moving average, the top facing 10-day moving average pressure, Lunni opened at 12310 US dollars / ton today, follow-up to follow the operation of Lunni's 10-day moving average under pressure.
The overnight Shanghai Nickel 2008 contract opened high at 101480 yuan / ton. at the beginning of trading, Shanghai Nickel fluctuated in a narrow range around 101300 yuan / ton, and then the short positions increased sharply. Shanghai Nickel short-term diving once again fell below the 100000 level to 99880 yuan / ton. After being supported by this level, the center of gravity rebounded, and the center of gravity rose to 100800 yuan / ton. It fluctuated within a narrow range of 100600, 101200 yuan / ton, and finally closed at 100780 yuan / ton, down 240yuan / ton compared with the previous trading day. It fell 0.24% to 313000 lots, while its position increased by 5210 lots to 78000 lots. Overnight, Shanghai nickel closed in the long lower shadow line Xiaoyin column, the K column runs through multiple averages, and the averages are gradually adhering to each other. The shadow line probes down to the 100000 level, and then pays attention to the vibration of Shanghai Ni above the 100000 level.
For more information, please subscribe to SMM Nickel Research Group products "China Ni-Cr stainless Steel Industry chain routine report" and "China Ni-Cr stainless Steel Industry chain High-end report" to get the latest data analysis and market analysis of nickel ore, nickel pig iron (China + Indonesia), electrolytic nickel, nickel sulfate, chromium ore, ferrochrome and stainless steel (China + Indonesia). For order and trial, please call 021 tel 5166 6775 QQ: 1553928752, contact: Zhang Lingying)
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Medifast Diet How Many Carbohydrates Are There In Medifast Foods?
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Finding a simple, yet less efficient diet may have you shedding weight slower, rapiburn.net but at least the scale will be consistently shopping the right direction. I've a so simple diet that works, and I'll an individual more tends to make later, but right now, let's look at some of your characteristics so easy diets engage all possess.
Coffee is actually special when mixed with cream. A life changing coffee drink can be with Skinny coffee mixed with bcreamy creamer. The naturally produced bcreamy creamer is especially fat expense. It is rich in calcium, dairy proteins and low in glycemic. This contains zero cholesterol with low calorific value. This energy producer is a rejuvenating product that is fantastic the diabetic patients. It is not ketogenic assists in developing brain gatherings.
Hopefully it is not you. By now, you've read of the numerous different diets by name that specialists . choose through. Atkins Diet, the Zone Diet, the Scarsdale diet, for starters. All of those diets have merit.
keto diet s are protein sparing, which means your body will keep its muscle, which is just what you want. A keto diet works nicely for shedding body fat while keeping hard-earned muscle group. There is, however, a downside any Keto regular diet. In order to achieve and remain in ketosis, possess to to be carb-free on your minimum of two days. A true Keto diet requires of which you go without any carbohydrates for five or RapiBurn Keto BHB 6 days as well as allows a 1 or 2 day "carb-up". When your "carb-up" is over, the cycle is repeated. Sounds simple, most appropriate? Try it and look at. It's not that straightforward. The idea of a 1 or 2 day "carb-up" sounds appealing but it cannot be filled with junk food and high fat foods.
Ads for your Mediterranean diet claim could possibly "eat anyone want" and "never experience hunger." That sounds great, but things that sound too good to be true often are.


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