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Rome v. The Gospel
At the Council of Trent in the 16th century, the Roman Catholic Church placed its eternal and irrevocable curse on the Gospel, announcing it as actually heretical. I am certain that in the hearts and minds of the delegates at the Council, this was never intended - not even for a moment - but that is in fact what happened.
The most relevant Canons are the following:
Canon 9. If anyone says that the sinner is justified by faith alone..., let him be anathema.
Canon 11. If anyone says that men are justified either by the sole imputation of the justice of Christ or by the sole remission of sins,... let him be anathema.
Canon 12. If anyone says that justifying faith is nothing else than confidence in divine mercy (supra, chapter 9), which remits sins for Christ's sake, or that it is this confidence alone that justifies us, let him be anathema.
Canon 24. If anyone says that the justice received is not preserved and also not increased before God through good works but that those works are merely the fruits and signs of justification obtained, but not the cause of the increase, let him be anathema.
Canon 30. If anyone says that after the reception of the grace of justification the guilt is so remitted and the debt of eternal punishment so blotted out to every repentant sinner, that no debt of temporal punishment remains to be discharged either in this world or in purgatory before the gates of heaven can be opened, let him be anathema.
Canon 32. If anyone says that the good works of the one justified are in such manner the gifts of God that they are not also the good merits of him justified; or that the one justified by the good works that he performs by the grace of God and the merit of Jesus Christ...does not truly merit an increase of grace and eternal life... let him be anathema.
As Dr. Michael Horton rightly noted, "It was, therefore, not the evangelicals who were condemned in 1564, but the evangel itself. The 'good news,' which alone is 'the power of God unto salvation' was judged by Rome to be so erroneous that anyone who embraced it was to be regarded as condemned."
But the Council of Trent met a long time ago. Hasn't Rome since modified its position? In another place Dr. Horton wrote, "Has Rome's position changed? In fact it has not. The Vatican II documents as well as the new Catechism of the Catholic Church reinvoke the theological position of the Council of Trent, condemning the gospel of justification by an imputed righteousness." But knowing full well that Rome's full curse is on me for believing the following, I quote the Scripture and embrace the only true Gospel of my Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ.
"To the one who does not work but trusts him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is counted as righteousness" (Romans 4:5). God justifies the "ungodly." God does not wait until sinners are righteous in and of themselves before He declares them righteous. If He did, I for one would despair of ever getting there. The word "Gospel" means "good news" and the amazing "good news" of the Gospel is about how Jesus' life, death and resurrection breaks all the power of despair and saves sinners by supplying to them a perfect unassailable righteousness AS A GIFT.
Question: Whose righteousness is supplied?
Answer: Christ's own righteousness (1 Cor 1:30).
The connection between the sinner and the Savior is trust, not improvement of behavior. THAT COMES LATER (Eph 2:8-10).
This is our hope - while ungodly in and of ourselves, when we give up all hope of self attained salvation, trust in the Savior allows the Savior to save and He does so with resplendent and majestic power! Paul wrote, "For we hold that one is justified by faith apart from works of the law" (Romans 3:28). The basis of this despair shattering hope (the ungodly justified) is "Christ for righteousness to everyone who believes" (Romans 10:4, literal translation). Through the mechanism of faith alone (which itself is God's gift) God counts sinners (the ungodly) as righteous because of Christ.
"For our sake [God] made [Christ] to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God" (2 Corinthians 5:21). Justification by faith alone is really shorthand for justification by the Person and work of Christ alone. Jesus saves - not merely potentially or hypothetically - but He actually saves - all by Himself! All the sins of all the people who would ever believe in Him were transferred to Christ on the cross and He bore the penalty these sins deserved; and what is transferred to these sinners is a righteousness that has never known sin - the very righteousness of Christ. That is the kind of righteousness given to me - a righteousness that always obeyed every command of God fully and perfectly from the heart. The wonder of it all is that now, because of Christ, God not only merely tolerates me, but He has declared me as just, righteous, and fully pleasing to Him. "Therefore having been justified by faith we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ." (Romans 5:1). This peace is not a mere temporary ceasefire on God's part. I am forever justified before God through faith in the perfect Savior. To quote Martin Luther's Latin phrase, I am "simul iustus et peccator" - at the same time just and sinner. Christ's own perfect righteousness is mine. It is not merely that God because of Christ now sees me as "just as if I'd never sinned", but more than that.. much more than that... He now sees me as "just as if I'd always obeyed!" This, ladies and gentlemen, is the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
After reading this you will no doubt conclude that Roman Catholicism openly perpetrates a false gospel. So I would encourage you not to embrace their rhetoric of unity and ecumenicalism. It is a flat out lie. Those who subscribe to the above points of the Council of Trent (based on the sure authority of Scripture), will most certainly be damned. Is that clear enough? I cannot put this any more bluntly.
* *I am certain that in the hearts and minds of the delegates at the Council, this was never intended - not even for a moment - **
Oh yes it was! Rome hates the Gospel of Grace! Always has, always will!
I quote the Scripture and embrace the only true Gospel of my Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ...
"See how a person is justified by works and not by faith alone." James 2:24
I'm pretty sure that's the only verse of Scripture that contains the words "faith alone."
Dear "I-Don't-Know-What"
Let me quote Dr. R. C. Sproul on this - in an article entitled Faith and Works writes the following:
If justification is by faith alone, how can we apply James 2:24, which says a person is justified by what he does, not his faith alone?
That question is not critical only today, but it was in the eye of the storm we call the Protestant Reformation that swept through and divided the Christian church in the sixteenth century. Martin Luther declared his position: Justification is by faith alone, our works add nothing to our justification whatsoever, and we have no merit to offer God that in any way enhances our justification. This created the worst schism in the history of Christendom.
In refusing to accept Luther's view, the Roman Catholic Church excommunicated him, then responded to the outbreak of the Protestant movement with a major church council, the Council of Trent, which was part of the so-called Counter-Reformation and took place in the middle of the sixteenth century. The sixth session of Trent, at which the canons and decrees on justification and faith were spelled out, specifically appealed to James 2:24 to rebuke the Protestants who said that they were justified by faith alone: "You see that a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone.†How could James say it any more clearly? It would seem that that text would blow Luther out of the water forever.
Of course, Martin Luther was very much aware that this verse was in the book of James. Luther was reading Romans, where Paul makes it very clear that it's not through the works of the law that any man is justified and that we are justified by faith and only through faith. What do we have here? Some scholars say we have an irreconcilable conflict between Paul and James, that James was written after Paul, and James tried to correct Paul. Others say that Paul wrote Romans after James and he was trying to correct James.
I'm convinced that we don't really have a conflict here. What James is saying is this: If a person says he has faith, but he gives no outward evidence of that faith through righteous works, his faith will not justify him. Martin Luther, John Calvin, or John Knox would absolutely agree with James. We are not saved by a profession of faith or by a claim to faith. That faith has to be genuine before the merit of Christ will be imputed to anybody. You can't just say you have faith. True faith will absolutely and necessarily yield the fruits of obedience and the works of righteousness. Luther was saying that those works don't add to that person's justification at the judgment seat of God. But they do justify his claim to faith before the eyes of man. James is saying, not that a man is justified before God by his works, but that his claim to faith is shown to be genuine as he demonstrates the evidence of that claim of faith through his works.
For "I-Don't-Know-What" continued... a second quote from Sproul may also bring clarity - from his book, Knowing Scripture; InterVasity Press, p. 83, 84
"In Romans 3:28 Paul says, "For we maintain that a man is justified by faith apart from works of the Law." In James 2:24 we read, "You see that a man is justified by works, and not by faith alone." If the word justify means the same thing in both cases, we have an irreconcilable contradiction between two biblical writers on an issue that concerns our eternal destinies. Luther called "justification by faith" the article upon which the church stands or falls. The meaning of justification and the question of how it takes place is no mere trifle. Yet Paul says it is by faith apart from works, and James says it is by works and not by faith alone.
To make matters more difficult, Paul insists in Romans 4 that Abraham is justified when he believes the promise of God before he is circumcised. He has Abraham justified in Genesis 15. James says, "Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar?" (James 2:21). James does not have Abraham justified until Genesis 22.
This question of justification is easily resolved if we examine the possible meanings of the term justify and apply them within the context of the respective passages. The term justify may mean (1) to restore to a state of reconciliation with God those who stand under the judgment of his law or (2) to demonstrate or vindicate.
Jesus says for example, "Wisdom is justified of all her children" (Lk 7:35 KJV). What does he mean? Does he mean that wisdom is restored to fellowship with God and saved from his wrath? Obviously not. The plain meaning of his words is that a wise act produces good fruit. The claim to wisdom is vindicated by the result. A wise decision is shown to be wise by its results. Jesus is speaking in practical terms, not theological terms, when he uses the word justified in this way.
How does Paul use the word in Romans 3? Here, there is no dispute. Paul is clearly speaking about justification in the ultimate theological sense.
What about James? If we examine the context of James, we will see that he is dealing with a different question from Paul. James says in 2:14, "What use is it, my brethren, if a man says he has faith, but he has no works? Can that faith save him?" James is raising a question of what kind of faith is necessary for salvation. He is saying that true faith brings forth works. A faith without works he calls a dead faith, a faith that is not genuine. The point is that people can say they have faith when in fact they have no faith. The claim to faith is vindicated or justified when it is manifested by the fruit of faith, namely works. Abraham is justified or vindicated in our sight by his fruit. In a sense, Abraham's claim to justification is justified by his works. The Reformers understood that when they stated the formula, "Justification is by faith alone, but not by a faith that is alone.""
"Canon 9. If anyone says that the sinner is justified by faith alone..., let him be anathema."
"Martin Luther declared his position: Justification is by faith alone, our works add nothing to our justification whatsoever, and we have no merit to offer God that in any way enhances our justification."
"I'm convinced that we don't really have a conflict here. What James is saying is this: If a person says he has faith, but he gives no outward evidence of that faith through righteous works, his faith will not justify him. Martin Luther, John Calvin, or John Knox would absolutely agree with James. We are not saved by a profession of faith or by a claim to faith."
So we do need good works in order to know that our faith is real? It is faith and works together? Something dynamic there. It seems to me then that Dr. Sproul would agree with Canon 9 and Luther was wrong. How can Dr. Sproul then write that, Luther would "absolutely" agree with James? Didn't Luther refer to James as an "Epistle of straw?"
Philip Schaff- "The Protestant Spirit of Luther's Version".
"The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther's version is the famous interpolation (insertion) of the word "alone" in Rom. 3:28 (allein durch den Glauben), by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification, on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness. But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James, who says (James 2:24), 'by works a man is justified, and not only by faith' ('nicht durch den Glauben allein'). It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article, and characterized the Epistle of James as an 'epistle of straw', because it had no evangelical character ('keine evangelische Art')."
So if we ignore or delete Luther's insertion of the word "alone" in Roman's 3:28, the apparent conflict in Scripture between Paul and James goes away? Again, Luther is wrong and Rome is right?
Sorry, I'm new here but some things just don't make sense. I just came across this new phrase on the website, "monergism."
Wait! I have to be "regenerated" before I have "faith?" I thought I had to have faith (and perhaps works) in order to be justified or regenerated, or born again, or saved, or enter the Kingdom of Heaven, or whatever you want to call it.
If "regeneration" is necessary before faith, what good is faith then? If, I have faith, then I am also in need of good works?....they don't count either? I guess what I'm trying to say is that if I am already regenerated, what good is this discussion about faith and works anyway? I don't need them. God has already made His decision.
Or, is perhaps this regeneration already accomplished or given at Baptism? Is that what ya'll mean?
Sorry if I am off topic.
As to the "right strawy epistle," this quote only appears in Luther's original 1522 Preface to the New Testament. After 1522, all the editions of Luther's Bible dropped the "epistle of straw" comment. It was Luther himself who edited these comments out. For anyone to continue to cite Luther's "epistle of straw" comment against him is to do him an injustice. He saw fit to retract the comment. Subsequent citations of this quote should bear this in mind.
If you say so.
Let us pray.
Let us thank God for inspiring both Paul and James to write to us. Let us also thank God that he raised up Luther to interpret for us what Paul and James meant in their writings. And thank Him too that he raised up you to interpret for us what Luther really meant in his writings when he interpreted the writings of Paul and James! Now, who will interpret for us what you mean?
I agree with the thought that "justification†is used in two different senses in Paul and in James. There is no contradiction between them, for both are inspired Scripture. While Paul is speaking of the cause and the basis for our justification– faith in Christ--James speaks of justifying the claim of faith. One who says they have faith demonstrates that faith by bringing forth fruit in keeping with their profession. This fruit is not the thing that justifies the person before God-- if works could save, Christ wouldn't have needed to come. But the things we do show what we really believe, albeit imperfectly.
If someone says they follow Christ, should they be believed if they are habitual sinners in lifestyle and show no desire for God? Of course not. We say nowadays that "Actions speak louder than wordsâ€. Jesus said, "Wisdom is proved right by her actionsâ€. James says, "be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves.†All of these statements illustrate the simple principle that a person's actions demonstrate what they believe and that there must be congruity between what a person says they believe and what they do.
But if people could be justified before God on the basis of their works, why did Jesus have to come? Even the believer who now has good works also has a far from perfect record, for they continue to sin. Does God judge each person's record and determine whether they have enough good vs bad works to justify them and be allowed to enter heaven? No, God will indeed judge, but the basis upon which we enter heaven is not our abundance of good works. We are justified by believing in the One whom God sent to justify sinners– the Lord Jesus Christ, who justifies the ungodly, not the godly.
OK, I think I got it now. I believe in Jesus. He is my personal Savior. I guess I am then already saved, justified etc.?
Then, I don't really need faith, nor works, nor grace, nor any church, nor the Scriptures, nor any symbols, nor sacraments, nor theology, nor websites, nor anything else. All this is superfluous. All I need is "monergism." How do I get that? Can I get that even if God doesn't want to give it to me? What if I beg Him?
Is "monergism" in the Bible? "Monergism Alone!" Or does it say that not everyone who says, "Lord, Lord" will enter the Kingdom? Something just ain't right here? What am I missing?
It appears that you are missing the ability or willingness to consider what has been presented to you.
God creates faith in the believer through regeneration by His grace. Faith is a gift from God.
I have often thought that Rome during the Council of Trent was so angry with the Reformers position, they anathematized ever single point without regard to what they were saying and how it was clearly not supported by the Scriptures. It was a prideful, arrogant and sinful thing to do. Unfortunately, they have never recanted or repented from their position. How can you when you proudly declare yourself inerrant and above the authority of God Word?
Therefore, their position in the Council of Trent has become "the gospel" for thousands upon thousands of people who refuse to read the Scriptures (that are available to them) to find out for themselves. They are sheep being led to slaughter by wolves.
But, I have faith. I believe in Jesus. That must mean I have already been regenerated by grace without my knowledge of it. When did this happen?
So faith is a consequence of regeneration, rather than faith being a cause of regeneration? Should I pray to God to increase my faith or regenerate me? This is very confusing.
What good is faith if I have already been regenerated? And what is the good of preaching? Why should someone preach to one who has already been regenerated? He has faith already. And, on the other hand, if one has not yet been regenerated, preaching the faith will do no good. So preaching then has no purpose whatsoever? Help!
Dear I-Don't-Know-What,
Those are all very interesting points but they are based on unaided human logic and not the word of God. We should rather base our logic on the word of God, the Scripture. That is our highest presupposition and since the Bible teaches monergistic regeneration, it trumps all everything else.
You declared, "if one has not yet been regenerated, preaching the faith will do no good."
The Bible actually explains the reason why. Just because there is a command in the Bible to do something it does not mean that you are morally able to do it, apart from grace. You are to obey the 10 commandments perfectly. Do you? No, then God has commanded you to do something that you are unable to do. WHY? In Rom 3:19, 20 Paul explains why >> "Through the law we become conscious of sin." In other words the imperatives in the Bible (like "believe the gospel") are written, not to show our ability but our inability so that we would completely despair of ourselves. The commands or imperatives prepare us for the grace of God. Do you really think you can believe in Jesus apart from the work of the Holy Spirit? When we are finally brought to nothing to realize our spiritual bankruptcy, then God opens our eyes to our only hope, Jesus Christ.
John 6:63-54 & 37 Jesus unambiguously teaches this. To believe you must first have faith to be regenerated is like saying you can have sight without eyes, or heat without a source. Not only is it unbiblical but it makes no sense at all. The Bible teaches that faith is not produced by our unregenerated human natures (1 Cor 2:14) or are you asserting that a person can come to faith in Jesus Christ apart form the help of the Holy Spirit. It is the Spirit who quickens, the flesh counts for nothing. (John 6:63) We are born, not of the will of the flesh or the will of man, but of God John 1:13. God grants us new eyes, THEN we see. He grants us a new heart, then we understand and believe. No one believes the gospel otherwise. No one can believe in Jesus unless God grants it (John 6:65).
"...or are you asserting that a person can come to faith in Jesus Christ apart form the help of the Holy Spirit."
Jesus praised the Centurion's faith and the Holy Spirit had not yet come because Jesus had not yet been glorified. I think the centurion said something like, "I don't need to see, I know."
Paul talks about faith, hope, and love. A person must already have these as something given because he writes that people hope in what they do not yet see. Faith must be in something that has not yet occurred or perhaps not yet seen.
Hell, even those possessed by evil spirits in the Bible confessed Jesus to be the Son of God. I don't believe they had been regenerated. The centurion also at the crucifixion also confessed Jesus to be the Son of God and the Spirit had not yet come.
Yep, I think we must be already born with some amount of faith, hope, and love before we are regenerated because we have been made in the image and likeness of God.
"Do you believe because you have seen me? Blessed are those who have not seen and have believed." John 20:29
"But I told you that although you have seen (me), you do not believe." John 6:36
Sorry Gentlemen, I think you've got some problems now.
After "regeneration"....Ez:36,25-30, why should one then remember his evil conduct, that his deeds were not good, and then loath himself for his sins and abominations?- Ez:36:31 All is already forgiven...oder?
What should one do then? Why then be ashamed if God has already forgiven?... If God has already paid the price...What is the purpose?
Yep. You guys definitely got some Scriptural problems. I'm sorry, this "monergism-thing" isn't Scriptural at all!
wow. that's all i can think to say. wow.
Well, it follows then, if "monergism" isn't Biblical, then it is a false Gospel, and woe to those who preach it. So then, Calvin is wrong, Luther is wrong, the Canons and the RCC are then right.
Time to go Church shopping.
"I am forever justified before God through faith in the perfect Savior. To quote Martin Luther's Latin phrase, I am "simul iustus et peccator" - at the same time just and sinner. Christ's own perfect righteousness is mine. It is not merely that God because of Christ now sees me as "just as if I'd never sinned", but more than that.. much more than that... He now sees me as "just as if I'd always obeyed!" This, ladies and gentlemen, is the Gospel of Jesus Christ."
No. It is not.
As I have proved to you above, dear Pastor John S, faith (which comes through hearing) must be there prior to the coming of the Spirit. How do you answer to John 7:39? - "There was, of course, no Spirit yet, because Jesus had not been glorified." (referring to Pentecost). Did Our Lord say, "Oh ye of little faith" or Oh ye of NO faith" before Pentecost?
And how do you explain John 8:14 in light of monergism? How do Samaritans accept the word of God, believe, but yet the Holy Spirit had not yet fallen upon them? Even after Pentecost! Pastor John H, how do you respond in light of your comment, "He grants us a new heart, then we understand and believe. No one believes the gospel otherwise." Certain your position is not based on Scripture!
I could go on and on. No. The Scriptures do not teach monergism. Monergism is not there. It is a lie. Why do you not show forth the sign of regeneration in Ez 36:31?
I cannot put this forth any more bluntly, John H, to use your words. So you can retract your statement now about Roman Catholics all being damned.
Dear I-Don't-Know-What,
John 7:39 is easily understood when we understand that there are different dimensions and operations of the Spirit - just a note in my Bible says, "As yet the Spirit had not been given does not mean that there was no work of the Holy Spirit in the world prior to Jesus' resurrection, for already in Gen. 1:2 the Holy Spirit was present in the world, "hovering over the face of the waters†(see also Gen. 6:3; 41:38; Ex. 31:3; Num. 11:25). Some OT verses even speak of the Spirit of God at work within believers prior to the coming of Christ (see Num. 27:18; Deut. 34:9; Ezek. 2:2; 3:24; Dan. 4:8–9, 18; 5:11; Mic. 3:8; cf. Luke 1:15, 41, 67). This verse must therefore mean that "the Spirit had not been given†in the full and powerful sense that was promised for the new covenant age (see Ezek. 36:26, 27; 37:14; Joel 2:28–29; cf. John 20:22; Acts 2:1–13)."
The above scriptures are clear. So too is the experience of David in the Old Testament when he was able to pray "take not Your Holy Spirit from me." which would necessitate him having the Spirit in the first place.
Not sure how John 8:14 is relevant to the discussion.
I would urge you to study these things more. The greats in church history had reason to believe this, just as we do - because of their study of the Scriptures - and you would do well to show at least SOME respect before making the wild accusations you do about monergism. It is easy to be bold when hiding behind a fictitious name on the internet as you do but I would strongly advise a little more caution in your rhetoric.
Thank you for your response. I was beginning to think this was turning into a monologue.
There is nothing you write in paragraph 1 that I, as a Roman Catholic, would disagree with. The same goes for paragraph 2.
John 8:14 is certainly relevant to the discussion because I believe you are asserting with "monergism" that "regeneration" occurs when the Spirit is given in full and before this, faith (believing) is not possible. At least that is what John H wrote. That is what it says in Wikipedia. John 8 refutes that idea completely. And from visiting your links, it appears that after the Spirit is given, one cannot sin anymore? Certainly not what Rome teaches and, in fact condemns, and is proven in reality.
I should show some respect? I am not the one here condemning all Roman Catholics.
Wild accusations about monergism? Name one. It's not in the Bible, as I have quoted Scripture to prove the point. Which point of mine did you Scripturally disagree with again?
I am being bold? You guys should be the ones working out your salvation with more fear and trembling. Not going around hammering even more nails into Jesus' Cross and acting like God is now blind and not keeping score. Wasn't it Luther who said, "Sin, and sin boldly!"? If so, he never understood Romans and is hardly an example.
When was he regenerated? Was it before or after he broke his vow of obedience, or his vow of chastity, or his vow of poverty?
Caution in my rhetoric? Ok, maybe I'm just being a little bit zealous for the Lord. I'll try.
Look, I'm not here to cause trouble. You guys, as Pastors invite your Congregations to bring their Bibles and check your sermons. I'm checking your posts with my Bible. Sorry, monergism isn't there.
Jesus is the Sacrificial Lamb, not the Scapegoat.
Ooops...I meant Acts 8:14 refutes monergism not John 8:14. Sorry.
Dear I-Don't-Know-What,
First of all, of course the word "monergism" is not in the Bible, just like the words "Trinity" or "Providence" - but these concepts are certainly there in Scripture.
In John 3, Jesus taught clearly that regeneration had to happen first before someone can enter the kingdom, which was equivalent to being born again, born from above or born of the Spirit, which is sheer monergism. As verses 7 and 8 also show, the work of regeneration is the working of the Holy Spirit completely, mysterious though it is. Do not marvel that I said to you, "You must be born again.†The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.
1 John 5:1 rightly understood also shows that regeneration precedes faith. "Everyone who believes that Jesus is the Christ has been born of God.†- Not will be born of God, but has been born of God. Faith is the sign that the new birth has happened. Concerning this verse, John Stott writes, "The combination of present tense (believes) and perfect tense [has been born] is important. It shows clearly that believing is the consequence, not the cause, of the new birth. Our present, continuing activity of believing is the result, and therefore, the evidence, of our past experience of new birth by which we became and remain God's children." Having been born of God results in our believing. Our believing is the immediate evidence of God's begetting.
As for Acts 8, the phrase "receive the Holy Spirit" is being used in the sense of an empowering of the Spirit, elsewhere referred to as being filled with the Spirit. Each believer has the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:9, 1 Cor 12:13) and yet we are all to constantly be filled with the Spirit as Ephesians makes clear. Once again the notes in my Bible are a helpful guide in this, "Acts 8:17 they received the Holy Spirit. Apparently in this unique case, where the gospel was first moving beyond the bounds of Judaism, the Lord sovereignly waited to give any manifestation of the full power of the Holy Spirit (cf. vv. 15–16) until some of the apostles themselves could be present (Philip was not an apostle), and therefore there would be no question at all that the Samaritans had received the new covenant empowering of the Holy Spirit in the same way that the Jewish Christians had. This would show that the Samaritans should be counted full members of the one true church, the new covenant community of God's people, founded and based at that time in Jerusalem. It would also guarantee that the Samaritans, who for many generations had been hostile toward the Jews, would not establish a separate Christian church or be excluded from the church by Jewish believers. The Spirit was given only at the hands of the apostles, to show convincingly to Samaritan and other later, non-Jewish leaders of the church that both Jews and non-Jews who believed in Jesus now had full membership status among God's people (see Rom. 11:13–24; Eph. 2:11–22).
Acts 8:18 Simon SAW that the Spirit was given. Since this was outwardly evident to Simon and no doubt to others as well, there must have been some OUTWARD manifestation of the Spirit. This may have been speaking in tongues, prophesying, or both (see 10:46; 19:6), and it was an evident sign to the apostles that the Holy Spirit had fallen on the Samaritans in a similar way to what had happened to the apostles and those with them at Pentecost."
I don't know that the situation in Acts 8:14 was so "unique." I mean, look at Hebrews 11. "Faith is the realization of what is hoped for and evidence of things not seen."
-By faith, we understand that the universe was ordered by the word of God.
-By faith Abel offered a greater sacrifice than Cain.
-By faith Enoch was taken up so he should not see death.
"Before he was taken up, he was attested to have pleased God. But without faith, it is impossible to please Him, for anyone who approaches God must believe that he exists and that he rewards those that seek him." Faith before being taken up...hmmmm.
-By faith, Noah warned about what was not yet seen.
-By faith, Abraham obeyed.
-By faith, he sojourned.
-By faith, he received power to generate.
"All these died in faith. THEY DID NOT RECEIVE WHAT WAS PROMISED but saw it from afar...11:13
-By faith Abraham, when put to the test, offered up Isaac.
-By faith, regarding things still to come, Isaac blessed Jacob and Esau.
-By faith, Jacob blessed each of the sons of Joseph.
-By faith, Moses was hidden by his parents.
-By faith, refused to be known as the son of Pharaoh's daughter.
-By faith, he left Egypt.
-By faith, he kept the Passover and sprinkled the blood.
-By faith crossed the Red Sea.
-By faith, the walls of Jericho fell.
-By faith, Rahab the harlot did not perish with the disobedient.
What more shall I say?
"YET ALL THESE, THOUGH APPROVED BECAUSE OF THEIR FAITH, DID NOT RECEIVE WHAT WAS PROMISED." Heb 11:39
Nope, sorry no monergism there. If they all had one thing, besides already being declared justified and righteous by their acts (WORKS), taken up by God without seeing death, whatever, it was FAITH. Yet all of them died before Pentecost. Before being "regenerated."
Why does Paul, who even after receiving the outpouring of the Spirit, fear being disqualified in the end, but you Reformed Theologians do not have this fear? Is your faith greater than Paul's? You write like you're living in 3rd heaven already.
But why all this?
"God had foreseen something better for us, so that WITHOUT US THEY SHOULD NOT BE MADE PERFECT!" Heb 11:40
They died without being perfect. Yep. They died without the full outpouring of the Spirit. Yep. They died without being "regenerated." Yep. They were made perfect ("regenerated") after they died. Yep.
So now, let me make sure I, (condemned Catholic guy), got this straight. They had faith. Yep. No doubt about that. There were justified and declared righteous by their works based on faith. Yep. They then died "unregenerated", which obviously means they were not perfect at death. Yep. And FAITH DOES COME BEFORE "REGENERATION." Yep. No monergism there. Definitely N-O-T-!
"Hmmmmm".....theologically speaking.....this is a theological website...
...So people can die, without being fully "regenerated" (not perfect), yet be made perfect after death by receiving perhaps even a greater portion of God's Spirit (reward), because they have been freed from the flesh. Yeah. The flesh does put a little load on the Spirit, kinds of reins it in as we say. That's in the Bible. I didn't write it ya know.
Do they then have faith after they already received the Spirit? Nope. They already possess it. Don't need faith in Heaven. Definitely before the Spirit though. It's in the Bible. No monergism there.
On the other hand, what a perfectly Catholic idea. I mean, people dying without being perfect and receiving this full outpouring later! After death! Hell, I know a lot of people who didn't die perfect who are in Heaven. I guess it just takes longer with some people.
Of course, the word "Purgatory" is not in the Bible, just like the words "Trinity" or "Providence." - but the concept is certainly there in Scripture. All will be tested by fire.
You gotta love the Lord. If Catholicism is good enough for Him, it is good enough for me.
The concept of no regeneration before Pentecost is ridiculous. You obviously believe that no one in the Old Testament was regenerated or possessed the Spirit and it is clearly an untenable position scripturally.
Pergatory is also not a scriptural concept at all and an appeal to 1 Cor 3 for this where our works will be tested by the fire, is again so far from the concept of the people being put in the fire for eons and eons while becoming inwardly righteous before God will declare them righteous.. is eisegesis personified. It is simply not in the text. See this article here: http://vintage.aomin.org/1Cor3.html
Dear Pastor,
"The concept of no regeneration before Pentecost is ridiculous?" I just quoted you the entire Chapter of Hebrews 11. How is that "scripturally untenable?" I didn't write it, St. Paul did. His grave is in Rome, in case you didn't know. So, is Peter's. Under the Vatican's Altar!
Were was Lazarus? He wasn't in the bosom of God, he was in Abraham's bosom, WAITING. Is that his final destiny?
If "regeneration" was not the purpose of Pentecost, as prophesied, what is the purpose then? Huh? According to you guys....it is "regeneration." You contradict yourself!
I did not say that no one in the OT was not regenerated or possessed by the Spirit. I said they were "regenerated" FULLY AFTER they were dead, as is proven by Hebrews 11, and then received the promise. What part of Hebrews 11 do you disagree with? Which part do you not understand?
The full-full regeneration occurs in the afterlife when we see God, after we have been freed from the body. The Beatific Vision. That is more than the Body-Soul composite can withstand. To see God in this life is impossible. Or, are you now going to assert that YOU are fully regenerated? You see God?
The thing that you don't understand about the Catholic concept of grace, is that we distinguish between things like "actual grace", "prevenient grace", "sanctifying grace." etc. Which are different levels of help of the Holy Spirit.
You, yourself, wish to assert at the same time, the the Spirit was active in the OT, but differently in the NT. How do you make this distinction. Hey, you wrote it. Just look up a few posts.
Better yet, I'll quote you for your own benefit....
John 7:39 is easily understood when we understand that there are different dimensions and operations of the Spirit - just a note in my Bible says, "As yet the Spirit had not been given does not mean that there was no work of the Holy Spirit in the world prior to Jesus' resurrection, for already in Gen. 1:2 the Holy Spirit was present in the world, "hovering over the face of the waters†(see also Gen. 6:3; 41:38; Ex. 31:3; Num. 11:25). Some OT verses even speak of the Spirit of God at work within believers prior to the coming of Christ (see Num. 27:18; Deut. 34:9; Ezek. 2:2; 3:24; Dan. 4:8–9, 18; 5:11; Mic. 3:8; cf. Luke 1:15, 41, 67). This verse must therefore mean that "the Spirit had not been given†in the full and powerful sense that was promised for the new covenant age (see Ezek. 36:26, 27; 37:14; Joel 2:28–29; cf. John 20:22; Acts 2:1–13)."
Now what did I say that is different than you yourself declared? Nothing.
"Mongerism" is not a scriptural concept at all as I have PROVEN so time times with so many examples. Yet, you wish to persist obstinately with your refusal to believe the Scriptures.
Your quotes and comments on Hebrews 11 simply reveal that you have confused "regeneration" with glorification. They are not the same thing. Regeneration (or being born again) is the first act in the salvation of God's people and is God's work completely (monergism – one power working) as He raises us from spiritual death. It is a secret act of God in which he imparts new spiritual life to His people.
Glorification is the final state of the Christian where he is made to be conformed to the image of Christ.
Here is an article that would help you should you be interested: http://www.the-highway.com/genesis_Sproul.html
For further study beyond that, the book "Finally Alive" by John Piper is especially recommended, and is available free online here: http://www.desiringgod.org/media/pdf/books_bfa/books_bfa.pdf
No, I have no confused "regeneration" with "glorification." I know that they are not the same thing.
How can "regeneration" be a secret when it is the intent of the entire Gospel. Why is it written in the Gospel that "tongues of flame" descended on the Apostles? Why the outward sign? So that we may know. Hardly a secret once it has been revealed.God reveals...then we believe (faith)...then the promise is fulfilled (regeneration). No monergism there!
If, as you assert, Glorification is the final state of the Christian, and I agree, then obviously, the total transformation is not yet complete in this life, despite the outpouring of the Spirit in "full." There must be then something else, after death, that we receive, that Glorifies us. Right? Right.
Then perhaps it will appear logical then that, upon death, something is still lacking to the human spirit. Right? Despite the full outpouring of the Spirit. Right? That means, contra Protestant claims, that upon death, no one sees God and is beatified immediately upon death. Is that clear? Please state your disagreements.
Regeneration is a secret operation of the Holy Spirit in the heart of man - why? Because that is what Jesus clearly taught.. John 3:8 "The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.â€
Once again I would kindly ask you to fully read this article before commenting further: http://www.the-highway.com/genesis_Sproul.html
Ok, I'm clicking right now.
Holy Crap!
Dr. Sproul quoting St. Thomas Aquinas! And misinterpreting him at that!
Dr. Sproul, believe me, I'm from Pittsburgh and also a Steeler Fan, you got it wrong. Your view is very truncated.
Of course, Catholics would agree that God takes the initiative. He loved us first. We respond, hopefully. Then, what God says happens. And then is our faith in God, for us, confirmed.
I guess where we disagree with you guys is that, the theological virtues of faith, hope and love were not 100% obliterated by Adam's sin. God always leaves a remnant. If we were 100% cut off from God, we could not exist.
You are asserting that man, somehow, without ANY faith, hope, or love could somehow still exist. Then he is just an animal. Irrational and impulsive.
Sorry, God is Love, and just as nothing can exist without God, nothing can exist without Love. Just as in the Hebrew, to hate, HATE, means to love less...not to be without love at all. Nothing can exist without love. Little as it be, lacking as it be, love has to be there. So does faith and hope.
Faith resides in the intellect. Hope in the imagination. And Love in the will. It is there. Buried perhaps, but there. Which one of you will deny that faith exceeds the intellect? Or that Hope transcends the imagination? Or that love overcomes and conquers the human will? When these 3 faculties overcome our human intellect, imagination, and will, then they are oriented to God, their proper object. This is the teaching of Aquinas.
Don't believe me? Why would a soldier dive on a live grenade to save his buddies? This contradicts the humanistic instinct to survive at all costs. That is why to give up you life for another is the greatest act of love, as it says int he Bible. Because Love exceeds the human will and unites us to GOD. Just as Faith unites the Intellect and Hope unites the Imagination by EXCEEDING them! Transcending them.
This is transformation! Faith, hope, and love are POWERS, Faculties already in the human soul, of transformation, not the result of it. No....no monergism!
So in fallen man, God has left a remnant of the theological virtues of faith, hope, and love. It is on these faculties of the soul, according to Aquinas, that the Holy Spirit does his work. On what else does he work that God has given us? Or does God just "zap" us? They simply have to still be there.
If not, what then? God infuses these virtues upon a pile of dung? Transformation is something extrinsic according to Luther. To Catholics, it is something intrinsic. Faith, hope, and love are virtues, theological virtues, which orient the soul, and have as their proper object, GOD. But...
If you have faith, what are you? A clashing symbol? That's somewhere in the Bible. Not transformed at all. Hell, even Satan believes Jesus is the Messiah. If you have faith to move mountains, so what? If you have hope, big deal. Without Love, you are nothing. That is the Gospel that Paul preached.
That, Ladies and Gentlemen, is the Gospel of the Lord.
You believe there are a remnant unaffected by the Fall, which is clearly heretical - even by your own church's standards. I believe I have been more than kind to let your anonymous and misguided rantings to remain in this comment section but I feel your disrespectful and coarse tone now leaves me no choice but to end the discussion with you. You have written much and readers can decide for themselves what the biblical position is.
How in the world can anyone give credence to the theology of the RCC when they bow down to a MAN (the pope who usurps the authority and glory that is of Christ Jesus!)
John H wrote, "God grants us new eyes, THEN we see."
But doesn't Scripture say, "Jesus said to them, If you were blind, you should have no sin: but now you say, We see; therefore your sin remains." John 9:41.
Unregenerated man is blind; he sins. He can do nothing else. But, is that still a sin because he is still blind?
We are saved by faith alone, apart from works. When we are saved the holy spirit works through us. It is a given. ( he who abides in me will bear fruit) James did not write to the Gentiles, and His letter was written before the council of Jerusalem. And it does not contain the gospel. (good news)


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Youth Work
The MegaCentre Rayleigh Youth Work team works with young people aged 10-19 providing a diverse programme of groups, clubs, activities and services, assisting in this challenging life stage. The youth work team seek to help young people to learn new skills, develop confidence, explore new opportunities, engage with education, live healthy lifestyles, achieve employment and make a positive contribution to their community.
We do this though:
- Positive activity youth clubs
- Holiday activities
- In-school complimentary education
- Group Work programmes
- Detached Youth Work
- One-to-one support
You can contact the Youth Work Team on 01268 779100 or email through the Contact Us tab
If you would like to get involved in the work we do, click to find out more.
**New Music Project starting 12/02/20**
Youth Club
Tuesdays – 7:00-9:00pm
Term time only
An open Youth Club session for all young people in school year 8 and above.
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Free Admission
Come along to our FREE session, HIIIT boxing.
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To book you place now contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
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Alpha Sigma Delta
1st and 3rd Thursday of the month, 7pm - 8.30pm
Alpha Sigma Delta is run in partnership between the Megacentre and the charity, SAFE (Supporting Asperger Families in Essex).
This a girls' group for Secondary School-aged girls who are on the Autism Spectrum and their parents. A formal diagnosis of Autism is not required. We are a friendly, relaxed and welcoming group. Come and find out for yourself!
Facilities include: arts and craft activities, Xbox1, Wii, pool tables, group games and other activities.
Free Admission
Every Thursday – 16:00 to 18:00
The Be Project is a space for young women aged 13+ to come and be themselves in a friendly and fun environment. Some weeks we will chat and chill, some weeks we will make stuff, some weeks we will just eat cake and drink hot chocolate.
Please contact our youth work team directly for upcoming dates
Free Admission
XL Mentoring
The XL Mentoring Project matches young people with trained community mentors to provide 1-2-1 support and someone who can listen. Mentors meet with young people most weeks either for a milkshake or game of pool either at the Megacentre or another public place.
If you would like a explore being linked with a community mentor or you would like to become a mentor yourself please 'Contact Us' through this page
The XL Mentoring Project is run in partnership with Christchurch URC
Youth Work Training
Our Youth Work Training Programme is designed for our team of volunteer youth workers, but is also open to everyone who works with young people locally.
Sessions are delivered either by our in-house professional youth work team or with outside tutors and cover themes such as: Principles of Youth Work, Safeguarding, Programme Planning, Healthy Lifestyles, Teambuilding and Communication
Standard training sessions are free to anyone who would like to be involved – as the programme grows there may be opportunities for additional programmes which could incur a small cost
For more information please 'Contact Us' directly

subset: commoncrawl


text:
650215424. Gilbert Malet
~1050, Gilbert born in France, s/o 1300430848. William Malet & 1300430849. Heselia Crispin.
3/20/1066, Haley's comet appeard in the sky at its closest point to earth, and was interpreted as an evil omen.
10/14/1066, Gilbert at the battle of Hastings [indirect evidence from the fact that he held land in the Domesday survey under his brother Robert.]
10/25/1066, William I crowned King of England
1069, Gilbert, with his father, mother and sister, were among the few spared by the Danes and English from the slaughter of the garrison the Castle of York.
~1071, Gilbert's father died; his older brother Robert succeeding.
1072, Gilbert's mother died.
Gilbert [probably] married either a sister or a d/o Roger de Corcelle, and his son Robert inherited the property of his mother. (S) Previous land ownership of Roger: now known as "Shepton Mallet" and "Curry Mallet"; & Gilbert's change in Coat of Arms – which usually went with the acquisition of property through an heiress.
1086, Gilbert is listed in the Domesday Book, which was completed in this year. He holds land under his brother Robert. Hubert de Malet also holds land in the same village as Gilbert. The Malet's hold no land in Somerset.
(S) Notices of an English Branch of the Malet Family, Arthur Malet, 1885, PP68-72, App. B2, FF, GG.
Family notes:
· Gilbert is named in his sister Beatrice Malet's gift of Radingfield to the Monastery of Eye.


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Please contact us if you have any question:
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tado° introduces Smart AC Control to Singapore, launching a new era of cooling
- - Now available in Singapore: World's first device to make any remote-controlled air conditioner smart
- - Pre-cools before you get home, saves when you're away by using your phone's location
- - More comfort, less energy: reduces your AC's electricity use by up to 40%
September 29th, 2015 - European home climate control leader tado° today announces the official market launch of its Smart AC Control in Singapore. The new cooling solution turns air conditioners into smart devices by automatically saving energy when you're away while ensuring a cool home when you return.
tado° makes any air conditioner smart with its Smart AC Control. Speaking ahead of the official Singapore launch, Christian Deilmann, CEO & founder of tado°, announced: "With its all year round warm temperatures and high density of air conditioners, Singapore has been demanding a smart solution like this. We're looking forward to saving Singaporeans money and energy while reducing overall emissions for a cleaner and greener city."
tado° works by using your smartphone's location to automatically adapt your air conditioner to your behaviour. The geo-aware app on your phone senses when you leave the house and turns off the air conditioner. As soon as you start approaching home, tado° starts pre-cooling so you always come back to a comfortable house, without having to lift a finger. With its fully automatic climate control, tado° not only makes your home more comfortable, but also helps you save up to 40% on energy costs.
"No more compromises," says Christian Deilmann. "Until now, you had to decide whether to enjoy the full comfort of a cool home by leaving your air conditioner running all day or to switch it off when you leave to save money and energy. At tado° we believe in state-of-the-art smart technology that automatically ensures that no energy is wasted. With the tado° Smart AC Control we've created a completely new way to cool our homes."
With this year's summer officially the hottest on record, air conditioner use is at an all-time high and rapidly growing. Air conditioners in Singapore are particularly important as the Republic is vulnerable to high levels of smog and pollution as well as high humidity.
No matter where you are - on the commute, on holiday or at work - with the tado° app on your phone you always know what the temperature is at home and you can easily change the settings. The sleek and elegant tado° device blends into the ambience of your home, while offering a matrix LED display and capacitive touch interface for quick and easy manual adjustments.
The tado° hardware is already packed with sensors, such as: temperature, humidity, light, noise, motion and BLE. "Not all of them are being used right now," explains Christian. "The beauty of connected devices is that they will get better with every update and all existing users will benefit in the same way as new customers."
Compatible with any remote-controlled wall-mounted, in-window, or portable AC unit, tado° is easy to set up. It connects to the air conditioner via infrared (IR) and links to the internet using your home's WiFi - no additional cabling needed. It can be mounted on a wall or placed on a surface. Furthermore, tado° can be connected to other smart home products using the popular web service IFTTT (www.ifttt.com).
The tado° Smart AC Control is available in Singapore for USD $199 directly from www.tado.com. Retail partners will follow in the coming months. The tado° app can be downloaded for free for iOS and Android, with a Windows Phone app coming soon.
High-resolution images are available here: https://www.tado.com/sg/press
Product video is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOsVzEyR8zw&feature=youtu.be
About tado°
Headquartered in Munich, tado°, the European market leader in intelligent home climate control solutions, was founded in 2011. tado° revolutionises the way energy is consumed at home. Through the use of a geo-aware app, tado° automatically adjusts the temperature based on the residents' locations, enabling households to significantly save on energy costs while reaching a higher level of comfort.
Press Contact
tado GmbH
Paul Hughes
Sapporobogen 6-8
80637 Munich
+44 203 6956392


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No Fishy taste!
I love this stuff! Works great and there is no fishy burps. ;)


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Durango showed up to America's birthday Thursday.
Thousands of people lined Main Avenue on Independence Day for the Stars & Stripes Parade, which kicked off at 6 p.m. and was led by members of the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
Celebrations for the Fourth of July started early.
The All-American Gourmet Breakfast & Libations began at 7:30 a.m. in Rotary Park. By the time the event ended at 11:30 a.m., Gene Fischer with the Rotary Club of Durango estimated that about 1,000 breakfasts were served.
"We had our best year ever," he said. "For about three hours, we were the busiest restaurant in Durango."
Fischer said the annual breakfast is the largest fundraiser for the Rotary Club. He said many people who run the Freedom 5K end up at Rotary Park looking for a good meal after the workout.
But more than anything, it's a fitting start to the Fourth of July.
"It's a really good way to start the day," he said. "That's why we do it."
After festivities ended at Rotary Park, the party moved to Buckley Park, where live music and food was aplenty.
Jon Sigillito, an event organizer, said proceeds from food and beer sales at the Buckley Park celebration go directly to Building Homes for Heroes, a charity that offers mortgage-free homes to severely wounded veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Since 2006, the nonprofit has helped veterans secure 170 homes, two of which were located in Colorado, he said.
Food sold in Buckley Park was donated by the Durango Elks Lodge, and kegs of beer were donated by Ska Brewing Co. and Steamworks Brewing Co.
By the end of the party around 4:30 p.m., Sigillito said 200 hot dogs and 240 burgers were sold, and the four kegs were almost tapped.
The annual parade in downtown Durango featured about 24 entries marching down Main Avenue, said Greg Childress, an event organizer who is also with Durango Fire Protection District.
While several entries were military and veteran focused, anyone in the community is welcome to join the parade, he said.
Dean Dooley said his group, "Tin Lizzies," is a part of the San Juan Basin Shrine Club, which raises money for children's hospitals. Specifically, the group helps fund people's traveling costs to and from hospitals.
His group of about 10 rode go-carts remodeled to resemble Model T's down Main Avenue. They hit parades in Durango, Bayfield and Pagosa Springs on Thursday.
Geoff Overington, a broker with Keller Williams, and his colleagues borrowed high-wheel bicycles, also known as penny-farthings, from the city of Durango as their mode of transportation in the parade. He said the company has been doing the ride for about eight years.
"It's a little hard to get on and off," Overington said of the bike. "But it's easy to ride."
Durango Police Sgt. Will Sweetwood said Thursday afternoon it had been a relatively quiet Fourth of July.
"We haven't had anything major," he said. "People are behaving themselves for the most part."
But, he said as the evening wears on, activity is expected to heat up.
"I'm sure that will change after the fireworks," he said. "That usually happens."
Thursday is an overlap day for Durango Police, Sweetwood said, which means there are officers on shifts from both ends of the week. As a result, there would be more officers for patrols Thursday night.
"We'll have a lot more people for patrols," he said.
Karola Hanks, fire marshal for Durango Fire Protection District, said Thursday's hot and dry temperatures raised the risk of fire danger. The monsoon has yet to arrive this summer, which increases the chance for wildfires to break out.
"But we're still hoping people are going to be safe and come watch the fireworks, instead of shooting their own," she said.
Durango's fireworks show was scheduled to start around 9:15 p.m. The show is the first since 2016. Shows were canceled in 2017 and 2018 because of fire danger.


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VIRAL, ARCHAEAL AND BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF NATIVE MARINE ROCK SUBSTRATA by Anand Patel _____________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (BIOLOGY) December 2010 Copyright 2010 Anand Patel
Object Description
|Viral, archaeal and bacterial colonization of native marine rock substrata
|Patel, Anand
|Author email
|email@example.com; email@example.com
|Doctor of Philosophy
|Document type
|Degree program
|College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
|Date defended/completed
|Date submitted
|Restricted until
|Restricted until 08 Nov. 2011.
|Date published
|Advisor (committee chair)
|Fuhrman, Jed A.
|Advisor (committee member)
Edwards, Katrina J.
Nealson, Kenneth H.
Ziebis, Wiebke
Goodman, Steven
|A biofilm is a microbially dominated, mucus-laden coating. Almost all submerged or even moist solid surfaces are enveloped in a bacterial and archaeal biofilm. In anthropogenic settings, many biofilms are a nuisance and a major source of bacterial infections. But in the marine environment, biofilms occur naturally everywhere at any liquid and solid interface, from microscopic floating particles in the coastal water column to the expansive rock surfaces that exist throughout the global network of mid-oceanic seafloor ridges. The strong forcing that drives bacteria and archaea to colonize a surface has created a global biofilm ecosystem that likely contains the largest fraction of earth's biomass.; Over the last three decades an immense body of knowledge from laboratory based research is uncovering critical information on bioflm formation, development and dispersal. Environmental biofilms are typically complex, species rich and cellularly dense, which poses difficulty in unraveling both the diversity and mechanisms of colonization and growth. The body of work presented within reveals information pertaining to the dominant microbial colonizers of native rock substrata at a shallow coastal site (Santa Catalina Island, California). Specifically, we present some novel data on the archaeal and viral microbial constituents of marine biofilms.; Our principle findings suggest bacterial colonizers of rocks are taxonomically distinct to those colonizing synthetic surfaces. The bacteria settling on the two surfaces may be phylogenetically related at the family taxonomic hierarchical designation, but at the genera (or better) level of resolution microbial communities on native surfaces are clearly unique, revealing a greater taxonomic richness and consistency over communities in synthetic biofilms. The latter are typically less diverse and show considerable variation in dominance by any particular bacterial taxa. Evidence of colonization by members of the other prokaryotic domain, the Archaea, is typically seen over the first twelve days of biofilm development at our field site and their presence withers as the microbial community undergoes a successional shift as it matures. The archaea present in these early biofilms are almost exclusively members of the mesophilic Crenarchaeota division and seem to possess autotrophic ammonia oxidative capabilities. Finally, a super-family of T4-like viruses belonging to the Myoviridae, and closely related to the well-described E.coli T4 bacteriophage, exists as a truly cosmopolitan group across all oceanic and terrestrial environments. Viral members of this super-family appear to also colonize both coastal and deep-sea native rock surfaces. More interestingly, the T4-like phage sequences obtained from rock biofilm samples and originating from the two field locations, separated by considerable physical distance, appear to be evolutionarily more closely linked to each other then to their planktonic water column cousins. This phenomenon is indicative of a possible biofilm-specific ecotype within the T4-like bacteriophage superfamily.; In conclusion, microbes dominating a biofilm microbial community are distinct from the abundant groups in the overlying free-living planktonic medium. Substratum type can shape the microbes that gather to a surface and trigger the attachment phase of biofilm growth. Biofilm dispersal processes in adjacent sediments and suspended aggregates likely serve as the recruitment reservoir for microbiota poised to take advantage of a newly exposed rock surface. As the biofilm matures over time, multiple shifts can occur in the taxonomic composition of the microbial community held within its slimey layers. Species belonging to both the family Rhodobacteraceae (phylum Alphaproteobacteria) and the proposed new phylum Thaumarchaeota (previously mesophilic Crenarchaeota), plus a subset of T4-like viruses (family Myoviridae) together appear to play founding roles as biological colonizers of coastal rock surfaces in the marine environment.
|archaea; bacteria; biofilm; phage; rock; virus
|Geographic subject
|islands: Santa Catalina Island
|Geographic subject (state)
|Part of collection
|University of Southern California dissertations and theses
|Publisher (of the original version)
|University of Southern California
|Place of publication (of the original version)
|Los Angeles, California
|Publisher (of the digital version)
|University of Southern California. Libraries
|Electronically uploaded by the author
|Legacy record ID
|Contributing entity
|University of Southern California
|Patel, Anand
|Repository name
|Libraries, University of Southern California
|Repository address
|Los Angeles, California
|Repository email
|Archival file
|Page 1
|Contributing entity
|University of Southern California
|Repository email
|Full text
|VIRAL, ARCHAEAL AND BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF NATIVE MARINE ROCK SUBSTRATA by Anand Patel _____________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (BIOLOGY) December 2010 Copyright 2010 Anand Patel


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NHS Employers, 2016
This case study from Kettering General Hospitals shares their experiences of how they've improved their staff engagement levels through the implementation of a workforce development strategy. The strategy focuses on eight key objectives and is based on findings from the NHS Staff Survey and is aligned to the trust's wider five year organisational strategy.
Staff turnover rates at Kettering were high, and the new director of human resources recognised that a programme of work was needed to help improve staff morale, engagement and the overall performance of staff across all the sites. The range of activities included the creation of the workforce development strategy and the CARE initiative.


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Feb 3, 2017
We're going to welcome in the month of February with the band's performance from February 1st, 1978 at the Uptown Theater in Chicago. I believe you'l enjoy this excellent recording of the start of a wonderful swing through the midwest in the winter of 1978. This first set starts with a smokin' 'Jack Straw', then moves through a longish 'Friend of the Devil'. 'Mama Tried' and 'Me & My Uncle' follow then a great 'Ramble on Rose'. Following 'Cassidy' the tape is missing the 'Sunrise' that followed, but we do have the spirited 'Sugaree' which closed the first set. I've decided to follow that with an excellent 'Candyman' which was recorded a few days following up in Milwaukee. Sadly not all of that gig, or of several of these performances during the first week of February '78, are available in soundboard format (although parts of several performances were 'picked' to be included in an excellent, now out-of-print Dick's Picks' 18).
Grateful Dead
Uptown Theatre
Chicago, IL 2/1/78 - Wednesday
Jack Straw [5:57]
Friend Of The Devil [8:08]
Mama Tried [2:40] >
Me And My Uncle [3:23]
Ramble On Rose [7:20]
Cassidy [5:10]
Sunrise [3:54] - MISSING
Sugaree [10:39]
2/4/78 - Milwaukee Auditorium, Milwaukee WI
Candyman [6:39]
You can listen to this week's Deadpod here:
Thanks for your kind support!
Be well and hold back the darkness!


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Part L - New Build Pack - Property In Romsey
BEAT Solutions were appointed by the client to gain compliance with Part L and Part G of the building regulations. The oak framed private residence was required by the building control officer to provide a SAP 2012 calculations and BRE water efficiency calculations. Our assessors seamlessly helped the client who had no previous experience on SAP's and Water Calculations. Upon completion of the project our testing division conducted the final air pressure test.
Services Provided:-
- Air Permeability Testing
- Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)
- SAP Calculations & Energy Reports
- Water Efficiency Calculations


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Tonna (Welsh: Tonnau) is the name of a village and a coterminous electoral ward and community in Neath Port Talbot, Wales, located to the north-east of Neath town, of which it is effectively a suburb. Once mainly agricultural fields, the name derives from the archaic Welsh tonnau, meaning grassland and not, as is sometimes assumed, the modern Welsh for "waves". Some areas of pasture remain.
Category Archives: Glamorgan
William THOMAS
William was one of my great-grandfathers. He was born in about 1882 in Neath, Glamorgan, the eldest son of John and Elizabeth Ann (née Edwards). I was able to discover William's mother's maiden name through the purchase of his brother Morgan Arthur's birth certificate.
In 1891, John, Elizabeth, the 9 year old William and Morgan Arthur (aged 3) were living in Neath at 18 Tonna Road.
Ten years later, John had died, but Elizabeth, William and Morgan were still living together in Neath at 32 St Ann's Terrace.
William married Miriam Jones in 1912. After John's death, Elizabeth married John Jenkins, and died in 1925.
Miriam JONES
Miriam was one of my great-grandmothers. She was born on 12 October 1888 to Daniel and Margaret (née Thomas), in Neath, Glamorgan.
In 1891, the 2 year old Miriam was living with her parents and sisters – Elizabeth Ann aged 16, 10 year old Mary and Catherine aged 6 at 4 Forest Terrace, Dylais Lower.
Ten years later, Daniel, Margaret and the girls had been joined at Chapel House, Aberdulais, by David, aged 9.
In 1911, the widowed Daniel, Elizabeth, Miriam and David were still living at Chapel House. Miriam was a Teacher.
Miriam gave her address as Chapel House in 1912 when she married my great-grandfather, William THOMAS.


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Woo hoo! Week 1 of training is in the books – and wow, did I pick a challenging week to start training. I gave myself a week off after the Richmond Half and jumped back in this past Monday, which was the start of a very busy week. On Tuesday after work we went up to my dad's house in Pennsylvania, where we stayed until Sunday. With a full social calendar and full stomachs (way too much food and too many drinks!), I had to get a little creative and flexible when it came to fitting in my workouts. Not the most ideal way to start training, but I did what I could and tried not to stress. I know I still have many weeks ahead of me!
Here is the overview of the week – what I had planned vs. what I actually did.
And here is the detailed rundown!
Monday: Rest Day. Love starting the week with some R&R!
Tuesday: Speedwork – 3 x 1600m w/ 800m recovery + WU/CD [6 miles total / 48:25]. What to do when you're too afraid to go to the track in the dark but still need to get your speedwork in? Run laps around a big shopping center! Laura and I did 3 x 1600m this morning (6 miles total) and felt safe in the well-lit area. It was challenging because unlike a track, the loop we ran was not totally flat (but pretty close), it's been 3 weeks since our last track workout and it was cold! We also aren't really used to doing speedwork first thing in the morning anymore, since we had been doing it after work on Mondays. I think it's going to take little trial and error to get the fueling + hydration right. Our Garmin's interval workout feature doesn't show splits until the end, and we were really shocked and happy to see that 2 out of our 3 miles were sub-7 minute pace, despite all of those limiting factors!!! My splits were 6:53, 6:52, and 7:12. I struggled a bit in my last one and Laura totally out-kicked me at the end, but I know this is just the beginning and I will be able to see progress from here.
Wednesday: Easy Run – 3 miles / 28:50. Pre-Thanksgiving easy miles with my little sister while I was home in Pennsylvania for the holiday. Of course we had to take a Brooks Adrenaline shoefie and a matching watchfie (???) LOL! I love being home and getting to run with her!
Thursday: (Unplanned) Rest Day. I had every intention of getting my tempo run done this morning, but going out on Thanksgiving Eve the night before got the best of me. Too. Much. Wine. So instead I spend the day with family and friends and enjoyed the holiday!
Friday: Tempo Run – 1 easy, 3 @ tempo pace, 1 easy [5 miles total / 41:17]. I felt much better on Friday, even after our Thanksgiving feast, so when the whole family went out to burn off some energy I decided to get my tempo run done at the same time. My dad told me about a wooden playground that was next to a .65 mile path so we went to check it out. On my plan was 1 mile easy, 3 @ tempo pace, 1 easy. It was TOUGH and I had to fight for this one. By the time we got out there it was noon, super warm (almost 70°!), and I had only eaten a small breakfast so I felt under-fueled. Oh, and the path was full of rolling hills! My overall average for the middle 3 miles was 7:41– I didn't quite hit my goal pace (7:30) and my 3rd tempo mile was a lot slower, but I'm still proud of my effort. I'll get it next time!
Saturday: Long Run – 10 miles / 1:29:18. Awesome 10 mile run around my hometown. I was a little nervous about how it would feel since I did my tempo run the day before, and I really don't like doing two harder efforts back-to-back. It was one of those runs where I didn't really pre-plan my route or look at my watch, I just went where I felt like and let my mind wander. I even went to my old high school and ran a few loops around the track. It was nice to get lost in the memories for a while, and it made me smile to think about how I used to fake being sick or "forget" my gym clothes so I could avoid running in PE class. Oh how things have changed!
Sunday: P90X Ab Ripper X. My sad attempt at doing something besides running this week. This core workout is less than 15 minutes but OMG, it is hard and my abs are sore as I sit here typing this.
Week 1 Totals:
- Run: 24 miles
- Strength Training/Cross Training: 1 core workout
I am very proud of myself for managing to fit all my key workouts into a busy holiday week away from home. I feel like I set a good baseline and I'm excited for the weeks to come! One thing that is really making me feel motivated and inspired is my new Believe Training Journal. I am very much a paper/pencil planner and journaler, so I am totally in love with this. It is a workout log, workbook and resource guide all in one. I'm excited to have this tool to help me document my journey toward my big goals in 2016. Week 1 is complete and logged! Now it's on to week 2, where my goal will be to fit more strength training/core work in. Here we go!
Click here to see my full training plan!


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John Walker Frank was a very well known member of the community in Fulton, serving as a deacon at his church, President of his lumber company, and on the board of directors of several associations. It is even possible that my grandfather knew him. My grandfather, Forrest Jr., served in elected office as the city collector in Fulton for a time, though I am not sure when. If he held this position before the war, then it is likely he knew John Walker Frank, as he was a city councilman at that time.
You can right click on the obituary to zoom in if you would like to read the text better. The second obituary is for his wife.
Frank Obituaries
Publish at Scribd or explore others: History eBooks


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Hey guys! Things have been so busy these last few days that I didn't think I would have time to write a blog post. But thankfully, I get to relax a few hours before I hit the stage.
So, last night when I was breaking down the set back stage, I could have sworn I saw someone standing on top of one of the light can girders that were descended for repositioning. Of course there wasn't anyone there. I was all by myself at the moment. But not ten minutes later I could have sworn a hand brushed up the back of my left arm when I was resetting the prop table. I quickly turned to find no one there. That cold chill of spooky feelings rushed over me for a second. Then it passed and nothing else creepy happened before I left… Thank heaven.
Have any of you ever had one of those moments when you could swear that you were not alone in a room that you knew for a fact, you were the only one there? It doesn't happen to me that often, but when it does, it is always on an old theater stage. And that is why I always bring my own single stand ghost light to all of my shows. For some reason, not a lot of these casinos are superstitious. The way the superstition goes is that the ghost light is placed at the center of the stage when the theater is empty and shut down for the night. It is turned on and kept on while the entire theater is pitch black. This is to appease the ghost/ghosts that haunt the theater so that they do not sabotage the plays or performances the following days and evenings.
Of course, the reality behind this is so if anyone is to walk on stage while all the lights are off, they do not fall off the edge of the stage and into the orchestra pit. Back, before there was electricity, these ghost lamps were fueled by coal gas furnaces. It would help prevent back ups in the fuel lines while it continually burned. However, more times than expected, explosions would occur because of this, which would end up with the theater burning to the ground. This happened a lot back in the 1800's until electricity became mainstream.
So, even though there is a real safety reason behind having a light on stage when the theater is dark, it doesn't hurt to be a little superstitious, just in case.
Here is a manifestation on stage of my own creation,
"The spirits are always watching."
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SethGrabelENT
Twitter: https://twitter.com/sethgrabel
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/sethgrabel


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about us
With over 30 years experience, we at Bespoke Beauty enjoy this exciting and evolving time in our industry. After opening my own salon in 2005 and winning a best new comer award in 2006, our "oasis of calm" has grown in its wish to help clients discover their beauty within. Kirstin-Anne and Rachel-Jayne, my daughters joined me in 2010 and 2014 respectively creating a fabulous family business. We compliment and motivate each other, respecting our individual strengths and visions.
We believe beauty is and should be bespoke. Every client is individual and treatments are "tweaked" to suit not just their skin type but their mood and well being.
Here at Bespoke Beauty we offer restful treatment rooms; one allowing indulging spa wraps, body and face treatments, where clients can escape and unwind for between one to four hours. Our impressive make-up station has seen transformations from brides, party goers and fancy dress fanatics under the creative hands of Kirstin-Anne. While Rachel-Jayne our product consultant is always on hand in our well stocked toiletries shop where she can give advice and recommendations on all our treatment creams, toiletries, gifts and accessories.
A warm, friendly welcome is extended to everyone.
Our top treatments
book a FREE CONSULTATION TO discuss your requirements
Sit back and relax as we take care of you with our full range of face and body treatments . Enjoy our natural skincare regime in the comfort of our beautiful spa.
Try our modern gel nail overlays and extensions. Long lasting and simply beautiful.
Get ready for your special day or event with our in house make up artist offering the very latest makeup styles.
Enjoy a calm relaxing treatment using oils chosen for your individual needs. Promotes a sense of well being.
Indulge yourself in a beautiful selection of Facial treatments from cleansing to anti ageing using natural products from MONU
As we care that everyone gets their individual needs met, our facial tariff although comprehensive, is by no means complete in its written form. Every facial can be improvised to achieve the most amazing results.
We offer an effective half hour facial for clients in a rush or as an 'add on' to a massage. Our Discovery facial allows us to get to know the clients skin needs and allows us to introduce new products and new homecare routines to clients. It is our opinion -gained over our 30 years experience - that hydration is the best and most effective treatment to keep the skin soft, calm and prevent wrinkles and so our collagen facial is a must! Our facial peel available in 10%, 15% and 20% strengths affords a smooth, clear complexion with noticeable wrinkle reduction when used as a course of 4. Our aromatic, radiance and firming facials all give the skin the active ingredients required for the best results whatever the occasion or for maintaining excellent skin condition.
Our facial tariff is fluid and as we believe in bespoke treatments, we tweak and combine elements from different facials to achieve optimum results.
Relaxation is our aim and massage is an amazing way of easing away the troubles of the day. We have created an oasis of calm, especially for you. In our tranquil rooms you can switch off and forget where you are; float away to that space where everything is at peace. Enjoy a half hour back massage to ease sore aching backs and maintain it once a month to get the best benefits.
One hour Swedish massage will not only relax but regenerate you as your knots are kneaded and your muscles eased. Aromatherapy will treat your needs on the day - individual oils picked to suit your mood, lifestyle and well being. Our very own 3 x 20 massage is a triumph for relaxation. Spending 20 minutes on each of the 3 chosen areas from back, abdomen, feet or head. This will work on areas of emotional tension creating a deeper level of relaxation. Indian Head massage is a powerful treatment affording relief from stress and loosening the tension of the upper body. Reflexology helps restore balance to the body improving circulation; a fabulous treatment to help maintain good health. Pregnancy massage is available at Bespoke Beauty after 12 weeks following a consultation with your therapist.
Our treatments are performed with total care and our aim is for you to discover your beauty within.
Whether you have an evening ball to attend, fancy dress party, family or simply just want to look and feel great, we at Bespoke Beauty can help. In just under one hour our in house make up artist can create a stunning look, glamorous or natural, to compliment your outfit. Using luxury brands such as Lord & Berry, Illamasqua and Anastasia Beverly Hills, she will contour, blend and highlight to give you a flawless finish for all ages and occasions.
We also offer one to one masterclasses using your own products to allow you to recreate your favourite look time and again with confidence.
At Bespoke Beauty we just love fancy dress, Halloween and transforming you into your favourite character. Keep up to date with our make overs and looks over on our Facebook page. Our goal is to have you leaving looking as beautiful as you are inside.
Want hard wearing nails that will withstand day to day tasks without chipping, smudging and most importantly - without damaging your own natural nails? Our therapist has been expertly trained by CalGel to shape and polish beautiful looking nails whilst providing the utmost care and preservation of the natural nail.
Nails will be filed and shaped, cuticles pushed back and preened with the removal of any unsightly dead skin. A gel colour of the clients choosing will be selected from our array of popular colours then neatly and thinly applied. The client will be given advice on how to best care for these nails and strongly advised on correct removal methods.
Nail extensions are also available for anyone looking to add length to perfect their manicure. Bespoke Beauty also believe in the classics and so also offer classic luxury manicure and pedicures which involve all nail treatments including nail filing and cuticle work, hand or foot scrubs removed with hot mitts and relaxingly massaged with beautifully scented lotions before the nails are painted with Orly nail polish. We offer half price manicure and pedicures every Wednesday.


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On Saturday, we drove to the Gulfarium for an outing. Annual passes are 20% off right now, so after we found out how much it would cost us to bring our family of four, we decided to purchase an annual pass. Shows start at 10am and are set up so that you can move from show to show, back to back if you wish. We arrived a little before 10, so we headed straight to the dolphin show. After that, we watched the sea lion show and then the multi species show. As we walked from one show to the next, we stopped to check out the exhibits. There is a small touch pool with horseshoe crabs and hermit crabs. There is a shark tank, penguins, and gators. My kids loved the gators the best. It took them awhile to spot the gators and then all of the sudden they appeared! There are various feedings that occur throughout the day-stingrays, penguins and otters. We spent about 2 hours in the park and overall my kids had a good time.
Things to know before you go:
- It was hot when we went. There is some shaded seating but don't forget your sunglasses and a hat so you can see while the shows are going on. Also, print off this coupon for a buy one, get one soda.
- If you are going this weekend, print off this coupon-buy two adult tickets, get one child ticket free. This offer expires August 31.
- If you are thinking about going to the Gulfarium more than once in the next year, think about purchasing an annual pass. For my family of four, it would have cost us about 55 dollars. We purchased the Dual plus One annual pass for 68 dollars. When my little one is no longer free, we will just purchase her a ticket with our annual pass discount. Be sure to bring the coupon with you. They will not honor the 20% off without the coupon.