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Yersiniosis Yersinia enterocolitica
Importance Foodborne yersiniosis was first confirmed in the U.S.A in 1976 following an outbreak among a large number of school children from the consumption of chocolate milk contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. In many other countries, foodborne yersiniosis was also recorded. In Denmark, yersiniosis is one of the most common forms of gastroenteritis. Yersinia enterocolitica was designated as an emerging foodborne pathogen.
The two most important aspects about the organism and the disease are that Yersinia enterocolitica is a psychrotroph and can grow at 0C, and its symptoms include a sharp abdominal pain with fever, mimicking an appendicitis. Characteristics: Y. Enterocolitica cells are Gram-negative short rods, nonsporeforming, motile below 37C, and facultative anaerobic. The strains grow between 0 and 44C, with an optimum growth at 25-29C. Growth occurs in milk and raw meat at 1C, but at a slower rate. Cells can grow in 5% NaCl and at a pH above 4.6. cells are sensitive to pasteurization.
Habitat Y. enterocolitica is a normal inhabitant of intestines of food animals and birds, pets, wild animals, and humans. Human carriers do not show any disease symptoms. Different types of food can be contaminated from these sources. Toxins Pathogenic strains are predominant in pigs. The organism produces a heat-stable toxin, pathogenic strains carry an invasive factor that enables the cells to colonize intestinal epithelial cells and lymph nodes. After colonization the heat-stable toxin capable of causing the disease.
Disease and Symptoms Young children are more susceptible to foodborne yersiniosis. A high dose ( about 10 million cells) is required for the disease. Symptoms are severe abdominal pain at the lower quadrant of the abdomen, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Symptoms generally appear 24-30 h following consumption of a contaminated food and last 2-3 days. The disease can be fatal in rare cases.
Food Association Because Y. enterocolitica strains are found in the environment, many foods can harbor the organism. The organism has been isolated from: Raw milk, processed dairy products, raw and improperly cooked meats, fresh vegetables, and improperly chlorinated water. Because the cells are heat sensitive, a properly pasteurized or heated food can have this pathogen from recontamination following heat treatment. A food can be contaminated from human carrier or a pet. As the cells can grow at refrigerated temperature, even a low initial load can reach a high level during extended storage of refrigerated foods.
Prevention Because the strains are psychrotrophic, refrigeration cannot be used to control their growth. Good sanitation at all phases of handling and processing and proper heat treatment are important to control the occurrence of yersiniosis. Consumption of raw milk or meat cooked at low temperature should be avoided.
Listeriosis Importance Human listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The organism is present in many foods of animal and plant origin. Its ability to grow in many foods at refrigerated temperature helps the organism reach from a low initial level to an infective dose level during storage of refrigerated food, which include those that originally harbored the pathogen and those that were postheat contaminated. Any temperature abuse, even for a short time, can accelerate the growth rate.
Characteristics L. Monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, psychrotrophic, facultative anaerobic, nonsporulating, motile, small rod. In fresh culture, the cells may form short chains. It is hemolytic and ferments rhamnose. It grows between 1-44C, with optimum growth at 35- 37C. It multiplies relatively rapidly at 7-10C. It ferments glucose without producing gas. It can grow in many foods and environments. It is resistant to freezing, drying, high salt, and pH 5.0 and above. It is killed by pasteurization, but when it is inside white blood cells, a temperature of 76.4-77.8C for 15 seconds is required to kill the cells.
Habitat L. monocytogenes is isolated from many environmental samples: soil, sewage, water, dead vegetation. It is isolated from the intestinal contents of domesticated animals and birds. Humans can carry the organisms in the intestine Without any symptoms. A large proportion of uncooked meat, milk, egg, seafoods, as well as leafy vegetables and tubers(potatoes and radishes) contain L. monocytogenes. Many heat- processed foods such as pasteurized milk and dairy products, and ready to eat meat contain the organism. The organism is isolated in high frequency from different places of food processing and storage areas.
Toxin The virulence factor of L. monocytogenes is a hemolysin, listeriolysin O. It is produced during the exponential growth of the cells. The pathogens invade different body tissues and multiply inside the body cells, releasing the toxin. The toxin causes death of the cells. Disease and Symptoms People with normal health, following ingestion of a food contaminated with L. monocytogenes, may or may not produce symptoms which appear 1-7 days following ingestion and include mild flu-like symptoms with slight fever, abdominal cramps and diaarhea. The symptoms subside in a few days, but the individual sheds the organism in the feces for some time.
Sensitive groups(pregnant women, unborn fetuses, infants, elderly and people taking chemotherapy) show enteric symptoms(nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever). The pathogen then spreads through the blood stream and invade tissues in vital organs including CNS. In pregnant women, the pathogen can invade fetal tissues through the placenta. Symptoms include bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis. The fatality rate in fetuses, newborn infants and immunocompromised individuals is very high. The infective dose is from 100-1000 cells.
Food Association Consumption of contaminated pasteurized milk, raw milk, and dairy products, soft cheese, cold cut meats, improperly cooked chicken. heat-treated foods were either not properly heated or were contaminated following heating. As many raw foods of both animal and plant origin harbor L. monocytogenes, consumption of raw foods or recontaminated heat-processed foods has caused listeriosis. Growth during long refrigerated storage and temperature abuse before eating have been implicated in many cases.
Prevention and Control Because of ubiquitous presence of L. monocytogenes, it is impossible to have foods free of this pathogen. In many countries, a strong listeria control program at the commercial production facilities has been imposed by regulatory agencies and industries. Consumer education to reduce foodborne listeriosis. This includes thoroughly cooking raw foods of animal origin; thoroughly washing raw vegetables before eating; not consuming raw milk or foods made with raw milk; washing hands, knives. And cutting boards after handling uncooked foods.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus is common in japan and accounts for 40-70% of the total bacterial foodborne diseases. The high incidence is directly related to the consumption of raw seafoods. Characteristics The cells are Gram-negative, nonsporulating, motile, curved rods. Catalase and oxidase positive, they ferment glucose but not lactose or sucrose. They can grow over a temperature range of 5-42C, with the optimum 30-37C. The cells multiply rapidly in the presence of 3-5% NaCl. The cells are extremely sensitive to drying, pasteurization, refrigeration and freezing.
Habitat V. parahaemolyticus strains are halophilic bacteria distributed in coastal waters worldwide. They are found in estuarine environment and show a seasonal variation, being present in the highest numbers during the summer months. During the winter months, they remain in the estuarine bottom on chitinous materials of plankton.
Toxin The foodborne pathogenic strains produce a heat-stable hemolysin and are designated as Kanagawa-positive. This hemolysin is considered to be the toxin. The toxin production rate and its level are directly related to cell growth, cell concentration, and pH of the environment. If the toxin forms in food, heating does not destroy it. Disease and Symptoms Infectious dose is around one million cells. Symptoms appear 10-24h following ingestion of live cells and last for 2-3 days. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fever, and chills.
Food Association Consumption of raw, improperly cooked, or postheat-contaminated seafoods, including fish, oysters, crabs, shrimp, and lobster. V. Parahaemolyticus grow rapidly in unrefrigerated raw and cooked seafoods and reach an infective dose level very rapidly. Many outbreaks in the U.S.A. were identified to be due to inadequate cooking and cross- contamination of cooked sea foods, followed by improper holding temperature.
Prevention No consumption of raw seafoods, proper heat treatment of seafoods, proper sanitation to avoid cross-contamination of heated foods, Proper refrigeration of raw and heated products. Consumption of food within a reasonable period of time. Temperature abuse, even for a short duration, of a seafood should be avoided.
Enteric Viruses Unlike bacteria, human enteric viruses do not multiply in food, some may die off rapidly under various conditions of food storage and preservation. Characteristics Foodborne viral infections can occur only from enteric pathogenic human viruses. Hepatitis A, Norwalk-like viruses, Rota viruses have been associated with foodborne infections. They are excreted in very high numbers in human feces. They do not multiply outside human body. Pasteurization can effectively kill the enteric viruses.
Disease and Symptoms Enteric viruses can cause infection at a considerably low dose level. Following ingestion of hepatitis A viruses through contaminated food, an individual may or may not develop symptoms. In affected individuals, symptoms occur from 2-7 weeks. The general symptoms are fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and inflammation of liver which may follow with jaundice. Symptoms may last for 1-2 weeks, the viruses are shed in feces. NLVs cause gastroenteritis characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms appear 12-24h after ingestion and last for 1-2 days. The viruses are excreted in feces of infected persons.
Food Association Food contaminated with fecal matter of infected people directly(from food handlers) or indirectly (via sewage and polluted water) is the main source of both hepatitis A and NLV outbreaks. Infected food handlers, even without symptoms, can contaminate ready-to-eat food with fecal matter. Vegetables(salads) can be contaminated with polluted water. Shellfish harvested from water polluted with sewage and eaten raw or improperly heated before eating have been implicated in many outbreaks of both types of viruses. The virus can survive in shellfish for a long time.
Prevention The two major preventative methods of foodborne virus infections are to kill the viruses in contaminated foods and adopt good sanitation and personal hygiene habits to control contamination. Proper heat treatment, such as pasteurization, is enough to kill the viruses. Sanitation using oxidative agents such as hypochlorite, can kill viruses in contaminated equipment and in water used for processing. Vaccination against hepatitis A is available and is used to control the disease.
Other Foodborne Infections Brucellosis Human brucellosis is caused by : Brucella abortus Brucella suis Brucella melitensis They are Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, aerobic small rods pathogenic to animals and human. In infected animals, the organisms are located in the uterus of pregnant animals and in the mammary glands of lactating females. Thus, the pathogens can be excreted in milk.
People working with animals can become infected with Brucella spp. People working with meat can be infected. Consumption of raw milk and products made from raw milk(e.g cheeses) have been implicated in foodborne brucellosis. The cells survive for a long time in milk and milk products. Pasteurization kills Brucella cells.
Symptoms of brucellosis in humans include undulant fever with irregular rise and fall of temperature, profuse sweats, body aches, aching joints, chills, and weakness. Symptoms appear in 3-21 days following consumption of a contaminated food. Control measures include pasteurization of milk, manufacturing of dairy products from pasteurized milk, and proper sanitation to prevent recontamination of pasteurized products.
Streptococcus pyogenes This organism has been isolated from animals with mastitis. Foodborne infections have been recorded from the consumption of contaminated raw milk and milk products made with raw milk and different types of salads(contaminated by infected food handlers). Control measures include pasteurization of dairy products and avoiding the consumption of raw milk and products made with raw milk. People who are suffering from streptococcal infections or the carriers should not handle ready-to-eat foods such as salads. Proper sanitation in all phases of processing and proper refrigeration will help reduce the incidence.
Q Fever Q fever in humans is caused by a rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii. Animal carry this organism without symptoms. People handling animals, raw milk, and meat can be infected by the rickettsia and develop symptoms of Q fever. Symptoms include fever, malaise, anorexia, muscular pain, and headache. Symptoms appear 2-4weeks after infection and last for 2 weeks. Coxiella burnetii is more resistant to heat than many pathogenic bacteria. Proper pasteurization kills the bacteria.
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Alan Smith believes that Arsene Wenger has seriously missed out after not signing Gary Cahill in the summer, after the defender joined Chelsea last week in order to help the Blues maintain their advantage over Arsenal for a Champions League spot.
The Gunners had a particularly difficult summer last year, losing two of their top players in Cesc Fabregas and Samir Nasri.
While the club went on a spending spree in the final 24-hours of the transfer window, purchasing five players before 11pm hit the clock, Arsenal were unable to seal a deal for Cahill.
Wenger admitted later that Bolton had asked for an excessive fee their star, and with Cahill only having a year left on his contract, the Frenchman wasn't willing to pay over the odds for the England international.
Instead, Arsenal went with Per Mertesacker, and the former Highbury hero believes it was one of their biggest mistakes in the last transfer window.
"With the Cahill thing, we don't know exactly how it happened but we do know Arsenal made a bid which Bolton rejected, so why not go a bit higher, pay the asking price and get the player?" He told Talksport.
"Now he's gone to Chelsea and he's a good signing for them, and he would have been a good one for Arsenal, and better than Per Mertesacker, in my opinion.
"Cahill knows the league, he's an England player and he could be an England player for the next few years and would have had a good re-sale value even at 30.
"Sometimes Wenger thinks clubs are asking too much and that he wouldn't get a return. It's almost like it's his money and he's careful how he spends it."
Cahill will now play for Chelsea, after the west London club agreed a reported £7 million fee for the 26 year old at the start of this month.
And Smith revealed he thinks that Wenger did not prepare adequately for last summer's transfer window, leaving him without options as he signed the likes of Mikel Arteta and Mertesacker.
"They did seem like panic buys at the 11th hour," he explained.
"Arteta is 29 with an injury record, something Wenger looks at; Benayoun is 31 and won't make a huge difference to the first XI at the Emirates.
"Mertesacker has 80 caps for his country but doesn't look a player who has that. Ask him to run and he looks slow and it's worrying .
"He's a good solid character, but that's not always enough.
"Getting into the top four this season would arguably be Wenger's greatest achievement. They've got players coming back [from injury] who will make a difference, but if they keep defending like they are at the moment they will be going nowhere."

subset: commoncrawl


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We defeat hate with love.
That's what I keep hearing in the wake of the mass shooting in Orlando, Florida leaving 50 dead and 50 more injured at a gay club on Sunday. Love is love is love is love is love is love. But the gunman, Omar Mateen, is dead, and whatever hate he felt has died with him. So whose hate are we now defeating with all this love?
My fellow straight, white, cis people, I suggest that the hate originates with us, and now would be a really good time to honestly reflect on what our systemic prejudice has wrought.
Omar Mateen was a Muslim. How much he practiced is up for debate, but no doubt he experienced his fair share of islamophobia. If his dating profile and reported regular patronage of Pulse -- the club where he opened fire -- are any indication, we may assume that Omar Mateen was gay. He likely witnessed and internalised his fair share of homophobia.
Omar Mateen was a man living in a male-dominated society, where men are discouraged from showing weakness and masculine violence is normalised. It was in this soup of prejudice and patriarchy that Omar Mateen's frustrations were allowed to marinate until he could stand it no more.
I do not excuse Omar Mateen's actions. There is no excuse for the suffering he has brought about. Nor do I believe being gay or Muslim makes one more likely to commit a mass shooting (straight, white dudes have had a near monopoly on the act in recent U.S. history). But let's not pretend that this horrendous act occurred free of cultural context.
In patriarchal societies, masculinity is framed as paradoxically fragile. A spindly glass figurine balanced on a knife edge, liable to fall and smash if not jealously protected. Those designated male at birth find themselves under insurmountable pressure to embody and defend this delicate source of privilege. Those who don't embrace the role find themselves mocked and shamed for failing to uphold the system. Man up. Don't be a pussy. Don't cry. Defend your turf.
The raising up of the masculine requires a corresponding devaluation of the feminine, part of which involves framing men as sexually dominant over women, who are relegated to the roles of objects and prizes. Homosexuality doesn't fit within this patriarchal understanding of sex. It confuses the power dynamic, and flouts the designated gender roles, and so is viewed as suspect.
Despite the progress we've made toward acceptance, coming out is still an ordeal for most in the queer community. LGBTI people brave enough to be out still risk rejection, violence and, as we've just seen, death.
Perhaps it should not surprise us then that, according to Scientific American, homophobia is disproportionately found in people denying their own homosexual tendencies. It would seem that offence is being utilised as the best defence. Active distancing used as an act of self preservation in a culture that threatens to strip away dignity in exchange for honesty.
And while we pressure men to profess a desire to sexually dominate women and protect their patriarchal privilege, we also undermine that privilege with our racism. Men are pushed to dominate politically, financially and culturally, but the positions of power are almost exclusively granted to white men. And as our fear-mongering politicians push their jingoism in exchange for votes, we are fast approaching peak islamophobia (if we haven't reached it already).
All of this adds up to a toxic environment where men who are not white, straight and cis are made to feel extraordinarily inadequate, simply for existing. Add to this the normalisation of masculine violence as a way to express distress, and the availability of assault rifles in the U.S., and you have a recipe for tragedy.
We are told that we can defeat hate with love. The implication is that LGBTI love and pride can trump the hate aimed at their community. That the love of the blood donors lined up around Orlando hospitals trumps the hate of one gunman.
But the truth is, we need more than that. We need those with power and privilege to look at themselves and ask: How did I contribute to this? How can I prevent it from happening again?
We need political leadership to change the laws that discriminate against LGBTI people. Equal access to marriage, adoption, blood donation and (for God's sake) public toilets. We need religious leaders to offer more than prayer, and actively fight for full inclusion and respect for LGBTI people within their own communities. We must challenge the patriarchal ideals that lead men to believe violence is their only acceptable outlet by making our boys feel accepted and loved regardless of their adherence to contrived gender roles. We must challenge racism and islamophobia wherever we see it in our communities.
Straight, white, cis readers, we must become active allies to our family, friends, coworkers and neighbours who are disadvantaged by this system that supports us. If we remain complicit supporters of the status quo, we should not be surprised when tragedy strikes again.


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