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Although the doors to UConn's Jorgenson Center did not open until 6 p.m., the line to hear actor Michael J. Fox stretched around the block by 5 p.m. on Wednesday night.
When Fox took the stage at 7 p.m., the room was full and he was greeted by a standing ovation.
The popular television and film star spoke for about 45 minutes, relating details of his life in chronological order from his early childhood and work as a struggling actor to his rise to Hollywood super-stardom, to his much-publicized battle with Parkinson's Disease.
He also spoke candidly about his family.
"When you were in trouble, my father was the first guy you called, and the last guy you wanted to talk to," Fox said, drawing a big laugh.
His father ultimately supported him when Fox first revealed his aspirations of being an actor.
"If you're going to be a lumberjack, may as well head out to the forest," Fox's father told him as he drove his teenage son from their home in Canada to Los Angeles.
Through the early portion of Fox's lecture, the audience laughed and the actor, himself, seemed to revel in relating stories of how he won his first regular part on TV at the age of 16 playing a 12-year old, and landing his first starring role as Alex P. Keaton on the now-classic sitcom, "Family Ties."
"From there, I went on to land the role of Marty McFly in 'Back to the Future,'" said Fox, "and nothing would ever be the same."
Two questions he's often asked are, "What does the 'J' in his name stand for?" and "Do you watch HBO's 'Entourage'?"
Fox admits that his actual middle name is "Andrew," but he didn't want to be known in Hollywood as "Michael A. Fox."
He chose "J" as an homage to classic film actor Michael J. Pollard, after watching Pollard's performance as C.W. Moss in 1967's "Bonnie & Clyde."
With regard to "Entourage," Fox says simply, "I lived 'Entourage'."
The humor jibes became fewer and further between as Fox discussed the onset of his first symptoms of Parkinson's Disease during the filming of 1991's "Doc Hollywood."
The actor admitted that he was in denial at first, seeking as many as half a dozen opinions from doctors before facing the truth.
Once again, the tone of the lecture shifted from somber to heartwarming as the film star told of his unwillingness to allow his disease to thwart his career.
He starred in and produced the sitcom "Spin City" from 1996-2000 at which time, the disease had advanced to the point where he was no longer able to work regularly. However, since then, Fox has stayed active, frequently guest starring on television in such popular shows as "Scrubs," "Rescue Me," "Boston Legal" and he will appear in 2011 in the eighth season of HBO hit show, "Curb Your Enthusiasm."
Fox emphasized the importance of family, and ended his presentation with a final anecdote about attending a 2008 Presidential candidate debate between John McCain and Barack Obama.
Unable to sufficiently suppress his Parkinson's symptoms, Fox sat in the audience for what he said seemed like an eternity, before finally allowing his wife to escort him from the room.
"I'm a very lucky man," he told her when the two were outside.
"The only thing in my life that's not up to me," he told the crowd at the Jorgenson Center, "is whether or not I have Parkinson's Disease."
Though he might not be able to perform like he once did, and his speech sometimes runs together -- another symptom of the disease -- Fox has lost none of the natural charisma that made him a box office smash in the 1980s.
At the conclusion of his presentation, Fox received another standing ovation from the audience before exiting the stage. It was a fitting departure for a man who, through all the adversity, is forever looking up.
The university's student government sponsored the lecture, which was based on Fox's book, "Always Looking Up: The Adventures of an Incurable Optimist."


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Antec 302 Three Hundred Two Gaming Case, ATX, No PSU, USB 3.0, Black
1 in stock
- Overview
The team that brought you the Three Hundred is back with an enclosure designed to handle today and tomorrow's high-performance systems. Introducing the Three Hundred Two, the next standard in affordable gaming cases. Our newest chassis is built for gamers from the inside-out, from its aggressive front bezel, to its advanced cooling system. With tool-less 5.25″ & 3.5″ drive bays, a large cable management compartment and two front panel USB 3.0 ports with an internal connector, the Three Hundred Two is the rightful heir to the Gaming Series legacy.

subset: commoncrawl


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While I'm off getting my husband graduated & gallivanting all over Manhattan like a tourist (a rain-soaked, caught-in-a-downpour-in-Times-Square-in-Chucks-that-have-yet-to-dry tourist), Momo has agreed to post my MOST FAVORITE recipe of hers. I never bought evaporated milk before she introduced me to these. They will change your life. I promise. (& maybe your pants size too.) (In a good way.)
Alicia was one of my roommates my freshman year of college. She came to school armed with good looks, a fun personality and a Secret Weapon for catching boys: Fudgy Wudgies. A delicious, buttery, oatmeal 'n' fudge bar cookie that almost no one can resist.
Luckily, Alicia and I became best friends and she shared the recipe with me. Then taught me how to cook. Now that we are both happily married she has agreed that the recipe for this Secret Weapon can now be shared for the greater good. Consider yourselves very lucky. I know I am to have such a wonderful friend and a bootleg copy of her family's cookbook. Buddy, where would I be without you?
Alicia's Fudgy Wudgies
(Fudgy refers to the gooey chocolatey filling and Wudgy refers to the oatmeal cookie component)
Preheat oven to 350 and grease a 9″x13″ baking dish.
The Fudgy
Combine and melt in the microwave for 1 minute on high:
- 1 package of semisweet chocolate chips (12 oz)
- 1/4 cup evaporated milk (in a pinch you can use reg milk)
- 1 cup powdered sugar
- 1/4 cup butter
Stir until smooth, then add 1 tsp vanilla. Set aside.
Next step: the Wudgy
Cream until fluffy:
- 1 cup butter
- 2 cups brown sugar
Beat in until well mixed:
- 2 eggs
- 1 tsp vanilla
Then gradually mix in:
- 2 1/2 cups flour
- 1 tsp baking soda
- 1 tsp salt
Stir in:
- 3 cups quick or old-fashioned oats (depends on your texture preference)
Spread 2/3 of the Wudgy mixture in the bottom of the pan. Spread Fudgy over the top (do not scrape the bowl completely clean, you will regret it).
Drop small chunks of Wudgy over the top, leaving some of the chocolate layer exposed.
You will probably have a little bit of Wudgy left over. Save it. Put Fudgy Wudgies in oven and bake for 25-30 minutes.
Now for the best part: dip some of the leftover Wudgy into the Fudgy and eat. Repeat until you have cleaned both bowls.
Fudgy Wudgies take a while to cool and set up so that they can be cut without a fudgy landslide. Plan on at least an hour before cutting into bars, or longer if you are plating them to take to friends. Also plan on being the recipient of many compliments and/or offers of marriage.


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AHMEDABAD: A forest officer has approached Gujarat high court challenging his transfer from Sasan Gir, allegedly at the behest of Congress MLA from Talala. Range forest officer (RFO) B R Parmar claimed that he was transferred earlier this month because his action to stop lion shows was not acceptable to local community.
Parmar filed a petition challenging his transfer from Gir to Rajkot and contended that he was transferred five times in the last two years.
He told the court that he was instrumental in putting a brake on lion shows that was going on in and around the sanctuary to attract and entertain tourists. Parmar claimed he took stern action in poaching cases which displeased local people.
They approached Talala MLA Bhagabhai Barad, at whose instance he was shifted to Rajkot earlier this month, Parmar said in his petition.
The forest officer told the court that the politician was not happy with his posting in Gir. During his earlier posting there in 2008, he tried to stop various illegal activities in the sanctuary and his actions infuriated Barad, who along with his supporters attacked him. A criminal proceeding in this regard has been pending, the forester has claimed.
After hearing allegations against the MLA, justice A S Dave decided to join Barad as a party respondent in the proceeding.
The next hearing in the case is on October 3.
Source: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Forest-officer-challenges-transfer-order/articleshow/10180887.cms


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Visions | 5576-948G
Interested in purchasing this product? Please Contact Us for more information.
Sophisticated, high styled, Vision Granite Top Kitchen Island with two Counter Stools. Delivered to your door via parcel post service. Crafted of hardwood solids and engineered wood. The smokey-aged look of the mirrored glass drawers and drawer fronts are accented by a Silver/Gold Champagne finish. The granite top on the island is ¾" thick solid granite, with patented pull-out fluted back legs with bun feet to support the leaf when in use. A completely finished look to the island is presented whether the leaf is up or down. Front legs are also fluted with oversized bun feet. Two felt lined drawers, and two doors that open to two storage areas with two adjustable shelves in each. Island: W-48", D-25", H-36", depth is 36" when leaf is extended. The Counter Stools feature a blended linen upholstered seat and back. Front stretchers feature a metal cover, finished in the matching aged bronze finish that is used on the island hardware. Stool: W-18", D-22 ¾", H-43 ¼", seat height: 24". Finish and measurements may vary slightly. Assembly Required


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Datamix 17 Designer Drugs
Oct 29, 2012
160 kbps
Look at all those moods! Yes this is Designer Drugs and Yes their style is all over the place! Happy Trippin'!
We try to keep the mixes as dynamic and entertaining as possible. Genres, to us, seem to stifle creativity and we would rather focus on the musical aspects as oppose to the production oriented constraints that genres create. If the shit bangs, it makes the cut for our mixes.~Designer Drugs
- M Machine – Black
- Jon Convex – Pop That P
- Tim Berg – Alcohalic (Dada Life Remix)
- Joachim Garraud and Alesia – Atrium (Designer Drugs Remix)
- Knife Party – Rage Valley
- The Partysquad – Pullup 2012
- Flux Pavillian feat Example – Day Dreamer (Jack Beats Remix)
- David Guetta and Daddy's Groove – Turn The Lights Down
- Audrey Napoleon – Poison (Designer Drugs Remix)
- Zombie Nation – Kernkraft 400 (Monolith Remix)
- Terravita – Up in the Club (J. Rabbit Remix)
- Congorock – Monolith
- Steve Aoki feat Rivers Cuomo – Earthquakey People (Alvin Risk Remix)
- Birdy Nam Nam – Goin' In (Skrillex "Goin Down" Remix)
- Major Lazer – Original Don
- Chuckie -Who is Ready to Jump (Dada Life Remix)
- Bloody Beetroots – Rocksteady (Gig Barrocco Remix)
- Don Diablo ft. Dragonette – Animale (Skitzofrenix Remix)
- Felix Cartal – Domo
- Knife Party feat Swedish House Mafia – Antidote
- Autoerotique – Roll The Drums feat. Marissa Jack (Clockwork Remix)
- Steve Aoki feat Kid Cudi – Cudi the Kid (Designer Drugs Remix)
- Bingo Players – Don't Blame The Party (Mode) (Firebeatz Remix)
- Swedish House Mafia – Greyhound
- Diplo, Nicky Da B – Express Yourself
No comments
Be the first to comment on this mix!


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On a day when word came that a soldier from Rochester has been killed in Afghanistan, the head of the government for whom he and others have died reportedly has threatened to join the Taliban.
"He said that 'if I come under foreign pressure, I might join the Taliban'," Farooq Marenai, who represents the eastern province of Nangarharm, told the Associated Press about a weekend meeting. "He said rebelling would change to resistance," Marenai said.
The U.S. and other NATO countries are pressuring Hamid Karzai to clean up corruption in his government.
Over 1,000 American soldiers have died in Afghanistan so far.


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Last night I saw the documentary Citizenfour. I think everyone should see it. Despite Variety's catchy comparison to Psycho, it is a quiet, thoughtful, inspiring film about real people.
It is mostly about the 8 days in which former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden met for the first time with journalists Laura Poitras and Glenn Greenwald in a hotel room in Hong Kong. He had contacted them via encrypted emails in January 2013 because he was looking for the best way to tell the American public about the data on all of us that he had as a NSA contractor.
We also get to know William Binney, a mathematician/cryptologist who devised a lot of the data-intercepting methods that are used today by the government. Binney had expected that his inventions would be used in a way that was consistent with the US constitution, but saw that after 9/11, data intercepting systems were used to track everyone, indiscriminately. He resigned on October 31, 2001 after 30 years with the NSA. Binney was interrogated by the FBI after contributing to a 2005 New York Times exposé on warrentless eavesdropping. In July 2007, his home office was raided by the FBI, guns drawn. They confiscated his computer, discs and personal and business records. The film also records various congressional hearings and court cases in which the issue of government surveillance was brought up and flatly denied by NSA officials or deflected by them.
So Snowden knew that he had to set up his revelations very carefully. Instead of the rogue Wikilieaks style, Snowden chose to turn his information over to journalists whom he trusted would not sensationalize the issue and "make it about him", but would open the subject for public debate.
When they met for the first time in Snowden's hotel room in June 2013, Poitras asked if she could film their interaction. We see the first uneasy meeting, and we observe Snowden as he deals quietly and poignantly with having left his girlfriend, his job, contact with his family, and stepped out into an action space where he did not know what would happen next.
First Greenwald's initial article was published in the Guardian, then Poitras's article was published in the Washington Post –about how Verizon was turning over all client records to the NSA. The next day, Snowden followed his plan of revealing his identity, so that people would know that these revelations were coming from a concerned citizen and not from some unpredictable rogue entity.
After he has revealed his identity (but not his whereabouts) there is a moment in the film where Snowden expresses his felt sense of the situation. He says something like "I feel strange…..it's hard to put into words….It's scary, but I feel GOOD…..There is something liberating about being finally able to act, then act again."
This is why I teach Focusing and Thinking at the Edge. Not all of us have Edward Snowden's courage and commitment to act on our felt senses. Not all of us let our felt sense be known to ourselves, let alone anyone else. But in this moment, we can see the simplicity and the clear direction that happens when we give expression to implicit knowing. There is something inside that feels right.
Snowden paid attention to the sense of incongruity between his work and everything he had learned as an American citizen. He also used his cognitive ability to set up his revelations in the most protected and responsible way he could, even though it led him to a place that felt like stepping off a cliff.
As a species, we need to develop and trust this innately human felt sensing capacity. We all have it, if we learn how to pay attention to it. Felt sensing can never be done by computers. It is not based on "the numbers" of probability. The felt sense gives us access to the whole of our situation, in all its implications, so that we can act as human beings, and act again.
My data can be tracked easily on the internet. But this same internet allows me to connect with you. And to have intimate, life-changing interactions with people in India and El Salvador. Something tells me that we have not fully grasped the implications of this ability to connect with each other. It feels more powerful than governments. As long as we pay attention to what makes us human, we can use this to go way beyond the probabilities.


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Wind Science
The Wind Blew by Pat Hutchins is a wonderful rhyming tale of the wind that is blowing everyone's things away. The Scholastic site has extension activities geared to the book.
Windblown is an entertaining book that shows ways that different colored shapes can be combined to make different pictures and characters. The narrative is short and simple and the colorful illustrations show a variety of creative creations.
Former U.S. Poet Laureate Ted Kooser authored this wonderfully illustrated picture book that tells of the journey of a lone, yellow plastic bag that escaped from a landfill and the environmental consequences as well as the ways unwanted items can be reused.
In this wind experiment at the link below, children can build simple devices to collect things blowing in the wind. They'll need a few plastic lids, petroleum jelly, a magnifying glass, a paper punch to punch a hole in each lid, yarn and a windy day. After hanging them outside on a windy day for a while, children can examine what the wind has blown into their lid.
Activities at the link below include the key science concepts that wind can move things and that wind is moving air.
Ideas include discussions that the wind can move things such as clouds in the sky, and sailboats on the water. Have children, think and demonstrate different ways they can make the air move and create a breeze (blowing, waving the hands, using a fan, etc.). Ask if they know of any tools or machines that move air (hair dryers, fans, etc.).
Wind experimentation and prediction as well as directions for a simple windsock made from a paper bowl, tissue paper, crepe paper streamers and pipe cleaners.
In this experiment children blow on objects to simulate the wind (a wooden block, paper cup, metal spoon, piece of construction paper, craft pom pom, feather, and rock).
Other wind themed activities can be found at https://www.kidssoup.com/activity/wind-and-air-activities-crafts-games-and-printables and http://sciencing.com/science-activities-air-preschool-ages-6468647.html.


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Emily Mason Opening & Artist Talk
EMILY MASON Opening: Saturday, November 11, 5-7pm
followed by an Artist Talk: Sunday, November 12, 5pm
Free and open to the public - a survey of Emily Mason's prints from 1985 – 2016. Explorations is a gallery-wide exhibit exploring Mason's adventurous approach to contemporary printmaking. Her monoprints, monotypes and solarplates epitomize her spontaneous use of color and form. MGFA is proud to be a part of Vermont Arts 2017.


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We spend so much of our time waiting for things to happen, for someone to arrive… Hurry up and wait!
Visit our latest gallery on Flickr (full version here) and share your waiting photos with us in the comments section. Feel free to tell us your photo stories too! What are you waiting for?


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What is the NASA EPSCoR program?
NASA Office of Education's Aerospace Research & Career Development (ARCD) is pleased to release NASA EPSCoR Stimuli, the 2015 collection of university research and technology development, all of which are relevant to NASA's missions and administered by the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) Project Office.
Need to know which university is developing what cutting edge technology? Want to know which state is researching climate change? Need a researcher to Skype in on a polymers presentation? This collection of research contains more than 150 NASA aligned research projects.
Read the current issue at http://go.nasa.gov/1YakIhf
Puerto Rico is on page 146 to 151
Find additional information on all of NASA EPSCoR projects, past and present, information such as additional affiliated institutions and names of project co-investigators
and NASA collaborators, NASA research areas of interest and much at http://www.nasa.gov/epscor Abstracts.
The Stimuli printable, 508 Compliant version is at: http://www.nasa.gov/epscor/stimuli


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Weekly Family Letters
July 1, 2020 Update - Outdoor Visitation
March 10, 2020 Eagle Point Health Care Center New Visitation Guidelines
As a valued member of our facility family, we appreciate the trust you place in us to care for your loved ones. Your Resident's health and safety is our number one priority. After carefully reviewing information on the Coronavirus (COVID-19) provided by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and from the American Health Care Association (AHCA), we request that family and friends do not visit our facility. Out of an abundance of caution, we are limiting all visitors for urgent needs only such as end of life or if a visit is necessary for a Resident's wellbeing. Signs will be posted on our entryway doors to notify visitors of this policy. Anyone who comes into the facility will be screened to ensure they are not exhibiting any symptoms which could potentially put our Residents at risk.
Families will receive weekly updates and we will contact our families directly when the visiting restriction has been lifted. We encourage our families to call, facetime or send ecards as a way to stay in touch and connected with your loved one. Please reach out to the facility administrator with any questions or concerns you may have. Thank you, in advance, for helping us protect our Residents.
For additional information on the Coronavirus Disease, please visit the CDC information page at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html


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Since 2004 Your Family Friend in Real Estate
MEL-RY Real Estate, Family Owned Real Estate Business in Jensen Beach and Stuart, Florida
The most rewarding part of our business here at MEL-RY Realty group is when our family has the chance to meet yours! For over 10 years our family owned real estate business located in Jensen Beach and Stuart, Florida has worked hard to be the region's top choice for commercial and residential buyers and sellers. We are constantly working all around the Treasure Coast to provide the very best information, advice and selection for you and your family. We are a full service company for all of your real estate needs. Our sister company, MEL-RY Construction can also provide you with the best advice and opportunity for building in the region.
Contact us at MEL-RY Realty whenever we can provide services or information to your family. 772.229.0012


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The Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act requires us to inform you how we use and disclose personal information we obtain from you. We are committed to protecting your privacy and will ensure that your personal information is only used appropriately, transparently and according to applicable law. The Operations Research Society of South Africa is a voluntary, non-profit organisation. The objectives and rules of ORSSA are set out in the Society's constitution, which may be read on the Society's website and it is managed by a National Executive Committee and regional chapter committees, democratically elected by the members. The website address for the Constitution is:
2. What information we collect:
The personal information we collect is used to process your application for membership of ORSSA, to give us an indication of your skills and interests, and to allow us to stay in contact with you. We collect the information directly from you when you apply for membership, and do not collect unnecessary information.
3. How we use your information:
We will use your personal information only for the purposes for which it was collected and agreed to with you. This will include:
4. Disclosure of your information:
We may disclose your information to third parties who will share with you information that is of common interest. This however happens very rarely and we will inform you of this beforehand. An example of that would be for us to pass your contact details to the SA Institute of Industrial Engineers so that they could invite you to one of their seminars. Should you wish us not to do so, we request that you inform us of this in writing at: The Membership Manager.
5. Safeguarding your information:
The POPI Act requires us to adequately protect the personal information we hold and to avoid unauthorised access and use of your personal information. We will regularly review our security controls and processes to ensure that your personal information is secure.
6. Your rights to access and correction of your personal information:
You have the right to access the personal information we hold about you. You also have the right to ask us to update, correct or delete your personal information. We will take all reasonable steps to confirm your identity before providing details of, or making changes to, your personal information.
You can contact any member of the National Executive or local Chapter Committee if you wish to see the personal information we hold about you, or to update any of your information.
7. Changes to this Notice
Please note that we may amend this Notice from time to time. Please check our website periodically to inform yourself of any changes.


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In this issue:
Inheritance of resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of sheep and cattle
Vaccination needle lengths
Recently revised 'wormy' PrimeFacts
Smoking Young Guns – LambEx 2016
Footrot in Central West – first time in decades
Inheritance of resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of sheep and cattle
The following is largely from Sutherland and Scott, 2010. (Pages 123 ff). (In fact, the following is virtually verbatim, unless indicated otherwise. The incorrect bits are possibly all mine. -Ed).
I have invited CSIRO scientist, Dr Peter Hunt, to make comments, given his work in this area.
As always, check the source material for yourself.
"The likelihood of and speed at which resistance of GINs to anthelmintics occurs may be due to:
- presence of genes in the treated population
- drug efficacy insufficient to remove resistant genes (g. under-dosing/suboptimal administration; resistance -Ed)
- selection for resistance is correlated with the proportion of the population exposed to the treatment (the 'refugia' story)-Ed)
- susceptible worms are unable to establish and to dilute or replace resistance genes (e.g. immunity of the host, use of long-acting drenches, frequent drenching -Ed)
- resistant worms establish and multiply in naïve hosts
- inheritance of the resistance (This point added by P Hunt).
How does resistance develop?
"Simplistically put, observable resistance will develop when individual worms are able to survive drug treatment, then pass on their resistant genes to subsequent generations; assuming no positive effects of the resistant mutations other than the ability to survive treatment, these subsequent generations also need to be subjected to drug selection. Ultimately, there are sufficient numbers of resistant worms to successfully breed with each other.
"There are a number of factors which influence how likely and how quickly this process can occur:
(a) presence of resistance genes in the treated population,
(b) drug efficacy is insufficient to remove worms with resistance genes,
(c) selection for resistance is correlated with the proportion of the population exposed to treatment,
(d) susceptible worms are unable to establish and to dilute or replace resistance genes and
(e) resistant worms establish and multiply in naïve hosts.
"There are two obvious routes via which GIN become resistant to anthelmintics.
"First, drug treatment selects for those individuals in a population with a necessary mutation. Certainly the extremely high genetic variability of GIN suggests this to be a reasonable theory; this would include the situation in which resistant individuals were already present before an anthelmintic was developed and also where mutations occur subsequent to drug development.
"Alternatively, resistance could develop by selecting those individuals which are resistant to sub-optimal drug exposure i.e. by under-dosing. There is good evidence available to suggest that both of these routes have resulted in the selection of resistant populations of GIN. Furthermore, evidence suggests that selection via these routes results in two distinct types of resistance.
"Selection of resistance to 'full-dose' therapy in the field generally produces worms with monogenic resistance, whereby a single mutation is involved, often conferring a 'high' level of resistance. Conversely, selection of resistant worms by exposure to low levels of drug in the laboratory often results in worms with polygenic resistance, either involving more than one gene conferring resistance against a single drug or more than one gene conferring resistance to more than one drug.
"It is noted that observations of macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance mechanisms in Cooperia spp. (small intestinal worm) from cattle appear to involve polygenic resistance; this may have arisen due to the regular use of topical applications such as pour-on and injectable formulations leading to effective under-dosing. Other indirect evidence for the likelihood of under-dosing selecting for resistance is the number of resistant populations which have arisen in goats.
"Anthelmintics have markedly different pharmacokinetic profiles in these animals compared to the situation in sheep, which may significantly reduce the peak of exposure to treatment.
"It should be noted, however, that actually determining what quantum of in vivo drug exposure will provide significant selection advantages to worms in the early stages of developing resistance is impossible.
Inheritance of resistance
"The mechanisms by which resistance is inherited will significantly influence the ability of resistant genes to survive and spread through worm populations" Peter Hunt adds: " The speed with which a population becomes highly resistant to the point of drench failure is highly influenced by the inheritance mechanism as is the (theoretical) chance of resistance gene frequency falling again once the use of the drench is discontinued".
"Simplistically, a heterozygote-resistant worm in which the resistance is inherited as a dominant trait may survive treatment, which would effectively remove a heterozygote-resistant worm in which the resistance is inherited as a recessive trait. Assume that a worm population within a host consists of a mixture of 90% fully susceptible worms, 9% heterozygote-resistant worms and 1% homozygous-resistant ones. Further assume that a treatment removes all of the susceptible worms but none of the homozygous-resistant worms. Depending on whether the resistance is inherited as a dominant or recessive trait, either 10% or 1% of the resident worms may survive treatment and go on to produce progeny with resistant genes".
"The actual situation in resistant GIN is of course much more complex, particularly with polygenic resistance. Furthermore, there can be significant variability in the inheritance of resistance to the same anthelmintic between the various GIN species".
Peter Hunt adds, "Variation in the mode of inheritance between different isolates of the same species has also been observed. For example ivermectin resistance in the Wallangra (NSW) 2003 isolate of H. contortus (barbers' pole worm) cannot be a single gene, and resistance conferred by two recessive genes is consistent with the observations (Hunt et al., 2010). In contrast, in the CAVR (Chiswick Avermectin Resistant) isolate, ivermectin resistance is clearly conferred by a single dominant gene (Le Jambre et al., 1999, Redman et al., 2012)".
"Benzimidazole resistance inherited in T. colubriformis (black scour worm) is incompletely recessive and is maternally influenced. However, in H. contortus, resistance is inherited through more than one gene, was semi-dominant and autosomal, and has further been described as multigenic, autosomal but recessive. Subsequent studies established that resistance was inherited similarly between these two species. At least two loci are involved in the inheritance of high levels of benzimidazole resistance.
"Resistance to levamisole in H. contortus is inherited as a recessive autosomal trait, while the resistance in T. colubriformis is inherited via a single sex-linked gene. Nematodes have an XX (female) and XO (male) system of sex determination, and sex-linked recessive traits are therefore recessive in females but dominant in males.
"Interestingly, following in vitro treatment of H. contortus to benzimidazole or levamisole, no evidence was found to suggest sex linkage in either inheritance. As stated above, this may reflect differences in the methods of selection of resistant isolates between field/monogenic and laboratory/polygenic.
"Resistance to ivermectin in H. contortus is inherited as a completely dominant trait (Dobson et al., 1996; Le Jambre et al., 2000), while in T. circumcincta (small brown stomach worm), ivermectin resistance is inherited as a dominant trait (Sutherland et al., 2002) but was effectively incompletely recessive to moxidectin (Sutherland et al., 2002). However, a subsequent study demonstrated that the resistance was dominant during the period of declining drug activity, which is responsible for the persistent efficacy of moxidectin (Sutherland et al., 2003). Interestingly, the same study established that resistance was partially dominant/recessive under treatment with controlled-release capsules releasing ivermectin. In T. colubriformis, ivermectin resistance is inherited as an incompletely dominant/recessive trait which appears to be multigenic (Gill & Lacey, 1998; Gopal et al., 2001)".
"No information is available on the inheritance of resistance to any of the important GIN in cattle".
"Detection of resistance
"Faecal egg count reduction test
"The gold standard method of determining the resistance status of a parasite population, or all parasite species/populations on a property, is the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In the FECRT, animals are allocated to groups of 10 based on pre-treatment FEC, with one group of 10 for each anthelmintic treatment tested and a further untreated control group. In many regions, this requires the use of 40 animals, given there are three active families available. In some regions where combinations containing benzimidazoles and levamisole have been administered to sheep for long periods, a further group may be included to test for resistance to the dual combination. In addition to sampling for FEC, a bulked faecal sample should be cultured for larval differentiation to species or (at least) genus. The appropriate treatments should be calculated for individual liveweight, then administered by syringe for accuracy. Thereafter, 7–14 days later, each individual is sampled for FEC, while bulk samples of faeces are cultured for larval differentiation. A full FECRT is understandably expensive and takes a significant length of time before farmers are presented with the results of their resistance profile. Accurate larval differentiation also demands a high degree of skill.
Comment from Ed.(SL): "Currently in Australia, often 15 sheep are allocated to each group, to ensure that faeces can be obtained from not least then 10 per group. Also, standard protocols tend to stipulate a minimum faecal (worm) egg count (WEC) – for example 150 eggs per gram – per genus or species of worms of interest. If WECs are thought to be lower than desirable, and/or there is considerable variation between individual WECS, then investigators may increase the number of sampled animals (e.g. to 20) in each group. This could often be the case when doing a FECRT on cattle, especially when worm species somewhat less fecund than say Haemonchus or Cooperia are present. To reduce the number of treatment groups necessary, there is also a trend in Australia to testing different single actives in sheep, and then calculating the likely efficacy of combinations from the results for the single actives that are tested. For more information:
- Checking for drench resistance with a DrenchCheck-Day10
- Testing drench effectiveness with a DrenchTest
- http://www.wormboss.com.au/tests-tools/management-tools/combination-drench-efficacy-calculator.php "
"Care must be taken when conducting an FECRT to delay sampling animals until at least 7–20 days post-treatment; some drench products, particularly the MLS, can cause a temporary suppression on egg production from resistant female survivors (Sutherland et al., 1999), and there is a danger of a misdiagnosis should samples be taken too early".
Comment from Ed.(SL): But keep in mind the prepatent period for the worms of interest, e.g., as short as 18 days for H contortus, around 21 days for most other important sheep roundworms, a bit longer for large bowel worms, and as short as 12 days for some Cooperia in cattle. If you do the post-treatment WEC after the pre-patent period, you are left wondering if positive WECs are due to surviving resistant worms /and or new infections".
Comment from Ed. (SL): "In Australia, when testing drench efficacy against roundworms we do worm egg counts (WECs aka FECs) ~ 10 days (7-14 days) after treatment in sheep, 14 days in cattle. The 14 day figure for cattle aims to account for, one the one hand, the observation that some MLs may suppress egg production for 16 days or so –perhaps more? – but, on the other hand, some Cooperia sp in cattle can have pre-patent periods as short as 12 days. When testing for the efficacy of triclabendazole against liver fluke using the faecal egg count reduction test, the post-treatment WEC is done at 21 days (e.g. Kelley and others, 2016) to 28 days (JC Boray, pers comm). Doing the fluke egg count at 14 days may not allow enough time for all eggs to pass out of the biliary tract, including gall bladder, and gut."
"Any species for which the reduction in egg count is less than 95% is then considered to be resistant. This unfortunately highlights two major deficiencies of the FECRT and of resistance testing in general. The first of these concerns seasonal variability in nematode populations, e.g., in New Zealand, T. circumcincta, the parasite of most concern in surveys of ML resistance (in NZ- Ed.), is more prevalent in early summer. Resistance testing at other times of the year, even if egg counts may be higher, may not detect resistant populations of this species. The second caveat inherent in the FECRT is the use of the 95% threshold for reduction in FEC. While this may have some practical benefit in simplifying outputs, it most certainly does not present a firm line in the sand in which a 95% reduction means no resistance is present or is likely to arise"
Peter Hunt adds: "For each property a decision will need to be made regarding how often a FECRT is conducted. We cannot advise this on the basis of our understanding of resistance because there are too many unknowns. In particular, the mechanism of inheritance of resistance genes differs between drench groups, drench compounds within groups, worm species, and also worm isolates from different properties. All these unknowns suggest that more frequent testing is the safest option, however economic considerations will come into play".
Comment from Ed (SL): "But, despite all these complexities and unknowns, we generally suggest a FECRT every 2-3 years, largely based on the observation that the resistance profile of a farm can change substantially in that time. We also advocate periodic DrenchChecks in between FECRTs. These are simple to do and very cost-effective. For more information on DrenchChecks (with specific reference to roundworms in small rumminats): Checking for drench resistance with a DrenchCheck-Day10 "
(In the above, emphases, ie, bolding, are mine, – Ed. (SL)). 'Chiswick' is the name of CSIRO's property (farm) at Armidale , NSW.
Kelley JM, Elliott, TP, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Skuce P and Spithill T (2016). Review: Current threat of triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends in Parasitology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.002
Le Jambre, L.F., Dobson, R.J., Lenane, I.J., Barnes, E.H., 1999. Selection for anthelmintic resistance by macrocyclic lactones in Haemonchus contortus. Int. J. Parasitol. 29, 1101-1111. (Reference provided by P Hunt).
Redman, E., Sargison, N., Whitelaw, F., Jackson, F., Morrison, A., Bartle,y D. J., Gilleard, J. S., 2012. Introgression of ivermectin resistance genes into a susceptible Haemonchus contortus strain by multiple backcrossing. PLoS Pathog. 2, e1002534. (Reference provided by P Hunt).
Sutherland I and Scott I, 2010. Gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and cattle. ISBN: 978-1-4051-8582-0. 256 pages. October 2009, Wiley-Blackwell.
Vaccination needle lengths
From SheepConnect Tasmania newsletter ~ 22 August 2016 https://sheepconnecttas.com.au/
"Research findings: Dr Tristan Jubb of Bendigo Sheep Vets recently undertook a study into best practice vaccination technique for sheep.
The key findings were as follows:
- lambs and ewes in short wool– use ¼ inch needles at a 45° angle to the skin
- ewes with significant wool growth – use ¼ inch needles at a 90° angle to the skin.
Whilst most vaccines for sheep in Australia are designed to be injected subcutaneously (under the skin), even experienced sheep producers and contractors may be unintentionally administering vaccines incorrectly, into muscle tissue.
Vaccinating on the side of the neck, approximately 5cm from the base of the ear, helps to avoid hitting structures including bone, ear cartilage and glands in the head/neck region, whilst also minimising the risk of injecting into relatively valuable meat cuts.
By vaccinating at the correct site, using the right equipment and approach, sheep producers can maximise vaccine efficacy and minimise the risk of adverse reactions.
Click here for more information."
Recently revised 'wormy' Primefacts from NSW DPI
August 2016
The 2nd edition of Primefact 477 Quarantine drenching – don't import resistant sheep worms.
July 2016
Late 2015
Smoking Young Guns – LambEx 2016
From "DPI Active", an in-house NSW DPI blog.
by Ashley White, Leader, Sheepmeat Performance, Cowra | 22 Aug, 2016 |
LambEx 2016 Young Guns was coordinated by Edwina Toohey NSW DPI and sponsored by the Australian White Suffolk Association. The competition aims to support and celebrate the next generation in the red meat industry. All finalists displayed a high level of skill and knowledge of their industry and it was highly competitive to make the top 12.
A professional development program was held for the finalists at LambEx to discuss possible roles within the industry, some insights on writing and publishing and options available after post grad study in the industry.
Finalists were assessed on how they interacted and participated throughout the day and then were judged by a panel of 6 during a 3 minute power point presentation on their involvement in the lamb industry and then their ability to answer industry questions from peers and panellists.
LambEx is the major biennial lamb industry event and this year was sponsored and organised by NSW DPI.
It was a huge success this year at Albury NSW with one thousand producers, processors and service providers from all over Australia attending from Aug 10-12.
The 12 finalists include Early Career Professionals Jordan Hoban, NSW DPI, Cowra; James Preston, Preston Livestock Solutions, Bendigo,Vic; Elise Bowden, Sheep Data Management (winner), and Mary Chirgwin, Zoetis Australia, SA. In the Honours, Masters or PhD student section, finalists include Cassius Coombs, NSW DPI/Graham Centre, Cowra; Maddison Corlett, Murdoch Uni, WA; Steve Connaughton, Murdoch Uni (winner) and Octavia Kelly, Adelaide Uni, SA. In the High School or Undergraduate student section finalists include Josephine Webb, Marcus Oldham College, Vic; Laura Wishart, Marcus Oldham College (winner), Bianca Agenbag, Adelaide Uni, and Charlie Shadwell, Year 10, Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School (highly commended).
Footrot in Central West – first time in decades
24 August 2016
"Central West Local Land Services District Veterinarians have diagnosed virulent footrot in sheep in the north west of the region.
Areas such as Coonamble, Narromine, Warren, Nyngan and Gilgandra have not seen the notifiable disease in decades and may come as a nasty surprise to some graziers.
Signs of footrot include lame sheep, inflammation between the digits and underrunning of the sole and heel of the foot. In some severe cases sheep will lie down, walk on their knees and lose weight.
Dr Jillian Kelly, Team Leader Animal Biosecurity and Welfare, said Local Land Services has taken immediate action to limit its spread and find its origins."
More here: centralwest.lls.nsw.gov.au/resource-hub/media-releases/2016/footrot-strikesfirst-time-in-decades
SL, Armidale 2016-08-26


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FCC to Take Closer Look at Violent Programming
The Federal Communications Commission is planning to take a closer look at violent broadcast programming in response to concerns from Capitol Hill that blood-soaked movies and dramas are harmful to children.
FCC chairman Michael Powell, in an April 28 letter to House Energy and Commerce Committee chairman Joe Barton (R-Texas), said he had instructed the Media Bureau to prepare a notice of inquiry on violence.
The bureau's effort will apparently be restricted to violent programming aired by broadcasters, and not include cable programming.


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From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Dearborn, 5 September 1808
Monticello Sep. 5. 08.
Dear Sir
Yours of Aug. 18. is this moment recieved, & I forward you a letter of July 16. from Govr. Lewis from which you will percieve that the cloud between us, the Iowas, Foxes & Sacs is cleared up. he says nothing of the Osages; but I presume their enemies have taken advantage of the withdrawing our protection from them. should you not have issued orders for the 100,000 men, I believe it may rest till we meet in Washington under present appearances that they may not be wanting. mr Pinckney in a letter of June 29. says 'I had a long interview this morning with mr Canning, which has given me hopes that the †object mentioned in your letter of Apr. 30. may be accomplished, if I should authorize the expectation which the same *letter suggests.' he adds that he waits for the St. Michael when he will give the result & details. he thinks they will also make acceptable satisfaction for the Chesapeake. proposing to leave this on the 28th. I presume I had better reserve future communications for our meeting in Washington. I salute you with constant affection & respect.
Th: Jefferson
Privately owned.


text:
The Library is more than books. You can borrow CDs, DVDs, magazines and download or stream eBooks, eMagazines, music, movies and more! You'll find more than 1 million items for you to check out! We also have a highly trained staff ready & willing to answer all your questions & meet your research needs.
Use the sections below to learn more about the library and services available to you with a Library card.
|Get a Library Card
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|Get a Library Card
Apply online for a Library card.
To get a library card, bring a photo ID & proof of current address to any library branch. (Children under 16 must be accompanied by a parent or guardian.)
|DESCRIPTION of CARDHOLDER
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|Business Organization
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|School with address in St. Charles County. Allows for one cardholder and authorized users. Click here for an application.
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You may place a hold on an item in person, by phone, or online using the myLibrary Catalog. When you place a hold, you will specify the date that you want your item(s) to become active in your account. When available, your item(s) will be delivered to the branch of your choice. You will be notified by email, phone, or text when your item(s) arrives.
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St. Charles City-County Library Takes Steps to Limit Spread of COVID-19
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St. Charles City-County Library Takes Steps to Limit Spread of COVID-19
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From wherever you are, you can use your cell phone, tablet, laptop, or other internet connected device to send a document to a library print station.
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The Wolfner Talking Book and Braille Library is a free library service to anyone in the State of Missouri who has a visual or physical disability and is unable to use standard print materials.
The library collection consists of fiction and non-fiction audio, braille, and large print books for all ages. All materials are mailed free to and from library customers, wherever they reside. For more information about free library services from Wolfner Talking Book and Braille Library, visit the Wolfner Library Website
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The loan period for most items is 6 weeks. Renewals may be granted for 2 weeks provided there is not a hold placed on that item. Borrowing libraries are responsible for paying cost of damaged or lost materials; we do not accept replacement materials in lieu of payment.
Contact the ILL Department


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Students – would you like to understand more about the recruitment process, or know more about what recruiting teams are looking for? How about getting great experience for your CV and Worcester Award? Or would you like to help Library Services recruit the best staff to work with you?
If the answer to any of the above questions is 'yes', then read on!
We've started asking students to join us at interviews for professional library staff. These are the folks who you might meet in lectures, seminars, or other meetings at the University. These interviews always have a work related exercise as part of the recruitment process and this is where we ask you to get involved. That might mean watching a presentation, contributing to a focus group, or even, as on one memorable occasion, a form of speed dating!
We use the results of the exercise, with your feedback, to make sure we're hiring the best staff. In turn, you get to learn about how recruitment works, without the pressure of being an interviewee yourself. And it's a great piece of evidence to use in your own job applications.
Want to know more? Get in touch with our Student Engagement Co-ordinators, Vee and Madalene (firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com) and we'll let you know when we're next recruiting.


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Vendôme, birthplace of a legend by Alexis Gregory tells of the Maison's first establishment on the famous square in 1812, marking the beginning of more than two centuries of Chaumet's unique style; a combination of elegance and grace.
The Nature of Chaumet by Fabienne Reybaud reveals the theme of naturalism, a cornerstone of the brand's creative history, with illustrations of jewellery masterpieces inspired by a vibrant Nature.
The Art of the Tiara by Vivienne Becker. The tiara is at the heart of Chaumet's royal story and an enduring inspiration for its artistry. Since the first tiaras created for Empress Joséphine, the Maison has continually reinvented the ancient adornment for each new age.
Editions Assouline, « Mémoire »
French and English Editions
Release date: July 2016
"I have to show you this Breguet," he states shortly after I walk into this shop. He has already dropped a huge hint, but only because he knows I've a bit of a weakness for Breguet and with just one word, he's got my entire attention. And like this, he is off to the rear of the shop before we've properly said hello to a single another.Must be a Type XX, I tell myself. He has an army of beautiful examples. Or possibly a gold calendar wristwatch from the middle of the century. Those are my personal favorite. No. What he brings back is a really strange tonneau-shaped stainless steel Breguet with an extremely simple black dial, baton hands and baton indexes. It yells 1970s. It doesn't scream "Breguet." "It's from the 1970s," says Antoine, as if to reassure me, "and it's really rare." It could easily bear a different manufacturer's signature, and in reality, it reminds me of a Zenith Respirator, but the fact is that this is a Breguet.But then Antoine does something even more surprising and calls within a young guy who looks rather familiar to come join us. His title can also be Antoine, he's only started his summer internship here and onto his left wrist would be the specific same Breguet. What are the odds of that! If there's 1 decade that is easy to identify when it comes to watch design, it is the 1970s. The Swiss watchmaking industry was under threat, Japanese Quartz was pushing mechanical motions on their way out, and produces needed to lower their production costs to supply anything remotely aggressive. For many watchmakers, these are maybe not when they made their best work (although there is a really real enthusiasm for all these funky designs, to borrow a term frequently employed by one of my colleagues, that happens to be among those very enthusiastic collectors).


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How to troubleshoot when Error 22 occurs and Mac Finder on Catalina can't extract ZIP archive
When you try to extract a ZIP archive using the Finder on macOS Catalina, Error 22 may occur as below.
Cause of problem
On macOS Catalina (version 10.15 or later) the Finder's Archive Utility uses UTF-8 when processing a filename in a ZIP archive. If a filename in an archive contains any non-alphabetic language character (such as Chinese) and the filename is stored as MBCS (Multi-Byte Character Set) strings, the Finder cannot extract the ZIP archive and Error 22 occurs.
Most archiving software based on Windows such as Bandizip, 7-Zip or WinRAR use MBCS when creating a ZIP archive and it may cause the compatibility issue with the Finder.
Troubleshooting - When extracting an archive on Mac
Bandizip for macOS and most other third-party archiving applications support extraction of a ZIP archive whose filename is stored as MBCS.
If the Finder's Archive Utility displays an error and cannot extract your ZIP archive, Try extracting again with Bandizip for macOS or with other third-party apps.
Troubleshooting - When creating an archive with Bandizip
If you create an archive with Bandizip but the archive cannot be extracted by the Archive Utility, toggle on "Use Unicode filenames in ZIP files" as below on Bandizip's settings and try again.
The ZIP archive created with this setting can be extracted by the Finder on Catalina, and the archive is compatible with Windows as well.
This page has not been translated yet or has been machine-translated. We need your help to improve it :)
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Open a box of family photographs and all types of pictures spill out: paper prints, cased images, tintypes, Polaroids, snapshots. Knowing when each type of photo was produced is one of the first steps in estimating when a picture was taken—a huge clue to who's in those mystery pictures. A photo's format also dictates the best ways to save it for posterity. Gather genealogy clues and preserve your family's past by following our guide to historical photo formats.
Daguerreotypes: 1839 to mid-1860s
Characteristics: A daguerreotype is a copper plate coated with highly polished silver; chemicals including mercury vapor were used to develop the image. Early cameras produced reversed images, but later improvements created true pictures. In order to add realism to the black-and-white image, photo studios employed artists to add color, such as gold jewelry and pink cheeks and lips.
History: Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre worked to develop a process for creating permanent images on metal. They finally succeeded in 1839. For the first time, people could have their likenesses captured without the time and expense of a painted portrait. According to Robert Taft in Photography and the American Scene (Dover), studios in the 1850s took close to 3 million daguerreotypes annually.
François Gouraud, an emissary of Daguerre, traveled to several US cities in the fall of 1839, demonstrating the new process to packed audiences. Though most early daguerreotypes showed places or things, by early 1840, daguerreotype artists had opened portrait studios in major US cities. Studios in cities such as New York, Washington and Boston were lavishly decorated with image galleries and fancy furnishings for waiting customers. Sitting times were long, especially in the early days—from five minutes up to 30 minutes—so photographers used clamps to help subjects stay still. By the early 1860s, most studios had switched to different photographic methods.
Identification tips: Identifying a daguerreotype is simple: Because its surface is reflective, you must hold it at an angle to view the image. For protection, daguerreotypes were encased behind a glass cover and a mat. A thin brass strip called a preserver holds together the image "sandwich."
Preservation tips: Never take apart the case. Daguerreotypes are fragile because the chemical salts sit on the surface of the image. If you want to make a copy, scan the image in the case using a good-quality photo scanner (I like the Epson Perfection line).
Keep each daguerreotype in its own reinforced archival storage box from a museum supplier such as Hollinger Metal Edge or Light Impressions. Label the outside of the box, or write on a slip of acid- and lignin-free paper stored with the image. Don't glue or tape anything to the daguerreotype.
Calotypes: 1841 to early 1860s
Characteristics: These first paper images were created using paper coated with silver iodide. A salted paper print, popular during the 1850s, is a kind of calotype made using silver chloride.
History: Paper images trace their roots to England. Around 1800, Englishman Thomas Wedgwood made "photograms" by placing objects on paper coated with silver nitrate, then exposing the paper to light. But he struggled to prevent the images from turning black over time. In 1841, William Henry Fox Talbot patented a way to "fix" an image on ordinary writing paper and called it a calotype. But because of the restrictive patent, it took a decade for paper photographs to reach the same level of popularity as daguerreotypes.
Under pressure from the Royal Society of London, Talbot began waiving licensing fees for amateur photographers in 1852. He sued several professional photographers to prevent them from using Frederick Scott Archer's related ambrotype process (see below), which used collodion on a glass plate, but courts ruled in 1854 that the collodion process didn't violate Talbot's patent. Calotypes, sometimes called Talbotypes, were relatively rare in the United States because of Americans' strong support for the daguerreotype.
Identification tips: Calotypes create fuzzy images because they're printed with paper negatives. The salted-paper print produced clearer pictures. In both cases, the image appears to be embedded in the paper, and you might see a watermark if you hold the image up to light.
Preservation tips: Don't display a calotype. Dark storage in acid- and lignin-free folders is recommended.
Ambrotypes: 1852 to early 1870s
Characteristics: Ambrotypes are negative images developed on glass with a dark coating on the back.
History: Englishman Frederick Scott Archer announced in 1851 that he'd developed a method for creating images on glass. The glass was coated with a thin layer of light-sensitive collodion, then dipped in silver nitrate and exposed. When backed with a dark varnish, cloth or paper, the negative glass image would appear positive.
The name of the process derives from J. Ambrose Cutting, an American who patented Archer's method in 1854. Patrons of ambrotype studios had to pose still for 30 seconds, held in place by metal braces. Ambrotype images were popular during the 1850s, but public interest in them declined once tintypes and paper prints became widely available.
Identification tips: When the dark backing of an ambrotype begins to deteriorate, you may be able to see through the image. The ambrotype was covered with another layer of glass for protection, then sealed behind a mat inside a metal case.
Preservation tips: Damage to ambrotypes may take the form of glass breakage, flaking of the dark backing or of the image layer, or fungus growth on the balsam resin used to seal the image. If you have a damaged ambrotype, a professional conservator can stabilize the damage and restore the appearance of the image. As with daguerreotypes, you should store ambrotypes in individual containers to prevent breakage.
Tintypes: mid-1850s to late 1800s
Characteristics: Also known as ferrotypes or melainotypes, tintypes weren't actually on tin. Rather, an image was produced on a thin, blackened iron sheet coated with photo chemicals, then varnished to protect the image.
History: In 1853, Frenchman Adolphe Alexandre Martin presented his pictures on glass and metal to the French Académie des Sciences. Three years later, Hamilton L. Smith, an Ohio college professor, received a patent for the images on metal he'd developed with colleague Peter Neff. (Smith was probably unaware of Martin's earlier discovery.) The patent explained how collodion could be applied to various surfaces such as leather, fabric or rubber. Some photographers in India and South America still use the process, and you occasionally can get tintypes at carnivals as novelties.
Inexpensive, readily available and "instantaneous" compared to other processes, tintypes were incredibly popular. Abraham Lincoln even used them in campaign buttons for the 1860 presidential election. Even the poor could afford tintypes, and during the Civil War, every family wanted an image of a loved one before he went off to fight. Unlike bulky cased images, a tintype pictures could be sent home in a letter.
Identification tips: Sizes ranged from full plates (8×10 inches) to tiny "gems" the size of a postage stamp. The image may be matted in a paper frame and/or encased, like ambrotypes. Spots of rust may give away the metal composition, but if you're unsure, test the surface with a magnet: If it sticks, you have a tintype.
Preservation tips: Tintypes are relatively durable, but may be bent and dented. High humidity causes scratched or creased areas to rust. Unfortunately, the varnish meant to protect the image can darken, masking the picture. Store tintypes in an environment with a stable temperature and low humidity, in a sleeve of acid- and lignin-free cardstock. If the image is flaking off, seek a professional photographic conservator to repair the damage.
Albumen print: 1850 to early 1900s
Characteristics: These early paper photos came in several standard sizes and helped make photography a commercial enterprise.
History: The albumen print is another French innovation that caused a major shift in photography and elevated the egg to picture stardom. In 1850, Louis-Désiré Blanquart-Èvard, a photographer familiar with Archer's collodion process, produce an image using a glass negative and paper coated with ammonium chloride and egg whites. As an added benefit, he could make multiple prints from a single negative. It was the death knell for daguerreotypes and ambrotypes.
Suddenly photography was a commodity. A common kind of albumen print is the 2 1/2 x 4-inch carte de visite ("visiting card"), introduced in France in 1854 and found in many photo collections today. Our ancestors present these small images when they met someone. By 1859, American photographers were offering them, too. The first patent for a photo album, designed primarily to hold these cards, was issued in 1864.
Young women collected mass-produced images of royalty and celebrities; men bought wartime scenes or portraits of Civil War generals (so don't leap to conclusions of illustrious roots if such cards are in your collection). Photography also could be used to record medical conditions, document criminals, sell houses and educate children. Pictures had all sorts of uses.
Identification tips: Examine the surface of an albumen print and you can see the egg white. Identify a card photograph by its size and format, the clothing in the image and photographer's imprint. Besides the carte de visite, you might find the larger cabinet cards (4.5×6.5 inches), introduced in 1866, or the Victoria (3.25×5 inches), introduced in 1870. Card photographs were so common that the government taxed them: A 2- or 3-cent revenue stamp on the back tells you the image originally cost 25 or 50 cents and was made between Aug. 1, 1864, and Aug. 1, 1866.
Preservation tips: Keep these paper prints in acid- and lignin-free archival storage and limit handling of them.
Stereographs: 1854 to 1938
Characteristics: Two nearly identical images mounted side by side have a 3-D appearance when viewed through a special viewer called a stereoscope.
History: Starting in 1854, a few companies produced "stereos" of travel, war, religious, comedic and other scenes. Rarely do these images depict people. If you have stereographs in your family collection, your relatives probably purchased them—which in itself reveals something about their interests.
Identification tips: Research the photographer or publisher, title and subject (usually printed on the back of the stereograph) to date the image.
Preservation tips: The first stereographs were daguerreotypes; later, they were card photographs. Follow the preservation advice for those types of images.
Black-and-white snapshots: late 1880s to present
Characteristics: These were the first candid prints taken with cameras made for amateur photographers. Images appear in shades of gray or sepia.
History: George Eastman ushered in a new age of photography with box cameras that were so easy to operate, even a child could take a picture. The first Kodak cameras of the late 1880s came pre-loaded with roll film for 100 exposures; the operator returned the camera to the factory to obtain prints and more film. By 1900, when Kodak introduced the widely popular Brownie camera, most family photographers were using amateur cameras manufactured by Kodak or its competitors.
Identification tips: These small-format black-and-white prints were returned to shutterbugs mounted on cardstock. They came in a variety of sizes, depending on when they were taken and the size of the negative. Unfortunately, there's no comprehensive source of picture sizes and years for identification purposes, so rely on clothing and other clues in the picture to estimate a date for the image. My book Uncovering Your Ancestry Through Family Photographs (Family Tree Books) explains in detail how to do this.
Preservation tips: Store these paper prints in acid- and lignin-free containers. Though black-and-white prints are relatively stable, fading may occur. Scan photos to preserve their images. To help prevent deterioration, display copies rather than originals.
Photo postcards: 1900 to present
Characteristics: Photos were developed on paper with a postcard back, so the writer could easily send a quick message with his picture to a loved one.
History: Postcards existed before 1900, but they were printed using a publishing method, rather than a photographic one. "Real-photo" postcards were inexpensive and could be mailed to family and friends.
Identification tips: To distinguish a real-photo postcard from a regular postcard, examine the image with a magnifying glass. The picture on a regular postcard will look like it's made of tiny dots; a real-photo postcard image appears solid. You can date the postcard using the stamp box and other design elements on the back. Find descriptions and examples from various manufacturers on Playle's auction site.
Preservation tips: As for all paper prints, you should store photo postcards in acid- and lignin-free boxes with reinforced corners.
Autochromes: 1904 to late 1930s
Characteristics: The first permanent color photo process used dyed starch grains to create an image on a glass plate.
History: In 1904 in Lyon, France, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumiére and his brother, Louis Jean, made the first commercially successful color pictures by using dyed vegetable starch on glass slides. A special viewing device was necessary to view the image. The general public didn't embrace this expensive technology; rather, commercial photographers took most autochromes.
Identification tips: The dyed starch grains may be coarse, giving the image a hazy, "dreamy" quality. Stray grains of color may appear, especially in large light-colored areas such as skies.
Preservation tips: Store these glass autochrome plates on their edges in a reinforced box (avoid stacking the slides, which puts pressure on the ones at the bottom). Put a small number of slides in each box to keep from breaking the storage container.
Color paper prints: 1941 to present
Characteristics: These familiar color prints come in a range of sizes.
History: Kodak revolutionized amateur photography when it introduced Kodachrome 16mm movie film in 1935, and color prints and negatives in 1941. Kodak recently stopped manufacturing Kodachrome film due to the popularity of digital imaging. You can read more about color photography in the March 2010 Family Tree Magazine.
Identification tips: The size and format of 35mm film hasn't changed since 1892, so the clothing and other image content will be most helpful in establishing a date. But you may be able to date prints or negatives from non-standard film based on size. Look up the print size in this Wikipedia chart, then see the type (or types) of film that produced prints this size, and the dates in use. For example, Kodak's 126mm film was introduced in 1963; 110mm film, in 1972; and disc films, during the 1980s.
Preservation tips: Color images are particularly susceptible to fading and color shift. Scan these images to preserve them; you also can use photo-editing software to adjust the color. Make copies for display, keeping the original prints in dark storage.
Instant photos: 1947 to today
Characteristics: An instant photo has a distinct white border and a glossy image. The photo has a thick and plastic feel; "Polaroid" may be printed on the back.
History: In 1947, Edwin Land patented an instant black-and-white image. Polaroid patented an instant color film 16 years later. Early on, the picture developed inside the camera, and the operator applied a fixing agent. Shutterbugs using later versions would take the picture, wait for it to develop, then peel off the backing to reveal the image. Modern instant film enclosed photo chemicals inside a plastic packet and required no action from the operator to develop the image. Polaroid stopped making instant film in 2008, but The Impossible Project purchased a Polaroid factory in the Netherlands and is selling film for traditional Polaroid cameras. Kodak and Fujifilm also produced instant film.
Identification tips: Again, what's in the image will be most useful to you in establishing a date. You can give some Polaroids a date range based on their size using the Polaroid film list at <www.rwhirled.com/landlist/landfilm.htm>. For example, the image area (not including the white border) for Polaroid's 600 Land Film series, introduced in the 1980s and 1990s, is 3.125×3.125 inches.
Preservation tips: Instant films tend to fade and discolor due to instability of the photo chemicals. The customer-applied fixing chemicals may cause early black-and-white Polaroids to deteriorate; the later images encased in plastic can crack. Your best approach is to scan these prints before the damage occurs, then keep the images in a dark, cool, low-humidity environment. Avoid cutting into a Polaroid; this may cause the layers to separate.
Tip: For more-detailed information on historical photo formats, see the Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography edited by John Hannavy (Routledge).
Tip: To find a photo conservation expert, search the directory at the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works website.
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Posted on May 24, 2013 by News Admin
A California family claims school officials and police targeted and set up their special-needs high school-aged son in an undercover sting at Temecula, California's Chaparral High School. Doug Snodgrass, the father of the unnamed boy, says the move has left his son shattered and unable to trust anyone.
In a lawsuit filed against the district, Snodgrass says says the school "participated with local authorities in an undercover drug sting that intentionally targeted and discriminated against their son" likely due to past behavioral issues at his former school.
After transferring to a new school earlier this year where he knew nobody, the unnamed Snodgrass boy finally met a friend named Daniel in an art class. The two hit it off and hanging with his Daniel was something the student looked forward to about his day. A few days after getting to know each other, Daniel asked the unnamed student if he could find $20 worth of pot.
According to Doug Snodgrass, his son - who clearly isn't a drug dealer - then spent three weeks trying to find pot to impress his new friend and eventually only came up with a half-joint he bought off some homeless dude.
A few weeks later, Daniel pressured young Snodgrass to sell his prescription medication, sending him more than 60 texts. The boy refused, but didn't seem to think anything was wrong with the situation. His parents say his inability to tell that something was out of the ordinary is due in part to his autism, bipolar disorder, Tourette's syndrome and other anxiety issues he battles.
So in December, after merely hooking what he thought was a friend up with a half-smoked doobie, the Snodgrass's son was arrested along with 21 other students at two Temecula high schools for allegedly dealing drugs.
"Police went into his classroom armed, and handcuffed our son," Doug Snodgrass told ABC news. "We were not notified by anyone, and he was held for two days, and we were not able to see him," although he said they got his medication to him the first night he was in detention through a nurse."
Thankfully the judge saw at least a little bit of bullshit in the charges, and allowed the boy to complete informal probation and 20 hours of community service in exchange for the court having "no finding of guilt".
"Within three days of the officer's requests, [the] student burned himself due to his anxiety," the Judge said. "Ultimately, the student was persuaded to buy marijuana for someone he thought was a friend who desperately needed this drug and brought it to school for him."
He's been back at his high school since March, but his parents say the school is making it a nightmare for their son to continue his education.
In April, the boy was suspended for ten days. His parents say it was directly related to the marijuana charge of which their son was found not guilty. Because of that, his father says the boy won't graduate on time.
"I can't underscore how very outraged we are at the school district for allowing this to go on and for their mishandling of this," he told ABC News. "We believe that the intent to not have dealers in schools is really a great thing and we really agree with that, but this is not the right way to go about that. Our son was not the right person to target."
The story has, deservedly, attracted some national attention.
"Sending police and informants to entrap high-school students is sick," says Tony Newman, director of media relations at the Drug Policy Alliance. "We see cops seducing 18-year-olds to fall in love with them or befriending lonely kids and then tricking them into getting them small amounts of marijuana so they can stick them with felonies. We often hear that we need to fight the drug war to protect the kids. As these despicable examples show, more often the drug war is ruining young people's lives and doing way more harm than good."
Even police officials are calling the move a low-blow. Stephen Downing, a retired cop and captain with the Los Angeles Police Department, called the moves callous.
"Do we ever hear of an undercover operation like this conducted in an exclusive private school, or on a university campus, or on the stages of a movie studio in Hollywood? No, we don't. Why? Because those people would complain, get lawyers and make life miserable for the status quo."
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Congratulations to rapper Wiz Khalifa, who has just got engaged to model Amber Rose!
Amber and Wiz began dating in March last year, a few months after she split from Kanye West.
False engagement rumours flew a few months ago, but this is the real deal - Wiz tweeted "She said yes!", and she's now wearing his ring!
Last year he said that he would definitely marry her someday, and told MTV News:
"That's my baby. She's always gonna be there, so when we make it happen, we'll invite everybody..
"Man, I couldn't plan nothing like that. I just be chilling. I just be wanting to have a good time, smoke, eat a little weed cake and - boom! - we got married."
We'll have to wait and see if that's exactly how it goes down!


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Here at Attwood & Co one of our specialist areas is personal injury claims. Each year, thousands of people throughout the UK attempt to claim compensation from their employer due to injuries that have occurred in the workplace. However as an employer it can be difficult to know when you should be paying out for a genuine injury, and when the claimant is faking their injury or making it out to be much worse than it is. Continue reading
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Workplace accidents: the common culprits
Nobody goes to work expecting to be involved in an accident; but unfortunately, slips, trips and unforeseen incidents are quite common in workplaces, it's what you do afterwards that really counts. Personal injury is one of our specialist areas; so if you believe you are the victim in a work-based incident, we'd be happy to offer a little advice Continue reading
Get Up to Speed with Shared Parental Leave
If your baby is due on or after 5 April 2015 or you adopt a child after the 5 April 2015, you may be able to get Shared Parental Leave (SPL) and Statutory Shared Parental Pay (ShPP).
If you are eligible for SPL, instead of taking leave all in one go, you can take it in separate blocks. Continue reading
How to Start Divorce Proceedings
Divorce is an unhappy but sometimes necessary part of life. If you've been married for at least one year and your relationship has permanently broken down, divorce is often the answer to your problems. As well as being married for a year, your marriage needs to be recognised in the UK and you need to permanently live in either England or Wales. Continue reading
Fundamental Differences between Ordinary and Lasting Power of Attorney
There are many reasons why you may need to have someone else to make your decisions or act on your behalf. It may be temporary, for example if you're in hospital and you need somebody to help you with your day to day activities. On the other hand, you may be making long term plans for circumstances such as being diagnosed with dementia. There are two different types of power of attorney that will be able to meet your needs: ordinary and lasting. Continue reading
Minimise the Effects of Divorce on Your Children
Divorce can make parenting a difficult task, with parents finding it difficult to understand what their children really think and feel. With divorce often considered the second biggest stress in life, after death of a spouse, it can be difficult for parents to focus on parenting, especially when you're dealing with raw and painful emotions and grieving the end of a marriage. Ongoing conflict and drawn out legal battles can make it even more difficult to focus on the needs of your children, but there are ways in which you can focus on your child's emotional needs to minimise problems later in life. Continue reading
Essential Information on Contesting a Will
Often, Wills are written late in a person's life, or at a time when they really lacked the mental capacity to do so. This means that relatives may want to dispute a Will; especially if they have been left out of their loved ones Will or they feel it doesn't reflect their true intentions. Alternatively, some may wish to claim that an asset included in the estate is theirs, or the Will doesn't reflect a promise that had been made. Continue reading
How to Complete a Transfer of Equity
A transfer of equity typically takes place where a couple who jointly own a property separate, or when a couple transfer a property from one of their names into both names. As long as there is one legal owner and no more than four, as many parties can be involved in the transfer of equity as is necessary. As the name suggests, a transfer of equity is essentially a gift which involves property changing ownership without money or money's worth being paid to the outgoing owner. This includes the transfer of equity where the individual who parts with the property (or part of the property) receives no payment. Continue reading
Five things to check before signing your tenancy agreement
Your tenancy agreement is much more than just a piece of paper. It's a legally binding contract that you and the landlord have to adhere to for the duration of your tenancy. That's why you should make sure that everything is in order before putting pen to paper.
To help make sure that you know everything's good to go, here are five questions you should check before signing your tenancy agreement. Continue reading
How to deal with a problem landlord
If you're renting a house or flat, then you're at the whim of your landlord. In nearly all cases, this isn't a problem. Landlords often understand the needs of tenant and respect their privacy, as long as the tenant abides by the rules stated in the contract.
There are however, a few landlords that are just difficult, no matter how much you have adhered to the contract you signed. Here we are going to look at a few ways that you can deal with a difficult landlord. Continue reading


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Book of Blessings
75 Graces from Around the World
Saying grace is an ancient and vital tradition the world over. It provides a moment of stillness before enjoying the meal, and a spiritual connection with your loved ones. You may choose to start your meals with a traditional Islamic blessing, an Aztec prayer, or a saint's grace. Before your gathering, simply open the Book of Blessings to choose a grace to celebrate life, love, family, laughter, or the food you are about to enjoy. Whether you're a master at giving the dinner table blessing, or fairly new at this sacred tradition, Book of Blessings will provide a grace to complement every occasion.Read More
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