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Navigation of the Medway 1500-1840
See also:
Flooding – Leigh and the Medway 1600-present day
The Great Flood 1880
Navigation of the River Medway 1500-1840
Until Elizabethan times, the Weald had been forest, but the needs of the Elizabethan Navy, as well as the ever-expanding iron industry, saw the gradual depletion of the forest for timber. At this time, navigation on the Medway was limited and so this timber was taken by road to Chatham, often using up to 24 oxen to transport the logs. This situation made already poor roads worse, and rain and constant flooding, particularly in winter, made them impassable. The state of the roads, therefore, increased the call for another means of transportation, namely the river Medway. Yet Parliament Acts were passed to improve the roads, rather than the river.
The river Medway itself had long been navigable from Penshurst to Maidstone for smaller craft and barges. However, farmers and landowners – whose responsibility it was to maintain both river banks and weirs on their land, often allowed the river banks to break down and weirs to remain in disrepair: Acts of Parliament to enforce maintenance were ignored and when there was heavy rain, the river would inevitably flood.
Even the needs of the Navy and iron industry, and the risk of flooding due to poor maintenance of the river, did not put navigation of the Medway on the agenda in the 16th century, despite the advantages that might ensue; although there was a Commission appointed by Elizabeth I to look into this question, nothing much materialized.
In 1627 there was another attempt to make the river navigable, again due to the demand for timber at Chatham. This time Charles I appointed Commissioners to look into this. The Commission was to make the river navigable from Penshurst to Maidstone but was forbidden to change the course of the river. The 52 members of the Commission met at The Bull in Tonbridge in 1627 and they appointed Michael Cole (Coale) to head the work. He was to make the river navigable for boats of 4 tons – at his own cost. He would be responsible for ensuring there was no flooding along the river, he could not make locks or sluices and he would have to pay compensation if the river flooded. However, for 33 years he would have the monopoly of the income from trade and also passenger use of the river.
Cole did make a start on the work and by 1630 small barges could reach Yalding. Yet he faced opposition from landowners and over time interest and the project itself died.
The matter arose again in 1660, with the accession of Charles II, who was interested in a Dutch type of canal system, and yet again another Act of Parliament was passed for works to be carried out to make the river navigable from Forest Row to Maidstone. Again, the opportunity slipped by.
Therefore, the terrible flooding continued as did the calls to make the Medway navigable: however, for nearly 200 years from the reign of Elizabeth I to George II little more than talk was achieved – only during the reign of the George II's reign (1727-1760) was progress made.
It was John Hooker, Lord of the Manor of Tonbridge and owner of Tonbridge Castle, who had success. He formed a 'Company of Proprietors' and after an Act of Parliament dated 30 April 1740 to make the river navigable from Maidstone to Forest Row, Sussex, his Company – "The Upper Medway Navigation Company" – set to work.
The Company raised capital by issuing shares, unusual in those days. There were 300 shares of £100 each and John Hooker took the maximum number of shares, i.e. 10 shares. During the initial work on improving the Medway, regular calls would be made on the shareholders – or subscribers as they were called – for additional money. The subscribers could not sell their shares until the river was open for navigation as far as Tonbridge.
Construction work began at Maidstone in September 1740 and was completed in sections. Locks were built from oak, although it is said that John Hooker also used some of the masonry from Tonbridge Castle. Wharves were also built, initially at Branbridge and Tonbridge. The Tonbridge wharf was built on land called the Outfield Mead. The house adjoining the Great Bridge obtained a licence for an Inn, "The Six Bells", more familiarly known as "The Castle".
In total, the enterprise cost £11,419, with additional funding for wharves. There were 14 locks in total. However, there was no horse towpath: this work was to be done by men. These men who pulled the coal barges up to Tonbridge were called 'hufflers'. They would work in gangs of three, starting from Maidstone: at Branbridge a fresh gang would take over. They pulled the barge upstream using tow ropes attached to their bodies Landowners used to have fences right down to the river's edge: the hufflers had to climb right over the fences with the rope attached to their bodies: there were over 100 fences on the journey. With no towpath in times of flood the men often waded through water up to their chests. They were paid just £1 between the three of them as and when their services were needed.
Tolls had to be paid to use the river. The tolls charged on the river were 4d per mile for every ton – from Maidstone to Branbridge; 6d per mile for every ton, Branbridge to Tonbridge. However, the tolls were not charged until the navigation was open for boats carrying 40 tons as far as Branbridge. Some craft were excluded from paying tolls, such as fishing boats and pleasure craft.
Although cargoes began to use the river from March 1743, the official opening of the river took place on 5 August 1744 with a grand feast held at the Rose and Crown Hotel in Tonbridge.
When the River Medway opened in 1744, the economic life of Tonbridge was boosted. The main goods brought upstream were coal, timber, lime and stones; freight going downstream included timber, hops and other farm produce from the Weald.
The Upper Medway Navigation Company undertook other activities, such as selling the coal it carried up river. In effect, it operated a monopoly as toll owners, carriers and merchants. It traded in road stone for the turnpike roads. As the Company prospered, it established lime kilns at Tonbridge wharf and sold lime. It also moved into buying and selling iron. In 1807, it introduced vessels to convey goods from Maidstone to Tonbridge. A barge was fitted to carry general goods, food and ironmongery, calling at places between Maidstone and Tonbridge – a form of mobile shop which left Maidstone every Monday. An arrangement was set up for goods to be delivered at London wharves where the Maidstone hoys called and transhipped at Maidstone for delivery upstream. In 1824 the Thames and Medway Canal was formed, which operated a weekly service between Tonbridge and London.
The Upper Medway Navigation Company's success encouraged similar schemes. In March 1787 the Lower Medway Navigation Company was formed for navigation of the Medway below Maidstone. There were also talks to dig canals to Portsmouth and Dover, to make a canal from Rye to Sedlescombe, for a canal from the Medway to the Rother and one from Tonbridge to Arundel. Many of the schemes never materialized.
One scheme of interest was that planned by James Christie – to build a canal from Tonbridge to Penshurst. He formed the Penshurst Canal Company. He began building the canal in 1829 along the route we know as "The Straight Mile". This area had been a necessary back stream to carry water away from Tonbridge and avoid flooding. Christie intended to make the Straight Mile navigable, but in so doing his work caused flooding. When he drew water out of the Tonbridge town pen in May 1830 it resulted in barges coming upstream being grounded. At one point Christie's actions caused the middle of the three streams in Tonbridge to dry up, leaving only the two crossed by the Great and Little Bridges: this increased the risk of flooding. Christie hoped that once his canal to Penshurst opened he could control the amount of water going into the river and so the Upper Medway Navigation Company refused to connect the canal to the river.
James Christie nearly achieved his objective, despite strong opposition. But he went bust in 1832. His creditors tried to force the Upper Medway Navigation Company to take over the Penshurst Company's half-built canal and to stop its monopoly. In fact, the Upper Medway Navigation Company did face petitions against its practices during its heyday – against its high tolls, its refusal to built tow paths and its monopoly of certain trades between Maidstone and Tonbridge which inhibited individual trading on the river, but these met with little success.
At the end of the day, it was the arrival of the railway – the Redhill line and later the Sevenoaks line – which put an end to the Medway barge traffic, and in turn meant the decline of Tonbridge as the centre for trade in heavy goods in West Kent.
Joyce Field (Parish Magazine Articles: Oct 2005, May and June 2006)


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- ·
- home
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- web design
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- print design
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- web applications
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Arina Lanis, President, has been in the design business for over 10 years, in environments ranging from corporate intranets to magazine publishing. As owner and artistic director of Flavors Media, Arina oversees the creative aspects of all projects and ensures that each client receives the personal approach that ensures that their business reaps maximum benefit from each project, be it an entirely new website or simply a new brochure.
Arina has a passion for helping your business grow and prosper. She understands how to make great design move your business in new directions and to new heights.
As founder and Editor-in-Chief of St. Louis Entertains Magazine, Arina has appeared on television and been featured on numerous blogs from all over the country.
Steve Neumann, Chief Technical Officer, has been in the computer industry for nearly 15 years and is the technical lead on all programming projects, from interactive websites to large custom intranet projects. He also ensures that the "behind the scenes" technology on which our websites are built is first-class and tailored to the requirements of small businesses, regardless of their budget.
Steve's passion for programming began when he was a young student at St. Louis Priory School and continued at Rice University where he worked with world-reknowned professors to create applications both for research purposes and commercial distribution. In addition to his many years writing desktop and web applications, Steve's extensive experience with high-speed, high-reliability software and systems in the financial industry have given him the expertise required to build and manage a wide range of web applications to meet your needs.
Felicia McCaskill, Chief Design Director, has been in the design business for over 16 years in many design roles: Art Director, Senior Art Director, Creative Director, and Independent Contractor. Felicia (Fee) is also founder and principal owner of St. Louis-based Grafxworx, an independent creative design company. Fee branded her company in 2001 and credits her success to years of dedicated work ethics and fostering long term design relationships with her clients. Over the many years in Advertising and Design, Fee has served as Art and Creative Director for Haystack Toy Company, Everest Biomedical and Weintraub Advertising Agency.
Her other interests have ranged from restaurant branding and interior design to creating and publishing the book series, "Raising Babies in St. Louis" and "Raising Kids in St. Louis".
Fee credits her success to sixteen years of strong work ethics, fostering and nurturing long-term business relationships... and above all, her commitment to her clients.
Amanda Cook is a freelance journalist and PR professional who has spent her career working with some of St. Louis' most reknowned movers and shakers. She currently writes for the St. Louis Business Journal, the Webster Kirkwood Times, and the South County Times. Her public relations client list includes The Hyatt Regency St. Louis at The Arch, St. Louis Entertains Magazine, The Old Webster Jazz Festival, and Jakala US.
Amanda lives in Webster Groves with her husband, Brian, and their five year old son, Michael.

subset: commoncrawl


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Newly crowned 250cc motorbike World Champion Marco Melandri to appear on the Telecom Italia stand
The Telecom Italia Group's main companies and business units will be out in force at SMAU 2002, one of the world´s top ICT trade fairs.
New offerings and technologically advanced services for an increasingly competitive and constantly evolving marketplace are on show from Telecom Italia Domestic Wireline, TIM, Seat PG and Finsiel.
"Alice" is the undisputed star of Telecom Italia Domestic Wireline's stand at SMAU 2002. Visitors can get hands-on experience of the potential of broadband and try out information, animation and interaction exhibits designed to offer an easy and fun introduction to this world. The wonderland opened up by the "Alice" range occupies around 1,000 sq m of exhibition space in Pavilion 15/1, including the innovative "Alice TIMe" package and "Alice 640" and "Alice Mega", the most advanced solutions for seasoned websurfers and corporate users. The latest wireless broadband connections are in great demand, notably "Alice Flash" for the consumer market and the "Smart" range of products for small and medium-sized companies.
On 24 October recently crowned 250cc World Champion Marco Melandri will be bringing along his Aprilia motorbike for a special guest appearance on the Telecom Italia stand. The wonderful world of "Alice" and the winner of the world motorbike championship are no strangers to speed, the thrill of competition, the challenge of performing and the benefits of technological innovation.
MMS messaging is spearheading the TIM display. Pavilion 15/1 will also be showcasing Java videogames that turn cellphones into gaming consoles, video clips of football goals sent directly to mobile phone screens complete with commentary, the latest GPRS services, a digital pen for sending handwritten text messages as e-mails, and Blackberry for messaging management on the move. The "Play into the Future" exhibit is taking over an entire area of the stand to provide a sneak preview of TIM's latest mobile technologies, including UMTS video phone calls, MMS messaging, video on demand and the i-TIM VOICE portal. Members of the public are invited to try out all of TIM's latest offerings at SMAU 2002.
Seat PG is represented by Tin.it, which is sponsoring SMAU ILP, Italy´s foremost online video gaming event (http://www.smau.it/smauilp). SMAU ILP is following in the illustrious footsteps of the Italian LAN Party, Italy´s first multimedia gaming tournament.
The event revolves around a major Europe-wide video game tournament in which between 1,500 and 2,000 gamers are expected to take part; over 300,000 visitors are forecast to visit the huge exhibition space during SMAU.
The Tin.it stand (B09 - Pav. 9/2) offers the public a wide range of Internet access offerings, including ADSL for residential and business customers, and the latest easy-to-use and excellent value Wi-Fi connections. Products and services purchased directly from the stand are available at discounts of up to 20%.
Seat PG is also represented at Pavilion 11 (stand E4) by Consodata, Europe´s leading one-to-one marketing services company, through the GIALLO DATA brand, which is showcasing its latest direct marketing services for SMEs, including e-mail marketing.
Finsiel – the Telecom Italia Group's Information Technology Market Business Unit – has for many years been Italy´s leader in domestic software development, systems integration and consulting. This year Finsiel is bringing more than 30 solutions selected from its range to SMAU 2002 (Pav. 20/I stand A15 – Area Cittadino e Istituzioni). Finsiel provides a one-stop shop of products and services spanning the entire ICT value chain for central and local government organizations, banks and businesses. The company's solutions harness the expertise and experience of the entire Telecom Italia Group, incorporating specially selected market-leading solutions and platforms and backed up by expert consulting and experience in reprojecting processes, knowledge of the markets and legacy system conversion. An essential role in Finsiel's range of products and services is played by alliances with the world´s top product and solution providers, enabling Finsiel to serve the market as a true business solution provider.
Telecom Italia Learning Services SpA (http://www.tils.com/), an e-company operating in Learning and Knowledge Management, is at SMAU (Pav. 20 - stand G23) with its range of flexible and technology-driven training systems. TILS provides solutions to help companies organize, manage, create and share knowledge.


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wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time.
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Learn more...
Shyness can make searching for a job difficult. In a world full of extroverts, shy people may struggle to be as assertive and ambitious as many job markets require. Fortunately, there are tactics that can help you play to your strengths and find a job that suits you. Start with Step 1 to learn more.
Part 1 of 3:
Evaluating Your Strengths and Weaknesses
1Assess your level of shyness. Taking the time to think about your personality and evaluate your shyness can help you gain the self awareness necessary to market yourself effectively. Once you know how shy you are and which situations seem to exacerbate the problem, you can prepare yourself to handle challenges. Ask yourself:
- Have I always been shy?
- Am I shy both at work and away from work?
- Is my shyness related mostly to the job search itself?
- Was I considered a shy person in my last position?
2Know that preparation will help you deal with shyness related to the job search itself. If your answers to the questions above suggest that most of your shyness is related to finding a job – marketing yourself, handling interviews, meeting potential employers and colleagues, and the like – then understand that preparing for these specific situations can help you overcome the problem.
3Understand that shy people can and do find satisfying jobs that suit them. If your shyness seems to be a generalized personality trait, not a manifestation of anxiety about the job search, then you'll have to think about your strengths and weaknesses and decide how to proceed. You do not need to become an extrovert to find a job. You can work to step outside of your comfort zone while focusing on finding a job that fits your strengths and weaknesses.
4Focus on your strengths. By understanding your abilities, you can determine which jobs might be a good match for your skills. Consider your strongest personality traits and your most relevant work-related skills, and go from there. If, for example, you are an extremely detail-oriented person and an analytical thinker, and you have experience preparing complete financial reports, you might decide that a financial analyst position is right for you.Advertisement
Part 2 of 3:
Searching for a Job
1Search for jobs that match your strengths. In order for you to feel capable and successful, you need to find a job that plays to your strengths. Make a list of your skills, experience, and other qualifications, and look for jobs that match.
2Focus on jobs that will feel comfortable for you. If you are a very shy and introverted person, you may never feel comfortable working as a motivational speaker or a sales professional. Focus on jobs that require a bit less in terms of assertiveness and interpersonal communication. Examples of jobs that are best for shy people include:
- programmer
- financial clerk
- scientist
- writer
- manager of web content
3Research potential employers. Remember that the job itself is only part of the equation; ideally, you also want to find a work environment in which you'll feel comfortable. For any job posting you see, try to find out what the company culture is like. If, for example, you're interested in a programmer position but find that the company in question is very fast paced and stresses collaboration and frequent meetings, you may decide not to apply. The company website is a good place to start; read its "about us" and "careers" pages to glean what the company is, how it operates, and what it expects from its employees. In addition, try:
- conducting a keyword search of the company on the internet. Doing so will help you uncover reviews and articles about a particular company. You may wind up with a better understanding of how a company runs and whether its employees are happy.
- viewing company and employee social media pages. The company's social media profiles may provide additional information about the company. Employees' profiles can be especially helpful, as they may suggest whether the company attracts people with similar personalities, interests, and abilities. Ask yourself whether you would feel comfortable working with those people.
4Apply for desired jobs with confidence. Once you have determined which potential jobs you might feel happy at, apply! Do not pass up an opportunity because you lack confidence or are worried you will come across as shy and introverted in interviews. Take the first step, and send in your application. If you target the right jobs, you may be pleasantly surprised to find that you get called for interviews.
5Begin networking. Start small – you do not have to go to a big event and speak to everyone present. Target one or two employees, and contact them by phone or email, whichever you are more comfortable with. Just make the initial contact and express your interest in a company or job; doing so can be extremely beneficial as you search for employment.Advertisement
Part 3 of 3:
Overcoming Shyness during a Job Interview
1Practice what you will say. Going into an interview can be scary, and it's fine to feel anxious – there are so many unknowns that most people get nervous in these situations. The best way to prepare, however, is to review your resume and practice what to say when asked standard questions like "Tell me about yourself." Knowing how you will explain your experience, education, skills, and career objectives will help you answer tough questions with confidence and poise.
2Be prepared to demonstrate your strengths. It is crucial to be able to illustrate your strengths by giving examples of past successes and accomplishments. For example, if you have decided that high attention to detail is one of your strengths, you should be prepared to provide an example: perhaps you reviewed prepared reports and discovered inefficiencies, saving your previous company money.
3Consider the importance of nonverbal communication. Eye contact, good posture, and firm handshakes are important elements of an interview situation. Everyone needs to practice these kinds of nonverbal communication, but shy people may need to be particularly attentive to the issue. Practice! Try, for example:
- holding a conversation with someone you know while maintaining constant eye contact.
- sitting up in a chair with good posture for 30 minutes.
- practicing firm handshakes.
4Stay positive and confident. Remember: you would not have gotten the interview if you were not qualified to do the job. At this point, you just need to express yourself confidently and focus on your strengths. Stay positive throughout the interviewer, and try to express your confidence and enthusiasm verbally and non-verbally.
5Send a thank-you note. After your interview, send a brief note thanking the potential employer for his or her time. If you want to clarify a point or two that you made during the interview, you can do so at this time, but don't say more than one or two things, and don't apologize or characterize your interview negatively. Focus on your enthusiasm about the job.Advertisement
Community Q&A
QuestionCan a shy person be an actor?LibArtsPremed18Top AnswererOf course, many shy people can end up making great actors. When you are acting, you take on a character who is not yourself and you are free from the limitations placed on yourself.
- Accepting who you are as a person is important for your overall happiness and well being, in both your professional life and your personal life. Don't criticize yourself for shyness; it's part of who you are.
- Don't let failures deter you from pursuing a job you love. Everyone messes up an interview now and then, and everyone loses out to a more qualified candidate now and then. Resist the urge to overanalyze your perceived failures. Focus on your strengths and successes.
- Many shy people feel more comfortable online. If you do, then take advantage of opportunities for online networking. Sites like LinkedIn, Facebook, and networking pages for people in your particular field can be a comfortable, effective way to reach people.


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Nautical Wheelers (who call themselves sailors...)
Music is an integral part of any culture – sailing is no exception. Jimmy Buffet is the prototypical nautical minstrel and, though I'm no parrot head by any stretch, I'll cop to a fondness for some of his tunes…particularly the ones on the "Boats" disc from his box set, Boats, Beaches, Bars & Ballads. As well "A Pirate Looks at Forty" will have meaning for me before too long. Many different types of music above and beyond the more popular variety contribute to sailing culture – check out this link to Hull's International Sea Shanty Festival and this one to the Sea Music Festival sponsored by the San Francisco Maritime Museum. Historically, sea chanteys began as work songs aboard the tall ships and schooners that plied the oceans when trade was conducted under sail.
Sea chanteys, traditional shipboard work songs, were created and sung by sailors to lift spirits and maintain rhythm while working as a team. Other sea songs, like forebitters, ballads and drinking songs, were sung at leisure, or ashore. Today, these songs are a musical porthole into the past.
A few of my favorite sailing songs include "Lee Shore" by CSN – taken from their days aboard the schooner Mayan (acquired by David Crosby in 1967), Lyle Lovett "If I Had a Boat", "When I Feel the Sea Beneath my Soul" by Taj Mahal "Sailing to Philadelphia" by Mark Knopfler and "Into the Mystic" by Van Morrison. I'll be glad to compile a "Top Ten Sailing Songs of All Time" so please cast your vote by commenting on this post.
We were born before the wind
Also younger than the sun
Ere the bonnie boat was won as we sailed into the mystic
Hark, now hear the sailors cry
Smell the sea and feel the sky
Let your soul and spirit fly into the mystic


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His n hers reversible shopping bag cross stitch kit
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Regular price £28.00
Never be embarrassed to go out shopping with your other half's bag again. This reversible design includes both 'his' and 'hers' patterns for you to embroider on either side of the supplied jute bag to make a very unique shopper.Jute makes the perfect 12 count canvas for cross stitch and really makes the colours pop. This is a great cross stitch kit for experienced stitchers looking for something a little bit different.
Included in your kit:
x 'His' pattern
x 'Hers' pattern
x jute bag measuring 30cm x 30cm (plus handles)
x DMC coloured threads
x sharp needle
x comprehensive 'how to cross stitch' guide and top tips for stitching your jute bag
In addition you will need:
x scissors


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Buffalo Commons Brewing Co. Seasonal Beers
Spring: Anticipation Maibock
The wait is over!
In anticipation of the coming spring! A traditional Bavarian spring time beer, with lots of malty sweetness Brewed in December and lagered until its release in March.
Summer: Sour with No Name
Pucker up!
Just in case you haven't heard, we have anew beer available at the brewery and ready for distribution. 'Sour With No Name' is a kettle soured Berliner Weisse that's tart and refreshing. At 3.8% ABV and 18 IBU it's the perfect summer quencher. If you're new to sour beers, the first taste is going to be completely foreign to you, but give it a chance and take 4-5 sips before you decide. It will grow on you. Available now, so when you're visiting your favorite watering hole, be sure to ask for it by name!
Summer: Burning Hills Rauchbier
Set your taste buds ablaze!
A German-style lager with a small amount of beech-wood smoked German malt added to the grain bill to give a hint of smoke flavor and aroma. Pairs well with grilled or roasted meats and vegetables.
Winter: Bully Imperial Stout
Welcome to the dark side!
If you are looking for a big, sweet stout full of dark fruit flavors and just the right trace of alcohol b urn, look no further. BULLY! Imperial Stout is perfect for those cold Midwest winter evenings to keep you warm and toasty inside. As Teddy Roosevelt would say, BULLY for you!


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KBzine: the original kitchen and bathroom industry e-news - since 2002
30th July 2020
We strongly recommend viewing KBzine full size in your web browser. Click our masthead above to visit our website version.
Milestone for Nolte Kitchens in Russia
Less than a week after the opening of a studio in Tallinn, Estonia, a Nolte Kitchens flagship store was unveiled in Moscow.
Owner and Managing Director Rinata Safina welcomed more than 150 guests during the ceremony, including representatives of the trade and lifestyle press as well as renowned architects and designers.
Export Director Matthias Berens and Sales Director Ewa Holin had travelled from Germany to attend the event. Also present was Alexander Malinowski, Head of Nolte Kitchens' Sales Agency in Russia.
With over 250 square metres of space, the studio is the largest store dedicated exclusively to Nolte Kitchens in Russia. The focus is on representing the brand as a premium product from Germany, showcased alongside appliances from Miele, Gaggenau, Siemens/BSH, Liebherr and Küppersbusch.
Conveniently situated in a prominent and prestigious location close to the White House, the showroom features a total of six kitchen designs from the new 2015 ranges. Intending to introduce new trends to their customers at an early stage, Rinata Safina and her team of three are going to put on display any future products close to their respective launch dates.
Export Director Matthias Berens further explains the role of the new branch: "Our aim is to strengthen our position in the Russian market and to enhance the profile of Nolte Kitchen as a brand. The new flagship store in Moscow is not only targeted at end consumers, but also at architects and designers, who we hope to attract as a new clientele. The store certainly is a milestone in the business relations with Russia, which were first established in 1993."
Regular events and workshops with the involvement of celebrity chefs are planned at the store. These are designed not only to create further brand awareness, but also to allow customers to experience the benefits and functionality of the kitchens. Already in a best-selling position in the market, with Russia holding a place among Nolte top five export countries in terms of turnover, the flagship store is a further investment made despite and in active opposition to the currently reduced consumer spending.
Image - Left: Alexander Malinowski, managing sales for Nolte Kitchens in Russia, speaks to the guests at the opening ceremony. With him, from left:
Rinata Safina, owner of the Moscow store, Ewa Holin and Matthias Berens
Photo courtesy of Rinata Safina
T: 01707 290 444 (UK) / Fon +49 (0)5732 899 - 0 (Germany)
E: [email protected]
W: www.nolte-kuechen.de / www.nolte-moscow.ru
9th January 2015


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Last week's craft show was a bust. I sold just enough to cover table fee. And half of that was from a good friend!
The good thing that came out of it was a lady who saw my crochet display and asked to hire me for some project she is working on. I said sure! She just started crocheting because of these uber popular shark socks. She's a knitter and learning this pattern has been challenging she says. I can understand why. I had a bit of trouble counting the rows and marking my progress with the first pair I made.
Now, gotta love this lady, she comes back the second day and realizes she can just talk to me directly instead of over the phone and meeting up at a later time so she sits down to chat. We discuss what her project is…20ish pairs of these shark socks for her coworkers. She's retiring this year and wants not bestow her love of Shark Week to her coworkers. After making several pairs of shells, she realizes she's not going to get done in time for Christmas. Enter moi.
I've never made socks before. Booties, yes. But not socks. In fact, the first attempted pair for my husband last year are on the needles with about 2″ of cuff done. That is all. This lady, she is a sock knitter. (Which makes me wonder why not covert these to a knit pattern??) she's previously made her coworkers each a pair of socks that took her nearly a year to make. Whoa…We discuss some tricks of the trades and tips. We are gonna share some yarny knowledge! I am stoked.
I have my curtains that I need to finish by the middle of December and these socks. Lots of crocheting going on. I'm not sure I will be getting to making our holiday cards this year…it's okay. Not that anyone cares. Lol. I do have lots of other orders as well. Busy busy…


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Evening presenters were LMA artists Rob Scharein and Laura Lee Coles, who shared their ongoing and current projects in order to acquire critical feedback from audience members.
Photos: Wynne Palmer, Laura Lee Coles
Vida Mas is a core developer for creators, entrepreneurs and artists to support and connect and find centredness in their work. Please visit Vida's website HERE


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Beaches are with no doubt the most well known and popular diversity of Brazil. Some say that the most beautiful beaches are located in the northeastern part of Brazil, other prefer the waters of Southern coast. After all, the basic rule is that the whole eastern coastline is full of beautiful beaches and and finding a favourite depends on your personal preferences. Therefore we are not going to tell you where to find the most beautiful beaches, just sharing our experiences with you.
In the northest part of Brazilian coast, in such states as Amapa, Pará and Maranhão, you will find many areas where the waters of the rivers meet the sea. Due to this mixture the color of the sea in these areas is not as blue as in another areas. However paradise destination such as Ilha do Algodoal and Ilha do Marajó, both in the state of Pará, can be found in these parts of the country. A number of river beaches can also be found in the states with rainforest areas, probably the most well known of them is the beach of Alter do Chão (Pará), which was recently chosen among the most beautiful beaches of the word by La Guardian.
June and July will have heavy rain showers in the northeastern coast, though there are some raither drier states like Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, dominated by the dunes. In Ceára and Maranhão you will be able to enjoy heavy winds as well, making these destinations ideal for watersports, such as surfing, wind surf and kite surf. Just to name few of them you will find for example Jericoacoara and Canoa Quebrada in Ceará. From the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco and Alagoas you will find a number of beaches dominated by the coral reefs. In these areas the waters are calm and clear making it easy to snorkel around and observe the richness of the sea life. Some of the most popular of them are Porto de Galinhas in Pernambuco and Pipa in Rio Grande de Norte. The most famous snorkeling and diving destination in Brazil is with no doubt the island of Fernando de Noronha (Pernambuco), located in the Atlantic Ocean, about 500 km from the continent at the level of Rio Grande do Norte.
The coast of Bahia is full of breathtaking beaches, such as Mangue Seco, Praia do Forte, Morro de São Paulo (island), Boipeba (island), Caraiva, Arraial d'Ajuda, Trancoso, Maraú, Barra Grande, Ilheus, Itacare, just to mention few of them. After having visited the endless number of beautiful bahian beaches, it's easy to understand why is Brazilian state is one of the leading tourism destinations of the country. When travelling to north or northeastern Brazil, it's good to remember that the rainy season is from January till March/April (north) or from the end of April till August (northeast) depending on the destination.
The southeastern part of the country enjoys also a number of beautiful beaches. There is no need to mention the world famous urban beaches of Rio de Janeiro, but surely it's important to remember that there are much to be found in the southern states as well. An escape from the urban life can be done by visiting the popular beaches of picturesque Búzios or hideaway paradise Ilha Grande in Rio de Janeiro. The state of São Paulo offers hidden treasures such as the beaches of Ubatuba in the northern part of the state. The southest part of Brazil has a limited climate, but during the summer time the real pearl of southern Brazil, Florianopolis and surrounding beaches such as Barra da Lagoa and Praia do Campeche can be discovered.


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Northern Arizona Healthy Minds Initiative
The Opening NAHMI Visioning Meeting on May 25th
This meeting was held 2-4 p.m. May 25, 2018 at the Sedona Public Library, 3250 White Bear Rd.
Participants collectively created a vision for a brain healthy Northern Arizona, and explored how they can realize that vision.
To prepare for the meeting, participants:
- Watched the two-part video of the Sherzais' April 9th presentation
- Reviewed the Sherzais' "NEURO Plan" – lifestyle recommendations for prevention of dementia
- Reviewed the LiveWell example from the Beach Communities of Southern California; and
- Review the meeting agenda
What is the Northern Arizona Healthy Minds Initiative?
The Northern Arizona Healthy Minds Initiative (NAHMI) is a collaboration between the communities of Northern Arizona and Team Sherzai to promote brain health and prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and other dementias, Parkinson's and stroke in our communities. Drs. Dean and Ayesha Sherzai, in collaboration with Healthy World Sedona, launched the initiative on April 9, 2018 through the Northern Arizona Healthy Minds Initiative Forum in Sedona. Participants included community leaders, organizations and individuals who are committed to the goal of preventing these devastating diseases in our communities.
To receive updates and become involved, join the NAHMI email list: JOIN
Learn more about Team Sherzai.
Read about a similar initiative with Team Sherzai in the beach communities of Southern California.


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Facts Of Myanmar's Aesthetics Industry
The professional beauty sector in Myanmar is set to grow in line with the rising consumer demand for aesthetic products and treatments in the country. Brands from the United States, Europe and Asia are already becoming available in salons across the country as multi-national manufacturers re-establish distribution to help satisfy growing demand. The event is the ideal opportunity for international companies to establish sales, partnerships and operations in what is set to become a booming market with the huge population.


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The mysteries are piling up on UPN's Veronica Mars (Wednesdays at 9 pm/ET; moves to Tuesdays on April 11), and fans want to know: What was Kendall up to in that shower? Will Logan's lost love, Hannah, return to Neptune? And what will next season be about? In an exclusive Q&A, Mars creator Rob Thomas addresses these and many other burning questions submitted by TVGuide.com readers.
Question: Maybe you can clear something up for us fans. Was Kendall planting or removing something from the shower [in last week's episode, "The Rapes of Graff"]? And was that Duncan's or Logan's shower? Margaret
Rob Thomas: Duncan's shower. (We tried to make that clear with the photos of Duncan and Veronica at the beginning of the shot, but they did go by rather quickly.) She was in the act of removing.
Question: I just finished watching "The Rapes of Graff" (loved it). Is that the last time we'll see Hannah and Troy? Elizabeth
Thomas: No one's ever really dead on Veronica Mars. Even when they're dead.
Question: You hinted that it was possible for a die-hard fan, which I am, to guess next year's mystery. But could you point me in the right direction? Laurie
Thomas: I can't or rather, I won't. I don't want to confirm anything to anyone. Just ask yourself what case seems a bit unresolved that we may reasonably come back to next year.
Question: I've been watching since the beginning of Season 1, but I'm not sure I've ever heard what PCH stands for. Can you clear this up? Alicia
Thomas: Happy to. PCH stands for Pacific Coast Highway, a stretch of highway that runs along the California coast. Not the fastest way to get anywhere, but stretches of it are amazingly beautiful. The full name for the gang is the PCH Bike Club. They are PCHers for short.
Question: Will we see Veronica's mom again? Anita
Thomas: Yes.
Question: I think I remember you saying in an interview that Veronica would go to the prom, but only for a short time. Who does she go with? Please tell me it's Weevil. I see them going together, not as a date but to prove who killed Felix or to deal with the Fitzpatricks... like a "cover" date. Kerry
Thomas: There will be a version of prom, but I don't want to spoil it for everyone. I just saw the first cut of our "prom" stuff, and I'm very pleased with how it turned out. I think the fans will dig it.
Question: I love your show and never miss it. How cool that the tour guide at Hearst College [in "The Rapes of Graff"] said he was from Wheaton, Illinois that's where I'm from. What made you pick it? Diane-Audrey
Thomas: I did not, in fact, pick Wheaton, Illinois. John Enbom, the episode's writer, chose it. I'd ask him, but it's 6 am and no one's in the office yet.
Question: When are we going to see Keith and Wallace's mom together again? Kathleen
Thomas: You'll see them in a scene together in the finale, but I'm not sure that's going to be the kind of "together" you seem to be hoping for.
Question: Would you ever consider continuing Veronica's story in a novelization form? Heather
Thomas: Yes. We're in discussions about this right now.
Question: I may have missed it, but why is Eli's nickname "Weevil"? J.S.
Thomas: We've never explained this. To tell you the truth, I named him Weevil for the pilot, because I liked the sound of it it rhymed with "evil," after all. A couple episodes later, I needed to give him a "real" name, and "Eli" contained letters in "Weevil," so that's what it became.
Do you have questions for the producers of Veronica Mars? Ask them here. And if you're curious about questions the producers have answered previously, check out the TVGuide.com Q&As from March 15, Feb. 15, Feb. 1, Dec. 20, Nov. 9, Oct. 5 and Oct. 19.


text: Your Pro kitchen wouldn't be complete without the Pro Hood. With the largest filtered capture in the industry, these 30" hoods perform like those in commercial kitchens. The Pro Hood is effective and stylish, with dishwasher safe stainless steel filters, variable blower control, and commercial grade 18 gauge 300 stainless steel construction. Match your Pro Range with the Pro Hood here!


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Greetings my compatriots. I must apologize for the lack of activity. I have been buy with some IRL matters, but that's hardly an excuse for more than a weeks activity. Anyways I have several things to post to make up for it. Let's begin with this so called scholar. These books are clearly blank!
Sunday, September 11, 2016
So Called Scholar
By Chicken Maker in: Books, General Chicken, MS Paint at 4:23 PM
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Missouri Committee Discusses Tapping Reserve Fund
JEFFERSON CITY (AP) - A Missouri House committee reviewing disaster response is recommending that lawmakers debate whether to tap a reserve fund to help pay for recovery.
Speaker Pro Tem Shane Schoeller (SHOH'-lur), a Republican from Willard, is the chairman of the committee. Schoeller says the panel wants the full House to consider drawing from the state's "rainy day fund" to pay for disaster recovery and establishing a committee to oversee the funds.
Gov. Jay Nixon is planning to call a special legislative session in September on measures addressing economic development, disaster recovery and the date of next year's presidential primary. The state has responded this year to numerous disasters, including massive flooding on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, the tornado that killed 159 people in Joplin and other, smaller


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Lincoln University kicks off Black History Month with "Ask A Black Man"
JEFFERSON CITY - To kick off Black History Month, Lincoln University hosted "Ask A Black Man" on Wednesday night.
"It's hard being a black man in America today," said Lincoln University student Demetrius Robinson.
The event gave young men the chance to ask an older black man about his life experiences. It also gave them the chance to get advice on situations they've been in.
"This event to me it hits home cause everybody goes through their own situations and obstacles, but when do you really talk about it?" Robinson said.
Lincoln University student Dominic Moody said the event will help students who don't have an older male to ask for advice.
"Most of them don't have father figures in their life, so for another black male to come down here and actually teach them, or tell them their experience on life and how to be better, I think is great." Moody said.
The speaker, Byran Murray, talked about his experiences in the workplace, reaching success, and loving being black in America.
"You have to learn to be comfortable in your own skin," he said.
Murray said he wants to let young people know they can be whatever they aspire to be. He said young black men have to understand they don't have to be a rapper or athlete in order to be successful.
Murray also said there should be more black educators in schools.
"I think it's crucial to see the perspective of a black man. For one, as we grew up as black people we don't have black men as teachers in schools." he said.
Murray said he didn't have a black male teacher until he got to college.
Murray will speak at "Ask A Black Man" event each Wednesday in February at Lincoln University's Scruggs Ballroom from 5:30 p.m. until 7:30 p.m.


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Simplify and accelerate your Kafka to Hbase with Kafka compatible connector via Lenses UI/CLI, Native plugin or Helm charts for Kubernetes deployments
License Apache 2.0
This HBase Sink allows you to write events from Kafka to HBase. The connector takes the value from the Kafka Connect SinkRecords and inserts a new entry to HBase.
Flexible Deployment
Powerful Integration Syntax
Monitoring & Alerting
Integrate with your GitOps


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Investors Forum - First Friday
Friday, December 6, 2019
Investors meet twice a month to discuss the stock and bond markets, and investment strategies. After general discussion, we usually focus on a specific topic. No money is collected or invested by this group. Investors of all levels are welcome.
A related Health of the Market website is updated every Saturday.
A list of favorite investment websites can be found here.Members only.
The Center


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Given that tourism is very fragile to terrorism, and that it has come to dominate or perhaps displace, economy of most courtiers, it is imperative to take a closer look at the interrelation between tourism terrorism to lessen the negative impacts. As indicated in the introduction, the first approach to the studies into relationship between tourism and security incidents focus on diverse but interrelated topics ranging from the nature of such relationship (including types, causes, targets, motives and so forth) to the impact of terrorism on the tourism demands. The overarching objective of this chapter is to review studies with such approach which emerged in the beginning of the 1990s.
The chapter begins with a general discussion and overview of the direct and indirect importance of tourism to the national and global economies and proceeds to discuss the susceptibility of tourism industry to rampant crisis. Those terrorism concepts which relates to tourism industry are briefly reviewed. As contribution to literature, a time series analysis approach with yearly aggregated data is presented to show how and to what extent terrorists have targeted tourism since 1968. The rational and motives behind terrorists attack on tourism destination is a crucial area which seeks logically examine relationship between terrorism and tourism. The next section devoted to these significant discussions. Then it would turn to next area of studies or the impact of terrorism as a tourism crisis on the tourism industry. For this purpose the extant research on the impact of terrorism on the tourism industry in several countries will be reviewed. It also considers various determinants of terrorism acts on the tourism industry. Last but not least, it explores the theories and components of image and perception management. It is also imperative to clarify the definitions of a few repeatedly used terms that there is potential for confusion among them. This chapter also attempt to offer definition and develop empirically derived concept.
Despite recent crisis, tourism represent, one of the fastest growing sectors in the world economy. In 1960 the whole tourist arrivals were around 70 million while it rocketed to some 700 million in 2003. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, out of overall world exports, tourism industry is account for 12.2% and provides 8.3% of total jobs (WTTC, 2007: 6). These figures represent direct economic impact of the industry while the indirect impacts estimated to be much larger. The indirect impacts are enormous. For instance; it plays an important role in the development of new cities, societies and provides them with necessary infrastructure and superstructure. What is more, tourism helps the protection of environment by stimulating the creation of national parks for wild life as well as the conservation and preservation of beaches and marine life as a part of tourist products. From cultural point of view, it offers more opportunities for the restoration of old monuments. It also encourages small industries, souvenirs, handmade art and craft; it improves the standard of living in many societies. Moreover, the tourist spending in the tourist establishment (hotels, restaurants, and transportation) doesn't go totally to them. These establishments need to purchase goods and services from other sectors with local economy (services of builders, accountants, food, and beverage suppliers). Bale (1998) argues that tourism makes much contribution to employment by differentiating between its impact on direct and indirect employments.
"The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any downturns in the level of activity in the industry are a cause of concern. The repercussions extend beyond activities directly associated with tourism, notably airlines, hotels and catering, to sectors that supply intermediate or final goods that are purchased by firms and employees in the industry, so that all sectors of the economy are affected to a greater or lesser extent." Adam Blake and M. Thea Sinclair, "Tourism Crisis Management: adjusting to a temporary downturn,"Sixth Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, 2002, p. 1.
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Tourism is important not only to developed nations but to many less developed ones, whose chief resources often come from their visitor attractions. Since no other substitute major natural resources, such as oil or heavy industry is available in such countries, they are heavily reliant on international tourism to generate national income. Although the lack of the necessary infrastructure and communication facilities are often proved to be an obstacle to attract a considerable number of tourists, some less developed countries demonstrated considerable success in attraction of tourists (Harrison 2001). In recent years, tourism has been focus of attentions for its potential to help to the reduction of poverty. UNWTO statistics reveals the growing strength of the tourism industry for developing countries. International tourism receipts for developing countries accounted for a record number of 203 billion US dollar in 1995. According to the UNWTO, "tourism is one of the major export sectors of poor countries and a leading source of foreign exchange in 46 of the 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)". (UNWTO 2007: p 38)
Terrorism background and definition
Terrorism phenomena across the world is traceable to centuries ago when Jewish patriots, begun to challenge the Roman sovereignty in holy lands (Poland, 1988). In our times it dates back to the latter half of the twentieth century when terrorist attacks came to occupy a central place to in news headlines and it was in 1960s and 1970s that grabbed the attention of the people from all over the world. It was for the first time in world history that so few people managed to put into trouble so many peoples in a quick and effective manner (Sacks, 2004). The attacks against the US on 11th September 2001, and the post-9/11 attacks, including the bombings in Bali, Jakarta, Casablanca, Mombasa, Madrid, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, London, India and other places are prime examples to this. The terrorism attacks have been of importance to tourism industry as the tourism destination turn out to a prime target of terrorist attacks.
Despite the omnipresence of terrorism attacks in the world today, there has been little consensus among scholars of terrorism studies over the concept. There are several reasons why terrorism is difficult to define (Cronin 2002). Firstly, labelling an action as terrorism or a group as terrorist is hardly free from ideological or political partiality (Moxon-Browne, 1994). In addition, most definitions are very flawed. Over time particularly when they come to power, the terrorism groups may recognized as a legitimate government. A prime example is Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress in South Africa. Another source of ambiguity in the definition lay in differing perception of what terrorism as it means different things to different governments and different scholars.
To better define the terrorism it is important to set apart terrorism from crime-related acts. Tarlow (2001) lists the differences between acts of crimes and terrorism. He argued that dealing with criminal acts requires well trained police forces while terrorism is more war like in nature which can not cope with police actions alone. Rather it needs cooperation between all stakeholders in question. In addition, the goals of terrorist are destruction through victimization and seek publicity and mass economic destructions with added bonus of loss of life.
Table 1.1 Key Difference between Acts of Tourism Crime and Terrorism
Usually economic or social gain
To gain publicity and sometimes sympathy for a cause.
Usual type of victim
Person may be known to the perpetrator or selected because he/she may yield economic gain
Killing is random and appears to be more in line with a stochastic model. Numbers may or may not be important
Defenses in use
Often reactive, reports taken
Some pro-active devices such as radar detectors
Political ideology
Usually none
Robin Hood model
Usually local and rarely makes the international news
Almost always is broadcast around the world
Most common forms in tourism industry are:
Crimes of distraction
Sexual Assault
Domestic terrorism
International terrorism
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Potential for bio-chemical warfare
Statistical accuracy
Often very low, in many cases the travel and tourism industry does everything possible to hide the information
Almost impossible to hide. Numbers are reported with great accuracy and repeated often
Length of negative effects on the local tourism industry
In most cases, it is short term
In most cases, it is long term unless replaced by new positive image
Source: Tarlow (2001: 134-135)
Since the extent to which terrorism challenges governments and threatens civilian populations differs considerably, it is possible to constitute a typology based on which we can compare different types of terrorism. One approach is to differentiate between domestic restricted to the borders of one country and international consist of the citizens of more than one country terrorism. However, this distinction is proved to be perplexing in practice as most terrorist groups have links to abroad. (Chalk 1996) A more elaborate typology categorizes groups in terms of their primary motivations. Based upon such criteria, Peters (2002) classified terrorists into two broad categories: the practical terrorist and the apocalyptic terrorist. The demand of practical terrorists is restricted to recreation of a state and society without destruction of the whole society, what its followers have in mind is to eradicate what they see as a political evil. A prime example of such terrorism is anti-abortion terrorists in United State. Apocalyptic terrorists are very different. Their ultimate goal is to destroy completely the current worlds and build up a new order from the outset. Table 1.2 summarizes the main feature of each approach.
Table 1.2 Differences between Practical and Apocalyptic Terrorists
Practical Terrorist
Apocalyptic Terrorist
Mental state
Hopes to change a policy through violence
Victim of self-rage and anger
Time frame for success
This world oriented
Next world oriented
Attitude toward religion
Tends toward secularization
Tends toward religious mystical experiences
Rarely suicidal, not a key goal
Highly suicidal; suicide is a
means to a greater end
Recreation of state or policy
Annihilation of the state, or people
Willingness to use WMDs
Limited use of chemical
Biological or nuclear
Value of human life
Source: Peters (2002) p.86
Regardless of these ambiguities, it is imperative to offer a working definition. For the purposes of this research, the terrorism defined as "the calculated threat or use of violence designed to create an overwhelming fear in a larger target population, perpetuated by individuals, sub-national groups, or state actors to attain political, social, or economic objectives." (Alexander, 2002) take the original article
http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/9/8/4/7/pages98470/p98470-3.php (GETTING IT RIGHT: Understanding Effective Counter-Terrorism Strategies)
The records of terrorism attacks on tourism targets
Tourism and terrorism has always been inevitably interwoven. Over the last 30 years tourist industry have been key targets for terrorists' attacks. The terrorists believed that they have been very successful in accomplishing their goals through terrorism attacks to tourism destinations. As international terrorism augmented by September 11, 2001 attacks on US targets by al Qaida, its inevitable effects on tourism became the subject of serious concern (Sabasteanski, 2005). Paraskevas and Arendell's (2007) list of pos-9/11 truism destinations and tourist targets attacked by terrorists up to September 2006 include more than 18 incidents. As such, Mitroff (2005) is right to state that "it is no longer a question of 'if' terrorists will strike but rather a question of 'when,' 'how' and 'how prepared' the destination is to deal with them." The records of terrorist incident on the tourism industry between 01/01/1968 and 07/20/2007 indicate that tourists have been target of 261 out of 33817 terrorist accidents. (Figure 1) This accidents account for 676 tourists' loss of lives and 1875 injury (Figure 2 and 3).
Figure1.1 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Number of Incidents
Source: US Department of State (various years) and RAND series
Figure1.2 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Number of Deaths
Source: US Department of State (various years) and RAND series
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Figure1.3 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Number of Injuries
Source: US Department of State (various years) and RAND series
The targeted list of terrorist attacks varies. The 1960s and 1970s was the time of plane hijackings. Consequently, the terrorist targeted the tourism destination initially through plane hijackings in the time. In the 1960s, hijackings were often from the U.S. to Cuba with no intention to harm passengers. However, in the 1970s, the purpose of terrorists' actions was the loss of life plus damage to the property. Thus we witnessed the more severe actions from them. During the 1970s, the Munich Olympic Games became the focus of one of the most notorious terrorist attacks and set a new standard for terrorism at major world events. In the consequent years, the targeted list encompassed a variety of sites including, airlines, cruise ships, buses, restaurants and cafes, events and festivals, or sporting or cultural institutions, wherever people get together for leisure or any other purpose. In the beginning of 90s, a significant number of terrorists' incidents occurred at tourist destinations, while in the recent years we witnessed a shift in the targets of terrorism accidents (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2006). (Figure 4)
Figure1.4 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Incidents by Targets, Compare Tourists to other Targets
Source: US Department of State (various years) and RAND series
Terrorists' motives
Tourism scholars argued that understanding terrorist motive may shed light on the relationship between terrorism and tourism (Sonmez, 1997). As such they have sought to explain the motive behind the terrorist activities regarding the tourism destination. To date, there is no consensus among scholars on their explanation of terrorist objectives, however almost all agree that terrorists have much to gain by targeting tourists. In their influential work on terrorism and tourism Sonmez, Apostolopoulos, and Tarlow (1999: 85) noted that tourism destinations offer "a cost-effective instrument to deliver a broader message of ideological/political opposition". They placed the terrorists' objective in two main groups: strategic objectives and ideological objectives.
With respect to strategic objectives, they maintained that terrorists tend to accomplish some goals that can be found only in tourism destinations. These goals include mass casualties, mass publicity and great economic damage. As discussed earlier, tourism is lucrative business interconnected with several other industries; thus an attack on the tourism industry would affect considerably a number of secondary industries as well. What is more, tourism officials have often avoided taking tough steps to stop terrorism because such measures often result in frightening the potential customers. As such the tourism destinations have seen as an easy target for terrorism attacks. Tourism destinations also are visited by a regular flow of new people, thus terrorists are hardly suspected. In other words, terrorists can easily disguise their identity in the tourism destinations. Tourism industry is also a sensitive area to media especially when nationals of other countries are engaged it will receive massive coverage from international media and at the same time it bypass their government's censorship. (Weimann and Winn 1994: 143)
The ideological objectives are more complex ones encompassing clashing values, cultures, or socioeconomic levels. Such motives push the terrorists to target the tourists for their symbolic value as proxy of larger group or apparently their governments. In his discussion of terrorism in Egypt, Aziz (1995) put into question a widely accepted notion that Islam is simply against foreign tourists. According to Aziz, tourists differs from and locals by many cultural and social gaps. Following Richter's he argue that since travel styles can be representative of ideological values, class behavior, and political culture of tourists and their countries, tourists may be targeted because of their tourism styles which may demonstrate conspicuous consumption (i.e., demonstration of money or credit cards; flashy photography equipment; expensive clothes, jewelry, and luggage). The clash of cultures and values between locals and travelers can also account for motives. Certain tourist behaviors (i.e., consumption of pork and alcohol; gambling; Western dress; codes of behavior incongruent with Islamic tradition) oppose to Islamic cultural values-are also suggested as a possible explanation for the Egyptians' frustration (Aziz 1995). Wahab (1996) stated that sometimes terrorism "specifically targets tourism because it is seen as a movement of visitors representing a form of neo-colonialism or a threat to well-established societal norms, traditions, value-systems, and religious convictions".
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The impact of terrorist attack to tourism industry
"The impact of terrorism on a state's economy may be enormous, leading to unemployment,
homelessness, deflation, crime and other economic and social ills" (Laurance, 2003:2)
Previous studies based on the accumulate evidence throughout the world shows that the impact of terrorists attacks on tourism industry, destination, the local community, the tourists are in the most cases negative and resulted in decline in tourism demands. Such incidents paralysed or severely impacted the local tourism industry as result of trip cancellation and the inclination of passengers of booking to safer alternative destinations. These events have resulted in major drops in tourism demand, for example we witnessed the loss of more than a million arrivals from the United States to Europe in 1986 down 23% from 1985 because of December 1985 Palestinian terrorists' attacks in airports in Rome and Vienna and the 1986 hijacking of TWA flight. (Brady and Widdows, 1988: 8; Hurley, 1988; Conant et al, 1988)
The following is copied from: Effects of News Shock on Inbound Tourist Demand Volatility in Korea http://jtr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/44/4/457.pdf
Blake and Sinclair (2003) explored the effects of the September 11 terrorist attack in the United States using a computable general equilibrium model. In their study, they reported the percentage decreases in the number of visits during September 2001 compared to the previous 12 months were 34% for domestic and 23% for international travel. Baron analysed monthly tourism figures to measure the effect of terrorism on tourism in Israel, Spain, Egypt and turkey. For instance, the analysis indicated that ongoing terrorism cost Israel approximately 332000 visitors from North America between Spring of 1985 to the end of 1987, at a cost of around 54 million U.S. Dollars (??). Others have also reported reductions in tourist arrival and receipts in the periods following terrorist action in, for example, Israel (Pizam 1999), Egypt (Wahab, 1996) and Northern Ireland (Pizam, l999; Wall, 1996). In addition to quantifying the reduction in the number of visitors to destinations affected by terrorism, studies have also assessed the duration of this impact. Using newspaper reports of terrorism world-wide between 1985 and 1998 Pizam and Smith (2000), found that 79% of media reported terrorist incidents were associated with a significant decline in tourism, and that the effect lasted between one and six months. Enders and Sandler (1991) estimated that an average terrorist incident in Spain in the period between 1970 and 1988 resulted in a decrease of approximately 140,000 visitors. However, the decline did not start until three months after the incident, and took around two years for visitor numbers to stabilize at a le just below that prior to the incident. A somewhat longer delay was observed tourism to Greece and Italy, where it was between six and nine months after terrorist attack before tourism figures started to decrease (Enders et al., 1992). Pizam and Smith (2000) argue that observed time delays in the deterrent effect of terrorist action might be because travelers would usually forfeit the costs of the travel if they were to cancel at short notice.
In addition to the effects of terrorism on tourism over time, research has also examined whether the deterrent effect is limited just to the country targeted by the terrorists or whether it extends to other destinations. Enders et al., (1992) identified a generalized deterrent effect of terrorism in certain European countries on tourism throughout Continental Europe during the 1970s and 1980s. They also identified that terrorism in France did not specifically impact French tourism, but that it did contribute to lost revenues for continental Europe as a whole, suggesting that the deterrence was generalized to the whole continent. However, it is not clear why there was not any reduction in visitors to France. Similarly, Richter and Waugh (1936) state that tourism to Switzerland was adversely affected by terrorism in France, Italy and Austria.
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The determinants of terrorist attacks to tourism industry
The scholars identified diverse variables determining the impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry and the ability of countries to recover quickly. However they failed to offer any integrated empirical or theoretical frameworks for the casual relationship between these variables. Still, almost all studies refer to 'tourism demand drop' as a proxy for tourism industry suffering. Santana (1997) developed a model, which bring together the psychological and demographic factors that tend to influence the attitude to international travel (or destination image) referred to as deterrence (or drop in demand) in the light of threat from terrorism. He identified the psychological factors as Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS), Experience Seeking (ES), attitude to international travel (AIT), risk perception of political hazards and risk perception of physical hazards. The socialization factors of age, gender and travel experience are included in the model as well.
Figure1.3 casual relationship among determinants of terrorists' attacks to tourism industry
Political Hazards
Travel Experience
Physical Hazards
Source: Santana (1997), p. 457
To find out which certain acts of terrorism has more determining impact on tourism demand than others, Pizam and Smith (2000) identified a variety of characteristics of terrorism activities including frequencies, locations, severity and motives. They also took into account destination image and mass media as two important intervening which suppose to impact the tourism demand over the security incidents.
Elsewhere Pizam (1997) have maintained that the impact of terrorism attacks on tourism industry varys by its severity of the event and the frequency of occurrence. He noted that:
acts resulting in mass destruction of life and property followed by loss of life and bodily harm have the strongest effect on tourism demand. . . . Acts resulting in loss of property only have the lowest effect on tourism demand. . . . All else being equal, acts occurring more frequently will have a more intense, widespread and lengthy effect on tourism demand than those occurring less frequently (Pizam, 1997: 11).
Tarlow(2006) argues that in the last decades there does not seem to be a relationship between a locale's base population size and the act of terrorism. As such, terrorism has targeted both rural and urban settings (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2006:17). Discussing on risk evaluation, Walker and Page, (2003) has demonstrated the interrelationship between severity and frequency of incident on a graph. As they indicated there is a direct correlation between frequency of problems and its severity. As such the minor incidents happens more frequent than the severe ones like terrorism.
Figure 1.4 The Tourist Health and Safety Continuum: Severity and Frequency of Incidents
Source: Walker and Page, 2003, page 222
Image and Perception management
Terrorism attacks on tourism destination have not always left an enduring impact on the tourism industry. Yet, the comparative evidence show that soon after the event receives the international coverage, the information it conveys will be result in negative image among potential tourists and this in turn lead to cancelation their travel and /or choosing to book a more secure place. (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2005) Therefore, the host countries tend to take necessary measures to lessen the negative images by conveying correct, impartial and market oriented messages. Lepp and Gibson (2003) referred to four key authorities responsible for disseminating such information
• Security and risk information issued and communicated by governmental agencies in the generating markets (in the form of travel advisories);
• The global and local mass media;
• Governmental tourism organizations in the affected receiving destination; and
• The travel industry in the generating markets (Lepp and Gibson, 2003).
Since discussing on all aspects of the topic will be beyond of the scope of the research I only explore the destination image and the role of media.
4.6.1 The Concept of Image (Tourism Events thesis) pp 57
An image is a concept that is hard to understand. It has both vague and shifting meanings and used in a variety of contexts and disciplines, thereby creating different meanings. The definition for tourist destination image that is most commonly cited is that by Crompton
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(1979, in Jenkins, 1999):
"…the sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has of a
destination." (p. 18)
Many authors have also defined tourism image of a destination as the mental portrayal of a destination (Alhemoud & Armstrong, 1996; Kotler, et al., 1993, in Erfurt et al., 2003).
The image of a destination is a crucial factor in a tourist's destination choice process (Jenkins, 1999) and according to Mercer (1971, in Mossberg, 2000) the initial image formation stage is the most important phase in the buying process when selection a destination. Only the destinations the individual is aware of will be considered in the destination selection process and this awareness implies an image of the destination (Mossberg, 2000). Furthermore, according to Fakey and Crompton (1991) only destinations with positive images can be expected to prosper, while those with less favourable images may never achieve their fullest tourism potential.
Destination image
To make decision on where to go or choosing the one destination over another by potential travellers has long been of great significant to academics and tourist stakeholders. The existing literature suggested that destination choices are influenced and conditioned by both internal (such as images, perceptions, motives, attitudes, and beliefs) and external factors (i.e., time, destination attributes, perceived costs of tourism product, buyer characteristics, and benefits sought). Image among other factors received more attentions as a deciding factor in choosing on destination. Thus the scholars employed the concept of "destination image" to describe this determining factor. Bojanic (1991: p??) defined country destination image as "the impressions that a person or persons hold about a country in which they do not reside". Similarly Crompton Crompton (1979: 18, in Jenkins, 1999) noted: destination image is "the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a person has of a destination". Due to its importance, destination image has come to consider as a dependent variable in the consequent studies and the scholars attempted to identify the determinants that define, modify, and strengthen this construct. For instance, Hall and O'Sullivan (1996) identified three basic elements creating a destination image (a) Returning tourists via verbal reporting, (b) the role of Media in making image and (c) Overall policies of the host government.
The scholars are on consensus that the destinations with strong, positive images are more likely to be considered and chosen in the destination selection process. In contrast, they argue that the perceptions held by visitors about potential crisis in the tourist destination have significant influences upon the tourism demand. However, there exist little if any, clearly defined conceptual base for destination image studies, especially the ones investigating causality between destination image and negative events. Seddighi and his colleagues (2000) developed a framework for the examination of perceived impact of political instability on tourism. As illustrated in figure 1.5 a synthesis of information flow which comes from the above mentioned elements of destination image creation (i.e., word of mouth, media, and government policies) is account for the perceptions of potential travellers. This information is in turn manipulated by Prospective Holidaymakers and Tourism Generating Region through a process of 'the determination of the perceptual pattern/image for a particular tourism destination.' The destination choice therefore is reliant on the extent to which the perceptual patterns of holidaymakers towards the destination are positive or negative.
Figure 1.5 Perceived impact of political instability on tourism
Source: Seddighi et al., (2000 ), p.182
Since the tourists do not spare time to check the reality behind the received images, these images become highly biased and distorted. Due to frequent hostilities that have originated from the Arab-Israeli conflict, Israel's high-risk tourism image has prevailed. The struggle to reverse this image has been extremely frustrating, involving simultaneous confrontation between government agencies, tourism operators, and the media.
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Almost no researches disagree on that intensive mass media coverage of security incidents results in the drop of tourists' arrivals in affected destinations (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2006:17). They widely accepted that it is the media that give the event more or less significance by different interpretation. Therefore in many cases the news media tends to distort the actual security situation and to exaggerate the risk involved in traveling to affected destinations. In addition, the media reports often is not merely limited to exact report of what happened but also act as an advisor by interpreting the risk involved i


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I am definitely in recovery as I am starting to sleep longer – for the past year I have been surviving on 4 hours sleep a night, which everyone will tell you is not enough, however my body clock seemed determined that I would wake up at 3 or 4 in the morning and that was all there was to it.
I functioned fine, or so I thought. Then, last summer, 4 hours became less and one day, I went to work with no hours sleep and that's when my psychosis became full blown.
I realise now I stayed in psychosis for quite a while last summer. I was only made aware recently of some of my actions which were appalling.
I don't want to remember all I did. It fills me with shame.
I now find myself in a few situations that are tough to deal with; my return to work the hardest.
I am desperate to return see but my return is being delayed.
I am a little scared of returning to work truth be told, I am not sure if it is the aftermath of the psychosis, who I am or whether the effect of the depression but I am finding it hard being around people for long periods of time.
Reason being, I seem to be an outsider looking in to "normal" life.
I went out to lunch with my friend Miles today and I found myself looking at the people around me and trying to imagine their cosy life. You know, a life with no mental illness.
I felt such an outsider, outcast doing this. I wish my life was simple. As simple as having lunch with a friend or a colleague.
I felt so alone.
It seems most people who have mental health issues have people around them, partners, families, to support them through their hard times.
Apart from a handful of contacts, I have no-one serious. It makes the journey that little, lot, tougher.
Sometimes though I wonder how the journey would feel if I had someone to help me cope with it. Would I feel guilt on top of the other negative emotions? Guilt of not being a different, happier person.
It's funny, not a month ago, I felt happier than I had been in a long time. How do things go so wrong so quickly?
I am writing all this in the hope it will help me pull through this cycle.
Happy, a month ago.
I wonder where I will be a month from now…


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Formation of valine microcrystals through rapid antisolvent precipitation
Variny, Miroslav and Alvarez de Miguel, Sandra and Moore, Barry D. and Sefcik, Jan (2008) Formation of valine microcrystals through rapid antisolvent precipitation. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 29 (4). pp. 617-620. ISSN 0193-2691
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In this work we have experimentally studied concentration effects on antisolvent precipitation of valine (an amino acid) from aqueous isopropanol solutions. Our experiments showed that the valine precipitation is very sensitive to both the supersaturation and to the water content in the final solution. Results from spectrophotometric measurements and supersaturation analysis showed that the crystal formation kinetics are strongly dependent on both mixing and concentration profiles in the early stages of the process, even though no visible change in the systems occurs immediately upon mixing with the antisolvent or subsequent dilution. Results from small-angle static light scattering measurements showed that the first visible crystals are of micron size and they grow only little over time, while their number increases gradually. Taken together, these experiments point to intermediate phase separation of (possible amorphous) precursors, being either very small nanoparticles or droplets with their refractive index closely matching that of the continuous phase, which subsequently assemble into micron size valine crystals.
|Variny, Miroslav, Alvarez de Miguel, Sandra, Moore, Barry D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4943-1632 and Sefcik, Jan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-5122;
|Item type:
|ID code:
|antisolvent crystallization, valine, isopropanol, light scattering, Chemical engineering, Chemistry, Polymers and Plastics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
|Technology > Chemical engineering
Science > Chemistry
|Faculty of Engineering > Chemical and Process Engineering
Unknown Department
Faculty of Science > Pure and Applied Chemistry
|Depositing user:
|Dr Jan Sefcik
|Date deposited:
|19 Feb 2010 14:24
|Last modified:
|05 Aug 2020 01:04
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If we are to survive, we must hijack the Humane Society of the United States' bus!
What do I mean by that? Simple. Have you googled the phrase "puppymill" lately? How about "finding a good dog breeder", or "spay and neuter"? The animal rights movement dominates Google; and let me tell you, my friends, if ya' ain't on Google, YOU DON'T EXIST! Google is where John Q Public (and those uneducated legislators) goes to "get educated" these days. If all the public reads is the rhetoric put out there by Wayne and company, then guess what? That's what they will believe and take as the gospel truth.
Yes, My Friends, You Can Help Save Our Animals!
The solution is so, so simple, and the very best part is.......WE CAN DO IT FOR FREE. Yes, I said "FREE!". Blogging. Blogging is FREE and super simple. If you can type an email, or write a document using Wordpad, or Word, you can blog.
The fact of the matter is that Google (and their little web-crawling robots) love, love, love BLOGS! Blogs get indexed (listed in Google's massive index of sites) fairly quickly.
I belong to many legislation-type email lists (Yahoo, Google, etc), and those have a purpose to an extent. I've learned a great deal and met many wonderful people, but the problem is that those lists are "invisible" to the public. They can't read what we type; they don't know "what we know", ya' know?!
So the next time you write a really, really great email talking about breeders, or the animal rights movement, or the current state under attack by HSUS--copy and paste that into a blog! (Removing any identifying information, of course; be smart!)
Where? When? HOW?
Probably the two best known platforms for blogs are Google (known as "Blogger" or "Blogspot") and Wordpress. Both are FREE, but you do have the option of paying and getting some snazzier stuff.
But for our intent (which is to get the truth into the hands of the public), the free versions work just fine.
You can make your blog posts as long as you want, or as short; you can blog every day, twice a day (if you do this, best to keep it short and simple), once a week....my point is, is that in the time it takes to write or respond to another email on a dead-end email list, you can publish that same great information TO MILLIONS of people searching terms like the ones I described above.
Don't feel confident, or maybe you're techno-phobic? Find a trusted friend to set a blog up for you; then simply send them the content you want published.
Imagine All The People.....
Imagine the sheer magnitude our side could reach if we had hundreds of blogs writing about THE TRUTH concerning dog breeders, the dire consequences of early spay/neuter, the myth of "overpopulation", the slimy goings-on within the animal rights movement, etc...
Imagine....something SO SIMPLE. Imagine....turning the tide. FOR FREE! (not for the $19/month!) We can save our animals and our relationships with them, but we have got to speak out.
And we must "speak" where we will be heard: the internet, or more importantly, "Google".
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Let's Highjack the HSUS Bus!
By Admin at 8:31 PM
Labels: animal rights, dog breeder, google, hsus, puppy mill, spay neuter
2 comments:
A great and important post! I will be posting a link to this on my blog and Facebook!ReplyDelete
I have been blogging about how Stoopid Dog Laws will affect my breeding program for a few years now. I rarely get hits from google on such things but most of my readers are pet people, and I like to think they are getting a broader view of things from my blog.ReplyDelete
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Boskone 19
Wikidot is dying. This site has moved to http://fancyclopedia.org
Boskone 19 was held February 12-14, 1982 at the Boston Park Plaza. The GoH was Donald A. Wollheim and the Official Artist was Michael Whelan. It was chaired by Rob Spence and the attendance was 2270.
The Boskone Book was The Men from Ariel, a collection of stories by Wollheim.
There are short con reports in File 770 #32 p9.
Boskone 18«« »»Boskone 20
|This is a convention page. Please extend it by adding information about the convention, including dates, GoHs, convention chairman, location, sponsoring organization, external links to convention pages, awards given, the program, notable events, anecdotes, pictures, scans of publications, pictures of T-shirts, con reports, etc.
Wikidot is dying. This site has moved to http://fancyclopedia.org
page revision: 3, last edited: 26 Jan 2018 22:49


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NHS Hearing Tests and Hearing Aid Fitting Services
The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH) provide hearing assessments and the full range of standard NHS hearing aid fitting services from the NDA five days a week between 9am and 5pm.
The facility is staffed by Audiologists from the NNUH using three rooms, one with a sound proof booth for hearing tests, and two for hearing aid fitting and adjustments. The service provides an alternative to visiting the hospital in an easily accessible community based, non-hospital environment.
Audiology appointments at the NDA
Audiology appointments at the NDA are managed by the NNUH.
- Existing hearing aid patients who need a review or adjustments to their hearing aids should phone the Audiology Department at the NNUH (01603 287284) and ask for an appointment at the NDA site.
- New patients can ask their GP to refer them to the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital at the NDA site for a hearing aid assessment.


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Policy and Legislation News
Industry weighs government's role in satellite servicing
07 October 2019
With the first commercial satellite servicing spacecraft about to launch, industry executives argue that government agencies, primarily seen as developers of key servicing technologies, also need to be customers of those systems.
The Mission Extension Vehicle (MEV) 1, developed by SpaceLogistics, a subsidiary of Northrop Grumman, is set to launch on a Proton rocket 09 October from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. The spacecraft is dual-manifested on the Proton with the Northrop-built Eutelsat 5 West B communications satellite.
Source: SpaceNews
Image credit: Northrop Grumman - A Mission Extension Vehicle operated by Northrop subsidiary SpaceLogistics docks with a satellite to take over pointing and station keeping.
Latest News


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Irony's chokehold on fiction is beginning to crack, and Here is How it Happens.
It happens in art school in Ohio. It happens in a greasy spoon on the highway at sunset, and again just before dawn. It happens not in spite of, but because cinnamon-apple is not in alphabetical order, household products kill, and killer bees are on the way. It almost happens on a dryer during the permanent press cycle. And it never happens the way it is supposed to.
Billed as fiction, but with lyricism borrowed from poetry, a California Sea Lion tranquilizer dart, and a day-glo orange hunting cap with earflaps, Spencer Dew's debut novel, Here is How it Happens, tracks a group of art-school sophomores in a small Ohio town.
Armed with scalpel-sharp wit and dwindling hopes, its characters have grown up in a culture saturated by a propaganda of naive optimism, oversimplified morality, and cookie-cutter trajectories: fall in love, get married, work hard in a fulfilling career, be satisfied and happy. Presented with a very different reality- parents lost to mental illness or alcohol-fueled absurdist beach parties; a tuber-like populace eating their way through chain restaurants; love that fizzled early and quickly descended into obligatory ritual- these characters have responded the way a real generation of young people has responded: by falling into a numbed, cynical detachment. Every moment turns into an opportunity to chain-smoke, huff paint thinner, or pillage someone else's box-wine while quipping mordant slogans like, "Faith is a bit clichéd," and "The kitsch of the past is the discourse of the future."
This territory would instantly become tedious if the author were offering us only smart-alecky, ironical humor as a reason to read this book. But Dew is not a coward: he, like his protagonist, Martin, is a circumspect hunter out to bullseye the target on the dummy-deer in the Walmart sports-supply department, proving that it rests directly over an empty place that should contain a heart. One of the book's principle characters, Kim, is the art "star" of the group. Rewarded with droll accolades by her teachers and held up as an example before other students, she is a vulture incapable of not creating art out of every waking experience, including those of her friends. She is the ultimate in righteous self-obsession, and is Dew's acknowledgment that aloofness and abstraction is no better answer to the dark night of the soul than cleverness and self-destruction. But for a group of young people whose lives already feel as if they are nearly over, what is the answer? An overdose? Giving in to expectations and marrying the person you should love, but don't? Cultivate the thickest skin possible? Concede futility and pursue one of many paths to zombiehood?
Rather than remain in the safe buffer zone of intellect, Here is How it Happens takes a brave step out of the realm of cynicism toward the infinitely more risky territory of tenderness. Dew does this best when he is not padding his good work with lyric flourish. Though there is plenty of heady, well-crafted language here for those who need the illustration of metaphor to solidify the underlying emotion, "a storm of blood light, clotting the sky," the most powerful moments are simple and guileless, like the night Martin comes home to the attic dorm room he shares with Eddie, whose art takes the form of painstaking miniature dioramas of famous political scenes like the mass-murder at Kent State. Eddie, who has been working for hours and is covered with paint, puts a comforting hand on Martin's shoulder, leaving a smudge:
"He dabs at my jacket with one of his rags, the rag smelling of heavy turpentine, blotched with military-tone paint.
'It's okay,' I say. 'Please don't try and fix it.'"
Here is How it Happens
by Spencer Dew
Ampersand Books, March 2013


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We inform you that our shops will be opened in compliance with the measures put in place by the government of each country in order to ensure your own security.
Our priority is above anything else to take part in the shared effort to protect the health of all citizens across the globe.
All our staff remain at your disposal to answer any question you may have. Our customer service is dedicated to you.
Take care of yourself and your beloved ones."
Pink gold ring
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