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Anyone working out for a Triathlon
in case you are learning a swimming pool, you may want to look for a race with a pool swim, rather than an ocean or lake swim (the ocean swim was Quite different from the swimming pool, and a little scary).
if you undertake determine an ocean swim, a lot of people wear wetsuits (some are aware that one either, haha).
the tri that i did was the final one out of a summer series, there were big cash prizes and a ton of professional triathletes. i rolled up with my ten speed, tennis shoes and speedo to get these incredibly fit people with bikes that cost thousands, bike shoes, wetsuits, etc.
hope you opt to go for this! good luck! i'd join ya but no bike no use of a pool at this time :)
I did my first bike lastnight. I biked for 30 min at a rate of 9.89mph. I didn't wish to do too much of it like a lot of us do about the first try. Today I'm performing a run in addition to a strength workout. Although I would use a soccer practice tonight i really might skip the strength workout or otherwise not do just as much. Thursday is my swim day. Saturday is my next bike day I hope to up my speed though it is perfect for 45 min on Sat. I'd a great deal of energy after yesterdays bike.
I might love company on training. I have been looking to see if you'll find any races this season when i am done but i are not able to uncover any, there is one the week before I'm done the education.
I'm opted in for a sprint triathlon in August in Verdun, Montreal and yet another in September in Montreal centre. One's inside a pool as well as the other is incorporated in the Olympic basin. If things go very well in August, I will try the olympic distance in September we'll observe how the important goes. At this time I run like a SNAIL I just can't apparently get my accelerate :P!!
Biking is actually going super great as is the pool. I merely desire to make my feet move faster! Fortunately, my husband is practicing for duathlons/triathlons this season too, and his awesome albatross will be the pool (therefore, problems in later life one another?)
I have discovered training a lot more interesting which has a goal coming soon. What made you end up picking triathlons rather than regular races? Just curious!
PS: I've got four small children, so I determine what it's love to try and fit training in your day.
The length of time are you currently working out for? Have you ever tried doing different speeds if you are running like sprints every few minutes? I came across that soccer acctually solved the problem gain some speed.
I picked up an exercise magazine you just read on the loak on the long weekend and they have a 2 months training curriculum within it, the sub caption read "Get the sleek arms of an swimmer, the firm butt of your cyclist, along with the toned legs of the runner in only 8 weeks" I was hooked lol not the very best reason nevertheless it got me thinking. One of my girlfriends runs marathons and started biking too, and that he was thinking of carrying out a tri. He's exit of my league for the present time but who knows.
It's easier when you've got a goal. I figure which i is going to do this training then proceed to Joints in Motion. I still desire to run the Manitoba Marathon next season. I'd set that goal last year but just didn't enter the courses enough and these job got in the way.
How old would be the kids. We are going to get a subscription to the YMCA so I can get trained in winter months which has a babysitter there.
I have been training since January, but needed to stop swimming in February caused by a nasty case of tendonitis inside my shoulder. Go figure; i had to spend 5 months to have inside the courage to travel have a cortisone shot I'm a real suck when it comes to needles!
Anyway, dh has me doing a lot of track work to attempt to get my quicken that i'm getting some results but it is a sluggish progression. You know most run the 5k in 25 minutes or less?! Which is a crazy speed. Maybe I"ll think it's normal some day?
Anyway, We've the endurance down. I can run an hour or so . 5 not a problem (without stopping) but only as fast as possible of about 7.5k/hour. Ugh.
And search, you merely must see one of these brilliant events once to obtain the "bug": the competitors have gorgeous bods!! I'd like one prefer that too! Eh, so maybe which makes my motivations rather less "pure". Whatever :D!
How old are your kids? What type of competitions do you have accessible in Manitoba? We're pondering venturing out to BC the coming year. There are plenty of stuff occurring out that way too, I do think.
I'm creating a difficult time running due to the heat. Yesterday evening I could to go, however was sick coupled with some weird stomach cramps; I would've gone, but my mother noticed that if I went running at ten through the night and got sick somewhere on the way, there'd be nobody there to help me and I'd go to least eight kilometres at home.
I haven't gone running in almost fourteen days as a result of weather! How are things guys managing the temperature? I have to get my runs in; I am a runeveryday sort of person and this long a period of doing nothing (okay, relatively nothing) is a pretty mental strain.
Well Training has become going better given that I got my new Running sneakers. I tired to visit running lastweek and discovered that my runners were going which i kinda already knew. So on Monday I went out and bought a pair of Nike Air Max Moto+ 5. These are soooo nice i enjoy them. I've been biking slowly (together with the kids) and after that training on opposite day to running. I merely were built with a meeting in the YMCA i will find out before friday if i reached it or not. I will start swiming this fall since I lack regular access to a pool or ocean/lake. There are no longer any races after Aug 18, i really will endeavour to coach for next spring. Hope everyone's training has been doing well. By the way it is really humid and hot here too.
i've increased my training. i am getting out of bed each morning to visit run for 40 minutes and getting a little easier. I believe I ran a total of around 2 miles recently w/ walking included. I've got a month . 5 to get that up to a few more miles.
i have to do more swimming and biking but it is just a little harder since I do not like to go on the trail solo b/c there are crimes on the market and swimming requires a lot of time b/c to get there, swimmign, showering, getting home. so i have been previously slackin off there.
i do a tri to keep things interesting (sprint distance) on august 4, so i'll continue to have a month from then on before my olympic distance tri. i am excited! let me must find another tri to complete when i finish that particular.


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Read the rest.
- When you have already repeatedly responded. For some critics, a response is not sufficient. They will not stop until they have gotten their way. There comes a point where further communication becomes an exercise in futility. It's time to move on and do "the great work."
- When the critic intends harm. An occasional critic is not so much interested in communicating his or her issue as causing you harm. Their issue is not actually the issue. They want you hurt in some way. Further communication will only cause problems.
- When the critic will not reason. Many critics have very valid points. Whether we agree or disagree, we need to listen to their perspective. Other critics simply want to rant. There is rarely a good outcome when meeting with the very unreasonable and ranting critic.
- When the criticism becomes an ad hominem attack. An ad hominem attack takes place when a person attacks your character. The issue is peripheral, and is only used to assail you personally. There is often no need to deal with the critic because he or she really doesn't care about the issue.
Books by Thom Rainer:

subset: commoncrawl


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The Internet provides valuable public relations opportunities that now equal -- or even eclipse -- standard marketing and PR tools.
The Internet can help businesses reach targeted or global audiences, increasing exposure to markets and media.
Here are several handy online tools for getting the word out about your product or service.
Reaching the Public
Internet newsgroups allow you to connect directly with people who have specific interests. By monitoring these groups and joining informal discussions, you can establish yourself as an expert in your field.
Here are a few rules for posting to newsgroups.
Soft sell is key. Don't make a blatant sales pitch when posting to newsgroups. You'll be tuned out immediately.
Participate. Share advice in areas of your expertise. Add value.
Sell with every post. Include the name of your business and a link to your site in your e-mail signature so the information is always available. As people in the newsgroups recognize your expertise, they'll want to visit your site to learn more.
Return often. As with any promotion, multiple exposures are key.
Consider: A boat retailer would find 17 newsgroups listed on AOL's Usenet server under the topic "boats." Discussions range from sale postings to the merits of various craft. A shrewd retailer could, with minimal time expense, contribute a few thoughtful opinions per day and quickly be identified as an expert. With a signature and a Web link enclosed in the postings, that could be as valuable as face-to-face networking.
Reaching the Media
Here are a few sites that allow you to reach the media at minimal cost.
PRWeb allows companies to post press releases free of charge. Topics include everything from construction and education to religion and travel.
Yearbook.com annually publishes a list of experts in industries as varied as education, acupuncture, health and UFOs. The Web site now boasts 100,000 hits per month from journalists seeking sources. Inclusion in the book and the Web databases starts at $495 (U.S.) annually. This makes you findable through Lexus-Nexus, a leading database used by journalists.
Bacon's is one of the premier media listing services. It can distribute your press release to a customized audience chosen from its database of print and broadcast journalists. An individually addressed one-page release, without photo, sent to 200 journalists, costs $150.
What online tools are savvy businesses using? Marika Flatt, national media director of Phenix & Phenix publishing PR firm, recommends eNewsRelease.com. It acts as a customized wire service and can send 50 press releases to a list of targeted media outlets that cover your industry, for $49.95.
Copyright © 1995-2001 Pinnacle WebWorkz Inc. All rights reserved. Do not duplicate or redistribute in any form.


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Huntsville, Alabama
|City of Huntsville
Clockwise from top: Skyline from Big Spring Park, Madison County Courthouse, Shelby Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, view from Monte Sano Mountain, First National Bank building, U.S. Space and Rocket Center
"Rocket City"
"Star of Alabama"
Location of Huntsville in Limestone County and Madison County, Alabama.
|Coordinates: 34°43?48?N 86°35?6?W / 34.73000°N 86.58500°WCoordinates: 34°43?48?N 86°35?6?W / 34.73000°N 86.58500°W
|Madison, Limestone, Morgan[1]
|Established (Twickenham)
|December 23, 1809[2]
|Incorporated (town)
|December 9, 1811[3][4]
|Incorporated (city)
|February 24, 1860[5]
|Founded by
|LeRoy Pope
|Named for
|John Hunt
|o Type
|o Mayor
|Tommy Battle (R)
|o Council
|Huntsville City Council
|o City
|218.90 sq mi (566.95 km2)
|o Land
|217.53 sq mi (563.39 km2)
|o Water
|1.38 sq mi (3.56 km2)
|600 ft (183 m)
|o City
| o Estimate
|o Rank
|US: 114th
AL: 2nd[9]
|o Density
|922.07/sq mi (356.01/km2)
|o Urban
|286,692 (US: 132nd)
|o Metro
|462,693 (US: 117th)
|Time zone
|o Summer (DST)
|ZIP codes
35649, 35749, 35748, 35754, 35756, 35757, 35671, 35741, 35762, 35763, 35773, 35801-35816, 35824, 35893-35899
|Area codes
|256, 938
|FIPS code
|GNIS feature ID
|U.S. Routes
Huntsville is a city in the Appalachian region of northern Alabama.[10] It is the county seat of Madison County[11] but extends west into neighboring Limestone County[12] and south into Morgan County.[13]
It was founded in 1805 and became an incorporated town in 1811. The city grew across nearby hills north of the Tennessee River, adding textile mills, then munitions factories, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command nearby at the Redstone Arsenal. The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Huntsville to its "America's Dozen Distinctive Destinations for 2010" list.[14]
The city's population was 180,105 in 2010, making it Alabama's fourth-largest city.[7][15] Huntsville is the largest city in the five-county Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville, AL Combined Statistical Area.[16] The Huntsville metropolitan area's population was 417,593 in 2010,[17] making it the second most populous metropolitan area in the state.[18] The Huntsville metro's population reached 462,693 by 2018.[19]
The first settlers of the area were Muscogee-speaking people.[20] The Chickasaw traditionally claim to have settled around 1300 after coming east across the Mississippi. A combination of factors, including disease, land disputes between the Choctaw and Cherokee, and pressures from the United States government had largely depopulated the area by the time Revolutionary War veteran John Hunt settled in the land around the Big Spring in 1805. The 1805 Treaty with the Chickasaws and the Cherokee Treaty of Washington of 1806 ceded native claims to the United States government. The area was subsequently purchased by LeRoy Pope, who named the area Twickenham after the home village of his distant kinsman Alexander Pope.[21]
Twickenham was carefully planned, with streets laid out on the northeast to southwest direction based on the flow of Big Spring. However, due to anti-British sentiment during this period, the name was changed to "Huntsville" to honor John Hunt, who had been forced to move to other land south of the new city.[22]
Both John Hunt and LeRoy Pope were Freemasons and charter members of Helion Lodge #1, the oldest Lodge in Alabama.[23]
In 1811, Huntsville became the first incorporated town in Alabama. However, the recognized "founding" year of the city is 1805, the year of John Hunt's arrival. The city celebrated its sesquicentennial in 1955[24] and its bicentennial in 2005.[25]
David Wade arrived in Huntsville in 1817. He built the David Wade House on the north side of what is now Bob Wade Lane (Robert B. Wade was David's grandson) just east of Mt. Lebanon Road. It had six rough Doric columns on the portico.
During the Great Depression, the Wade House was measured as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) to be included in the government's Archive and was photographed by Frances Benjamin Johnston for the project. This project put architects, draftsmen, and photographers to work to create an inventory of documentation and photographs of significant properties across the country. The house had already been abandoned for years and was considerably deteriorated. It was torn down in 1952. Today only the antebellum smokehouse, an imposing structure itself, survives at the property.[26]
Huntsville's quick growth was from wealth generated by the cotton and railroad industries. Many wealthy planters moved into the area from Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.[] In 1819, Huntsville hosted a constitutional convention in Walker Allen's large cabinetmaking shop. The 44 delegates meeting there wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama. In accordance with the new state constitution, Huntsville became Alabama's first capital when the state was admitted to the Union. This was a temporary designation for one legislative session only. The capital was moved to more central cities; to Cahawba, then to Tuscaloosa, and finally to Montgomery.[27]
In 1855, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was constructed through Huntsville, becoming the first railway to link the Atlantic seacoast with the lower Mississippi River.[28]
Huntsville initially opposed secession from the Union in 1861, but provided many men for the Confederacy's efforts.[29] The 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment, led by Col. Egbert J. Jones of Huntsville, distinguished itself at the Battle of Manassas/Bull Run, the first major encounter of the American Civil War. The Fourth Alabama Infantry, which contained two Huntsville companies, were the first Alabama troops to fight in the war and were present when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. Nine generals of the war were born in or near Huntsville, split five to the Confederate and four to the Union.[30]
On the morning of April 11, 1862, Union troops led by General Ormsby M. Mitchel seized Huntsville in order to sever the Confederacy's rail communications and gain access to the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. Huntsville was the control point for the Western Division of the Memphis & Charleston,[31] and by controlling this railroad the Union had struck a major blow to the Confederacy.
During the first occupation, Union officers occupied many of the larger homes in the city while the enlisted soldiers camped mainly on the outskirts. In the initial occupation, the Union troops searched for both Confederate troops hiding in the town and weapons. Since they occupied the city, treatment toward Huntsville was relatively civil. However, residents of the nearby towns did not fare as well.[32]
The Union troops were forced to retreat only a few months later, but they returned to Huntsville in the fall of 1863 and thereafter used the city as a base of operations for the war, except during the last months of 1864. While many homes and villages in the surrounding countryside were burned in retaliation for the active guerrilla warfare in the area, Huntsville itself survived because it housed Union Army troops.[32]
After the Civil War, Huntsville became a center for cotton textile mills, such as Lincoln, Dallas, and Merrimack. Each mill company constructed worker housing, in communities that included schools, churches, grocery stores, theaters, and hardware stores, all within walking distance of the mill. In some of these, workers were required to buy goods at the company stores, which sometimes overcharged them. The mill owners could throw out workers from housing if they violated policies about behavior.[]
A dairy cow called Lily Flagg broke the world record for butter production in 1892. Her Huntsville-resident owner General Samuel H. Moore painted his house butter yellow and organized a party to celebrate, arranging for electric lights for the dance floor.[33] An area south of Huntsville was named Lily Flagg before 1906.[34][35] This area was later annexed by the city.
During the 1930s, industry declined in Huntsville due to the Great Depression. Huntsville became known as the Watercress Capital of the World[36] because of its abundant harvest in the area. Madison County led Alabama in cotton production during this time.[36]
By 1940, Huntsville was still relatively small, with a population of about 13,000 inhabitants. This quickly changed in early 1941 when the U.S. Army selected 35,000 acres (140 km2) of land adjoining the southwest area of the city for building three chemical munitions facilities: the Huntsville Arsenal, the Redstone Ordnance Plant (soon redesignated Redstone Arsenal), and the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot. These operated throughout World War II, with combined personnel approaching 20,000. Resources in the area were strained as new workers flocked to the area, and the construction of housing could not keep up.[37]
At the end of the war in 1945, the munitions facilities were no longer needed. They were combined with the designation Redstone Arsenal (RSA), and a considerable political and business effort was made in attempts to attract new tenants. One significant start involved manufacturing the Keller automobile, but this closed after 18 vehicles were built. With the encouragement of US Senator John Sparkman, the U.S. Army Air Force considered this for a major testing facility, but then selected another site. Redstone Arsenal was prepared for disposal, but Sparkman used his considerable Southern Democratic influence (the Solid South controlled numerous powerful chairmanships of congressional committees) to persuade the Army to choose it as a site for rocket and missile development.[38]
In 1950, about 1,000 personnel were transferred from Fort Bliss, Texas, to Redstone Arsenal to form the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC). Central to this was a group of about 200 German scientists and engineers, led by Wernher von Braun; they had been brought to America by Colonel Holger Toftoy under Operation Paperclip following World War II. Assigned to the center at Huntsville, they settled and reared families in this area.[39]
As the Korean War started, the OGMC was given the mission to develop what eventually became the Redstone Rocket. This rocket set the stage for the United States' space program, as well as major Army missile programs, to be centered in Huntsville. Toftoy, then a brigadier general, commanded OGMC and the overall Redstone Arsenal. In early 1956, the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) under Major General John Medaris was formed.[38]
The city is nicknamed "The Rocket City" for its close association with U.S. space missions.[40] On January 31, 1958, ABMA placed America's first satellite, Explorer 1, into orbit using a Jupiter-C launch vehicle, a descendant of the Redstone. This brought national attention to Redstone Arsenal and Huntsville, with widespread recognition of this being a major center for high technology.[]
On July 1, 1960, 4,670 civilian employees, associated buildings and equipment, and 1,840 acres (7.4 km2) of land, transferred from ABMA to form NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Wernher von Braun was MSFC's initial director. On September 8, President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicated the MSFC.[41]
During the 1960s, the major mission of MSFC was in developing the Saturn boosters used by NASA in the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. For this, MSFC greatly increased its employees, and many new companies joined the Huntsville industrial community. The Cummings Research Park was developed just north of Redstone Arsenal to partially accommodate this industrial growth, and has now became the second-largest research park of this type in America.
Huntsville's economy was nearly crippled and growth almost came to a standstill in the 1970s following the closure of the Apollo program. However, the emergence of the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and a wide variety of advanced research in space sciences led to a resurgence in NASA-related activities that has continued into the 21st century. In addition, new Army organizations have emerged at Redstone Arsenal, particularly in the ever-expanding field of missile defense.[42]
Now in the 2000s, Huntsville has the second-largest technology and research park in the nation,[43] and ranks among the top 25 most educated cities in the nation.[44][45][46] It is considered in the top of the nation's high-tech hotspots,[47][48] and one of the best Southern cities for defense jobs.[49] It is the number one United States location for engineers most satisfied with the recognition they receive,[50] with high average salary and low median gross rent.[51]
More than 25 biotechnology firms have developed in Huntsville due to the Huntsville Biotech Initiative.[52] The HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology is the centerpiece of the 150-acre Cummings Research Park Biotech Campus, part of the 4,000-acre Cummings Research Park, which is second only to North Carolina's Research Triangle Park in land area. The non-profit HudsonAlpha Institute[53] has contributed genomics and genetics work to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE). For-profit business ventures within the Biotech Campus[54] focus on subjects such as infectious disease diagnostics, immune responses to disease and cancer, protein crystallization, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and improved agricultural technologies. The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) created a doctoral program in biotechnology to help develop scientists to support HudsonAlpha in addition to the emerging biotechnology economy in Huntsville. The university's strategic plan has biotechnology as one of its emerging fields for future education and research.[55]
Huntsville is located at 34°42?N 86°35?W / 34.700°N 86.583°W (34.7, -86.6).[56] The city has a total area of 210.0 square miles (543.9 km2).[57] Huntsville has grown through recent annexations west into Limestone County, a total of 21.5 square miles (56 km2), or 13,885 acres (5,619 ha).[58]
Situated in the Tennessee River valley, Huntsville is partially surrounded by several plateaus and large hills. These plateaus are associated with the Cumberland Plateau, and are locally called "mountains". Monte Sano Mountain (Spanish for "Mountain of Health") is the most notable, and is east of the city along with Round Top (Burritt), Chapman, Huntsville, and Green mountains.[59] Others are Wade Mountain to the north, Rainbow Mountain to the west, and Weeden and Madkin mountains on the Redstone Arsenal property in the south. Brindley Mountain is visible in the south across the Tennessee River.
As with other areas along the Cumberland Plateau, the land around Huntsville is karst in nature. The city was founded around the Big Spring, which is a typical karst spring. Many caves perforate the limestone bedrock underneath the surface, as is common in karst areas. The National Speleological Society is headquartered in Huntsville.
The city is primarily surrounded by unincorporated land. The following incorporated areas border parts of the city:[60]
Several unincorporated communities also border Huntsville, including:
The Huntsville city limits expanded west to wrap around and in 2011 fully surrounded the neighboring city of Madison.[60]
Huntsville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). It experiences hot, humid summers and generally mild winters, with average high temperatures ranging from near 90 °F (32.2 °C) in the summer to 49 °F (9.4 °C) during winter.
Huntsville is near the center of a large area of the U.S. mid-South that has maximum precipitation in the winter and spring, not summer. Average yearly precipitation is more than 54 inches. On average, the wettest single month is December, but Huntsville has a prolonged wetter season from November to May, with (on average) nearly or over 5 or more inches of precipitation most of those months. On average, August to October represent slightly drier months (see climate chart, showing less than 3.8 inches of precipitation these months). Droughts can occur, primarily August through October, but usually there is enough rainfall to keep soils moist and vegetation lush. Much of Huntsville's precipitation is delivered by thunderstorms.[] Thunderstorms are most frequent during the spring, and the most severe storms occur during the spring and late fall.[] These storms can deliver large hail, damaging straight-line winds, and tornadoes. Huntsville lies in a region colloquially known as Dixie Alley, an area more prone to violent, long-track tornadoes than most other parts of the US.[62][63]
On April 27, 2011, the largest tornado outbreak on record, the 2011 Super Outbreak, affected northern Alabama. During this event, an EF5 tornado that tracked near the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant destroyed many transmission towers and caused a multi-day power outage for the majority of North Alabama. That same tornado also resulted in considerable damage to the Anderson Hills subdivision and in Harvest, Alabama. In total, nine people were killed in Madison County, and many others injured.[64] Other significant tornado events include the Super Outbreak in April 1974, the November 1989 Tornado Outbreak that killed 21 and injured almost 500, and the Anderson Hills Tornado that killed one and caused extensive damage in 1995.[65][66] On January 21, 2010, Huntsville experienced a rare mid-winter tornado. It registered EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita scale and resulted in moderate damage. Because it was not rain-wrapped and was easily photographed, it received extensive media coverage.[67]
Since Huntsville is nearly 300 miles (480 km) inland, hurricanes rarely arrive with their full force; however, many weakened tropical storms cross the area after a U.S. Gulf Coast landfall. While most winters have some measurable snow, heavy snow is rare in Huntsville. However, there have been some unusually heavy snowstorms, like the New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm, when 17 in (43 cm) fell within 24 hours. Likewise, the Blizzard of 1993 and the Groundhog Day snowstorm in February 1996 were substantial winter events for Huntsville. On Christmas Day 2010, Huntsville recorded over 4 inches (10 cm) of snow, and on January 9-10, 2011 it received 8.9 inches (23 cm) at the airport and up to 10 inches (25 cm) in the suburbs.[68]
|Climate data for Huntsville, Alabama (1981-2010 normals,[a] extremes 1894-present)
|Record high °F (°C)
|Mean maximum °F (°C)
|Average high °F (°C)
|Daily mean °F (°C)
|Average low °F (°C)
|Mean minimum °F (°C)
|Record low °F (°C)
|Average precipitation inches (mm)
|Average snowfall inches (cm)
|Average precipitation days
|Average snowy days
|Average relative humidity (%)
|Source 1: NOAA[69][70][71]
|Source 2: climate-zone.com[72]
As of the census of 2000, there were 158,216 people, 66,742 households, and 41,713 families residing in the city. The population density was 909.0 people per square mile (351.0/km2). There were 73,670 housing units at an average density of 423.3 per square mile (163.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.47% White, 30.21% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 2.22% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.66% from other races, and 1.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.04% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58% of the population in 2010,[75] compared to 86.9% in 1970.[76]
There were 66,742 households out of which 27.6% had children living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91. Same-sex couple households comprised 0.5% of all households.
As of the census of 2010, there were 180,105 people, 77,033 households, and 45,416 families residing in the city. The population density was 857.6 people per square mile (332.7/km2). There were 84,949 housing units at an average density of 405.3 per square mile (156.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 60.3% White, 31.2% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of the population.
There were 77,033 households out of which 24.9% had children living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.91.
|Median age
|Sex ratio F:M
|Sex ratio age 18+ F:M
|Median income
|Family Median income
|Male Median income
|Female Median income
|Per capita Income
|Percent Below poverty
|Age < 18 Below poverty
|Age 65+ Below poverty
The current mayor of Huntsville is Tommy Battle, who was first elected in 2008 and then re-elected in 2012 and 2016. The City Administrator is John Hamilton, who replaced Rex Reynolds on January 1, 2014 when Reynolds retired.[77] The city has a five-member/district City Council. The current members are:[78]
Council elections are staggered, meaning that Districts 2, 3, and 4 had elections in August 2018, while Districts 1 and 5 had elections simultaneously with mayoral elections in 2020.
The city has boards and commissions which control everything from schools and planning to museums and downtown development.
In July 2007, then Senator Barack Obama held the first fundraiser in Alabama for his Presidential campaign in Huntsville. Obama ended up winning the Alabama Democratic Primary in Madison County by large margins in 2008. In the general election, John McCain carried Madison County with 57% of the vote. In the 2016 general election, Donald Trump (R) carried Madison County with 55% of the vote. With Hillary Clinton (D) receiving 38%, and Gary Johnson (I) receiving 4%. Huntsville is represented in Congress by Rep. Mo Brooks (R-5th Congressional District, AL) who won re-election in 2016 with 60% of the vote.
See also: List of mayors of Huntsville, Alabama
In 2007, Mayor Loretta Spencer combined the police, fire, and animal services departments to create the Department of Public Safety.[79] The former chief of police was appointed as its director. The new department has nearly 900 employees[] and an annual budget of $106.5 million.[80]
The Huntsville Fire and Rescue[81] provides fire protection for the city. On a daily basis the department staffs and coordinates nineteen engine companies, five ladder trucks, four rescue trucks, along with a Special Operations Division that includes Hazardous Materials Units, Technical Rescue Units, and several specialized support units. Huntsville Fire & Rescue also has Fire Investigations, emergency response dispatch, logistics, and training divisions, all of which are diverse, innovative and efficient. Many Huntsville firefighters are members of the regional Hazardous Materials and Heavy Rescue[82] response teams. The day-to-day operations of the department are currently carried out by the department's Fire Chief.
Huntsville has two volunteer public safety organizations in their city. The Huntsville-Madison County Rescue Squad is the county wide volunteer rescue organization with tasks ranging from vehicle extrication to water rescues. The other is the Huntsville Cave Rescue Unit which is the region's only all-volunteer cave rescue organization. It is tasked with cave, cliff and high angle rope rescues. These organizations are located in Huntsville but operate both in the city and outside with HCRU responding to many cave rescue calls coming from caves well outside the city limits.
Huntsville Emergency Medical Services, Inc. (HEMSI)[83] provides emergency medical services to Huntsville and surrounding Madison county. HEMSI operates up to 22 advanced life support crews from 12 stations with a fleet of 36 ambulances fully equipped with the latest technology. HEMSI is CAAS accredited and is an IAED accredited center of excellence.
The Huntsville Police Department[84] has 3 precincts and 1 downtown HQ, 400 sworn officers, 150 civilian personnel, and patrols an area of 194.7+ square miles (this number has grown due to recent annexations).
The Huntsville Police Academy has been in operation since 1965.[85] In 2014, the academy had graduated 53 basic classes and 7 lateral classes.[86]
Huntsville's main economic influence is derived from aerospace and military technology. Redstone Arsenal, Cummings Research Park (CRP), and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center comprise the main hubs for the area's technology-driven economy. CRP is the second largest research park in the United States and the fourth largest in the world. University of Alabama in Huntsville is a center for technology and engineering research in the area. There are commercial technology companies such as the network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph and designer and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant. Sanmina-SCI has a presence in the area. Fifty-seven Fortune 500 companies have operations in Huntsville.[88]
In 2005, Forbes magazine named the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area as 6th best in the nation for doing business, and number one in terms of the number of engineers per total employment. In 2006, Huntsville dropped to 14th; the prevalence of engineers was not considered in the 2006 ranking.
There are several strip malls and shopping malls throughout the city. Huntsville has one enclosed mall, Parkway Place, built in 2002 on the site of the former Parkway City Mall. A larger mall built in 1984, Madison Square Mall, was closed in 2017 and the site is to be redeveloped into a lifestyle center, now known as Mid City. There is also a lifestyle center named Bridge Street Town Centre, completed in 2007, in Cummings Research Park.
Huntsville remains the center for rocket-propulsion research in NASA and the Army. The Marshall Space Flight Center has been designated to develop NASA's future Space Launch System (SLS),[89] and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) is responsible for developing a variety of rocket-based tactical weapons.
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, located in North Huntsville Industrial Park and separate from the under-construction Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA facility, has 1,350 employees as of 2019. The plant has plans to expand, and to employ 1,800 individuals by 2021.[90] The plant manufactures engines for Toyota vehicles.
The planned Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA facility plans to open by 2021 with up to 4,000 employees.[91] The new plant plans to become an assembly facility where SUV's are made for both Mazda and Toyota.
Huntsville is served by several U.S. Highways, including 72, 231, 431 and an Interstate highway spur, I-565, that links Huntsville and Decatur to I-65. Alabama Highway 53 also connects the city with I-65 in Ardmore, Tennessee. Major roadways include University Drive, Governors Drive, Airport Road, Memorial Parkway and Research Park Blvd.
Cited as "Restore Our Roads", the city of Huntsville, between 2014 and 2019, will perform about $383 million worth of road construction to improve the transportation infrastructure.[92] Some of the funds for the road work comes from an increase in sales tax,[93] while others come from various sources including the Alabama Transportation Rehabilitation and Improvement Program.[94] Major road projects include:
Additional road projects include reconstructing Holmes Avenue over Pinhook Creek, widening Zierdt, Martin and Winchester Roads, widening Old Madison Pike from Cummings Research Park to the city of Madison, relocating and widening Church Street north of Downtown, relocating Wynn Drive to allow an extension of the Calhoun Community College campus, various improvements along US 431 north of Hampton Cove, creating a new Downtown Gateway with the extension of Harvard Road from Governors Drive to Williams Avenue for a direct connection to Downtown, and extending Weatherly Road to the new Grissom High School.
Public transit in Huntsville is run by the city's Department of Parking and Public Transit.[95] The Huntsville Shuttle runs 11 fixed routes throughout the city, mainly around downtown and major shopping areas like Memorial Parkway and University Drive and has recently expanded some of the buses to include bike racks on the front for a trial program. A trolley makes stops at tourist attractions and shopping centers. The city runs HandiRide, a demand-response transit system for the handicapped, and RideShare, a county-wide carpooling program.
Huntsville has two active commercial rail lines. The mainline is run by Norfolk Southern, which runs from Memphis to Chattanooga, Tennessee. The original depot for this rail line, the Huntsville Depot, still exists as a railroad museum, though it no longer offers passenger service.
Another rail line, formerly part of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N), successor to the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway (NC&StL), is being operated by the Huntsville and Madison County Railroad Authority (HMCRA). The line connects to the Norfolk Southern line downtown and runs 13 miles (21 km) south, passing near Ditto Landing on the Tennessee River, and terminating at Norton Switch, near Hobbs Island. This service, in continuous operation since 1894, presently hauls freight and provides transloading facilities at its downtown depot location. Until the mid-1950s, the L&N provided freight and passenger service to Guntersville and points South. The rail cars were loaded onto barges at Hobbs Island. The barge tows were taken upstream through the Guntersville Dam & Locks and discharged at Port Guntersville. Remnants of the track supporting piers still remain in the river just upstream from Hobbs Island. The service ran twice daily. L&N abandoned the line in 1984, at which time it was acquired by the newly created HMCRA, a state agency.
A third line, the Mercury and Chase Railroad, runs 10-mile (16 km) weekend tourist rides on part of another former NC&StL and L&N line from the North Alabama Railroad Museum's Chase Depot, located in the community of Chase, Alabama. Their collection includes one of the oldest diesel locomotives in existence (1926). The rail line originally connected Huntsville to NC&StL's Nashville-to-Chattanooga mainline in Decherd, Tennessee. The depot was once the smallest union station in the United States when it served the NC&StL and Memphis and Charleston Railroad, the predecessor to the Norfolk Southern.[96]
The Huntsville International Airport is served by several regional and national carriers, including Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Silver Airways and American Airlines. Delivery companies have hubs in Huntsville, making flights to Europe, Asia, and Mexico.[97] The airport has the highest average fares in US as of June 2014.[98]
The inland Port of Huntsville combines the Huntsville International Airport, International Intermodal Center, and Jetplex Industrial Park for truck, train and air transport. The intermodal terminal transfers truck and train cargo to aircraft. The port has on-site U.S. Customs and USDA inspectors. The port is Foreign Trade Zone No. 83.[]
There are several bicycle routes in the city,[99][100][101] but access to these routes can be limited.[]
In 2015, Alabama and Huntsville were not considered bicycle friendly.[102] There are bike paths for exercise available.[103] Huntsville's government is working to improve bicycle network within the city limits.[104] In 2020, Huntsville released a master plan for a 70-mile bicycling and walking trail, named Singing River Trail of North Alabama to connect downtown Huntsville to the cities of Madison, Decatur, and Athens.[105]
Electricity, water, and natural gas are all provided in Huntsville by Huntsville Utilities (HU).[106] HU purchases and resells power from the Tennessee Valley Authority. TVA has two plants that provide electricity to the Huntsville area- Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant in Limestone County and Guntersville Dam in Marshall County. A third, Bellefonte Nuclear Power Plant in Jackson County, was built in the 1980s but was never activated. TVA plans to eventually activate the plant.[107]
Telephone service in Huntsville is provided by AT&T, EarthLink, WOW!, and Comcast. Comcast and WOW! are the two cable providers in the Huntsville city limits. Mediacom operates in rural outlying areas. AT&T announced the start of its DSL U-verse service in the Huntsville-Decatur metro area in November 2010.[108]
The Huntsville Times has been Huntsville's only daily newspaper since 1996, when the Huntsville News closed. Before then, the News was the morning paper, and the Times was the afternoon paper until 2004. The Times has a weekday circulation of 60,000, which rises to 80,000 on Sundays. Both papers were owned by the Newhouse chain.[109]
In May 2012, Advance Publications, owner of the Times, announced that the Times would become part of a new company called the Alabama Media Group,[110] along with the other three newspapers and two websites owned by Advance. As part of the change, the newspapers moved to a three-day publication schedule, with print editions available only on Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. The Huntsville Times and its sister papers publish news and information 7 days a week on AL.com.[111]
A few alternative newspapers are available in Huntsville. The Valley Planet[112] covers arts and entertainment in the Tennessee Valley area. The Redstone Rocket[113] is a newspaper distributed throughout Redstone Arsenal's housing area covering activities on Redstone. Speakin' Out News[114] is a weekly newspaper focused on African Americans. El Reportero is a Spanish-language newspaper for North Alabama.
Huntsville Life Magazine is a lifestyle magazine, which is published six times annually.[115]
No'Ala Huntsville is a lifestyle magazine, which is published six times annually.
Huntsville is the 106th largest radio market in the United States.[116] Station KIH20 broadcasts the National Weather Service's forecasts and warnings for the Huntsville area.
The Huntsville DMA serves 15 counties in North Alabama and 6 counties in Southern Middle Tennessee.
A few feature films have been shot in Huntsville, including 20 Years After[117] (2008, originally released as Like Moles, Like Rats),[118]Air Band (2005),[119] and Constellation (2005).[120] Parts of the film SpaceCamp (1986) were shot at Huntsville's U.S. Space and Rocket Center at the eponymous facility. The U.S. Space and Rocket Center stood in for NASA in the 1989 movie Beyond the Stars. Columbia Pictures filmed Ravagers (1979) in The Land Trust's Historic Three Caves Quarry, at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, and at an antebellum home next door to Lee High School. The city was also referenced in Captain Marvel.
Huntsville's legacy in the space program continues to draw film producers looking for background material for space-themed films. During the pre-production of Apollo 13 (1995), the cast and crew spent time at Space Camp and Marshall Space Flight Center preparing for their roles. Space Camp was mentioned in the film Stranger than Fiction and was featured in a 2008 episode of Penn & Teller: B.S.! on NASA.
Huntsville has seven movie theaters:[121]
Most K-12 students in Huntsville attend Huntsville City Schools.[123] In the 2007-2008 school year 22,839 students attended Huntsville City Schools, 77% of all students scored at or above state and national ACT averages, and of the 1,279 members of the graduating class, "approximately 92% of the students indicated that they planned to enter a post-secondary institution for further study, 43% obtained scholarship & monetary awards", and "received 2,988 scholarships totaling $33,619,040, had forty-one National Merit Scholars, three National Achievement Scholars, and two perfect ACT scores."[124]
Of the 53 schools in the Huntsville City Schools system in 2007-2008, there were:[124]
For grades 6-12, there are 11,696 students enrolled in the following schools:
The two magnet elementary schools are the Academy for Academics and Arts and the Academy for Science and Foreign Language. The three magnet middle schools are Williams Technology, The Academy for Academics and Arts, and the Academy for Science and Foreign Language, and the two magnet high schools are Lee High School and New Century Technology High School.
Approximately 21 private, parochial, and religious schools serve grades pre-K-12. The city has several accredited private Christian schools, including Saint John Paul II Catholic High School,[125] Faith Christian Academy,[126]Oakwood Adventist Academy,[127] Whitesburg Christian Academy, Grace Lutheran School, and Westminster Christian Academy. Randolph School is Huntsville's only independent, private K-12 school.[128]
In 2007, 60% of HCS teachers had at least a master's degree.[124]
The following was the disposition of annual funding in 2007: Instructional services - 54%, Instruction support services - 15%, Operation and maintenance - 11%, capital outlay - 8%, auxiliary services - 7%, general administrative services - 3%, and debt and other expenditures - 2%.[124]
Huntsville's higher education institutions are:
The University of Alabama in Huntsville is the largest university serving the greater Huntsville area, with more than 7,700 students. About half of its graduates earn a degree in engineering or science, making it one of the larger producers of engineers and physical scientists in Alabama. The Carnegie Foundation ranks the school very highly as a research institution, placing it among the top 75 public research universities in the nation. UAHuntsville is also ranked a Tier 1 national university by U.S. News & World Report.
Alabama A&M University is the oldest university in the Huntsville area, dating to 1875. With over 6,000 students,[129] it is home to the AAMU Historic District with 28 buildings and four structures listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places. Oakwood University, founded in 1896, is a Seventh-day Adventist university with over 1,800 students and a member institution of the United Negro College Fund. It is one of the nation's leading producers of black applicants to medical schools and the largest HBCU in Alabama.
Various colleges and universities have satellite locations or extensions in Huntsville:
There are 57 parks within the city limits of Huntsville.[151] In 2013, for the fifth time in seven years, Huntsville was named a 'Playful City USA' by KaBOOM! (non-profit organization) for their efforts to provide a variety of play opportunities for children that included after school programs and parks within walking distance of home.[152]
The Huntsville-Madison County Public Library,[180] founded in late October 1818, is Alabama's oldest continually operating library system. It has 13 branches throughout the county including one bookmobile. The Huntsville branches are the Bailey Cove Branch Library, Bessie K. Russell Branch Library, Downtown Huntsville Library, Eleanor E. Murphy Branch Library, Oscar Mason Branch Library, and Showers Center Library. The Downtown Huntsville Library Archives contains a wealth of historical resources, including displays of photographic collections and artifacts, has Alabama's highest materials circulation rate, and features daily public programs. The library system provides free public access Internet computers and wireless Internet access in all facilities.
Several arts groups have passed the 50-year mark: Huntsville Community Chorus Association;[181] Huntsville Art League; Theatre Huntsville (through its parent company);[182] Broadway Theatre League;[183] Fantasy Playhouse Children's Theatre;[182] Rocket City Chorus; Huntsville Symphony Orchestra;[184] and Huntsville Photographic Society among them.
Founded in October 1962 as a non-profit, 501(c)(3) organization, the Arts Huntsville[185] (TAC) includes over 100 local arts organizations and advocates. Arts Huntsville sponsors the arts through five core programs:
Arts Huntsville promotes the visual arts with two galleries: art@TAC, using the walls near the company's Von Braun Center[188] offices and the JavaGalleria. TAC supports The Bench Project[189] and the strategic planning effort to support Huntsville-Madison County's economic development goals through expanded arts and cultural opportunities known as Create Huntsville.[190]
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The Von Braun Center, which originally opened in 1975 as the Von Braun Civic Center, has an arena capable of seating 10,000, a 2,000-seat concert hall, a 500-seat playhouse (330 seats with proscenium staging), and 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of convention space. Both the arena and concert hall have undergone major renovations; as a result, they have been rechristened the Propst Arena and the Mark C. Smith Concert Hall, respectively.
Huntsville is home to a number of comedy shows, including:
Huntsville's sister cities include:


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The Emilia Wojtyla Shelter Bolivia was started by Mama Mily with limited funding from Father Luciano Cicirelli. The shelter is named after St. Pope John Paul II's mother, a holy woman who greatly valued life. This value is foundational to Mily and the shelter she founded for abused women and children in Bolivia. Though supplies are scarce, the shelter has managed to stay open since 2012 through God's will and providence. It's all worthwhile if just one life is saved in this country that has the highest rate of domestic violence in South America (U.N. Women, 2011).
Our Team
We have a dedicated team of student which is based out of the historic Immaculata University in Malvern, Pennsylvania. This team includes countless young adults working day in and day out to help support the shelter in Bolivia to improve the lives of the women and children. Our student team is comprised of the Immaculata University Enactus Chapter, which is an international non-profit organization that works with leaders in business and higher education to mobilize university students to make a difference in their communities while developing the skills to become socially responsible business leaders.
Emilia Wojtyla Shelter- Bolivia is an official 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. All donations are tax deductible.


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|Antiques Digest
|Browse Auctions
The Soda-Lime Glass Formula
Pressed ware from about 1870 on changed in both quality of design and in composition. In 1864 William Leighton of Wheeling, West Virginia, formerly from the New England Glass Company of Cambridge, brought out a formula which omitted the expensive ingredient of lead. Glass made from his soda-lime mix did not have the brilliance of the earlier lead ware. It was not as suitable for cutting and engraving, nor even for the simple early pressed glass patterns, which are so attractive in articles of clear lead glass. Nevertheless hundreds of patterns continued to be made in clear glass from Leighton's formula.
The new soda-lime formula, the new improvements in machinery, the new buying power of the public, all produced a boom in the pressed glass business. Clear blown glass with simple cut or engraved designs was still made for an exclusive few. (As yet the machine had not encroached on this craft.) Colored blown glass was developed into the so-called "art glasses" and ornamental ware, some of which achieved ornateness that surpassed the fanciest of the pressed products. Mass production in glass, however, consisted of colored pressed ware with elaborate designs. New patterns were constantly brought out. Those that proved popular were retained longer and manufactured in a greater variety of items. The same patterns were often made in different colors and with variations, usually at different factories. Some of the old patterns like Ashburton were produced for a while from the new formula, but the absence of lead spoiled their earlier charm.
Briefly, there are three main types of decoration for pressed ware. First, clear glass was decorated solely by the pattern impressed on it in the mold. The pattern always appears in low relief and the inside of the article is smooth. This type has been used continuously down to the present time. Second, the same technique was used on a transparent or opaque colored glass. Here the appeal lies in both pattern and color. This type includes opaque white ware such as the Blackberry pattern. Colored pressed ware was made in quantities after the new soda-lime formula was invented. Third, clear colored or opaque glass has the pattern impressed upon it and is also decorated by other means. The multiple-decorated type belongs to the late Victorian period.


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I went to Hagerstown Maryland on Saturday with my husband. Which part of that sentence is the shocker? The fact that my husband & I actually went somewhere together that didn't involve our son. Sad, huh? It just seems like we go our separate ways lately. Well, more like for the last 3 years (maybe more). That's just how it's become. I think things evolve like that when you're married as long as we've been. He works full time & I'm an at-home mom (or stay-at-home-mom, or SAHM). There are days when we don't see each other at all. He'll leave at zero-dark-thirty & I'll still be asleep. I might be out when he gets home from work. I go to bed late; he goes to bed early.
Why do people stay married so long? It seems like such an artificial state. Do people stay married so they can have an ad in the Sunday paper weddings & anniversaries section that says, "Mr. & Mrs. Rhett Butler are celebrating their golden anniversary on a private island in the Caribbean." The part that article leaves out is the fact that the couple will only exchange about 6 words between them the whole week they're gone "celebrating."
I think long marriages look much better on paper than they do on a daily basis. Do people stay married because it's like a marathon race, & they've trained so hard for this & stayed in it for so long that it would just be sad to quit just before the finish line?
Think about it. What's the purpose of staying married?
You might say, "Well, a couple should stay together for the children." Okay.
Let's say a couple's been married for 30 years. They might have 3 kids, ages 27, 25, & 23. None of their kids lives with them.
Age-27 is renting a room in an old Victorian in Santa Cruz CA & works at a restaurant as a bartender. During his off-time he gets a little surfing in, hangs out at the neighborhood Barnes & Noble listening to bites of the newest prog rock CDs, & trying to figure out where his next bag of pot's coming from.
Age-25 lives in Denver CO. She just got her master's degree in fine art; she's sharing a condo with a girlfriend from college who also happens to be her significant-other (something she knows her parents aren't ready to deal with, so she's never told them). She works as the assistant manager of a ski shop & keeps her ear to the ground for jobs at galleries in Cherry Creek North & LoDo. She finds herself drinking much more & eating much less as each week goes by without her getting a "real" job. But all the girls her age drink; doesn't everybody? (She would never think to refer to herself as a "woman;" she doesn't have any idea what her mother & grandmother had to suffer through in order to be respected as adults & not just "chicks" or "gals".)
Age-23 didn't go to college & still lives at home with Mom & Dad. He's quiet & sweet; he's great company to his parents. He likes to read fiction & sleep late. He watches lots of Netflix & doesn't believe in God. He doesn't date much which really isn't a big deal. He has friends of both sexes he sees once or twice a week when he goes out for pizza with them. His parents come too & sit at a separate table; when the bill comes, Mom & Dad pay for both parties, theirs & their son & his friends. Age-23 works at the local no-kill animal shelter & makes a little more than minimum wage. He isn't interested in owning a car & borrows his mom's, or has his parents pick him up or drop him off. He doesn't drink alcohol or smoke anything.
So should the parents stay together for the kids? I'll talk about their hypothetical marriage in a future post.
A couple I know just filed for divorce. They have four kids & have been married for about 16 years. The brick of a husband (I use the word "brick" as a pejorative because he used to be as dependable as a rock but now he has proven himself to be as dumb as a bag of pea gravel) revealed to his wife (an at-home mom) that he met someone in nearby West Virginia where he worked & he is leaving his wife for her. Just to put the cherry on the cake of this story, he told his wife he was leaving her on Christmas Day.
More later!
Okay, here I am! I've got so much to say I feel like a pot that's reached the boiling point & if you don't take the lid off, I'm going to explode. Sounds like we're going to get something on us, huh?!
This blog is about how I feel & about my observations about life. We live in a capitalist society where money is king (notice they don't say, "money is queen"). As American women, we are major targets of the ad agencies. Everything they throw at us by way of the glossy "shelter" & "lifestyle" magazines is supposed to change our lives for the better. (You know the feeling: if I only buy that frizzies-smoother hair product, I'll knock 'em dead in that interview & get that six-figure salary; if I buy that Tory Burch flower-print dress, that handsome guy at the city council dinner will fall in love with me & we'll live happily ever after; etc.)
But each of us is unique. We have our own "way" about us that is truly endearing. But we continue to try to assimilate, to conform, to be what 21st-century culture says a woman is supposed to be. It's getting out of hand. I don't think we should Botox our personalities into oblivion!
I've noticed that I don't always "get" the latest trends, the popular TV shows, the mainstream way of thinking. Often, the things that are supposed to be "cool" & the bandwagons I'm supposed to just jump onto without even thinking about it just don't sit right with me. They don't feel comfortable; they don't feel right. In this blog, I'll talk about things I think are really neat, & things I feel are being force-fed to me (usually by Madison Avenue) & that just don't feel right to me.
I'm in a unique position because my life is full of contradictions. I'm a woman (a Washington DC native), a mother (of two: one child is a grown woman herself, & one child isn't a kid anymore, he's a teenager) & grandmother (of two, a boy & a girl, neither of which is a baby). I'm a wife (my second marriage; I'm getting ready to "celebrate" my 20th wedding anniversary) & daughter (my mother is healthy, active, independent & living about 40 miles from my home). I've done the parenting thing both ways: I've been a single mother with a child in full-time daycare, & I'm now an at-home mom or SAHM (stay-at-home-mom). I am a sister (I have four siblings, only two of which I choose to speak to at all). I'm from a close-knit Irish-Catholic family that was blown apart by alcoholism, & I do not drink alcohol (I've been sober since August 18, 1986 & picked up my 21-year chip this past summer [2007]). I'm Catholic & I consider myself a bleeding-heart liberal (yes, I am pro-choice & pro-peace). I see many of my fellow Catholics as hypocrites & hawks, & it breaks my heart. I love the womanly arts (needlework, gardening, reading, cooking), but I'm dangerously computer-literate (& I prefer Macs).
So I have a lot to say!
I can't wait to hear what you think about all this stuff, too. So let me hear from you! Welcome to my blog, Not A Pink Girl. Talk to you soon!


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Larisa AlexandrovnaPublished: March 7, 2006
Demystifying Intrigue
Neoconservative Michael Ledeen is no stranger to intrigue. In the second part of our conversation with the occasional Pentagon advisor, RAW STORY asks about Iran Contra, the Niger forgeries, and perhaps the most fascinating allegation, that Ledeen may have been somehow involved or affiliated with P2.
P2, or Propaganda Due, was a scandal in the early 1980s involving an Italian bank, the Vatican, a neo-fascist Masonic lodge and Opus Dei, a cultish movement within the Catholic faith. Truly better than fiction, the tale of P2 and its ties to false flag operations in which Italian government agents committed acts of terror and violence against their own country for political reasons, has become the stuff of legend. Of the alleged P2 lodge members, the most important ones are the current Prime Minister of Italy, Silvio Burlusconi, Vittorio Emanuele IV, the "Prince of Naples," and a bevy of prominent South American, European and US politicians, journalists, and bankers.
(Read more about P2 here and here on the BBC.)
Ledeen denies any involvement with P2, saying "There's no truth to the P2 charges."
Ironically, the bizarre tale of P2 and the Vatican banking scandal was deeply entwined with a better known American scandal called Iran Contra, in which Ledeen was involved. Allegedly, members of P2 helped agencies in the US sell arms to Iran to help divert money to the South American Contras, a group of far right guerilla fighters in Nicaragua, in apparent violation of federal and international law.
Ledeen's role in the Contras scandal had him playing the part of a carrier pigeon on behalf of Robert McFarlane, then National Security Advisor to President Reagan, various members of Israel's leadership and the CIA, and vouched-for Iranian arms dealer, Manucher Ghorbanifar.
Part one in this series of interviews, The Democratic Revolutionary, focused on current US foreign policy and how it relates to the neoconservative world view, as well as how such a policy can be seen against the backdrop of history.
Rome to Rome
Raw Story's Larisa Alexandrovna: Looking back at your career and over the many controversies, the allegations that you were tied to P2 were the most intriguing. Is there any truth to this? Did you know Francesco Pazienza?
Michael Ledeen: There's no truth to the P2 charges. In fact I didn't believe in its existence, even though various Italians, including Pazienza, were pushing me to interview Licio Gelli, who was the head of it. I was New Republic correspondent at the time, and it probably would have been a good story, but I thought it was just another of the endless conspiracy theories that one ran into every day. Probably I should have talked to Gelli, then you'd have another suspicious connection…
Raw Story: I am not accusing you or attempting to locate suspicious connections. I am simply asking about allegations.
How did you meet current SISMI chief Nicollo Pollari? You are good friends, no?
Ledeen: Pollari isn't a good friend; he's a person I met occasionally, at bridge games in Rome.
RS: When we have talked in the past you have indicated that you did indeed do some work for [Italian Intelligence] SISMI around 1980. What was the nature of the work?
Ledeen: I think in the late seventies, when I was invited to participate in a desktop exercise dealing with how to communicate with friendly countries. What to ask, what not to ask; who to ask, who not to ask; how to ask, how not to ask. An exercise in bureaucratic communication.
RS: Diplomacy work? Or training on counterterrorism? Let me re-ask this differently: When you say "what to ask" and "what not to ask" do you mean interrogation techniques? I don't think I fully grasp "how to communicate with friendly countries" in this context. Were you not a reporter at the time?
Ledeen: It's just what I said – communication between governments – it had nothing to do with interrogation. There were problems for the Italians because there was no extradition treaty at that time, and our Justice Department was very reluctant to provide the Italian Government with information about Italians in the U.S. I had looked into those problems – I was by then in Washington – and they thought I could be helpful. I was happy to try to help.
RS: Let's flash forward to 2001 quickly to address a meeting or series of meetings that we had once discussed already. How did you come to be in Rome in December of 2001 and for what purpose were you there?
Ledeen: I was in Rome – at my own expense, as a private citizen – for meetings between American officials from the Pentagon (Larry Franklin and Harold Rhode) and Iranians who had information about the mullahs' plans to attack Coalition forces in Afghanistan.
RS: Was there discussion of Iraq?
Ledeen: There was no discussion of Iraq at all.
RS: Who authorized the meeting and who was made aware of the meeting?
Ledeen: I was told that the meeting had been approved by State, Defense, CIA and the NSC, and I personally briefed our ambassador both before and after the meetings.
They were very good meetings, by the way. They produced information that saved American lives in Afghanistan.
RS: Was Ghorbanifar there?
Ledeen: Ghorbanifar helped arrange the meeting.
RS: You know the old saying of the appearance of impropriety? So imagine a regular US citizen watching this unfold. You have two highly visible Iran Contra figures meeting in Rome during a time of war. Iran is declared part of the axis of evil. Add to that that one of the members of the party, Larry Franklin, a DIA analyst, has now pled guilty for passing classified information to Israel and Iran, and possibly false intelligence on Iran to the US.
Another member of the party, Harold Rhode, working as a consultant for the Pentagon went on to have meetings with Ghorbanifar in Paris, despite being asked to stop. Add to that, the Niger forgeries began to make their rounds in the form of transcripts only a short time later. So you can understand why there is skepticism?
Ledeen: As for "looking bad," it looks pretty good to me, since it saved American lives in Afghanistan.
RS: Why were Rhode and Franklin brought along or were they assigned and if so, by whom?
Ledeen: They were selected by the Pentagon because they were very knowledgeable about Iran.
RS: Who selected them? Both worked for [Undersecretary of Defense Policy] Doug Feith, so did Feith select them?
Ledeen: I don't know. I never discussed it with him.
RS: You said to me before that Stephen Hadley authorized your meeting, correct? Did Stephen Hadley have the authority to unilaterally assign such a meeting?
Ledeen: Obviously Hadley did not unilaterally do anything. The Pentagon paid for the expenses of the two DOD officials, and the American ambassador in Rome was fully briefed both before and after the meetings.
RS: Hadley reported to Rice at that time as her deputy. One source I have has said that if Libby is Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney, Hadley is his right hand man. So the question begs to be asked, Hadley – because he was not authorized to unilaterally do anything – must have had to go to his direct superior. We have spoken of [Secretary of State] Rice in the past, but given the closeness of Cheney to Hadley and the friction between Cheney and Rice, my question is would Cheney had to have approved the mission abroad?
Ledeen: I'm sure Hadley discussed it with Rice. He's a cautious lawyer, and that decision required approval from his boss. I don't see any reason why he would discuss it with Cheney, and I don't share your theory that Hadley and Cheney are very close.
RS: When you say "meetings" you are speaking of just the one you attended and the follow up meetings that occurred with Rhode and Franklin, without you, is that right? That is what I have in my notes from our last discussion of this.
Ledeen: I say "meetings" because the conversations were with more than one Iranian and were conducted over several days. I am not talking about presumed follow-ups, just the Rome events.
The Niger forgeries
RS: What about Panorama, the publication to which the Niger documents now known to be forgeries were delivered? You wrote for Panorama as we had previously discussed.
Ledeen: As I've told you before, these claims are nonsensical. I have no point of contact with the Niger documents, I haven't even seen them or read them. I've never met Rocco Martino, and the sum total of my "work with SISMI" consists of one half day in Rome.
RS: No point of contact with the Niger forgeries at all, as in you did not even hear of conversations regarding those documents?
Ledeen: Again, I have no involvement of any sort in the Niger forgeries. I don't know Burba or Berlusconi, never met either one. Rosella is a good professional journalist and editor, smart and fun to be with. But it is wrong to say that I "worked for Panorama." They published occasional columns from me. Probably 15 or so over a couple of years in the mid-nineties.
RS: In our last conversation you said it was a couple of years back that Panorama published your work. The "mid-nineties" is considerably more than a couple of years back. Have there been any columns since 2000 or 2002? Did you do any consulting work, outside of writing, for Panorama?
Ledeen: I don't think I've written anything for Panorama since 2002, and probably not since 2000, although I would have to check. My only relationship with Panorama was the sale of occasional columns.
RS: Pollari was aware of the meetings in Rome and sent a team to monitor those meetings. As head of SISMI, he traveled to the US with Berlusconi in the fall of 2001 and then again alone in the fall of 2002. Are you saying you have never at any point met Berlusconi? Did you arrange the 2002 meeting between Pollari and Stephen Hadley?
Ledeen: I never arranged any meetings for Pollari with Hadley or with any other American, in or out of government. And again, I have never met Berlusconi.
RS: But the reports of this 2002 meeting indicate that not only did you set up the meeting (and even my own sources confirmed this to me) but that Pollari delivered documents of some sort to Hadley and used Rice's staff to schedule his trip.
Ledeen: Your sources are wrong. I don't know about meetings between Hadley and Pollari, so I won't speculate about their provenance, and the same goes for the subsequent meetings. But no end of nonsense has been written about the Rome meeting, so it doesn't surprise me that people are making false statements to you about other meetings.
RS: That is why I brought up the whole concept of "appearances" and how things look, regardless of what may or may have not happened. That said, I do apologize if my sources and other reports were wrong regarding you brokering the meeting. I will look into clarifying this with them.
Moving back to Hadley, he was asked by BBC if he had discussed uranium at that meeting, to which he responded that nobody "has any recollection of a discussion of natural uranium, or any recollection of any documents being passed." Do you find that answer odd in any way?
Ledeen: It sounds like a typical answer from a cautious lawyer.
RS: Meaning that there is no such thing as "natural uranium" per se, right? What do you make of this statement other than the non-denial denial of it? If he was not discussing the three uranium isotopes found naturally in the environment, then one can infer that he was clearly discussing enriched uranium, no?
Ledeen: That's assuming that the "meeting" was substantive. Some reports say it was a courtesy call by a group, not a private meeting between two people.
Frankly I have always found the frantic interest in the Niger Documents story hard to explain. Every commission, whether here or in Britain, has concluded that the British Government's belief (that Iraq was trying to purchase uranium in Africa) was solidly based, and was not connected to the Niger Documents. And that's what Bush said.
RS: No, I would have to disagree. The dodgy dossier is called that for a reason. And on what grounds the uranium claim was based was pretty bad by all accounts. I do not remember reading that the Niger forgeries had nothing to do with the claim of uranium purchases at all. Bush's speech, or rather those 16 words, were pulled after it was revealed that they were based on bogus sources and documents. In fact, it was because of former U.S. Ambassador to Gabon Joe Wilson's now well known op-ed discrediting the uranium claim that both Hadley and former CIA Director George Tenet ran to take responsibility for the 16 words, after they were pulled in a panic.
Ledeen: But the anti-Bush brigade was so eager to push their "Bush lied, people died" mantra, that they kept on acting as if the Niger Documents were really important. I suppose it's because they got hoodwinked by Wilson, don't you think?
RS: I am not sure what you mean by "hoodwinked." What I have found, however, is that aside from the errors made in the Phase I investigation into pre-war intelligence, and the extensive "fixing of intelligence" leading up to and after the fact by Senator Pat Roberts (R-KS),
and the stalling on Phase II of the investigation into White House manipulation of intelligence, there is a great deal of evidence to support that the US was misled into war through action, not failure of intelligence, and that the president either was himself misled by those around him or knowingly misled the nation.
I don't know who the anti-Bush brigade is, but it seems that the concerns raised by people had more to do with why we were diverting resources from chasing down Osama and instead pouring them into a war with a country that had no ties or history with Osama and was in no way involved with the attacks on our country. The other concerns people had is that intelligence provided was a sham by all accounts and where there was confusion, there also seemed to be pressure.
Iran Contra
RS: How did you come to be involved in Iran Contra and who was it that brought you in? What were your thoughts on this as it was happening in terms of legality, bypassing Congress, and so forth?
Ledeen: The origins of Iran-Contra are extensively described in my book Perilous Statecraft. In brief, while a consultant to the National Security Council, I had a conversation with a foreign intelligence chief (I'll save you the question, no, not Italian) who had just been in Iran, and he thought we should have a closer look at it, and he said that he thought the Israelis had the best information. I reported that to McFarlane and he subsequently asked me to go to Jerusalem and ask Peres if they had good intelligence and, if so, would they share it with us. That's how it started.
RS: Are you still acquainted with Oliver North and George H. W. Bush?
Ledeen: I was never "acquainted" with President George H.W. Bush, any more than I am acquainted with his son. I once briefed him on the Grenada documents, never about Iran. I never see North.
RS: If you had to do it again, would you and if so, why? If not, what would you do differently?
Ledeen: Would I do it again? Of course not, who needs six years of a special prosecutor and volumes of slime? Not that it would have changed anything important; I was a courier, and there were plenty of those around. A consultant at the NSC is not a policy maker. What were my thoughts? I thought what Ghorbanifar said was right: "If we get involved with the hostages, we will become hostages to the hostages." That's what happened to Reagan.
RS: I was actually going to ask if the intelligence officer was from Iran, not Italy. Was he?
Ledeen: No.
RS: Was it Ghorbanifar, the Iranian arms dealer?
Ledeen: No. I did not know Ghorbanifar at that time.
RS: When you say you would not do it again, because of the "slime" and a six year investigation, you do not comment on the actual activities. In other words, did you find anything wrong in being a courier of weapons to a country that is an arch enemy of Israel and at that time, as now, an avowed enemy of the United States?
Ledeen: I was not a courier of weapons; I carried messages and questions back and forth. I had no authority to do anything other than that.
RS: Right, I'm sorry. I forget who did what and I think that some themselves forgot who did what. But with regard to your comment on policy – No, you are right to point out that a consultant is not a policy maker, of course, but a consultant still has to operate within the confines of domestic and foreign law. Congress was entirely bypassed on this, as you know. So why is the slime of it of more concern than the actions of it?
Ledeen: I wanted to entitle my book on Iran-Contra "Worse than a Crime," from Talleyrand's great description of something as "Worse than a crime, it was a blunder." The only crimes committed during Iran-Contra consisted of making false statements to Congress, and in the case of General Secord, evading income tax, and in North's case accepting a gift (a security fence) worth more than the regulations permitted. Despite all the hullabaloo nobody was ever prosecuted for presumed crimes like violating the Boland Amendment, etc.
RS: You're right, no one was prosecuted for violating the Boland Amendment, which barred the use of federal funds to topple the Nicaraguan government. It is amazing how a Presidential pardon provided prior to a trial will result in no convictions.
What about the money for the Contras, where did it all go?
Ledeen: I don't know; I only dealt with the Iran half of the equation, I had no contact with the Contra side.
But if you'll permit me, I think you should be more careful about accusing people of criminal activity. No one was ever even indicted for "violating the Boland Amendment," so your rage at the pardons is misplaced in that case. The indictment of [Defense Secretary Caspar] Weinberger [for lying to the special counsel] was an outrage. And I have a lot of sympathy for the people who were ruined by the cost of trying to defend themselves. Don't you think that government employees should have their legal expenses borne by the government, at least until somebody proves that they did something wrong? I'm talking about the little people here, people who can't afford the cost – tens of thousands of dollars – of xeroxing documents, etc.
RS: With all due respect, the special prosecutor, Lawrence E. Walsh, indicated that former President Bush was the subject of his investigation and that he believed there to be a conspiracy at the highest levels of government to obstruct justice in order to protect Bush and former President Regan from charges perhaps even more serious than violating the Boland Amendment. The pardons
waved a magic wand and justice disappeared. Justice to be vindicated for those you say are innocent and justice for the public who suspect them to be guilty.
Casper Weinberger, for example, was indicted for lying about Saudi involvement in illegal arms sale to Iran, among other false statements, and for destroying evidence that special prosecutor Walsh said may have "forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan."
So I would have to respectfully disagree that the indictment of Weinberger was an outrage. The outrage was that he was pardoned before he could go to trial.
The final part of Conversations with Machiavelli's Ghost will run next week and will focus on Ledeen's work on fascism, September 11, and Iran.
Editor's note: An earlier version of this story incorrectly mis-identified Senator Roberts' home state. We apologize for any confusion this may have caused.


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If you lift weights, you're probably familiar with DOMS, an acronym for delayed onset muscle soreness. DOMS is the stiffness and achy muscles you experience 36 to 48 hours after a resistance training workout. The soreness and stiffness typically linger for a few days and, sometimes, up to a week. Delayed onset muscle soreness doesn't happen every time you work out. Your muscles adapt to the stress you place on them with repeated training so that delayed onset muscle soreness doesn't develop. Once your muscles adapt, you only experience DOMS when you work your muscles harder than they're accustomed to.
Because DOMS is uncomfortable and makes it harder to train for a few days, people are always looking for ways to prevent it or shorten its duration. Research has looked at the impact certain foods have on delayed onset muscle soreness. Some candidates that have modest benefits include tart cherries and the spice turmeric. However, there's another common dietary component that may impact post-workout muscle soreness. In fact, you get a dose of it every time you pull into Starbucks. It's caffeine, of course!
Does Caffeine Reduce Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness?
You might wonder what science says about delayed onset muscle soreness and caffeine. Good news for coffee lovers! There's evidence that drinking caffeinated coffee can lessen the impact of DOMS. One study found that in subjects who didn't routinely drink caffeinated beverages, a dose of caffeine 60 minutes before a workout reduced DOMS 48 to 72 hours later. Another study found that a dose of caffeine equivalent to 2 cups of coffee subdued delayed onset muscle soreness by 48%!
In yet another small study, researchers asked a group of nine men who didn't typically consume caffeine to do an upper body workout. Some of the guys consumed caffeine an hour before working out while others didn't. Each participant did a total of 3 sets of biceps curls using a weight that allowed them to complete 10 reps. On the final set, they did as many reps as possible to exhaust the muscles and induce DOMS.
The results? The participants who consumed caffeine experienced reduced muscle soreness on days 2 and 3 relative to those who took the placebo. The subjects who consumed caffeine also had a performance advantage. They were able to complete more repetitions in the final set of the workout. The dose used in the study was 5 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight.
It's not clear how caffeine curbs delayed onset muscle soreness. In the study, researchers also measured levels of creatine kinase (CK), a marker of muscle damage. Creatine kinase rises when muscles are worked hard enough to cause delayed onset muscle soreness. Caffeine didn't offset the rise in CK. This suggests that it may not directly prevent muscle damage. It may be that it reduces the perception of pain by its effects on the central nervous system.
Other Benefits of Caffeine
We know that caffeine boosts wakefulness, attention, and focus, but it also benefits exercise performance. One way it does this is by masking the perception of how hard you're working when you exercise. In other words, exercise feels easier when you have caffeine on board. This pertains mainly to endurance exercise. One way exercise boosts endurance is through its impact on fuel usage during exercise. When you have caffeine on board, it favors the breakdown of fat as a fuel source, thereby sparing muscle glycogen.
The amount of caffeine you need to get performance benefits with endurance exercise is lower than the quantity used in the DOMS study. Studies show that as little as 2-3 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight is enough to enhance endurance exercise performance. To avoid tolerance to the effects of caffeine, it's best to avoid consuming caffeine for a week before an event where you want the endurance boost that caffeine offers.
It's less clear whether caffeine enhances performance for high-intensity exercise. Studies show equivocal results. This may be due to differences in the amount of caffeine used and the type of training protocols. It wouldn't be surprising if caffeine does improve high-intensity exercise performance as it reduces the perception of how hard you're working.
What's Not to Love about Caffeine?
Consuming caffeine sounds like a no-brainer if you're trying to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness and improve your performance when you do endurance exercise. However, everyone responds to caffeine a bit differently. Around 25% of the population metabolizes caffeine slowly. For slow metabolizers, caffeine stays in the body longer and increases the risk of adverse effects.
In one study, slow metabolizers had a 36% higher risk of a heart attack if they drank 2 to 3 cups of coffee daily and a 64% greater risk if they drank 4 or more cups daily. So, if you know you're a slow metabolizer of caffeine limit the number of caffeinated beverages you drink. You can find out if you metabolize caffeine slowly through genetic testing.
In addition, recommendations are that people limit the amount of caffeine they consume to no more than 400 milligrams daily. It's easy to consume more than you think you are since it's in tea, soft drinks, energy drinks, and coffee. Plus, some medications, including non-prescription ones, contain caffeine.
The Bottom Line
There is substantial evidence that caffeine reduces delayed onset muscle soreness – and that's a good thing! In addition, relatively modest amounts of caffeine may boost performance during endurance exercise and, possibly, high-intensity interval type exercise as well. Plus, studies link coffee with a growing number of health benefits. But, be aware that caffeine affects each of us differently depending on how quickly we metabolize it.
Scand J Med Sci Sports 15: 69–78, 2005.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27(11):3101-3109, November 2013.
Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 17: 468–477, 2007.
Eur J Appl Physiol 102: 127–132, 2008.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 Jun;26(3):221-39.
JAMA. 2006;295(10):1135-1141. doi:10.1001/jama.295.10.1135
CoffeeandHealth.org. "Caffeine and Metabolism"
J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):257-65. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1f88a.
Science Daily. "Caffeine Reduces Pain during Exercise, Study Show
Source: https://cathe.com/does-caffeine-prevent-delayed-onset-muscle-soreness/


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Bioprocess Control signs agreement ABB
Lund based Bioprocess Control Sweden AB, winner of the Swedish national clean-tech innovations competition MiljöInnovation 2007, has signed an agreement with ABB AB (Process Automation). During the first half of 2008, Bioprocess Control and ABB will assess the possibility of integrating Bioprocess Control's prize winning process optimisation software application Biogas OptimizerTM with ABB's award winning industrial IT system 800xA.
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text: Scientists say such occurrences are consistent with global warming [AP] The two sections measure four to 5 sq km and 14 sq km, officials said. Ongoing break-up The break-up was the largest of an ice shelf in the Arctic since the Ayles Ice Shelf split off Ellesmere Island in 2005 and formed about 66 sq km in size, or roughly the size of New York city's Manhattan district. Five vast ice shelves sit on the north side of Ellesmere Island in Canada's Nunavut territory. Ward Hunt is considered the largest, with a surface area of 443 sq km. The ice shelves, vast plateaus of thick ice floating on the ocean but attached to land, began to form more than 4,000 years ago, scientists say. "We ascertained that in the 20th century 90 per cent of the ice surface area [in the region] has been lost," said Derek Mueller, a Polar specialist at Trent University in Peterborough. "So, this phenomena has been ongoing on for a long time, but we're now seeing punctuated events," he said. A fissure formed at the centre of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf in 2002, leaving just a small amount of ice connected to Ellesmere Island. A new crack measuring 18km long and 40m deep was discovered earlier this year. SOURCE: Agencies


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To sign up for the Spring Hitting Session
Start by choosing a day. Then select the correct age group from the drop box on the pre-registration page. Advanced Hitting Classes meet one day per week and are one hour long.
Spring Session 2 - Spring Hitting Class
April 27th - June 21st