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Originally published on Project NOSH
Written by Carol Ortenberg
Can bone broth be the next kombucha? Investment group CAVU Venture Partners thinks so. The fund announced today an $8 million series A investment in upstart bone broth brand, Kettle and Fire. As part of the deal, CAVU co-founder and managing partner Clayton Christopher will join the company's board. The three year old company was previously funded via a small — under $1 million — investment by an angel group in late 2016.
Kettle and Fire began when Justin Mares, a paleo-diet devotee, tried to convince his brother, Nick, who had suffered a massive knee injury, to start drinking bone broth as part of his healing process. The two said they quickly tired of making broth at home and looked for a shelf-stable option, only to find that one didn't exist.
Fast forward three years to 2018 and Kettle and Fire is sold in Wegmans, Whole Foods Market, Thrive Market, HEB and Sprouts, among other retailers. The company, Justin Mares said, has more than tripled sales every year and in 2018 will do over $20 million in sales. Kettle and Fire's portfolio now includes three bone broths, four bone broth-based soups and a chili — all shelf-stable and sold in tetra pack boxes.
Christopher, who has been speaking with the Mares for years, told NOSH that the firm was excited by what the future could hold for the young brand. While bone broth is already a promising category, Christopher believes it speaks to a larger functional food trend that is only just starting.
"What we've seen is that consumers have gone from demanding better-for-you to demanding good-for-you,' Christopher said. "They want products that are great tasting, but they want products with high functionality… Ten years ago people weren't really thinking about gut health at all and no one knew what a probiotic was. You look at it now, and its mainstream."
The Mares told NOSH that they were excited by CAVU's reputation in the industry for working with emerging functional food brands. The hope, Justin Mares said, is to position bone broth as a functional beverage, much like CAVU portfolio brands Vital Proteins, Health Ade, Bulletproof and Rebbl.
"We've found from our customers that a lot of them are drinking bone broth," Justin Mares said. "So as part of that we are interested in moving more down the route of what does it look like to actually make bone broth a thing that people drink multiple times a week."
Nick Mares added that although the company didn't have to take investment right now, investment allows the company to have more working capital as it has been out of stock a few times in the last year due to an inability to meet demand. Justin Mares added that roughly 70 percent of the investment will go towards marketing: demos, possibly pop-up broth and soup shops and more content creation around what makes Kettle and Fire unique.
The education and marketing components may prove to be tricky. Both the Mares and Christopher said that the bone broth space is highly fragmented with brands in frozen cases, refrigerated coolers and center store aisles. There also is no regulation around the term "bone broth" so while Kettle and Fire uses actual bones and long cook times, other brands may not be doing the same.
The brothers believe though that being shelf stable gives them several advantages in reaching consumers. Retailers, they say, can stock it in multiple places and on traditional promotional displays such as end caps. Additionally, the brand also is able to do easier demos.
Beyond brick and mortar stores, because Kettle and Fire can be shipped easier — and cheaper — then chilled products, the brand has a thriving direct-to-consumer business. Justin Mares told NOSH that roughly half of the company's sales are online, with 95 percent of those sales through the brand's own website. Another hallmark of CAVU investments, Christopher said, is increasingly company's ability to connect with consumers online and fulfill orders from their own website.
"The holy grail for any brand is having a direct relationship with the consumer. We love our retail partners, we love our distributor partners, but … really, they are a step between us and the consumer," Christopher said. "Not that retail won't be critically important for the brand to grow, but along the way we feel like having that direct relationship is going to allow us to perform even better in retail by education and conversations with consumers."
As the company increases sales — both online and in stores — the Mares said scale will allow the brand to continue to lower prices beyond their current $6.99 price point for broth and $7.99 to $8.99 for soups. When Kettle and Fire first launched, Nick Mares said, the same bone broth product was priced at $11.99.
"We're not trying to be something for everyone," Justin Mares said. "I think we'll see something very akin to a kombucha trajectory where in the early days no one knows what it is, it's expensive and only a select group of people opt into it. And then it becomes more popular and the categories grow and the companies grow and prices drop and become more accessible to everyday people."
The Giannuzzi Group acted as legal counsel to Kettle & Fire.


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Main Content
Contact us
How can we help you?
This is the right address for your questions and concerns, praise or criticism. You are welcome to contact us by phone or in writing. Our fast, friendly and competent specialists will be pleased to help you.
Your contact @
Georg Utz, Inc.
14000 North 250 West
46124 Edinburgh, IN, USA
Phone: +1 812 526 2240
Fax: +1 812 526 2428
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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December does it! We are in the home stretch! JAM on.
Well this is it loves. The final stretch! The last prompts of the year. What fun, I've had creating with you. Thank you so much for playing along. Today, I am providing the last prompts and a BONUS prompt for you. Happy creating.
I hope you are planning on joining me for a bit of PLAY in January! Embrace your Playful Side promises to bring you fun, giggles and a lot of PLAY! Learn more here…
Now let's finish it up a BANG!
Supplies used:
Click each image for more information.
What do I do next to be a part of the Embrace Your Playful Side Challenge:
- Follow my blog right here tiaresmith.com
- SIGN UP FOR MY MAILING LIST (you'll get some cool, FREE tutorials, as well)
- Follow me on Instagram & Twitter @iamclassygirl
- Share your art, photos, writing etc. on Instagram and Twitter by using #embraceplay
- Join me in the Embrace YOUR Art Group on Facebook


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When I began I thought too much arts funding went to artists with an overblown sense of self-importance. Now I know that the funding available doesn't go far enough to encourage everyone to experience the joys of creating.
Before I started working at WRA I had a conversation with the previous Regional Arts Development Officer where I argued that more funding should go to fund workshops and less to fund individual artists.
The former RADO argued that individual artists raise the profile of the arts and this encourages everyone but I still think the greatest benefit would be greater participation, rather than just greatness for a few individuals.
Just as most people know that physical exercise is important for their health but probably realise they need to do more; it's the case that creative exercises are important for mental health.
The small amounts of money doled out to people trying to promote creative activities in our communities do not go far enough.
The arts are important for bringing people together and also for prompting reflection. It develops empathy, for example, the skill of understanding how other people are thinking and feeling.
So often we're force-fed answers in the form of marketing, when the process of thinking of a question is far more stimulating because there's usually more than one answer. Harrison Young has nice line about poetry that captures this idea:
Poetry is full of metaphor, and metaphor is where one thing means another, it is saying two things at once. And this to my mind is like reality, there are often two aspects. Or more.
The experience of working to promote a regional arts board has educated me. I've gained a better understanding of the hoops one jumps through to access those small amounts of funding. I've also helped develop projects and, as someone who throws around lots of ideas, it's been gratifying to see some of them develop.
workshops. The knowledge I've gained from helping assess CASP applications has led me to successfully apply for CASP funding.
There's more I want to do to promote the arts and their benefits but I've come to realise that there is only so much one can do while working within a regional arts board. There's a significant issue in managing the perception of self-interest if you're an artist hoping to secure funding to promote the arts. People don't see the small amount of money, they see that you've gained an opportunity. These people don't see the hoops that you've got to jump through or are unwilling to do so.
So it is time for me to allow others to have the opportunity to gain experience in the arts and to learn to jump through these hoops. I hope they will continue to develop and promote creative activities for everyone in our communities.


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January 9, 2017
South Korea plans to ignore some sectors in allocation lift
- Carbon Pulse
South Korea has released a draft proposal for how to spread the increase in CO2 permits across industrial sub-sectors, leaving out some of the segments that have filed lawsuits against the ETS.
Non-ferrous metals producers were short nearly 11% in 2015 but are not due to receive any extra permits next year, according to the MOTIE proposal. The same goes for petrochemical firms, which emitted 3.1% above their cap in the first year of the scheme. Those two sectors, along with cement have been the most vocal opponents of the government's allocation plan and the main sources of the lawsuits. This is because the ministry has proposed an adjustment method that does not favour growing sectors, according to non-profit group Solutions for Our Climate.


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News Release
Precautionary Boil Water Notice for 4th St corridor
The line break occurred after lightning struck a light pole and that pole collapsed into the underground main. Crews have been working hard through the evening to make necessary repairs and ensure the integrity of the 12" water main.
Even though we have no reason to believe at this time that contaminants have entered the system, we are issuing this Precautionary Boil Water Notice for customers.
When we are able to confirm through biological testing that no contaminants are present, we will notify those customers that this Boil Water Notice is no longer in effect. Customers will be advised if any additional action is necessary in response to the test results.
Share this


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Tags: videos of Hydra, Hydra in videos, Hydra films, short videos Hydra Island Greece, Greek island of Hydra. Copyright HydraDirect.com, Kelsey Edwards 2014-16 EXCEPT WHERE STATED.
Firework display at the end of the reenactment of the sinking of the Ottomen Flag Ship during the Miaoulia Festival held annually in Hydra Island. 25th June 2016
Hot and sunny day coming back to Hydra port from the beach in Hydra Island, Greece today. 14/06/2016
Feeling on top of the world - Hydra Island, Greece. 28/05/2016
Heading in for lunch at the Enalion behind Vlychos beach yesterday. I love Hydra Island! 11/06/2016
The Commodore heading back to Hydra port after a beach run with Spyros. Hydra Island Greece 11/06/2016
The video below is about 10 years old and isn't quite acurate anymore. Sadly Leonides Taverna, no longer exists, but the video was excellently produced and well worth watching for the atmosphere and to get a good feel of the island.
Hydra, Greece _ Traffic-free Tranquility
Hydra, Greece _ Traffic-free TranquilityPosted by Greece Art & Architecture on Tuesday, 26 January 2016
Very windy day but fantastic colours on Hydra Island Greece. If you like walking it's a great place to head for as the photography from here is inspirational. This video is shot from above Agia Fotini Monastery. Starting from views of Kamini then up to the top of the mountains looking towards Agia Matrona, sweeping back down the valley to Ag. Fotini, then down to Hydra town.


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Subresource Integrity
By- October 06, 2015
If you've been keeping up with recent browser developments you may have noticed that in the past few weeks both Chrome and Firefox have started to support subresource integrity, with companies like Github making an active push for other sites to make use of the functionality. This is a low-risk change that offers tremendous security gains for your users, so we just pushed out an update that makes it easier to start using subresource integrity on your website.
As is the nature of loading arbitrary code, this has always opened up websites to the possibility of being attacked through their CDN: an insecure or malicious CDN holds the potential to insert malicious code onto any website to which it serves assets. Subresource integrity serves to mitigate this attack by ensuring that all loaded resources contain the exact content expected by the website. This is done through the use of a cryptographic digest, computed on all fetched resources, that is then compared against an expected digest. This provides the browser the capability of detecting resources that have been tampered with, allowing it the opportunity to abort the loading of the resources before any malicious code is executed.
Protecting a resource is done by adding the "integrity" attribute to an asset's HTML tag:

It's an elegant solution to a very serious risk, and it's a solution we recommend implementing. It won't secure all of your users, with Microsoft Edge still not supporting the feature, but it can serve as a valuable line of defense in the event of a breach of your CDN. Many of the popular web frameworks provide libraries that make it easy to enable subresource integrity on your assets, and further instructions on making use of the technology are available on the Mozilla Developer Network.
Going forward, all Tinfoil Security scans will flag external resources that are not protected by subresource integrity. Give it a try by signing up for our 30-day free trial.
How To Fix POODLE (And Why You're Probably Still Vulnerable)
By- October 16, 2014
The internet has been in an uproar over the past few days as a result of Google's announcement of the POODLE vulnerability, which effectively breaks SSLv3 completely. We've scanned every single site that has passed verification with Tinfoil Security (that is, signed up and verified ownership) using our free testing tool, and sent emails to all those customers that have vulnerable sites. Our anonymized statistics of websites that have been tested show that 68%—that is, more than two-thirds—of the internet is vulnerable as I write this.
There has been a lot of misinformation flying around the internet over the past few days, and a lot of overly technical (or not technical enough) "how to" guides that are actually incorrect. This isn't because the internet intends to mislead, but simply because cryptography of any sort, but especially TLS/SSL, is hard. We don't claim to be experts, but we try really hard to be well-versed. With that in mind, this is our guide on how to protect your servers and what mistakes you've probably (unintentionally) made.
How Everyone Is Messing Up Cipher Disabling
The simplest thing to think is "OK, so it looks like if I disable any cipher suite that has CBC in the name, I'll be fine." This is wrong, and everyone is doing it, because it is what everyone is recommending.
There are a number of cipher suites, specifically
AES256-SHA, and similar, that do not contain CBC in the OpenSSL cipher suite name. In reality, these cipher suites are named
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA and
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, respectively. These cipher suites do work in CBC mode, no matter what OpenSSL chooses to call them!
We've disclosed this exact vulnerability to many companies at this point, including some large, extremely engineering-focused companies I guarantee you've heard of, all of whom have mitigated it now by disabling these last few ciphers. Given that we continue to see this exact mistake across most of the websites we're testing, you should make sure you check it on yours too.
Your best option
Disable SSLv3 completely. Do not support it as a protocol at all, and reject any clients which require it. Unfortunately, this proves hard to do for many companies, as they have legacy clients whom they need to support that only support SSLv3 (specifically, IE6 on Windows XP and older Android clients, usually).
Our recommendation is simple: if, in any way, you can completely disable support for older clients that require SSLv3 and disable support for that protocol entirely, please do it.
Your next best option
If you must maintain support for SSLv3, your next best option is to enable the
TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV cipher suite value. This cipher is a patch submitted to OpenSSL by Google (the same guys who found the exploit in the first place). This cipher solves the issue of retrying failed connections, thus preventing attackers from forcing browsers to use SSLv3. Additionally, it may also help prevent future exploits, as it prevents downgrading from TLS 1.2 to 1.1 or 1.0 as well.
Our recommendation: Make sure that you support the
TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV cipher suite value. If you use OpenSSL 1.0.1, make sure you upgrade to 1.0.1j. Similarly, if you use 1.0.0, make sure to upgrade to 1.0.0o, and if you use OpenSSL 0.9.8, upgrade to 0.9.8zc.
Your last resort
If you cannot disable SSLv3, and if you cannot upgrade OpenSSL to support
TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV for some reason, you have one additional option left: carefully disable all cipher suites for SSLv3 that run in CBC (cipher-block chaining) mode. Really, you should do this anyway, since
TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV doesn't actually resolve POODLE for anybody using SSLv3, it just prevents any newer clients from downgrading to SSLv3 and thus becoming vulnerable, limiting the number of clients that are affected.
This means that if you have to use SSLv3, your only real option left is to use some form of an RC4 cipher. This also isn't perfect (there is a known attack on it by way of Royal Holloway, but it requires 224 connections), but is better than using any of these CBC ciphers which can be broken much faster.
If your configuration doesn't allow you to disable these CBC ciphers only for SSLv3 (for example, if you run nginx), you should consider using something like HAProxy to terminate SSL traffic in front of it and disabling / redirecting around it there. This, however, is hard and prone to error so you can go with the next recommended option: make sure your preferred cipher is set to RC4, rather than any CBC cipher.
Our recommendation: The following cipher suites that SSLv3 is able to use must be disabled in order to effectively prevent POODLE:
Check, and check again.
We've been updating our tester constantly and improving its detection and results. We've added even more information regarding supported ciphers and the like. When you think you've fixed your server against POODLE, you should run another check.
We will continue to keep our eyes on this and attempt to update this post with more ways companies are making common mistakes in mitigating this attack, but if you follow the above directions, you should be OK. Scan yourself for even more vulnerabilities using the button below.
Feel free to chat with us or email us at any time.
Building A Browser Extension? Be Careful Not To Accidentally XSS the Whole Internet.
By- March 28, 2013
Update/TL;DR: If you didn't generate it, assume it's malicious.
Sometimes, the state of your website's security can be affected by resources and services outside your control. The topic of today? Browser extensions.
Recently, we disclosed a vulnerability to a well-known company (let's refer to them as Company) in their browser extension (specifically, in Chrome). To their credit, Company responded rapidly and fixed the issue within 2 days - major props to them for responding so quickly. Before we get into the vulnerability, let's talk a little about what the extension does.
Chrome extensions? Not much harm can come from that...
Sounds great. So where's the vulnerability?
The vulnerability boils down to the following: if a page had a hashtag in its content that, as part of the hashtag, had an HTML-escaped element appended, it would get unescaped and then, by definition, inserted directly into the DOM by Company's browser extension. Consider the following example:
If this showed up in the text of a page, the extension noticed the #tinfoil hashtag and attempted to convert it into a link. So the above became something like the following:
#tinfoil
You'll notice that this is malformed HTML to begin with (the #tinfoil attribute of the a tag, for example), but the more important issue is that the Company's browser extension actually unescapes the escaped HTML for the script tag and, in doing so, inserts it into the DOM. Of course, the link still works, pulling up a search for #tinfoil as it should, so if we weren't popping up an alert box, the user would be none the wiser.
Uh oh...so what does this mean for me?
Okay. So what can we learn from this?
User generated content occurs everywhere, and it is always important to escape any input you may receive. The mantra we often use is: "If you didn't generate it, assume it's malicious." In this case, the document returned by the website the user is visiting should be considered potentially malicious. The extension is acting on data it did not create, and as such should treat it more carefully than it would other data, by escaping everything it can. So if you're building a browser extension, be sure to treat the DOM of whatever page you're modifying as dangerous, because it is.
We love to talk about these sorts of issues, so feel free to chat with us via email or in our support chat. :)


text: A rare tumour of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognised: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumour (called also endodermal sinus tumour and yolk sac tumour), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis.


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As I Celebrate Our Air Force Adventure this month...I just had to go back to the very beginning...how it all started on that "fateful" day when I heard these words:
"Today I signed the paperwork with the campus ROTC".
Those were the words that would change the course of my life in a surprising... amazing... difficult... incredible way. Hubby said them to me in a phone call way before he was Hubby. At the time he spoke these words, he wasn't even Boyfriend...but he was a very dear and special Friend.
My response was, "Oh I will miss you so much when you go away on assignment".
Little did I know that day that I would be going with him and that this very dear and special Friend was actually Future Hubby.
I cared about Future Hubby very much. He was a great friend. He made me laugh...he was a thoughtful listener...and he was certainly one of the smartest people I had ever met. He really liked me and I knew it. And truthfully Future Hubby was everything I was looking for in a guy...but there was something holding me back.
You see, years before, I had spent some time thinking about the man I was going to marry. I had even made a list of the qualities such a man should possess. It was a long list filled with ideas like: "He must be kind...smart...thoughtful...and he must love me and treat me well....it went on...he must love and want children...be a Christian...and have ambition. It continued on and on with some fairly high expectations for just one person. But you know what? Future Hubby met them all. He was everything on that list.
The problem was I also had another list. This list consisted of qualities I didn't want to find in the man that would marry me. And Future Hubby....well...he also met the top two on that list:
1. He couldn't be a pilot
2. He couldn't be in the military
Now...I don't hold anything personal against pilots or anyone in the military. I just didn't think I wanted to live the life of a pilot's wife or a military wife. I knew he would be gone often and I was sure it wouldn't be easy...and honestly...I didn't think I was strong enough to deal with it. I didn't think I would handle the separation and worry well at all. And I didn't want to move away from my family and the Midwest.
But I really really liked Future Hubby. Oh how he made me giggle. No one looked at me or treated me like he did. Finally...after some effort on his part...and God's....I came to realize I should just disregard the second list. Future Hubby had met the criteria that mattered...so I called and asked him out.
Thankfully, he said yes! And before I knew it...we were married and off on our very own Air Force Adventure. I truly believe this was God's plan for us from the very beginning. And I'm grateful He worked on my heart and guided me to let go of my "list" expectations.
For this very reason, Jeremiah 29:11 is one of my very favorite verses:
For I know the plans I have for you," declares the Lord, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.
I have learned over these years of Air Force Wife living that God's Plan...His List...is always way better than anything I can come up with. And as I grow older, I am learning to lean more and more on His understanding and less and less on what I think the plan should be.
And here's the really awesome part of this story: As my love grew for Hubby, his goals...became my goals. His dreams became my dreams. I'll share more about that in another post...but I can tell you that when you allow God to work in your life and let His plan shine...everything falls into place.
Even if it's not what you thought you wanted.
Even if it's exactly the opposite of what you thought you wanted.


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Expert stylist's advice, our weekly installment of style & lifestyle questions from YOU for us to contemplate is back, first-up comes a query on flared pants that everyone could learn a thing or two from
From Suzanne- Are flared and/or belled pants still fashionable to wear?
With Miuccia Prada's Fall takes on the bookish, print filled charm of the haute 70's and fashion's latest fixation on reworking the perfect pant in every shape imaginable, it was only a matter of time for us to see the return of the flared pant.
No longer will flared pants conjure up gawky teen baby sitters and suburban mall rats with these simple tips…
>> READ: How to Look Pulled Together
That's because their return comes at a time when fashion is finally offering stately alternatives for real women who want a sophisticated look. And there's almost nothing more age-appropriate than a woman who looks effortlessly put-together without trying too hard.
>>MORE: On What to Wear & How to Wear It
Just remember to keep in mind that while comfort is key, to not pair a pair of flared pants with anything too casual i.e hooded sweatshirts, t-shirts and anything even close to hippie related garb. Subtle, sleek and grown up is what you should be aiming for.
And with that we've compiled a few tips for women of all ages:
- 20's & under- From denim to chino paired with bustiers and you name it, now's your time to go wild as you can conveniently have your moment to be risk-taking and still make it work. Just remember to keep it elegant as you don't want to look too juvenile in pants that will age you.
- 30's- We suggest looking for fine, quality fabrications while looking for slightly wider styles and avoiding anything too casual. A wider hem will alter your silhouette and flatter your figure. Do keep in mind to avoid chiffon type fabrics as they can tend to look sloppy and steer clear of sweatshirt/jersey as they look a bit too basic and most of all- cheap!
- 40's+- As you get older, look for flared pants that have a relaxed fit especially at the waist. Pants that are too tight or low waisted look tawdry on women of age.
Consider these elegant flared options:


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In-Game Description
- When Aldrich ruminated on the fading of the fire, it inspired visions of a coming age of the deep sea.
He knew the path would be arduous, but he had no fear. He would devour the gods himself.
In the opening cinematic, it is shown that Aldrich has become an expansive sludge of maggoty black rotten flesh and humanity dregs, filled with both his own bones and the bones of those he consumed.
By the time the player reaches him, he will be inert and spread across the floor, using the weapons and malformed body of Gwyndolin to interact and attack.
Found in Anor Londo, in the same hall of the cathedral where Ornstein and Smough were fought in Dark Souls.
It is said that he hailed from Irithyll[1], although his physical appearance suggested that he may have been just a human, lacking the features of old gods.
A former holy cleric, he began to have visions of an age of the "deep sea," where the dregs of the human soul fall to the lowest depths, and become the shackles which bind the world.[2] From these visions, Aldrich was able to access a more distant form of the Dark than standard humanity, which came to be known as the "Deep."[3] But he eventually developed a tendency for cannibalism, and he took to the habit of consuming humans, which delighted him.[4]
On these visions and powers, he founded the Church of the Deep,[5] and worked at actively inducing the stagnation of souls.[3][6] The clerics of the Church of the Deep sheltered Aldrich and provide a steady stream of sacrifices, overseen by Archdeacon McDonnell and Archdeacon Royce.
During this time, he continued to indulge in the misery of those he consumed, and even created sacred rings that bestowed that same feeling to wearers.[4] But while the powers in the Deep are beyond pure humanity, so too is its potential to do grave harm, breeding abhorrent life beyond abyssal corruption.[7][8] Most of those who worshiped the Deep became intoxicated[9] or corrupted, all except for Aldrich, who, despite his taste for flesh, retained sanity somehow. He was not immune however, and his devouring of both flesh and souls bloated him with dregs until he collapsed in on his own polluted mass, becoming a creature of rotting maggoty flesh, animated by darkness and forming as abyssal sludge.[10] Despite this, he continued to retain sanity and sentience, and was still given his sacrifices.
It is implied that Aldrich consumed many children, and that Anri and Horace were the only children to escape the Devourer.[11][1]
Why he linked the fire is unknown, but some believe he was forced to by the time's rulers as his strength had made him the perfect candidate. All that is known is that he was not chosen for his worthiness, but for power he held.[10]
After Aldrich was revived as one of the Lords of Cinder, he experienced visions of the world's inevitable envelopment in darkness, and neglected to take his throne. He began dreaming of the Old Gods, who supported the linking of the fire, and sought to devour them. Sulyvahn traveled with him to Anor Londo and managed to capture Gwyndolin, God of the Darkmoon. His younger sister, Captain Yorshka, was imprisoned above her own church by Sulyvahn, while Aldrich began consuming the God of the Darkmoon.
As Aldrich took to devouring Gwyndolin's body, he appears to have entered hibernation, falling into a deep slumber. In his sleep, Aldrich was also able to absorb Gwyndolin's memories, as he dreamed about a young, pale girl in hiding.[12] When the Ashen One arrives to slay the devourer, Aldrich awakens to defend himself, utilizing Gwyndolin's powers/body and a miracle developed from his dreams.
Fight overviewEdit
The encounter begins with Aldrich standing on the far end of the room, imbuing his staff with magic and wielding it menacingly while he prepares for battle. He specializes in ranged combat, doing so by casting diverse dangerous magical spells. Conversely, his close combat abilities become heavily compromised due to his sluggish mobility and tendency to miss hits with his weapon. His substandard melee abilities should not be underestimated, however, because what he lacks in accuracy, he more than makes it up in damage-dealing potential.
When he rears up and aims his bow, he will launch an expanding wave of highly damaging arrows in front of him, allowing you to circle behind him and get hits in.
Throughout the course of the battle, Aldrich will be constantly summoning small homing projectiles. Each one of these, on its own, only deals a small amount of damage and the player may even opt to sustain a few of them in exchange of inflicting some damage to the boss. However, if they are caught by the full attack, they will sustain heavy damage, which may even kill them in a single barrage.
Aldrich is most vulnerable on his tail, which provides an area where the player may attack without risking themselves too much from being in the staff's range.
Upon receiving some damage, Aldrich will raise his staff and create a big vortex on the ground in front of him, plunging inside to escape from punishment. This vortex is heavily damaging and the player would be wise in not attacking the boss too many times in a row, preparing instead to move away when it is cast. Aldrich will emerge a moment later on the other side of the hall, as far away from the player as possible, trying to buy some time to cast more spells.
Once Aldrich has lost about 40% of his health, he will buff his scythe with fire. At this point, every time he emerges from the ground, he will deal damage to nearby players while a much greater amount of homing projectiles spawn with him as he rises.
He will also use a replica of the Lifehunt Scythe, starting a large windup before spinning twice in a full circle, and stealing health with each target that it connects to. This attack is telegraphed, and one can see the miracle generating on his staff, but it can often be confused for another standard swing.
His most devastating attack is, without a doubt, is taking out Gwyndolin's bow and shooting toward the sky, making an extensive barrage of arrows rain over the player and follow them for a considerable amount of time. He telegraphs this attack by suddenly stopping and erecting his upper body, while a white flash of light emanates from him. Being caught under the rain of arrows, practically means instant death. As soon as this attack is detected, the player is advised to completely disengage from battle and start running throughout the room with no specific direction.
At the beginning of the fight, charge at Aldrich to avoid his hard-hitting soul spear. Get behind him and focus your attacks on his tail. This leaves him with nothing to do but swing his two slow, devastating melee attacks or teleport across the room (usually, adjacent to where he teleported from).
At about 55%-60% health, he will teleport and come back up, buffed with fire. His arrows also go from going forward to following a specific player. If the arrows following the player catch up to them, then that player will most likely go down quick. Blue Bug and Red Bug Pellets are recommended for this fight.
Casting the sorcery Twisted Wall of Light can negate Aldrich's ranged attacks, including his arrow barrage in the second phase, allowing one to wait out the attack by casting repeatedly.
Soul of Aldrich
Cinders of a Lord
|Drop Rate
- Aldrich is susceptible to Vow of Silence, which will block most of his attacks.
- Aldrich is considered an abyssal enemy, and takes extra damage from the Wolf Knight's Greatsword and Farron Greatsword.
- Hitting Aldrich in different parts of the body affects how much damage is dealt.
- Attacks on the sludge/tail deals normal damage.
- Attacks on the body below the waist deals 50% more damage.
- Attacks on the body above the waist deals double damage.
- Aldrich's throne in Firelink Shrine refers to him as "Saint Aldrich of the Deep".
- Aldrich's appearance resembles an amalgamation of Gwyndolin and Nito from Dark Souls. A connection to Priscilla is also implied as Aldrich can summon a Lifehunt Scythe.
- During the fight, as well as when the boss is passive, shrieks and moans of pain can be heard coming from Gwyndolin. As Aldrich was half-way through consuming Gwyndolin and had used the God's body to defend himself, this disturbingly implies that Gwyndolin was still alive (albeit barely) and in a semi-conscious state of being continuously devoured by Aldrich, even during the fight.[13]
- While the attacks of Gwyndolin were light blue energy that dealt magic damage in the first game, Aldrich uses variations of the same attacks with purple energy that dealt dark damage.
- Innumerable bones and large amounts of sludge can be seen on the floor of the arena, similar in appearance to Aldrich himself, and possibly being actually part of his body. If this is the case, then, Aldrich insists on attacks by exerting his will over the body of Gwyndolin, instead of simply devouring the player.
- The sludge and bones remain after Aldrich dies, though they are inert, making him and Archdeacon Royce the only two bosses to leave behind physical remains.
- His melee attacks, during his first phase, closely resemble those of Nito.
- His name, besides being an actual name, may also be a play on the word "eldritch", meaning esoteric or mysterious.
- Aldrich's staff, presumably inherited from Gwyndolin, bears a semblance to the Golden Ritual Spear.
- In the soul of Aldrich, there is a distinct lighter portion inside the soul that is not present in other deep soul; the meaning of this is unknown.
- The comic Dark Souls: The Breath of Andolus features a scryer named Aldrich as the deuteragonist, potentially as a reference to him, despite them not being the same character.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dialogue with Anri of Astora.
- ↑ Human Dregs description.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Deep Gem description.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Aldrich's Ruby/Sapphire description.
- ↑ Soul of Aldrich description.
- ↑ Great Deep Soul description.
- ↑ Gnaw description.
- ↑ Deep Protection description.
- ↑ Dorhys' Gnawing description.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dialogue with Hawkwood.
- ↑ Executioner Set description.
- ↑ Lifehunt Scythe description.
- ↑ Aldrich's in-game sounds during the fight and when he is passive.


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Nature Foundation St Maarten
P.O. Box 863
Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
Dutch Caribbean
Tel: (599) 544-4267
Fax: (599) 544-4268
Location: The three Windward Islands: Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten
Species: Loggerhead, Green, Leatherback, Hawksbill
Objective(s): The project ran from November 2004-January 2006. The three aims were to increase pride in the fact that these islands still have sea turtles, to create awareness that they need protection and to identify concrete ways in which the public can help.
Contact Info: Dominique Vissenberg, Nature Foundation som firstname.lastname@example.com
2. Sea turtle tracking project
Location: St. Eustatius and St. Maarten
Species: Green and Hawksbill turtle
Objective(s): This project ran from October 2005-December 2006 and will be repeated around September 2006. Satellite telemetry has become a common tool for turtle biologists to discover migration pathways between nesting beaches and feeding grounds. It facilitates a greater understanding of their geographical range and habitat utilisation, allowing improved protection and focused conservation efforts in essential habitats. Tracking projects can also be used to great advantage in community awareness programmes, by highlighting turtles' migratory behavior to engage the public in conservation issues.
Emma Harrison, STENAPA; St Eustatius National Parks, Gallows Bay, St Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles. Tel/fax: + (599) 318-2884;
Dominique Vissenberg, Nature Foundation sum at email@example.com
Additional projects
Planned new awareness projects to get people involved to increase the survival chances of nests and to get more records this or next season:
– 2006-2007: Light assessment on the main turtle-nesting beach, in cooperation with WIDECAST
– New poster distribution to inform people on nesting season;
– The placement of turtle informational signs on the beach;
– House to house distribution of flyers to residents and tourists (hotels) who live/stay near the beach.
– Turtle PSA on the radio
– Try to get involvement of hotels and dive shops to get more data
– New educational program "Water", in which sea turtles play a big part since the turtle mascot Scout is again the main character of the lesson.
Bräutigam, A. and K. L. Eckert. 2006. Turning the Tide: Exploitation, Trade and Management of Marine Turtles in the Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
There are no specific island-level regulations governing the exploitation of marine turtles in Sint Maarten. The Eilandsverordering Natuurbeheer en-Bescherming, nr. 25 (Island Nature Ordinance), adopted in September 2003, is framework legislation that invokes the commitments of the Netherlands Antilles in relation to the SPAW Protocol, CITES and other international obligations and, thus, protects marine turtles and other species covered in those agreements, but makes no specific provisions. Until this legislation was passed, the Netherlands Antilles National Nature Conservation Ordinance, which entered into force in April 2001, was understood to apply and, thus, to provide full legal protection for marine turtles in Sint Maarten (NFSM, 2002; L. Brown, Environmental Department of Sint Maarten-VROM, in litt., 12 August 2002).
Although the general protections conferred through the National Nature Conservation Ordinance and Island Nature Ordinance are important, according to NFSM (2002; A. Caballero, pers. comm., 29 March 2005), dependence on CITES, the SPAW Protocol and other international mandates is not an adequate basis for local marine turtle management, whether it be controlling exploitation or protecting important sites. A marine park ordinance, which would formally designate the Sint Maarten Marine Park, its zoning plan, and their management parameters, is still in draft form and, thus, has not yet been adopted (A. Caballero, in litt., 23 March 2005).
Educational Program Report. Help Out, or Sea Turtles Miss Out – 2004 – 2005: Introduction
Educational Program Report. Help Out, or Sea Turtles Miss Out – 2004 – 2005
Logo button – Help Out, or Sea Turtles Miss Out
Hoetjes, P. 2006. Netherlands Antilles Second Annual Report Form. Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles.
Harrison, E., D. Vissenberg and R. Van Dam. Satellite tracking in the Windward Island of the Netherlands Antilles.
Swinkels, J. L. 2004. Status of the Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) on the Dutch Caribbean Islands of St. Maarten, St. Eustatius and Saba.
Synbesma, J. 1992. Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for the Netherlands Antilles. (K. L. Eckert, Editor) UNEP Caribbean Environment Program. CEP Technical Report No. 11. 63 pp.
van Buurt, G. (1984). National Report for the Netherlands Antilles. Pp. 329–336. In: P. Bacon et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the First Western Atlantic Turtle Symposium, San José, Costa Rica, July 1983, III, Appendix 7. University of Miami Press.


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CORMAN'S WORLD: EXPLOITS OF A HOLLYWOOD REBEL is a tantalizing and star-studded tribute to Roger Corman, Hollywood's most prolific writer-director producer, and seminal influencing force in modern moviemaking over the last 60 years. Featuring interviews with Hollywood icons and cinematic luminaries, some who launched their careers within Corman's unforgettable world of filmmaking, including Paul W.S. Anderson, Peter Bogdanovich, Robert De Niro, Peter Fonda, Pam Grier, Ron Howard, Eli Roth, Martin...more
All Corman's World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel cast + crew photos
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2020 FANDANGO MOVIES.


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Government Relations Update September 2017
White House Announces New STEM Education Grant Funding
On September 25, the administration announced that it will commit at least $200 million per year of Department of Education grant funding towards bolstering STEM and Computer Science education, "particularly among historically underserved groups." The statement from the White House focuses on the importance of investing in these programs to provide pathways to well-paying jobs. Since the announcement, companies such as Facebook, Google, and Microsoft have announced commitments of more than $300 million towards the initiative over the next five years.
Democrats Announce $40 Billion Broadband Deployment Plan
House and Senate Democrats unveiled a new proposal for a $40 billion investment in broadband deployments in rural, urban, and tribal areas as part of their "A Better Deal" economic agenda. The white paper accompanying the announcement calls for a mix of public and private participation, including involvement from ISPs and local governments.
House Passes Full FY2018 Appropriations Package
The House of Representatives has completed its appropriations process for FY2018 and the focus now turns to the Senate, which has yet to hold any votes on appropriations legislation. The temporary funding deal struck between the administration and leadership on Capitol Hill gives Congress until December 15th to complete the process for funding the federal government in the coming year.
The bill passed by the House, H.R. 3354, provides funding levels largely consistent with previous years, with many federal agencies being funded at or above their FY2018 requests. These include NIH (8.0% increase to $35.2 billion), DOE's Office of Science (0.9% increase to $5.39 billion), and NSF (1.9% decrease to $7.3 billion). However, other agencies saw significant reductions in their budgets, including the FCC (9.7% decrease to $322 million), NOAA (13.7% decrease to $4.97 billion), and NPS (17.2% decrease to $2.4 billion).*
*Percentage change as compared to FY2017 funding levels.


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100 Grains
An economical way to enjoy the advanced design and pure destructive power of a Muzzy® broadhead and its Trocar tip. The MX-4 is a 4-blade, 100-grain, short-profile broadhead with an extra-wide cutting diameter of 1-1/8''. Its super-sharp blades are built extra-thick to maximize impact on flesh and bone.


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The sound emanating from King Street in the area of Old Town Alexandria will cause people to stop in their tracks and turn their heads. What they will see is a young woman standing on the street corner, not far from the harbor, singing with a soprano voice that radiates throughout the area. It is there that Krista McClelland, 26, displays her talent. Her performance captivates the audience of passers-by who gather around her. With a wooden box that sits on the ground in front of her, it is not uncommon for her impromptu audience to throw in some dollar bills to show their support and appreciation of her singing.
Born in Georgia, McClelland has moved 21 times, and her longest stay anywhere has been in Virginia. She currently resides in Alexandria.
Her involvement with music goes back to her early childhood days. Her grandmother played the piano, guitar, and also taught voice; she was passionate about teaching children. When McClelland was approximately two or three years old, her grandmother gave her private lessons on the keyboard. Her grandmother had a method of teaching notes and rhythms, and she put flashcards on the floor in the shape of a piano. She color coded the keys and had a 15-page booklet which was known as Delia's method for teaching and singing music.
McClelland sang her first solo at age 5, and she began singing in the church chorus when she was 7 years old. The pastor was impressed, and her parents were supportive. "It sparked a very positive reaction," McClelland said. She played the trumpet at age 8. "I wanted to be like [Louis] Armstrong," she said. At the same time, she was in the choir and the band until middle school when she moved three times in one year. She moved to Brazil for five months and then returned. While she was there, she met a rock star. "He forced me out of my shell," McClelland said. Because she followed him around, her nickname became "Shadow." Not only did she gain confidence from that trip, but it was also inspirational regarding her desire to sing.
In 2009, McClelland went to Boston and participated in a program that had 50-60 singers. "I was able to train with some huge names," she said. Simon Estes was one of her close mentors. "Jerry Hadley made a big difference to me," she said. Hadley was a world-class tenor. He gave McClelland an hour of his time. "That hour completely changed me," she said.
McClelland pursued a degree in music at Boston University. "My last year in college, we geared toward an hour long recital. My recital was the day before graduation. I got my first role in the opera my last semester, and I used my final recital as a benefit for Save the Children," McClelland said.
Following a medical leave of absence from attending graduate school at Brigham Young University, McClelland returned to Virginia. She had the opportunity to hear and meet the diva of a generation of opera singers — Evelyn Lear. Lear, a soprano, became McClelland's mentor and teacher for the following one and a half years and taught her free of charge. "She saw something worth training. We adopted each other as grandmother/granddaughter," McClelland said. Recognizing McClelland's talent, Lear encouraged her to get involved in The Wagner Society which is a group of opera singers who specialize in singing Wagner's music. "I was so very much vocally a baby," McClelland said.
In April 2011, McClelland went to Brazil to compete in the Maria Callas competition. She achieved second place and a prize for the best interpretation of Mozart. "I got into that competition because I have a Brazilian passport. I was the only American in that competition," McClelland said. She also did a lot of concert in one city, Maringa, where her cousin is the mayor.
McClelland began street performing a few years ago for the fun of it. During the summer of 2012, she befriended a character artist in Old Town who drew a sketch of her as an opera singer, and McClelland sang. The entire boardwalk of people stopped. "People really responded well," McClelland said.
Karen L. Bune is a freelance writer. She serves as an adjunct professor at Marymount University in Arlington and George Mason University in Fairfax.
She continued to sing near the water by the boardwalk and also further up on King Street in the heart of the shopping district one to two times per week. "I started leaving with no less than $50 to $60 a night. One Saturday, I was there for four hours and left with $495," she said. Having suffered huge financial fallout in 2012 and working temporary jobs, McClelland's street singing has been an added resource for her. "It's been a major source of keeping me afloat," she said.
Despite the environmental hazards that King Street presents including noise, traffic, smoking, smog, and dogs, McClelland has found a niche there. "It can be a difficult place to sing, but I love singing there. It's a special place. I can go and sing anything," she said. There are times she has left with no voice.


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Tuesday, December 16, 2014
Texas 84th Legislature 2015 H.R. No. 2597 Kuempel Deer Breeding Industry TAHC TPWD CWD TSE PRION
83R30157 BPG-D By: Kuempel H.R. No. 2597
WHEREAS, Texas is home to the largest population of white-tailed deer in the nation, and deer breeding and hunting make important contributions to the state's economy; and
WHEREAS, A Texas A&M University study conducted in 2007 found that deer breeding and ranching generated over $650 million annually and supported more than 7,300 jobs; as land ownership becomes increasingly fragmented, deer breeding is particularly well suited to the utilization of smaller tracts, and the industry is now one of the fastest growing in rural America; by 2012, Texas had permitted over 1,200 breeder facilities containing over 100,000 breeder deer in nearly 200 counties; and
WHEREAS, Disease issues that arise in the deer industry are handled by the Texas Animal Health Commission, but most industry activities fall under the purview of the wildlife division of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; although TPWD is noted for its vast knowledge of wildlife biology, it is the TAHC that maintains expertise in agriculture, animal husbandry, and related matters of genetics, health, nutrition, breeding, and marketability;
moreover, the TAHC manages certain breeds of cervid animals, including red deer and sika deer; and
WHEREAS, Properly managing this growing industry is of long-term importance, and an in-depth consideration of relevant issues would be beneficial to this state; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED, That the House of Representatives of the 83rd Texas Legislature hereby request the speaker of the house to create a select interim committee to study regulatory oversight of the deer breeding industry in order to ensure that the industry is served by the state agency tasked with promoting and ensuring animal health and productivity; and, be it further
RESOLVED, That the study include recommendations on measures to ensure the vitality of the industry and encompass assurances that the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department will remain involved in the industry through its responsibility for issuing hunting licenses and providing game wardens; and, be it further
RESOLVED, That the committee submit a full report, including findings and recommendations for legislation, to the speaker and the members of the house of the 84th Texas Legislature when it convenes in January 2015.
By:AAKuempel H.B.ANo.A2092
relating to the transfer of responsibility for regulating deer breeding from the Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Animal Health Commission.
SECTIONA1.AASubchapter L, Chapter 43, Parks and Wildlife Code, is transferred to Subtitle A, Title 6, Agriculture Code, redesignated as Chapter 135, Agriculture Code, and amended to read as follows:
By:AAHinojosa S.B.ANo.A1444
relating to the transfer of responsibility for regulating deer breeding from the Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Animal Health Commission.
SECTIONA1.AASubchapter L, Chapter 43, Parks and Wildlife Code, is transferred to Subtitle A, Title 6, Agriculture Code, redesignated as Chapter 135, Agriculture Code, and amended to read as follows:
CWD tested venison?
83R1094 SLB-D By: Phillips H.B. No. 1616
relating to allowing a deer breeder to transfer and sell for processing as venison certain breeder deer.
SECTION 1. Sections 43.357(a) and (b), Parks and Wildlife Code, are amended to read as follows:
(a) The holder of a valid deer breeder's permit may:
(1) engage in the business of breeding breeder deer in the immediate locality for which the permit was issued; [and]
(2) sell, transfer to another person, or hold in captivity live breeder deer for the purpose of propagation or sale; and
(3) transfer and sell live breeder deer not needed for propagation for the purpose of processing and sale as venison.
(b) The commission may make regulations governing:
(1) the possession of breeder deer held under the authority of this subchapter;
(2) the recapture of lawfully possessed breeder deer that have escaped from the facility of a deer breeder;
(3) permit applications and fees;
(4) reporting requirements;
(5) procedures and requirements for the purchase, transfer, sale, or shipment of breeder deer;
(6) the endorsement of a deer breeder facility by a certified wildlife biologist;
(7) the number of breeder deer that a deer breeder may possess; [and]
(8) the dates for which a deer breeder permit is valid; and
(9) procedures for the identification, transfer, and sale of live breeder deer not needed for propagation for the purpose of processing and sale as venison.
SECTION 2. Section 43.364, Parks and Wildlife Code, is amended to read as follows:
Sec. 43.364. USE OF BREEDER DEER. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), breeder [Breeder] deer may be purchased, sold, transferred, or received in this state only for the purposes of liberation or holding for propagation. All breeder deer and increase from breeder deer are under the full force of the laws of this state pertaining to deer, and those breeder deer may be held in captivity for propagation in this state only after a deer breeder's permit is issued by the department under this subchapter.
(b) Live breeder deer not needed for propagation may be transferred, processed, and sold as venison only in accordance with Section 43.357 and either:
(1) Chapter 433, Health and Safety Code, and rules adopted under that chapter; or
(2) 9 C.F.R. Part 352, as authorized by the federal Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (7 U.S.C. Section 1621 et seq.).
SECTION 3. Subchapter A, Chapter 433, Health and Safety Code, is amended by adding Section 433.010 to read as follows: Sec. 433.010. APPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER TO BREEDER DEER.
(a) In this section, "breeder deer" has the meaning assigned by Section 43.351, Parks and Wildlife Code.
(b) This chapter applies to breeder deer, identified by the Parks and Wildlife Department for the purpose of processing and sale as venison, in the same manner that the chapter applies to an exotic animal.
SECTION 4. This Act takes effect September 1, 2013.
HB 1616 (83rd Legislature (2013) Relating to allowing a deer breeder to transfer and sell for processing as venison certain breeder deer.
see more bills here on captive industry in Texas;
see history of CWD in Texas here ;
Sunday, December 14, 2014
TEXAS 84th Legislature commencing this January, deer breeders are expected to advocate for bills that will seek to further deregulate their industry
Greetings Texas Hunters et al,
I tried telling the TAHC about mad cow disease and mad deer disease aka Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease aka Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE and Chronic Wasting Disease CWD since 1997. I told the TAHC even where to find CWD in cervids in 2002 i.e. waltzing across the border from New Mexico WSMR area. IT TOOK TEN YEARS for the TAHC to finally test there at the NM border in any significant numbers to find CWD, or they just got lucky, and you guessed it, 6 cases were finally detected in Texas, in the area right where I told them to look 10 years previously. wonder how many positive CWD infected deer they missed waltzing across Texas over that 10 year period? now, all these CWD postive cervids have exposed our wild and very possibly some of the captive cervids, by commingling along fence line, or flat out getting inside the fence line and exposing the farm. I would think this is possible in some cases, but the deer farming industry has been a problem with CWD in many states, on their own. they are not the only cause in my opinion, but have played a big part, if you look at past history. some of the CWD infection rates were extremely high in these captive facilities. Environmental factors and the risk to our wild cervid herds are too great to start deregulating the cervid farming industry any further. USDA vs TAHC vs TPWD vs ... it's big business now$
also, I remember, the TAHC tried to cover up two cases of mad cow disease, and this proven via the OIG and the GAO, (see my correspondence with TAHC trying to confirm this madcow for 7 months), and only after the tissue sample of said 2nd mad cow case sat up on a shelf for 7+ months (all the while the BSE MRR was being set in motion by the USDA and OIE et al, the legal trading of all strains of TSE prion disease as a legal trading commodity), only after this act of Congress and the Honorable Fong of the OIG, letters from me and Scientist around the globe, did they finally send said sample to Weybridge, England, for another opinion, where mad cow disease was finally CONFIRMED in Texas, the first case was indeed covered up, and rendered without testing. also, look at the surveillance, breaches there from, and those trace back efforts for the mad cow cases they did happen to stumble across. so my point, I think the TPWD has done a good job, and that with the TAHC, it will just be business as usual. again, just my opinion. ...
please see reference materials as follows ;
"The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it's subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!" ...page 26.
Sunday, January 06, 2013
*** "it's no longer its business."
***Given that scrapie prions are widespread on the surfaces of affected farms (Maddison and others 2010a), irrespective of the source of the infectious prions in the pens, this study clearly highlights the difficulties that are faced with the effective removal of environmentally associated scrapie infectivity.
***This is likely to be paralleled in CWD which shows strong similarities to scrapie in terms of both the dissemination of prions into the environment and the facile mode of disease transmission. These data further contribute to the understanding that prion diseases can be highly transmissible between susceptible individuals not just by direct contact but through highly stable environmental reservoirs that are refractory to decontamination.
***The presence of these environmentally associated prions in farm buildings make the control of these diseases a considerable challenge, especially in animal species such as goats where there is lack of genetic resistance to scrapie and, therefore, no scope to re-stock farms with animals that are resistant to scrapie.
***These data suggest that recommended current guidelines for the decontamination of farm buildings following outbreaks of scrapie do little to reduce the titre of infectious scrapie material and that environmental recontamination could also be an issue associated with these premises.
Scrapie Sheep Goats Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) Accepted October 12, 2014. Published Online First 31 October 2014
Monday, November 3, 2014
Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following cleaning and decontamination
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.
*** These results demonstrate that CWD can be transmitted and adapted to the domestic cat, thus raising the issue of potential cervid-to- feline transmission in nature.
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in general back then ;
"The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it's subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!" ...page 26.
Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature. Acknowledgments. Supported by NIH grant RO1-NS-061902 and grant D12ZO-045 from the Morris Animal Foundation.
*** We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
*** The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.
Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice. Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway to characterize these strains.
We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.
Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.
Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and particulates in the environment.
Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids.
Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission (deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the region.
Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.
see full text and more ;
Monday, June 23, 2014
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years***
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals
Sunday, November 3, 2013
*** Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass Management [Docket No. APHIS-2013-0044]
Friday, October 17, 2014
Missouri Final action on Orders of Rule making Breeders and Big Game Hunting Preserves
Saturday, October 18, 2014
Chronic wasting disease threatens Canadian agriculture, Alberta MLA says
Thursday, October 23, 2014
Tuesday, October 21, 2014
*** Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tenth Pennsylvania Captive Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION DISEASE
"The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it's subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!" ...page 26.
Sunday, January 06, 2013
*** "it's no longer its business."
Sunday, July 13, 2014
Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape
Saturday, June 29, 2013
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in Pennsylvania
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
***cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the wild...
Tuesday, October 07, 2014
*** Wisconsin white-tailed deer tested positive for CWD on a Richland County breeding farm, and a case of CWD has been discovered on a Marathon County hunting preserve
Thursday, October 02, 2014
*** IOWA TEST RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE DEER HERD WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RELEASED 79.8 percent of the deer tested positive for the disease
Thursday, July 03, 2014
*** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what's the risk to humans and pets?
Tuesday, July 01, 2014
Saturday, October 25, 2014
118th USAHA Annual Meeting CWD and Captive Cerivds
Sunday, December 14, 2014
TEXAS 84th Legislature commencing this January, deer breeders are expected to advocate for bills that will seek to further deregulate their industry
Singeltary submission ;
Program Standards: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
***Singeltary submission
Docket No. 00-108-10 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose; Program Standards
>>>The CWD herd certification program is a voluntary, cooperative program that establishes minimum requirements for the interstate movement of farmed or captive cervids, provisions for participating States to administer Approved State CWD Herd Certification Programs, and provisions for participating herds to become certified as having a low risk of being infected with CWD<<<
Greetings USDA/APHIS et al,
I kindly would like to comment on Docket No. 00-108-10 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose; Program Standards.
I believe, and in my opinion, and this has been proven by scientific facts, that without a validated and certified test for chronic wasting disease cwd, that is 100% sensitive, and in use, any voluntary effort will be futile. the voluntary ban on mad cow feed and SRMs have failed terribly, the bse mad cow surveillance program has failed terribly, as well as the testing for bse tse prion in cattle, this too has failed terrible. all this has been proven time and time again via OIG reports and GOA reports.
I believe that until this happens, 100% cwd testing with validated test, ALL MOVEMENT OF CERVIDS BETWEEN STATES MUST BE BANNED, AND THE BORDERS CLOSED TO INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF CERVIDS. there is simply to much at risk.
In my opinion, and the opinions of many scientists and DNR officials, that these so called game farms are the cause of the spreading of chronic wasting disease cwd through much negligence. the game farms in my opinion are not the only cause, but a big factor. I kindly wish to submit the following to show what these factors are, and why interstate movement of cervids must be banned. ...
snip...see full text and PDF ATTACHMENT HERE ;
Sunday, June 23, 2013
National Animal Health Laboratory Network Reorganization Concept Paper (Document ID APHIS-2012-0105-0001)
***Terry S. Singeltary Sr. submission
Friday, November 22, 2013
Wasting disease is threat to the entire UK deer population CWD TSE PRION disease in cervids
The Scottish Parliament's Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment Committee has been looking into deer management, as you can see from the following press release,
***and your email has been forwarded to the committee for information:
Friday, November 22, 2013
Wasting disease is threat to the entire UK deer population
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Welsh Government and Food Standards Agency Wales Joint Public Consultation on the Proposed Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Wales) Regulations 2013
*** Singeltary Submission WG18417
Sunday, November 10, 2013
*** LARGE CJD TSE PRION POTENTIAL CASE STUDY AMONG HUMANS WHO TAKE DEER ANTLER VELVET WILL BE ONGOING FOR YEARS IF NOT DECADES, but who's cares $
Sunday, July 07, 2013
*** Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease? Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]
Monday, February 14, 2011
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011
OR-09: Canine spongiform encephalopathy—A new form of animal prion disease
Monique David, Mourad Tayebi UT Health; Houston, TX USA
It was also hypothesized that BSE might have originated from an unrecognized sporadic or genetic case of bovine prion disease incorporated into cattle feed or even cattle feed contaminated with prion-infected human remains.1 However, strong support for a genetic origin of BSE has recently been demonstrated in an H-type BSE case exhibiting the novel mutation E211K.2 Furthermore, a specific prion protein strain causing BSE in cattle is believed to be the etiological agent responsible for the novel human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).3 Cases of vCJD have been identified in a number countries, including France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, US and the UK with the largest number of cases. Naturally occurring feline spongiform encephalopathy of domestic cats4 and spongiform encephalopathies of a number of zoo animals so-called exotic ungulate encephalopathies5,6 are also recognized as animal prion diseases, and are thought to have resulted from the same BSE-contaminated food given to cattle and humans, although and at least in some of these cases, a sporadic and/or genetic etiology cannot be ruled out. The canine species seems to display resistance to prion disease and no single case has so far been reported.7,8 Here, we describe a case of a 9 week old male Rottweiler puppy presenting neurological deficits; and histological examination revealed spongiform vacuolation characteristic of those associated with prion diseases.9 Initial biochemical studies using anti-PrP antibodies revealed the presence of partially proteinase K-resistant fragment by western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed spongiform degeneration consistent with those found in prion disease and displayed staining for PrPSc in the cortex.
Of major importance, PrPSc isolated from the Rottweiler was able to cross the species barrier transmitted to hamster in vitro with PMCA and in vivo (one hamster out of 5). Futhermore, second in vivo passage to hamsters, led to 100% attack rate (n = 4) and animals displayed untypical lesional profile and shorter incubation period.
In this study, we show that the canine species might be sensitive to prion disease and that PrPSc isolated from a dog can be transmitted to dogs and hamsters in vitro using PMCA and in vivo to hamsters.
If our preliminary results are confirmed, the proposal will have a major impact on animal and public health and would certainly lead to implementing new control measures for 'canine spongiform encephalopathy' (CSE).
References 1. Colchester AC, Colchester NT. The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the human prion disease hypothesis. Lancet 2005; 366:856-61; PMID:16139661; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67218-2.
2. Richt JA, Hall SM. BSE case associated with prion protein gene mutation. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000156; PMID:18787697; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. ppat.1000156.
3. Collinge J. Human prion diseases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:1699-705; PMID:9300662; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ hmg/6.10.1699.
4. Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon TN, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Vet Rec 1991; 129:233-6; PMID:1957458; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.11.233.
5. Jeffrey M, Wells GA. Spongiform encephalopathy in a nyala (Tragelaphus angasi). Vet Pathol 1988; 25:398-9; PMID:3232315; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500514.
6. Kirkwood JK, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW, Cunningham AA, Jackson SI. Spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Vet Rec 1990; 127:418-20; PMID:2264242.
7. Bartz JC, McKenzie DI, Bessen RA, Marsh RF, Aiken JM. Transmissible mink encephalopathy species barrier effect between ferret and mink: PrP gene and protein analysis. J Gen Virol 1994; 75:2947-53; PMID:7964604; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317- 75-11-2947.
8. Lysek DA, Schorn C, Nivon LG, Esteve-Moya V, Christen B, Calzolai L, et al. Prion protein NMR structures of cats, dogs, pigs, and sheep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:640-5; PMID:15647367; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408937102.
9. Budka H. Neuropathology of prion diseases. Br Med Bull 2003; 66:121-30; PMID:14522854; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.121.
Monday, March 26, 2012
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904 6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk
Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box 42 Bacliff Texas USA 77518
21 November 2001
Dear Mr Singeltary
Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long delay in responding.
As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.
Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work. It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness.
Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs, no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less
critical. For more details see- http://www.bseinquiry, gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001 .pdf
As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be contacted at the following address.
Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK
You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive identification of a TSE in a dog.
I hope this is helpful
Yours sincerely 4
I am sorry, but I really could have been a co-signatory of Gerald's minute.
I do NOT think that we can justify devoting any resources to this study, especially as larger and more important projects such as the pathogenesis study will be quite demanding.
If there is a POLITICAL need to continue with the examination of hound brains then it should be passed entirely to the VI Service.
J W WILESMITH Epidemiology Unit 18 October 1991
Mr. R Bradley
cc: Mr. G A H Wells
3.3. Mr R J Higgins in conjunction with Mr G A Wells and Mr A C Scott would by the end of the year, indentify the three brains that were from the ''POSITIVE'' end of the lesion spectrum.
TSE in dogs have not been documented simply because OF THE ONLY STUDY, those brain tissue samples were screwed up too. see my investigation of this here, and to follow, later follow up, a letter from defra, AND SEE SUSPICIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAF's. ...TSS
GAH WELLS (very important statement here...TSS)
AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.
76 pages on hound study;
The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. However, Tony Scott, then head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease. I reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature of scrapie.
38.I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on 'hound ataxia' mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins' hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer (Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from hound ataxia cases from him. This enabled me provisionally to conclude that Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in 'blind' examination of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases.
39.Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and particularly bovine offal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal may also be causal in FSE, and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform encephalopathy merited further investigation.
40.The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he first sent the slides to CVL. I was informed that despite his submitting a yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say the very least.
41.The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished.
Histopathological support to various other published MAFF experiments
42.These included neuropathological examination of material from experiments studying the attempted transmission of BSE to chickens and pigs (CVL 1991) and to mice (RVC 1994).
It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411: J/PTRSL/343/405 ), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from cattle unfit for human consumption.
Friday, March 8, 2013
Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed
Chronic Wasting Disease Susceptibility of Four North American Rodents
Chad J. Johnson1*, Jay R. Schneider2, Christopher J. Johnson2, Natalie A. Mickelsen2, Julia A. Langenberg3, Philip N. Bochsler4, Delwyn P. Keane4, Daniel J. Barr4, and Dennis M. Heisey2 1University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biosciences, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706, USA 2US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison WI 53711, USA 3Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 South Webster Street, Madison WI 53703, USA 4Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison WI 53706, USA *Corresponding author email: email@example.com
We intracerebrally challenged four species of native North American rodents that inhabit locations undergoing cervid chronic wasting disease (CWD) epidemics. The species were: deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi). The inocula were prepared from the brains of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer from Wisconsin that tested positive for CWD. Meadow voles proved to be most susceptible, with a median incubation period of 272 days. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PrPd in the brains of all challenged meadow voles. Subsequent passages in meadow voles lead to a significant reduction in incubation period. The disease progression in red-backed voles, which are very closely related to the European bank vole (M. glareolus) which have been demonstrated to be sensitive to a number of TSEs, was slower than in meadow voles with a median incubation period of 351 days. We sequenced the meadow vole and red-backed vole Prnp genes and found three amino acid (AA) differences outside of the signal and GPI anchor sequences. Of these differences (T56-, G90S, S170N; read-backed vole:meadow vole), S170N is particularly intriguing due its postulated involvement in "rigid loop" structure and CWD susceptibility. Deer mice did not exhibit disease signs until nearly 1.5 years post-inoculation, but appear to be exhibiting a high degree of disease penetrance. White-footed mice have an even longer incubation period but are also showing high penetrance. Second passage experiments show significant shortening of incubation periods. Meadow voles in particular appear to be interesting lab models for CWD. These rodents scavenge carrion, and are an important food source for many predator species. Furthermore, these rodents enter human and domestic livestock food chains by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is required.
Monday, March 8, 2010
Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE
Singeltary Submission TAHC on CWD rule proposal
Saturday, July 07, 2012
TEXAS Animal Health Commission Accepting Comments on Chronic Wasting Disease Rule Proposal
Considering the seemingly high CWD prevalence rate in the Sacramento and Hueco Mountains of New Mexico, CWD may be well established in the population and in the environment in Texas at this time.
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.
cwd exposure, and iatrogenic CJD, what if ???
*** our results raise the possibility that CJD cases classified as VV1 may include cases caused by iatrogenic transmission of sCJD-MM1 prions or food-borne infection by type 1 prions from animals, e.g., chronic wasting disease prions in cervid. In fact, two CJD-VV1 patients who hunted deer or consumed venison have been reported (40, 41). The results of the present study emphasize the need for traceback studies and careful re-examination of the biochemical properties of sCJD-VV1 prions. ***
snip...see full text ;
Thursday, January 2, 2014
*** CWD TSE Prion in cervids to hTGmice, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease MM1 genotype, and iatrogenic CJD ??? ***
*** We hypothesize that both BSE prions and CWD prions passaged through felines will seed human recPrP more efficiently than BSE or CWD from the original hosts, evidence that the new host will dampen the species barrier between humans and BSE or CWD. The new host effect is particularly relevant as we investigate potential means of trans-species transmission of prion disease.
CWD TO HUMANS, AND RISK FACTORS THERE FROM (see latest science)
Tuesday, November 04, 2014
*** Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011
Tuesday, November 04, 2014
Towards an Age-Dependent Transmission Model of Acquired and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Friday, December 5, 2014
SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide
''the silence was deafening'' ...tss
Wednesday, December 3, 2014
Over 200 Groups Urge Congress to Continue Supporting COOL
For Immediate Release
Tuesday, December 2, 2014
UK EXPORTS OF MBM TO WORLD Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion aka Mad Cow Disease
USA, NORTH AMERICA, MBM (or any potential TSE prion disease) EXPORTS TO THE WORLD (?) [protected by the BSE MRR policy] $$$
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Sunday, December 14, 2014
ALERT new variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease nvCJD or vCJD, sporadic CJD strains, TSE prion aka Mad Cow Disease United States of America Update December 14, 2014 Report
Saturday, December 13, 2014
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Publications TSE prion disease
for my files...tss
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
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