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Investor - Just How To Use Google Adwords For Your OrganisationArticle by-Chapman Pace
There are numerous people that wish to end up being a real estate investor however don't know exactly how to go about it. This is due to the fact that they do not know what they require to be trying to find when searching for a place to get a home. If b2b marketing 're one of those people who do not know what to look for, you need to learn properlies to use Google AdWords and AdSense.
Don't fret if you don't know what you're purchasing. Business world has been doing this for a long time and will certainly remain to do so. All you need to do is obtain educated and also comprehend that your business as well as income depend upon just how well you perform with on the internet advertising. All you need to do is start today.
First, Google AdWords is a fantastic way to get a brand-new web site created and get it right into the top search results page for a details keyword. What that means is that when a person look for that keyword phrase on Google, your website will certainly show up in the top result. That's right; you will not need to pay for web traffic.
It's truly that basic. You can likewise get various other sites to help you with the majority of your advertising and marketing efforts. It's actually just a matter of finding a trusted web designer that supplies marketing solutions at a very affordable price.
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People that are successful in internet businesses recognize that most of their success depends upon their capacity to come up with a product or service that is brand-new and boosted. This is something that lots of people neglect.
These individuals comprehend that brand-new points are always popular as well as they likewise comprehend that the most effective product or service always sells. It's all about knowing exactly how to market your products.
You require to recognize what you desire. Once you understand what you desire, you'll after that wish to find a person that can help you get it. The truth that you're not prepared to sell yet does not suggest you can't be marketing and promoting your online business.
Your internet site needs to have great web content and you require to find a great deal of different means to obtain web traffic to your website. The more web traffic you get, the more sales you'll make.
You might additionally wish to consider Google AdSense as an option to advertising. With http://dina1salvatore.blogkoo.com/exactly-how-google-adwords-can-assist-property-spending-14373216 , you can make money for presenting promotions that belong to your website.
Know your rivals' and do your research study. Every person wishes to be the initial at whatever yet you need to understand that you're not. You're always far better off staying competitive.
Remember that Google AdSense can help you earn money while remaining in the competitors. They are a wonderful method to start generating income online, even if you don't have the big dollars to purchase your own area in the documents.


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text: Home worldnews The postponement of Iraqi elections will lead the country to an instability The postponement of Iraqi elections will lead the country to an instability January 20, 2018 Facebook Twitter Pinterest WhatsApp Nthnews RELATED ARTICLESMORE FROM AUTHOR Iran's IRGC about US navy ship blaze: A very difficult days await US and Zionist regime Iran nuclear deal 5th anniv. : EU vows 'to do everything possible' to preserve JCPOA Clashes as police clear protest encampment outside Netanyahu's residence LEAVE A REPLY Cancel reply Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here You have entered an incorrect email address!Please enter your email address here Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Captcha * Type the text displayed above:


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The Championship of Catalonia deTriatlón is suspended by teams due to a frontal accident
Two teams have been involved in a frontal accident with a result of 4 injured.
Today, May 1, one of the modalities that every day is attracting more athletes has been disputed, the team triathlon, where in the Autonomous Championship of Catalonia, the Prat team triathlon, two teams have been involved in a frontal accident with a result of 4 injured.
It seems that the cause has been that one of the triathletes of a Prat Triatló team has invaded the opposite lane, where just then the Club Natació Vic team was passing causing a frontal collision, ending up on the asphalt several of the athletes
We do not have more information, we will expand the news
More information: http://prattriatlo.com/?lang=es


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CBD & The Immune System Coronavirus Covid-19 Special.
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CBD & The Immune System Since the outbreak of the coronavirus, there has been global panic whilst the public try to prepare themselves. Following the virus being officially declared a pandemic, governments across the world have put their countries on lock down, whilst others are choosing to self-isolate in fear of catching the virus or passing it on to those more vulnerable. This has resulted in mass shortages across the globe, with supermarkets selling out of essentials such as toilet paper, tinned foods, rice, pasta, cleaning products and much more. There are currently over 164,000 cases of coronavirus confirmed, along...
CBD or THC: Lets get to know the difference!!
Posted by Paul Kitchener on
The UK's cannabidiol (CBD) industry has positively lit up, set to become a £1 billion market by 2025. The growth is largely driven by people becoming more aware of the benefits of the hemp-derived compound, and the de-stigmatisation of cannabis. Talking about marijuana and is just not as taboo today in the West as it was twenty years ago. As such CBD has also been demystified. But even with a rapidly expanding presence on market shelves and online stores, many don't understand what CBD truly is. Lawmakers in the UK still struggle to effectively police the proper production and sale...
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HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT THE NEW FSA CBD LAW?🖊 This is MUST KNOW information for ALL manufacturers and retailers of CBD products within the UK. FSAs New CBD Law Following the recent announcement from the Food Standards Agency (FSA) regarding the safety and regulations of CBD products, we have put together a short FAQ, so you can see exactly what this new ruling could mean for you. What is The FSA's New Ruling? The Food Standards Agency has set a deadline of 31st March 2021 to submit valid novel food authorisation applications. What does this mean?...
CBD Edibles are they the future of healthy food?
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Because of its therapeutic benefits, CBD has been infused into all sorts of everyday consumables, from ice cream and protein bars to coffee and cocktails. In fact, CBD edibles are already considered a major wellness trend. It's no longer uncommon to see CBD edibles in the health section of stores, and many local cafes, bars and restaurants that advocate for clean eating already have CBD pastries and drinks in their menus, sometimes right alongside vegan options, highlighting how CBD in general is edging closer to mainstream status. Even though you'll come across CBD oils, e-liquids, and tinctures in abundance, CBD edibles...
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Nirvana album flac
Genre: Other
FLAC version ZIP size: 1159 mb
MP3 version ZIP size: 1208 mb
WMA version ZIP size: 1331 mb
Rating: 4.5
Votes: 767
Other Formats: RA MP2 MP3 WMA MP1 VQF DMF
The discography of Nirvana, an Aberdeen, Washington-based American rock band, consists of three studio albums, twenty-one singles, three live albums, two extended plays, four compilation albums, and two box sets. Nirvana was formed in 1987 by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic, with the position of drummer being filled by various musicians
1994 - Unplugged In New York.
Single, 2002, Geffen. DISC 1. 1. Heartbreaker (Live, 1987 - First Nirvana Show). 2. Anorexorcist (Radio Performance, 1987). 3. White Lace and Strange (Radio Performance, 1987).
Nirvana (Nirvana album). 2002 greatest hits album by Nirvana. Nirvana opened at number three on the Billboard 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and has sold two million copies in Europe as of 2007.
Nirvana formed in 1987. Considered by many to be the leading lights of the Seattle grunge scene of the late 1980s/early 1990s, and perhaps the most influential rock band of Generations X & Y, Nirvana was a powerful trio of musicians who brought a unique aesthetic to a growing-stale rock scene. They had already made some waves on Sub Pop with their debut, "Bleach".
Winter 1991 Nirvana signs with DGC Records. August 1991 Nirvana opens for Sonic Youth on a European festival tour, which includes a landmark performance at the Reading Festival. The tour is documented in the film 1991: The Year Punk Broke. September 24, 1991 Nevermind is released. October 12, 1991 Nevermind is certified a gold album. November 1991 The band starts a six-week European tour as Nirvanamania sweeps the United States. MTV airs Smells Like Teen Spirit video constantly; the song is hailed as an anthem for a generation. January 11, 1992 Nevermind hits No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart.
grunge rock alternative alternative rock.
previous {{{previous}}}. Nirvana is a compilation album released by Nirvana in October of 2002. It is notable for having "You Know You're Right" on it. Tracks.
While Nirvana survivors Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic wanted a box set of all the band's rarities, Kurt Cobain's widow Courtney Love just wanted a greatest hits album with the last song the trio finished, You Know You're Right, akin to The Beatles' 1. And her wishes were those who prevailed, leading to this record in 2002. the box set. was issued 2 years later under the title With the Lights Out).
Nirvana Live At Reading 1992 Official Trailer. 10K. 974. Nirvana Live At Reading 1992 Fan Testimonial . K. 369.


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Horse Shy: The Saddle Club
Horse Shy: The Saddle Club
Bonnie Bryant
When one of Pine Hollow's students makes a terrible mistake, causing a tragic accident, Carole is done with riding forever. Unless Stevie and Lisa can remind her what friendship and the Saddle Club are all about.
Book Details
- Fiction
- Juvenile Fiction
Age Level:
- 12 and up


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Sometimes the only thing to say is,
Thank you.
Sometimes the only thing to say is,
Thank you.
Praise the Lord.
Praise the Lord in the tightest heavens.
Praise the Lord in the lowest valleys of the earth.
Praise the Lord.
For He alone is good.
Yes, He alone is faithful.
He alone hears the prayers of his people.
For He alone is God.
Heavenly Father,
In these uncertain times, we look to you.
In these desperate times, we search your face.
In these unprecedented times, we long for your consistency.
In these dark times, we desire your light.
Do not hide away your face.
Do not keep yourself from your people as they cry out.
Do not withhold your goodness and grace.
Do not stop pouring out your Spirit on us.
Hear us now, Lord.
We need you.
Heavenly Father,
We entered a new season, a new month in the calendar; but nothing has changed.
We are still confined to our homes. Many of us still are without jobs. Fear of what is known, the paranoia of the unknown, both grip our hearts and squeeze. The pandemic of COVID-19 has turned our world upside down. And there is no easy or quick return to "normal" life.
What are we to do, Lord? How are we do keep going in the midst of this? Continue reading "Weekly Prayer: May 3rd, 2020"
It's a special occasion that I get to preach.
I hope you enjoy and are encouraged by the Word of God.


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sendX got their new logo design by running a design contest:
New Logo for innovative Start-up
Check out sendX's Logo design contest…
The Brief
Open Data International
Design inspiration
The Brief
Design inspiration
The Brief
About us
ODI (Open Data International) is a platform that allows: Consumers to share their Telco and Utilities data with 3rd parties; and Telecom & Utility Companies to monetize on the users data
Color inspiration
The Brief
Design style
The Brief
Other notes
high tech, innovation, data integration
CHF 309 Bronze package
Every design category has flexible pricing for all budgets. Logo design starts at $299.
File deliverables
Full copyright with production-ready files for digital and/or print.
It all began with a design brief.
A quick, interactive guide helped them understand their design style and captured exactly what they needed in their logo design.
Designers across the globe delivered design magic.
design entries
You'll get loads of concepts from experienced designers around the globe.
Work with talented, professional Logo design designers to turn your ideas into reality.
Select your favorite custom Logo design (Or two! Or three!). And the design is all yours.
sendX collaborated with designers to refine their ideas
Rate designs
When design entries come in, you can rate them so designers know what you're looking for in your logo design.
Give feedback
99designs has great collaboration tools so you can pinpoint and capture your ideas
And then… they selected a winner!
Along the way, they met lots of talented designers…
We think contests are a super fun way to get design.
Recently completed contests:
CyberThings, an IT startup needs a powerful eye-catching logo!
We provide technology solutions to individuals, families, and small businesses, such as setting up simple home networks
Logo Design for mobile phone accessories for consumers
We manufacture and sell holding devices/stands for mobile phones and other items to consumers
Help cafes become paper free
Cutting edge technology to replace paper based, fragmented, spreadsheets, double entry of data so breweries can get back
New logo for AI company
Kamus is an AI (NLU) that listens to humans and translates it for machines, a bit like Siri and Google. We sell both the
"Needle in a Haystack" logo design wanted for fledgling SF startup
Haystak Search is a recruiting consultancy. We help tech businesses (from startups to large brands) hire great candidate
Logo Re-design/Re-brand for Growing Cybersecurity Company
We provide cybersecurity and IT support services to small and medium sized businesses.
Logo for smart planet company
GEOWAY stands for the way of geomatics. It's a smart planet company.
Design an attractive logo for Contendu
Our product helps small business owners to easily create and publish content to their social channels.
BotChoy: A Design that illustrates Automation and Copping Sneakers
We revolutionize an application for cooking sneakers and restocks, and assist users in generating more checkouts using o
Kick COVID in the teeth with Logo Design for a tech service company
Basically we are a service company kicking COVID-19 in the teeth. What we do is we are a full circle biosafety protectio
Smart time tracking terminal solution "zeitiq" is looking for a logo
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GDPR comliance solution logo
GDPR compliance solution for websites ("cookie message"). target audience are SMBs/SMEs and bigger enterprises


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Successful open beta and new server for Silkroad-R
Joymax has declared that Silkroad-R's open beta has been so successful, they are launching a new server, Gobi, to deal with the player populations.
To celebrate, several events will be in place until this phase of open beta ends on January 17. This includes a free daily bingo, which can reward Magic POP Cards and E-Coupons for Silk; a free 5 hour 100% experience and SP buff by talking to So-Ok (once per day); gifts from NPCs at special level markers (starting at level 3 and going to level 72); and rewards for participating in an open beta survey.
Joymax also promises that the new experience of Silkroad-R offers not only a lag-free experience, but a bot-free experience as well, due to a rebuilt network and security platform for the game. Joymax has also removed many of the incentives that caused players to turn to botting.
Joymax also publishes Karma Online and Digimon Masters Online.
Silkroad-R Gameplay Screenshot
Lag free, bot free, stress free and still free-to-play
December 27th , 2011 – Joymax, a developer and publisher of interactive entertainment for the global market, today announced that their new blockbuster title Silkroad-R is completely free—lag free, bot free, stress free and most importantly, free-to-play. New-comers to the Silkroad franchise are now able to enjoy a very clean and fresh gaming experience. Although Silkroad-R just began its open beta test (OBT) on December 20, an additional server, Gobi, was added in order to meet with strong influx of users. So, to celebrate the game's early success, Joymax will be hosting a string of promotions and events from now until January 17, 2012. To find out more about Silkroad-R and or to enter one of the many events, visit the official site at http://www.joymax.com/silkroad-r/.
"Joymax's main mission for 2011 was to find an answer to the two questions, 'What do our players want?', and 'How can we give it to them?'" said Joymax CEO, Nam-chul Kim. "But to quote a line from the movie the Matrix, 'There is a difference between knowing the path and walking the path.' Silkroad-R is our attempt at walking the path. It incorporates all of the most wanted player requests, from faster level-ups, less bots, and a cleaner UI to improved character balance."
One major concern of players of any massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) is the presence of bots. Silkroad-R implements several new in-game strategies that have either eliminated or greatly reduced the presence of even the most sophisticated bot programs. In addition, Joymax has been built the security and network platform in Silkroad-R from the ground-up to ensure that players are protected from in-game attacks and have a clean and safe environment to play. However, in the unlikely event that a bot does enter the system, Joymax has also implemented several polices that effectively remove the main incentives for players to turn to botting.
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"Television Is the New Television" and Why College Is the New College
Bringing a higher ed lens to a wonderful book on TV and the Internet.
July 13, 2015
Television Is the New Television: The Unexpected Triumph of Old Media In the Digital Age by Michael Wolff
Published in June of 2015.
The story of television should give anyone predicting the technology driven demise of traditional higher ed some pause.
Today, the highest quality entertainment and the most lucrative revenue models can be found on TV. (Think HBO, AMC, FX, and ESPN). By contrast, the same Internet players that most technology pundits thought would kill traditional television have either disappeared (MySpace and AOL), are largely full of junk (BuzzFeed, YouTube), or are trying to reinvent themselves with TV like original video programming (Netflix).
This is the story that media insider Michael Wolff tells in his deliciously dishy and analytically hardheaded Television Is the New Television.
The business reasons why the Internet is full of cat videos and clickbait slideshows, and TV has True Detective, Breaking Bad, and Modern Family, holds important lessons for anyone thinking about the future of higher ed.
In media, as in education, quality is the ultimate driver of value.
In the media world, quality depends on the efforts of the creative professionals who write, direct, act, and produce the story.
In higher education, quality depends on the educators.
MOOCs and adaptive learning technologies stand as little chance of supplanting the residential postsecondary model as YouTube replacing HBO. YouTube is great at scale, but horrible at creating real value.
The reason is quality.
The fact that Internet players like Netflix are trying to become more like quality TV by commissioning original narrative programming (House of Cards, Orange is the New Black etc.) should offer some strategic clues for colleges and universities. Netflix is making big bets on talent. Kevin Spacey, Robin Wright, and Jenji Khohan don't come cheap.
Our higher ed talent is our educators. Any college or university engaged in a race to the bottom with educator talent, for instance building an instructional model around poorly compensated contingent faculty, is on the same economic trajectory MySpace.
Scarcity always determines value. In media, what is scarce is a good story - a strong and compelling narrative populated by characters that you want to spend time with. In higher ed, what is scarce (and can't be scaled) is a highly skilled educator who builds a relationship with a learner.
Even without a higher ed lens, I think that you will enjoy every second of Television Is the New Television. But why would you be reading this review on Inside Higher Ed if you are not as obsessed with higher ed?
What are you reading?
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text:
Whether you're new to deep learning or a serious researcher, you've surely encountered the term Convolutional Neural Networks. They are one of the most researched and top-performing architectures in the field. That being said, CNNs have a few drawbacks in recognizing features of input data when they are in different orientations. To address this problem, Geoffrey E. Hinton together with his team Sara Sabour and Nicholas Frosst came up with a new type of Neural Network. They called them Capsule Networks.
In this article we'll discuss the following topics to give an introduction to capsule networks:
- Convolutional Neural Networks and the Orientation Problem
- Problems with Pooling in CNNs
- Intuition Behind Capsule Networks
- Capsule Networks Architecture
- Final Notes
Bring this project to life
Convolutional Neural Networks and the Orientation Problem
Convolutional neural networks are one of the most popular deep learning architectures that are widely used for computer vision applications. From image classification to object detection and segmentation, CNNs have achieved state of the art results. That being said, these networks have their complications and difficulties for different datasets. Let's start with their origins, then see how they're currently performing.
Yann LeCun first proposed the CNN in the year 1998. He was then able to detect handwritten digits with a simple five-layer convolutional neural network that was trained on the MNIST dataset, containing over 60,000 examples. The idea is simple: train the network, identify the features in the images, and classify them. Then in 2019, EfficientNet-B7 achieved the state of the art performance in classifying images on the ImageNet Dataset. The network can identify the label of a particular picture from over 1.2 million images with 84.4% of accuracy.
Looking at these results and progress, we can infer that convolutional approaches make it possible to learn many sophisticated features of the data with simple computations. By performing many matrix multiplications and summations on our input, we can arrive at a reliable answer to our question.
But CNNs are not perfect. If the CNNs are fed with images of different sizes and orientations, they fail.
Let me run through an example. Say you rotate a face upside down and then feed it to a CNN; it would not be able to identify features like the eyes, nose, or mouth. Similarly, if you reconstruct specific regions of the face (i.e., switch the positions of the nose and eyes), the network will still be able to recognize the face—even though it isn't exactly a face anymore. In short, CNNs can learn the patterns of the images statistically, but not how the actual image looks in different orientations.
The Problem with Pooling in CNNs
To understand pooling, one must know how the CNN works. The building block of CNNs is the convolutional layer. They are responsible for identifying the features in the given images, like the curves, edges, sharpness, and color. In the end, the fully connected layers of the network will combine very high-level features and produce classification predictions. You can see below what a basic convolutional network looks like.
The authors use the max/average pooling operation, or have successive convolutional layers throughout the network. The pooling operation reduces unnecessary information. Using this design, we can reduce the spacial size of the data flowing through the network, and thus increase the "field of view" of the neurons in higher layers, allowing them to detect higher-order features in a broader region of the input image. This is how max-pooling operations in CNNs help achieve state of the art performance. But we should not be fooled by its performance; CNNs work better than any model before them, but max-pooling is nevertheless losing valuable information.
Geoffrey Hinton stated in one of his lectures that,
"The pooling operation used in convolutional neural networks is a big mistake, and the fact that it works so well is a disaster!"
Now let's see how Capsule Networks overcome this problem.
How Capsule Networks Work
To overcome the problems of the rotational relationship in the images, Hinton and Sarbour drew inspiration from neuroscience. In this study, they found out that the brain is organized into modules called capsules. Then they proposed capsule networks with the use of dynamic routing algorithms to estimate features of objects like pose (position, size, orientation, deformation, velocity, albedo, hue, texture, etc.). This research came out in the year 2017 in the paper titled Dynamic Routing Between Capsules.
Now let's get involved by learning more about capsules and Dynamic Routing
What are Capsules in the Capsule Networks? Capsules represent various features of a particular entity that are present in the image. Unlike normal neurons, capsules perform some quite complicated internal computations on their inputs and then encapsulate the results of these computations into a small vector of highly informative outputs. They learn to recognize the implicitly defined visual entity over a limited domain of viewing conditions like precise pose, lighting, and deformation.
A Capsule could be considered as a replacement to an Artificial Neuron; a capsule deals with vectors whereas an artificial neuron deals with scalars. If we recall the process-flow that an artificial neuron goes through, we could consolidate the working as follows:
1. Multiply the input scalars with the weighted connections between the neurons.
2. Compute the weighted sum of the input scalars.
3. Apply an activation function (scalar nonlinearity) to get the output.
A capsule, on the other hand, does go-through the above steps with an additional step to achieve the affine transformation (preserving collinearity and ratio of distances) of the input. Here, the process flow is as follows:
1. Multiply the input vectors with weight matrices (which encode spatial relationships between low-level features and high-level features) (matrix multiplication).
2. Multiply the above resultant outputs with weights.
3. Compute the weighted sum of the input vectors.
4. Apply an activation function (vector non-linearity) to get the output.
A detailed analysis of what each step does shall give a better intuition about the working of a Capsule:
- Multiply the input vectors with weight matrices (Affine transformation)
The input vectors represent the actual input, or the input being sent by a lower layer which is present below the actual one. These vectors are then multiplied by weight matrices. The length of the input vector denotes the objects that have been detected, and the direction denotes the internal states (orientations). The weight matrix, as described previously, captures the spatial relationship, like, say (between two objects), one object is centered around the other and they are equally proportioned in size. Now what the product of an input vector and a weight matrix signify is, it talks about the high-level feature. For example, if the low-level features are nose, mouth, left eye, and right eye, then if the predictions of the four low-level features point to the same orientation and state of a face, then it's a face. This is what the high-level feature is.
- Multiply the above resultant outputs with weights
In this step, the outputs obtained from the previous step are multiplied with the weights of the network. What can the weights be? In a usual Artificial Neural Network, the weights are adjusted based on the error rate, followed by backpropagation. However, this mechanism isn't applied in a Capsule Network. Dynamic Routing is what rules the modification of weights in a network. It defines the strategy of assigning weights to the neurons' connections.
A Capsule Network adjusts the weights such that a low-level capsule is strongly associated with high-level capsules that are in proximity with the low-level capsule. The proximity measure is determined by the affine transformation step, that has been discussed before. As the high-level capsules would already have a set of lower-level capsules associated with them, the distance between the outputs obtained from the affine transformation step and the dense clusters of the predictions of low-level capsules is computed (the dense clusters could be formed if the predictions made by the low-level capsules are similar, thus lying near to each other). The one which fares low, or the high-level capsule that has the minimum distance between the cluster of already made predictions and the newly predicted one, has a higher weight, and the remaining capsules would be assigned lower weights, based on the distance metric.
In the above image, the weights would be assigned in the following order: middle > left > right. In nutshell, the essence of dynamic routing algorithm could be put forth as follows:
The lower level capsule will send its input to the higher level capsule that "agrees" with its input. This is the essence of the dynamic routing algorithm.
- Compute the weighted sum of the input vectors
This sums up all the obtained outputs from the previous step.
- Apply an activation function (vector non-linearity) to get the output
In a Capsule Network, the vector non-linearity is obtained by squashing (is an activation function in a Capsule Network) the output vector, for it to have a length of 1 and a constant direction. The non-linearity function is given by:
sj is the output obtained from the previous step.
vj is the output obtained after applying the non-linearity.
The left side of the equation -> performs additional squashing
The right side of the equation ->performs unit scaling of the output vector.
On the whole, the overall dynamic routing algorithm that takes all the other steps into account for the weight updation would be:
Line 1: This line defines the procedure of ROUTING, which takes affine transformed input (u), the number of routing iterations (r), and the layer number as inputs (l).
Line 2: bij is a temporary value that is used to initialize ci in the end.
Line 3: The for loop iterates for 'r' times.
Line 4: The softmax function applied onto bi makes sure to output a non-negative ci where all the outputs sum up to 1.
Line 5: For every capsule in the succeeding layer, the weighted sum is computed.
Line 6: For every capsule in the succeeding layer, the weighted sum is squashed.
Line 7: The weights bij are updated here. uji denotes the input to the capsule from low-level capsule i, and vj denotes the output of high-level capsule j.
CapsNet Architecture
The CapsNet Architecture is made of an Encoder and a Decoder where each has a set of 3 layers.
- An Encoder has Convolutional Layer, PrimaryCaps Layer, and DigitCaps Layer.
- A Decoder has 3 Fully-Connected Layers.
Note: CapsNet Architecture is with reference to MNIST dataset.
Let's now look into each of these networks,
-> Encoder Network
An encoder has two convolutional layers and one fully-connected layer. Conv1 layer has 256, 9x9 convolutional kernels with a stride of 1 and ReLU activation. This layer is responsible for converting the pixel intensities to the activities of local feature detectors, which are then fed to the PrimaryCaps layer comprising primary capsules. Primary capsules perform inverse graphics, meaning they reverse-engineer the process of the actual image generation. The PrimaryCaps layer is a convolutional layer that has 32 channels of convolutional 8D capsules (each capsule has 8 convolutional units with 9x9 kernel and a stride of 2). The capsule applies eight 9x9x256 kernels onto the 20x20x256 input volume, which gives 6x6x8 output tensor. As there are 32 8D capsules, the output would thus be of size, 6x6x8x32. The DigitCaps layer has 16D capsules per class, where each capsule receives input from the low-level capsule.
The 8x16 Wij is the weight matrix used for affine transformation against each 8D capsule. The routing mechanism which has been discussed before always exists between two capsule layers (say, between PrimaryCaps and DigitCaps).
In the end, a reconstruction loss is used to encode the instantiation parameters. The loss is calculated for each training example against all the output classes. The total loss is the sum of losses of all the digit capsules. The loss equation is given by,
Tk = 1 if a digit of class k is present,
m+ = 0.9,
m- = 0.1,
vk = vector obtained from DigitCaps layer
The first term of the equation represents the loss for correct DigitCap and the second term of the equation represents the loss for wrong DigitCaps.
->Decoder Network
A decoder takes the correct 16D digit capsule and decodes it into an image. All the incorrect digit capsules are not taken into consideration. The loss is calculated by finding the Euclidean distance between the input image and the reconstructed image. A decoder has three fully-connected layers. The first FC layer has 512 neurons, the second FC layer has 1024 neurons, and the third FC layer has 784 neurons (gives 28x28 MNIST reconstructed images).
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Final Notes
A Capsule Network could be considered as a 'real-imitation' of the human brain. Unlike Convolutional Neural Networks that do not evaluate the spatial relationships in the given data, Capsule Networks consider the orientation of images to be significant in analyzing the data. They examine the hierarchical relationships to better identify images. The Inverse-graphics mechanism which our brains make use of, to build a hierarchical representation of an image to match it with what we've learned, is what drives a Capsule Network to show remarkable results. Though it isn't yet computationally efficient, the accuracy does seem beneficial in tackling real-world scenarios. The Dynamic Routing of Capsules is what makes all of this possible. It employs an unusual strategy of updating the weights in a network, thus avoiding the pooling operation. As time passes by, Capsule Networks shall penetrate into various other fields, making machines more human-like.