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By Samantha Sheen, AML Director Europe, ACAMS
16 February, 2017
"What you do speaks so loud I cannot hear what you say". Ralph Waldo Emerson
For those of you who've been monitoring the developments around the 4AMLD, you'll be aware that the European Parliament ("EP") and its various committees were busy during November and December of last year looking at proposed amendments (the "5AMLD") and other developments.
List of High Risk Third Countries with Strategic Deficiencies
Perhaps one of the most interesting developments was a resolution passed about the list of high risk third countries with strategic deficiencies ("High Risk Countries List").
AML Practitioner's Tip
From an AML practitioners' standpoint, lists of this nature can be useful in gauging regulatory expectations as to when they think enhanced customer due diligence measures should be applied.
However, when the first High Risk Countries List was issued by the European Commission ("EC"), it looked very similar, if not identical, to FATF's high risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions that it publishes each quarter following its plenary sessions. In fact, it was so similar that some people questioned why the EC had gone to the trouble of introducing its own separate list in the first place.
It appears that Europe's MEPs were asking the same question.
In mid-December 2016, a resolution was passed by the EP, in which it essentially said, "Nice try. Now go back and prepare this list properly".
The recitals to the resolution (which are essentially a summary of the factors taken into account in introducing the proposed resolution), record that:
- The High Risk Country List was introduced as part of the 4AMLD and was not intended to be limited to the FATF's Recommendations (and by extension its list of high risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions);
- The assessment of countries named on the High Risk Country List must be based on the criteria set out in Article 9(2) of the 4AMLD;
- The criteria in Article 9(2) was not intended to be exhaustive. Other predicate offences such as tax crimes should be taken into account as part of the assessment process to decide which jurisdictions should be named on the High Risk Country List; and
- The EP therefore expects the EC to conduct its own assessment and avoid relying on external information sources alone (i.e. the FATF list mentioned above).
The EP has now asked the EC to submit a new delegated act that takes account of the above factors, and come back with something that reflects these.
Bad Tax List Next on the Chopping Block?
It's also possible that the EP could also raise objections about another list.
In July 2016, the EC proposed a series of amendments to the 4AMLD and several related Directives. One of the driving forces behind these amendments was to address the misuse of international finance centres (often referred to as 'tax havens'). The idea was that those countries who refused to engage in the screening and assessment process developed by the EC could find themselves named on a list of uncooperative jurisdictions ("Bad Tax List").
Until recently, there has been limited information published about the measures that will be used against countries who refuse to play ball, so to speak. Despite the fact that being named, on such a list, on its own, can often incentivise uncooperative countries, further sanctions are also being considered.
At its final 2016 meeting in December, the Committee on money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion (the "PANA Committee"), Commissioner Pierre Moscovici was invited for an exchange of views. The questions put to him concerned the Bad Tax List and its use as a means to tackle tax evasion. And those views included that additional sanctions, on top of being "named and shamed" on the Bad Tax List, should also be imposed on them by the EU Member States. These could include imposing withholding taxes on all financial transfers from the EU or restricting access to EU financial markets and intermediaries. The vice-chair of the Pana Committee, MEP Fabio De Masi, went so far as to suggest that banking institutions active in a country named on the Bad Tax List should lose their licences where they also operate in the EU.
There are signs that the Bad Tax List and the criteria on which countries will be named on it, might still be subject to further change. For example, when the EC first reviewed the listing criteria, it deleted an assessment criteria which would have, effectively, ranked all countries offering zero (0) or no corporations' tax, as high risk.
But given the EP's intervention with the 4AMLD's High Risk Countries List, I think there's another area where there's a good chance the EP might also intervene with the Bad Tax List. Here's why.
Perhaps the thing that seems the most unfair about the Bad Tax List is that existing EU Member States are excluded from the assessment process (i.e. none of them will appear on the List). Given the allegations published last month claiming that Jean-Claude Juncker spent years, secretly blocking EU efforts to tackle tax avoidance during his tenure as Luxembourg's prime minister and minister of finance, the exclusion does seem a bit curious.
With MEP De Masi referring to Juncker as, "the godfather of tax dumping presiding over the EC" and the number of EU Member States referenced in the Panama Papers findings, I have a funny feeling that the EP could decide to revisit EU Member State exclusion from the Bad Tax List assessment process.
It's hard to convince people to buy into a process and convince them that it is the right thing to so, if you aren't prepared to also participate. At the end of the day, it could be misunderstood as the EU simply saying, "Do as we say, but not as we do".
Many thanks to Guengl.eu for their coverage of debate on some of the matters covered in this article such as: http://www.guengl.eu/news/article/gue-ngl-news/juncker-leaks-gue-ngl-demands-commission-president-to-step-down


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Book flights from Houston to Bangkok with Qatar Airways
Arriving in Bangkok
Book a flight to Bangkok with Qatar Airways and you'll arrive at one of the world's most exciting and popular destinations.
Not only a beloved destination by the adventurous travellers and 'backpackers,' but it's also a wonderful destination for the more discerning, luxury travellers.
Whether you're looking for ancient temples, bustling markets, lively nightlife or absolute luxury, you'll find it in Bangkok.
Tourist attractions
Many of the city's best known sights can be found in the historic centre within the Rattanakosin district.
The most spectacular attraction is the Grand Palace, which was once home to the King of Thailand and today offers visitors a rich mixture of history and architectural splendour.
Within the palace grounds you'll also discover Thailand's holiest temple, Wat Phra Kaew. Other highlights in Rattanakosin include the large reclining Buddha statue at Wat Pho and the Thai-European fusion of Wat Ratchabophit.
Other popular districts worth exploring during your trip to Bangkok include Siam Square for sheer high-end luxury shopping, and Silom for its bustling entertainment venues.
For a very different perspective on the city and a more relaxing way to see the sights, go for a cruise down the Phraya River.
Travel considerations
Flights to Bangkok with Qatar Airways land at Suvarnabhumi Airport. Visa restrictions for entry into the country will depend on your country of origin, length of stay and whether your trip is for business or pleasure.
Before you fly to Bangkok please check the visa and passport requirements.
Get your Thai experience off to a great start with Qatar Airways' regular flights from Houston, Texas to Bangkok. Our premium quality service takes you around the world in style, with an emphasis on comfort and luxury from the moment you check in to the moment you land at Suvarnabhumi Airport. Discover a new way to travel with one of the world's finest airlines.
Bangkok is the starting point for your Thai adventure. A land of ancient beauty and modern business opportunities, Thailand manages to combine the old and the new in perfect harmony. Beloved of backpackers and business owners alike, Bangkok is one of the world's fastest-growing commercial centres as well as a magnet for tourists. Flying with Qatar Airways is a great way to start your journey.
Flying from Houston
Listed as one of the top 30 busiest airports in the world, the George Bush Intercontinental Airport serves Houston and the southeast area of Texas.
It is Texas' second largest air facility, after Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, and offers flights with a number of carriers, including Qatar Airways, to Canada, Central and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. Modern and well-organized, the airport is one of the easiest to navigate your way around, thanks to friendly and helpful staff.
Transportation and parking
Because the airport is situated some 26 miles from Houston, the best way to reach the airport is via taxi, limousine service or the regular bus services.
Catch the bus from the Downtown Transit Center station of the METRORail. Buses run every 30 minutes. An underground inter-terminal train outside of the sterile zone connects all five terminals, and a shuttle-bus service also runs from Terminal A to Terminals B and C.
The airport has over 25,000 parking spaces as well as the ecopark, which provides economy parking at the corner of Greens Road and John F. Kennedy Blvd. A free shuttle service connects to the terminals.
Arriving at Houston
International flights including flights from Houston with Qatar Airways depart from Terminal D, also known as the Mickey Leland International Terminal. This state-of-the-art terminal is undergoing re-development to give it a fresh and airy feel.
Terminal D has 12 gates and several international lounges, including an exclusive lounge for the use of Qatar Airways passengers only.
Facilities and amenities
The Terminal D food court is located in the departures area and is home to a selection of eateries, serving snacks, quick meals and coffee.
Several exclusive outlets in Terminal D also sell locally-made Texan products and souvenirs, such as hats, boots and Western apparel. A wellness centre also offers massage and treatments.
Essential facts about BangkokEnjoy a hassle-free journey with all the information you need to know before your trip
Visa information
Check visa and passport requirements before you fly.

subset: commoncrawl


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Born: September 15, 1974
Date of Birth: September 15, 1974
Born in Sardinia, Italy, Caterina Murino placed fourth in the 1996 Miss Italy pageant. She then moved to Milan to begin working as a model and studied acting at the acclaimed School of Cinema and Theatre. She made her stage debut in a production of Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None, as well as appearing in several other Italian-language plays.
Murino's film debut came in the Spanish-language Nowhere (2002), starring Harvey Keitel. On European TV, she's appeared in episodes of Don Matteo, Vientos de agua and played a regular role in Orgoglio. She also starred in French movies such as L'Enquête Corse (2005), L'Amour aux Trousses (2005) and Les Bronzés 3: amis pour la vie (2006).
In 2006 Murino made her English-language debut in MGM's big budget motion picture Casino Royale.
Her hobbies include horseback riding, dancing and singing.
Casino Royale (2006)
Les Bronzés 3: amis pour la vie (2006)
L'Amour aux Trousses (2005)
L'Enquête Corse (2005)
Nowhere (2002)


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Albedo Kai (pronounced "al-bee-do" in Alien Force and Ultimate Alien and "al-bay-do" in Omniverse) is a recurring villain in the franchise. He is Azmuth's former assistant, who, in his attempt to recreate the Omnitrix, turned himself into an imperfect clone of Ben Tennyson. Since then he has been trying to get back to his Galvan form, while also harboring a great hatred and thirst for revenge for Ben Tennyson.
Human FormEdit
He first appeared exactly like Ben and wore exactly the same clothing. But after his and Ben's Omnitrix reacted to each other, it sent out a pulse that damaged his DNA and thus his form, inverting his colors. This made his hair white, his skin slightly paler, his eyes red, his eyebrows black and turned the colors of his jacket from green with white stripes to red with black stripes. His T-shirt was white in Good Copy, Bad Copyand black in his remaining appearances in Alien Force and Ultimate Alien.
Albedo's human form has not changed much in Omniverse though he now has dark circles and a paler skin. His jacket's design is mirrored, with the black stripe with a 10 now on his right side, along with the 10 becoming 01, along with additional pockets. He wears the Ultimatrix on his right hand.
In The Ultimate Heist, he was wearing a red mirrored version of Ben's current T-shirt before changing into his older attire, and in For a Few Brains More, when he transformed into an 11 year old version of Ben, he wears a red and black version of Ben's old shirt with grey pants, while still having his red eyes and white hair.
Galvan FormEdit
In Double or Nothing, he looked similar to Azmuth but with red eyes, a red Galvan tunic with black stripes, paler skin without tendrils or wrinkles and fully open eyes.
In Trouble Helix, in the flashback, he had a robe/tunic with the Omnitrix symbol on it and metal on his legs, neck, and most of his arms. He had a normal Galvan face with green eyes.
Albedo's Omniverse appearance in The Ultimate Heist, he looks like he did in the flashback in Trouble Helix, but the green is replaced by red and he has an Ultimatrix symbol on his back.
In Omniverse, whenever Albedo transforms, he looks identical to Ben's transformations (except Galvan form) but with the color scheme of his alien forms reflecting his color scheme, such as Goop or Armodrillo becoming red. In some cases, it's shown that the aliens he transforms into have a reverse pattern in their outfits, and/or have paler or completely different colors to them.
Before he turned against Azmuth, Albedo was an eccentric genius who was very respectful of Azmuth, and was concerned for the safety of others. At the same time, he still showed an arrogant sense of superiority toward others, mostly in terms of intelligence.
In the present day, Albedo is a rude, vengeful and ambitious individual exhibiting sociopathic tendencies. He is unaccepting of Ben's right to wear the Omnitrix, thinking that Ben is just an unworthy human. He bears animosity towards Azmuth, even so much as claiming the credit for the creation of the Omnitrix for himself. Originally being a scientist, he speaks with a larger vocabulary, being more intellectual than Ben, though in a rather cold and condescending manner.
Because he had gained Ben's DNA, Albedo acquired Ben's cravings and habits, which he considers utterly repulsive: He has the same taste in food, scratches himself in inappropriate places, and his left eye twitches whenever he lies. As a running gag of the series, he develops a craving for chili fries, even more than Ben himself, calling it a "human weakness." Originally he had hated this habit, but develops a liking for them, though he denies this and blames it on his human DNA.
Albedo is suspicious and distrustful of others. During his brief team up with Vilgax, he had his suspicions of Vilgax betraying him from the very beginning, which later proved correct after they had beaten Ben and taken his Omnitrix. After absorbing Azmuth's intelligence, he briefly gained an enlightened personality, which led him to realize that destruction was pointless while creation was truly worthwhile. However, he soon reverted to his normal disposition after Azmuth's mind was extracted from him.
Albedo was a brilliant young Galvan scientist, who served as Azmuth's assistant. In Trouble Helix, he inadvertently had a hand in upgrading Malware into his current form when he was captured and forced to connect the new Helix with the old one. In the flashback, he was an ally of Ben Tennyson and was very loyal to Azmuth as he called him "First Thinker" and even fought for him when Malware approached.
At some point after, Albedo asked Azmuth for an Omnitrix for himself, as he didn't trust "a mere human". Azmuth later fired him, although Albedo claimed he quit working for him. Albedo then used his knowledge of the project to build a copy, and set it to match Ben's. However, when doing so, he didn't know that Ben's DNA would become the default, causing him to lose his Galvan form and become a clone of Ben.
Alien ForceEdit
Disgusted by what had happened to him, Albedo traveled to Earth to get the Omnitrix from Ben in Good Copy, Bad Copy, planning on using it to restore his original form.
During his search for Ben, in at least three days, he savagely attacked at least three Forever Knight castles and a DNAlien hive, for the purpose of interrogation to discover Ben's whereabouts, causing the Knights to believe Ben Tennyson was attacking them for no reason and attracting Gwen's and Kevin's attention. When Albedo and Ben eventually met during Albedo's siege at another castle, Albedo pretended to be the creator of the Omnitrix, accusing Azmuth of being a liar, and asked Ben to hand it over. When Ben became suspicious and refused (after Kevin made him notice the twitch on his left eye each time he lied, which Ben has as well), Albedo transformed and attacked him in order to take his Omnitrix by force. After battling him twice, their Omnitrix's locked on with each other, almost causing feedback that could have destroyed the whole galaxy. During the process, Albedo's human form was damaged, resulting in him becoming a negative version of Ben. Azmuth then arrived and destroyed Albedo's Omnitrix, trapping him in his human form as punishment and sending him to the Null Void. Blaming Azmuth and Ben for his condition, Albedo swore to get revenge on them.
In The Final Battle, Albedo escaped from prison with the help of Vilgax, and stole the Ultimatrix, an incomplete model of the Omnitrix, from Azmuth. Using pieces from his broken Omnitrix, he successfully completed the Ultimatrix and tried to use it in order to transform back to his Galvan form. However, the Ultimatrix was still linked to Ben's Omnitrix, leaving him trapped in his form. Vilgax then offered him an alliance, promising he would let him get Ben's Omnitrix. Though not really trusting him, Albedo accepted and helped him. Despite the alliance being a success, Vilgax quickly double-crossed Albedo and made him his prisoner, using an army of thousands of Humungousaurs against him which defeated Albedo. After the Omnitrix was destroyed, Ben freed Albedo and forced him to hand over the Ultimatrix by triggering the self-destruct command. Though the ship then crashed into one of Earth's oceans, Albedo had escaped.
Ultimate AlienEdit
When Kevin and Gwen put in the Ultimatrix Security keys for Alien X's transformation in The Forge of Creation, Ben states they did it so Albedo wouldn't get access to it if he took the Ultimatrix back or if there is a duplicate or otherwise, something similar in sync to it.
Albedo returned in Double or Nothing; ever since Vilgax's ship blew up, Albedo was "broke and stranded" and had created his own live action show, 'Ben 10: Live', where Albedo played the role of Ben, and three of Ben's top most popular aliens, Swampfire, Humungousaur, and Big Chill, are played by three actors in costumes: A Methanosian named Swamps (play on Swampfire), a Vaxasaaurian named Hugh (play on Humungousaur), and a Necrofriggian named Fridge (play on Big Chill).
After Albedo sets a soundwave-bomb on the ground, Ben says for Kevin and Gwen to 'deal with the bomb', while he goes after Albedo. Albedo supposedly 'turns into' aliens, which are really just the real aliens replacing him before Ben sees the switch. When Ben battles all three of them, he states to them that he knows they aren't Albedo. After talking to Albedo, telling him to never again do Ben 10: Live, Albedo states that he won't.
They are about to leave, but Hugh comes and lies to the team, saying Albedo was making a bomb that will make everyone on Earth into a copy of Ben. Ben, Gwen, and Kevin go to stop him. Ben is annoyed and uses NRG to blow a hole in the wall. They see Albedo wearing a large Omnitrix symbol on his chest, and Hugh says that it will protect him from the blast. Gwen questions why Albedo would wear it if he already looks like Ben. Ben cuts her off and goes after Albedo, and Kevin and Gwen follow him.
Albedo then yells at the other aliens to get them. NRG defeats Swamps, and Gwen and Kevin defeat Fridge. Then, Hugh comes and tries to defeat NRG, but fails. Ultimate Spidermonkey goes after Albedo, still thinking he was making a bomb that will make everyone on Earth into an exact copy of Ben. While Albedo is working on the "bomb", the whole theater suddenly blows up and Albedo transforms back into his Galvan form.
Albedo revealed that the device he was wearing wasn't a doomsday bomb, but rather, a device to return him to a Galvan as well as making him able to alter his DNA at will. Negative Grey Matter said he wouldn't attack Ben anymore, that is, until he transforms back into human and finds out due to the Ultimatrix interrupting the device's alteration field, he can only be Negative Grey Matter for one second before turning back into his human form.
Hugh tries to take the blame, but Albedo doesn't blame him as Hugh is his friend and instead blames Ben. Albedo transforms into Negative Rath, and battles Echo Echo. When Negative Rath pins Echo Echo down, Echo Echo goes Ultimate Echo Echo and sends sound waves at Negative Rath. This causes Negative Rath to transforms back to human and faint. Hugh said the trio only came to make friends, and that Hugh wanted Ben to stop Albedo so Albedo couldn't leave and would stay as their friend. Ben says that they can have him, but he won't be happy when he wakes up.
Albedo returns again in Night of the Living Nightmare, where he infects Ben with a Cassiopeian Dream Eater, trapping him into a dream world where he kept being attacked by several of his enemies. Eventually, when Albedo enters the dream posing as Kevin and Gwen in an attempt to take the Ultimatrix, Ben figures out it's him and starts to defeat him.
As Ben starts taking over the dream world, Albedo attempts to put back the Dream Eater, only to slip on a spilled smoothie and accidentally end up being the one infected. In the real world, it was revealed that Ben was never infected, as Albedo attempted to but, unprepared for how messy Ben's room was, inadvertently slipped on a smoothie, thus replaying the same thing that happened in Albedo's nightmare. While they call a Galvan doctor in order to remove the Dream Eater, Albedo is seen inside the dream world, being confronted by some of the Ultimatrix Aliens and fearfully begs them to not to hurt him as they come near.
Albedo reappeared in the present day in The Ultimate Heist. In it, he has been impersonating Ben for several days, after he and Khyber secretly switched his and Ben's places. Albedo was unable to use his alien transformations, due to the fact that the red eyes would give him away to Ben's allies. Even though his ruse was discovered and Ben escaped, Albedo managed to get what he needed from Inspector 13. The devices that he took would not only stabilize his transformations, allowing him to remain in them for as long as he wants, but allow him to once again access the Ultimate Forms, including his own, Ultimate Albedo.
In A Fistful of Brains, Albedo tricks Ben into entering Khyber's disguised ship, capturing him and taking him to Khyber's private hunting area. Beforehand, Albedo had left toenail clippings and hair on several planets, in order to fool anyone who tried tracking Ben by his DNA.
Ben managed to escape Khyber and confronted Albedo. When Ben pointed out that Albedo had what he wanted, which was the power to return to his true Galvan form, Albedo informed him that he wanted revenge for his humiliation and imprisonment. Ben managed to overcome Ultimate Albedo, only for Ultimate Albedo to declare that Ben hadn't really won. Khyber then revealed that he had captured Azmuth.
In For a Few Brains More, Ultimate Albedo reveals that he intends to use the device he imprisoned Azmuth in, a Cerebral Vortex, to drain Azmuth's intellect, and add it to his brainpower. Despite managing to drain Azmuth's intelligence into an orb form, Ben and company managed to free Azmuth and his intellect; however, after a lengthy battle, which culminated on Earth, Ultimate Albedo managed to escape to Billions Tower, and used its lab to construct another Cerebral Vortex and added Azmuth's intellect to his own, easily subduing them. However, the combined brainpower led to Ultimate Albedo having an epiphany, realizing that destroying them was worthless, as they would still exist somewhere in the omniverse. This distraction allowed Ben to reverse the procedure, taking away Ultimate Albedo's stolen brainpower.
Angered, Ultimate Albedo transformed into Negative Ultimate Humungousaur and began attacking Ben as Bloxx, and pummeling him until he transformed back into normal and Azmuth hit the dial, transforming Ben into a new alien, Atomix, who was easily able to beat Negative Ultimate Humungousaur and Negative Ultimate Spidermonkey. After having his intellect restored, Azmuth punishes Albedo by reconfiguring his Ultimatrix to not only keep him as a clone of Ben but as a clone of the 11 year old Ben Tennyson. Mortified, Albedo cries as he is taken away.
Albedo returned in And Then There Were None, in which he and several other evil Bens join forces with Vilgax and Eon to wipe out every good Ben from the multiverse. However, he along with the other evil Bens was double-crossed by Vilgax and were erased from spacetime by a Chronosapien Time Bomb.
In And Then There Was Ben, he was brought back into existence by No Watch Ben. Later, he was chasing an Omnitrixless Ben Tennyson as Negative Ultimate Echo Echo along with Mad Ben and Bad Ben's Buzzshock. At the end of the episode, he was sent back to the main timeline by Clockwork.
In Malgax Attacks, Albedo and Vilgax infiltrate the Galvan Historical Museum to steal Malware's remains. While Vilgax fights Ben, Albedo attempts to obtain the secrets of Azmuth only to be stopped by Luhley, Blukic, Driba, and Azmuth himself. He uses Ultimate Rath to finish them all off until Azmuth disables the Ultimatrix. Albedo is then sentenced to clean-up for the next "30 Galvan solar cycles", in which he demands sunblock.
Powers and AbilitiesEdit
Albedo is highly intelligent, being "very smart even for a Galvan",[1] and has a large amount of knowledge about the Omnitrix, having been Azmuth's assistant. He was able to create a copy of the Omnitrix that, despite the mishap of turning him into a clone of Ben, worked perfectly, as well as successfully complete the Ultimatrix by integrating its energy core on his modified former Omnitrix's band. Albedo created the evolutionary function in the Ultimatrix.
Albedo is a very good fighter, as he could easily defeat Gwen and Kevin with just Swampfire and Diamondhead respectively. Albedo was able to easily overwhelm Ben in a hand-to-hand fight while both were human.[2] He was even able to knock Ben out for a short time.
Thanks to a modification that Albedo made to himself through a DNA altering machine, Albedo can alter his DNA at will and change into any species without the need for an Omnitrix. As intended, Albedo also regained access to his true Galvan form as a plus. However, because Ben had interfered, whenever he changes into an alien form, he will always revert to his "Ben" form. Albedo uses a new Ultimatrix to stabilize this power in Omniverse.[3]
Albedo originally had an Omnitrix he had built himself, giving him access to all of Ben's unlocked alien forms. However, his Omnitrix was only working by syncing data from Ben's Omnitrix, inadvertently causing him to assume Ben's form as it was the default. This Omnitrix was destroyed by Azmuth at the end of Good Copy, Bad Copy.
In The Final Battle, Albedo used the Ultimatrix, a new version of the Omnitrix semi-completed by Azmuth and modified by himself. Unfortunately, at the time it was connected to the same database as the Omnitrix, meaning Ben was still the default unless he could reset the Ultimatrix through the Omnitrix. The Ultimatrix was later taken from him by Ben.
In Omniverse, Albedo creates a new Ultimatrix but it is eventually disabled by Azmuth.
Used AliensEdit
|Alien Name
|Copy Omnitrix
|Second Ultimatrix
|Negative Big Chill
|Negative Brainstorm
|Negative Goop
|Negative Grey Matter
|Negative Humungousaur
|Negative Rath
|Negative Spidermonkey
|Negative Ultimate Humungousaur
|Negative Echo Echo
|Negative Jetray
|Negative Chromastone
|Negative Diamondhead
|Negative Swampfire
|Negative Alien X
|Negative Lodestar
|Negative Chamalien
|Negative Fasttrack
|Negative NRG
|Ultimate Albedo
|Negative Armodrillo
|Negative Arctiguana
|Negative Ultimate Arctiguana
|Negative Gravattack
|Negative Ultimate Gravattack
|Negative Ultimate Echo Echo
|Negative Ultimate Spidermonkey
|Negative Ultimate Rath
|Negative Wildvine
In almost all of his appearances, Albedo's own arrogance is often the source of his downfall and he always underestimates the intelligence and skill of those that oppose him, specifically Azmuth and Ben. His obsession and desire to get revenge on them can also lead him into getting into situations that end in his defeat and make him overlook the potential of others, such as when he all but completely ignored Blukic and Driba (due to their bumbling antics) while they successfully restored Azmuth after he had been destroyed by Albedo.
Ben 10: Alien ForceEdit
Season 2Edit
- Good Copy, Bad Copy (first appearance)
Season 3Edit
Ben 10: Ultimate AlienEdit
Season 3Edit
- Double or Nothing (first reappearance)
- Night of the Living Nightmare
- The Ultimate Enemy: Part 2 (flashback; cameo)
Ben 10: OmniverseEdit
Season 1Edit
- Trouble Helix (first reappearance; flashback; Galvan form)
Season 4Edit
Season 5Edit
Season 8Edit
Cartoon Network Action PacksEdit
Chapter BooksEdit
Video GamesEdit
Punch Time ExplosionEdit
In Punch Time Explosion XL, there is an Albedo alternate color for 16-year old Ben and his 10-year old self.
Ben 10 Alien Force: Vilgax AttacksEdit
Albedo appears as a boss on Mor' Otesi tricking Cooper into making an energy core from Taydenite. All of his aliens' eyes and Omnitrix symbol are red. After defeating him in his Humungousaur form (when he has no health left), instead of simply falling over, he'll appear to be selecting another alien form to use, something that he doesn't do (even if you don't hit him at this point). When battling him, he always seems to exclude one move out of his alien's movesets.
In the DS version, after he is defeated, he attempts to use Alien X, but gets locked in an argument with Serena and Bellicus. After the game is beaten, there is a cut scene where he is attempting to leave Alien X while Bellicus and Serena bring up an old argument. Once he is beaten on Hero Mode, he becomes an alternate skin in the DS version of the game.
Albedo has a green Omnitrix instead of a red Omnitrix. He is also one of the few non-fusion bosses. Defeating him gives the player a Rath Nano.
Aliens UsedEdit
- Negative Humungousaur
- Negative Jetray
- Negative Goop
- Negative Swampfire
- Negative Echo Echo (DS)
- Negative Big Chill (DS)
- Negative Spidermonkey (DS)
- Negative Brainstorm (DS)
- Negative Chromastone (DS)
- Negative Upchuck (DS)
- Negative Alien X (DS)
Ben 10 Ultimate Alien: Cosmic DestructionEdit
The term "albedo" is the name for the alchemical effect of something whitening. Albedo, upon being stuck in a negative image of Ben, was left with white hair, referencing his name. The term Albedo also refers to a person's unconscious personality or anima/animus.
- When Albedo was working for Azmuth in creating the Omnitrix, Albedo worked on the Omnitrix's software package.[1][4]
- Just like Ben, Albedo likes chili fries, but not because of Ben's DNA. Albedo is just blaming it on Kai.[1] This statement is supported due to the fact he lacks Ben's taste for smoothies. Peanut butter and seaweed is one of Ben's favorites but Albedo thinks it tastes like feet.
- Albedo is not albino. He just has white hair.[1][5]
- Albedo hates Azmuth more than he hates Ben.
- When Albedo lies, his left eye twitches, just like Ben.[6]
- There is a timeline where Albedo turned into Alien X and was stuck motionless for nearly a year.[7][8]
- Albedo's powers at the end of Double or Nothing are similar to Kevin's powers after he absorbed the Omnitrix for the first time.
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A complete video walkthrough for Killzone Shadow Fall.
Posted By Rashid Sayed | On 17th, Nov. 2013 Under Walkthrough | Follow This Author @GamingBoltTweet
Complete Killzone Shadow Fall with the help of this HD video walkthrough and game guide.
Game Overview:
Killzone Shadow Fall is the sixth game in the Killzone franchise. The game is set 30 years after the events of Killzone 3 and as such features a entirely new cast of characters. Using the power of next gen system, Killzone Shadow Fall will have wider areas and will also feature a robot [OWL] that can be used for a variety of tactical purposes.
Killzone Shadow Fall is developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony. The game is now available in North America exclusively for the PlayStation 4 and on November 29th in Europe.
Check out the video walkthrough of Killzone Shadow Fall below and let us know if you have any questions in the comments section below.
For video game guides, tips and wikis, check out our gaming portal here.
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Homes For Sale in Haddon Township
Haddon Township is a township in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. By an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 23, 1865, Haddon Township was incorporated from portions of Newton Township. The following communities were subsequently created from the Haddon Township: Haddonfield (April 6, 1875), Collingswood (May 22, 1888), Woodlynne (March 19, 1901), Haddon Heights (March 2, 1904), Audubon (March 13, 1905) and Oaklyn (also March 13, 1905). Haddon Township has two exclaves, West Collingswood Heights and West Collingswood Extension. The downtown portion of the township is known as Westmont, a name probably derived from a noted harness racing horse. Haddon Township allows sales of alcohols, and has several restaurants which serve alcohol, and bars, unlike the neighboring boroughs of Collingswood, Haddonfield and Haddon Heights which prohibit the sale of alcohol.
In 1701, Elizabeth Haddon Estaugh, the daughter of John Haddon, arrived in the American colonies to oversee his large landholdings, which included areas that are now Collingswood, Haddon Township, and Haddonfield. Contemporary Newton Township included land that later became part of Audubon, Audubon Park, Camden, Collingswood, Gloucester City, Haddon Heights, Haddonfield, Oaklyn, and Woodlynne. Its first European settlers were Irish who settled in the area of Newton Creek in 1681. In the late 1830s, a runaway slave, who had taken the surname Saddler to avoid detection by his former master, came to New Jersey from a Maryland plantation with his wife and two daughters. Saddler worked for Cy Evans, a local Quaker farmer, from whom he bought fifty acres to farm. The area where Saddler settled became a predominantly black community known as Saddlertown, a stop on the Underground Railroad. Today, Saddlertown is racially diverse.
The median income for a household in the township was $51,076, and the median income for a family was $65,269. Males had a median income of $44,943 versus $32,967 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,610. About 1.6% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
source: wikipedia.org


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Muay thai and fitness training
Muay thai and fitness training
An ongoing series of daily inspirations
An ongoing series of daily inspirations
It all starts here!
It all starts here!
June 01, 2017
Welcome to the new you! In my blog we will help create healthy lifestyles for all age's and fitness levels. We are going to cover everything from nutrition, to the benefits of stretching, to power training. We won't overload you with information, but we will give you food for thought that you can apply daily. Make sure to click the link on our website to check out our YouTube channel for fitness moves and tips to help you get started and stay motivated. Also, join the revolution by using the links on our website and liking us on Facebook and following us on Instagram and Twitter. Remember to always start where you are. Ready? Let's start your journey to a healthier lifestyle!
Meet one of the best trainers in L.A.
Meet one of the best trainers in L.A.
July 01,2017
VOYAGE L.A. MAGAZINE sits down with our very own, "Shaun Leverett" to get an intimate look at why he's considered one the top trainers in Los Angeles. CLICK THE LINK BELOW TO READ THE FULL ARTICLE:
Where's the beef...or chicken...or whatever?
Where's the beef...or chicken...or whatever?
July 11, 2017
I am not a registered dietician! I do not do vegan, gluten free, half fat, low calorie, sugar free or diet anything! So, if your reading this and fall into one of the aforementioned categories, this article is probably not for you! I am an advocate for enjoying what you consume…within reason! I am my fathers child and I enjoy meat! In fact I'm researching how to make my own jerk seasoning to use on something that had parents this weekend. With all that being said I am still and always will be a student of my trade. I do my food and nutrition research daily. Not just for my personal knowledge but to help those struggling with all the myths out there. I don't believe in investing money in things that do not work and I don't enjoy. So here's to those of us carnivores who may wonder if there is such a thing as "eating too much meat"! I researched this article on WebMD.com and found it to fall in line with what I believe to be a pretty good gauge for protein consumption. Enjoy!
Smooth it out!
Smooth it out!
July 27, 2017
Most people will not eat a kale, cucumber and broccoli salad. But, if you blend those heart healthy greens with berries, mangos and bananas in glass? Well, now it's a party! All kidding aside, my youngest son will drink his vegetables daily if allowed. For me it's an opportunity to be creative. There is almost no wrong way to make a smoothie. So I've found some great smoothie recipes on line and decided to share them with you. These recipes are a terrific way to help you meet your daily recommended fruit and produce servings. Please do not think of these as a meal replacement. Although they will help you to feel more full.
Cucumber Melon Smoothie
1/4 cup soy milk
1 cup red or green grapes
1 1/2 cups cantaloupe chunks
1/2 cup cucumber, peeled and chopped
1 cup honeydew chunks
1 small lime, peeled and halved
1 cup ice cubes
Place all ingredients into blender in the order listed and secure lid. Blend for 1 minute or until desired consistency is reached.
Makes: 5 cups
Serving size: 1 cup
Nutrition info (per serving)
Calories: 70
Total Fat: 0 g
Saturated Fat: 0 g
Cholesterol: 0 mg
Sodium: 30 mg
Carbohydrate: 18 g
Dietary Fiber: 2 g
Sugars: 15 g
Protein: 2 g
Emerald Smoothie
4 ounces low fat vanilla yogurt or vanilla soy milk
2 cups fresh, ripe pineapple, with core (or a 2-inch thick slice)
1 celery stalk, halved or about 1/3 cup chopped
2 cups spinach or kale, gently packed
2 cups ice cubes
Sweetener to taste if pineapple is a bit tart
Place all ingredients into blender in the order listed and secure lid. Turn machine on and slowly increase speed. Blend for 1 minute or until desired consistency is reached. Serve immediately.
Makes: 4 cups
Serving size: 1 cup
Nutrition info (per serving)
Calories: 70
Total Fat: 1 g
Saturated Fat: 0 g
Cholesterol: 2 mg
Sodium: 40 mg
Carbohydrate: 16 g
Dietary Fiber: 2 g
Sugars: 12 g
Protein: 2 g
Mango Smoothie
3/4 cup low fat vanilla yogurt
1/4 cup water
1 orange, peeled, halved
1 cup mango chunks, fresh or frozen
1/2 cup ice
Place all ingredients into blender. Turn machine on and slowly increase speed. Blend for 30 seconds to 1 minute or until desired consistency is reached. Serve immediately.
Makes: 3 cups
Serving size: 1 cup
Nutrition info (per serving)
Calories: 110
Total Fat: 1 g
Saturated Fat: 0.5 g
Cholesterol: 5 mg
Sodium: 40 mg
Carbohydrate: 24 g
Dietary Fiber: 2 g
Sugars: 22 g
Protein: 4 g
Not for salad eaters!
Skinny Green Monster
1 small frozen ripe banana, peeled
2 cups baby spinach, kale, or Swiss chard
1 tbsp Peanut Butter
3/4 cup unsweetened vanilla almond milk
1/2 cup plain fat-free Greek yogurt
Place all the ingredients into the blender, add ice (optional) and blend until smooth.
Makes: 1 serving
Serving Size: about 2 cups
Nutritional info (per serving)
Calories: 253
Fat: 4.0 g
Carbohydrate: 38 g
Fiber: 5.5 g
Protein: 17 g
Sugar: 18 g
Sodium: 236.7 mg
Banana-Walnut Smoothie
1 banana, medium, very ripe, frozen
1/2 cup yogurt, vanilla, low-fat
1/4 cup California walnuts, chopped
1-2 tablespoons honey
Place banana, yogurt, walnuts, and 1 tablespoon honey in a blender. Blend on low speed until ingredients start to mix together. Then increase to high speed and blend until smooth. For a sweeter shake, add another tablespoon of honey. Serve immediately. (Tip: To make a frozen banana, peel and cut the banana into chunks. Wrap in plastic and place in freezer several hours or overnight)
Makes: 2 servings
Nutrition info (per serving)
Calories: 267
Fat: 11 g
Saturated Fat: 2 g
Sodium: 42 mg
Carbohydrate: 41 g
Fiber: 2.5 g
Protein: 6 g
Tough enough to wear pink!
Tough enough to wear pink!
November 1, 2017
I would like to say thank you to everyone that helped us celebrate "BREAST CANCER AWARENESS MONTH". We had an incredible time at the health fair for the FRANK D. LANTERNMAN children's organization here in Los Angeles. Along with my staff we were able to hold several health and fitness forums for about 250 employees. We also raffled off "Body Art by Shaun" tanks and tee's and gave away more than $1500.00 in fitness session packages. Finding a cure for cancer is not an option for those of us who have lost loved ones to this deadly disease. Both my mother and oldest brother died from bone cancer. We all should practice getting stronger every single day. While being in great shape does not prevent you from contracting any disease, it does put you in a better position to fight whatever life throws your way. With the new year upon us I encourage every single person to end it stronger than they started it. Don't wait for New Years resolutions to start what you know needs to be done today. Remember I am always with you on this journey to better health. Talk soon!
Here we go again!
Here we go again!
January 1, 2018
It's that Time of year again. The time when we decide to change our old habits or try something entirely new. We seem to be motivated every January 1st to quit smoking, eat better, exercise more, lose weight, etc. New Year's resolutions tend to always start with best intentions but do not work! They are a part of the old urban legends that we are all familiar with. The Loch Ness monster, Bigfoot, Yeti(abominable snowman), spot reducing… We've heard of them but ultimately we know that these things do not exist in the real world. What's popular right now is the 21 day challenge. These challenges consist of anything from weight lose/diet to push-ups to drinking 8 glasses of water everyday. The idea behind this is that if we do something in 3 week increments that it's going to be successful for us. I'd like to take that challenge a step further and ask you to rethink your daily habits. Drink more water(whatever that means for you), if you're physically capable take the steps as opposed to the elevator, stretch during commercials when your watching TV or maybe volunteer at your neighborhood after school program. Children have a way of keeping us active when we decide to get involved with them. Bottom line is to create an environment that keeps you consistently moving year round. No gimmicks…no props…no shortcuts! Try it out and let me know how it goes. Remember as always I'm with you daily!
We should learn to appreciate all forms of art!
We should learn to appreciate all forms of art!
February 1, 2018
I miss training with my friends who specialize in different areas of health, fitness and rehabilitation. SPINNING, YOGA, CHIROPRACTIC THERAPY, THAI CHI, ZUMBA, etc. We are all a greater part of a whole so to speak. My area of expertise works best when incorporated with things that challenge and stretch me. I hate running on the treadmill, but i'll do it to switch up my routine. My passion will always be Muay Thai kick boxing and any training involving "the art of the 8 limbs". But because I love the outdoors I find myself training with the boxing equipment set up in my backyard because it reminds of the camps that I trained in overseas. This minor adjustment allows me the luxury of not staring at walls during my workout. Bottom line is to "KEEP IT MOVING"! Switching up your workouts in such a way that your body has to constantly adapt and grow is second to none in beating the plateau syndrome. Take a spinning class, go for a hike or create your own 30 day challenge. Remember we're on this journey together. Keep me posted and let me know how it goes.
Big or small...I've learned to appreciate every victory!
Big or small...I've learned to appreciate every victory!
April 9, 2018
If there is one thing that I have learned during my 51 years on this green rock, it is to celebrate life daily. Most people are only in our lives for a season. 3 years ago I lost one of my best friends in my oldest brother. He died from bone cancer. While with the disease I would listen to him talk about all the things he wished he had said or did. The best I could do in that moment was to remind him that he was currently surrounded by people that love and appreciate him. As always sickness and mourning allows us time to reflect on what is most important in our lives. For me, my family and loved ones are at the top of my list. I recently had the opportunity to celebrate in the victory of a Muay Thai fighter. I watched the joy on his face as he came out of the ring toward me. In that moment I was reminded that life is all about enjoying moments. We should embrace all the good things that come our way and learn to live in the moment. Breath deep, laugh loud, love hard and unconditionally and never take a day off from appreciating those you care about. Remember that i am with you in you journey. Talk soon!
We are stronger together!
We are stronger together!
August 14, 2019
They are formed every single day! Most are formed under the radar, while others make breaking news when they happen. They are written on cocktail napkins and merged by multi-billion dollar companies via contracts and hand shakes. They are the basis for championship teams as well as lifelong marriages. Mine was formed on August 14, 1996 in Inglewood, CA? I remember being in the delivery room when my oldest son was born and how i wept upon his arrival. I had found in his birth what i had searched for my entire life. A partnership with someone that not only made me accountable, but made me want to be better than i ever could have been alone. While finding someone to share your fitness goals may not take on the same emotional bearing as a child being born, it can help you achieve a fitness level you could never reach on your own. Someone to push you safely past your strength and endurance limitations are always a good thing. Remember that the right partnership is sometimes necessary to make us better. By buying into and applying the philosophy that "WE ARE STRONGER TOGETHER ", takes the me, my and I out of your training session and places "WE" in the spot light. There is no worse feeling than letting your teammate down. Suddenly you have to complete your assignment or "WE" fail. So...who's your workout partner? Remember to always start where you are, not where you desire to be!


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Whether you are leaving town for a weekend getaway, or heading off to a foreign location for weeks on end, traveling brings with it a certain amount of worries and trepidations. Hopefully the ideas we have for you here will help to put your mind at ease, and lead to happier, safer trip.
Split up clothes between bags when traveling. When traveling with more than one person, split your clothes between your respective suitcases. There is a chance you might lose a bag during your trip. If a bag is lost, having the clothes split up ensures than everyone will have at least one change of outfit available to them.
To save money when traveling for pleasure, look into swapping homes. Swapping homes saves you a great deal of money that would otherwise be spent on a hotel room. It is also a great deal more comfortable and spacious than your average hotel room. There are several places online that allow you to make house swapping arrangements.
Pack an extra bag for dirty clothes. No one wants to pack their dirty unmentionables in with all their nice things. Pack a small, collapsible bag to pack dirty clothes in for the return trip. Alternatively, bring a garbage bag. You can wrap dirty clothes in the garbage bag to keep them separate from everything else.
Protect your liquids from spilling when you travel with a homemade bottle stopper. Before screwing the cap on your travel-sized toiletries, cover the top with a small piece of plastic removed from a plastic shopping bag. This will both protect your clothes from the liquid and keep the liquid inside its container.
Traveling to foreign lands can be fun, but make sure you don't go at it alone. A good piece of advice is not to travel alone. Many people tend to get caught up in the wonders of being a tourist, but forget that the locals may not be as kind as they think they are. The world is vast and not everyone is nice. Traveling with someone else or going as a group, prevents you from being the target of the next crime.
When you take your pet on the road you have to think in advance about how you will take care of them. One of the most basic needs is exercise. Most everyone takes along a lead but taking along a stake out line and pully is a consideration as well.
Use a few different merchants from the same niche, based on what you like. Offering your visitors three or four different banners to click on gives them options in potential destinations to select from. This can also provide you with valuable information as to which merchant performs the best against the others.
Before leaving on an overseas vacation, ensure that there are at least six months from your planned date of travel and when your passport expires. Many airlines will refuse to allow you to board unless you meet this minimum requirement. In other cases, you will not be able to enter your destination country. In any case, it is easier to 'be safe than sorry.'
Choosing the right time to leave can make a big impact to how your trip starts out. By choosing a time to travel that will guarantee that the roads will be mostly clear of people one can avoid traffic. This makes a big difference especially when taking a road trip over a long distance.
If you follow the advice we have laid out for you in this article, you should be able to take at least some of the stress out of your trip. Every trip comes with its own ups and downs and elements you can't control, but armed with good advice and shrewd tips, you can minimize your worrying, and maximize your relaxation and fun.


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We have interviewed some fascinating people over the years. This is our archive, arranged alphabetically by interviewee surname.
Full interviews appear here three months after first appearing in the magazine.
Richard Adams
Author of Watership Down, The Plague Dogs…
Margaret Atwood
Author of The Handmaid's Tale, Oryx and Crake…
Iain Banks
Author of The Wasp Factory, Consider Phlebas…
David Constantine
Poet, translator, author, editor…
Lindsey Davis
Author of The Silver Pigs, Nemesis…
Stella Duffy
Playwright and author of Theodora, The Room of Lost Things…
Steven Hall
Author of The Raw Shark Texts
David Gaffney
Author of Aromabingo, Sawn-off Tales…
Jang Jin-sung
North Korean poet and activist
Ursula K. Le Guin
Author of A Wizard of Earthsea, The Dispossessed, Lavinia…
Zaffar Kunial
Inez Lynn & Aimée Heuzenroeder
The Librarian & the Public Relations Manager of the London Library
Ian R. MacLeod
Author of The Light Ages, Song of Time…
Chris Meade
Co-director of The Institute for the Future of the Book
Kim Stanley Robinson
Author of the Mars trilogy, 2312…
Author of The Blue Fox, From the Mouth of the Whale…
Sarah Thomas
Bodley's Librarian
Katie Waldegrave
Co-founder of the literacy charity First Story
Evie Wyld
Author of After the Fire, A Still Small Voice and All the Birds, Singing


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Wednesday, August 15, 2007
Lower Trading Range on S&P 500 after Today's Drop (August 15, 2007)
Today, Wednesday August 15, 2007, the S&P 500 ($SPX) dropped 1.39% to 1406.70. The $SPX dropped below previous good support of 1427, and that level is now resistance.
Where are the next more significant support levels on the $SPX?
In order to determine this, we have to take a 2 year view of the $SPX.
I put a Raff Regression Channel (orange uptrending three line channel) which shows the trend channel, and also the support and resistance levels. 1400 is a support level. The middle line also nicely marks resistance on the early August bounce.
I also put a Fibonacci Grid (five blue horizontal parallel lines) from the Late 2005 lows to the July 2007 highs. Fibonacci theory says that the numbers 38.2%, 50% and 61.8% show up in nature and in charts over and over again. If these lines coincide with other resistance levels (such as moving averages or horizontal resistance), the support levels and resistance levels defined by these lines are more valid.
In this case, $SPX has already gone below the 38.2% retracement (1410), and the next target zone is the 50% retracement of 1364. This 50% retracement level also coincides with horizontal resistance (previous low occurred around 1364 around March 2007), so we can have more confidence with this support level.
RSI, the Relative Strength Index, is still at 33 and has not gone down below 30. So we aren't extremely oversold according to that metric, though the Stocks under 200 Day Moving Average Metric ($SPXA50R), is a very low 34.20%. Numbers under 45% are usually signs that the end bottom could be near.
However, this is a fearful market, and I expect a new trading range between 1364 and 1427 on the $SPX.
Long Term Investor Suggestions
Over a very long time, stocks have outperformed bonds and inflation according to Professor Jeremy Siegel, author of Stocks for the Long Run. So it would be okay to be mostly invested in your discretionary portfolio.
However, rotate out of stocks that are not working, and rotate into stocks that are doing well and holding up well throughout this correction.
For those who want to Hedge without Put Options or Traders
If you want to hedge the portfolio without using Options, you can use Proshares ETFs. Proshares offers double short ETFs such as SDS. SDS is the Double Short S&P 500 ETF. If the S&P goes down 1x, SDS goes UP 2x. So as the market goes down, you profit using SDS. However, if the market goes up, you lose money with SDS.
In general, you would not want to hold SDS for a very long time. You can sell the SDS after it hits a target area, such as 1380 or 1365 on the $SPX.
For traders, once we get an idea where the intermediate bottom is, we can determine how to play a bounce. But we don't know exactly where the intermediate bottom is. Maybe 1365-1380 on the $SPX?
On TheStreet.com, Roger Nusbaum writes about Hedging a Portfolio with Double Short ETFs.
Today's Chart with many of the the indicators above
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Central Sensitization
Understanding Central Sensitization:
Treating Central Sensitization:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress
Minocycline (comng soon)
Naltrexone (comng soon)
Hyperalgesia is an increased response to a stimulus which is normally painful.
Allodynia is a term that describes the experience of pain arising from a stimulus which does not normally provoke pain.
Hyperalgesia has been frequently reserved for 'nociceptor-mediated' stimulus-evoked pain, whereas allodynia was regarded to be stimulus-evoked pain, mediated by receptors other than nociceptors. The usefulness of the concept allodynia in contrast to hyperalgesia has been debated since its existence.
Definitions and Terms Related to Pain
Key to Links:
Grey text – handout
Red text – another page on this website
Blue text – Journal publication
Sensitization is a process where nerves become more responsive to stimulation, both painful and non-painful. It may be due to a number of changes individually or in combination including a decrease in threshold necessary for a response, an increase in magnitude of response, expansion of a receptive field and/or the emergence of spontaneous activity. The sensitization process occurs in primary afferent neurons, those nerves carrying sensory information from outside the central nervous system into the spinal cord and brain (peripheral sensitization). This sensory information may be related to physical stimulation (mechanical damage or trauma, distention, contraction etc.), chemical stimulation or thermal (hot or cold) stimulation.
The sensitization process also occur in higher-order neurons within the central nervous system, including the spinal cord and brain (central sensitization). Sensitization is believed to play a role in transformation of acute pain to chronic pain, including the evolution of episodic headaches to chronic daily or near-daily migraine headaches. Research currently suggests that while both peripheral and central sensitization are significant in the chronification of pain, central sensitization is likely the dominant factor.
Peripheral Sensitization
Sensitization of pain receptors (nociceptors) in the skin and other tissues can be caused by numerous factors which effectively lower neuronal thresholds of action potentials and promote peripheral sensitization. These factors include exposure to inflammatory agents that are released from nociceptive nerve terminals, including substance P and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These agents promote vascular permeability and leakage, which causes local swelling (edema) and the release of growth factors, prostaglandins, cytokines, and bradykinin. It is thought that it is the multifactorial interplay of these various substances that produce nociceptive sensitization, which may explain why there is no single drug that is comprehensively effective to treat this condition.
Central Sensitization (CS)
Central Sensitization (CS) is a process that is yet to be fully understood but is thought to accompany many chronic pain syndromes, contributing to increased pain and suffering. CS is believe to be a potential complicating factor in chronic headaches, back pain, neck pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, musculoskeletal disorders with generalized pain hypersensitivity, temporomandibular joint disorders, dental pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain hypersensitivity disorders, interstitial cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and postsurgical pain. The list goes on.
In the quote above by Evel Knievel, it appears that his likely history of chronic pain related to his many injuries has led to this perfect description of hyperalgesia.
Understanding Central Sensitization
Understanding Central Sensitization and learning to recognize it's manifestations is the first step in learning how to reduce it's impact on quality of life.
Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and pain pathways caused by increases in nerve excitability as well as reduced inhibition from higher levels in the brain. It is a manifestation of the remarkable plasticity (ability to change and adapt) of the nervous system in response to activity, inflammation, and nerve injury. The overall effect of central sensitization is to generate an increased or amplification of pain perception. Central sensitization is responsible for many of the changes in pain sensitivity in chronic pain. Because central sensitization results from changes in the properties of neurons in the central nervous system, the pain is no longer coupled to the presence, intensity, or duration of the original stimulus of pain. Instead, central sensitization produces pain hypersensitivity by changing the sensory response elicited by normal inputs, including those that usually evoke innocuous sensations.
See: YouTube explanation of Peripheral and Central Sensitization
The Evolution of Central Sensitization
Nociceptive pain is caused by activation of neural pathways in response to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli to body tissue such as occurs with chemical or mechanical trauma or burns. Acute pain arises from damage to peripheral tissue and nerves, as with surgical or traumatic tissue injury, leading to increased spontaneous firing and alterations in nerve conduction or neurochemical sensitivity. A phenomenon known as neurogenic inflammation also occurs, whereby inflammatory products are released by activated nociceptors (pain receptors), leading to a cascade of events involving enhanced ion channel permeability, gene expression, and receptor and channel density on the nerve cell membrane. The consequence of these events is peripheral nociceptor hyperexcitability, termed 'peripheral sensitization.'
Nociceptive pain generally diminishes once the peripheral driving force is removed and tissue damage repaired. However, injured nociceptive neurons (pain receptors) can become "sensitized" (activated at a lower threshold) and may show activity in the absence of any stimulation, a condition called "peripheral sensitization."
Nociceptor inputs can trigger a prolonged but reversible increase in the excitability and synaptic efficacy of neurons in central nociceptive pathways (pathways in the central nervous system – the spinal cord and brain), the phenomenon of central sensitization." Central sensitization occurs when the nervous system goes through a process called "wind-up," which is when repetitve stimulation of peripheral pain receptors (nociceptors) leads to ongoing repetitive impulses into the central nervous system, especially the dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord, which leads to a persistent state of high reactivity or hypersensitivity. Central sensitization is associated with the development and maintenance of chronic pain. In other words, even after the original stimulus is gone, the nerves keeps signalling the central nervous system in the brain. As a result, sensory experience becomes amplified in such that a pain patient becomes hypersensitive to sensory stimulation most commonly including mechanical stimulation such as touch or pressure. Central sensitization may also include the spread of sensitivity beyond the original peripheral site of injury.
As a consequence, stimuli that previously would have been perceived as slightly painful now become moderately painful (hyperalgesia). Or being touched lightly or gently squeezed or hugged, normally not painful at all become painful (allodynia). These experiences are the hallmark of peripheral and central sensitivity. And such hypersensitivity is not limited to mechanical sensory stimuli but may extend into the other senses resulting in increased sensitivity or intolerance of heat or cold, light or sound and even smell. People may even develop emotional sensitivity becoming more impacted by anxiety and stress. One can begin to see the impact that CS can have on quality of life.
At least two pathways are proposed for central sensitization. The first is chronic processing of pain which causes changes in the nerves and peripheral nerve pathways which progress to central sensitization and the resulting clinical pain. The second, more psychologically centered pathway, is proposed as an alternative to the transformation of pain. This alternate pathway begins with elevated levels of chronic stress, and includes elements of anxiety, sleep disruption, decreased pain thresholds, and dysautonomia (dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, see References below). It is common to find both proposed pathways actively involved in central sensitization syndrome. Central sensitization syndromes can be thought of as archetypal examples of a chronic biopsychosocial pain disorder.
Neurobiology of Central Sensitization
For those interested in the neurobiology of CS, this hypersensitive response to stimuli is thought to occur as a result of the over-bombardment of pain signals to the central nervous system which induces a number of pathophysiologic changes including neuro-immune dysfunction and neuro-inflammation, neuro-endocrine dysfunction, NMDA dysregulation (NMDA a receptor involved in pain pathways – see Education – Pain), sympatho-afferent coupling; and altered serotonin and norepinephrine production and utilization. These events are thought to occur predominantly in the mid-brain and associated structures and are influenced by elements of the neuromatrix (the overall collection of nerves and neural pathways that make up the experience of pain including the psychological response to the experience). These pathophysiologic changes are associated with decreased descending inhibition, dysautonomia, and altered serotonin production/utilzation. The resulting depression, anxiety, sleep fragmentation, allodynia, and hyperalgesia characterize a number of chronic pain disorders.
From a neurochemical perspective, central sensitization involves many mechanisms involving multiple pathways and chemical agents. Some of the primary players in central sensitization are the microglia, immune cells in the nervous system that contribute to neuroinflammation when activated by specific conditions including persistent pain. Activated microglia release reactive oxidative species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors, and prostaglandins that excite nociceptive neurons and contribute to the persistence of chronic pain.
Treating Central Sensitivity
Understanding these concepts and the two pathways proposed for the evolution of CS allows for the two basic approaches to limiting the development of CS and reducing it's impact on one's experience.
Treating the Central Sensitization Pain
While central sensitization is associated with all types of pain including inflammatory pain, the medications that appear to be most useful belong to the anti-epileptic class of drugs including gabapentin (Neurontin), pregabalin (Lyrica) and topiramate (Topamax) which act on nerves and the SNRI anti-depressants including duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor) and milnacaprin (Savella) which act on the descending inhibitory nerve pathways from the brain.
NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Medications that block the NMDA receptors involved in pain pathways (see Education – Pain) are also believed to reduce or suppress CS. Medications that block NMDA receptors include ketamine, commonly used topically though current research is looking at use of intravenous ketamine. Methadone is thought to possibly provide some NMDA blocking activity which may contribute to it's effectiveness in treating CS pain. Levorphanol, an older opioid recently re-introduced offers signiificant NMDA blocking activity and is likely the most effective opioid for the treatment of CS pain.
There is also recent research that suggest buprenorphine (Butrans, Belbuca, Suboxone, Zubsolv, Bunivail) also has NMDA blocking activity that contributes to it's effectiveness in treating chronic CS pain ( see Buprenorphine). Additionally, both levorphanol and buprenorphine are thought to have activity on the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain to the spinal cord as contributing mechanisms of their effectiveness for CS.
Medications with NMDA Antagonism, Possibly Effective for Central Sensitization:
- Dextromethorphan (Delsym)
- Ketamine
- Levorphanol
- Methadone
- Orphenadrine (Norflex)
- Buprenorphine (Belbuca, Butrans and Suboxone, Zubsolv, Bunivail)
Treating the CS Process
Underscoring the role of stress, anxiety and sleep deprivation in the evolution of central sensitivity, behavioral approaches to CS have been shown to be effective. Foremost along these lines are mindful exercises including meditation, deep relaxation techniques, yoga, tai chi, music therapy and hypnosis. Cognitive Behavior Training (CBT) has also been shown to be effective. Amongst the mechanisms proposed to explain how these behavioral approaches impact CS include the enhancement of the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain to the spinal cord similar to the mechanisms of the SNRIs, levorphanol and buprenorphine.
New Research
Glia Cell Inhibitors
Recent research into the role of glial cells (non-neuronal cells that maintain and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system) suggests they play a significant role in central sensitization. When activated, glial cells produce many chemical agemts that contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain. It has been proposed that preventing glial cell activation through the use of glial cell inhibitors may suppress the development of CS and reduce the severity of symptoms. As of yet, no definitive glial cell inhibitors for the treatment for CS have been identified. Howerver, there is growing research for the benefit of some proposed glial cell inhibitors. There is very early, modest evidence that palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a natural supplement, may offer benefit in neuropathic and CS via its inhibition of glial cells.
Minocycline, an antibiotic, also has preliminary evidece of benefit as a glial cell inhibitor and as a possible Toll-Like Receptor (TLR-4) antagonist and may offer benefit in the management of CS. Since its initial identification as an inhibitor of microglial activation, the mechanisms underlying minocycline's inhibition of microglia remain unknown, but numerous additional effects including potent anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective actions of minocycline have been documented.
Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are all conditions thought to potentially benefit from supplementation with CoQ10, an endogenous, vitamin-like antioxidant. A recent study published in 2015 suggest there may be a synergistic effect combining CoQ10 with minocycline in the treatment of neuroinflammation.
See CoQ10
Reference Articles
Central Sensitization – Overviews
- How to explain central sensitization to patients with 'unexplained' chronic musculoskeletal pain – Practice guidelines – 2011
- The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain A systematic review of the literature
- The clinical application of teaching people about pain – 2016
- Central Sensitization – A Generator of Pain Hypersensitivity by Central Neural Plasticity
- Central sensitization – Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain
- The Discriminative Validity of "Nociceptive," " Peripheral Neuropathic," and "Central Sensitization" as Mechanisms-based Classifications of Musculoskeletal Pain – 2011
- Spinal glial activation and oxidative stress are alleviated by treatment with curcumin or coenzyme Q in sickle mice
- Exploring the Neuroimmunopharmacology of Opioidsv- An Integrative Review of Mechanisms of Central Immune Signaling and Their Implications for Opioid Analgesia – 2011
- Potential Mechanisms Underlying Centralized Pain and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions – 2018
- Central sensitization – Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain – 2010
- A possible neural mechanism for photosensitivity in chronic pain – 2017
- Central Sensitization – A Generator of Pain Hypersensitivity by Central Neural Plasticity – 2009
- The dark side of opioids in pain management – basic science explains clinical observation. – 2016
Central Sensitization – Back and Neck Pain
- Centralisation_phenomena_of_spinal_symptoms
- Evidence for central sensitization in chronic whiplash – A systematic literature review
- Central Sensitization in Low Back Pain – Mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain – Part 1 of 3 – Symptoms and signs of central sensitisation in patients with low back (+:- leg) pain – 2012
Central Sensitization – Fibromyalgia
see also: Fibromyalgia
- Fibromyalgia – The Unifying Concept of Central Sensitivity Syndromes
- From acute musculoskeletal pain to chronic widespre… [Man Ther. 2009] – PubMed – NCBI
- Fibromyalgia patients show an abnormal dopamine response to pain. – PubMed – NCBI
- Neurophysiologic evidence for a central sensitization in patients with fibromyalgia – 2003
- Fibromyalgia Syndrome- A Central Role for the Hippocampus—A Theoretical Construct
- What Fibromyalgia Teaches Us About Chronic Pain – 2013
- Evidence of central inflammation in fibromyalgia — Increased cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-8 levels 2012
- Central sensitization – a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome
- Current concepts in the treatment of fibromyalgia – 2013
- Innovative Approaches for the Complexity of Fibromyalgia – 2013
Central Sensitization – Headaches
- Central sensitization in photophobic and non-photophobic migraineurs
- Central sensitization in tension-type headache–possible pathophysi… – PubMed – NCBI
Central Sensitization – Musculoskeletal Pain
- Chronic whiplash and central sensitization; an evaluation of the role of a myofascial trigger points in pain modulation
- Peripheral and central sensitization in m… [Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002] – PubMed – NCBI
- Myofascial Trigger Points – Peripheral or Central?
Central Sensitization (CS) Treatment
CS Treatment – CBT and Mindful Exercises
CS Treatment – Buprenophine
CS Treatment – Levorphanol
CS Treatment – Melatonin
CS Treatment – Methadone
CS Treatment – Minocycline
- Minocycline, a Tetracycline Derivative, Is Neuroprotective against Excitotoxicity by Inhibiting Activation and Proliferation of Microglia – 2001
- Minocycline blocks lipopolysaccharide induced hyperalgesia by suppression of microglia but not astrocytes – 2015
- Minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, blocks spinal CCL2-induced heat hyperalgesia and augmentation of glutamatergic transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons – 2014
- A novel role of minocycline: attenuating morphine antinociceptive tolerance by inhibition of p38 MAPK in the activated spinal microglia. – PubMed – NCBI
- Minocycline attenuates the development of diabetic neuropathic pain: possible anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms. – PubMed – NCBI 2011
- Minocycline Provides Neuroprotection Against N-Methyl-d-aspartate Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Microglia – 2001
- Minocycline suppresses morphine-induced respiratory depression, suppresses morphine-induced reward, and enhances systemic morphine-induced analgesia – 2008
- Minocycline suppresses morphine-induced respiratory depression, suppresses morphine-induced reward, and enhances systemic morphine-induced analgesia. – 2008
- Minocycline targets multiple secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury Minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, blocks spinal CCL2-induced heat hyperalgesia and augmentation of glutamatergic transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons – 2014
- Incidence, Reversal, and Prevention of Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression – 2009
- Microglia attenuate the opioid-induced depression of preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) inspiratory rhythm in vitro via a TLR4-independent pathway | The FASEB Journal
- Glial TLR4 signaling does not contribute to opioid-induced depression of respiration – 2014
- Microglial Inhibitory Mechanism of Coenzyme Q10 Against Aβ (1-42) Induced Cognitive Dysfunctions – Possible Behavioral, Biochemical, Cellular, and Histopathological Alterations – 2016
- Multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of minocycline in autoimmune CNS inflammation. 2007 – PubMed – NCBI
- Critical data-based re-evaluation of minocycline as a putative specific microglia inhibitor – 2016
- The "Toll" of Opioid-Induced Glial Activation – Improving the Clinical Efficacy of Opioids by Targeting Glia – 2009
- Toll-Like Receptors in Chronic Pain – 2012
- Neuropeptides and Microglial Activation in Inflammation, Pain, and Neurodegenerative Diseases – 2017
- Enhancement of antinociception by coadministration of minocycline and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin in naïve mice. – 2010
- Exploring the neuroimmunopharmacology of opioids – an integrative review of mechanisms of central immune signaling and their implications for opioid analgesia – 2011
- Glial modulators – a novel pharmacological approach to altering the behavioral effects of abused substances – 2012
- Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface – 2014
- The effects of pregabalin and the glial attenuator minocycline on the response to intradermal capsaicin in patients with unilateral sciatica – 2012
- Minocycline – far beyond an antibiotic – 2013
- The brain's best friend – microglial neurotoxicity revisited. – 2013
- Minocycline enhances the effectiveness of nociceptin:orphanin FQ during neuropathic pain – 2014
- Minocycline counter-regulates pro-inflammatory microglia responses in the retina and protects from degeneration – 2015
- Minocycline and pentoxifylline attenuate allodynia and hyperalgesia and potentiate the effects of morphine in rat and mouse models of neuropathic p… – PubMed – NCBI
- Blockade of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2, TLR4) Attenuates Pain and Potentiates Buprenorphine Analgesia in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model – 2016
- Targeting the Microglial Signaling Pathways – New Insights in the Modulation of Neuropathic Pain. – 2016
- Neuropeptides and Microglial Activation in Inflammation, Pain, and Neurodegenerative Diseases – 2017
- Paradoxical effect of minocycline on established neuropathic pain in rat. – 2017
- Alternatives to Opioids in the Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Pain Syndromes: A Narrative Review of Randomized, Controlled, and Blinded Clinical Trials
CS Treatment – PEA
CS Treatment – Vitamin D
Emphasis on Education
Accurate Clinic promotes patient education as the foundation of it's medical care. In Dr. Ehlenberger's integrative approach to patient care, including conventional and complementary and alternative medical (CAM) treatments, he may encourage or provide advice about the use of supplements. However, the specifics of choice of supplement, dosing and duration of treatment should be individualized through discussion with Dr. Ehlenberger. The following information and reference articles are presented to provide the reader with some of the latest research to facilitate evidence-based, informed decisions regarding the use of conventional as well as CAM treatments.
For medical-legal reasons, access to these links is limited to patients enrolled in an Accurate Clinic medical program.
Should you wish more information regarding any of the subjects listed – or not listed – here, please contact Dr. Ehlenberger. He has literally thousands of published articles to share on hundreds of topics associated with pain management, weight loss, nutrition, addiction recovery and emergency medicine. It would take years for you to read them, as it did him.
For more information, please contact Accurate Clinic.
Supplements recommended by Dr. Ehlenberger may be purchased commercially online or at Accurate Clinic.
Please read about our statement regarding the sale of products recommended by Dr. Ehlenberger.
Accurate Supplement Prices


text:
BBC's State of Welfare fails to challenge myths
Radio Four's three hour special 'The State of Welfare' was very disappointing. I hoped that the BBC would redeem its journalistic reputation by basing the programme on solid research, rigorous interviewing techniques, and a range of voices and experience. It would have been the ideal opportunity to establish a factual basis for debate.
Sadly, it wasn't to be. Very few of the myths surrounding welfare were challenged, and it seemed that yet again the debate was being framed by prosperous people who resent paying tax to assist those less fortunate.
One commentator given a prominent slot on the programme was James Bartholomew, a former City banker who believes the Welfare State has damaged society. His own website boasts that 'In 2010 he gave a talk on Radio 4 in which he advocated the abolition of the NHS.'
When benefit fraud was being discussed, Mr Bartholomew was even allowed to quote research conducted among single mothers in the US as a better guide to the level of fraud in the British system than the DWP's own figures. (A heavy American influence is often a feature of those who passionately oppose the Welfare Sate) The official figures show the level of fraud is very low, but those who wish to perpetuate the myth that the country is being bled dry by an army of scroungers refuse to accept this fact, and are still allowed to assert otherwise, barely challenged, on the BBC.
This is doubly disappointing because all that's required is not expensive investigative journalism but internet access and an inquiring mind. The facts and figures are there for anybody who wishes to take a look. These official figures on public, spending show that as a percentage of GDP, welfare has not grown unreasonably or unsustainably. But even Labour politicians are now falling into line with the groupthink and failing to challenge the distortions, even when it would serve as a valid defence of their own record in government.
Where the BBC fails to do its job, citizen journalists are now attempting to hold them to account. This Tweet details a complaint to the BBC, which takes apart an interview Andrew Neil conducted with Shadow Work and Pensions Minister Liam Byrne. Again, the myth of out of control welfare spending was perpetuated, (about five minutes into the programme) with a supine Mr Byrne mounting a worse than feeble defence. In his complaint, @IamalrightJack does the job Mr Byrne should have done.
Meanwhile, on Radio 4 the usual stereotypes of benefit claimants were being aired. A new favourite complaint of those who think benefits finance a luxury lifestyle is that claimants manage to pay for internet access or mobile phones. Given that at the government's insistence, Universal Credit will be online only, shouldn't we stop seeing internet access as a luxury? By its own actions the government has made it an essential prerequisite of social inclusion.
For the facts about Welfare which the BBC failed to provide, here is an excellent, factual, debunking of the myths.
© Bernadette Meaden has written about religious, political and social issues for some years, and is strongly influenced by Christian Socialism, liberation theology and the Catholic Worker movement. She is a regular contributor to Ekklesia.


text:
The spellings in these booklets are taken from the Revised 2014 final version English National Curriculum for Year 2.
The booklets contain 12 weekly spellings which use the Look, Say, Cover, Write, Check method. They are available in a choice of print, a joined cursive or continuous font to aid handwriting. The word puzzles are linked to each of the spellings and can be used as homework or extension activities for their reinforcement. Dictations are also available and can be used as either dictation exercises or spelling tests.
Schools may order the resources from here.
The slideshow shows examples from the Year 2 term 1 set 1 spelling booklet and activity booklet.
Expand the drop down boxes below to see a full list of weekly spelling sets included in each termly booklet.
Term 1 spelling lists
Set 2: Words ending in 'ge'
Set 3: Words containing 'g' as /j/
Set 4: Words containing 'c' as /s/
Set 5: Words with 'kn' and 'gn' as /n/
Set 6: Words with 'wr' as /r/
Set 7: Words ending in 'le' as /l/
Set 8: Words ending in 'el' as /l/
Set 9: Words ending in 'al' as /l/
Set 10: Words ending in 'il' as /l/
Set 11: Words ending in 'y' as /ie/
Set 12: Words ending in 'y' when making plurals
Term 2 spelling lists
Set 2: Adding 'ing', 'er', 'est' and 'y' to words ending in 'e'
Set 3: Adding 'ing', 'er', 'est' and 'y' to words with a short vowel sound
Set 4: Words with 'a' as /or/
Set 5: Words with 'o' as /u/
Set 6: Words with 'ey' as /ee/
Set 7: Words with 'wa' and 'qua' as /o/ and 'wo' as /er/
Set 8: Words with 's' as /zh/
Set 9: Words ending 'ful', 'ment', 'ness', 'ly' and 'less'
Set 10: Contractions
Set 11: Possessive apostrophe
Set 12: Revision
Term 3 spelling lists
Set 2: Homophones 2
Set 3: Homophones 3
Set 4: Homophones 4
Set 5: Homophones 5
Set 6: Words with 'oo' as /ore/ and words with /i/
Set 7: Words with /o/
Set 8: Words with 'ea' as /ay/ and 'a' as /ar/ or /a/ (dialect)
Set 9: Odd words
Set 10: Useful words
Set 11: Revision - homophones
Set 12: Revision


text:
apply for (something)(redirected from Applied For)
Also found in: Acronyms.
apply for (something)
To pursue something, such as a job, often through a formal process. When's the deadline to apply for financial aid?
See also: apply
apply for
To request or seek some assistance, admission, or employment: At least fifty people applied for the job. I might have to apply for unemployment benefits.
See also: apply


text:
|"First-rate and absolutely fascinating. This particular piece of American history has never been covered in such depth…everyone who is concerned with political change will learn a lot from this book." —New York Times
Detroit: I Do Mind Dying tracks the extraordinary development of the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement and the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, as they became two of the most vital political organizations of the 1960s and 1970s.
A classic widely heralded as one the most important books on the black liberation movement and labor struggles in U.S. history, this updated edition includes the original Foreword by Manning Marable and a new Preface by the authors, Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin.
"A beautiful, riveting account of one of the most imporant radical movements of our century—a movement led by black revolutionaries whose vision of emancipation for all is sorely needed today."
Originally at: http://www.historicalmaterialism.org/news/distributed/detroit-i-do-mind-dying-new-edition-from-haymarket-books
'Cheerful Sin' – a song by Victor Rikowski: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIbX5aKUjO8
'The Lamb' by William Blake – set to music by Victor Rikowski: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vw3VloKBvZc
Posted here by Glenn Rikowski
The Flow of Ideas: http://www.flowideas.co.uk
MySpace Profile: http://www.myspace.com/glennrikowski
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Volumizer: http://glennrikowski.blogspot.com
Online Publications at: http://www.flowideas.co.uk/?page=pub&sub=Online%20Publications%20Glenn%20Rikowski
Glenn Rikowski on Facebook at: http://www.facebook.com/glenn.rikowski
Glenn Rikowski's MySpace Blog: http://www.myspace.com/glennrikowski/blog


text:
I can't believe it's time for my annual dahlia post already. The dahlia gardens in Volunteer Park are bursting with color - earlier than usual this year - and I captured a few of my favorites today.
My color guru Leatrice Eiseman suggests looking to nature for the perfect color combos for any application. After all she says "Nature doesn't lie when it comes to color." Isn't that the truth? These combos exist in nature - what could be more perfect than that?
Here are my favorites. Enjoy.


text:
Cost-effective and reliable software development services tailored for your business.
Offshore custom software development, also known as offshore custom software engineering, is the type of activity (profession), and the process aimed at the establishment and maintenance of the software, using technologies and practices of information technology, project management, mathematics, engineering and other areas of expertise. Like other traditional engineering, software development deals with the problems of cost and reliability. It is also a practice of hiring an external organization to perform some business functions in a country other than a customer's country.
Offshore Software Development can include following Services: Product Design and Architecture, Coding and Testing; Develops SaaS, Internet/Intranet solutions, e-commerce,CRM, Project management and other special web-services (including Web 2.0 solutions).


text:
A tall tale about Davy Crockett's wife, who wears a beehive for a bonnet and a snake as a belt.Cohen, Caron Lee is the author of 'Sally Ann Thunder Ann Whirlwind Crockett' with ISBN 9780688040079 and ISBN 0688040071.[read more]
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text:
French Toast Peanut Butter and Jelly
I don't make French Toast. I generally find it soggy, eggy, or both. I enjoy it occasionally if I go out for brunch, but it's usually hit-or-miss as to whether I like it. I think I've attempted to cook it twice in my lifetime, neither of which impressed me.
That said, here I am blogging about how I made French Toast Peanut Butter and Jelly sandwiches. There were two reasons I thought this might be worth trying. First, the egg-to-milk ratio was low – only 1 egg per 2/3 cup milk. Second, I had leftover Banana Sandwich Bread that needed using, and I know that drier (or stale) bread works best in French Toast.
The recipe concept is simple. Make peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, dip in French toast batter, and cook 2 minutes per side over medium high heat until done. Yes, I actually measured the ingredients for the sandwich fillings, because I wanted to be sure to do the recipe justice – and I did use the strawberry jam, because that's what I had in the house. The egg-milk dip took a little baking powder and vanilla. I used the egg I had left from the wash I used for the Pan de Muerto I made last weekend, so the dip was less eggy than called for.
These sandwiches were warm and gooey – but not mushy. The dry bread helped soak up the liquid, and the fact that they were sandwiches kept the bread from being soggy or falling apart. The gooey filling complimented the French toasted bread. My cooking technique still needs work, because they browned a little too much. The mixture was not eggy at all. I'm not a fan of grape jelly, and I thought strawberry jam was a nice and juicy touch. These were delicious.
Alex also liked them, but didn't think they were very French toast-y. He wondered why we couldn't make it like a grilled cheese. My suspicion is that the sandwich wouldn't become melty and cohesive if grilled – the bread would definitely be drier. I have to agree with him that it didn't seem very French toast-like, but I do think that it was a nice variation on PBJ. This is a delicious way to make (economical) peanut butter and jelly sandwiches more exciting. It's definitely a recipe worth a try.


text:
Ice Skating Victoria (ISV) is the governing body for all disciplines of figure skating in Victoria, including single skating, pair skating, synchronised skating, ice dance and solo dance.
ISV is an organisation which is passionate about encouraging the participation of everyone of all ages and skill levels to become involved.
The association conducts competitions and championships throughout the year as well as administering exams and qualifications.
For more information please visit Ice Skating Victoria's official website.


text: Running racing in light winds on the biggest tides of the year meant the weekend of 14–15 July was never going to be easy. With water temperature in the Solent now almost 21 degrees Celsius and unbroken sunshine predicted, the met office forecast was for a late start to the sea breeze on Saturday and even lighter winds on Sunday. The PRO, Philip Gage, issued an amendment to add an extra race on the Saturday, in case racing had to be abandoned on Sunday – as indeed turned out to be the case. The larger keel boats in Black group set off on schedule, with a light southeasterly blowing and the last of the east-going flood adding to the apparent wind. But after the first race was completed, the wind died away as the southwesterly sea breeze started to kick in – but slowly. As it got stronger, the race team managed to get in three more races, with the final race being the best conditions of the day. The J/111 fleet was won by Jelvis (Martin Dent). Full details of the results can be found here: https://yachtscoring.com/event_results_cumulative.cfm?eID=4691.