text:
As I sit across Greg Davis, in his landscaping office in Los Angeles, his calm, gracious air alone puts me at such ease. How appropriate that Greg is the creator and designer of Joshua Desert Retreats. It comprises the 12 vacation homes in the Joshua Tree region that provide a unique getaway for those seeking respite from hectic city life within the absolute stillness of the Mojave Desert.
Each home has its unique style and décor. Each home provides a different wealth of experiences. Yet they all offer a profound opportunity to unwind, to get in touch with oneself once again and to resonate with the quiet elegance of nature.
As Greg surmises quite simply " It's amazing. You have the beautiful desert and the Joshua Tree mountains, the sun rises off the horizon and sets on the horizon. It's definitely not city life. "
He shares his tale on how it all began, with beginnings that were quite unassuming.
Several years ago, a friend who was an artist was searching for a home in Joshua Tree. They travelled together to the desert in search of this home and found the ideal property at a very lucrative price. His friend had found the property of her dreams but was soon to confess that she was unable to afford it. And so Greg generously offered to step in as a financial partner, an offer that allowed her to successfully buy the home she so desired. The home was purchased and she moved into it quite happily. But that was not the end of this tale. During this time, Greg was a frequent visitor and the house across the street from hers began to draw his attention.
His next move ? He chose to buy the property across the street as well !
Two years flew by as he worked on this new property, thoroughly rebuilding and then redesigning it. With his gift and flair for interior design, he began to create a gorgeous, desert getaway that was to become his new home. Years passed and with time, his artist friend came to a decision to move out of the desert and sell her house. This would be a positive change for Greg as by this time, he was so enjoying his experiences in the quiet of desert that he chose to buy her home out completely. In his quest for peace and solitude, he chose to create the ideal environment where he could be completely free of neighbours.
His plan began to form. He would package the home as a vacation rental and have it rented out occasionally. It all appeared to happen seamlessly and he soon whipped together a website marketing his property. Shortly after, his first guest came to stay for the weekend. The stay was such a success and his guest enjoyed his experience so much, that he ended up staying for 3 years ! He was so amazed by the peace of the desert and all that it offered, that he made the prophetic statement , ' You know you ought to make a business out of this.'
Synchronistically, he began to receive calls from another guest who wanted a unique desert stay. However with his vacation property occupied, all Greg could offer was his own home! And so he moved out of his house that now became a second vacation rental property.
Lo and behold, Joshua Desert Retreats began to come to life.
Greg weaved his gift for both business and design, building a line of homes that would bring joy to many a visitor. With the bank's assistance, he began buying property after property, remaking each one with a distinct character of it's own. He titled each one with a significant name that matched it's ambience and began offering them as vacation homes for those desiring to be recharged and healed in the arms of Nature.
The ADOBE is for the creatively inclined and writers, artists, designers all come to get their creative juices flowing. The JACKALOPE with its glamorous feel is ideal for those who are not quite prepared for the austerity of desert life and need the comforts of home. Many a photoshoot have taken place here. Then there is GODWIN, a large property with a separate small, guesthome outside for the in laws, that frequently draws families with children.
The list goes on.
The homes are not only beautiful to live in with their charming rustic styles, they truly do offer an opportunity to rejuvenate. Each house is run on well water that is rich with minerals and free of the chemicals found in city water. Bathe in warm well water, and one's skin becomes smooth and nourished. Making each home a literal spa.
Deeply encouraged by my conversation with Greg Davis, I chose to stay at the ADOBE. I wanted to experience all the creativity and inspiration that it had to offer! Lately, I had felt drawn to Joshua Tree. I felt a deep urge to escape from the city and to venture far enough and deep enough into the loving arms of Nature. I was in the midst of writing a book and I sought the quiet of the desert to call forth greater inspiration.
The next few days were so hectic, I buzzed around town , completing my errands in time for my sacred time in Joshua Tree. It was in the wee hours of the morning when we finally left Los Angeles and found myself on the road to Joshua Tree ! Thankfully, the late night offered streets that were fairly empty. That bode well as I had a long drive ahead of me. Two hours later, I had driven across stunning terrain alongst roads that seemed endless. Finally I saw the sign I had been waiting for! 29 Palms. I was getting close !
Now Joshua Desert Retreats are located deep in the heart of Joshua Tree in a region that has very few homes and buildings in general. It takes 30 mins from each home to even find a local store of any form. So prepare yourself for a lifestyle that may feel quite foreign at first. It takes another hour to enter a region that is filled with all the amenities you may need. So if you're serious about a quiet getaway that's away from it all and you're prepared for the drive it takes to get there , then this is the place to be.
In the Heart of the Desert.
An hour past 29 palms and we had finally arrived at the ADOBE. Deep in the dark velvet cloak of the night I spied the wooden gate that opened to a cobbled path. The moon was out the stars came out to greet me and there was the beautiful desert home we would be staying in.
I had seen the pictures of the property on Joshua Desert Retreat's website but nothing quite compared to being there in person. This was a completely different experience ... I felt like I had travelled back in time to a place untouched, unseen by the prying eyes of the world. This would be my sanctuary, my sacred temple for the next few days and I knew that the inspiration here would flow generously.
A bottle of Cactus wine with wine glasses greeted us as we entered the ADOBE . It was delicious ! We were absolutely charmed by the rustic interiors before me. The wooden interior and Santa Fe style décor that made the home deliciously charming and inviting The fireplace and it's unlimited supply of firewood was a plus in the cold, winter temperature. Browns, reds, oranges and beige were the rich desert shades that splashed throughout the home.
I found that various touches in the room such as the old, iron chandelier that hung above, seemed to be filled with character and a story of its own. The cold chill of the night pervaded and we snuggled into bed to get warm. And so began our first night in the desert.
I began to journal my days in the desert ...
The altitude here is around 3300 in elevation, the nights are cold but the days are mild and sometimes even sunny.The desert is so gorgeous ... Yellows, oranges, hazel browns and pale blue skies are all I see …
I am falling in love with the calm of the desert ... I feel like I live in a protected sanctuary with candles lit all around us ...
Our third night was surreal. After a delicious meal, we ran out into desert staring at the beauty of the night sky. It was mind-blowing ! There really is nothing quite as fulfilling as voluptuous dose of Nature :)
I feel the deep sense of peace that I have been yearning for has finally been fulfilled.
The ability to look out out of window and see NOTHING. No neighbors , no buildings … there is absolutely no one out here except the faint view of two other small houses from a distance, that sit in their own isolated plot of land.
That is so rare … and how many people actually live like this ? Nesting in the lap of quiet nature .
The view that I see is filled with sand and cacti and acres and acres of desert topography. The mountains are in plain sight, they offer their rock solid presence. Offering a sense of protection that I have never felt in the city of Los Angeles.
It was a 3 hr drive out here, and what a change of worlds !
I've experienced the ability to truly focus and get things accomplished FAST. Everything is so clear here, I have no distractions, no influences. It's been profound in terms of what I have been able to accomplish alone. I also find that I'm so much more creative here … maybe my soul needed to be at peace before it could dance in inspiration.
On our 4th day, we saw a full, double rainbow. It took over most of the sky. That was a sight, I have never witnessed before and we received it as a good omen.
Priceless ...
Then there is the fact that there is a well on the property ! Bathing in hot well water has also had a profound effect on my skin. When exposed to water with temperatures of 107 degrees and up, the cell walls in the body open up and the minerals in the water are then able to travel into and feed the cell. My skin feels 'plumper' and so much healthier.
A word of caution though, because of the altitudes, we have had to hydrate and moisturize often as the air can be very drying. It's all part of the desert experience :)
I'm so glad that I am out here with an opportunity to truly rest, rejuvenate and focus before the turning of the year 2012. Who knew that I would be out in the desert at this significant time ? … I know I didn't plan it … I just felt an urge 2 weeks ago to head out to the desert.
And lo and behold, here we are !
Also I must thank Joshua Desert Retreats for providing a home at the ADOBE that is so very cosy and unique! I'm so grateful. Thank you, Greg, Ron, John, Jason, Grace and everyone else who has made this such a wonderful experience!
' The word adobe /əˈdoʊbiː/ has existed for around 4,000 years, with little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian (c. 2000 BC) word dj-b-t "mud [i.e., sun-dried] brick." As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic (c. 600 BC), dj-b-t became tobe "[mud] brick." This evolved into Arabic al-tub (الطّوب al "the" + tub "brick") "[mud] brick," which was assimilated into Old Spanish as adobe [aˈdobe], still with the meaning "mud brick." English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century.
In more modern English usage, the term "adobe" has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America . ' ~ Source - Wikipedia
I wrote this passage just prior to embarking on my journey to the desert.
' There is much that wants to be Said ... my Heart wants to Speak ... and I will let it speak on Sacred Scrolls embossed with Gold…
I will delicately prepare this manuscript, tying it taut with violet ribbons of silk.
I am journeying into the desert for 11 nights , staying in a beautiful, rustic desert home ... this retreat that we will have to ourselves has its own well, an outdoor hot tub that looks upon the Stars, an outdoor fire , swimming pool and sits on 5 untouched acres of land.
In ELEVEN nights, kissed by Desert Stars, warmly embraced and abundantly provided for by Nature, I will finally complete the writing of my Book. ' www.mahiraamirkhan.com


text: Big or small. Day or night. Hot or cold. Opposites are all around us. Early readers join Olaf and friends on an adventure as they learn about this important concept and build their vocabulary. The Nelson Disney Learning board book series is designed in consultation with Early Childhood Educators to cover the foundational learning concepts children need to prepare for preschool. Additional activities are embedded throughout the book to create an interactive learning experience for children.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A response to the picture prompt from Magpie Tales . . .
with apologies for where my mind has taken me . . .
The old candy man swore
The weight was true
In spite of the missing chip.
The buyer shrugged,
And put down his cash,
Eager for the trip.
One key of cocaine,
Ain't asking for more,
And open the door . . .
One key of cocaine . . .
Oh, yeah, high flyin' . . .
One key of cocaine . . .
Lame dance; blind see . . .
(Cue Leadbelly...)
I was intending to evoke the drug culture of early 20th century USA -- thus the link to the Leadbelly song.
Admittedly, a casual user wouldn't have been purchasing such a large amount ... I'm using my poetic license here.


text:
We're back with the most happening Bollywood Nite in Koramangala.
It's Bollywood Movie Special Night
Saturday Night with DJ Bass Tonic,
supported by DJ Ankit (Delhi) playing the best of Bollywood Dance Music.
Happy Hours Offers (Buy 1 Get 1 Free)
on Draught Beer, Blenders Pride, Smirnoff, Bacardi, Old Monk & Blue Riband till 9 PM.
At the one and only, your own "Apna Bar Exchange" in Koramangala.
Bulls 'n Bears Bar Exchange, 5th Block Koramangala.
Rights of admission reserved
Dress code - Fashionable, Smart Casuals
Never miss a great event & get weekly updates of great events.


text:
World leaders needed at talks to cut climate deal
After two years of tough U.N. climate talks often pitting the world's rich against the poor, negotiators said Friday a new global agreement now rides on industrial nations pledging profound emissions cuts next month in Copenhagen.
Negotiators from industrial nations, including the United States, said eleventh-hour promises are possible and a global warming pact can be reached.
But developing countries complained that pledges so far were nowhere near enough to avoid a catastrophe, and that world leaders need to take part in the 192-nation conference on Dec. 7-18 to cut a meaningful deal.
"Part of the frustration is that a deal is so close ... all the elements are there," said Kevin Conrad, the delegate from Papua New Guinea. "But it's absolutely conceivable for senior people to come together and spend a week and clean all this up."
The United States was universally seen as the linchpin to a deal, but it has been unable to present its position or pledge emissions targets because of the slow progress of climate legislation in Congress. "Everyone else wants to calibrate against" the Americans, Conrad said.
With the U.S. position still unclear, expectations at this week's U.N. talks in Spain shifted toward a political agreement in which rich nations would pledge to reduce emissions and to finance aid to help the world's poorest cope with the effects of Earth's rising temperatures.
Under such a deal, nations would agree to stick to their promises while negotiating the treaty, taking as long as a year. If world leaders come to Copenhagen to endorse the deal, those promises would carry more weight, delegates said.
At least 40 leaders are expected, including British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.
Former Vice President Al Gore said he believes President Barack Obama will attend, although the White House has not confirmed that. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil has indicated he may come, and a spokesman for Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany said she is keeping the date open.
Yvo de Boer, the U.N. official who is shepherding the talks, said negotiators still hoped to achieve a significant agreement setting specific goals.
"Governments can deliver a strong deal in Copenhagen," de Boer said, adding that it would be hard for developed countries "to wiggle out" of any written commitments.
The deal may take the form of consensus decisions, including an overarching statement of long-term objectives, along with a series of supplemental decisions on technology transfers, rewards for halting deforestation, and building infrastructure in poor countries to adapt to global warming, delegates said.
Developing nations were mistrustful of any result that did not hold wealthy nations to legally binding targets, citing past broken promises in development aid and famine relief.
The aim of the negotiations has been to broker an agreement building on the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012. Without a new one, carbon emissions will have no international regulation, which would hinder the ability of industry to factor in the price of carbon and plan future business.
While some countries, such as Germany and Britain, are meeting their Kyoto emission-reduction targets, others have not. Canada's emissions grew by more than 25 percent from 1990 to 2007, U.N. figures show, although it committed to reduce them 6 percent from 1990 levels by 2012. Japan's grew 9 percent in that period, compared with a target of minus 6 percent.
De Boer was looking to Washington to announce a clear emissions target for 2020, saying "a number from the president of the United States would have huge weight."
"The United States is interested in the strongest possible agreement we can get from this process," said Jonathan Pershing, the chief U.S. delegate to the talks. He showed impatience with developing nations for wanting to hold rich nations to legally enforceable targets while arguing they should be exempt from them.
"We are looking for parallelism. We are not looking for imbalance," he said.
He declined to say whether the U.S. will be ready to submit a target for the Copenhagen accord, adding that Obama has the authority to make a commitment without congressional approval, "but a decision on whether or not we will do it has not yet been made."
U.N. scientists say rich countries must cut carbon emissions by 25 percent to 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2020 to prevent Earth's temperatures from rising 2 degrees Celsius (3.8 degrees Fahrenheit) above its average temperature before the industrial era began 150 years ago. Anything rise beyond that could trigger climate catastrophe.
So far, reduction pledges total 11 percent to 15 percent. But those could be seen as negotiable.
The wider issue of ending the Copenhagen conference without a legally binding agreement disappointed developing nations already suffering droughts, floods and other disasters blamed on rising temperatures. Those countries urged negotiators not to give up on a binding pact in Copenhagen.
South Africa's chief negotiator, Alf Wills, warned against promoting a watered-down text, saying "we will not accept a weak, green-wash outcome."
The European Union said it wanted the most ambitious deal possible. "We are going to change the fundamentals of industrial civilization, so it's no wonder there is a lot of activity going on in a negotiation like this," said Anders Turresson of Sweden.


text:
UAB IT is building the largest academic compute cluster in Alabama and a powerhouse network that will be the foundation for groundbreaking research at the university.
A series of grants and other financial pledges will strengthen the current network that supports researchers at UAB, enabling better collaboration and innovation.
UAB has received $2 million in funding from several entities in recent weeks:
- Vice President for Information Technology and Chief Information Officer Curt Carver, working in partnership with numerous departments, received a $500,000 grant from the Alabama Innovation Fund for a three petabyte research storage array.
- UAB IT received $500,000 from the university's Mission Support Fund, the largest grant to date from that fund, for research computing equipment.
- Associate Professor Puri Bangalore, director of the Collaborative Computing Laboratory, received a $500,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to create a ScienceDMZ and separate research network that will allow UAB researchers to more easily and quickly connect with each other and other institutions.
- Dr. Richard Marchese and the Office of Research and Economic Development have pledged $500,000 in ongoing operating funds for research computing.
"Advancing research and discovery is a fundamental pillar of our institutional mission. This enterprise-wide strategic investment in our research computing infrastructure is a necessary step to providing our researchers with a competitive edge and propelling UAB forward as one of the most dynamic and productive research universities of the 21st century," President Ray L. Watts said.
Considered together, these enhancements will quadruple UAB's current computing capability and storage and lead to a more than tenfold increase in networking speeds. Increased computational power adds capacity and will enhance the performance of UAB's scientific modeling, imaging, genetic and statistical workloads. The first purchase under the new funding is being installed this summer, a new cluster that will be integrated into the existing research computing system, where it will complement existing storage and OpenStack on-premises cloud computing resources.
The UAB research committee, led by Dean Iwan Alexander, is considering even more ambitious capabilities as a component of a research computing strategic plan so as to empower UAB researchers. UAB's motto of "knowledge that will change your world" is increasingly being created at UAB by UAB researchers.


text:
School Overview
The Skytaxi Ltd was established in 2005, Skyline Air Taxi Ltd. in 1995, and the Lgrvny Ltd in 1996, as all 100% Hungarian undertakings. The founders main goal is to offer a very high standard of flying services and training.
The portfolio of services includes business, sport, hobby, pilot training, rural and individual flying opportunities. We try to present a constant technological level raise, to serve our partners and customers.
Our General Aviation Services include the way from private pilot trainings trough hobby aviation to business flying, all the activities. We make an effort to give a flexible, quick, professional work.
Our aviation specialists have been working from the early eighties, collecting experiences about aviation industry in Hungary and internationally. We endlessly work for keeping our fleet up to date, and improved. We welcome you as our prospective partner!


text: Watch the kids' eyes widen in shock when you tell them to draw on the tablecloth, or on their toys! Normally the stuff of cleaning nightmares, textas and white fabric are now a match made in artistic heaven. Ideal to entertain at parties, dinner or anywhere, every piece in this creative range is machine washable and reusable for colouring fun on the go, again and again. Marielle Bazard 'To Colour' Range available from French Bazaar – priced from $16.45


text:
Introduction: Modern Live Edge Waterfall Coffee Table | How to Build
In this collaboration build between myself (Johnny Brooke of Crafted Workshop), James Wright of Wood by Wright, and Zack Herberholz of ZH Fabrications, we'll show you how to build this Modern Live Edge Waterfall Coffee Table. We built this piece together in my shop a few weeks ago and we each contributed our own skillset to the build. Let's get started!
Also, don't miss the build videos above for a lot more details!
Step 1: Gather Tools & Materials
This build is divided into three main sections: flattening the slab top and cutting the waterfall leg, forging the drawer pulls and welding the leg, and cutting the sliding dovetails and building the drawer. Below are the tools we each used on our sections of the build.
Tools Used On Flattening Live Edge Slab & Cutting Waterfall Leg:
- DEWALT FLEXVOLT 12″ Compound Sliding Miter Saw : http://amzn.to/2ah20gS
- Supermax 19-38 Drum Sander : http://bit.ly/supermax1938
- DEWALT DW621 2-Horsepower Plunge Router : http://amzn.to/2niHu9f
- 8 Inch Jointer : http://amzn.to/2n7JK4z
- MIRKA DEROS Sander : http://amzn.to/2oz4QIN
- DEWALT TrackSaw : http://amzn.to/2nTMqzI
- Festool Domino XL DF 700 : http://amzn.to/2n88S7S
Tools Used On Drawer And Drawer Slides:
Supplied Needed For Drawer:
- 3/4" Walnut 2" X 6'
- 1/4" Plywood sheet
- Wood Glue
Step 2: Cut Leg From Slab and Rip Straight Line on One Edge
I started by removing the length I'd need for the leg at the miter saw. It's a good idea to leave a few extra inches on the leg section to account for any loss while cutting the miters later or trimming the leg to length. I also ripped a straight line on one side of the slab using my track saw.
- Johnny
Step 3: Flatten the Live Edge Slab
planerTo flatten the slab, I used a trick where you remove the guard from your jointer then run the section of the board that will fit over the jointer until that portion is flat. This is obviously inherently dangerous, so do this at your own risk.
With a section of the slab flattened, you'll be left with a ridge of unflattened area. Attach the slab to a flat planer sled, in my case a piece of ¾" plywood, that's longer than the slab with the flattened area of the board sitting on the sled.
Run this through the http://amzn.to/2nZ1dfL until the top of the slab is flattened, then remove the planer sled, flip the slab, then run the bottom through the planer until the ridge is removed and the slab is completely flat. Watch the video at the top of this Instructable to get a better handle on this process.
If you don't have a planer or jointer, you could also flatten the slab with a router sled.
- Johnny
Step 4: Cut Miters for Waterfall & Temporarily Attach the Two Pieces
I cut the miters for my waterfall edge on the miter saw, but this wasn't perfectly accurate. I probably should have used my table saw and a miter gauge in retrospect. After cutting the miter, I needed to attach the two pieces. This is a little tricky, and I'm lucky enough to have a Festool Domino XL, which made quick work of this.
If you don't have a Domino, you could also use splines to strengthen this joint instead, or a metal angle bracket underneath. Considering the table is very low, no one would see the angle brackets.
- Johnny
Step 5: Shape Live Edge and Blend Waterfall Joint
With the two pieces temporarily attached, I shaped the edge of the slab with a spokeshave followed by a random orbit sander. Live edge slabs will usually have some fragile edges that need to be removed so that they aren't damaged later. A spokeshave makes quick work of this.
- Johnny
Step 6: Route Groove for Metal Leg
The reason I only temporarily attached the leg is that there is still some work to be done on the slab that is easiest accomplished without the waterfall leg attached. I needed to route the groove for the metal leg and the sliding dovetails needed to be cut, which will be a later step.
The groove I routed needed to be exactly 1" by 1" and I used a plunge router and a ¾" template bit for this. I made multiple passes, lowering the bit a little on each pass, until I reached full depth, then moved my fence, a square in this case, over until I reached full width.
We also notched out a 1" square on each end of the groove, all the way through to the other side of the slab, to house the portion of the legs going down through the top.
- Johnny
Step 7: Cut Steel for Handle to Length
The forged handles were sort of a last minute idea, so the only material I was able to obtain was ½" zinc plated square stock. The first thing I needed to do was remove the zinc coating, I removed this with a Dewalt Flexvolt angle grinder. I then decided on the length and shape, and removed the excess stock with an Evolution steel chop saw.
- Zack
Step 8: Forge & Shape Steel Handle
I used a NC Tools Whisper Momma forge to heat up the stock. The first step was to flatten out the corners to make a slightly octagonal profile. After profiling the stock I then upset the ends in order to flare them out. And finally I decided to add a slight S-curve to the handles, I did this over the horn of the Rigid/Peddinghaus Anvil.
- Zack
Step 9: Attach Threaded Ferrules to Handles & Apply Burnt Paste Wax Finish
For the next step, I used a Lincoln Electric Powermig 210 to weld threaded ferrules onto the handle, and I ground them smooth with a Dewalt Flexvolt angle grinder. For the blackened finish I re-heat the handles and applied a coat of Johnson's Paste Wax.
- Zack
Step 10: Cut Steel Leg Pieces to Size & Weld Together
The first step was obviously measuring out the required dimensions. With the measurements in hand, I again turned to the Evolution steel chop saw to cut the steel tubing to length. I then chamfered the ends with a Dewalt Flexvolt angle grinder and welded the pieces together with a Lincoln Electric Powermig 210 welder. After welding, I ground out the welds with the angle grinder.
- Zack
Step 11: Weld Nuts Into Steel Leg
With the leg assembled, it was time to attach some sort of mounting system. I decided to drill two recesses into the leg in which I would weld some threaded inserts.
- Zack
Step 12: Sand & Finish Steel Leg
I hand sanded/burnished the steel leg with 160 grit sandpaper in order to obtain a polished look. The leg was then topped with multiple coats of gloss spray lacquer.
- Zack
Step 13: Cut Dovetails for Drawer
Though this is a detailed step, I do not want to go into great detail as "How to cut dovetails" is its own Instructable here.
- Lay out the tails. I do this with a baseline and spaced out marks in the end grain for where to cut. I do not draw out the angle of the cut as I like them to be organic, but most people like to draw down the face with the angle.
- Chop out the waste. I do this with a chisel, chopping down near the baseline then pairing in to remove the waste.
- With the tails cut, you can transfer the marks to the end of the pin boards, then you can chop out the waste on the pins.
- Test the fit and change them where needed.
Here is a second instructable on speeding up the prosses and making hand cut dovetails faster. Here
- James
Step 14: Cut and Install Drawer Bottom
Before gluing the drawer sides, we need to cut the groove for the drawer bottom. This is 1/4" deep and wide and 1/4" up from the bottom. Normally, I would use a Plow Plane, but in this case, I used a router.
For the bottom, I used a piece of 1/4" Plywood. It is stable and will not expand and contract as much as solid wood. I cut this with a panel saw.
Now it 's time for glue up! I used Bessey Parallel Clamps for this, keeping them just off of the tail. Also, I make sure the drawer bottom slides into the groove all the way around the drawer.
There will be 4 small ¼" X ¼" holes in the ends of the drawer from the groove. I want to fill these with square pegs that I made with a chisel. They have end grain showing so that they will hide nicely in the end of the drawer. Last, they are flush cut with a Flush Cut Saw.
- James
Step 15: Cut Sliding Dovetail for Mounting Drawer
In the first picture, you can see the sliding dovetail drawer glide.
First, we need to make the dovetail in the slide itself. To do this, I clamp it to the bench top with a scrap piece of wood set up as a fence in 1/4" from the outside edge. I will use a Panel saw or a Sash saw to cut down along the fence about ⅛". Next, I use a dovetail plane to cut in the tail along the edge of the piece. I will then repeat this on the other side so that I have a symmetrical tail.
- James
Step 16: Cut Drawer Slide
Now, let's make these slides functional. The piece I last cut the tails into needs to be ripped down so that it is ¾" deep with a dovetail in one side.
To slide on the drawer, we need to cut a ¼" groove in the drawer sides ¼" down from the top. You can use the same setup to cut a ¼" groove in one side of the slide, so that it will leave a 1/4" tongue that can fit into the ¼" groove in the drawer. The picture above should make this a bit more clear if confused.
- James
Step 17: Cut Sliding Dovetail Groove
Now it's time to cut the dovetail groove in the underside of the top. I start by laying out where the grooves need to be to fit the drawer nicely. Keep in mind, the bottom of the groove needs to be ¾" wide and the top of the groove (the part you mark on the board) should be as wide as the thin part of the dovetail you already cut.
Next, I use the dovetail plane as the fence to cut in the dovetails with a saw. I just use some F-Clamps to hold it onto the top, then I can carefully slide the saw along the dovetail plane to cut in either side of the dovetail groove.
With a chisel bevel down, slowly come in and remove the majority of the waste, getting close to your depth but not going over. I will then use a Router Plane to clean out the bottom of the groove and get all the way into the corners. This should take it down to the final depth and allow the dovetail slide to slide into the groove. You can test the fit of the drawer at this point.
- James
Step 18: Glue Up Waterfall Table
Step 19: Installing the Forged Handle
The installation was pretty straight forward--mark out the holes, drill, and screw in place.
- Zack
Step 20: Prep for Finish & Apply Finish
To prep for finish, I sanded everything up to 180 grit using a random orbit sander and also chamfered all of the straight edges using a block plane.
For the finish, I used General Finishes Arm-R-Seal and I absolutely love the way it brought out the deep figure in this wood.
- Johnny
Step 21: Install Metal Leg, Hardware & Drawer
The metal leg was installed using two small bolts that thread into the walls of the leg. The hand forged drawer handles are installed using a few bolts and washers. Finally the drawer slides onto its tracks with a little paste wax added to reduce friction.
- Johnny
Step 22: Enjoy the Finished Live Edge Waterfall Coffee Table!
Hopefully you enjoyed this collaboration build! If you don't already, subscribe to our channels on YouTube using the links below:
We're hoping to do one of these collaboration builds at least once per year, so make sure to stay tuned to our channels for more!
Also, we are auctioning off this piece to cover our costs on this trip and are donating 10% of the proceeds to Habitat for Humanity. If you're interested, check out the auction here.
Participated in the
Woodworking Contest 2017
1 Person Made This Project!
- woodbywright made it!
4 Discussions
This is the first collaboration project I've seen on the ible site.
Excellent finished product and good instructable.
Wow, fascinating work!
love this.so cool.nice work
I love this tattoo, what do you ride ? :)
Amazing project too but let's not state the obvious.


text: Preachers, indulged with perfect lives and wives, full of money, full of shit, have no idea of the torment which is real life. … Still, we want them to preach. We want their direction (we want their lot). … Yea, preacher, keep on preaching. We'll keep listening, hoping for some hope, despite it all.


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News at a Glance...
Embedded Systems Conference, Booth 1338, San Jose, CALIF., April 15, 2008 QNX Software Systems today announced that it has entered its QNX® Neutrino® realtime operating system (RTOS) into evaluation for the stringent requirements of Common Criteria certification to the Evaluation Assurance Level 4+ (EAL4+). The QNX Neutrino secure kernel has been registered for evaluation with the certification body of the Canadian Security Establishment, one of the global partner organizations authorized to issue Common Criteria (CC) certifications.
The Target of Evaluation (TOE) that QNX has submitted for EAL certification goes beyond the scope of registered offerings from other OS vendors. In an embedded industry first, QNX announced it will certify not only its mature OS kernel, but also its multi-core (symmetric and bound multiprocessing) and secure partitioning solutions. QNX secure partitioning for multi-core processors provides unparalleled system security and guaranteed resource allocation for embedded systems. Embedded developers using single-core or multi-core hardware can apply secure partitions in their designs to guarantee realtime response times and contain threats, while simultaneously maximizing resource usage and performance.
The certification program follows on the recent announcement declaring that the Open Group has awarded the QNX Neutrino operating system POSIX certification according to the guidelines of the IEEE POSIX PSE52 Realtime Controller 1003.13-2003 System product standard. PSE52 certification confirms that the QNX Neutrino RTOS delivers the predictable response times demanded by time-critical applications. Support of the POSIX open standard in embedded systems assures code portability and, in tandem with EAL certification, is increasingly being mandated for the military, security, and software defined radio (SDR) markets, as well as commercial applications.
Security is a key priority for our customers, and our registration for Common Criteria certification demonstrates our commitment to deliver secure, reliable, and standards-based products, said Dan Dodge, president and CTO of QNX Software Systems. Including multi-core and partitioning capabilities in our EAL certification program is a further testament to delivering products that meet tomorrows design challenges for many segments of the embedded computing market.
About Common Criteria
The Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation (the CC) is an international standard agreed to by the United States Government, Canada, and 23 other nations. It establishes standards for security functionality, security assurance, and security evaluation. Certification to EAL 4+ means that the QNX Neutrino secure kernel will exceed the assurance requirements required for EAL4, and will validate that the product has been methodically designed, tested, and reviewed.
About QNX Software Systems
QNX Software Systems, a Harman International company (NYSE: HAR), is the industry leader in realtime, embedded OS technology. The component-based architectures of the QNX® Neutrino® RTOS, QNX Momentics® development suite, and QNX Aviage® middleware together provide the industrys most reliable and scalable framework for building innovative, high-performance embedded systems. Global leaders such as Cisco, Daimler, General Electric, Lockheed Martin, and Siemens depend on QNX technology for network routers, medical instruments, vehicle telematics units, security and defense systems, industrial robotics, and other mission- or life-critical applications. Founded in 1980, QNX Software Systems is headquartered in Ottawa, Canada, and distributes products in over 100 countries worldwide.
Editorial Contacts
Paul Leroux
QNX Software Systems
+1 613 591-0931
QNX, Aviage, Momentics, and Neutrino are trademarks of QNX Software Systems GmbH & Co. KG, registered in certain jurisdictions, and are used under license. All other trademarks and trade names belong to their respective owners. Intel and Intel Atom are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.


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Wednesday, 2 September 2009
Painting a Gamezone Warrior Monk - Complete
"We thought our end had come. The enemy seemed an unbroken wall of iron, leather and wood. Then the priest rode out between the lines. He cursed and railed against the foe with the fire of ages past, told us we could not, dare not lose. Their arrows could not touch him, though they tried. We struck their lines like the very wrath of the gods and made history that day..."
Labels: painting challenges, Warhammer
3 comments:
Fantastic; the base really brings the model to life. Also I really like the armour so I'd be happy with it.ReplyDelete
Only thing is ... it's abit big ... it should be 6mm :)
- Anonymous12 October 2009 at 14:29
Nice work. Have you started another Aeronautica Campaign yetReplyDelete
Thanks. No plans for a new AI campaign as yet, but I'm going to do some scenery for it and try and get some practice games in with my Eldar force. Plus I have an idea for some more projects around the Curwen campaign, watch this space... ;-)ReplyDelete
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The Leeds University Marxist Society exists to spread the ideas of Marxism on campus. We believe that a better society – a socialist society – is possible, and would mean an end to the evils of capitalism: wars, unemployment, pollution, bigotry and poverty. Instead, we could live in a world where no-one has to suffer the indignity of poverty, and humankind can progress to a new era of prosperity. However, without understanding the society we live in, we cannot begin the task of changing it. The theory of Marxism is invaluable in helping us to make sense of today's society; a good understanding of the world around us is a prerequisite to changing it for the better. As the Russian revolutionary leader V.I. Lenin said: "without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary action."
Leeds University Marxist Society is open to everyone, whether they are a convinced Marxist or just want to learn a bit about socialism. Any student at the University of Leeds can join free, and non-students are more than welcome to get involved. We have regular meetings, talks and socials on different aspects of Marxist theory. However, we are not just a discussion club, and we are involved in the wider labour movement, and campaign on issues facing students and workers. In all of these activities, we are helped by our affiliation with the national Federation of Marxist Students, which has Marxist Societies affiliated to it from across the country.
To join the society, use your university login to sign in to the Leeds University Union website, and navigate to the Marxist society page (this can be found at:
http://www.leedsuniversityunion.org.uk/clubsandsocieties/politicalandcampaigning/marxist/). Click on 'standard membership – add to basket', and then go to the checkout.
http://www.leedsuniversityunion.org.uk/clubsandsocieties/politicalandcampaigning/marxist/). Click on 'standard membership – add to basket', and then go to the checkout.
For those looking to learn more about Marxism, the best resource for news, analysis and theory on the internet is www.marxist.com. A helpful (and extensive!) Marxist education plan is available at http://www.socialist.net/educate-yourself.htm.
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text: Bookmark?Remove? GMO bill splits local legislators by party • Published 6y ago - BethanyMDunbar copyright the Chronicle May 21, 2014 by Bethany M. Dunbar Orleans County farmers and consumers won't be immediately affected by Vermont's first-in-the-nation passage of legislation requiring labeling of foods with genetically modified ingredients. The legislat... More »


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Delicious & easy this Tomato Spinach Frittata is a crowd-pleaser at breakfast, brunch, or dinner. It only takes a few minutes of prep and you have a delicious & fancy egg dish.
I love frittatas. I learned how to make them about six months ago and just love making & eating them! I make them often when I host Bible study as I can whip them up, pop them in the oven and have a hot snack for my ladies when they arrive.
I made both my Spinach Asparagus Frittata and my Garlic Zucchini Frittata for my Bible study ladies and they loved them both. I wanted to try something new for them this time. So I decided to try one with tomatoes. I was very pleased with how it turned out.
I also love that I can make them without any dairy and they still taste amazing. And since they are gluten-free they are great to bring to a brunch or when you're hosting coffee as they are very allergy friendly. This frittata also look a lot fancier than they are. It only takes a few minutes of prep and you have a delicious egg dish.
Tomato Spinach Frittata
- 1 tbsp olive oil
- 1/2 onion, finely chopped
- 3 cloves garlic, finely chopped
- 1 packed cup baby spinach
- 10 eggs, beaten
- 1/2 tsp salt
- 1/2 tsp pepper
- 2 roma tomatoes, thinly sliced
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- Put olive oil in large oven safe skillet & saute onions & garlic until onions are translucent and tender.
- Add spinach & cook until spinach is wilted. Remove from heat.
- Add salt & pepper to eggs and pour eggs over the vegetables. Shake pan slightly to let the eggs settle into the vegetables.
- Place sliced tomatoes on top of egg mixture.
- Bake at 350 for 20-25 minutes until eggs are cooked through.
What's your favorite way to make eggs?
Looking for other awesome breakfast recipes? Check these out!
Why not join us on Pinterest: Coffee With Us 3 or hangout with us on Facebook:
Check out our link parties.
Linking up to Menu Plan Monday and Weekend Potluck.
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I have been away from writing for a long time. Call it writer's block, call it lack of inspiration or maybe lack of appreciation or success.. but something has happened recently that has made me want to write.
I see the politics for this election, and I feel I know what will happen in this election. I feel sad at that thought and the only thing I can do is vote. If what they say is true that even a single vote can make a difference, I will vote for someone who claims to clean the country. Call me a dreamer, call me a hopeless romantic or call me plain silly.
To quote Mr Lennon,
You may say I'm a dreamer,
but I'm not the only one.
I hope someday you'll join us.
And the world will live as one.'


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This oceanfront villa is situated 800 feet above sea level in Reading, Montego Bay. It boasts a private outdoor pool and jacuzzi with panoramic Caribbean Sea views, and free Wi-Fi. Paradise Clarridge is located in a gated community.
Please enter the dates of your stay to check availability:
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Many photos and unbiased hotel reviews written by real guests are provided to help you make your booking decision. Luxury hotels (including 5 star hotels and 4 star hotels) and cheap Montego Bay hotels (with best discount rates and up-to-date hotel deals) are both available in separate lists. Always bear in mind that with Maplandia.com and Booking.com the best price is guaranteed!
The hotel is located at Clarridge Hall, Spring Garden, Reading in Montego Bay, Saint James, Jamaica – see Montego Bay map ».
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Maplandia.com is not sponsored by or affiliated with Google.


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New York Fashion Week came to an end last night, and the Marc Jacobs runway show was a great way to say farewell. The clothes were gorgeous, obviously, because it's Marc Jacobs we're talking about here. But it's really a shame that not all of the focus was on the garments and that a ton of it was on Kendall Jenner, who was a model in the show.
So, why was so much attention put on Kendall? Well, because her nipples were showing. A lot. Marc put her in a sheer brown top that left little to the imagination and left her nips on full display. Here's one of the photos from the show that Kendall's proud sisters and mom were tweeting and Instagramming about all night:
Photos: The 5 Best Trends From New York Fashion Week
This clearly isn't the first time Kendall's shown a lot of skin (just last week she posed almost half naked in W magazine!), but clearly this is in the name of fashion, so we'll let it slide. And Kendall is 18 now so…let's just let it go. Haters gonna hate.
Photos: Rihanna's Most Naked Instagram Pics Ever
What do you think of Kendall showing her boobs on the runway? Is it too much skin for such a young lady? Tweet us @OKMagazine.
For access to all our exclusive celebrity videos and interviews – Subscribe on YouTube!


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Blog Archives
Nicki Minaj Releases Pink Friday Fragrance Commercial
On top of everything else she is doing, Nicki Minaj is taking this time to push her brand new Pink Friday fragrance for the holiday season. She has done the appearances and photo shoots but what's promotion without a commercial? Nicki released the official Pink Friday fragrance commercial and it is visually appealing just like everything else she attaches her name to. Nicki's Pink Friday fragrance can be found now at Macy's stores nationwide.
Ludacris Releases "Conjure" Commercial
If you follow Ludacris on Instagram or Twitter, you already know that he has been pushing his Conjure cognac heavy. The rapper/actor dropped a new commercial for the brand. The commercial features R&B singer D. Woods and was directed by actor Lorenz Tate.
Maybe it's just me but this Conjure commercial reminds me of the Ciroc commercial. You take a look at it below and let me know what you think.
Alicia Keys + Reebok Releases New Classics Commercial (BTS Included)
No surprise…A. Keys teamed up with Reebok for a new sneaker line. Photos of the line hit the net earlier this week along with her brand new single "Girl On Fire". Keys is full of debuts this week because the commercial for her sneaker was just released.
The commercial was directed by Samuel Bayer and styled by June Ambrose and features Keys' Freestyle Hi, Freestyle Double Bubble, Classic Nylon Slim and Princess designs. Watch the commercial and BTS footage below.
Rick Ross' Reebok Campaign Commercial
Since wanting to spark some interest in their brand and become a staple in hip hop fashion again, Reebok has aligned its self with the self-proclaimed "Boss" Rick Ross.
Ross welcomes us to his city and takes us all the way to his MMG home while wearing the Reebok Classic Sneaker in his new commercial for the brand's "It Takes A Lot to Make A Classic" Campaign. Watch below.
Ross also sat down with Reebok for a short promo interview.


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2018 Summer Pick Award for Outstanding 90-ppm Copier MFP Goes to Kyocera
Keypoint Intelligence - Buyers Lab calls TASKalfa 9002i "superior player," cites exceptional reliability, robust features.
FAIRFIELD, N.J. – July 11, 2018 – KYOCERA Document Solutions America, Inc., one of the world's leading document solutions companies, today announced that Keypoint Intelligence - Buyers Lab has named the TASKalfa 9002i the Summer 2018 Pick for Outstanding 90-ppm Copier MFP.
Vikram Gupta, Product Marketing Manager for KYOCERA Document Solutions America, is pleased with the recognition. "The TASKalfa 9002i only recently entered the market, and it's already proving to be an indispensable part of our line-up."
Gupta believes the category descriptor "Outstanding" is particularly appropriate. "Yes, it's fast, but that's only the beginning. It's a workhorse that can seamlessly fit in with an existing fleet. Add to it that the 9002i is mobile print capable, comes standard with wireless and prints at a crisp
1200 x 1200 dpi, the TASKalfa 9002i is a true winner."
Superior Reliability, Quality, Cost-Efficiency
According to George Mikolay, Associate Director of Copiers/Production for Keypoint Intelligence - Buyers Lab, it's a combination of factors taken together that set this device above the competition.
"The KYOCERA TASKalfa 9002i is a superior player from which mid-size to large businesses will certainly benefit," said Mikolay. "Outstanding reliability and high quality, coupled with robust features and smooth integration with various productivity-enhancing, cost-saving, and security-boosting solutions through HyPAS enablement at a lower-than-average price result in an outstanding value."
Testing Criteria – Rigorous Demands Across Several Categories
According to www.keypointintelligence.com, Pick awards are reserved only for those products that have undergone BLI's rigorous testing process and are deemed to be "Best in Class" by the company's experienced analysts and technicians.
Over a period of several weeks, BLI runs proprietary reliability, ease-of-use, productivity, and workflow tests designed to replicate real-world and worst-case scenarios. Technicians factor in service issues, misfeeds, error codes, as well as ease of use, job management, administration, and maintenance. Together, the results are used to determine which device will earn the coveted top honor of "Outstanding" in its category.
Keypoint Intelligence is a one-stop shop for the digital imaging industry. With their unparalleled tools and unmatched depth of knowledge, they cut through the noise of data to offer clients the unbiased insights and responsive tools they need in those mission-critical moments that define their products and empower their sales.
For over 50 years, Buyers Lab has been the global document imaging industry's resource for unbiased and reliable information, test data, and competitive selling tools. What started out as a consumer-based publication about office equipment has become an all-encompassing industry resource. In a landscape that's ever evolving, we change with it.
Buyers Lab Picks stand alone in the industry and are hard-earned awards, as they are based on rigorous testing, including an extensive durability assessment and evaluation of key attributes such as usability, image quality, and value. Each product that passes our lab test earns Buyers Lab's Recommended or Highly Recommended seal and our Certificate of Reliability, with the best performers qualifying as Pick contenders.
KYOCERA Document Solutions America, Inc. (https://usa.kyoceradocumentsolutions.com), headquartered in Fairfield, N.J., is a leading provider of computer-connectable document imaging and document management systems, including network-ready digital MFPs/printers, laser printers, color MFPs/printers, digital laser facsimiles, and multifunctional and wide format imaging solutions. KYOCERA Document Solutions America is a group company of KYOCERA Document Solutions Inc., a core company of the KYOCERA Corporation, the world's leading developer and manufacturer of advanced ceramics and associated products, including telecommunications equipment, semiconductor packages and electronic components.
KYOCERA Document Solutions America, the first document solutions company with third-party certified sales data, has received numerous honors for its products' high performance, reliability, and cost efficiency. KYOCERA Corporation's consolidated net revenues were in excess of $14 billion for the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2018.


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*The following is excerpted from an online article posted on PsychCentral.
A new Finnish study finds that elementary school children whose mothers help with homework by encouraging more academic independence tend to need less help later on.
In other words, the more opportunities for autonomous work the mother offered the child, the more task-persistent the child's became. This, in turn, encouraged mothers to offer more and more opportunities for independent working.
In contrast, when the mother offered assistance by concretely helping the child, the less task-persistent the child's later behavior. This, in turn, made mothers offer more and more help.
These associations between different types of maternal homework help and the child's task-persistent behavior remained even after the researchers factored in the child's skill level.
"One possible explanation is that when the mother gives her child an opportunity to do homework autonomously, the mother also sends out a message that she believes in the child's skills and capabilities. This, in turn, makes the child believe in him- or herself, and in his or her skills and capabilities," said Associate Professor Jaana Viljaranta from the University of Eastern Finland.
Similarly, concrete homework assistance — especially if not requested by the child — may send out a message that the mother doesn't believe in the child's ability to finish the task.
The findings also suggest that task-persistence is a mediating factor between different types of maternal homework assistance and the child's academic performance. This helps explain previous studies showing that some types of maternal homework assistance predict better academic performance than others.
Overall, the study finds that when the mother offers her child an opportunity for independent working, the child will work persistently, which leads to better development of skills. If, however, the mother's homework help involves a higher level of concrete assistance, the child tends to work less persistently, leading to poorer development of skills.
"It is important for parents to take the child's needs into consideration when offering homework assistance. Of course, parents should offer concrete help when their child clearly needs it. However, concrete help is not something that should be made automatically available in every situation — only when needed," Viljaranta says.
Source: PsychCentral


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St. Valentine's Day Flowers – The Myth and The History
St. Valentines Day – Where did it come from?
We don't think there should be rules about what type of flowers to send to anybody. They don't have to be roses, they don't have to be red and it doesn't have to be on St. Valentine's Day. But how and why did these conventions come about in the first place? Continue reading St. Valentines Day


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No matter what your innovation strategy, and no matter the kind of innovations that strategy leads you to consider, you will inevitably have to accommodate information technology professionals at some time during the process.
Technology is, without a doubt, at the center of production and productivity in most industries, from those which are dominated by industrial age economics, to the emerging innovation economy companies that are presently taking the lead.
Because of this, information technology may either be considered a necessary evil preventing getting things done, or alternatively, a huge enabler of competitive advantage and worker productivity. Your perspective will likely depend on the way in which your IT organization deals with change on a daily basis.
Regardless of the way you perceive your technology group, there is one key thing that innovation teams will find impossible to avoid: the extreme emphasis that most IT groups place on minimizing change. There are good reasons for this behavior, though it is an anathema to innovators, whose whole role is to create productive, valuable change.
In information technology organizations, there will likely be change teams, in fact, whose sole role in life is to make it as hard as possible to change anything. They will rationalize their existence using lines such as "we are here to protect service" or "up-time is our number one priority". And for those times when change is impossible to avoid there will be a number of gates and governance processes in places designed to make things as difficult as possible. At least, from the perspective of innovators, that is.
For most innovation teams, rigorous focus on the disciplines of innovation management are a positive way to manage IT folk in an organization. Innovation management provides tools and processes that are helpful in demonstrating the value of change to technologists, and enable the team to show that such change is in the best interests of the organization as well as IT.
For more information on innovation management to support IT, James Gardner has written an online innovation book, available free of charge as a resource to the community.


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in particular
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Encyclopedia.
in particular
Specifically. Is there anything else in particular you hoped to do on your trip here? Dad did mention something in particular, I just can't remember what it was.
in particular
Especially; also, separately, individually, in detail. For example, The chancellor talked about the curriculum, the core courses in particular, or The orchestra was outstanding, the strings in particular. [c. 1500]
in parˈticular
1 especially or particularly: He loves reading, science fiction in particular.
2 special or specific: Peter was lying on the sofa doing nothing in particular. ♢ Is there anything in particular you'd like for dinner? ♢ She directed the question at no one in particular. OPPOSITE: in general
in particular
Particularly; especially: The children enjoyed the zoo; in particular, they liked the monkeys.


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Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee to determine if cover crop residue interfered with herbicides that provide residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp in no−till soybean. The experiments were established in the fall with planting of cover crops (cereal rye plus hairy vetch). Herbicide treatments consisted of a nontreated or no residual, acetochlor, dimethenamid−P, flumioxazin, −pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, pendimethalin, metribuzin and pyroxasulfone and S−metolachlor. Palmer amaranth took 18 d and waterhemp took 24 d in the cover crop alone (nontreated) treatment to reach a height of 10 cm. Compared with this treatment, all herbicides except metribuzin increased the number of days (d) until 10 cm Palmer amaranth was present. Flumioxazin applied alone or in a mixture with pyroxasulfone were the best at delaying Palmer amaranth growing to a height of 10 cm (35 and 33 d). The herbicides that resulted in the lowest Palmer amaranth density (1.5 to 4x less) integrated with a cover crop were pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone, and acetochlor. Those four herbicide treatments also delayed Palmer amaranth emergence for the longest period (27 to 34 d). Waterhemp density was 7 to 14 times less with acetochlor than all the other herbicides present. Yield differences were observed for locations with waterhemp. This research agrees with previous research that utilizing soil residual herbicides along with cover crop benefits control of Palmer amaranth and/or waterhemp.
Foliar herbicide applications to waterhemp can result in inadequate control, leading to subsequent regrowth that often necessitates a second herbicide application to prevent crop interference and seed production. The most effective herbicides and application timings are unknown in situations where waterhemp has regrown from previous injury, such as failed applications of glufosinate or fomesafen. The objective of this research was to determine the optimum combination of herbicide and time from the first failed herbicide application to a sequential herbicide application for control of waterhemp regrowth. Reduced rates of either glufosinate or fomesafen were applied to 30-cm waterhemp plants to mimic failure of the initial herbicide application in separate bare-ground experiments. Respray treatments of glufosinate, fomesafen, lactofen, 2,4-D, or dicamba were applied 3, 7, or 11 d after the initial application. Glufosinate and fomesafen as respray treatments resulted in 90% to 100% control of waterhemp regardless of application timing following a failed glufosinate application. After a failed application of fomesafen, applying glufosinate or 2,4-D resulted in 87% to 99% control of waterhemp. Waterhemp control with fomesafen and lactofen was 13% to 21% greater, respectively, when those treatments followed glufosinate compared with fomesafen as the initial herbicides. On the basis of these results, glufosinate and fomesafen should be used for respray situations after inadequate control from glufosinate; and 2,4-D or glufosinate should be used for respray situations following inadequate control from fomesafen where crop tolerance and herbicide product labels allow. Although glufosinate followed by glufosinate was very effective for controlling waterhemp regrowth, caution should be exercised to avoid sequential application of herbicide with the same site of action.
Six experiments were conducted in 2018 on field sites located in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Ontario, and Wisconsin to evaluate the off-target movement (OTM) of dicamba under field-scale conditions. The highest estimated percentages of dicamba injury in non–dicamba-resistant (DR) soybean were 55%, 44%, 39%, 67%, 15%, and 44% injury for noncovered areas and 55%, 5%, 13%, 42%, 0%, and 41% injury for covered areas during dicamba application in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Ontario, and Wisconsin, respectively. The level of injury generally decreased as the downwind distance increased under covered and noncovered areas at all sites. There was an estimated 10% injury in non-DR soybean at 113, 8, 11, 8, and 8 m; and estimated 1% injury at 293, 28, 71, 15, and 19 m from the edge of treated fields downwind when plants were not covered during dicamba application in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, and Wisconsin, respectively. Assessment of filter-paper collectors placed from 4 to 137 m downwind from the edge of the sprayed area suggested the dicamba deposition reduced exponentially with distance. The greatest injury to non-DR soybean from dicamba OTM occurred at Nebraska and Arkansas (as far as 250 m). Non-DR soybean injury was greatest adjacent to the dicamba sprayed area, but injury decreased with no injury beyond 20 m downwind or in any other direction from the dicamba sprayed area in Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, and Wisconsin. The presence of soybean injury under covered and noncovered areas during the spray period for primary drift suggests that secondary movement of dicamba was evident at five sites. Additional research is needed to determine the exact forms of secondary movement of dicamba under different environmental conditions.
Management of volunteer glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn may be problematic in soybean resistant to glyphosate and 2,4-D or dicamba, as auxinic herbicides often antagonize graminicide efficacy. Field and greenhouse trials were conducted using mixtures of 2,4-D or dicamba in combination with glyphosate and clethodim-A (formulated without an adjuvant) or clethodim-SM (adjuvant-inclusive formulation) to determine the effect on volunteer GR corn control. Neither auxinic herbicide reduced clethodim efficacy, regardless of clethodim rate or formulation in field trials. However, the addition of glyphosate to these mixtures at the 35 g ai ha−1 clethodim dose reduced control from clethodim-A and clethodim-SM by 62% to 75% and 27% to 47%, respectively. Increasing the clethodim dose to 105 g ha−1 or greater in combination with glyphosate and either auxinic herbicide generally restored clethodim efficacy (74% to 98% control); in one site-year, the addition of glyphosate plus dicamba to clethodim-A at 140 g ha−1 still reduced control by 34%. In greenhouse experiments, clethodim-A efficacy was reduced by 17% and 28% when applied with glyphosate plus 420 and 1,680 g ae ha−1 2,4-D, respectively, in the absence of crop oil concentrate (COC). Increasing the dose of dicamba in a similar mixture had a negligible effect. Irrespective of auxinic herbicide dose, the inclusion of COC to clethodim-A mixtures with glyphosate plus 2,4-D or dicamba resulted in ≥ 90% control. These results specify an enhanced risk of reduced clethodim efficacy on volunteer GR corn when glyphosate is added to mixtures containing 2,4-D or dicamba. To optimize control from these mixtures, clethodim should be applied at ≥ 105 g ha−1 and should include an activator adjuvant in the form of COC and/or an adjuvant-inclusive clethodim formulation. This recommendation contrasts with several labels of clethodim that do not require COC when applied with adjuvant-loaded glyphosate products.
The use of cover crops in soybean production systems has increased in recent years. There are many questions surrounding cover crops—specifically about benefits to crop production and most effective herbicides for spring termination. No studies evaluating cover crop termination have been conducted across a wide geographic area, to our knowledge. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Arkansas, Indiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Wisconsin for spring termination of regionally specific cover crops. Glyphosate-, glufosinate-, and paraquat-containing treatments were applied between April 15 and April 29 in 2016 and April 10 and April 20 in 2017. Visible control of cover crops was determined 28 days after treatment. Glyphosate-containing herbicide treatments were more effective than paraquat- and glufosinate-containing treatments, providing 71% to 97% control across all site years. Specifically, glyphosate at 1.12 kg ha−1 applied alone or with 2,4-D at 0.56 kg ha−1, saflufenacil at 0.025 kg ha−1, or clethodim at 0.56 kg ha−1 provided the most effective control on all grass cover crop species. Glyphosate-, paraquat-, or glufosinate-containing treatments were generally most effective on broadleaf cover crop species when applied with 2,4-D or dicamba. Results from this research indicate that proper herbicide selection is crucial to successfully terminate cover crops in the spring.
Halauxifen-methyl is an auxin herbicide for broadleaf weed control in preplant applications to corn and soybean. Our objective for this research was to characterize the phytotoxicity of halauxifen-methyl on horseweed, relative to 2,4-D and dicamba, in terms of weed height, the response to an auxin synergist, and root activity. The 50% reduction in plant growth (GR50) value for halauxifen-methyl on rosette-sized plants was 0.05 g ae ha−1, 100 times less than the labeled use rate of 5 g ae ha−1, compared with 36 and 31 g ha−1 for 2,4-D and dicamba, respectively. In a whole-plant bioassay, 240 g ae ha−1 of 2,4-D was calculated as the GR50 value on horseweed 20-cm tall, whereas applications of only 53 and 0.40 g ae ha−1 were necessary for dicamba and halauxifen-methyl, respectively, to achieve the same response. As weed size decreased, there was a concomitant reduction in the estimated herbicide dose for the GR50 with similar differences observed between halauxifen-methyl and the other two auxin herbicides. The addition of diflufenzopyr, an auxin synergist, to 2,4-D and dicamba resulted in a synergistic response on horseweed. However, the addition of diflufenzopyr to halauxifen-methyl resulted in an additive or antagonistic effect, depending on rate of diflufenzopyr, demonstrating a distinctive physiological pathway for halauxifen-methyl compared with 2,4-D and dicamba. In the agar-based bioassays, GR50 values for horseweed root length for 2,4-D and dicamba were 0.16 and 0.19 µM, respectively, whereas only 0.004 µM halauxifen-methyl was required for a comparable root response. These results indicate that horseweed exhibits a high level of sensitivity to halauxifen-methyl and suggest the activity of halauxifen-methyl is different from that of 2,4-D and dicamba. These differences in herbicide activity may reflect differential absorption, translocation, metabolism, or targeting of auxin receptors found in horseweed.
Synthetic-auxin herbicides are often applied for horseweed control before soybean planting. However, certain days of planting interval must be maintained before soybean planting, depending on the product and rate used, because of potential crop phytotoxicity. Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic-auxin herbicide for horseweed control in preplant applications in soybean. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Indiana to evaluate soybean phytotoxicity in response to applications of halauxifen-methyl (5 g ae ha−1) at five preplant intervals (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks before planting [WBP]). In 2015, soybean phytotoxicity was not observed for any of the preplant intervals at any of the sites. In 2016, 0% to 15% phytotoxicity was observed at 14 d after planting (DAP) when halauxifen-methyl was applied at planting, 1 WBP, and 2 WBP at different sites. Soybean phytotoxicity was expressed in the unifoliate leaves only at 14 DAP. However, the first trifoliate did not show any injury symptoms at 21 DAP from any preplant application timing. Preplant application intervals for halauxifen-methyl did not affect soybean stand counts or grain yield in any site-year. Therefore, field results indicated that halauxifen-methyl applied alone can cause slight soybean phytotoxicity in preplant applications. In growth-chamber bioassays, reductions in soybean biomass, plant length, and emergence were accentuated at 30 C, compared with 20 or 15 C, when halauxifen-methyl was applied at 20 or 40 g ae ha−1. These results contradict the currently held paradigm in which lower temperatures generally increase crop phytotoxicity levels to herbicide soil residual.
In recent years, the use of cover crops has increased in U.S. crop production systems. An important aspect of successful cover crop establishment is the preceding crop and herbicide program, because some herbicides have the potential to persist in the soil for several months. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of cover crops to common residual herbicides used in soybean production. The same field experiment was conducted in 2016 in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, and repeated in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri in 2017 to evaluate the potential of residual soybean herbicides to carryover and reduce cover crop establishment. Herbicides applied during the soybean growing season included acetochlor; acetochlor plus fomesafen; chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron; fomesafen; fomesafen plus S-metolachlor followed by acetochlor; imazethapyr; pyroxasulfone; S-metolachlor; S-metolachlor plus fomesafen; sulfentrazone plus S-metolachlor; sulfentrazone plus S-metolachlor followed by fomesafen plus S-metolachlor; and sulfentrazone plus S-metolachlor followed by fomesafen plus S-metolachlor followed by acetochlor. Across all herbicide treatments, the sensitivity of cover crops to herbicide residues in the fall, from greatest to least, was forage radish = turnip > annual ryegrass = winter oat = triticale > cereal rye = Austrian winter pea = hairy vetch = wheat > crimson clover. Fomesafen (applied 21 and 42 days after planting [(DAP]); chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron and pyroxasulfone applied 42 DAP; sulfentrazone plus S-metolachlor followed by fomesafen plus S-metolachlor; and sulfentrazone plus S-metolachlor followed by fomesafen plus S-metolachlor followed by acetochlor caused the highest visual ground cover reduction to cover crop species at the fall rating. Study results indicate cover crops are most at risk when following herbicide applications in soybean containing certain active ingredients such as fomesafen, but overall there is a fairly low risk of cover crop injury from residual soybean herbicides applied in the previous soybean crop.
Timely results from whole-plant, herbicide-resistant weed screenings are crucial to heighten grower awareness. However, the high degree of physiological dormancy of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) seed exacerbates this process. The most effective methods for alleviating dormancy, to date, are either labor-intensive (embryo excision) or require several weeks (soil stratification). This research describes a conditioning process involving clipping and aeration of seed in water that is highly effective at alleviating dormancy and requires less skill and time compared with previous techniques. Ambrosia trifida seeds were collected over 2 yr at two different collection timings (September 25, "early"; October 25, "late"), subjected to various treatments intended to release dormancy, and evaluated for emergence over 18 d in the greenhouse. The use of germination-promoting chemicals (ethephon, gibberellic acid, and thiourea) generally provided no increase in emergence compared with water and occasionally produced seedlings with abnormal growth unsuitable for further experimentation. Conditioning yielded between 30% and 33% emergence for both early and late collections of seeds with no afterripening period compared with 0% emergence for seeds imbibed in water. Following an 8-wk period of dry storage at 4 C, conditioning yielded nearly 80% emergence for both collection timings, while emergence of seeds imbibed in water was 10% and 27% for early and late collections, respectively. Soil stratification in moist soil for 8 wk at 4 C was the second most effective treatment, yielding 46% to 49% emergence across both collections. Parameters of the Weibull function further indicated the conditioning treatment had the fastest rate of emergence and shortest lag phase between planting and first emergence. Methods to germinate A. trifida without an afterripening period have previously been unsuccessful. Therefore, the seed-conditioning method outlined in this work will be useful in expediting the confirmation of herbicide-resistant A. trifida incidences.
Evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, such as horseweed, presents major challenges in no-till soybean production systems. Effective GR horseweed control with preplant burndown applications is necessary to prevent potential soybean yield losses due to competition and to manage the soil weed seedbank. Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for broadleaf weed control in preplant burndown applications for soybean and other crops at low use rates (5 g ae ha–1). Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of herbicide treatments containing halauxifen-methyl for control of GR horseweed in comparison to existing herbicide treatments utilized in no-till GR soybean systems. Glyphosate alone controlled horseweed 33%. Herbicide treatments that included halauxifen-methyl, dicamba, or saflufenacil in combination with glyphosate controlled horseweed 87% to 96%, 89%, and 93%, respectively, 35 d after burndown application (DAB). Horseweed control, horseweed density reduction, and ground cover reduction by halauxifen-methyl plus glyphosate was similar to dicamba plus glyphosate. Horseweed control was greater for halauxifen-methyl plus glyphosate than for 2,4-D plus glyphosate. Cloransulam, cloransulam plus flumioxazin, and cloransulam plus sulfentrazone added to halauxifen-methyl plus glyphosate increased horseweed control and reduced horseweed density. No herbicide injury or soybean yield reduction was observed for treatments containing halauxifen-methyl.
Synthetic auxin herbicides such as 2,4-D and dicamba are often utilized to control broadleaf weeds in preplant burndown applications to soybean. Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for broadleaf weed control in preplant burndown applications to corn, cotton, and soybean at low use rates (5 g ae ha–1). Field experiments were conducted to evaluate efficacy and weed control spectrum of halauxifen-methyl applied alone and in mixtures with 2,4-D (560 g ae ha–1), dicamba (280 g ae ha–1), and glyphosate (560 g ae ha–1). Glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed was controlled with halauxifen-methyl applied alone (90% control) and in mixtures (87% to 97% control) 35 d after treatment (DAT). Common ragweed was controlled 93% with halauxifen-methyl applied alone and 91% to 97% in mixtures 35 DAT. Halauxifen-methyl applied alone resulted in poor giant ragweed control 21 DAT (73% control); however, mixtures of halauxifen-methyl with 2,4-D, dicamba, or glyphosate controlled giant ragweed (86% to 98% control). Halauxifen-methyl alone resulted in poor redroot pigweed control (62% control) 21 DAT; however, mixtures of halauxifen-methyl with dicamba, 2,4-D, or glyphosate controlled redroot pigweed (89% to 98% control). Halauxifen-methyl controls GR horseweed and common ragweed applied alone and in mixtures with other synthetic auxin herbicides and glyphosate. Furthermore, mixing 2,4-D or dicamba with halauxifen-methyl can increase the weed control spectrum in preplant burndown applications.
Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds, including preplant applications for corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl in comparison to the current auxin standards, 2,4-D and dicamba, on glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) at different plant heights. In field experiments, a foliar application of halauxifen-methyl at the recommended use rate of 5 g ae ha−1 resulted in 81% control. Dicamba applied at 280 g ae ha−1 provided a comparable level of efficacy of 80%, while 2,4-D at 560 g ae ha−1 resulted in 49% control. The addition of glyphosate improved GR E. canadensis control with 2,4-D more than with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba, possibly due to the higher level of control observed with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba alone. Even though applied at 50 to 100 times lower application rates, the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl on E. canadensis was similar to dicamba and greater than 2,4-D. Thus, halauxifen-methyl should be an effective tool for management of GR E. canadensis before planting both conventional and herbicide-resistant soybean varieties, and it precludes the extended preplant application interval required for dicamba in some soybean management systems.
Knowledge of the effects of burial depth and burial duration on seed viability and, consequently, seedbank persistence of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer] ecotypes can be used for the development of efficient weed management programs. This is of particular interest, given the great fecundity of both species and, consequently, their high seedbank replenishment potential. Seeds of both species collected from five different locations across the United States were investigated in seven states (sites) with different soil and climatic conditions. Seeds were placed at two depths (0 and 15 cm) for 3 yr. Each year, seeds were retrieved, and seed damage (shrunken, malformed, or broken) plus losses (deteriorated and futile germination) and viability were evaluated. Greater seed damage plus loss averaged across seed origin, burial depth, and year was recorded for lots tested at Illinois (51.3% and 51.8%) followed by Tennessee (40.5% and 45.1%) and Missouri (39.2% and 42%) for A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus, respectively. The site differences for seed persistence were probably due to higher volumetric water content at these sites. Rates of seed demise were directly proportional to burial depth (α=0.001), whereas the percentage of viable seeds recovered after 36 mo on the soil surface ranged from 4.1% to 4.3% compared with 5% to 5.3% at the 15-cm depth for A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus, respectively. Seed viability loss was greater in the seeds placed on the soil surface compared with the buried seeds. The greatest influences on seed viability were burial conditions and time and site-specific soil conditions, more so than geographical location. Thus, management of these weed species should focus on reducing seed shattering, enhancing seed removal from the soil surface, or adjusting tillage systems.
In the rapid response (RR) biotype of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.), exposure to glyphosate elicits H2O2 production in mature leaves, resulting in foliage loss and reduced glyphosate translocation. When glyphosate is applied with POST herbicides intended to improve control of A. trifida, the RR to glyphosate has the propensity to antagonize these herbicide combinations. This research documents how transient changes in air temperature, soil moisture, and light intensity during a 6-d period surrounding herbicide application regulate induction of the RR and the effect on POST herbicide interactions with glyphosate. Air temperature had the greatest influence on H2O2 accumulation in leaf disks following treatment with glyphosate, as plants at 30 C produced more than twice the amount of H2O2 at 2.5 h after treatment compared with 10 C. Plants under field capacity conditions accumulated nearly 50% more H2O2 than those at one-third field capacity, while those under no shade had only 18% more H2O2 compared with those in a shaded environment. Despite these initial results, dry weight reduction at 21 d after treatment never differed by more than 8% between levels of environmental factors, thus indicating a negligible influence on glyphosate efficacy. The magnitude of glyphosate-induced antagonism was generally greater at 30 C (12% to 21% less than expected control) versus 10 C (11% to 16%) on atrazine, cloransulam, dicamba, and topramezone and was greater at field capacity (20% to 24%) versus one-third field capacity (11% to 15%) on cloransulam and topramezone. These results indicate air temperatures and soil moisture levels conducive to optimal plant growth accelerate the RR to glyphosate, thereby increasing the likelihood of glyphosate-induced antagonism on several translocated herbicides.
The introduction of 2,4-D–resistant soybean will provide an additional POST herbicide site of action for control of herbicide-resistant broadleaf weeds. The introduction of this technology also brings concern of off-site movement of 2,4-D onto susceptible crops such as sensitive soybean and tomato. The 2,4-D formulation approved for use in 2,4-D–resistant soybean restricts application of the herbicide to nozzles that produce very coarse to ultra-coarse droplet spectrums. The use of larger droplet spectrums for broadcast applications can reduce herbicide deposition onto target weeds and thus influence herbicide efficacy. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of nozzle design on herbicide deposition onto target plants and the resulting efficacy of a POST application of 280 g ha−1 glyphosate plus 280 g ha−1 2,4-D. The TTI11004 nozzle produced an ultra-coarse droplet spectrum and reduced coverage and deposition density on spray cards as compared with the XR11004 and TT11004 nozzles that produced medium droplet spectrums. The AIXR11004 nozzle also reduced deposition density on spray cards but did not reduce coverage. Herbicide solution deposition onto glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, tall waterhemp, giant ragweed, and horseweed ranged from 0.28 to 0.72 µl cm−2 and was not influenced by nozzle design. Herbicide efficacy was reduced by the TTI11004 nozzle on Palmer amaranth and horseweed compared with the AIXR11004, TT11004, and XR11004 nozzles when applications were made to either high densities of plants or plants exceeding the labeled height. The use of the AIXR11004 and TTI11004 nozzles that are listed as approved nozzles for glyphosate plus 2,4-D applications on 2,4-D–resistant soybean did not reduce herbicide deposition onto four of the most troublesome broadleaves and did not reduce herbicide efficacy when applied in conjunction with lower weed densities and smaller weeds.
Dicamba-resistant soybean technology provides an additional site of action for POST control of herbicide-resistant broadleaf weeds in soybean but also raises concern of off-site movement and damage to sensitive crops in adjacent fields. Dicamba formulations approved for use on dicamba-resistant soybean require applicators to use nozzles producing large droplets to reduce the risk of spray-particle drift. The use of nozzles with relatively larger droplet spectra can reduce herbicide deposition on target weeds, especially if a filtering effect from the crop canopy occurs. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of broadcast nozzle design on the deposition and efficacy of 280 g ha−1 glyphosate plus 140 g ha−1 dicamba applied POST to four herbicide-resistant weed species. The TTI11004 nozzle, the original nozzle labeled for dicamba applications on dicamba-resistant soybean, reduced deposition coverage and density on spray cards compared with the TT11004 and XR11004 nozzle. The AIXR11004 nozzle produces a very coarse droplet spectrum and did not reduce coverage on spray cards, though it did reduce deposition density. Herbicide solution deposition onto Palmer amaranth, tall waterhemp, giant ragweed, and horseweed ranged from 0.41 to 0.52, 0.55 to 0.87, 0.49 to 0.58, and 0.38 to 0.41 µl cm−2, respectively. Nozzle design and droplet spectrum did not influence the deposition of herbicide solution onto the target weed, as all nozzles were equivalent for all species and site-years. Herbicide efficacy was not influenced by nozzle design, as weed control and plant height reduction were similar for all species. The results of this experiment show that the use of the TTI11004 nozzle for dicamba applications to dicamba-resistant soybean will provide acceptable herbicide deposition and efficacy when applied under the label requirements of weed height and carrier volume.
Palmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in the midsouthern United States, and the evolution of resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors in biotypes already resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors is a major cause of concern to soybean and cotton growers in these states. A late-season weed-escape survey was conducted in the major row crop–producing counties (29 counties) to determine the severity of PPO-inhibitor resistance in Arkansas. A total of 227 Palmer amaranth accessions were sprayed with fomesafen at 395 g ha−1 to identify putative resistant plants. A TaqMan qPCR assay was used to confirm the presence of the ΔG210 codon deletion or the R128G/M (homologous to R98 mutation in common ragweed) target-site resistance mechanisms in the PPX2 gene. Out of the 227 accessions screened, 44 were completely controlled with fomesafen, and 16 had only one or two severely injured plants (≥98% mortality) when compared with the 1986 susceptible check (100% mortality). The remaining 167 accessions were genotypically screened, and 82 (49%) accessions were found to harbor the ΔG210 deletion in the PPX2 gene. The R128G was observed in 47 (28%) out of the 167 accessions screened. The mutation R128M, on the other hand was rare, found in only three accessions. About 13% of the accessions were segregating for both the ΔG210 and R128G mutations. Sixteen percent of the tested accessions had mortality ratings <90% and did not test positive for the ΔG210 or the R128G/M resistance mechanisms, indicating that a novel target or non–target site resistance mechanism is likely. Overall, PPO inhibitor–resistant Palmer amaranth is widespread in Arkansas, and the ΔG210 resistance mechanism is especially dominant in the northeast corridor, while the R128G mutation is more prevalent in counties near Memphis, TN.
Glyphosate application to the rapid-response (RR) biotype of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed ensues in loss of foliage via rapid tissue death, thereby reducing glyphosate translocation. Experiments were performed to determine if this GR response, in contrast to a non-rapid response (NRR) GR biotype, results in antagonism of the selective herbicides atrazine, cloransulam, dicamba, lactofen, and topramezone. Application of glyphosate at 1,680 g ae ha–1 in the greenhouse resulted in antagonism between all five selective herbicides for the RR biotype, whereas glyphosate applied at 420 g ha–1 was antagonistic only for cloransulam. Application of selective herbicides 2 d prior to glyphosate treatment avoided the antagonism observed in the RR biotype. In the field, glyphosate mixtures with dicamba and topramezone were antagonistic on the RR biotype across both 2015 and 2016 field seasons. Thus, the RR effectively reduces glyphosate efficacy but also has potential to diminish the activity of glyphosate mixtures with selective herbicides, and the degree of antagonism between these mixtures escalates at increasing glyphosate rates.
Giant ragweed is a highly competitive weed that continually threatens crop production systems due to evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides (ALS-R) and glyphosate (GR). Two biotypes of GR giant ragweed exist and are differentiated by their response to glyphosate, termed here as rapid response (RR) and non–rapid response (NRR). A comparison of data from surveys of Indiana crop fields done in 2006 and 2014 showed that GR giant ragweed has spread from 15% to 39% of Indiana counties and the NRR biotype is the most prevalent. A TaqMan® single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay was developed to identify ALS-R populations and revealed 47% of GR populations to be ALS-R as well. The magnitude of glyphosate resistance for NRR populations was 4.6 and 5.9 based on GR50 and LD50 estimates, respectively. For RR populations, these values were 7.8 to 9.2 for GR50 estimates and 19.3 to 22.3 for LD50 estimates. A novel use of the Imaging-PAM fluorometer was developed to discriminate RR plants by assessing photosystem II quantum yield across the entire leaf surface. H2O2 generation in leaves of glyphosate-treated plants was also measured by 3,3′-diaminobenzidine staining and quantified using imagery analysis software. Results show photo-oxidative stress of mature leaves is far greater and occurs more rapidly following glyphosate treatment in RR plants compared with NRR and glyphosate-susceptible plants and is positively associated with glyphosate dose. These results suggest that under continued glyphosate selection pressure, the RR biotype may surpass the NRR biotype as the predominant form of GR giant ragweed in Indiana due to a higher level of glyphosate resistance. Moreover, the differential photo-oxidative stress patterns in response to glyphosate provide evidence of different mechanisms of resistance present in RR and NRR biotypes.
A field study was conducted for the 2014 and 2015 growing season in Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee to determine the effect of cereal rye and either oats, radish, or annual ryegrass on the control of Amaranthus spp. when integrated with comprehensive herbicide programs in glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant soybean. Amaranthus species included redroot pigweed, waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth. The two herbicide programs included were: a PRE residual herbicide followed by POST application of foliar and residual herbicide (PRE/POST); or PRE residual herbicide followed by POST application of foliar and residual herbicide, followed by another POST application of residual herbicide (PRE/POST/POST). Control was not affected by type of soybean resistance trait. At the end of the season, herbicides controlled 100 and 96% of the redroot pigweed and Palmer amaranth, respectively, versus 49 and 29% in the absence of herbicides, averaged over sites and other factors. The PRE/POST and PRE/POST/POST herbicide treatments controlled 83 and 90% of waterhemp at the end of the season, respectively, versus 14% without herbicide. Cover crop treatments affected control of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth and soybean yield, only in the absence of herbicides. The rye cover crop consistently reduced Amaranthus spp. density in the absence of herbicides compared to no cover treatment.
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