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Just in case you're interested, many of the spring classes I'll be teaching next year are now listed on my web page. Check it out at www.thehillcountrygardener.com and click on the "classes" tab at the top.
Soil? Caliche!
After all these years, I finally got some information on our so-called soil; i.e., caliche, the other day in the Master Gardener newsletter, "High on the Desert" from Cochise County in Arizona. Apparently, for the most part they have the same type of soil we do; that is; it isn't exactly soil as it is described in the brochures, catalogues, and books on the subject, but it's what we've got and it's not about to change any time soon.
Generally speaking, the alkalinity of our soil here has a pH about 8.2 or thereabouts. pH is a term used to express acidity or alkalinity which is a measure of the relative number of free hydrogen ions. The scale goes from 1 through 14 with 1 being the most acid, 14 being the most alkaline and 7 being neutral. Each number represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity. For example, a soil with a pH of 8 is ten times more alkaline than one with a pH of 7.
On the whole, the more rain the soil gets annually, the more acidic it becomes. Because the calcium carbonate is not leached through the soil with an abundance of rainfall, our soil becomes what is known as caliche. In addition, our caliche has low levels of nitrogen (one of the major nutrients needed by plants to thrive) and organic matter (the remains of plants and animals).
Luckily for us, the rainfall we receive, according to Dr. Calvin Finch of the San Antonio Water System, averages in the range 6.4 or so. This tends to level out the pH of our soil to about 7.0 when it rains. It's also a good reason to harvest rain water if you can. Then, every time you water your potted plants, you're giving them a shot of the pH they really need.
Working with the native and adapted plants in your yard means that you usually don't have to add amendments such as manure and compost. In fact, adding these things to the caliche actually changes the soil structure from the surrounding soil and the chances of the plant surviving actually go down…reason being that the roots get through the amended soil fairly quickly and then reach the native stuff. And, since it's easier to grow in the amended soil rather than venture out into the native soil, the roots start circling around in the hole and eventually girdle the new plant and it chokes and starves itself to death. About the only amendment that should be used is mulch on top as it will help conserve moisture, moderate the soil temperature, reduce weeds and over time provide some nutrients to the plant.
I've Got WORMS! Not tape worms. Not horn worms. Not bag worms. Believe it or not, in this gray-looking, cruddy, clay/caliche we call soil around here, I've finally got some earthworms. They weren't there when I moved out here several years ago. How did this miracle occur? Where did these little natural earth tillers/softeners/fertilizers come from? To tell you the truth, I don't know but I suspect they came from somewhere in the neighborhood where the soil is in better shape than mine. Maybe the birds dropped them in some of their little "presents." All I know is, wherever I added compost to the soil and mulched over it for the past few years, I now have earthworms when I dig in the soil. TADA!!!!! To me, having earthworms in your beds is a sign of good things happening in your soil as well as an indicator that you're doing something right. Oh, joy!!! (Some people think I'm rather simple sometimes–like now. But as Forrest Gump said, "Simple is as simple does." So there.)
Basic November Gardening Information
Birds and Wildlife
• This is a great month for hummingbirds. Keep your feeders clean and full as long as the birds use them. Watch for tiny but pugnacious rufous hummers.
• Goldfinches are back. They are less colorful in their winter garb, but still interesting. Clean and fill thistle feeders for their benefit.
• It's winter-annual time. Select from pansies, spring bulbs, flowering kale, dianthus, calendula, viola, Johnny jump-ups, alyssum, and snapdragons. If you use tulips and hyacinth bulbs, make sure they have 6-8 weeks of chill in paper bags in the fridge or from the nursery.
• Be ready to move the bougainvilleas, hibiscus, plumeria, purple fountain grass, citrus, mandevilla and other tender plants into the greenhouse or garage at the first cold weather. Plan for ventilation as it can get pretty warm in San Antonio in November.
• Fall asters are spectacular. Plant them now for a good show next fall.
• Get Texas Gold columbines in the ground to make a good groundcover under deciduous trees and shrubs.
• Plant your wildflower seeds this month.
If you plan to plant roses next January or February, prepare beds now with composted manure mixed with existing soil.
Shade Trees and Shrubs
• Do not put leaves in the garbage. Benefit from fallen leaves by mowing them and leaving them on the lawn or by using them as mulch in the shrub border.
• If you're going to plant a pecan tree, consider Pawnee. It makes a reasonably sized lawn tree that doesn't seem prone to limb breakage. The nuts are relatively small and early so it does not require as much water or care to get a full nut.
• It's a good time to plant container-grown shrubs for long-lasting color.
• If you plan to plant bare-root trees or shrubs, prune the tops back at least one-third to one-half before planting.
• November and December are the ideal months to plant trees and shrubs. Fall is the ideal time to move trees and shrubs as well. Planting now gives the plant time to establish its root system before the shoot growth develops in the spring. Also, usually little supplemental watering is required through the winter.
Turf Grass
• If you didn't get your lawn fertilizer down in October, do it now–before the first freeze and as long as the grass hasn't gone dormant. This equates to about 8-9 lbs. of a 18-19% nitrogen manufactured mix or 20 lbs. of 9% organic mix per 1,000 square feet. The nutrients will be stored for a fast start in the spring. Be sure it says "Winterizer" or something like that on the bag.
• Treat brown patch with a fungicide labeled for that purpose, such as PCNB, chlorothalonil, or benomyl. Note the problem areas and later this winter; raise the area with compost, sand, or top dressing.
• Cut way back on the water. Water the lawn only every 2-3 weeks with ½ inch of water if we don't get rain.
• It's too late to plant Bermuda or buffalo grass.
• Over seeding rye grass for winter green only works on Bermuda; Zoysia and St. Augustine have too thick a sod. Rye grass will kill buffalo grass.
• Sodding Floratam St. Augustine grass or Bermudagrass can be risky this late in the season and can be damaged by severe cold. Zoysia sod such as JaMur can still be planted. There is still time to establish fescue in those heavily shaded areas.
• Do not allow heavy accumulations of leaves to pile up on the lawn area. If they get wet and pack together, the grass can be damaged. It is best to rake leaves or pick them up with a mower and bagger and place them in a compost pile or spread them over the garden area and work them into the soil. Add fertilizer to the leaves to assist in decomposition.
• Plant onion seeds and spinach in November–onions in the early part of the month and spinach transplants throughout.
• Side dress your cole crops and onions with a cup of slow-release lawn fertilizer per 12 feet of row.
• Tomatoes and peppers can be protected from light freezes with blankets. If you're successful, they'll produce another 3-4 weeks. Harvest them regularly…or keep the chowchow and fried green tomato recipes handy.
• Plant radishes, carrots, beets, and greens this month.
• Watch for worms and caterpillars on cole crops. Treat with Bt (bacillus thuringiensis) or Spinosad. Bt is only active for 3-4 days, so use it twice a week.
Send your comments and/or questions to firstname.lastname@example.com or see the website at www.thehillcountrygardener.com.


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a butter box & toaster
At home we have some new ceramics from Mette Duedahl and a new toaster from Muji. Mette makes these beautifully rounded ceramics, we have a set of her cups and this butter dish coordinates. It has a small blue wooden lid to rest your knife on in a soft ivory with delicate specks. I enjoy all of her creations so this is a welcome addition.
Also, Muji has debuted new appliances including a kettle (pictured below), blender and rice cooker and they are beautiful. I like the little feet on the bottom of the toaster and the rounded corners compliments the butter box so this corner of our kitchen is set!
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When I saw Drive last year for the first time I was utterly blown away. The film was something special, and it was evident the key reason was due to director Nicolas Winding Refn's strong direction and unique style. Having checked out Bronson (impressive) and Valhalla Rising (interesting…) I was really looking forward to watching his "formative" work, The Pusher Trilogy. My thoughts on the three films are after the jump!
I had intended to only write something short about each film and my overall thoughts….but I got a bit carried away and as a result it is a tad on the wordy side. Warning – I do go into the plot a bit, so this could be considered mildly spoilerish depending on your tolerance levels.
The first film in the trilogy is centred on low-level drug dealer Frank (Kim Bodnia). Frank isn't exactly the smartest cookie, and he seems to have the most unfortunate luck – almost everything he touches turns to sh*t. Frank and his side-kick Tonny are given the opportunity to buy a large deal of heroin (or "dope" as it is referred to throughout the trilogy), which could potentially make them a lot of money. Not having the cash for the drugs himself, Frank goes to Milo (Zlatko Buric), a Serbian drug baron who is at the top of the drug food-chain. Although Milo is owed some money by Frank, he agrees to lend Frank some more money for the deal, provided that Frank comes straight back with the money once he has sold the heroin. Unfortunately for Frank and Tonny (Mads Mikkelsen), the deal goes wrong when the Police turn up mid-deal and bust them – not only do they lose the drugs but they lose the money too.
Frank then spends the remainder of the film trying to make deal after deal to get the money (+interest) back to a furious Milo. Men have been killed at Milo's direction for much less, and Frank knows that Milo's patience will wear thin pretty quickly. We watch Frank becoming increasing desperate, as he tries to grasp at any tiny deal that might buy him some time and forgiveness from Milo.
There is no doubt that Frank is a low-life. He treats women like objects, and has no respect for himself or anyone else. Throughout the film he is taking drugs almost constantly – it's amazing that he can function at all. Between the constant drug-taking and his less than impressive IQ, he doesn't display much smart – street and otherwise. The thing about Frank is, you can't help but feel a little sorry for him. It wasn't his fault the deal went bad, and he has wound up in such a dire situation. Frank and Tonny are relatively harmless on the scale of things and the conversations and jokes that the two of them share are very childish. They are almost like a pair of low-life teenage thugs who have never grown up. Watching Frank trying and failing again and again to dig himself out of the deep hole he has created from himself is frustrating – for every step he takes forward, he takes several back.
The second film in the trilogy follows Tonny, who we first met as Frank's sidekick in the first film. Since the first film, some years have passed, and we reacquaint ourselves with Tonny as he is serving his last day of a prison sentence. Just before being released, Tonny is reminded by his cell-mate that he owes a significant amount of money, but out of respect to Tonny's high-level gangster father, he is being given some extra time to pay it.
After being released Tonny tries to get a job at his father's chop-shop, but that goes horribly wrong when Tonny can't get even the simplest of things right. In an attempt to get some money, Tonny joins forces with a local gangster to do a heroin deal. Due to the drugged-up gangster's stupidity, the deal goes wrong and Tonny finds himself deeper in debt, and without any drugs (sound familiar?! – see Pusher).
On top of trying to gain his father's favour and trying to dig himself out of the hole he is in over the failed drug deal, he also discovers he is a father to a young child. Although he initially won't acknowledge the child, he slowly starts to come around. It becomes clear to him that the child is being ignored and treated just badly by him and it's mother, as he was by his father. The thing about Tonny is, he really is the most pathetic of all the characters in the trilogy. He never really wants to hurt anyone, and unlike the others he doesn't obviously hate woman – in fact he generally avoids having to physically harm them. He has grown up in this horrible world and is a product of it. There are several scenes (including a painful one with two women) which show what little confidence he has in himself. He is constantly being told by everyone that he is a failure and can't do anything right, and he believes it. This film is really about Tonny's journey – his realisation about the world he is part of and why he is the way he is. Although the film is really stagnant at times, his character arch is absolutely fantastic.
The final film in the trilogy focuses on the once untouchable, Serbian drug baron Milo. Milo is getting on in years, and is finding that he is increasingly competing with younger men that have knowledge of drugs and techniques that he has never heard of. The film takes place over a single day – the 25th birthday of Milo's daughter. We see Milo from very early on at Narcotics Anonymous meeting. He states that he has been clean for 5 days [and is trying hard to keep it that way], but is worried he might be very tempted today, as he is responsible for preparing the food for his rather demanding daughter's birthday dinner.
After the NA meeting, Milo heads to pick up a package of heroin, only to find that it is ecstasy instead. Although Milo doesn't know anything about E, he decides he can sell that as well as the original heroin that the gangsters have promised to get him. It turns out that selling a product you're not sure of the value of isn't that smart of an idea – especially when it involves being in debt to up-and-coming gangsters who would do almost anything to see you gone.
The film follows and increasingly desperate Milo as he struggles to keep is head above the water in a world that is becoming foreign to him – his time has passed regardless how much he fights it, and he is now fighting for survival amongst a new generation of thugs. As well as trying to make/recover money and sort out his supply issues, he also has to ensure birthday party goes off without a hitch. It's a long and stressful day which we follow until it's conclusion early the next morning.
There is something quite humanizing about watching this so-called drug baron get flustered in the kitchen as he cooks for his daughter, and despairs over wanting to take a hit to get him through the stressful day. Despite some of the unspeakable things that Milo does during the film, there are moments like that when you get a glimpse of the humanity hidden within him. He obviously loves his daughter and is willing to do anything for her – the heart-felt speech he gives during her party is quite moving. It takes something special for a film to make me feel any sympathy for a man who commits such horrific acts of violence.
Overall thoughts
The first Pusher film is really quite an achievement for a first time director. Made on peanuts, the film manages to tell a compelling character-driven story in an original and interesting way. Using the lack of funds to his advantage, Refn has brought a really grittiness to the film (and the subsequent films). The films are "fly on the wall"/documentary style, and it feels like they are providing you a unique no-bars look into the Copenhagen underworld.
It is the protagonist of each film which really makes them worth watching. They are interesting, fully formed characters, that are not as shallow as you might expect such thugs to be. It is quite an achievement that Refn managed to make these low-life thugs have moments of real humanity and heart. There is no doubt that these characters are real pond-scum – they are the lowest of the low. Despite this there are moments when you feel sympathy for them, and even become invested in them getting out of their seemingly hopeless situations.
It's easy to see the beginnings of Refn's directorial style in these films. The films all have more than one scene which have characters driving (or as passengers) while loud pop music plays over the scenes. Refn uses transport/transportation as a way to break up scenes, and to give the character and the audience time to reflect on the situation and where the story is heading.
There are also many scenes of ultra violence and explicit sex through all three films. It's hard to tell if Refn wants to shock, or if he is simply showing things as ugly as they really can be – there is no sugar-coating the filth in his films.
The films were all shot on handheld cameras which not only gives them that documentary feel, but also allows for more freedom of movement in shots – there are some great foot-chase action scenes which put the handheld cameras to excellent use (and gave the camera operator a decent work out!)
Despite the interesting characters and obvious talent on display in the films, they do have short-comings – the main one being the pacing issues. There are several scenes in all three films that just don't need to be there or are much longer than they need to be. The films seem to rush through some of the scenes that are important for plot development, only to spend 10 minutes on a scene which doesn't move the story forward in any way – I personally found this to be really frustrating. I also felt that some of the violence and sex just didn't need to be as explicit at it was – it really was awfully uncomfortable at times. Sure this may have been the point, but Refn did such a great job bring the underground world alive the films, that I'm not sure all of those scenes were needed – at least not to such an extent or length.
The Pusher Trilogy is certainly worth your time. The films are compelling character-driven stories, that showcase the obvious talents of Refn and some great European actors. Just be warned – they aren't always an easy watch, and you may find yourself feeling a little queasy after a few of the more explicit scenes.


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Museum Celebrates 50 Years
By Mike "Rookie" Billingsley, Former Museum Manager
Fifty years ago this year (2017), we opened the doors to the Museum.
Byron Hollander, OCFD, Stanley Hawkins, Tulsa, Don Froese, Enid, Bassill Tunnell, The Village, Jimmy Martin, Lawton, Clint Taylor, Tulsa, John Nidiffer, Miami, Wm. G. Maddux, Stillwater, Nathan Stufflebean, Pauls Valley, Ben Dancey, OCFD, Jack Sanders, Tulsa and Andy Miller, OCFD were all board members or past presidents of the OSFA board that made the museum happen.
As Executive Directors, Andy Miller, Bill Liebegott, Louis Bunch, Bob Hollander, Jim Minx, Chris Bain, Herb Bradshaw, and Phil Ostrander have all given their leadership through the guidance and direction of the OSFA board members over the past Fifty years.
Sam Oruch, John Knupple, John Esposito, Jim Sanders, Eldon Forrester, Tippy Pierce, Jimmy Edwards, Mike Billingsley, Mike Brown, Buddy Lummus, Quintin James, Bob Noll, and Gene Brown, have all given tours over the last 50 years.
Each one has made their mark on the history of the museum. The legacy they have started and handed down is the same effort we are trying to pass on to future generations.
Comments from all over the world have been the best compliments we could receive.
"I have traveled all over the world and seen many fire museums and this is by far the best I've ever seen," says David Allero of the London Fire Brigade. That is just one of many similar compliments from the visitors who come here.
Changes made over the years are shouting, "Come and See" what's going on! We have tried to keep everyone informed about the new things happening here, but some of the "big" changes are worth talking about again.
Sixteen years ago, the staff and volunteers worked long hours to "remodel" inside the museum. Ione Brown and Elaine Griffin hanging wall paper, painting the stage area where Sam and Don (the horses) are and the rest of the interior walls along with Denita Bennett putting up signs like "SAM'S Blacksmithing" and "DAVE'S Café" made the museum look completely different. Taking out the entry room and moving the gift shop, "opened" the front room and made it inviting to our visitors.
The Audio Tour makes it possible to hear more than one person talk about the museum. And with the music and background sound effects, it has brought the museum to life. Visitors seem mesmerized while they listen about the history of the Oklahoma State Fire Service.
Part of our new educational theme is having fire safety messages inside and outside the museum. Outside the museum is the "Junior Firefighter Activity Center," which has been a BIG draw to the museum. You can see it from I-35, when children see it they immediately tell the adults they want to stop. They really enjoy playing on it and learning the fire safety messages that are all over it.
Flat screen TV's in the museum continually play Fire Safety DVD's. The new display stands each have a different fire safety message to share.
We are in the process of designing a "children's area" with computers full of educational software for children. The idea is to teach them our history and their safety, because we are PROUD and we CARE.
Changes and upgrades have continued over the last 16 years since the last large remodel to continually improve the museum for our guests and members. And we are currently in the beginning phases of the process of a major expansion of the museum that will double it in size. This is an important and necessary expansion since we have outgrown our current facility and have many artifacts that cannot be displayed due to space restriction. We will also continue on the theme of education and interactivity for the kids and adults alike.
FIFTY YEARS… That's a long time…
Congratulations to the Oklahoma State Firefighters Museum and to all Oklahoma Firefighters.


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After building a strong fan base over the years, Atlanta (by way of Philly) rapper Jay Griffy come through with his debut album Gawd Like via Exponent Music. Recently Going Viral on debut date Twitter, Instagram & Cracking #55 on Amazon Hiphop Charts
The 18-track effort features guest appearances by Ace Hood, Shawn Smith, Philly Red Face, Big Ooh, Garci, and more.
Purchase Gawd Like on iTunes here
Listen here:
Jay Griffy Spotify


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Few issues evoke such strong opposition as the taking of private land through eminent domain for a public use. If the government is taking your land, make sure that you become informed so that you know what you can and cannot do.
Your initial question might be, can I stop the process? In most cases, you won't be able to prevent the government from acquiring your land, but you are entitled to just compensation under eminent domain law. Learn more about eminent domain generally and what you're entitled to receive, or continue reading to learn about the Arkansas eminent domain process, your rights as a property owner and hiring an Arkansas eminent domain attorney. Did you know that most eminent domain attorneys work on a contingent fee basis? With this fee structure, the attorney assumes the risk of earning a fee.
In the state of Arkansas, the eminent domain process can only be stopped if the proposed taking does not meet the requirements for public purpose or public necessity. If you have determined that the proposed taking does meet these requirements, then you should learn more about the Arkansas eminent domain process.
Remember, even if the government has the right to condemn your property, they cannot dictate the price they are willing to pay; compensation is determined by the highest and best use laws for your property. The following page contains detailed legal information and a flow chart on the Arkansas eminent domain process.
Learn more about the Arkansas Eminent Domain Process
The eminent domain abuse dialogue often centers on policy issues involving the right to take property for economic development and blight. Since the landmark case of Kelo v. City of New London in 2005, many states have taken measures to help curb eminent domain abuse. Some states were very successful at passing meaningful reform, and other states failed to pass any legislation at all. Most states fall in the middle by passing legislation that looks good on paper but does little to level the playing field between property owners and the government.
The Castle Coalition, a nationwide grassroots property activism project by the Institute for Justice, released a comprehensive report in 2006 that graded each state based on eminent domain legislative changes which expand and protect property rights.
Did you know that the Castle Coalition gave North Carolina a F when it comes to property owners' protection against eminent domain?
Learn more about Arkansas Property Rights
The most blatant form of eminent domain abuse occurs when the government or condemning authority makes a 'low ball' offer. This scenario invariably requires the property owner to hire an attorney to obtain just compensation. Fortunately, the vast majority of eminent domain attorneys work on a contingent fee basis, meaning they charge a percentage of the additional money they obtain for the property owner. Also, Arkansas has passed legislation requiring the condemning authority to pay the property owner's attorneys fees and costs in eminent domain cases if certain criteria are met.
In 2013, House Bill 1282 (now known as Act 502) was passed which allows the court to award a property owner's attorneys fees and costs at trial if they recover at least 10% or more than the Highway Commission's deposit.
Property owners affected by a state highway transportation project now have greater statutory protections, however, property owners affected by a non state highway project will not receive the same benefit. Because of the protections provided by these statutes, even small claimants in Arkansas may be able to hire an attorney to pursue their claim.
Very few attorneys can claim expertise in the area of eminent domain law. To determine if you have a case, make sure you consult with an eminent domain trial attorney who can effectively identify damages and select the necessary experts. Your attorney should also be able to interface with the condemning authority and be willing to take your case to trial if negotiations can not be reached. Contact us for a free case evaluation.


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Research at Leeds Beckett
Paul Houghton
Paul Houghton
Principal Lecturer0113 81 24844 email@example.com
About Paul Houghton
Paul joined Leeds Business School (LBS) in January 2006. His first degree is from Hull University after which he completed a postgraduate Diploma in Financial Services through Sheffield Hallam University. He is a qualified Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers and, in recognition of his contribution to financial education in schools, was appointed as a Fellow of the Institute.
Prior to joining LBS, Paul spent 30 years with Yorkshire bank, ultimately in senior roles within the broader National Australia Bank group. His most recent role in the bank was as Head of Business Lending services, GB & Ireland. Previous roles included spells in the bank's Treasury operation in London and the internal audit division.
Current Teaching
Paul's practical and academic experience supports his teaching of financial management, corporate finance and investment management. These support delivery at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Research Interests
Paul is presently looking at the financing of small business, particularly around the influences which affect a firm's ability to raise finance. His PhD research aims to compare such influences on Asian and non-Asian UK-based small businesses.
He is also interested in the links between the university and local businesses/professional firms. This includes the employability of students, critical as they look to maximise their career opportunities.


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The Milky Way May be 50 Percent Bigger Than Thought
A ring-like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may actually belong to the galaxy itself, rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, making it far bigger than previously thought.
A ring-like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may actually belong to the galaxy itself, rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane. If so, that would expand the size of the known galaxy by 50 percent and raise intriguing questions about what caused the waves of stars.
Scientists used data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to reanalyze the brightness and distance of stars at the edge of the galaxy. They found that the fringe of the disk is puckered into ridges and grooves of stars, like corrugated cardboard.
PHOTOS: Hubble's Sexiest Spiral Galaxies
"It looks to me like maybe these patterns are following the spiral structure of the Milky Way, so they may be related," astronomer Heidi Newberg, with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York, told Discovery News.
She and colleagues suspect that a dwarf galaxy may have plunged through the disk of the Milky Way, setting off ripples, like a pebble falling into a pond.
Intruder galaxies also may have set up spiral wave patterns that later trigger star formation in the gas along waves, leading to spiral arms in galaxies.
Evidence that the so-called Monoceros Ring, located more than 65,000 light-years from the center of the galaxy, actually is part of the Milky Way surprised Newberg, who was on a team that discovered the ring in 2002.
NEWS: Galactic 'Skeleton' Reveals Milky Way Secrets
"We thought it was a tidal debris stream -- a dwarf galaxy that came in and spread itself out in this big ring. For 15 years, there's been a controversy in the field where half the astronomers think it's a tidal stream and half the astronomers think its something in the disk. I was in the stream camp," Newberg said.
"What I was trying to do was find more evidence that it was streams. It took a very long time to get this result, partly because I had to change my whole way of thinking. It now looks to me like it's part of the disk," she said.
Incorporating the ring into the map of the Milky Way expands the galaxy's span from 100,000 light-years to 150,000 light-years, said astronomer Yan Xu, with the National Astronomical Observatories of China and a former visiting scientist at Rensselaer.
Light travels at 186,000 miles per second, so one light-year is nearly 6 trillion miles.
ANALYSIS: Welcome to the Milky Way Transit Authority
Astronomers are eager for a higher-resolution, three-dimensional views of the Monoceros Ring, and another ring even farther out, from Europe's Gaia telescope.
Meanwhile, they are interested in seeing if ripples found in gases in the Milky Way are related to what has been observed in the stars.
"In the gas, we have seen a couple of perturbations, these vertical oscillations, in the outer part of the galaxy," astronomer Leo Blitz, with the University of California, Berkeley, told Discovery News.
As far as signs of an intruder galaxy, one may have already been found, he added. Publication of that discovery is pending.
The research by Newberg and colleagues will be published this week in the Astrophysical Journal.
A long exposure photograph taken with a fish eye lens shows the Milky Way in the night sky above Hakskeenpan, South Africa.
Traveling through capital cities is always a stressful occasion and this time was no exception. I had left myself a whole hour to get from the train station to the Royal Observatory Greenwich in London for The Astronomy Photographer of the Year 2013, and it seems an hour was only just enough! But once I'd arrived, I settled back in the very comfortable seats of the Peter Harrison Planetarium and the lights dimmed as the winning photographs were presented to the excited audience. There was a tangible buzz as the images appeared right over our heads on the inside of the planetarium dome against a beautiful background of glittering stars.
This years winners did not disappoint, there was a wide range of skills and techniques on show from the stunning "Deep Space" category where the photos had taken literally days to capture and process to the simple yet enigmatically beautiful "People and Space" category. As I watched the beautiful images appearing above me it reminded me just how powerful images of space can be in communicating the wonder of the Universe. The shortlisted photographs entered into the competition came from 49 countries. The overall winning image was taken by Mark Gee from Australia and was titled 'Guiding Light to the Stars' (shown here), depicting the stunning sight of the Milky Way with a glowing beacon of a lighthouse to the right of the scene. The composition reflects the way the stars used to be employed as a way of navigation in contrast to modern navigation techniques. Mark's image also won the "Earth and Space" category.
Adam Block from the United States won the Deep Space category with his image called "Celestial Impasto." The picture beautifully captures the delicate shades in the dust and dark nebulae of Sh2-239 in the Taurus molecular cloud about 450 light-years away.
The winner of the "Solar System" category was Man-To Hui from China with this beautifully captured image of the Australian solar eclipse of 2012. Phenomenal levels of detail can be seen in the usually hidden solar corona which can only be seen at the moment of totality during a solar eclipse.
Jacob Marchio from the United States was the winner of the Young Astronomy Photographer of the Year and at the age of 14 was able to capture this beautiful image captioned simply "The Milky Way." The image is a beautiful reminder of our place in the Universe as the stars from our galaxy shine with a lovely warm glow.
There were three special categories too this year, the first "People and Space" was won by Mark Gee with this beautifully composed image of an observation platform silhouetted against the moon. Mark took this picture from a distance of about 3 kilometers and used a zoom lens to get the shot.
The winner of the Sir Patrick Moore Prize for Best Newcomer was Sam Cornwell form the UK who managed, against the odds of the British weather, to capture a glimpse of the 2012 Venus transit just before it finished. The cloud really adds atmosphere to the picture and wonderfully represents the challenges facing astronomers suffering adverse weather conditions.
The Robotic Scope Image of the Year was picked up by László Francsics from Hungary with an amazing picture of the famous Trapezium Cluster in the Orion Nebula.
The shifting lights of the Aurora Borealis can take on many shapes and forms as they are molded by the Earth's complex magnetic field. Sheets and planes of glowing gas appear to be twisted into a giant vortex above Grøtfjord in Norway.
All of the light which reaches the ground from space must first travel through the Earth's atmosphere. During its journey the light can be altered by all sorts of atmospheric phenomena. Tiny ice crystals high above the ground refract the moonlight diverting it into a number of beautiful halos.
Like the snowy mountains in the foreground, the nucleus of Comet Panstarrs is composed largely of ice and rock. The nucleus itself is just a few kilometers across but as it neared the Sun in early 2013, ice evaporating from the surface formed a tail of gas and dust hundreds of thousands of kilometers long.
A great deal of careful planning, a long night of photography and hours of painstaking image processing have gone into creating this startling composite image of the Perseid meteor shower. The Perseid meteors get their name from the constellation of Perseus from where they appear to come. However, even at the peak of the shower it is impossible to predict exactly when or where the next meteor will appear. The photographer has combined 23 individual stills to convey the excitement and dynamism of this natural firework display.
The smoky appearance of the dust clouds in this image is fitting, since the grains of dust which make up the nebula are similar in size to particles of smoke here on Earth. The dust can reflect the light of nearby stars, as seen in the blue and yellow regions. It can also block and absorb the light of more distant stars, appearing brown and black in this image. To the right a bright star is ionizing a cloud of hydrogen gas, causing it to glow red, while below it far in the distance, is a globular cluster containing thousands of stars.
First discovered by astronomer Caroline Herschel in 1783, NGC 253 is a rare example of a 'starburst galaxy' with new stars being formed at many times the rate in our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Its mottled appearance comes from extensive lanes of dust which thread through the galactic disk. These are studded with many red clouds of ionized hydrogen gas, marking the sites where new stars are being born.
Lying at a distance of twelve million light years from Earth, M81 and M82 are galaxies with a difference. Close encounters between the two objects have forced gas down into their central regions. In M81 this influx of gas is being devoured by a supermassive black hole. In neighboring M82 the gas is fueling a burst of new star formation which in turn is blasting clouds of hydrogen (shown in red) back out into space.
Omega Centauri is a globular cluster, a spherical cloud containing several million stars. As this image shows, the stars are more densely clustered towards the center. The pronounced red color of several of the stars gives away the cluster's great age: it is thought to have been formed billions of years ago. The cluster was first noted by the astronomer Ptolemy almost 2000 years ago and cataloged by Astronomer Royal Edmond Halley in 1677.
The awesome scale presented in this image depicts what as far as we're concerned, are the three most significant objects in the Universe. The Sun and Moon each play an important role to us on Earth, and both are seen here, reddened by our vital atmosphere, presiding over the horizon. The third object is the Earth itself, and here its land, sea and sky meet around an amazing human megastructure, San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.
The Great Nebula, also referred to as The Orion Nebula and M42 is found in the well-known constellation of Orion, just below the hunter's belt. To the naked eye the nebula looks like another star in Orion's sword. However, this skilful young photographer has shown there is more to it than meets the eye by producing this beautiful image that not only shows the stunning formation of this popularly observed nebula but also it diffuse nature.
The Moon seems to be emerging from the interplanetary darkness, and the young photographer has captured the contrast been the dark lava-filled lunar 'seas' and the mountainous southern highlands.
By keeping the camera shutter open this young photographer gathers precious light, making the desert scenery seem as bright as day. But the stars in the blue sky give the game away, showing that this dramatic photograph was actually taken in the middle of the night.
Appearing like a column of smoke rising from the horizon, a dark lane of dust marks the plane of the Milky Way in this photograph. This dust plays a vital role in the life story of our galaxy. Formed from the ashes of dead and dying stars, the dust clouds are also the regions in which new stars will form.
The darkest patches or 'umbrae' in this image are each about the size of Earth, with the entire region of magnetic turmoil spanning the diameter of ten Earths. This image captures rich details directly around the sunspots, and further out in the so-called 'quiet' Sun where simmering hot plasma rises, cools and falls back. This produces a patchwork surface like a pot of boiling water, but on an epic scale – each bubbling granule is about the size of France.
At a glance, this image may seem like a post-processed montage of objects from three separate images. However the truth is that they were all captured together providing the viewer with an amazing view of the Solar System, galaxy and Universe. Comet Lemmon only comes into our neighborhood every 11,000 years, racing around our Sun and back out to the far reaches of the Solar System. The light from the globular cluster in the center of this image took a journey of over 16,000 years to reach Earth. The furthest object in the image is a dwarf galaxy called the Small Magellanic Cloud whose starlight takes 200,000 years to reach us.
The Moon's orbit about the Earth is not perfectly circular, so that at different times the Moon can be slightly closer or further away than usual. If the Moon passes in front of the Sun when it is at its furthest point, it will appear to be too small to entirely cover the solar disc. This is an 'annular eclipse' in which a ring, or annulus, of the Sun remains visible. This composite shot shows the progress of an annular eclipse in May 2013. Close to the horizon the distorting effects of Earth's atmosphere can also be seen.
This incredibly sharp portrait brilliantly captures the jewel of our solar system, revealing the subtle banding around the orb that results from the planet's weather. It also shows the exquisite gradation of brightness and color in the planet's rings. The ultra-faint inner 'D-Ring' and outermost Encke gap are clearly visible. The hexagonal storm at the North Pole – a scientific curiosity – shows off three of its angular kinks. Images with this much clarity challenge our ideas of what can be achieved with amateur telescopes.
Full resolution versions of these photographs can be found on the National Maritime Museum (www.rmg.co.uk/astrophoto). All photographs are credited to the respective photographers and the National Maritime Museum. Photo captions for the winning entries are written by Mark Thompson; captions for runners up and highly commended entries are courtesy of the National Maritime Museum and Astronomical Photographer of the Year 2013.


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51 Focus Traits
OUR MISSION is to strengthen our communities by promoting excellence in character for all of our citizens. Each month, we provide information to individuals, organizations, businesses, churches, schools, and agencies which focus on one of 51 Character Traits. These traits are identified by Character First! Institute, of which the Prattville-Autauga Character Coalition is a member, as a good starting point. In this way, all interested parties are focused on the same character trait in Prattville and Autauga County.
The list is not a definitive list of good character qualities, yet they have a far-reaching and practical impact on our lives when balanced with one another. Each trait has a short definition, which allows us brief insight into that particular quality.
Alertness vs. Carelessness
Being aware of what is taking place around me so I can have the right responses.
Attentiveness vs. Distraction
Showing the worth of a person or task by giving my undivided attention.
Availability vs. Self-Centeredness
Making my own priorities and schedules secondary to the needs of those I serve.
Benevolence vs. Selfishness
Pursuing the good of others without needing a personal reward for acts of kindness.
Boldness vs. Fearfulness
Courage to say or do what is true, right and just.
Cautiousness vs. Rashness
Knowing how important right timing is in accomplishing right actions.
Compassion vs. Indifference
Investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of others.
Courage vs. Cowardliness
Overcoming fear by saying and doing what is right.
Contentment vs. Covetousness
Enjoying life as it comes, and realizing that true happiness does not depend on material things and conditions.
Creativity vs. Underachievement
Approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a perspective.
Decisiveness vs. Procrastination
Having the ability to recognize key factors and finalize difficult decisions.
Deference vs. Rudeness
Limiting my freedom so I do not offend the tastes of those around me.
Dependability vs. Inconsistency
Fulfilling what I consented to do, even if it means unexpected sacrifice.
Determination vs. Faintheartedness
Purposing to accomplish right goals at the right time, regardless of opposition.
Diligence vs. Slothfulness
Investing my time and energy to complete each task assigned to me.
Discernment vs. Shortsightedness
Understanding the deeper reasons why things happen.
Discipline vs. Self-indulgence
Choosing behaviors to help me reach my goals
Discretion vs. Simplemindedness
Recognizing and avoiding words, actions and attitudes that could bring undesirable consequences.
Endurance vs. Discouragement
The inward strength to withstand stress and do my best.
Enthusiasm vs. Apathy
Expressing joy in each task as I give it my best effort.
Faith vs. Presumption
To have a knowledge within the heart, beyond the reach of proof.
Flexibility vs. Resistance
Willingness to change plans or ideas without getting upset.
Forgiveness vs. Rejection
Clearing the record of those who have wronged me and not holding a grudge.
Generosity vs. Stinginess
Managing my resources so I can freely give to those in need.
Gentleness vs. Harshness
Showing consideration and personal concern for others through genteel behavior or softness of manners.
Gratefulness vs. Unthankfulness
Letting others know by my words and actions how they have benefited my life.
Honor vs. Disrespect
Respecting others because of the higher authorities they represent.
Hospitality vs. Loneliness
Cheerfully sharing food, shelter and friendship with others.
Humility vs. Pride
Acknowledging that achievement results from others' investment in my life.
Initiative vs. Idleness
Recognizing and doing what needs to be done before I am asked to do it.
Joyfulness vs. Self-Pity
Maintaining a good attitude, even when faced with unpleasant situations.
Justice vs. Corruption
Taking the time necessary to work through a difficult situation.
Loyalty vs. Unfaithfulness
Using my time to demonstrate my commitment to those I serve.
Meekness vs. Anger
Yielding my personal rights and expectations with a desire to serve.
Obedience vs. Willfulness
Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the direction of those who are responsible for me.
Orderliness vs. Confusion
Arranging myself and my surroundings to achieve greater efficiency.
Patience vs. Restlessness
Taking a difficult situation without giving a deadline to remove it.
Persuasiveness vs. Contentiousness
Understanding others so that I can better communicate with them.
Punctuality vs. Tardiness
Showing esteem for others by doing the right thing at the right time.
Resilience vs. Weakened
Recovering from adversity.
Resourcefulness vs. Wastefulness
Finding practical uses for that which others would overlook or discard.
Responsibility vs. Unreliability
Knowing and doing what is expected of me.
Security vs. Anxiety
Structuring my life around that which cannot be destroyed or taken away.
Self-Control vs. Self-Indulgence
Rejecting wrong desires and doing what is right.
Sensitivity vs. Callousness
Using my senses to perceive the true attitudes and emotions of others.
Sincerity vs. Hypocrisy
Eagerly do what is right with transparent motives.
Thoroughness vs. Incompleteness
Knowing what will diminish the effectiveness of my work or words if neglected.
Thriftiness vs. Extravagance
Having a balance of wisdom and discernment to be prudent with our resources
Tolerance vs. Prejudice
Demonstrating respect for others who do not share my perspective.
Truthfulness vs. Deception
Earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts.
Virtue vs. Impurity
The moral excellence evident in my life as I consistently do what is right.
Wisdom vs. Foolishness
Seeing and responding to life situations from a perspective that transcends current circumstances.


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Munjoy Hill's mainstay bistro is a cozy, chic nook that keeps people coming back.
Blue Spoon is kind of like the middle child of Portland's food scene. And this is a good thing. It wasn't the first, it certainly won't be the last, but somehow (great food, stellar atmosphere, superb drinks) Blue Spoon flies quietly under the radar, away from the latest gastronomical hype.
And yet, this intimate bistro atop Munjoy Hill continues to be the epitome of good eating (and drinking).
Late spring and early summer in Portland might be Blue Spoon's shining season. While its signature happy hour, Wine Time, is available year-round from 4:30 to 6 p.m. Monday through Saturday, there's something more appealing about a $2.50 glass of red (or white) outside on a patio. It doesn't get much better than this.
Small bites are available during Wine Time, like the popular meze plate, which is a generous serving of charcuterie, cheese, olives, nuts, fruit and smoky grilled flat bread. Or, after 5 p.m., you could order Blue Spoon's award-winning Bistro Burger, which was named one of the top 10 burgers in New England by the Boston Globe.
The wine list is brief and approachable – something that's becoming more and more common these days. Instead of a lengthy catalog of wine bottles you can't pronounce, the list at Blue Spoon is a testament to the importance of a well-curated selection of wine that won't scare away customers.
Blue Spoon's cocktails are on the more expensive side – $12 each – but if you order one of its contemporary cocktails, such as the Bitter Bee, worries about breaking the bank for a cocktail will quickly fade. The Bitter Bee, made with honey liqueur, Fernet Branca and angostura bitters is easily one of the best cocktails on the peninsula. Resisting the urge to order a second (or third) will be difficult.
It's easy to stop by for Wine Time, but reservations are recommended for dinner, especially Thursday through Saturday. The crowd is low-key, patient and excited about food. Diners tend to linger, and you can hardly blame them. Blue Spoon is cool, charming and laid back – just like any well-behaved middle child.
WHERE: 89 Congress St.
WEBSITE: bluespoonme.com
HOURS: Lunch 11:30 to 3 p.m. Monday to Friday; Wine Time 4:30-6 p.m. Monday to Saturday; dinner 5 to 9 p.m. Monday to Thursday, 5 to 9:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday; brunch 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturday; closed Sundays.
SPECIALS: $2.50 glass of wine during Wine Time.
AMENITIES: Outdoor seating (three or four tables), bar seating, lots of natural light, two bathrooms, across the street from Rosemont Market and soon-to-be Lolita.
PARKING: Street parking.
BOTTOM LINE: Blue Spoon has been part of the Munjoy Hill community for years. It's a place people rely on for brunch, lunch, dinner and Wine Time, its signature happy hour from 4:30 to 6 p.m. Monday to Saturday. Wine is served by the glass for $2.50 and small plates are available for munching. For an authentic Portland experience, climb the Hill and check out Blue Spoon.
WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE: Call ahead.


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Have Fun, Be Yourself, Belong!?
Ladies Circle is a modern, vibrant club for women just like you!
With hundreds of members aged 18 to 45 across Great Britain and Ireland, we want to offer the best opportunity for young women to connect with each other, have a great time, and give something back.
Circlers first join us because they want to make new friends, have fun, do things they've never done before, and put something back into the community at the same time.
They stay because what they find is a ready-made group of friends, from all walks of life, who allow them to just be themselves.
Our first club was formed 80 years ago, and women around the country are setting up more new clubs every year. Our proud achievements don't stop us looking forwards, and with over 130 clubs across the country, we're sure you'll find one that suits you.
Join us now and what you'll find is an open, inclusive and exciting club that can't wait to welcome you on board. Check where your nearest Ladies Circle is through our Circle Finder.


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School Committee Discusses Plans to Fix School Overcrowding
Watertown High School – Concerns over Watertown School Officials' plans to move Pre-K and Kindergarten classes to different locations around the district caused them to come up with another plan. This plan was unveiled at the latest School Committee meeting.
Photo by Sam Dudley
This new plan will call for the renovation and use of the Phillips School where the Integrated Preschool classes at the Hosmer will be moved. Moving the Pre-K classes will result in two freed up classroom spaces at the Hosmer School. The proposed plan will create a ripple effect throughout the Watertown school district and make classes less crowded.
Additionally, Pre-K classes in the Lowell and Cuniff School will also move to the Phillips School to free up more class space. "There is no perfect answer," said Superintendent Dr. Jean Fitzgerald. "This is our best shot of getting it right for the short term."
Check Out the Video!
Produced by Sam Dudley, Videographer
Filmed on June 09, 2016


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The management of multiple sclerosis in women during the child bearing years is difficult, and constantly changing. This article will review a case of a young mother looking to expand her family.
Omnia Education
How would you manage this patient with multiple sclerosis during the child-bearing years?
How would you manage this patient with multiple sclerosis during the child-bearing years?
MS and Pregnancy: A Case Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging to manage from many perspectives. One patient population that is receiving increased attention is the women of childbearing age who either want to begin a family or add to the family. The debate surrounding this scenario is occurring more frequently as new data on the impact of disease modifying therapies (DMTs) becomes clearer. But it is not a level playing field for all DMTs. As an example, let's look at Jen's particular situation.
Jen is 34 years old and was first diagnosed with MS when she was 27. She and her husband Tom have a 9-year-old son. Initial discussion for Jen included consideration of interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate as first line injectables; Jen was subsequently started on interferon-beta but was switched to dimethyl fumarate, or DMF, at age 29 due to a relapse with evidence of two new gadolinium-enhancing lesions and an increase in her EDSS to 3.5 from 1.5. At age 31, she was switched to fingolimod as she had developed persistent GI upsets with DMF. Tom and Jen had put off having a second child but decided it was perhaps now or never. What advice would you provide to Jen and Tom as they begin the family "growing" discussion?
MS is common in women of childbearing age, and concerns related to the impact of DMTs on the growing fetus and infant subsequent to birth are well founded. For Jen, there are a number of considerations since her MS has recently been relatively active, so concerns are heightened should she go off her medication as she and Tom try to conceive. But let's take a closer look at the various DMTs used by Jen in the management of her MS. Much of this information derives from a 2018 breakdown by Vaughn and colleagues1 in CNS Drugs as well as from the 2019 UK consensus on pregnancy in MS from the Association of British Neurologist.2
Interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate (injectables):
Interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate do not interact with hormonal contraception, and there is no evidence in humans of a reduced fertility in men or women, increased congenital malformation, or miscarriage rate associated with either. Previous concerns with interferon-beta related to spontaneous abortion have not been observed in larger registry studies. A range of studies and other accrued data suggest that both interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate are safe to continue up until conception if not into the first trimester. In a recent interview with Maria Houtchens, MD, she stated that:
"There is accumulating evidence that we currently have that having been exposed to any of the injectable medications, specifically interferon-betas or glatiramer acetate, is not detrimental or harmful to the developing fetus or to mother. This is quite different from what we would be discussing should the woman been on some of the other DMTs we have available today."
Lastly, for women contemplating a pregnancy and who wish to stop taking either interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate prior to conception, they should undergo a washout period of about 1 month for interferon-beta and 1 to 3 months for glatiramer acetate.
Dimethyl fumarate:
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) does not reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraception. One side effect of DMF is gastrointestinal upset, which Jen encountered. There is no evidence that DMF reduces fertility or increases congenital malformation or miscarriage rates. There are limited data about the safety of DMF in pregnancy, and women with MS should use effective contraception while receiving this therapy. If they do become pregnant, they should only continue treatment if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. DMF has a very short half-life (about 1 hour), so a woman on DMF may not need a washout period before attempting to conceive.
Fingolimod, as with DMF and the injectables, does not interact with hormonal contraception. There are no data if fingolimod reduces fertility in humans but conflicting data whether it increases congenital malformation rates. Further, there is limited data on the safety of fingolimod during pregnancy. Women with MS planning to become pregnant should stop fingolimod at least 2 months before conception and/or consider an alternative MS treatment. It should be noted that pregnancies in women on fingolimod should be treated as high risk.
Now that we've reviewed these DMTs, let's go back to our patient case.
Jen and Tom returned home to think about their "growing family" decision. You had explained to them that there are real concerns since Jen has already had a serious relapse, and even though her disease is currently under control, being off medication during the washout and conception phase, or even subsequently placed on a less effective medication (such as returning to interferon-beta or started on glatiramer acetate), has certain risks that will continue into pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Two weeks later, Jen and Tom are back to discuss their decision to either try for another child or to consider their family set and continue with Jen's current MS therapy strategy. With some concern, they have decided to move ahead with trying to grow the family but at the same time wonder if there is any way to possibly decrease the higher risk for relapse and further disability, as well as putting the growing fetus at risk.
At this time, you explain to Jen and Tom the different therapy approaches to treating MS. Jen is currently on escalation therapy in which there is an early start on a DMT, such as interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate, and if ineffective or partially effective, or if the patient is intolerant, moved to a somewhat more effective DMT. In Jen's case, she was moved to DMF following a relapse that resulted in increased disability and is currently on fingolimod. For patients with more active disease, usually earlier in the time course, induction therapy is a possible consideration. Induction therapy potentially comes with a more effective and longer lasting relapse-free outcome but at increased risk. Induction agents tend to reset the immune system in a manner that for many patients results in long[er] relapse-free periods. As an example of what Jen and Tom might face should they choose an induction strategy, you describe the possible use of one of the newer treatments for MS: cladribine.
You explain that cladribine in an oral pill. The dosing is unique in that cladribine is taken initially over two months, 5 sequential days each month, and then repeated a year later. Cladribine is incorporated into DNA strands and inhibits DNA synthesis and repair. Due to its mechanism of action, it poses a serious risk to the fetus, so conception should not be attempted for at least 6 months following a course of cladribine. This means that Tom and Jen would likely need to wait about 19 months before trying to conceive.
Jen and Tom both think the opportunity to grow the family and at the same time possibly reduce Jen's long-term risk of relapse and decrease the burden of treatment she faces is worth serious consideration. They ask to think about the new option presented as they want to consider the benefits and risks of such a decision. They want to talk with their obstetrician and primary care physician and make an appointment for the following month to discuss their choice.
Although this is a hypothetical patient case, growing numbers of women with MS are faced with these same difficult decisions during their childbearing years, and as this case shows, there is much to consider.
- Dobson R, et al. UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: 'Association of British Neurologists' guidelines. Pract Neurol. 2019;0:1–9. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2018-002060.
- Vaugh C, et al. An update on the use of disease-modifying therapy in pregnant patients with multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2008;32:161–178.
- Guest: Jiwon Oh, MD
AGILE - Academy for Interprofessional Learning and Education - designs, develops, and delivers education across a broad spectrum of diseases and clinical conditions. Our mission is to serve as a trusted source of clinical information that helps healthcare professionals improve competence, performance, and patient outcomes
Commercial Support
This activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.


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Now showing items 1-10 of 37
Aspects of the Digital Library
(Alvheim & Eide, 2006)
Marketing research in internet resources: User need analysis
(Angela Repanovici & Ane Landøy, 2008-10)
Faghistorisk prosjekt : kartlegging av faghistorisk materiale ved UiB
(Billedsamlingen, Universitetsbiblioteket i Bergen, 2005)
Skills acquired and passed on: the collaboration between the University of Bergen and Makerere University libraries and their new partners in the north and south
(Ane Landøy & Maria G. N. Musoke, 2009)
Makerere University in Uganda and the University of Bergen in Norway celebrate ten years of collaboration in 2009. The collaboration includes the libraries in the two Universities, focusing on continuing professional ...
Information Literacy Applied on Electronic Resources - Practices from Brasov, Romania and Bergen, Norway
(Angela Repanovici & Ane Landøy, 2007-08)
What does the widespread access to Internet mean for the use of libraries? And how can information literacy assist in helping people cope with the new information behaviour shaped by Internet? The Internet represents the ...
Enabling the student to write a good thesis : combining information retrieval with the writing process
(Swedish association for information specialists, 2006)
Working from the information retrieval model of Carol Kuhlthau (2004), and the pedagogical approach to writing of Bean (1996) and Dysthe (1999), we put their theories into practice. Through the project "Digital literacy ...
Cooperation between librarians and teaching staff
(Asociaţia Bibliotecarilor din România (ABR), 2009)
The changing times with new challenges and new need means that university libraries must look closely at their own visions and missions. The libraries must be ready to accept new tasks and cover the needs of the student's ...
Assessment of information literacy skills, some experiences from University of Bergen
(Ane Landøy, 2010-04)
In many universities in Europe, the teaching of information literacy is the domain of the library, in larger or smaller degree in cooperation with faculty. Information literacy may be included as a small part of ordinary ...
How and why is the NORA project adding value to the institutional repositories established in Norway?
(Leuven University Press, 2006)
In this paper we study the Norwegian NORA project and discuss how and why the services rendered are of value to the participants. For background purposes we begin by looking into topics such as open access and institutional ...


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My Boys
I figured that adding a separate page listing my… well, lists, of my favorite names would be an easier option than constantly adding new posts naming new… well, names, that I've found. Whenever I do update this page, I'll let you know down at the bottom of my most recent post.
Alright, so let's get this whole shabang on the road, shall we? I suppose I'll start off with the boys. (There goes the whole 'Ladies First' concept.)
• James Daniel "Jamie"
• Archer Leonard "Archie"
• Harrison Michael "Harry"
• Nicholai Dennis "Nick"
• Bennett Anthony "Ben"
• Mitchell Bernard "Mitch"
• Levi Robert "Lee"
And I suppose that's it! Some feedback and such would be wonderful. Thank you for any comments, questions, suggestions, or really anything you send in. I appreciate anything you have to say. Ciao!


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Please note: The practice is closed and will reopen on the 25th August 2020.
Japanese Acupuncture London
– a Private Acupuncture Clinic in North West London
I have been practising acupuncture for over twenty-eight years. I practice from my private clinic in North West London, NW6. The nearest underground station is Kilburn Park and the clinic is only fifteen minutes by underground from the West End.
I specialise in Japanese Acupuncture, a gentle and effective form of treatment.
- Japanese acupuncture uses very fine needles, with superficial, painless insertion.
- Japanese acupuncture employs a wide range of treatment strategies. As a result treatment can be adapted to suit the individual patient.
- Treatment is always focussed on the underlying imbalance or cause, not only on the immediate symptoms.
- The gentle techniques of Japanese Acupuncture mean that the treatment of babies and young children is painless and causes no distress.
I am a registered acupuncturist and a founder member of the British Acupuncture Council. I am also a qualified Chinese herbalist and a member of the Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Japanese Acupuncture London
1 B Cambridge Gardens
Opening Hours
Monday Closed
Tuesday 9:00 am – 6:00 pm
Wednesday 9:00 am – 6:00 pm
Thursday 8:00 am – 1:00 pm
Friday Closed
Saturday Closed
Sunday Closed
Marylebone Practice now available on Fridays.
Please call 0207 486 2875 to book an appointment at the Marylebone practice on Fridays. For all other days please use the contact page.


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Visa requirement to travel from Guam to Kenya
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Check visa requirement for traveling from Kenya to Guam !
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Promotion Details & Explanation
Get 2x Pals Points with any purchase. Spend RM350 and above to receive one (1) free Christmas themed pillow worth RM49 and a limited edition Hippopo Candy Bottle at Hippopo Baby Spa & Wellness.
Terms & Conditions
• Each customer who spends RM350 and above in a single receipt is entitled to one (1) free pillow and one (1) candy bottle only.
• The free pillows and candy bottles are on a first come first served basis, while stocks last.
• Hippopo Baby Spa & Wellness only caters to baby with starting weight of 4.5 kilograms and age not more than exactly 36 months.
• Present your Sunway Pals card/ mobile app to enjoy this offer.
• Applicable at Hippopo Baby Spa & Wellness, 2-22, Sunway Velocity Mall only.
• Promotion is valid from 16th December 2017 – 1st January 2018 only.
• Hippopo Baby Spa & Wellness reserves the right to refuse, alter, amend, delete or add to the stated terms & conditions or withdraw this promotion at any time without prior notice.
Date Period
Valid from 16 December 2017 to 1 January 2018


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Holy Cow Head Pendant
Move your mouse over image or click to enlarge
Dreams, Mythology and Madness collection.
Material: Sterling Silver
Chain length: 24.2cm (9.5")
Pendant length: 2.9cm (1.1")
Width: 1.6cm (0.6")
All Slim Barrett jewels arrive in our signature dust pouch and box tied with printed silk ribbon.
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Expedient is a provider of multi-cloud platforms, hosting, security and data center infrastructure as a service (IaaS) solutions. Our technical solutions enable our clients to focus on their own business innovation, while our team handles the information technology needed to support it. This is a high-growth industry offering layers of opportunity to grow your career.
We are hiring an enterprise account executive to hunt for and develop new business in the Nashville, TN area and surrounding region. This is a great opportunity for someone with a minimum of 7 years of experience in an outside B2B regional or national sales role focused on market penetration and building an Enterprise level client base. The successful candidate will be able to show examples of their own sales success and achievements by way of exceeding sales quotas, and personal recognition through sales awards or acknowledgments.
Direct applicants only; sponsorship is not provided
BENEFITS TO WORKING FOR EXPEDIENT Expedient was awarded a Top Workplace for a fifth year in 2019. We make education and training available to our employees through a robust, employee-driven training and tuition reimbursement program. Additional benefits include generous paid time off, top-tier, affordable medical, dental, vision insurance, 401(k) retirement savings plan with a generous match and a paid day off to celebrate your birthday each year. Expedient is committed to providing its employees with an environment that promotes collaboration with both team and individual success. To apply, please submit your resume and a cover letter explaining your interest.
If this isn't the job for you, perhaps you have a friend who would be a perfect fit. Please share the following link so they can view/apply for this or any of our other current job opportunities: expedient.com/careers.
Expedient is an equal opportunity employer, providing a safe, drug-free work environment. Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to their race, color, religion, national origin, sex, protected veteran status, disability, or any other characteristic protected by law.


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We are currently reviewing our courses to determine how we can adapt them during the pandemic to ensure we provide an outstanding student experience. Register you interest to be the first to apply for this course in July!
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The advanced apprenticeship will enable you to further increase your theoretical knowledge and practical understanding of light vehicle maintenance and repair. This apprenticeship offers a combination of qualifications, that will equip you with the skills and knowledge you need to work as a technician in the light vehicle maintenance & repair industry. There is a constant demand for skilled technicians to diagnose and repair vehicles and continuing advancement in vehicle technology means that technicians need to have high technological skills as well as good mechanical skills. This apprenticeship offers a combination of qualifications, that will equip you with the skills and knowledge you need.
Grade requirements: You will need to have achieved the Level 2 Apprenticeship in Vehicle Maintenance & Repair and hold GCSE grades A*-C/9-4 or Level 2 Functional Skills in English and maths, or equivalent.
During this apprenticeship you will study a range of topics, including:
You will be assessed for all units on the programme via online multiple choice tests, and through practical tasks. Completion of a written assignment is also required for each unit.
You will gain the following qualifications:
IMI Light Vehicle Maintenance & Repair Competence Level 3 Diploma
Further study: On successful completion of this apprenticeship you could progress on to a Level 4 Motor Vehicle programme, in order to work towards a degree-level qualification.
Future careers: You could progress into a range of jobs including master technician, workshop controller, service adviser or service manager.
To take part in this programme you will need to provide suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for use in work and in College workshops.
This course runs on multiple occasions. Choose the date most appropriate for you and select the 'Enrol' button to book online.
If you need help you can call us on 01234 291000.
To start this Apprenticeship you will need to be employed in a relevant job role – visit the Apprenticeships section of our website, where you can view our Apprenticeship vacancies. For further information or queries you can email us or call 01234 291747.
Is this course right for me? View our qualifications guide.Find out about our fees & financial support.
To be eligible for an apprenticeship you must either be employed on a full-time contract by an employer willing to support your training or have an offer of employment as an apprentice. Bedford College can help you find a job role with an employer if you don't already have one.
» Find out more and how to apply
Bedford College actively seeks to promote equality of access to education and training and to provide support where appropriate. Employers are made aware that apprentices have the same rights to protection against discrimination, harassment and victimisation under the Equality Act 2010 as employees.
Apprentices who have disclosed a disability covered by Equality legislation have the right to request reasonable adjustments in the workplace. We will work with employers to ensure that appropriate adjustments are agreed and established to facilitate this.
At the College we provide additional support for students and apprentices who have a specific learning difficulty or disability.
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Let's Socialize
Promoting the benefits of social networking and healthy relationships.
It's the simple things in life that mean the most to us. Being able to talk to others is not just something that we like to do, but we need to do it. Socializing with others is part of our happiness. However, this doesn't mean that all of us are social butterflies though. The need to socialize is different for each of us. Some of us like to have companions to walk together with, while others enjoy having conversations over dinner. Sometimes we are looking for families that we can interact with together with our family. Whatever the activity, building relationships is an important part of each of us. It is one way that we share our experience of the world with others.
Our own needs for socialization drive the expectations that we have with our interactions with others. Those of us who are introverts will very likely choose settings quite different from those of us who are extroverts. Social networking groups often use activities as the focus for people to find common interests. Whereas, other groups focus on facilitating people to meet each other, in order to provide opportunities for socializing with people in the area. One could also consider the differing networking opportunities offered to individuals, as compared to couples, families, groups, or communities, which allows for a variety of experiences & relationships to be formulated.
We have many opportunities to enjoy the company of the people around us. The next time you think about socializing, ask yourself one of the following questions. Who would you like to social with or what activities would you like to do on your own, as a couple, as a family, as part of a neighborhood or community? Do you have people who you socialize with who you can relate with as an individual, as a spouse, as a parent, & as a neighbor? We all like to be around others who make us feel happy. What opportunities to meet others or to experience doing something should you consider next?
Image Reference:
Retrieved from http://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-eats/swap-and-drop/how-to-socialize-and-still-lose-weight


text: America doesn't do anything in moderation. When we're thirsty we grab a 64-ounce Double Big Gulp, when we watch TV we flip on a 72-inch HD, and when it comes to locking people up, we're not just number one, we crush the competition. There are currently more than 2 million people incarcerated in the U.S. - China's a distant second with a meager 1 million - and yet most Americans don't think of their homeland as the world's biggest prison state. Here to help change that is AWKWORD and his new world premiere Throw Away The Key (No More Prisons). With Toronto producer L. Ment laying down a pacing and bluesy beat AWK gets right to work with bars aimed at tearing the bars off America's myriad of prisons: "Born into prisons, most ghetto buildings got bars / when you live without sh*t, go head and worship them cars." Sometimes it really is bigger than hip-hop. For more music that's not afraid to take a stand, keep an ear out for AWKWORD's upcoming World View album, dropping via The DJBooth later this year.


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Tomorrow, Tomorrow, I love you, Tomorrow, You're Only A Day Away
In 1 Day We Get Our BED Back!
I left the best for last, obviously. I have an unusual relationship with my bed. I love it very much. It pretty much got me through college, and I often get a huge grin on my face right before I take a flying leap and jump into it, fluffy down comforter and all. It's one of my favorite things.
Being without it hasn't been as hard as you'd think. I've had a lot of odd sleeping arrangements over the years, so an air-mattress wasn't too daunting. Plus, we've slept on an air mattress tons of times, and, while not the most comfortable things ever, it was usually more than sufficient.
So we got here, purchased the nicest air mattress we could find (double high with flocked top for comfort), and went to sleep. Sort of. I don't know what exactly it was (I actually blame the SUPER LOUD air conditioner more than the mattress), but I didn't sleep for a week. Plus, Nate is a snorer usually, and the (apparently extra firm) pillows we bought were making it way worse. After many very cranky days and right before we decided to pack up our two suitcases and fly back to our house, we went back to Target and made two more essential purchases: a softer pillow that did not encourage Nate's snoring and a foam mattress topper with all these crazy patterns in it that's supposed to make sleeping more comfortable.
And all was well and right in the world, and I was sleeping again, UNTIL the fateful day when we woke up ON THE FLOOR. So sad. Our air mattress had sprung a leak, which is a bad thing in general, and extra bad when it is the only soft surface in your home and you are getting tired of sitting on the floor. Being the thrifty people we are, we decided to find the hole and patch it. I wish I had taken pictures of Nate in the bathroom trying to stuff the double height queen air mattress in the tub. It doesn't fit.
We thought we patched the hole, woke up on the floor again, and repeated this for several days, until we finally ditched the mattress completely and slept on the foam topper on the floor until we could accurately find and patch the hole. Which we did for a week. ON THE FLOOR.
We finally gave up after about a week an a half of this nonsense. But this time we even knew we were moving and getting our stuff back, but a few more weeks was too long to sleep on the floor. We purchased a new air mattress and are back to mostly-normal sleeping arrangements. I'm really looking forward to having our real bed back, though!


text: Powered by natural ingredients, this formula provides a worthy shield. Açai berry and green tea extracts spur skin regeneration, while cupuacu fruit extract heals and hydrates. Vitamins A and E preserve elasticity (a requisite of youthful skin)—and the best part? This minty hydrator absorbs so quick, you'll forget that you're wearing it.


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Gaelic Storm at the Calvin Theater
Northampton, MA
Friday, March 22nd, 2013 at 8pm
Hilltown Families and Iron Horse Entertainment Group have partnered up to offer a chance to win free tickets to see adult venues in the Pioneer Valley for a PARENTS' NIGHT OUT! You pay for the sitter, we'll pay for the tickets!
For this spring we are pleased to offer a chance to win a pair of tickets to see Gaelic Storm at the Calvin Theater in Northampton, MA at 8pm on Saturday, March 22nd, 2013.
Win tickets and take your spouse, partner or good friend for a night out. Deadline to enter to win is Tuesday, 03/19/13 by 11:59pm (EST). More details below.
Celtic-rock group Gaelic Storm's dazzling new #1 Billboard World Album Chicken Boxer is a heavyweight record that comes out swinging with a mix of empowering anthems and traditional ballads. Gaelic Storm has earned a reputation as one of the world-music scene's preeminent Celtic bands. With catalog sales of more than 1 million, the group has now had three albums debut at #1 on the Billboard World Albums Chart, 2008's What's the Rumpus?, 2010's Cabbage, which remained parked in the top slot for three consecutive weeks, and now, 2012's Chicken Boxer. The group's ability to deftly incorporate a rock sensibility into their sound affords them rare crossover appeal. In recent years, they've performed on the same bill with acts ranging from Zac Brown Band and the Goo Goo Dolls to Emmylou Harris and Lyle Lovett, at events as varied as the Telluride Bluegrass Festival and Milwaukee's Summerfest. Chicken Boxer, and Gaelic Storm live, deliver a titanic knock out.
Discover more about Gaelic Storm at www.gaelicstorm.com.
Your chance to win a pair of tickets to see Gaelic Storm at the Calvin Theater in Northampton, MA at 8pm on Saturday, March 22nd, 2013., is as easy as 1-2-3 (4)! To win simply:
- CONSIDER SHARING ON FACEBOOK & TWITTER by selecting from the icons below
- TELL US HOW HILLTOWN FAMILIES KEEPS YOU CONNECTED WITH YOUR COMMUNITY THROUGHOUT THE REGION below (one entry per household) and be sure to tell us your
- FULL NAME (first/last) and where you
- LIVE (TOWN/STATE) must include your town to be eligible.
- ACCURATE EMAIL (we never share your email address).
- We'll randomly draw a winner and will share the results below.
IT'S THAT SIMPLE! — Deadline is Tuesday, 03/19/13 by 11:59pm (EST).
If you don't win you should still go. Tickets are available at the Northampton Box office, online at IHEG.com, or by calling 413-586-8686.


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Trendy Baby Box subscription boxes are not eligible for return or refund once shipped.
In the event that your box is returned to our warehouse because of an incorrect or invalid mailing address due to your error, then we can either
- Issue you a refund less the cost of shipping, or
- We can ship your box to your corrected address after you pay the shipping fee for us to re-ship your box.
Note: Refunds can take 5-10 days to show up on your statement depending on how quickly your bank and/or credit card company processes it.
If your baby has grown and does not conform to standard baby sizing graphs, it is your responsibility to advise us of this at the time of purchasing your subscription.
In the event that items received in your subscription do not fit in the first box received, we will be happy to exchange these for a large size and will adjust your subscription going forward to accommodate for the change of size. Sizing adjustment requests should be emailed to [email protected] and we will advise you on how to proceed.
Our policy lasts 30 days. If 30 days have gone by since your purchase, unfortunately we can't offer you a refund or exchange.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Several types of goods are exempt from being returned.
* Gift cards
* Intimate or sanitary goods
To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase.
Please do not send your purchase back to the manufacturer.
Refunds (if applicable)
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund.
If you are approved, then your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment, within a certain amount of days.
Late or missing refunds (if applicable)
If you haven't received a refund yet, first check your bank account again.
Then contact your credit card company, it may take some time before your refund is officially posted.
Next contact your bank. There is often some processing time before a refund is posted.
If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at [email protected]
Sale items (if applicable)
Only regular priced items may be refunded, unfortunately sale items cannot be refunded.
Exchanges (if applicable)
We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange it for the same item, send us an email at [email protected] and we will advise you on how to proceed. a
If the item was marked as a gift when purchased and shipped directly to you, you'll receive a gift credit for the value of your return. Once the returned item is received, a gift certificate will be mailed to you.
If the item wasn't marked as a gift when purchased, or the gift giver had the order shipped to themselves to give to you later, we will send a refund to the gift giver and he will find out about your return.
You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over £75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don't guarantee that we will receive your returned item.


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Learn more about the International Student Club at MMC or BBC by visiting the following links.
You can join the International Student Club and many other FIU student organizations through Orgsync:
- Log on to www.Orgsync.com.
- Click the Register tab on the top right corner.
- Find Florida International University and click on the Register tab.
- Fill out the information fields and click the ;Create button.
Continue and fill out additional fields and customize your profile settings. Be sure to include your Panther ID.
- Click on the green Save button to save your settings. (This will create your account.)
- Log on to www.orgsync.com and click the Add An Org tab from your Portal (homepage).
- Click on Organizations next to Florida International University.
- Locate the student group you are interested in and click JOIN.


text: We love to spin and are always on the lookout for great fiber. Some of our fiber includes the fleeces of Penny's very own llamas and Angora goats, generally blended with sheep fleeces from wonderful shepherds. We also buy great fiber blends in bulk. Both the home grown and the bulk blends may end up in our dye shed to take on totally new and completely spectacular colors. All our spinning fiber works great for felting with the exception of the Panda which is 60% superwash.


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Disagreement does not mean disunity, therefore unity does not mean conformity and this is presented as a positive statement.
Disunity has been a problem among the church and its doctrines for many years. The church is fragmented in its expression in spite of being one in Christ. This sadly is often an issue. However, insisting people must conform or agree with one another about everything does not lead to unity. By the same token, disunity is not caused directly because people disagree with one another.
There are a number of passages in the bible that demonstrate that unity can result in spite of disagreement. Let's look at this scripture: Romans 14:15 (MSG) If you confuse others by making a big issue over what they eat or don't eat, you're no longer a companion with them in love, are you? These, remember, are persons for whom Christ died. Would you risk sending them to hell over an item in their diet? Don't you dare let a piece of God-blessed food become an occasion of soul-poisoning!
In the very first verse of Romans 14:1 (MSG)Welcome with open arms fellow believers who don't see things the way you do. And don't jump all over them every time they do or say something you don't agree with—even when it seems that they are strong on opinions but weak in the faith department. Remember, they have their own history to deal with. Treat them gently. Paul encourages those he has written to not to quarrel over their opinions. From this verse we read that there were different opinions and, as a consequence, disagreements had occurred. In further verses, Paul presents unity in spite of disagreement with two points on their insistence of their theology:-
- eating certain foods and
- considering one day as more important than others.
Each of these have become theological issues because the people with their opinion and interpretation consider the food or the day as important to their relationship with or worship of God. Paul in his writing encourages them to remain united in spite of these differences.
How does he say they should do this:-
- by each person being convinced in their own conscience,
- by not passing judgement on others because of the disagreements,
- by never causing a brother or sister to stumble against their own conscience, and
- by seeking to please others and not yourself. (This last one No4 is also written in the context of dealing with disagreements.)
It is clear that besides each person being convinced of their own opinions, all of the other exhortations focus on the other person, not on the self. When we are focused on ourselves, we will seek to lead others into agreement with us. Let us understand it is not about agreement with us as this should never be our goal, as we should be seeking to help each other in our relationships with God. As a result when we are not focused on others, then we will assume that WE are correct, that the OTHERS are wrong, and that the only way that they can grow in their relationship with God is for them to change to our way of thinking, understanding, and living. This is NOT what Paul is saying.
For our close walk with God we all must continually make sure that our focus is on Him. As Paul says, God is the source of both endurance and encouragement. Romans 15:3-7 (MSG) That's exactly what Jesus did. He didn't make it easy for himself by avoiding people's troubles, but waded right in and helped out. "I took on the troubles of the troubled," is the way Scripture puts it. Even if it was written in Scripture long ago, you can be sure it's written for us. God wants the combination of his steady, constant calling and warm, personal counsel in Scripture to come to characterise us, keeping us alert for whatever he will do next. May our dependably steady and warmly personal God develop maturity in you so that you get along with each other as well as Jesus gets along with us all. Then we'll be a choir—not our voices only, but our very lives singing in harmony in a stunning anthem to the God and Father of our Master Jesus!
When we live together in this way – relying only on God, not on our ability to agree with one another – we will find that our lives are lived in unity as a choir (or the different instruments of an orchestra) join together to form beautiful music. At this point we will glorify God as with a voice of unity.


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500 Willow Grove Street
Sale or Rent: For Rent
Property Type: Commercial
Area (Sq.Ft.): 1,316
Size: 1316 sq. ft.
Price: $1,870
Remarks: Updated & modern office space 0.25 mile from Hackettstown Regional Center. Pre approval of tenants by landlord a must because of deed restrictions. Shared coffee room included in the lease.
Listing Office: C-21 NORTH WARREN REALTY
Office Phone: 908-852-0007
Listing Agent: JOHN J ABROMITIS


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Foot and mouth can be carried by animals from cattle to elephants so we contacted a world-renowned expert at UNGA who explained the risk to people and dogs.
Foot and Mouth Disease
A word of caution by Professor Richard Fayrer-Hosken
First, a bit of background on Dr. Fayrer-Hosken. He was born in Gwelo, Southern Rhodesia and attained degrees at the University of Pretoria and Rhodes University in South Africa and speaks with a delightfully British accent. To say he is an expert in Zoology and Entomology might be an understatement. In addition to numerous awards including Theriogenologist of the Year and in Teaching Fellowships, he has received national acclaim for work in population control of the African Elephant and in Immunocontraceptive Elephant Research.
You may have seen him on television, either in the publicity spots for the University Of Georgia or in connection with some of the shows he has helped shoot and produce for the Discovery Channel and Animal Planet.
Having read that foot and mouth could be carried by a variety of animals including the elephant, we decided to contact a world-renowned elephant expert, Science and Advisory Board Member, Professor Fayrer-Hosken.
Dr. Richard is often out of the country or on lecture circuit but luckily we caught up with him en route to the Atlanta zoo where he is involved in a reproductive project on - you guessed it - Elephants.
We asked if it was true that rats, cats, and animals such as elephants could carry hoof and mouth disease as has been reported. He replied that they could probably carry the virus but would not be affected. He cautioned however;
"We must all play a role in taking responsibility for our animals. Awareness is the key. There are still a lot of significant diseases out there, anthrax for example.
"We should not relax vigilance over time even though some would pooh-pooh the whole thing or say it is only an isolated problem. All such problems are now part of the global interaction and it is through awareness, prevention, and containment that disease outbreaks are kept isolated."
As a side note, it is interesting that we in the U.S. call it hoof and mouth disease, whereas the common term in the U.K. is "foot and mouth disease." While not considered a huge risk today,
Dr. Erich Traub, a veterinarian/scientist/virologist brought to the U.S. under Operation Paperclip to work at the super secret Plum Island research on one of his specialties, foot and mouth disease.
Dr. Fayer-Hoskin is UNGA theriogenology professor and a member of TheDogPlace.org Science and Advisory Board and we thank him for taking time to explain the minimal risk of foot and mouth disease.
According to Mayo Clinic "Hand-foot-and-mouth disease isn't related to foot-and-mouth disease (sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease), which is an infectious viral disease found in farm animals. You can't contract hand-foot-and-mouth disease from pets or other animals, and you can't transmit it to them."
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Brecker, Randy [Randal Edward ]
- Jeffrey Holmes
[Randal Edward ]
(b Philadelphia, PA, Nov 27, 1945). American trumpeter, flugelhorn player, composer, arranger, and bandleader, brother of Michael Brecker. After graduating from Indiana University in 1966, he moved to New York, where he played with Clark Terry, Duke Pearson, and the Thad Jones–Mel Lewis Jazz Orchestra. A versatile musician, he worked with Blood, Sweat and Tears, performing on their debut album, played hard bop and soul jazz with the Horace Silver Quintet and Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, and helped form the fusion group Dreams, which included his brother Michael, Billy Cobham, and John Abercrombie. During the 1970s he worked with Silver, Larry Coryell, Stevie Wonder, the Plastic Ono Super Band, and Cobham. He and Michael also performed and recorded (six albums) as the Brecker Brothers, garnering much critical acclaim. He continued to lead his own group into the 1980s and also recorded and toured with virtuoso performers Jaco Pastorious and Stanley Clarke. A reunion of the Brecker Brothers in ...