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Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?michaelkellett Apr 25, 2014 7:29 AM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
It does rather depend on the industry and where you have sourced the parts but I would say that Arduino type parts are not designed for industrial use and are probably not suitable. Electronics for use in induutry will have to satisfy requirements special to the application as well as general requirements such as EMC certification, safetey approvals (if relevant) etc.
On the other hand if your application is a one off piece of test equipment an Arduino based device may be OK.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 25, 2014 11:15 PM (in response to michaelkellett)
Thank you michael.i really need some good place to buy arduino.i have brought it from bang good site.and they cost only 800/arduino.
is it arduino problem?
i have used arduino in cable industry in india.in cable industry tempreture is around 40 C
.is arduino creat problem if earthing not proper?
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 25, 2014 3:02 PM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Agree with Michael
Arduino is an echo system to allow rapid development and education without having to get out the soldering Iron for instance, the boards in general lack the protection circuits often required in industrial applications to protect the controller as well as many other potential safety and environmental considerations. I have some experience building systems for the gas industry and in this kind of environment it would not be allowed for instance.
This does not mean that the micro-controller (ATMEGA328 on the UNO) is not suitable for use in industry, you just have to add all the other electronics required to meet the standards. The same goes for TI MCP430 series or other brands. In some areas like Automotive there are very strict requirements which is why you will find a significant percentage of cars use Motorola Micro controllers (Yes they do make them and yes you may never had heard of it). The chips are approved for use in this industry, the approval is expensive but there you go.
As Michael said though, it depends on the specific industry and use and must be evaluated on a case by case basis. If it is a one off then you may simply have to make suitable modifications to the board and container to meet the legislations required for that use. If it is going in a field to measure temp and humidity, there is pretty much not much required except protecting from the elements (Unless the field is in a certain town in England sitting on top of 20M cubic feet of natural gas at 1000PSI yes it exists and I put a controller there )
anyway I think you get the idea.
Have fun, be safe
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 25, 2014 11:18 PM (in response to peteroakes)
Thank you peter.
should i move to basic controller?.suggest me some board or controller which i can use in industry.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?ravibouroji Jan 2, 2015 3:18 AM (in response to peteroakes)
hello peter
iam new to arduino i just done temperature monitor project with arduino,now i want to develop a project using current sensor CT coil that senses the running current of a ac application.
can you suggest me in this.
thanks in advance
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Jan 2, 2015 11:46 AM (in response to ravibouroji)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Well the one nice thing about using a current sense coil or a hall effect current sensor is your circuitry is isolated from the mains but you still have to wire your sensor into it by disconnecting the mains wire and feeding it through the coil or the hall sensor current side circuit, this is the most dangerous part
once this is done, the low side monitoring is relatively straight forward but depending on your skill level may change your approach (AND YOU STILL HAVE TO BE AWARE MAINS IS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY AND WILL KILL YOU GIVEN A CHANCE )
First you need to ensure the output of the sensor is within range of the Arduino being used, for an UNO this would be 0 - 5V. now your current sense coil probably gives out an AC signal still so it will need to be rectified (Simple Diode should work here) and then optionally smoothed with a capacitor to then be read by an ADC in the UNO. the other option here is to take the rectified signal but not smoothed into the ADC and sample at a quicker rate, you could then also measure the AC frequency and possibly perform true RMS calculations on the data to get more accurate readings.
Without knowing the actual parts your going to use for the current sensing it is hard to provide better info but this should give you enough to think about your approach
Provide a little more details and we can help better
for practice and experimentation prior to hooking up to the mains I would suggest using a transformer with say a 3V AC output and get skilled at measuring this using the Arduino first, this way your not worrying about the actual measurement once your adding the current sensing into the mix
At the measurement end there is no difference, the Arduino can not measure current. Actually most multimeters don't measure current, they nearly all convert it to a voltage first and measure that. Hence the use of a current shunt resistor
hope this gets you started
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?mv911 May 22, 2019 12:01 AM (in response to peteroakes)
I am working on a project with working of MRF(Magneto Rheological Fluids) & i want to control multiple stepper motors & dc motors, can i use arduino uno & if not can you suggest me another device? Thank You, Every help is appreciating.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?dougw May 22, 2019 12:12 AM (in response to mv911)2 of 2 people found this helpful
An Uno is fine, although I like the newer, smaller but more powerful MKR series better.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 25, 2014 11:32 PM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Arduino is a basic controller, or more specifically the ATMEGA328 on board it is
and it all depends on the application your using it for. it is impossible to say yes or no as a generic statement, if you provide more info as to your intended use then people on the forum could provide more appropriate advise.
The arduino is an excellent platform to learn on, it is a good basis for low volume runs of a custom system where it is not cost effective to build a custom board or where you are in a rush to get a solution out there
but as stated before it depends where your going to use it and for what. Even the country or province your deploying it in can have different rules about safety or requirements that you may have to adhere to.
in a lot of cases if it is for personal use then the regulations are more lax, but the moment your selling a solution or putting it into a controlled environment the rules can change
I guess the old adage "If in doubt... DONT" comes to mind
There are loads of people on the forum that can provide advise but at the end of the day it is your that is responsible to confirm local requirements and rules and it is you that will carry the blame if rules are broken
now having said all that in most normal hobbyist cases there are no issues to worry about and you will be ok, but it is worth a bit of research if it is not for our personal use.and or your selling the final product
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 26, 2014 12:31 AM (in response to parth.shah)
Thank you peter.
here i put all document which i have regarding my project.i made data logger which store data in sd card this is basic application.
how whole system work?
i have used retro reflective sensor to sense the rpm of motor.sensor will give 17v dc when it sense the reflector.after getting this 17v in circuit .i used this 17v and convert it to 5 volt with the help of voltage regulator(7805 and 7812).i used oprocupler ic(MCT 2E) and give 5v to arduino intrupt pin 2.with the help of coding i count the rpm and store it in sd card.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 26, 2014 7:12 AM (in response to parth.shah)
The only thing I would suggest there is to remove the two regulators your usng to drop the voltage and simply use the optocoupler
a bit like this
just lower the value of the R1 to about 10K should do the trick (It will work with DC too)
you dont need to use the two regulators, just the resistor to limit the current into the opto coupler
I am assuming that the arduino is not powered by this 17V as well
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?mcb1 Apr 27, 2014 10:47 PM (in response to peteroakes)1 of 1 people found this helpful
It would be unwise to assume anything.
The ATmega328 in any form has no watchdog timer, hence it can get locked up.
Any application that requires it working 100% should include a watchdog device to reboot it and warn that it is not running.
You may need to custom design a suitable power supply using switching regulators in order to ensure the 40deg temperatures don't start affecting it.
As Peter and Michael have indicated it depends on the requirements.
If you're looking for a cheap data logger to provide some information .... then fine.
If you intend to use this to collect critical data and provide warnings about impending disaster ... then NO.
It seems that there is a WDT and the link shows how you can implement it.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 27, 2014 5:24 PM (in response to mcb1)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Regarding Watchdog...
Page 1 of the ATMEGA328 user guide http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc8161.pdf
Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
Temperature Measurement
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out
10.10.5 Watchdog Timer
If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, the module should be turned off. If the Watchdog Timer is
enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes and hence always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this
will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. Refer to "Watchdog Timer" on page 50 for details on
how to configure the Watchdog Timer
Reset Sources
The ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/P has four sources of reset:
• Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on Reset threshold (VPOT).
• External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for longer than the minimum
pulse length.
• Watchdog System Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the Watchdog System
Reset mode is enabled.
• Brown-out Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage VCC is below the Brown-out Reset threshold (VBOT)
and the Brown-out Detector is enabled.
and a howto http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=128717.0
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?dougw Apr 27, 2014 5:42 PM (in response to mcb1)2 of 2 people found this helpful
I hate to contradict, but can't leave people with an incorrect impression of the ATmega328. This chip does have a watchdog timer and it even has a programming lock for software security. The watchdog can be accessed in an arduino by including the avr watchdog library. There are many examples on the internet.
As for using arduinos in industrial applications, it is the same selection process as using any other chip or module - make sure they meet all the required specifications. One weak area to pay particular attention to is the connectors - neither the power connector nor the signal connectors are locking and may not be reliable in a high vibration applications and may have problems with humidity and thermal cycles. This might be improved by using hard-wired solder joints instead of header connectors and you can get arduinos where the cpu is not in a socket but soldered down. Similarly any other weaknesses may be addressed in your system design. For example power supplies are available with any rating you might require and the electronics can be protected from the environment with suitable packaging.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?mcb1 Apr 27, 2014 10:42 PM (in response to dougw)2 of 2 people found this helpful
Thanks for the update. I stand corrected.
I always prefer to see a separate chip but I need to do some more digging and thanks for the link.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 27, 2014 10:52 PM (in response to mcb1)
no i don,t want to collect critical data.i want accuracy around 90%.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 27, 2014 10:48 PM (in response to peteroakes)
no peter arduino is powered by 12v which is driven from 7812ic.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 28, 2014 6:01 AM (in response to parth.shah)
YYou Ned to check the schematics
atmega is either a 5v or a 3.3v device due pending on the model of arduino, in your case it is a 5v device and there is no 7812 on board, maybe a 7805 or a buck regulator for 5v but defiantly not a 12v
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 28, 2014 6:49 AM (in response to peteroakes)
i have used arduino uno and oprated voltage of arduino is 7-12v.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 28, 2014 8:54 AM (in response to parth.shah)2 of 2 people found this helpful
you are correct with regard to the voltage applied to the round input power jack but this is not the voltage the actual atmega328 works at (AKA its operating voltage, that is its supply voltage. in the UNO it is a 5V micro-controller device, in other Arduinos it can be 3.3V. If you plug in power via the USB rather than the jack, it is running at a nominal 5V typically, if you supply via the headers it is also 5V or 3V3 depending on the model.
I think I may be miss understanding what your describing, Are you referring to the fact that you have a 12V power supply that is being used to power the Arduino, not the supplies used within the Arduino board itself. In which case, sorry for getting the wroong end of the stick .
though I would like to point out that using 12V for an extended period of time will cause the on-board regulators to dissipate a lot of heat (More than 50% of the power out of the 12V supply to be precise) as you will be dropping 7V before consuming any of it.
If you can switch out the 12V supply for an economical 5V USB power brick you will be much better off (Assuming this is what your referring to of course)
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 27, 2014 10:44 PM (in response to parth.shah)
Thank you to all.
are you able to judge system performance if i provide you whole system video?i heard arduino is nothing but it,s only ATmega 8 bit chip.is it true?
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Apr 27, 2014 10:50 PM (in response to parth.shah)
I think I would be correct in saying we will all have an opinion (May all be different though) ,
seriously though, we can certainly provide constructive feedback esp if it is in our area of expertise which I am quickly realizing is quite vast so post the video and lets see what we can do
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 28, 2014 2:21 AM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Apr 29, 2014 12:48 AM (in response to parth.shah)
Thank you peter.
as a understood.i ll try to give 5v supply to arduino uno through usb port.and will come back if it not work,and once again thank you all.it is nice to talk with you all. thanx for the support.
Parth shah.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?paulfurley Aug 7, 2014 5:45 AM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
I know this post is a bit old now but I thought it would be worth contributing for people finding this in the future.
I did a write up at Arduino Isn't Just For Hackers ← Paul M Furley about the success we had integrating Arduino into two systems on a digital printing machine (a large industrial application).
As others have rightly pointed out, there's no one answer for whether Arduino is suitable for industry - in our particular case it was a great fit but there are plenty of applications with different requirements.
Update: I'm not involved any more but I'm sure my dad (who runs the business) would be happy to answer any question, his email is here: Contact & Location for JF Machines Ltd
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?michaelkellett Aug 7, 2014 5:24 AM (in response to paulfurley)
Very interesting Paul.
Did you have any issues getting your Arduino based controller through EMC testing ?
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?paulfurley Aug 7, 2014 5:42 AM (in response to michaelkellett)
Hi Michael - to be honest I don't recall - I wasn't involved for much longer after we initially implemented this. However I'm sure my dad (who runs JF Machines) would be happy to answer that - his contact email is here: Contact & Location for JF Machines Ltd.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?parth.shah Sep 21, 2014 11:48 PM (in response to parth.shah)
thank you all.i will contact to your dad Paul Furley.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?albertprieto84 Jul 21, 2015 9:46 AM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Dear all,
Arduino board, as a component is reliable 100% as a industrial PCB. All pcb boards use similar components. But some connectors or function voltage is diferent that industrial voltage or connector plug in. You can see industrial shields wich is using an orginal Arduino boards but with industrial case for Din Rail and are mounting with 24vdc shields, analog 0-10Vdc and relays in its product range.
In my experience Arduino Mega and Arduino leonardo is 100% usable of industrial environment with current industrialshields.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Jul 21, 2015 10:53 AM (in response to albertprieto84)2 of 2 people found this helpful
I agree that the main components on an Arduino or Launch pad are suitable for industrial applications, it is the physical and electrical construction of the Arduino or Launch Pads that are the primary issue, they do not use industrial grade connectors, do not have suitable input ,output protection , Isolation etc and so many other minor points that would need correcting for a commercial / industrial application. this does not mean there a bad design, there actually very good for their target audience (Education) and built to a budget
There are many boards, and as you say DIN Rail mountable industrial controllers that are "BASED" on the Arduino or Launchpads or others but have been "Ruggedized" for the target environment
for instance : http://www.industrialshields.com/
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?balearicdynamics Jul 21, 2015 11:25 AM (in response to peteroakes)1 of 1 people found this helpful
To be honest I follow a different approach.
The Arduino board by a mechanical point of view, as it is an industrial PCB it is true it is 100% reliable. But in a more extended view, the use of a Arduino, the physical object I mean, in an industrial environment IMHO maybe not the better solution; one of the reasons is just the connectors problems. But there are plenty of other "simplifications" in the board circuits that can generate problems and issues during the usage and that can be avoided with some few improvements.
A good reference of the most commons upgrades I have found on a nice ruggedcircuits post. Some other depends on the specific application the board is, and - again - the connectors are another problem that can make the difference.
In conclusion, as the AVR328p (or similar other circuits Arduino-based) is almost simple and well documented in hundreds of sites, when I need to make a board to do something specific (i.e. my click remote project, just to make an example), I think that the better solution is to redesign the Arduino board with some basic improvements adding on the same board the other components and eliminating those connectors or parts that does not need to be used. Thinking to this approach you can see too that as the project custom components will be on the same Arduino-like custom board also the number of external connectors decreases dramatically while most of the connections become tracks on the PCB. With a great advantage in the simplification of the entire project, less wiring and less weak points exposed to risk factors.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Jul 21, 2015 2:45 PM (in response to balearicdynamics)1 of 1 people found this helpful
So were basically saying the same thing (Mostly)
but by changing the connectors, layout and interfacing, it is no longer an Arduino in the strictest terms. I think (Correct me if im wrong) that your refering to keeping the development environment / DFU parts but upgrade the connection, protection and integration (Signal Handling ) ability
24V supply as standard
24V logic level inputs with surge protection and current limiting
Isolated Relay or Solid state outputs for mains or 24V control, PCB tracks shuitable to handle MAINS at the prescribed current and voltages.
Still keeping the Arduino IDE development environmnet
4-20mA inputs on 12 or more bit ADC, and or 0-10V
still using an ATMEGA328, 2560 etc at its core
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?balearicdynamics Jul 21, 2015 3:07 PM (in response to peteroakes)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Hey Peter, you have perfectly focused the question!
Let me show an example schematics:
These two sheets shows an Arduino-like board based on the 328p that is the core of the Click-Remote, the first controller for stop motion shooting I have developed for the Canon EOS cameras. With Arduino-like I mean that the micro controller is set so it can be programmed with a 328p with the bootloader and with the standard Arduino IDE. As a matter of fact I have then developer all the firmware with the AVR studio and C++ without the bootloader, but this makes no difference. It is recognised as an Arduino UNO by the IDE with the difference that already hosts the LCD display, the Shift Register, the transisotrs that drive the low power relais for the shooting and autofocus control and so on. The result is that there are no connectors than the 3.5 mm Jack plugs to connect the Canon cables.
Note that this is an early 2014 version and I have not yet added the improvements like those I have mentioned in the previous post.
It is not a product for a Industrial environment but despite this, is anyways exposed to a reasonable number of risks, like shocks, humidity, vibrations etc. as the device will work together the camera in any place where the photographer will do the shooting. Just to complete the circle, the video below shows this board in action.
Cheers, Enrico.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Jul 21, 2015 3:44 PM (in response to balearicdynamics)2 of 2 people found this helpful
love the video
Yes, this is a perfect example of a comercial application where the demands or possible issues of vibration, Electromagnetic interference and consiquences of a failure are minimal, but even here you have moved from the Standard Arduino to a custom one delivering exactly what the product at that time needed, this is a great example of a none industrial but production worthy design
In a few weeks I will be reviewing some Industrial Arduino (Based) shields from "IndustrialShields" and I will be tearing them down on camera too so it will be interesting to see what they have done to make these "Industrial" ?
I dont think these are specifically Shields that plug onto an Arduino but more of an Industrial PLC that ahears to the Arduino IDE and development environment, I will find out for sure when I get them in my hands soon
Interestingly I beleive there made in Spain
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?balearicdynamics Jul 21, 2015 3:56 PM (in response to peteroakes)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Precisely it is done in My Home => Ibiza => Spain
If you want I have also some images of the internal building, I think.
About te industrial shield me too I am curious. I am seeing that there has been a lot of advertisement on the network of a Arduino PLC that seems proposed for professional / industrial applications and I saw in the images a bare original, standard Arduino with some plug shield on it.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Jul 21, 2015 4:55 PM (in response to balearicdynamics)
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?balearicdynamics Jul 21, 2015 5:05 PM (in response to peteroakes)
I am really curious. These guys are from Barcelona.
Wait for your considerations.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?albertprieto84 Jul 22, 2015 2:02 AM (in response to balearicdynamics)
I have found http://www.rs-online.com/designspark/electronics/eng/blog/arduino-based-plc-from-industrial-shields
I didn't know that RS starts its marketing campaign. I'm from industrialshields. And Arduino boards are totally realiable. There are productos working in several companies more than 1 year already. I attached a picture of the plc inside.You can see Arduino board
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?balearicdynamics Jul 22, 2015 2:10 AM (in response to albertprieto84)
Great to appear between us Albert !
To be honest, in the context of the image you show, I have no doubt that Arduino is fully reliable. But IMHO if depends most on the things that I see around that is the value-added of your company. Anyway I remain of the idea that if a board should be done, better to do one at all instead fitting pieces. Remain the fact that - waiting the results of peteroakes your products seems well done.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?peteroakes Jul 22, 2015 11:08 AM (in response to albertprieto84)
I do look forward to reviewing these and it looks like the Arduino is the "Shield" . but this shows exactly what I was refering to on many previous posts
You need to integrate all the additional interfacing electronics to make it into the industrial Version, and as is clearly seen in the picture, secure the Arduino to its integration parts with more than just the connector
This looks like a nice job you have done Albert and I look forward to reviewing the products
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?DAB Jul 21, 2015 1:56 PM (in response to parth.shah)1 of 1 people found this helpful
It all depends upon your operational environment.
If you put the arduino in a sealed box with proper EMI protection and keep it out of any atmospheric or moisture areas, it could be fine.
I would recommend that you take a good look at the local hazards in the area where you want to put it and assess if any of them would harm or interfere with you Arduino.
Then it is just a matter of mitigating those hazards.
How long do you intend to have your system data logging?
If you are going to check on it often and keep it clean, you may get more use out of it.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?lihuizhan Jul 17, 2016 5:09 AM (in response to parth.shah)2 of 2 people found this helpful
Hello everyone, my name is Daren. I am an Engineer and Arduino software developer.
This is the question I started asking when I had clients that needed specialized automation systems for industrial applications. I liked the Arduino IDE and had my eyes set on the Due but had no idea what I was getting myself in to. Before I begin to share my experiences and attempt to answer the question of Arduino's suitability within a large industrial control environment, I should first preface my answer with some insight about the hardware.
Firstly, the Arduino Due is the only board that even comes close to being useful for industrial applications; at least for the main control board. The Uno and Mega are fine for collecting sensor data from remote areas and sending the readings/thresholds to a more capable board via Ethernet for the main logical processing. The primary reason is that the Due is Arm Core 32-bit and doesn't have the global variable restriction like the Mega for example. The Mega can only have around 200 or so declared variables before it won't compile which is ridiculously tiny; compared to the Due which can have thousands of variables, only restriction being the flash memory itself. The Due doesn't have a global variable memory allocation limit like the Mega. That introduces a HUGE increase in software capability that blows the Mega away; the Mega is also very laggy with big sketches even if well written. The Due can handle more than 15,000 lines of code without even breaking a sweat and tops out at somewhere around 26,000 lines and handles an AMAZING 54 interrupts compared to a measly 6 on the Mega which is perfect for complex systems. If your automation system has 26,000 lines of code I hope its mopping the floor too. There are also more powerful Arduino IDE compatible microcontrollers made by Texas Interments and Intel but I don't have any experience with those and the Due so far has been more than powerful enough.
Another thing worth mentioning is that the Due has no user programmable EEPROM, which makes it seemingly useless for industrial applications, right? Wrong, use the SD card to save all variable states in a prudent interval or under certain conditions and then load all the variables back from the SD upon boot-up. A guy named Alex Shu (http://overskill.alexshu.com/saving-loading-settings-on-sd-card-with-arduino/) made a wonderful example how to very easily and effectively store and recall variables from/to the SD card and its way more simple and effective than using an EEPROM and can have 4GB+ of data.
And lastly, in a big factory often sensor inputs or control outputs will not be close enough to the microcontroller to be effective and usually even a Due will not have enough GPIOs to accommodate a complex environment. So we have resolved this by using Ethernet shields to transmit encoded data to and from all the Due's, Mega's and Uno's throughout the environment. So you can use as many microcontrollers as you need to accommodate your specific needs. We use Telnet servers and clients on the various boards to send the encoded signals between the remote Arduinos and main Arduino(s). Would you believe that Arduino can run multiple telnet server at the same time? It CAN, we used a Telnet server (port 23) on the main board to interface with it, look at logs, start stop machines, etc. and use other ports like 22 on a second Telnet server running on the SAME board to be used only for sending / receiving encoded signals between the networked microcontrollers. This is amazing, you can have many Arduino's even thousands of feet away (over fiber optic or wireless bridge) from each other sending and receiving signals and threshold data in <10ms intervals before things start to breakdown due to buffer overflow. 10ms intervals is more than low enough for nearly all applications. We have ran at least 4 Telnet servers on a single Due with no problem. I can Telnet into the Due, send commands to the Due that will then trigger a relay on another Arduino over yet another Telnet connection. We have done all of this in large factories with more than 100 IOs spread across 5+ Arduinos, no problem. The important thing to note is that Ethernet or TCP/IP is not going to be susceptible to noise and interference on long sensor runs in the same manner that a GPIO circuit would be. If anyone wants to know how to use Telnet in this manner, let me know. I'm happy to help.
Moving on, the most predominant issue with using Arduino for industrial applications will be interference and likewise inaccurate readings or erroneous pin input signals. You may find in a complex environment that if powering the microcontroller with your laptop everything is fine, then when you power it with an external power supply everything is not fine, and or when your relays trigger something with high current your readings will suddenly become erratic. This leads me to my main point which is that Arduino by itself is neither appropriate nor inappropriate for industrial applications; it is simply a microcontroller, a CPU stamped on to a piece of PCB with conductors leading to and from it. Its incoherent to assert that Arduino by itself inherently is or is not appropriate for industrial applications. That being said, in my professional opinion some Arduinos are of excellent quality and reliability, excellent thermal characteristics an tolerance (40c is not even close to being an issue) and its totally up to all the supporting terminals, components and electronics that determine its industrial worthiness; and of course the manner in which the software is written. But the platform itself I don't believe is inherently unsuitable for the purpose industrial applications; it's just a CPU that runs embeded C with IO pins. Sure there are more professional solutions but the price of doing it with Arduino is attractive, the reliability can be obtained, the Arduino IDE has its advantages, the available sensors to choose from is immense and the supporting community is awesome. It is the amalgam of rapid prototyping and production readiness.
Additionally there are purpose built Arduino IDE compatible industrial PLC boards that are what they say, end of discussion.
But, to pursue implementation of a general purpose board a multi-channel Opto isolator board is highly recommended for IOs on the microcontrollers that have sensor input to your environment.
Like this:
or this:
In my experience I have never gotten Arduino to work properly when not powered by a USB cable from a computer unless I isolated the input power from the utility power. Every time I used a regular 220v to 12v switching power supply or wall type transformer sensors were always flaky or didnt work at all. If your sensor reading are erratic, there is interference coming from your power source.
- Use a standard inductive type transformer (like 230v AC to 24v AC)
- This is to isolate the AC circuit and eliminate noise from contaminating IO signals on the microcontroller.
- It should physically not be less than 1 meter from the microcontroller.
- Preferably ground the transformer casing and input neutral line to copper grounding rod or if in USA run to ground.
- Then use a bridge rectifier with a capacitor (like 50v DC 2200 µf or greater)
- This is to convert the AC to DC. Rectifiers still output AC without a capacitor.
- 5pcs 10A 1000V Metal Case Bridge Rectifier Sep KBPC1010 New | eBay
- 10 Pcs 2200uF 2200MFD 50V Electrolytic Capacitor 105 Degrees USA Free Shipping | eBay
- This is superior to using wall type AC to DC transformer.
- Then use a DC to DC step down voltage regulator or DC to DC buck-booster to achieve the correct voltage.
- This is to conform and regulate the 24v DC to 6-11v DC needed for Arduino regulated input.
- I've found that a Due runs most reliable @ 11v DC if you use the Tip&Ring regulated input.
- http://www.ebay.com/itm/311552007557 this is an adjustable 5 Amp step down regulator bucker. Use this to feed a breadboard regulator @ 7v (750-1000ma Max) or use two of them to drive the Due and Breadboard combined circuit @ 3.3v and 5v @ 5000ma respectively.
- Remember to connect all 3.3v and 5v grounds together.
- Alternatively you can power the Arduino Due directly by feeding the breadboard power regulator output directly to the unregulated 3.3v and 5v pins on the Due. This is better for certain applications because the breadboard power supplies are quite powerful (can run 40+ closed relays) and simplify the wiring and everything will using a common circuit and you wont have any resistance from feeding the system from two dissimilar regulators (which can cause the on-board regulators to overheat). Meaning to say that power is only applied from one source; from the breadboard power regulator to all devices and the Arduino via the 5v and or 3.3v pins. Use multiple breadboard power regulators if needed. Preferably measure the current coming out of the power regulator to the breadboard to see if your getting close to one amp, if so add additional breadboard power regulators.
- http://www.ebay.com/itm/MB102-Breadboard-Power-Supply-Module-3-3V-5V-For-Arduino-Solderless-Breadboard-/261951177988 .75 Amp
- http://www.ebay.com/itm/MB102-Breadboard-Power-Supply-Module-3-3V-5V-1A-for-Arduino-Raspberry-Pi-/182085149923 This one is very nice, 1Amp from USA.
- Alternatively, you could skip the inductive transformer, rectifier, capacitor, and step down and just use an isolated bucker like this: http://www.ebay.com/itm/DC-5V-1A-AC-to-DC-Power-Module-Supply-Buck-Converter-LED-Bare-Plate-Isolation-5W-/400896507245 with this you could only power the Arduino itself and breadboard but you couldn't drive a breadboard regulated power module because it needs at least 7v DC to work I've found and you'd also be limited to 1 Amp @ 5v. this wouldn't work good for Due because you need both 5v for sensors etc. and 3.3v for GPIO circuits. Specifically then this would work fine for Due: http://www.ebay.com/itm/12V-1A-5V-1A-Dual-Isolation-AC-DC-Power-Supply-Buck-Converter-Step-Down-Module-/122020902277 it has both 3.3v and 5v dual power isolation but your limited to 1 Amp. That's probably fine for most applications unless you have more than 40 relays etc.
Don't underestimate this, power and noise caused %99 of all problems we encountered during our research and development. Not only that but some sensors will fail to operate correctly with even the slightest drop in voltage which will occur if you only use power provided by the Arduino itself and have more than only couple things plugged in. The Arduino power regulator put out only something like 140ma and the Due's CPU itself consumes most of it.
- Use ONLY Opto coupled relays for output and use those relays to control bigger relays that control the actual motor, solenoid, contactor etc.
- Even with an Opto coupled relay, large solenoid coils can make Arduino do funny things. The inrush current feeding the solenoid coil creates an electric field going through relay that not even an opto coupled relay can protect the microcontroller from, always use an opto coupled relay that then connects to yet another relay located physically away from the microcontroller that will control devices with high inrush current or for ANY 110v/220v device.
- Always use 22 gauge SOLID core wire or larger for sensors. It is highly not recommended to use 26 gauge Ethernet cable, or 26/24 stranded wire for sensors
- Remember that long wires are like antenna, use shielded cable 24+ gauge wire for long runs.
- With proper cable and software filtering you should have no problem going 100 ft or more to read signals feeding INPUT_PULLUP pins with excellent reliability. For extremely noisy environments use single or double opto couplers and for long runs. To be honest, we have long runs in noisy environments and have no issues even without input opto couplers but wiring makes that difference, withstanding certain situation will always require one or more opto couplers on a giver circuit.
- Also consider using RS-485 Arduino adapters for your long runs or noise problematic circuits.
- Use standoffs to keep the Arduino from touching the backboard its mounted to. 1/4" PE tubing cut into short pieces works great for standoffs. Use on top and bottom and sandwich the Arduino in between the two cut pieces of tubing.
- For very noisy signals use long debounce thresholds, like 1000-2000ms
Another thing that is absolutely critical for using Arduino in industrial applications is software signal filtering and debouncing. Look at the example below:
NEVER use the "delay" command except for ultrasound (which uses delayMicros). Always use millis()
if (digitalRead(button6) == LOW) {
if (button6ReadingPrep == true) {
button6LastDebounceTime = millis();
button6ReadingPrep = false;
if (millis() - button6LastDebounceTime > buttonDebounceDelay) {
button6State = true;
} else {
button6ReadingPrep = true;
Then if this is a toggle scenario you can further filter out bogus readings by an additional %50 by disabling that input until the opposing input has been toggled. Like this:
If (button6Toggle == true) {
if (digitalRead(button6) == LOW) {
if (button6ReadingPrep == true) {
button6LastDebounceTime = millis();
button6ReadingPrep = false;
if (millis() - button6LastDebounceTime > buttonDebounceDelay) {
button6State = true;
button6Toggle = false;
} else {
button6ReadingPrep = true;
Then if the next stage reaches it condition the "button6Toggle" becomes "true". This is also a way to reduce CPU usage and bogging by terminating unneeded comparisons. Use subroutines often and use the "return" command whenever a process finishes before the end of the loop. contrary to what some developers suggest, the return command is unquestionably beneficial for use in Embedded C on CPU limited hardware. Contrary to what some people claim, Arduino is neither C nor C++; it is embedded C which is its own thing. Traditional rules of C dont always apply nor are always prudent. Microcontroller programming is it's own world and thats why it has it's own language.
Another note, would be to make sensors achieve a quorum of consistency with its readings given a margin before action is taken. Like this:
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDuration = pulseIn(tankSystemConfigPermeateEchoPin, HIGH);
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistance = tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDuration / tankSystemConfigPermeateEchoValue;
if (tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceCount == 0) {
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFilter = tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistance;
if (tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistance == tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFilter || tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistance + 1 == tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFilter || tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistance - 1 == tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFilter) {
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceCount += 1;
} else {
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceCount = 0;
if (tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceCount == 3) {
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFinal = tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFilter;
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceCount = 0;
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundReadingStep2 = true;
tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundReadingStep3 = false;
Basically here, the "tankSystemPermeateUltraSoundDistanceFinal" is result of 3 consistent readings that were within at least 1cm of each other.
Another word of advice from experience, use waterproof enclosures to seal your microcontrollers and connect your microcontroller box to another input output wiring enclosure. I live in the Philippines and its always hot, wet and damp, very dirty power and fluctuation; everything gets pushed to the extreme here.
I recommend using 66M1-50 (66-Block) punch down blocks for input and output connection and connect the two enclosures together using RJ-21 cable/connectors. That will allow you to quickly detach the microcontroller box from the wiring box for service.
These are the best enclosures. Made by Gewiss, they can be partially unscrewed and then swung open, very convenient. You can easily drill holes for buttons and displays.
Use bullet terminals to easily detach enclosure from power sources.
If your looking for the Pro way to do this, DON'T use a breadboard, that always has the potential to be flakey. Buy your own female/male Dupont terminals and a crimp tool so you can make your own connections from Arduino pins using your own 22 gauge wire with dupont terminal and then punch the the other end into a 66 block, then screw all the ground leads to a common ground screw terminal using fork/spade terminals. This insures that all input ground leads are solidly connected to ground, that all inputs/outputs easily are reroutable via the 66 block and that you have 22 gauge wire all the way from Arduino to the sensor, switch, whatever. Those dupont wires are such crap, 28gauge wire and the pins are flaky. If you follow this suggestion you can have 100+ IOs and not get bogus readings and if you have expensive pumps, motors or critical safety sensors you'll have wiring you can depend on. Always write your software so safety/critical switches are configured in a NORMALLY CLOSED configuration, that way if you have a wiring failure you can check the sensor before the system even starts.
In closing, we have automated factories that have more than 100 IOs with sensors more than 40m away. Arduino is reliable and serves us well. Embedded C language is very well suited for automation and we have been very pleased with the results. Our sketches are in excess of 14,000 lines of code. As a core I recommend Due or grater, be careful how you write your code, make as few concurrent comparisons as needed and if you need to have many concurrent elapsed time counters, use a common global timer and use comparators to compare start times and ending/current times. I have written a very simple global timer/comparator, I know time calculations can be tricky so just ask if you need it.
I'm sure I'm forgetting some things but I hope this helps. If anyone has any questions or needs help feel frees to ask. If you have a specific environment you need help creating I can give you general guidance. I know how to make Arduino rock soiled for industrial applications and I'm willing to share that with anybody in need. And of course, if anyone has learned cool things please feel free to share aswell. If anyone knows about RS-485 interfacing for example, id love to learn more about that…
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?marek.buriak Aug 26, 2016 12:02 PM (in response to lihuizhan)
Hello Daren,
thanks for some useful information. Great to see Due being used in such installations. I am planning on using it for my home automation and I got a few questions if you don't mind answering them.
1. A switch on a long wire. So let's say you have Due on one side of the room and a switch quite a few meters away. You mention that you usually just use a shielded 24+awg wire. Is that directly connected to Due pin with internal pullup on? I am guessing that normally the line is pulled down to GND (normally closed circuit) and when switch is pressed, circuit opens and the line is pulled up to 3.3V. Is that how you connect it? A long wire can cause significant voltage drop so could not it happen that if the circuit is closed the voltage on input will not drop below the threshold (2V) due to voltage drop on that long wire and the pin will stay high? Also are you not afraid that a voltage spike (I guess it can happen even though the cable is shielded) will damage Due's input pin?I guess I would at least go with something like this at a minimum if connecting directly. But considering optocouplers are much more safe I'll probably go with them for inputs and outputs.
2. I must say I got a bit lost when reading about different options for powering Due and sensors. So I'll ask this way. What's the best way of powering Due and external sensors from the noise perspective? Is it better to be powered from the same source or from different ones? I am planning on using Mean Well 230V/5V (like PS-05-5 (5W) or PS-15-5 (15W)) to power Due via usb connector. So Due will be powered via on-board 3.3V regulator. Now, some sensors are 3.3V, some are 5V. Considering Due's regulator would probably not be able to power all 3.3V sensors, I guess I need a dedicated regulator for them (a linear one, like AMS1117 3.3V). That should hopefully also help with noise that Due and sensors put back onto their power lines. 5V sensors would be powered directly from the Mean Well supply and I am not really sure about that. Mean Well supply is a switching one (albeit it should be a quality one). I fear that the switched output will cause erratic readings from the 5V sensors. Would I be better off starting with let's say a 7V power supply, feeding that to DC power input of Due (which has it's own 5V switching and 3.3V linear regulator) and also to a 5V linear regulator for powering 5V sensors. Output of that 5V linear regulator would also be used for powering a 3.3V linear regulator for 3.3V sensors. Thoughts?
Btw. "Alternatively you can power the Arduino Due directly by feeding the breadboard power regulator output directly to the unregulated 3.3v and 5v pins on the Due.". According to documentation, "Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.". Just sayin'.
3. From reading I get you connect Due via Dupont connectors. Do you find it reliable? I mean they must be wobbly at least a bit. The best thing would be to solder the wires directly to Due's pins but it's fiddly and makes Due not really replaceable. So I think the second best thing is to make a shield that uses pin headers. Pins on those are a bit thicker than dupont pins (so hopefully a better connection) and the shield won't wobble (it's also used as a way to connect arduino in products like this).
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?michaelkellett Aug 27, 2016 3:03 AM (in response to marek.buriak)1 of 1 people found this helpful
The solution in your link would not be reliable.
Typical micro-controller pins require to be pulled down to less than 20% of the supply to register a low input or above 80% to register a high.
To achieve this:
Change the pull up resistor to 10k and keep the input resistor at 1k.
The 10uF cap across the switch is too large and may shorten the life of the switch (this will depend on the switch of course - if using small pcb button type switches replace it with a 1uF 50V (or greater) ceramic capacitor which can be wired either way round.
The 20M input resistor is far too big(so the micro pin will be susceptible to interference and leakage currents) - the diodes will limit the input voltage even under fault conditions to less than 2V above or below the supply rails - you need to limit the current into the micro's input protection diodes to less than 1mA so that 20M could be 2k and you would be no less protected. I would use 10k which means that the micro input 'sees' source resistance of 20k (switch open) and 10.9k (switch closed).
The ferrite ring is often helpful - put both wires though the same one.
Although opto-couplers can be helpful the LED in them can still be damaged by transients and might even be energized by RF picked up in long wires. They are much tougher than a typical micro-controller input. The disadvantage is that they need power on the input side and unless you use isolated supplies for this you lose quite alot of the advantage. For home automation I don't think you need optos.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?marek.buriak Aug 27, 2016 11:51 AM (in response to michaelkellett)
Thanks for your comments Michael. The switch will be a normal wall switch that you use to switch 230V lights in regular home installations (home automation has to be reversible) so I won't be using a capacitor on the switch end. 20M resistor is inside the microcontroller so you can't do much about it I guess it's just for illustration. I still feel I need to protect Arduino Due as my main controller a bit more, it's always easier to replace an opto than the whole board. I plan on using isolated power supplies, 12V (or 24V) on the switch side, 5V/3.3V on the controller side. I think 3.3V is too low voltage to be used on long wires as a pull-up voltage. Anyhow, I came up with this circuit, feel free to comment on it. I will probably include a ferrite ring as well.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?michaelkellett Aug 29, 2016 2:26 AM (in response to marek.buriak)
I would use 4k7 rather than 47k for R2, and make sure the opto-coupler transfer ratio is greater than 20%.
If D1 and D2 are transient absorber type devices they will be much more effective than normal zener diodes.
I doubt that the micro really has a 20M resistor inside but as an input the leakage current is quite low.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?marek.buriak Aug 29, 2016 4:09 AM (in response to michaelkellett)
Thanks for your input Michael. D1, D2 were meant to be some Schottky diodes but I can specifically look for transient absorber ones.
- Use a standard inductive type transformer (like 230v AC to 24v AC)
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?tiennguyen Oct 15, 2017 2:45 AM (in response to parth.shah)3 of 3 people found this helpful
Hi Parth Shah,
You could use this Indruino
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?mht2020 Apr 2, 2018 9:52 AM (in response to tiennguyen)1 of 1 people found this helpful
In General you can use arduino board for indsutrial application as long as the environment in which it is operating is not so harsh or noisy. In case you want to operate your project in such environments make sure your arduino can pass the requirements such as operating temperature and emc compliance.
Since Arduino is open hardware and software platform, you could redesign the core hardware and make it suitable for industrial environments exactly as guys at rugged-circuits have done so far. Visit their website at https://www.rugged-circuits.com/ruggeduino/ and take look at the ruggedized versions of MEGA and UNO boards. In case of software I recommend you to adopt RTOS instead of super loop method as deterministic nature of RTOS assures correct and timely programe execution. You could either use FreeRTOS version for arduino or STM32duino FreeRTOS( Of course if you are using the STM32 arduino core).
SiNA TArOKH
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?michaelkellett Apr 2, 2018 10:07 AM (in response to mht2020)1 of 1 people found this helpful
I agree more or less up to the RTOS bit - there is no guarantee that using an RTOS will make a system more reliable. Many ultra reliable systems for aerospace and other regulated environments deliberately avoid the use of RTOS because it adds to system complexity and makes it harder to prove compliance, but many systems do use RTOS, so it is not clear cut.
I certainly would not use an RTOS on the 8 bit AVR architecture, and my experience of low cost RTOS (but not FreeRTOS which I have not used) on ARM Cortex M4 architectures would not encourage me to try one in that environment either.
Re: is arduino reliable for industrial environment for industrial application?mht2020 Apr 2, 2018 11:29 AM (in response to michaelkellett)
I am not sure about the aerospace environments but I think that this discussion is more related to Industrial application. Almost all types of PLCs and other indsutrial controllers make use of an RTOS. There are also safety critical versions of RTOS such as https://www.micrium.com/certification/why-safety-critical-certification/ for safety applications. In my experience, many applications that include tight timing requirements and multi-tasking capabilities at the same time, are hard or impossible to implement in super loop method. Of course it takes time and effort to learn how to use an RTOS, especially on 32-bit microcontrollers, but this is worthwhile. The power that an RTOS will give you is similar to the power Windows offers compared to DOS.
SiNA TArOKH
hi all,
i have used arduino uno to make datalogger for industy.i used sd card,rtc,lcd and some basic ic in my circuit.plz do rply.is it reliable to use arduino in industry?


text:
School Information
Red Mesa is home to some of the best students and teachers in the state. At Red Mesa, students learn respect, leadership skills, and personal responsibility. But we could not do what we do without you! We welcome and invite you to share in your child's education. Please feel free to stop by, contact us, and/or jump in to help at our schools anytime.

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An example of this can be found in the Texas Education Service Center Curriculum collaborative (TESCCC) and its company, CSCOPE, a major producer of curriculum used in the Texas education system. A report shows that CSCOPE has portrayed participants in the Boston Tea Party as terrorists and is also accused of having developed an anti-Christian, pro-Islam curriculum.
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Our Five most anticipated upcoming 3D printers
3D Printing is constantly evolving with new printers coming onto the market all the time. We've compiled a list below of our top five printers we're most excited about.
Selective Laser Sintering is often heralded as the holy grail of current 3D printing technologies on the market. The technology has been limited to expensive commercial grade machines; however Sinterit wants to change that with their Sinterit Lisa 3D printer.
Lisa has been in development for the past couple of years and will be priced at $8000. It aims to bridge the gap between expensive commercial grade printers and cheaper hobby machines. The Sinterit Lisa can produce objects with a layer thickness of 60 micron (0.06mm) and can print objects up to 130 x 170 x 130mm (5.1×6.7×5.1in). Another benefit of the Lisa is that it can produce a wider range of object without support at all.
A major problem with 3D printers is the speed at which they print. Carbon3D's new resin based 3D printer hopes to solve that issue with a technology they have dubbed CLIP. CLIP is a continuous printing technology that essentially grows parts instead of making them layer by layer. According to Carbon3D, CLIP is anywhere from 25 to 100 times faster than traditional printing techniques.
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While the Voxel8 is certainly expensive at $8999 for the early-bird special, the ability to print circuits within a print is an exciting prospect. The printer will be available in the second quarter of 2016.
NewPro3D have gone down a similar route to Carbon3D with their new 3D printer; however they claim that their ILI (Intelligent Liquid Interface) technology is the fastest in the world. According to NewPro3D's website their printer is capable of printing a 51mm object in 4.5 minutes, whereas Carbon3D's printer is able to do it in 6.5 minutes.
The ILI technology produces a similar smooth finish when compared to the CLIP technology of Carbon3D. It will be interesting to compare the two printers once they have both launched.
The Mcor Arke is different to all the 3D printers above, in that it is capable of printing objects with a full range of colours. We've seen other colour 3D printers on the market; however they are either very expensive or don't offer a full range of colours, the Arke changes all of that. Interestingly, the Arke uses white paper as its print material and then cuts, glues and jets ink onto the paper to print the object.
Mcor's Arke has a build volume of 240 x 210 x 125mm and a DPI resolution of 4800×2400. At $5,995, the Mcor Arke is much cheaper than the company's previous machine which was upwards of $40K.


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March 22, 2012
In his first varsity game, Churchill freshman Louis Dubick scored four goals.
Stories this photo appears in:
Attackers Leonard, Dubick Lead Churchill Lax to Victory
Duo combines for 10 goals in season-opening win against The Heights.
The Churchill boys' lacrosse team, loaded with goal-scoring threats of all ages, took the first step in a season of high expectations, beating The Heights 16-6 on March 22 on the campus of the Potomac private school.
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It is not a question that the global financial system has been subjected to strengthened banking supervision and standards since the financial crisis in 2008, in addition to "strenuous" efforts made to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. At the same time, banks have also become "overly cautious" taking their duty of due diligence and compliance to the extreme following a series of government sanctions and heavy fines.
Here is the bad news: it has become almost impossible to seek such basic banking service as opening an account. Some potential customers are asked "cumbersome questions" while others are made to submit "hard-to-trace old documents." And Hong Kong is no exception. It is somewhat ironic given the city's tradition of financial inclusion and ease of doing business as one of the world's leading financial centers with a large concentration of international as well as local banks.
The business community, mostly chambers of commerce, overseas companies and start-ups, has been very vocal in voicing the concern of difficulties in opening bank accounts in Hong Kong.
Even existing bank account holders have been asked to provide a lot of information and supporting documents, and are facing the risk of having their accounts closed. Unquestionably, there are cases where it is necessary. But there is absolutely no need to do so excessively with a "one-size-fits-all" approach.
What are we talking about here? We are talking about stringent measures like asking for the physical presence of all the directors and shareholders of overseas corporates in Hong Kong as a pre-requisite for handling their account-opening applications. We are talking about bank requirements like asking their customers to provide a large volume of old information in detail on sources of assets when handling relatively low-risk accounts such as Hong Kong's very own Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) and other small-balance accounts.
What's more worrisome is the impact – a very large impact – on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) looking to do business in Hong Kong. It doesn't matter if you are a long-time local resident or an expat because you are still subject to some very stringent requirements which may harm legal and legitimate business establishments. In fact, Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) has found "the approach adopted by banks to be disproportionate to the risk level of the customers and not in line with the spirit of financial inclusion."
There is some good news: HKMA has approached banks to understand their processes of account opening and customer due diligence (CDD), and has issued a circular to all banks in Hong Kong noting how the HKMA's "risk-based" supervisory principle should be applied to account-opening applications and CDD measures for existing customers. And banks are expected to "review their existing measures and adjust them where appropriate for achieving financial inclusion."
HKMA emphasizes that "when conducting risk assessment, banks should differentiate the risk levels of individual customers in accordance with their backgrounds and circumstances, and apply risk-mitigating and CDD measures proportionately, rather than simply adopting a one-size-fits-all approach by applying a single standard of requirements and procedures to all customers." And it has been made clear that the "risk-based" approach does not require a "zero failure" outcome.
The key here is, as noted by HKMA, that Hong Kong as one of the world's most important financial centers is able to implement effectively essential measures for the purpose of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing in the banking system while maintaining a sufficient level of banking services that is critically important to international business and commerce. Another is to make sure that there are no material failings in those systems.
Indeed, banking services are very much "a part of daily life as the basic necessities of food, clothing, housing and transport." While banks are business entities and have to answer to shareholders on profitability, there is also the issue of sustainability and social responsibility. Without a flow of new and existing customers, business is bound to shrink. Banks are also entrusted with the duty of providing a place for savings, facilitating market liquidity and so forth. It is the only way an economy can move forward.
This is not so much about having to strike a delicate balance of any sort; it is about being very strategic and smart about a screening process which can prioritize different risk levels. Yes, it will require more work, and it will cost more over the short term. But it will pay for itself over the long term because it is good for business and because the regulatory environment isn't going to change any time soon. Financial exclusion should not be synonymous with the world's freest economy that is Hong Kong.


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6:00am PT by Philiana Ng
'The Killing': Peter Sarsgaard on the Rosie Larsen Case, 'Contrived' Endings and Season 3
[Warning: Minor spoilers ahead for season three of The Killing.]
Peter Sarsgaard isn't shy about being a fan of The Killing.
The newest addition to AMC's one-hour drama, revived for a third season after getting the ax last July following two rollercoaster seasons, went against the current.
While the show was praised in the beginning, members of the media became increasingly critical when the season-long mystery of "Who killed Rosie Larsen?" failed to produce a substantive answer by the season one finale, though the reveal would be made by the end of its sophomore run. The uproar from season one also prompted creator/executive producer Veena Sud to reassure viewers that the main mystery in season three, revolving around a serial killer, will be resolved at the end of the 12 episodes.
STORY: How 'The Killing' Came Back to Life
For Sarsgaard, who makes his series debut as death-row inmate Ray Seward, the season one finale was a highlight -- controversy and all. "The thing that pissed everyone off, I enjoyed," the actor tells The Hollywood Reporter on a break from filming in Vancouver. Why? "I just don't think that there is a resolution," Sarsgaard says.
But the actor is feeling the pressure, likening viewers' connections with The Killing to his attachment with Breaking Bad, a show he says he just identifies with. One might call him an uber-fan. "I have a relationship with that show, just like people have a relationship with this show," he says. "You don't want to f--- it up for them."
In an in-depth chat with THR, Sarsgaard explains why he believes "endings are contrived" -- plus, the ones that are OK in his book -- and talks the Rosie Larsen reveal (hint: he wasn't too surprised), Mireille Enos' feet (yes, really) and what he didn't do to prepare for his role.
The Hollywood Reporter: You were a fan of the show even before you were cast. What was it about the story or the way it was filmed that you liked?
Peter Sarsgaard: I really liked Mireille [Enos, who plays Sarah Linden]. She was just a different type of female character that I hadn't seen in a while. I was interested because of that. I was also interested because the series is less about a body count and more about everything surrounding what happens in situations like this -- the repercussions. The thing that pissed everyone off, I enjoyed.
PHOTOS: Emmys 2012: On the Set of AMC's 'The Killing'
THR: What was it about the lack of resolution in season one, which left viewers and critics angry, that was attractive to you?
Sarsgaard: I just don't think that there is a resolution. A lot of times, when there is a resolution on a TV series or a film, if it's not totally earned, I hate it. I feel like it's a button that somebody put on there to make me feel better, like somebody gave me a sleeping pill to fall asleep, instead of [me] falling asleep naturally. It feels artificial to me. I have a real radar for artifice. It almost always feels contrived. Endings are contrived.
Lawrence of Arabia has my favorite ending. In that movie, he's [T.E. Lawrence, played by Peter O'Toole,] f---ed. He drives by the Brits on the truck, and he's not a part of them; he drives by the Arabs, and he's not a part of them. He's as f---ed as he ever was. Of course, we know he's going to die in a motorcycle accident -- which we see at the beginning of the film. Or Sunset Boulevard -- great ending. The guy [Joe Gillis, played by William Holden,] dies in a swimming pool, and they're taking her [Norma Desmond, played by Gloria Swanson] to jail and she thinks she's in a movie. These are all endings that I believe in. The action just stops. We don't see her getting prosecuted because she killed him. We don't know she got away with it, or anything. Then, I can imagine where it goes from there. It doesn't stop my mind from thinking about it more. A lot of endings now allow me to walk away and not think about the story anymore.
THR: When the Rosie Larsen murder was solved by the end of season two, how surprised were you by the killers' reveal? How did you react to it?
Sarsgaard: I don't think I was that surprised. I hadn't seen all the way to the end [of The Killing] when I got the part. So I caught up afterwards. Were you [surprised]?
THR: You could certainly reason why the Rosie Larsen reveal made sense.
Sarsgaard: I don't think being surprised is everything. The thing that they go for in Hollywood all the time is "surprising, yet inevitable." It's very hard to do. I don't necessarily have to have anything be surprising. That's like the birthday present attitude toward watching a movie, or TV series -- when I open it up at the end, I wonder what it's going to be. I'm just not interested in things on that level. I know a lot of people are. I respect that people are.
STORY: It's Official: 'The Killing' Being Revived at AMC
THR: Those types of reveals seem superficial to you? It seems clear that you're not into that stuff.
Sarsgaard: I'm not. I know that that's definitely all over this season. There will be a lot of surprises for people. But I think that there's also other stuff that I find more interesting -- the way people change or don't change; people who get stuck in their ways and suddenly change. People changing I find more interesting then, "Oh my god, it was the donkey that did it!"
THR: How soon after news that the show was coming back did it become a very real possibility that you could possibly be on it? (AMC officially announced The Killing's renewal on Jan. 15.)
Sarsgaard: I don't know. I was in Ireland -- my wife [Maggie Gyllenhaal] was doing a film. I got a call that they were interested in me doing it, and I was like, "Oh, I didn't think it was on the air." But, obviously, it is. That was at some point in January. [Creator] Veena [Sud] and I Skyped. I wasn't positive that I wanted to be on the show just because I liked it -- it's two different things. It was really the character and the issues surrounding my character that made me want to be on the show. It's hard to get into it because everyone is into surprises, and you don't want to ruin everyone's birthday. I would say that the fundamental issue around my character this season -- even though it's in a way that's entertaining -- is important to me.
THR: During your conversation with Veena, how did she ultimately hook you? Was there anything specific that she said?
Sarsgaard: It was just very important to me, as an actor, that if I'm playing someone bad, I don't have to play bad. And if I'm playing someone good, that I don't have to play good. In other words, the good characters don't have to beg for sympathy, and the bad ones don't have to rub your face in s---. I was very interested in playing someone that seemed like it had potential to be a fully-realized person on some level. A lot of people ask me, "Are you a 'baddie'?" It's seriously not like that. I think in the end, no one will be able to peg which one I am.
THR: Did she inform you of where Ray would end up at the end of the season, or were you flying blind?
Sarsgaard: She told me the arc of the character in general, not specifics. I was definitely surprised week by week. I would get the scripts and read the pitches before they got edited and changed because I wanted to know. Sometimes I didn't know how something happened plot-wise -- that maybe I would've known character-wise -- and I would find out in retrospect. Veena only tells you what you absolutely need to know.
THR: That seems to be how some serialized dramas go about their business.
Sarsgaard: I found that interesting about doing a series. I don't know if all series are like that -- the way the information is controlled. I once did a film [2001's The Center of the World] with [director] Wayne Wang, and I really had no idea where my character was going. The character had changed everyday. He was shooting digital, and it was right at the beginning of digital, and he was taking advantage of the idea that it was looser.
THR: Your character is seen primarily in a prison setting. What tricks or methods did you employ to introduce variety into your performance? I imagine it was challenging.
Sarsgaard: Yeah. I felt like I was asked to do a lot of different dances on the same, very small dance floor. Obviously, there are not a lot of scenes of me running down alleyways or climbing down fire escapes or love scenes. It does get to be challenging, in terms of how to create variety. You're asking me how I did? I hope that I did. I felt pretty good about the work that I've done on the show. I think that because of the focus on the person that I'm playing -- the way that the story is divided, whenever it's my section, I feel like I'm the focal point of it. It's nice for an actor that plays a lot of supporting parts to feel like the camera is always searching for me; the camera wants to know who I am; the camera is curious about me.
THR: What sort of things did you make sure you didn't do in your portrayal of a death-row inmate?
Sarsgaard: I try not to think about that kind of thing. I didn't go and watch a lot prison movies, or anything like that. I didn't even do an enormous amount of research. I've been in prison before for other movies; I've been around prisons; I've known and talked to people who are in prison; but I didn't do any specific research to inform what I was doing. The one thing that I did watch was Werner Herzog's movie about the justice system, Into the Abyss, which is so great. But that's it. I try not to overthink things.
THR: How would you characterize Ray's interactions with Linden?
Sarsgaard: It wouldn't even be a simple thing to describe if I were allowed to really get into with you. Suffice to say, it's difficult to describe. It doesn't fit into any specific category. I really enjoy acting with her [Mireille] -- especially lately. We've done a lot of work together that is really nice. She's so strong and small. She's like a little powerhouse. I noticed today [May 30] that she has very large feet for a small woman. I looked down, and I was like, "What size shoe are you?" and she's like, "I'm an eight, not even an 8-½." And I'm thinking, God, my wife is just a nine. You're much smaller than my wife, but your shoe size is … It's difficult to talk about [Ray and Linden] since there's a whole other thing that people expect from it because of the relationship that they have with these shows.
THR: How do you think viewers are going to react to the new season?
Sarsgaard: I think it's going to be very emotionally gripping. This season -- having seen the other ones -- is a lot less contemplative. It's a lot speedier and dynamic. It feels a lot more dangerous.
THR: Your character certainly plays into the danger part of it. From the first two hours, he covers the gamut in terms of descriptors: frightening, slightly endearing, sympathetic ...
Sarsgaard: That's what drew me to him. I'm allowed to be all things. It's not a gradual arc in becoming more of a demon or a savior. From scene to scene, the character is so dynamic that I never have to play continuity, in terms of my mental state. Like in life, if people go away for two hours and then come back to my cell, I might be doing something completely different.
Watch a scene from The Killing below:
The Killing returns with a two-hour season premiere at 8 p.m. Sunday on AMC, which will debut The Killing: Story Sync in conjunction with the return.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Twitter: @insidethetube
Philiana firstname.lastname@example.com insidethetube


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First of all know this. Doctors do not make follow-up appointments because they "want to see you". They make follow-up appointments because they "need to see you". Need as in necessity. Meaning there is an indispensable need that follows a logical requirement for another evaluation and management of your ongoing condition. There may be several reasons for this.
- to monitor your medications
- to assess improvement or worsening of symptoms
- for continuity of care
- to remove and/or apply dressings for wound management
- to discuss diagnostic tests and develop a follow-up care plan
- to check for reoccurrence
Physicians treat patients based on medical necessity and must have supporting documentation for your care. If there is no need for further treatment your Doctor will discharge you from the practice. Until then periodic appointments are essential to the desired outcome of your treatment and not following up with a scheduled appointment can compromise your care.
Patient's who routinely miss their appointments without notifying the office staff also effect other patients who may have been waiting to schedule an appointment as well as staff efficiency and wasted resources. Don't be a "no show" (intended appointments that were not canceled or rescheduled). All healthcare providers would much prefer that you cancel your appointment or reschedule than just not show up. Most office staff and physicians would say that to forget is forgiven but habitual "no shows" (repeat offenders) create havoc in the schedule and time spent in additional documentation and concern regarding interruption of care.
A well-regarded physician schedules follow-up appointments because he/she needs to see you. Not to make more money, buy a bigger house or satisfy big drug companies by writing more prescriptions. If they do then you should find another healthcare provider and value their time as much as part of a healthcare team committed to caring for you.


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Article content
They have no intention of performing for minors — or baring all for their adult crowd, for that matter.
What local burlesque performers want is for the province to relax its nude entertainment policy that restricts how much skin dancers can show, how they interact on stage and what their audience can drink in their seats.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
Burlesque performers can't dance around liquor commission's nudity rule Back to video
"We don't want minors to see the show," said Raven Virginia, a member of the Garter Girls burlesque troupe.
"We want adults to be able to make the consenting choice to witness the show since they're 18-plus, allowed to vote, and of consenting age to have sex," Virginia said. "They should be allowed to see a show worthy to view and also be allowed to consume liquor while doing it."
While audience members are witness to a fair amount of skin and sexuality, burlesque typically includes heavy doses of dramatic and musical performances, as well as sidesplitting political satire.
But five years ago, the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission began cracking down on burlesque shows in Calgary, enforcing its nude entertainment rule that effectively lumps burlesque dancers in the same category as strippers when they perform in a licensed venue.


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Our ultimate LBD muse, Audrey Hepburn's iconic look in Breakfast at Tiffany's is the idea behind this glamorous and timeless little black dress. Our Audrey dress is cut to fit and flatter with pleats to the bust and a hidden zip at the back to achieve a slender fit. Crafted with a luxurious crepe fabric, Audrey also has a soft inner-lining so the dress skims over your figure, whilst the gently boned Ostrich feather detailing on the hemline is not only a stand-out feature but creates a sleek and flawless silhouette. Model is is 5'9" and wears UK size 10. The Audrey dress measures 89cm from shoulder to hemline


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Tuesday, January 31, 2012
'Meet Joe Black' Open Thread
What did you think?
Read the whole discussion back at the original post here.
2 comments:
There is much to be said about this show, as it is of interest from a number of different angles. I think one interesting story line exists in the difficulty of the "Angel of Death" taking on human form to understand human life. Another is the romance that wells up between the character "Joe" and Bill Parrish's younger daughter, Susan. For me what was most compelling was the conflict within the family itself, and Bill's effort in the little time he had left to convey something important to those he loved.ReplyDelete
After the initial shock of being confronted by death, with the certainty that his time here had come to its end, Bill becomes preoccupied by the fate of his company. He has to address the manner in which he will leave. He is certain that there is something wrong with the deal with John Bontecou, and his gut tells him that the merger may not move his company into the future. In truth it doesn't move his company forward at all, but rather moves it away from the principles that he founded and ran it by. Bill looks to protect his company's future, and refuses the merger offer. "Joe" doesn't understand this, Bill's preoccupation with the striving of life, and it strikes "Joe" as very curious. Bill's explanation of not wanting his life work torn down led "Joe" to his first insight into human passion, all of which is dwarfed by the far stronger passions he comes to get just a hint of, but which are central to the movie. The story about the business conflict was all just a backdrop to the larger passions, the loves of Bill's life, and love in general, that "Joe" through his time with Bill and his family comes to gain an understanding of. It is not the business that is important to Bill, it is the wife he lost and the girls he will leave behind.
In general, I enjoyed the relationships that Bill had with his family, and his desire to use the little time he had left to communicate to them both the love he had for them. I loved his asking them back to his place for dinner. He did so each night till the end, and it was a part of his sharing time with those he loved the most. Alison's incessant buzzing around and effort to do something spectacular with the party for her Dad struck him as much like many of the things she had become involved in over her life. His dislike of the fuss and lack of involvement in the process were understood by Alison as meaning that she wasn't worth his time or attention. He doesn't care about what I am doing meant to her what she feared, which was that he doesn't care about me. This underlying fear came to a head at the dinner where she asked him to choose a cake for the party. The party wasn't important to Bill, but Alison certainly was, and it was at this dinner that Bill finally came to understood how he had been misunderstood. When he calls her name and reaches across to her, picks up a fork and chooses a cake for her .. to her relief and delight, I just loved that. And their final scene together, where he tries to apologize, and she doesn't let him, and tells him that he was a wonderful father, and that she always felt loved, that meant a lot to me as well.
Read the whole discussion back at the original post here.ReplyDelete


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I swear to god I've been 95% finished with this post for three days. I've just been too sinus-headache impaired to click the publish button.
I got a LOT of questions about working from home. How can I do it? Is there a way to actually make money? The crap do people ACTUALLY do from home? Well, you've seen my post on blogging and on being a professional freelance writer...but let's say you have no talent in writing. Here's a look at some jobs you can still do in your pajamas!
Seamstress: Sewing and altering clothing can be a lucrative trade–and one that you can do from home. This is obviously something that takes time to train in and learn, but the flexibility of being able to set your own hours and meet clients at your own home can be worth the investment.
Tutor: SAT, ACT, Math, English, Science, Languages–and those are just the start. You can also teach subjects like etiquette, computer literacy, cooking, painting, public speaking, resume writing and job interviewing…
Side note: I once had a math tutor who was extraordinary. She was recently divorced and staying at home with two toddlers. She had teenagers and college students coming by from 9:00AM-7:00PM. While most of her students (parents) paid her (handsomely) for her time, other students exchanged an hour or two of tutoring for an hour or two of babysitting. She had a team of girls watching her kids throughout the day while she got paid to tutor someone else. Not a bad system!
Consultant: Anything that you've had success at–you can consult as. Think of a skill that you've acquired, something you've accomplished that made a tremendous improvement in your life. Did you apply for disability and get it? Put yourself out there as a consultant to help others figure out the paperwork. Anything that you can speak on, answer questions about, and provide resources for–you can be a consultant of. Think of the one thing that people come to you for help with the most often. Why can't it be a career?
Translator: Speak two languages? Reach out to different companies via email–think lawyers, doctors offices, advertising companies, firms of any kind! Let them know you're available to do conference calls with clients, translate emails, proposals, letters, anything they need. Work from home and let them know your hourly rate.
Concierge: When you think about creating a job out of nothing, think of the kinds of services you WISH existed. Busy mom–don't you wish you had someone to cook, someone to clean, someone to drive the kids, someone to pick up the laundry, someone to just–manage your life. So what about organizing lists of people who do that? And then putting yourself out there as a concierge who can schedule and manage tasks for other people?
Continue Your Current Job–But From Home: Think it's not possible? You'd be surprised. My mother worked as TV producer for many years. When I started to get sick she kept asking her boss for more and more time off. Except that it wasn't technically time off–because she took all her appointments on the phone and after about two years she finally managed to get her company to agree to let her work entirely from home. She set up her office in my old bedroom and her (and her partner!) both work together from separate states.
Keep an Open Mind: The job I have now with Global Genes was not something I ever planned on doing. But when I heard about the position and learned that I could work entirely from home–I jumped/leapt/ran to throw my name in the ring. Opportunity is everywhere. Keep your resume up to date. Put it out their on your social media that you're actively looking for a position. Reach out to friends to see if their companies are hiring.
How Do I Find Jobs on Craigslist That I Can Do From Home?
Go to craigslist.com.
Pick your location.
Search for jobs.
Check "Telecommute."
Then tell your momma to calm down cause…


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Archive for August 10, 2013
How to Find the Best Vet
Pets are much more to us than fashion accessories or furry little toys. They are part of our families, bringing joy into our lives, and comforting us when we are sick. However, when they get sick or injured what do you do? It can be scary and overwhelming to be a new pet owner without a regular veterinarian. Luckily, there are great solutions out there for you.
The internet has simplified a lot of things for us. A few decades ago, the best option you had for a directory of vets was the yellow pages. You would look up the profession, see a decent amount of offices listed, and drive down to the first one listed, or the office with the biggest ad. You had no idea of whether they would give your pet the care it deserved or not.
Since then, however, the internet has taken over, and with it comes a lot of vet directory websites to choose from. A good online veterinarian directory will list all the offices near your home, including the distance between you and them, their hours of operation
If You Are An Allergy Sufferer, An Organic Mattress May Be For You
If you are considering purchasing a new mattress, you may be considering latex mattresses, organic mattresses, or natural mattresses. You may also be considering organic linens for your new bed.
Latex beds are comfortable, durable, are great for allergy sufferers, great for asthma sufferers, are environmentally safe and free from odors. Latex mattresses also eliminate pressure points while you sleep due to the body conforming latex foam they are made out of.
All natural mattresses have many health benefits. Organic mattresses have antibacterial properties, are good insulators, are hypoallergenic, provide comfortable body support, and are good for the environment.


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The New Yorker Archive
Quiet Resistance in Yiyun Li's "A Flawless Silence"
Author: Erin Jones | Categories: Critical Essays No comments
Weekly Round-Up: NEA Cuts, Man Booker Prize, and F. Scott Fitzgerald
Author: Evelyn Noyes | Categories: Round-Up No comments
Looking Back at Bright Lights, Big City
Author: Frances Katz | Categories: Reading No comments
What Country?
Author: Lydia Shoup | Categories: Reading No comments
The Best Essay I Read This Month: "Who Are All These Trump Supporters?" by George Saunders
Author: Kastalia Medrano | Categories: Series No comments
The Best Essay I Read This Month: "Citizen Khan" by Kathryn Schulz
Author: Kastalia Medrano | Categories: Nonfiction, Reading, Series No comments
Round-Up: NEW YORKER Poem Controversy, PEN/Faulkner Award, and Rare Shakespeare First Folio
Author: Caitlin O'Beirne | Categories: Round-Up No comments
Weathering/Writing the Storms
Author: e.v. de cleyre | Categories: Reading, Writing No comments
Drunken Acknowledgments, 2 A.M.
Author: Rebecca Makkai | Categories: Writing No comments
The Ploughshares Round Down: Short Stories as a Path to Literary Success
Author: Eric Nelson | Categories: Uncategorized 2 Comments
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