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Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) produce the characteristic "attaching and effacing" (A/E) lesion of the brush border. Intimin, an outer membrane protein encoded by eae, is responsible for the tight association of both pathogens with the host cell. Severaleae have been cloned from different EPEC and EHEC strains isolated from humans and animals. These sequences are conserved in the N-terminal region but highly variable in the last C-terminal 280 amino acids (aa), where the cell binding activity is localized. Based on these considerations, we developed a panel of specific primers to investigate the eae heterogeneity of the variable 3′ region by using PCR amplification. We then investigated the distribution of the known intimin types in a large collection of EPEC and EHEC strains isolated from humans and different animal species. The existence of a yet-unknown family of intimin was suspected because several EHEC strains, isolated from human and cattle, did not react with any of the specific primer pairs, although these strains were eaepositive when primers amplifying the conserved 5′ end were used. We then cloned and sequenced the eae present in one of these strains (EHEC of serotype O103:H2) and subsequently designed a PCR primer that recognizes in a specific manner the variable 3′ region of this new intimin type. This intimin, referred to as "ɛ," was present in human and bovine EHEC strains of serogroups O8, O11, O45, O103, O121, and O165. Intimin ɛ is the largest intimin cloned to date (948 aa) and shares the greatest overall sequence identity with intimin β, although analysis of the last C-terminal 280 aa suggests a greater similarity with intimins α and γ.
All mammals and birds are colonized by Escherichia coli, generally at birth, and these organisms become a permanent part of the normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. However, certain E. coli strains have been associated with gastroenteritis, urogenital disease, septicemia, and pleural infections in both humans and animals. Among these strains, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) constitute a significant risk to human and animal health worldwide.
EHEC strains constitute a subset of serotypes of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) that has been firmly associated with bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in industrialized countries (31). Numerous outbreaks of disease have been attributed to EHEC O157:H7 (5, 31), but serotypes other than O157:H7 can be responsible for outbreaks and sporadic cases of human disease (30; A. Caprioli et al., Letter, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3:578–579, 1997). EHEC strains have been shown to be pathogenic to neonatal calves (12, 49) and are frequently isolated from diarrheic calves (45, 66), though systemic complications, such as HUS, have never been observed. Nevertheless, cattle are above all an important reservoir of EHEC O157, and asymptomatic carriage by young calves and adult cows has been well documented (5, 31, 34). EHEC and other STEC strains have also been detected in the feces of other domestic animals such as sheep (7, 34), pigs (7, 58), and cats and dogs (7) and in the feces of wild animals such as deer (57) and pigeons (14).
In contrast to EHEC, EPEC strains do not produce Stx and are not associated with HUS. Nevertheless, they are a major cause of infant diarrhea in non-industrialized countries (50) and are pathogenic to several animal species. EPEC strains are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in weaned rabbits (8, 55). They are also pathogenic to neonatal calves (21, 52) and seem to be isolated most frequently in cattle farms with recurrent problems of diarrhea (10). In swine, EPEC strains have been involved in cases of postweaning diarrhea (68), and there is also increasing evidence for a diarrheagenic role of EPEC in dogs (17, 63). Finally, EPEC strains have been isolated from wild and domestic birds (22, 26), although the role of these strains in avian diseases has yet to be defined.
Like all diarrheagenic E. coli strains, EHEC and EPEC must first colonize the intestinal mucosa. Both pathovars produce a characteristic histopathological feature, known as the "attaching-and-effacing" (A/E) lesion, by subverting the intestinal epithelial cell function (recently reviewed in reference23). This lesion is characterized by the effacement of microvilli and by intimate adherence between the bacteria and the epithelial cell membrane. Marked cytoskeletal changes, including accumulation of polymerized actin, occur directly beneath the adherent bacteria. The formation of A/E lesions is governed by a pathogenicity island known as the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which was first described in the EPEC O127 strain E2348/69 (44). The LEE is present in EPEC and EHEC strains and in other bacterial species, such as Hafnia alvei and Citrobacter rodentium(formerly C. freundii biotype 4280) (for a review, see reference 37). The LEE from the EPEC strain E2348/69 contains 41 genes organized into three major regions, with known function (19). A similar organization has been observed in the LEE from the EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, which presents 13 additional genes belonging to a putative P4 family prophage (54). The LEE central region contains the eae(for E. coli attachment effacement) gene encoding a 94- to 97-kDa outer membrane protein known as intimin (36). This protein mediates close contact between the bacteria and the target cell, upon interaction with its translocated receptor Tir (for translocated intimin receptor), encoded by a gene located upstreameae (13, 41). Tir had been initially identified as a 90-kDa tyrosine phosphorylated protein from the target cell membrane and was called Hp90 (59). The role of intimin in human disease has been demonstrated by studies in human volunteers with an isogenic eae null mutant of EPEC E2348/69 (15). In animal models, intimin has been shown to be necessary for EHEC O157:H7 to intensively colonize the intestines and cause diarrhea and A/E lesions in calves and colonic edema and A/E lesions in piglets (11, 16, 47).
E. coli eae genes have been cloned and sequenced fromC. rodentium (60) and H. alvei(25) and from different EPEC or EHEC strains isolated from human (36, 67), calf (29), dog (6), pig, and rabbit (4) sources. The overall pattern for these sequences shows high conservation in the N-terminal region and variability in the last C-terminal 280 amino acids of the intimin, where binding to the enterocytes (25) and Tir (33) occurs. Various studies have investigated the heterogeneity of eae among E. coli strains by amplification of the variable 3′ region by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR products. Schmidt et al. (61) designed two primer pairs capable of differentiating the eae genes of EPEC and EHEC strains of serogroup O157. However, Giammanco et al. (28) observed that these primers were not able to amplify the intimin determinants in more than half of a series of eae-positive strains belonging to various serotypes, and Agin and Wolf (3) provided evidence for the existence of at least three immunologically distinct intimin types called α, β, and γ. A multiplex PCR was designed to detecteae and simultaneously identify the specific alleles encoding these three intimin variants (56). In another study, Adu-Bobie et al. (1) used antisera to the C-terminal region and PCR to investigate antigenic variation and classify the cell-binding domain of intimin expressed by A/E lesion-forming bacterial pathogens. By these means, these authors identified four distinct intimin types: intimin α, intimin β, intimin γ, and intimin δ. Nevertheless, some EHEC and EPEC strains still express nontypeable intimins (10, 53, 56).
In the present study, we describe the nucleotide sequence of a fifth intimin type, referred to as "ɛ", which is present in human and bovine EHEC strains of serotype O103:H2 and designed a PCR primer that recognizes this sequence in a specific manner. A panel of specific primer pairs was used to investigate the distribution of the different intimin types among a collection of eae-positive E. coli strains isolated from humans and different animal species.
Bacterial strains.The eae-positive E. coli isolates used in this study were part of the culture collections of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome, of the Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie of the University of Wurzburg, and of the Ecole Veterinaire in Toulouse. Many of them have been described in previous studies (28, 61). Some human strains were provided by M. A. Karmali (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and Diana Karpman (Lund, Sweden). EPEC O86:H34 strain ICC95 was kindly provided by G. Frankel, London, United Kingdom. Porcine and canine EPEC strains were kindly provided by Josée Harel, Saint Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. We also used the EPEC O127:H6 strain E2348/69, the EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, and the EHEC O26:H11 strain H19 as prototypes of the α, γ, and β intimin types. Some of the isolates produced Stx, as assessed by the Vero cell cytotoxicity assay and PCR amplification of stx genes (48).
Sequence analysis.DNA sequences of the differenteae genes were retrieved from GenBank and included human EPEC O127:H6 strain E2348/69 (M58154 ), human EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933 (Z11541 ), human EHEC O103:H2 strain PMK5 (AF116899 and this study), human EHEC O26:H11 strain H19 (U62656 ), human EHEC O111:H− strain 95NR1 (AF025311 ), human EPEC O111a,b:H− strain E2430/78 (U62655 ), human EPEC O86:H34 strain ICC95 (Y13112 ), rabbit EPEC O15:H− strain RDEC-1 (U60002 ), rabbit EPEC O103:H2 strain 84/110/1 (U59502 ), dog EPEC strain 4221 (U66102 ), human EPEC O55:H7 strain DEC 5d Orskov C586-65 (AF081184 ), human EPEC O128:H2 strain DEC 11a CDC 2254-75 (AF081186 ), calf EHEC O26H− strain 413/89-1 (AJ223063 ), human Hafnia alvei (L29509 ), and mouse Citrobacter rodentium(L11691 ). Comparisons were made by using the database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (National institute of Health, Bethesda, Md.) with the BLAST search algorithm and GCG alignment software and with CLUSTAL W Multiple Sequence Alignment software. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method with a bootstrap 10,000 time.
PCR analysis of eae gene.The presence of the intimin determinant was assessed in all strains by PCR amplification of the 5′ conserved region by using the eae universal primers SK1 and SK2 (38). The different types of eaegenes were identified by using SK1 as the universal forward primer and the reverse primers LP2 and LP3 as described by Schmidt et al. (61), which were able to amplify the determinants related to the sequences of EPEC O127 strain E2348/69 and EHEC O157 strain EDL933, respectively. A new primer, termed LP4, was designed in the hypervariable region of the eae gene of RDEC-1 strain, spanning from nucleotide 2283 to 2309 (Table1). Another new primer, LP5, was designed in the hypervariable region of the eae gene of EHEC O103 strain PMK5, spanning from nucleotide 2605 to 2630 (Table 1). LP4 and LP5 were used as reverse primers in combination with SK1. PCR conditions were as described by Schmidt et al. (61), and the amplification products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel.
Cloning and sequencing of the eae gene from EHEC O103:H2.The intimin gene of human EHEC O103 strain PMK5, isolated from the stools of a child suffering from HUS (46), was cloned into pCR2-1 vector by PCR. DNA amplification was carried out in a Perkin-Elmer apparatus by using high-fidelity Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) with the primers orfU-upper (5′-TATGATGATCTATGGCGTCTGT-3′) and escD-lower (5′-TATTTTCAAAAAGAATGATGTC-3′). The 3.7-kb PCR amplification product from strain PMK5 was cloned into pCR2.1 vector (Invitrogen). The nucleotide sequence of the amplification product was determined by the dideoxynucleotide triphosphate chain termination method of Sanger, with the Dye Deoxy Terminator Cycle Sequence Kit with an ABI 373A DNA automatic sequencer (Applied Bio-Systems). After the initial sequences were determined by using universal and reverse M13 primers, internal primers were designed to sequence the whole DNA fragment.
F-actin staining (FAS) after interaction between HeLa cells and bacteria.HeLa cells were seeded at 2 · 104cells per well on Lab-Tek 8 chamber slides (Nunc) and cultivated for 24 h in Eagle minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Gibco) and gentamicin (80 mg · ml−1) at 37°C in a 5% CO2–95% air atmosphere. The interaction was made in 300 ml of MEM buffered with 25 mM HEPES complemented with 5% FCS and 1% mannose, with a starting inoculum of 15 ml of bacterial culture (ca. 103 bacteria per cell). After 4 h of interaction at 37°C, the cells were washed four times with Earle balanced saline solution, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH = 7.4) for 30 min at 4°C, and then permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min. F-actin was labelled with rhodamine-phalloidin (Molecular Probes) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Construction of a specific intimin β primer.We designed a reverse primer, specific for intimin β, in the hypervariable region of the eae gene from the rabbit EPEC strain RDEC-1 (O15:H−) and the human EHEC strain H19 (O26:H11). This primer, termed LP4, was designed to have no sequences in common at the 3′ end with the corresponding region of the eae genes from strains EDL933 (O157:H7) and E2348/69 (O127:H6), which produce, respectively, intimins γ and α. When used together with SK1, LP4 generated a PCR product of the expected size (2,287 bp) with DNA from EPEC strain RDEC-1 and EHEC strain H19 and no product with templates obtained from EPEC strain E2348/69 or EHEC strain EDL933.
Distribution of the eae gene types among E. coli strains.The primer pairs SK1 and LP2, SK1 and LP3, and SK1 and LP4 specifically recognized the three types of intimin represented, respectively, by the control strains E2348/69 (intimin α), H19 and RDEC-1 (intimin β), and EDL933 (intimin γ), and these PCRs always generated a product of the expected size (Table 1). The three primer pairs were then used to investigate by PCR the distribution of intimins α, β, and γ among a collection of 189 eae-positive E. coli strains isolated from different sources (i.e., humans, cattle, pigs, rabbits, dogs, and pigeons). The isolates belonged to 22 serogroups and 41 serotypes, and 138 of them produced Stx. Table 2shows the PCR results obtained with the E. coli strains according to serotype, source of isolation, and capacity to produce Stx.
Intimin α was found in human EPEC strains, which, in addition to the prototype serotype O127:H6, belonged to serotypes O55:H6, O125:H6, O127:H−, O157:H45, and O157:H−; unlike the typical EHEC strains, the O157 EPEC isolates were able to ferment sorbitol. Intimin α was also found in a dog EPEC strain. Intimin γ was mainly found among human and cattle STEC strains, including both the sorbitol-negative and sorbitol-positive (33) EHEC O157 strains, as well as the EHEC isolates of serotypes O86:H40, O111:H−, O111:H8, and O145:H−. Intimin γ was also found in human EPEC O55:H7, O128:H8, O128:H− and O127:H40. Intimin β was found in EPEC strains belonging to classical human (O26, O86, O111, O114, and O128) and rabbit (O15 and O103) serogroups, as well as in EHEC strains of serogroups O26, O118, and O123, in a porcine EPEC strain of serogroup O45, and in a dog EPEC strain of serogroup O49.
As a whole, the panel of PCR primers was able to amplify theeae genes of 164 of the 189 strains tested (87%), and none of the strains reacted with more than one primer pair. The 25 cattle and human EHEC strains that did not react with any of the specific primer pairs belonged to serogroups O8, O11, O45, O103, O121, and O165.
Cloning and sequencing the eae gene of human EHEC O103:H2.Since several EHEC strains isolated from humans and calves were positive with the universal eae primer pair SK1-SK2 but did not react with any of the type-specific primers, the existence of a yet-unknown type of intimin was suspected. We therefore decided to clone and sequence the eae present in one of these strains. We chose the EHEC strain PMK5 (O103:H2), which had been previously isolated from a patient with HUS in France (46). We first demonstrated that PMK5 produced a functional intimin, since it was able to induce a classical FAS response on human epithelial cells (data not shown). We then cloned the complete eae gene by using primers designed in LEE regions located upstream and downstream of eae. Previous characterizations of the LEE have shown that eae is located between two genes:orfU, which codes for a putative chaperone (19), and escD (also known as Pas) which codes for a member of a type III system required for protein secretion (19). DNA analysis of the orfU andescD genes in LEE from different strains prompted us to design two consensus primers (orfU-upper and escD-lower) that allowed us to clone by PCR a 3.7-kb DNA fragment containing eae(GenBank accession number AF113597 ). Sequence analysis revealed that the eae gene from EHEC O103:H2 was similar to but larger than those previously described in other EPEC or EHEC strains (948 codons versus 934 to 940 codons). As expected, comparison of the DNA sequences showed a major divergence in the 3′ half of the gene or C terminus, where the activity of binding to the enterocytes is localized. Although larger and quite different, the C terminus of intimin, termed ɛ, contained conserved features, such as the two cysteine residues (Fig. 1) forming a disulfide bond and required for binding activity of the intimin (24). Intimin ɛ shared the greatest overall sequence identity (71%) with intimin β, reaching 98% when the comparison was made with just the first 657 amino acids from the N terminus. However, an analysis of the last C-terminal amino acids (starting with alanine 658) performed with CLUSTAL W suggested a greater similarity with intimins α and γ (Fig. 1). A phylogenetic tree was drawn from this multiple alignment (Fig. 2).
Construction of a specific intimin ɛ primer.On the basis of the nucleotide sequence of intimin ɛ, a specific primer, termed LP5, was designed in the hypervariable region of eae. When used together with SK1, LP5 generated a PCR product of the expected size (2,608 bp) with DNA from the EHEC strain PMK5 (O103:H2) as template, but it did not react with DNA from the prototype strains producing intimins α, β, or γ. PCR analysis with LP5 showed that intimin ɛ was present in all of the 25 human or bovine STEC strains that were negative with the other three primers (Table 2).
Subtyping of the intimin determinants.To establish further differentiation within the different types of intimin genes, restriction analysis of the PCR amplification products was performed (Fig. 3) according to the nucleotide sequence analysis of the prototype eae genes. When the α intimin genes of the different serotypes were digested withPstI, the same RFLP pattern (α1) was found in all of the isolates except for the three O125 strains, which shared a second profile termed α2.
Two other PstI RFLP profiles were observed within the strains possessing the γ intimin type: the first one (γ1) was shared by all the EHEC strains belonging to serogroups O157 and O145, by the Stx-producing strain O86:H40, and by EPEC O55:H7; the second profile (γ2) was represented by all the EHEC O111 strains and by EPEC O127:H40 and O128:H8. Analysis of the β intimin genes withPstI, FokI, and HaeIII showed that all of the isolates harbored the same gene subtype (β1), with the exception of the two human EPEC O86 and the canine EPEC O49 strains, which shared a very different profile, termed β2. The eaegene of one of these isolates (strain ICC95) had been previously classified by Adu-Bobie et al. (1) as the only representative of type δ.
No differences were observed within the intimin ɛ genes, which showed the same digestion profile with PstI, FokI, andHaeIII regardless the serotype of the strains examined. For the intimin γ-positive isolates, the results obtained by RFLP analysis were confirmed by PCR amplification by using the serotype-specific intimin primer pairs previously described by Gannon et al. (27) for EHEC O157 (primers 19 and 20) and by Louie et al. (42) for EHEC O111 (primers P40 and P20). The two primer pairs correctly identified all of the strains carrying the γ1 and γ2 gene subtypes, respectively.
Intimin mediates the intimate attachment of the bacteria to the host cell surface and is required for the formation of the characteristic A/E lesion associated with EPEC and EHEC infections. Several studies have shown that a considerable heterogeneity exists within the DNA sequences of the eae genes of differentE. coli strains and that the corresponding changes in the amino acid sequence also represent antigenic variations. Using immunological and genetic approaches, Agin and Wolf (3) and Adu-Bobie et al. (1) revealed the existence of four distinct intimin types: intimin α, intimin β, intimin γ, and intimin δ.
We have developed a PCR-RFLP method capable of identifying the four intimins and of further differentiating within the gene types. This method was used to extend the first published observations (1, 3, 27, 42) about the distribution of the different eaegenes among human and animal EPEC and EHEC serotypes. In addition, our study revealed the existence of a novel intimin type, termed "intimin ɛ," which was found in human and bovine STEC strains, including the EHEC serogroups O8, O11, O45, O103, O121, and O165.
By studying a large collection of strains, we observed that intimin α seems to be specifically expressed by human EPEC strains belonging to classical serotypes (O55:H6, O125:H6, O127:H6, O142:H6, and O142:H34), although a nontypeable dog EPEC strain was also shown to express intimin α. Conversely, the novel intimin type ɛ was found only in Stx-producing strains, including two serogroups associated with severe human disease, i.e., O103 (43, 46, 62; A. Caprioli et al., Letter, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 3:578–579, 1997) and O121 (39, 40). Intimin γ is also associated with several EHEC serogroups highly pathogenic to humans: O157, O111, and O145. However, it has also been found in EPEC O55:H7, the likely ancestor of O157:H7 (20), and in nonclassical EPEC serotypes such as O127:H40 and O128:H8. Intimin β appears to be the most ubiquitous type, in that it has been found in both EPEC and EHEC isolates from several animal species: humans, cattle, pigs, rabbits, dogs, and birds. β-Positive strains include important diarrheagenic clones such as human EPEC O26:H11, O111:H2, and O128:H2; rabbit EPEC O15 and O103:H2; and human and bovine EHEC O26:H11. In our study, we also typed the intimin of the O86:H34 EPEC strain ICC95 as β, though Adu-Bobie et al. (1) had previously classified this intimin as type δ. However, this discrepancy was only apparent and may have been due to the fact that the respective primers were designed in different regions of eae. In fact, restriction analysis of the PCR products obtained with our β-specific primer from strain ICC95, from another O86:H− EPEC strain, and from a dog O49 EPEC strain showed a digestion profile, termed β2, different from the β1 pattern shared by all the other intimin β-positive strains. This confirms that there are differences between the eae DNA sequences of O86 EPEC and the other β-type strains and indicates that our β2 subtype corresponds to the δ type of Adu-Bobie et al. (1).
The observation that different intimin types and subtypes are closely associated with different pathogenic E. coli clones could contribute to our understanding of the evolution of intimin genes. It has been suggested that the diversity within the polypeptide cell-binding domain is driven by natural selection, since intimin is highly immunogenic (1). Voss and colleagues (65) and Agin and Wolf (3) have demonstrated differential reactivity of human and rabbit antisera with intimin from different EHEC and EPEC isolates. Recently, Adu-Bobie et al. (2) have confirmed these observations by identifying different immunodominant regions within the C terminus of intimin α and intimin β. Nevertheless, the immune response of the host may not be the sole parameter driving the selection of the different intimin types. The presence of several distinct eae genes could also account for the ability of the intimin-producing strains to colonize different tissue and/or different hosts. This hypothesis is based on the experiment performed by Tzipori and colleagues (64) in a piglet model with EPEC and EHEC strains previously isolated from humans. This experiment showed that an EPEC strain producing intimin α caused A/E lesions in both the small and the large intestine, whereas an EHEC strain producing γ intimin caused A/E lesions only in the large intestine. When the cloned EPECeae was introduced into the EHEC eae mutant, the hybrid EHEC strain expressing the EPEC intimin caused A/E lesions in both the small and large intestine. The ability to change the site of intestinal colonization by substituting the intimin gene demonstrates that, at least in the piglet model, the intimin protein is essential for specific colonization of the large intestine. Although, EPEC and EHEC host specificity might also lie in the transcriptional regulation of expression of the virulence factors in response to environmental conditions or in the production of intestinal adherence factor distinct from intimin, it is tempting to speculate that intimin type may play a crucial role in the host specificity and/or tissue tropism. Since the α-eae genes seem to be specific for EPEC, whereas the γ-eae genes are mainly found in EHEC, it is conceivable that the expression of different intimin types and the related tissue tropism may have an important role in determining some of the differences in the pathogenesis of EPEC and EHEC infections.
To date, intimin is the only E. coli O157:H7 adherence factor that has been demonstrated to play a role in intestinal colonization in vivo in an animal model. In such models, intimin was shown to be required for EHEC O157:H7 to intensively colonize the intestines and cause diarrhea and A/E lesions in calves and to cause colonic edema and A/E lesions in piglets (11, 16, 47). These results suggest that antiintimin vaccines might interfere with EHEC infections. If used in cattle, such vaccines could help in reducing the level of EHEC intestinal colonization, thus favoring the control of EHEC infections in humans. However, additional research is needed if an intimin γ-based vaccine against E. coli O157 is to be developed. First, domestic animals carry a large variety of non-O157 STEC serotypes, and many of them have been associated with human disease around the world. Reducing the load of E. coli O157 producing intimin γ, without tackling the problem of the non-O157 serogroups producing other intimin types or subtypes, would create an empty niche for these serogroups and could make the problem even worse. Second, the lack of correlation between levels of intimin antibodies in serum and disease severity do not support the hypothesis that an immune response to intimin provides protection against subsequent disease (15). Third, the existence of intestinal adherence factors distinct from intimin is suggested by the isolation of non-O157 STEC strains that lack the eae gene but are still associated with bloody diarrhea or HUS in humans (18, 48). In conclusion, EHEC and EPEC strains possess at least seven different types or subtypes of intimin-coding eae genes: α1, α2, β1, β2 (or δ), γ1, γ2, and ɛ. The novel ɛ subtype is produced by isolates of E. coli O103:H2, which have been associated with HUS in Europe (9, 43, 46), the United States (62), and Canada (51) and can be considered as an emerging EHEC clone. The distribution of intimin types among EHEC and EPEC strains isolated from different hosts (humans, cattle, pigs, rabbits, dogs, and birds) suggests that the host and/or the tissue tropism of the different A/E bacteria may be influenced by the type of intimin they express. Better characterization of the variable 3′ end of eae in a large collection of EHEC and EPEC strains may provide PCR tools for predicting the ability of E. coli strains to cause severe disease in humans.
We thank Fabio Minelli and Barbara Plaschke for their skillful technical assistance. We thank Alain Milon and Jean De Rycke for critical reading of the manuscript.
This study was funded in part by grant BMH4-CT96-0970 from the Commission of the European Communities, in part by a grant from the Région Midi-Pyrénées (grant number 9609691), and in part by a grant from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. This work was also supported by the Concerted Action CT98-3935 from the Commission of the European Communities.
Editor: P. E. Orndorff
- Received 26 July 1999.
- Returned for modification 8 September 1999.
- Accepted 30 September 1999.
- Copyright © 2000 American Society for Microbiology


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"Naadaga Chinthanaigal" is a collection of twelve short essays and talks on Tamil drama written and delivered by T.K.Shanmugam at various fora.
The variety of topics covered in the book make for interesting reading. While it covers common aspects such as comedy in Tamil drama and the role of Tamil stage in the reformist movement, topics about which not much has been discussed elsewhere, such as art in Tamil drama and drama for children too find a place. The book, which is compiled and edited by T.K.Shanmugam's long time associate Puthaneri R.Subramaniam, was first published in 1978 commemorating his 66th birth anniversary.
The book contains insights into some very interesting personalities connected with stage worthy of detailed profiling. In the chapter on Tamil Isai and drama, Shanmugam mentions the contribution of Madurai Mariappa Swamigal to the movement, long before it gained prominence in the 1940s. A fellow disciple of Sankaradas Swamigal, Mariappa Swamigal had a fairly successful film career too, as an actor, lyricist and a musician. He also narrates an interesting incident concerning the first super star of Tamil stage, S.G.Kittappa whose singing skills had even accomplished musicians in awe. In 1931, Kittappa was performing the play "Nandanar" in Kumbakonam in the same theatre in which T.K.Shanmugam's drama troupe was camping. In the audience was the noted Harikatha exponent Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavathar, for whom a special seating arrangement had been made on stage due to the tightly packed hall. Hearing Kittappa sing, T.K.Shanmugam says that Muthiah Bhagavathar remarked loudly that it was the good fortune of his profession that Kittappa did not take to singing, for he would have been a star even as a musician!
The article on art and theatre, which originally came out in the first anniversary commemoration souvenir of the Madras Artists Association talks of the amazing contribution of the various artists who captured the imagination of the public through their exquisite paintings on the sets and curtains. T.K.Shanmugam writes that the legendary C.Cunniah had the famous artist Hussain Baksh of Lahore come down and draw the sets for his Krishna Leela and Ramayana plays. He also talks of his troupe's association with K.Madhavan, who would later go on to become of Tamil Nadu's best known artists.
In the chapter on theatre and the rasikas, T.K.Shanmugam says that appreciation too is required to be developed as an art. He talks of the various disturbances faced by the artistes (many a time in crucial moments of a play) due to lack of etiquette on part of the audience, something that performers even today experience. He urges the rasikas to be generous with their response, as it is the biggest motivator for an artiste to better his performance every time and lead to the development of the art.
In all, the book is an interesting read into various aspects of Tamil drama as seen through the eyes of one its foremost exponents.

subset: commoncrawl


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I don't have time for a long post tonight, so I thought I'd share this photo of the cats snuggling up on the top bunk in the kids' room.
They were sleeping with their heads together until I came in to snap this picture. I guess I'm not as cat-like as I thought.


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Not a blogger, but blogging
I've been told that blogging is a good way to get ideas "out there". It can give ideas tangibility, serve as a reminder to execute those ideas, and, maybe, be a way to get some feedback on works-in-progress. Blogging isn't just for people who want to promote cosmetics or make viral posts. It's also for people who desire a way to check in with themselves and grow through writing and sharing.
It's especially important for creatives to document and share their work. Not only does it promote their business, but it communicates an eagerness to grow and embrace the ever-learning amateur inside them.
Blogging requires a good dose of vulnerability, too. While we'd all like to be perfect at everything, truth is we're all lifelong learners with flaws and strengths. I believe that truth is what pushes us forward to continue making; knowing that there's more to learn, achieve, and create – that I have yet to produce my best work – gets me out of bed each morning with excitement and creative energy. It keeps me going.
So Im starting this blog to document my process, expose my creativity publicly and to continue building my craft. This is a way of exploring my creativity through a new medium in hopes of learning more about myself and being vulnerable.
Stay tuned for post topics on creativity, design, photography, fine art, lifestyle and culture, yoga, Buffalo culture and new experiences.
Show Your Work! by Austin Kleon
CLICK HERE to learn more about the book featured above.


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Experiencing furniture. 360° panoramas and virtual reality are all the rage. We talk about these ideas, technologies, opportunities and devices – but are there really measurable results for such enthusiasm? Time and time again we see impressive projects created by our customers. They speak of practical relevance and the significance of new presentation opportunities in a world where products are no longer just a product, but rather one piece of a complex, interactive solution that can be brought to life.
The idea of integrating panoramic images into pCon solutions reaches back to 2011. At that time, VR headsets were still a thing of the future. But it didn't take long to realize that – with little effort – these panoramic views could have an enormous effect on presentation. Today, there are high-performance mobile devices that use the latest browser technology to bring virtual spaces to life – and, of course, in a photo-realistic manner!
Emotions have many layers. Those looking to keep their products and solutions in the customer's mind must also score points when it comes to presentation and consultancy. It's all about making a lasting impression and addressing your customer. Or better yet – moving them. Actiu shows how this can be achieved through showroom visualization.
Click on the image to jump into the Actiu panorama.
Simply click on the logo and you'll be transported. The music starts, you see a large window front and the camera moves as if it has a mind of its own. A few seconds later, you can start the VR mode and will be swept away into the room concept. You can easily change the various locations and get an overview of the entire office. Keyword here: discover.
Synergy makes the difference. The Spanish office furniture manufacturer Actiu continues to show the astounding potential behind the combination of stationary planning tools and mobile technology: an innovative method for product presentation. The firm creates their photo-realistic renderings with pCon.planner's integrated renderer OSPRay and places the results exactly where their target group will find them; namely the company website. As if navigating the panorama on a tablet wasn't impressive enough, the solution can also be seen with a VR headset. And with that, Actiu conjures up a complete product experience.
Are you also interested in panoramic images and presentation with VR headsets? Then you'll need our room planner on your side! You can find pCon.planner here. For further questions or comments, please don't hesitate to contact us.


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item# 328522
Full Tilt Criss Cross & Triangle rings. Features various etched and rhinestone details. Stack or wear alone. Set of 6. Imported.
California Residents:
WARNING PROP 65: This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.


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SMASHING PUMPKINS - Le Deux Machina (Synth) Lyrics
Le Deux Machina is a nearly 6 minute piano song by Mike Garson, a few seconds of it was used in Glass + The Ghost Children. A full synth version of this can be found on Machina II. And a full piano version can be found on a bootleg called Friends and Enemies of Modern Music (not to be confused with Machina II)


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This picture was taken October 23, 2007. The day my son returned home from Iraq. This was at the welcome home celebration at the Armory. The person holding the umbrella is standing in front of the Armory. The flag flying from the fire truck was at the intersection by the armory. The bus carrying our soldiers came down the street toward us, under the flag and turned into the armory parking lot. It was a cold damp day, but all were warmed by the love for their soldiers.
Ok. So now I need to tag 5 friends.
Liz http://pinkroomponderings.blogspot.com/
Teresa http://treesawardincrafts.blogspot.com/
Dawn http://dawnscrafttime.blogspot.com/
Lisa http://happyscrapper72.blogspot.com/
Toni http://stampingmadtoni.blogspot.com/
Just pick the 6th photo from your 6th folder in your My Pictures folder.
Ok, I need to run, but I promise I will have cards to share in my next post.


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Nice city center, 2 steps from the beaches and shops. Quiet 1 bedroom apartment of 45,13sqm with balcony, in a good quality building.
This property includes a hall with storage, an independent fitted kitchen, a living room in marble, one bedroom with parquet flooring and wardrobe, and a shower room with toilet and window. The two main rooms open onto a 4.30sqm balcony facing east. The apartment is quiet overlooking a dead end, it is in good condition, except the electrical installation that requires updating works. Another advantage : there is a cellar in the basement.
The "Riviera Dante" residence was built in 1971 by the company "La Generale Immobiliere de la Cote d'Azur". It is a 6-storey building with 2 entries located in the Potiers street, between the streets Dante and France, close to the Gambetta boulevard.
The condominium includes a total of 95 lots (41 apartments). The condo fees for current expenses are 168 euros per month, including cold water, hot water and heating. Agency fees borne by the seller.
The district offers its inhabitants a pleasant location to live, close to all amenities, with shops and supermarkets, schools, and transport including the tram line No. 2. Ideal also for a holiday home only 3min. Wlking from the Promenade des Anglais.
Book your visit now. Contact the Istra agency, your real estate partner in Nice since 26 years. Phone +126.96.36.199.2000 firstname.lastname@example.com
- Rooms 2 rooms
- Surface 45 m²
- Heating Common
- Floor 2nd / 6 floors
- Orientation East
- Built in 1971
- Lift
- Intercom
- 1 Living-room 14.71 m²
- 1 Kitchen 6.67 m²
- 1 Bedroom 14.18 m²
- 1 Shower room / Lavatory 4.64 m²
- 1 Entrance 4.93 m²
- 1 Cellar
- 1 Balcony 4.3 m²
- Shops
- Primary school
- Town centre
- Tram
- Supermarket
- Sea
Energy efficiency
Legal informations
- Seller's fees
- Units95
- Property tax950 €
- Condominium fees168 € / Month
- « Carrez » act45.13 sq m
- View our Fee plans
- No ongoing procedures


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Prior to heading to Montreal, the headliners for UFC 154 answered questions from the media on Wednesday with Georges St-Pierre, Carlos Condit and UFC President Dana White all in attendance.
A lot of questions were answered on this call including the rumors about Anderson Silva's trip to UFC 154 with the main reason being to call out GSP if he's victorious.
St-Pierre also answers questions about his time off, listening to the critics about his non-finishes, and finding his smile again.
For his part, Carlos Condit discusses his role of being a spoiler as well as the pressures that GSP is feeling in this fight.
Check out the audio below for the full UFC 154 media conference call:


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The State Legislature is only in session for one more day up in Albany. There is only a day left to bring to the floor (and pass!) The Long Island Water Quality Control Act A.9788A/S.7804. The future of Long Island's bays, rivers and ponds depend on it. Our drinking water depends on it.
The bill establishes pollution standards for residents, businesses, and agriculture, standards we are going to need in place if we are to save our waters and build a sustainable Long Island.
There are of course certain constituencies who don't want to see this bill passed because it would force them to change how they do business — what they can put on the ground, in the air, in the water, what they can build where, what new water quality regulations they'd need to follow.
But two things about building a sustainable Long Island :
- It will take billions of dollars to achieve this. That in itself should be a boon to builders, to companies seeking to adopt sustainable practices for the good of all Long Islanders, and with that their businesses.
- A sustainable Long Island is going to be worth much more than if we bowed to those who feel we should just pursue business as usual. A sustainable Long Island is a place where everyone wins.
It is urgent then that you contact your state senator's offices and let them know that you want them to vote 'yes' on this bill.
Here's a handy widget for finding your State Senator: http://www.nysenate.gov/senators
Here's how you find your Assemblyman: http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/?sh=search
Here's the actual text of the bill: http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A09788&term=2013&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y&Votes=Y
This bill comes to the New York State Legislature within a much larger context. In the 20 months since Sandy we have learned a great deal about how destructive excess nitrogen in our groundwater has been to all our marine and aquatic habitats. We've learned that we have lost most of our marshes and eelgrass from this excess nitrogen, making us more vulnerable to flooding. We have come to understand that with that loss of habitat has come the collapse of our fish and shellfish populations. We increasingly come to understand that we must address our water quality issues immediately if we want our children and grandchildren to have a chance to enjoy swimming, fishing, clamming, boating, encountering nature here as we had.
Today, we must do whatever we can to slow down the damage while we plan and implement the massive repairs this environmental disaster will require. 500,000 septic tanks and cesspools. Two antiquated sewage treatment plants in Bay Park (nearly destroyed by Sandy) and Bergen Point. Then there's the 195 local sewage treatment plants in Suffolk alone. A problem that scale is going to take 10 years and 10 billion dollars, one would imagine. So what do we do now and today to 'hold the fort' while the bigger problem is dealt with? This bill, The Long Island Water Quality Control Act, can buy us time by setting nitrogen standards and putting in place policies that will help us decrease the nitrogen load on our waters and drinking water. If we do nothing, at this rate it is predicted that by 2030 marsh grass will be extinct here.
We know there's a direct correlation between the nitrogen contaminated groundwater on Long Island, the product of population explosion and a building boom post World War II, but with only 30% of Suffolk County sewered. Right now, not coincidentally, The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation lists all of Long Island's waters as 'impaired.' Here is what this bill is meant to do in my view — make everyone, farmers, builders, businesses, residents — part of the solution so that we can buy the time we need to build a sustainable Long Island. It will take 10 billion dollars over 10 years possibly to address the 500,000 septic tanks. In the meantime, we must do what we can to decrease the nitrogen loads.
In recent months, we have come to see the writing on the wall and are together trying to do something about it. Suffolk County's release of The Comprehensive Water Resources Management Plan January 24th of this year, updated for the first time since 1987, told a grim story of how degraded our marine and aquatic environments had become, and how our drinking water is also threatened by the nitrogen coming from hundreds of thousands of septic tanks, from 117 different pesticides, from pharmaceuticals flushed down the toilet, from hazardous household and industrial waste. With that, Suffolk County sprung into action, with County Executive Steve Bellone (D) calling nitrogen pollution the biggest challenge Suffolk County has faced in generations. Right at the same time, Ed Mangano (R), The Nassau County Executive, was coming to the same conclusions about nitrogen and its destructive effects and habitat and its threat to water quality. Both our Senators Gillibrand and Schumer began championing the issue of water quality and sustainability on Long Island, with Senator Gillibrand working with the county to secure a $500,000 award from IBM Smarter Cities to develop a plan for how Long Island can manage its waste water and drinking water so that it could become sustainable
In May, Governor Andrew Cuomo called for 4 public forums on the issue of Long Island Water Quality and Coastal Resiliency, three of which have already been held and which have been reported on in The Huffington Post as part of the continuing series, Can Long Island Be Saved? This Long Island Water Quality and Coastal Resiliency Task Force, bringing together the best scientists from the local, state, and federal levels, and from the major research institutions, non profit, and corporate entities seeking to create solutions to our waste water problems, will, it is contemplated, help spur an entire industry on Long Island, waste water remediation, which Stony Brook standing as a global hub for these emerging technologies. With the
Now here in June IBM Smarter Cities releases it preliminary report tomorrow, and with that we may have in hand a viable strategy for how Long Island can protect and recover its waters. On the very day The New York State Legislature is to decide on whether to vote on protecting Long Island's waters, we will have IBM's initial findings on what we can do. All said, what ever the vote — or non vote — we should all look to combine the insights garnered from the Governor's Task Force with IBM's Smarter Cities report. It is hard to imagine that taken together they wouldn't be recommending something along the lines proposed in the pending legislation — a comprehensive approach where all stakeholders need to be part of a broader solution. In any case, science and wise policy must prevail. Sustainability has 'nothing to do with business as usual,' but will — with the best minds New York can assemble — point the way to revitalized Long Island.
This bill, sponsored by State Senator Kenneth LaValle (R- Port Jefferson) and Assemblyman Robert Sweeney (D-Lindenhurst), would bring us closer to a sustainable Long Island. Change is necessary. But that said, if we have the public and the political will, if we can see beyond the short term concerns that step in whenever there's change, we can vote for a better Long Island, one for our children and grandchildren. We are truly all in this together, from our bays to our drinking water to our whole quality of life.


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- Details
Written by Super User on February 03, 2014
Western Sydney Food Blog
Showcasing the food trail of Sydney's western suburbs
We are Sharon Williams and Alice Longhurst, a mother-daughter duo that are passionate about fresh, delicious food and produce in Western Sydney and its surrounds.
We use Western Sydney Food Blog to share our positive food experiences. These include locations, stores, eateries, products, events and recipes that showcase the superb quality and diversity of flavours that this colourful region of Sydney has to offer.
Mother, Sharon, is a busy working mum, keen photographer and a passionate home cook. She has lived in Western Sydney since her late teens, moving from Parkes to study nursing in the mid-80s. Since that time she has watched the food scene of Western Sydney evolve with diverse restaurants and specialised shops which are what helped ignite her passion for food.
Daughter, Alice, balances full time work with part time study and enjoys discovering hidden food gems across Western Sydney. Alice's love of all things food has been instilled in her by her mum as well as her upbringing amongst the energetic and diverse culture of Western Sydney.
Western Sydney Food Blog is the winner of the Sydney Markets 2017 Fresh Award for Best Greengrocer Story.
Western Sydney Food Blog was a finalist in the Sydney Markets 2016 Fresh Award for Best Greengrocer Story.
Twitter: @WesternSydFood
Instagram: westernsydneyfoodblog
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/westernsydneyfoodblog
Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/TWSFBlog/
Media kit is available on request
Western Sydney Food Blog is a collaborative blog written by Sharon Williams and Alice Longhurst. We disclose all freebies and sponsored posts.


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周一至周五 09:00-18:00
Javier is a people person, with all the exuberance, dynamism and creativity you could imagine in an Argentinian who resides in Spain. These qualities made the hospitality industry a natural vocation, for which he prepared with typical professionalism, first gaining a degree in Social Communication and then a specialist qualification in Hotel and Tourism Administration, the latter obtained while already working as a restaurant manager from 2001 to 2006.
The following year, he joined MSC Cruises as a social host, gaining rapid promotion to Assistant Cruise Director in 2009, a role in which he brought his talents to most of the ships in our fleet.
Further recognition followed in 2012, when Javier was appointed Cruise Director, bringing his sense of flair, organisation and pure fun to a succession of ships in the Musica class.
9 years service with MSC Cruises, 4 years experience as Cruise director
On board MSC Musica*
*Information subject to change
(Updated 2016)
Javier Junquera Pérez Millán


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Jammu HC Bar Association tells SC it did not support lawyers' protest in Kathua case
New Delhi: The Jammu High Court Bar Association on Thursday told the Supreme Court that it did not support lawyers' protest in connection with the Kathua gangrape and murder case.
The Bar Council of India told a bench headed by Chief Justice Dipak Misra that they have constituted a team, headed by a former high court judge, which will visit Kathua to assess the situation relating to lawyers protest.
Meanwhile, the Kathua District Bar Association told the bench, comprising Justices A M Khanwilkar and D Y Chandrachud, that they have already withdrawn the strike on April 12 itself.
Advocate Shoeb Alam, appearing for the state opposed the tagging of plea filed by the victim's father, who is seeking the transfer of case from Kathua to Chandigarh, with the suo motu matter related to lawyers' protest there.
The bench, while clarifying that the administration of justice can't be interfered with, asked the Jammu High Court Bar Association, BCI and others to file their affidavits by April 24 and listed the matter for hearing in the next week.
The apex court had on April 13 took serious note of lawyers obstructing the judicial process in the Kathua gangrape and murder case and initiated a case on its own accord, saying such impeding of the process of law "affects the delivery of justice".
The top court had said that lawyers' bodies have solemn duty to not obstruct advocates representing the accused or the victims' family in the courts.
The minor girl had disappeared from near her home in the forests next to Rasana village in Kathua, on January 10.
Her body was found in the same area a week later.
The Crime Branch of police which probed the case filed a main charge sheet against seven persons and a separate charge sheet against a juvenile in a court in Kathua district earlier this week.
The charge sheet revealed chilling details about how the girl was allegedly kidnapped, drugged, raped inside a place of worship before being killed.
Jammu has been on tenterhooks since the brutal incident. The bar associations have been opposing the action against the accused, alleging that the minority Dogras were being targeted.
Lawyers took to the streets shouting slogans and trying to block the road outside the court where the charge sheets have been filed.
Next Story


text: Hi my name is Jenny and I am a beauty blogger for just under 5 years. I am a mother of 3 and a full time stay at home mom. I enjoy writing about services that help empower women and also make them feel beautiful. I am independent, strong, sexy, and motivated! I try to feed my family high quality nutritious food while at the same time thinking about our environment! I hope I can inspire women all across the word with my blog especially stay at home and single mothers!


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Takeaway & Collections
Sandbar offers a delivery and collection service to the Clontarf, Marino and Killister areas. Wood fired Pizza, Pastas and Salads. Check menu for deals.
Our online order section will be available very shortly, please check back soon.
TAKE AWAY MENUWe deliver straight your door
View our food & wine menu View our piano bar event listing
193 Clontarf Road, Dublin 3
Sunday - Thursday:
Friday - Saturday:
Contact Us
193 Clontarf Road, Dublin 3
Phone: +353 (01) 853-2204
Email Us
Opening Hours
Closed Mondays (except Bank Holidays)
Sunday - Thursday:
10am - 10pm for collection, 5pm - 10pm for delivery
Friday - Saturday:
10am - 11pm for collection, 5pm - 11pm for delivery


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Ophelia In Souliloquy from In Souliloquy on Vimeo.
She chose her own end. Don't forget that.
Performed by Lilian Schiffer
Written by Tilly Lunken
Directed by Victorine Pontillon
After William Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Special thanks to Steven M. Levy and the Charing Cross Theatre.
In Souliloquy is devised and produced by V&T
Duet Musette by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0


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Lakonia Greek Products
10 West Point Ln Unit 10-22
Biddeford, ME 04005
(207) 282-4002
Lakonia Greek Products - Dafni Greek Gourmet is located in Biddeford's Pepperell Mill Campus - Building 10. Use 15 York St for the GPS. Once you arrive, take a left on down West Point Lane.
To locate the store. Use 15 York St. for GPS. Once you arrive take left on West Point Lane


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Trusted project management from a trusted provider
As a trusted provider of project management services, we ensure the success of a diverse range of projects across all industries. To ensure the success of your project and minimize your risk, we provide you with an unrivaled global network and extensive expertise, wherever you need it.
As a result, we can help you coordinate and manage every step of your project – from review, appraisal, procurement, construction supervision, verification and inspection right through to testing and commissioning. Plus, our specialized teams of engineers and technicians offer you independent expertise, opinions and advice, and help you comply with regulatory and quality standards.
To discuss how our project management services can help you reduce your risk, assure quality and ensure completion on time and on budget, contact us today.
Whatever your project, you'll want to ensure that it is completed on time and within budget. Plus, you'll want the quality to be assured. Yet, making all this happen means coordinating a number of complex elements. That's where our project management services can help.
Why choose project management from Power Turbines Limited?
We can help you:
- Reduce technical risks
- Prevent errors
- Control budgets
- Keep your project within the planned schedule
- Comply with all applicable requirements, whether they are regulatory, voluntary or client based
Other Solutions
Project Management
Whatever your project, you'll want to ensure that it is completed on time and within budget.
Oil and Gas
Catering to organisations and people across the supply chain – from testing, inspection and certification to consulting, technical, engineering and related services.
Power and Energy
From efficiency programs to front-end design, engineering, project management and commissioning, we help to reduce energy demand and deliver future energy schemes to help create a sustainable future.


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Allergic Conditions and Treatments
The immune system is your personal bodyguard, it protects your body from harmful invaders, like viruses. Sometimes this bodyguard can be overprotective and treat harmless things, such as pollen, as if they are dangerous. This results in an allergic reaction.
The most common symptoms in an allergic reaction are:
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Itching (in nose, mouth, throat, or eyes)
- Post nasal drip
- Sneezing
- Congestion
- Coughing
- Watery eyes
Less common allergy symptoms include:
- Headaches
- Loss of taste and smell, and bad breath
- Low productivity/Poor concentration
- Fatigue
- Sleep disturbances
- Snoring
If one or both parents have allergies, your child has an increased risk of developing them. If untreated, allergy symptoms can develop into sinus or ear infections.
Allergy symptoms can be more than bothersome or irritating. They can interfere with your day-to-day activities and sleep. Allergies can result in loss of productivity, missed work or school, and an overall poor quality of life.
Seeking the help of an allergist is the key to treating your allergies.
Allergy triggers, or allergens, are things that cause allergy symptoms to act up. Some triggers are seasonal, while others are year-round.
Seasonal Allergy Triggers
- Weeds, trees and grasses – Plants and trees release their pollen into the air, which is spread by the wind. Pollen counts are highest on dry, windy days.
- Outdoor Mold Spores – Mold grows from spring to late fall on rotting logs, fallen leaves, compost, and mulch. Mold spores also float in the air.
Year-round allergy triggers
- Indoor mold spores – Mold grows in damp rooms, like the bathroom, kitchen, or basement.
- Animal dander – Found in the saliva and skin oil of animals.
- Dust Mites – Microscopic bugs that live in household items such as curtains, bedding, mattresses, and carpets.
- Cockroaches – Their droppings can cause allergy symptoms.
The same allergen can trigger both conditions. For example, if you are allergic to pollen and you inhale it, your bronchial tubes experience an allergic reaction that can lead to an asthma attack. This is called allergic asthma.
The first time you are exposed to an allergen your immune system reacts by producing antibodies to protect itself. The antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found mainly in the skin, tongue, nose, eyes, lungs, and intestinal tract. The next time you are exposed to these allergens, the antibodies capture them and signal the mast cells to release chemical responders, such as histamine and leukotrienes.
These chemicals produce the symptoms of an allergic reaction. Symptoms vary depending on where in the body the chemicals are released.
Allergies and colds share a lot of the same symptoms, but they are different conditions.
|Exposure to an allergen
|Exposure to a virus
|Sneezing, runny, itchy or stuffy nose, watery eyes, coughing, itchy throat, Clear mucus
|Sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, watery eyes, coughing, sore, scratchy throat, yellow-colored mucus, dull headache, muscle aches
|Very rare
|As long as you are exposed to the allergen
|2 to 14 days
There are wide ranges of medications on the market including antihistamines, decongestants, steroid nasal sprays, etc. Depending on your allergens and the degree to which you suffer, a specialized allergy treatment plan will be recommended.
|What They Do
|How They Work
|Oral and Nasal Antihistamines
|Relieve sneezing, runny nose, and itchy nose and eyes.
|Block histamines, which cause allergy symptoms
|Relieve symptoms of sneezing, runny nose, itchy nose and congestions
|Block the effects of leukotrienes, which cause allergy symptoms
|Nasal Corticosteroids
|Improve nasal symptoms, including itching, runny nose and congestion
|Reduce and control swelling in the nose
|Reduce congestion and mucus production
|Reduce swelling in the nose
The allergist will conduct a patient history including an assessment of your symptoms, a relevant physical exam, and a thorough environmental evaluation. The allergist will also conduct skin allergy testing procedures to determine what causes your allergies. Substances such as dust mites, pollen, mold, and pet dander are considered common allergens. This skin test is effective to evaluate both inhalant allergens and food allergens.
A skin test is a simple procedure that is best described as small scratches that are given on the surface of the skin on your back. The scratches are conducted with a small instrument, similar to a plastic toothpick that contains a tiny amount of a common allergen. If you are allergic to a substance, a small bump will appear. For those patients who do not react to this type of skin test, an intradermal skin test may be performed (similar to a TB test).
With allergy testing, the allergist can determine your specific allergy profile. Because everyone is unique in what their specific allergic triggers are, knowing your specific allergies is important for the effective treatment of allergies.
Once the allergist knows the allergens that are causing your symptoms, an effective treatment plan can be recommended. These treatment plans include:
- Avoidance of allergens
- Medications
- Allergy shots
The air we breathe contains many small particles such as pollen, mold spores, and pet dander.
Unseen microscopic allergens, especially those containing biological matter, such as house dust, mite debris, animal dander, and mold, are known to aggravate allergic reactions in sensitive people. Allergic reactions can worsen the symptoms of asthma, colds, and other respiratory conditions.
Obviously you aren't expected to live life in a bubble, but there are things that can be done to minimize your exposure to specific allergens. For example, if you are allergic to dust, you can dust-proof your bedroom by using an allergy-proof mattress and pillow covers. If you are allergic to pollen and/or grass, you can keep your windows closed and shower immediately following outdoor activities. There are many ways to cut down on the allergens in your environment. Talk to your allergist about any information that he can provide on allergen avoidance.
Tips for Pet Lovers
- Wash pet bedding every week
- Keep pets out of bedrooms
- Wash hands after touching pets
- If possible, shampoo dogs and cats weekly.
- The best pets for children with pet allergies are those without fur or feathers.
- Consider investing in a high-efficiency vacuum filter system.
No Smoking Please!
Don't smoke indoors or in a car or allow anyone else to do so, especially if children are present.
Dust Mites
- Buy washable toys and wash them frequently in hot water to kill dust mites.
- Use allergen-control covers on all pillows, mattresses, futons and sofas.
- Wash bedding every week in hot water
- Replace blinds with washable curtains or use window shades made of plastic, wood, or other washable materials.
- Remove carpet from your bedroom. Replace with hardwood or tile.
- Store stuffed animals in plastic bins.
- Vacuum floors and dust surfaces weekly with a damp cloth.
Mold Spores
- Keep damp rooms well ventilated to reduce humidity. After taking a shower, open a window or use an exhaust fan.
- Keep indoor humidity between 40 and 50 percent. If you use a dehumidifier, clean it so mold does not grow on the inside.
- Limit the number of plants in your home. Damp soil grows mold.
- Remove any carpets in damp areas, like the bathroom.
- Clean moldy surfaces with bleach and repair any leaks.
Outdoor Triggers – pollen from weeds, trees, grasses and mold spores.
- Keep car and house windows closed when pollen or mold counts are high.
- Limit time outdoors when pollen counts are high.
- Try to stay inside from 5am to 10am, when pollen counts are highest.
- Take a bath, wash hair, and change clothes before going to bed and after being outdoors.
- Use central air conditioning and a HEPA filter.
- Clean up fallen leaves, and try to avoid lawn work, which can stir up mold spores.
- Fix any leaks outside that might make surfaces wet and allow mold to grow.
Allergies can be treated, but not cured because they are a natural immune system reaction. There are several types of allergy treatment medications available, both over-the-counter and prescription, to help ease annoying symptoms like congestion and runny nose. Allergy shots, which gradually increase your ability to tolerate allergens, are also available.
Allergy injections, also referred to as immunotherapy, are in essence a vaccination. As you are exposed to small, injected amounts of a particular allergen, you gradually decrease your sensitivity and build up your immunity to the specific substances to which you are allergic.
Allergy shots consist of a series of injections given once or twice a week for 6 to 12 months in the build-up phase. They are continued for 3 to 5 years during the maintenance phase. During this phase the injections are given every one to four weeks.
Allergies can be underlying cause of frequent sinus, ear, and upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Untreated allergies can even exacerbate or cause asthma; The Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology states, "Approximately 80 percent of all asthma in children and half of all asthma in adults is caused by allergies".
Allergies are responsible for symptoms that may make it difficult for you to concentrate and result in a loss of productivity. The loss of productivity can filter into your work, school, and home life. Don't let your allergies control you; take control of your allergies!
Food allergies affect 4% of all Americans.
How to recognize a severe allergic reaction
If you are allergic to certain foods, eating just a small amount may cause your throat or tongue to quickly swell up and make breathing difficult. A severe allergic reaction of this type is called anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis can occur as a result of coming into contact with certain foods, including peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish. If you are allergic to one or more of these foods, everyday situations, like eating at a restaurant, could put you at risk for a severe allergic reaction. There is really no way to predict how severe a future reaction might be.
A reaction can be so severe that your life may be at risk. Therefore, the reaction needs immediate attention. That is why you, members of your family, friends, or a caregiver should be aware of the triggers and symptoms of anaphylaxis and know what to do if an anaphylactic emergency occurs.
Identifying an emergency - one or more of the following symptoms usually characterizes a severe allergic reaction:
- Hives
- Metallic taste or tingling in the mouth
- Swelling of the tongue, lips, or throat
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing
- Abdominal cramps
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Rash or itchy skin
- Coughing or wheezing
- Loss of consciousness
- Increased heart rate
- Dizziness or sudden weakness
Common Food Allergens - Peanuts cause the most food-related severe allergic reactions. Other common food allergies are to tree nuts including, macadamia nuts, brazil nuts, cashews, almonds, walnuts, pecans, cow's milk, eggs, seafood, soybeans, and wheat.
Many people have been bitten or stung by insects, and some experience uncomfortable reactions as a result. Bee stings, mosquitoes, fire ants and scorpions are some of the most common. The venom from stinging and biting insects can also trigger a severe allergic reaction.
Which Stinging Insects Cause Venom Allergies?
Allergic reactions to flying, stinging insects (honeybees, hornets, wasps and yellow jackets) are relatively common. Most people who are stung by these insects will develop a reaction at the site of the sting that will cause pain, swelling, redness, and itching. A smaller percent of people (about 10 to 15%) may experience larger areas of swelling, which can last up to a week. Some people can even have full-blown allergic reactions that cause anaphylaxis. About 0.5% of children and 3% of adults will experience anaphylaxis after a stinging insect bite. In addition, about 40 people in the United States die every year from a venom allergy, and this number is probably a low estimate because insect sting deaths are often attributed to other causes. Most of these deaths occurred in people without a known history of venom allergy. Still, keep in mind this is a very small number of people.
Signs of Anaphylaxis
When someone has whole-body (systemic or anaphylaxis) allergic reactions to insect stings, they may experience any or all of the following symptoms, usually within a matter of minutes to a few hours:
- Itching all over
- Hives or swelling that spreads from the site of the sting
- Flushing
- Runny nose, sneezing or post-nasal drip
- Itchy/watery eyes
- Swelling of the lips, tongue or throat
- Shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing
- Stomach cramping, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Lightheadedness, fast heart rate, low blood pressure, or passing out
- Sense of panic or metallic taste in the mouth
How Do I Avoid Being Stung?
Put simply, the best way to prevent an allergic reaction is to avoid being stung. Here are a few tips:
- Hire a trained exterminator to treat any known nests in the immediate area; periodic surveillance for further infestation should be performed.
- Do not wear brightly colored clothing, flowery prints, or perfumes or other scents that will attract insects.
- Always wear shoes when walking outside, particularly on grass
- Wear pants, long-sleeved shirts, gloves, close-toed shoes, and socks when working outdoors
- Use caution when working around bushes, shrubs, trees, and trash cans
- Always check food and drinks (especially open cans of soda or drinks with straws) before consuming, especially at pools and picnics, where yellow jackets are known to be present
- Keep an insecticide, approved for use on stinging insects available in case a nest is found
Be prepared, have an Epi Pen
In case of a severe reaction, the recommended treatment is an epinephrine injection that is available only by prescription. Injecting the medicine during an emergency may give you the time you need to get to a hospital emergency room for evaluation and any additional treatment.
- Administer the shot of epinephrine (Epi Pen).
- Call 911 and get to the emergency room as quickly as possible.
- Call your doctor when your condition is under control.


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OneBillionVegans seeks up to $1M to set up an online platform for the vegan community
WOODLAND HILLS, CA – 5/28/2016 (PRESS RELEASE JET) — Experts around the world are starting to put a deadline on our planet, where life for humans becomes unsustainable, and that deadline is within most of our lifetimes. The solution is a massive adoption of a plant-based (vegan) diet. Becoming plant-based is like voting for earth to live, and for your children to have a future on it. JamesTheFourth, founder of OneBillionVegans, is on a mission to connect one billion vegan and plant-based individuals, to create the biggest positive global change that has ever been witnessed by mankind by propelling veganism toward critical mass. One Billion Vegans is a world we dream of living in, where 1/7th of the population makes decisions every day that affect the longevity of Earth.
OneBillionVegans is working to create an online platform to serve as the number one place to go for vegan people and businesses to connect, collaborate, and manifest plant-based projects, products, and services. This platform will have all the tools and elements necessary to assist anyone, anywhere in the world, in living the best vegan lifestyle possible to them. The mission is to build a plant-based future for everyone.
OneBillonVegans is proud to announce an exciting fundraising campaign on the international crowd funding site Indiegogo: https://igg.me/at/onebillionvegans
About JamesTheFourth
JamesTheFourth is a successful entrepreneur who has a passion to make a difference in his life, and he knows for a fact that the vegan movement is the first place that he will make a global impact. James became vegan in 2013 with the determination to feel and live a healthy life, and he realized there were so many other great reasons to be vegan. He began creating vegan websites and projects, starting with veganmaps.com – an online directory service designed to aid vegans in finding business facilities that cater to them, and vegetarian facilities for those transitioning. Then, he made a social media platform vegancensus.com – that counts and connects vegans across the world. Finally, JamesTheFourth made a calculator that calculates the positive results a person creates on the world around them every day by being vegan – obvcalculator.com.
Now JamesTheFourth is taking a huge step by combining all of his experience into a huge worldwide movement: OneBillionVegans.
Full News Story: http://pressreleasejet.com/news/onebillionvegans-launches-indiegogo-crowdfunding-campaign-for-vegans.html
Distributed by Press Release Jet
Media Contact
Company Name: OneBillionVegans
Contact Person: JamesTheFourth
Email: email@example.com
Phone: + 1 (747) 333-8838
Country: United States
Website: https://www.OneBillionVegans.com


text: On Wed, 20 Jun 2012, chao xie wrote: > >> It seems work well, but i have question about the suspend/resume of > >> device. When the whole system will go to deep idle, and it will > >> suspend the devices. for the function do device suspend > >> __device_suspend, > > > > What source file is that function in? > > > > The function is located at drivers/base/power/main.c > > >> it will call pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev). As i > >> think it will make the device not do runtime suspend any more. Is that > >> correct? > > > > It sounds wrong. Why would a suspend routine do that? > > > > I do knot know, but the code is there. Okay, now I understand your question. The problem is that system suspend uses a separate mechanism from runtime suspend, and we don't want the two things to happen at the same time. Therefore __device_suspend does a get_noresume in order to prevent runtime suspend from occurring in the middle of a system suspend. > >> There is the question, how device driver handle the logic surrounds > >> it? I want to add pm_runtime_put_sync in dev->driver->pm->suspend > >> function, and pm_runtime_get_sync in dev->driver->pm->resume. > > > > You must not do that. If you do, your driver will hang. > > > > why it will hang? Sorry, I misunderstood your question. It will not hang. But why do you want to add those calls? > >> Because > >> __device_suspend increase the usage_count, pm_runtime_put_sync will > >> not do real work. > >> So is that right that i directly call pm_runtime_suspend in > >> dev->driver->pm->suspend and pm_runtime_resume in > >> dev->driver->pm->resume? No, don't call pm_runtime_suspend. Just call your driver's runtime_suspend routine directly. Same for resume. > Finally the real question is who will deal with the dev->pm_domain? > when system go to sleep. The __device_suspend routine in drivers/base/main.c uses dev->pm_domain. > The driver will use pm_runtime_get/put to deal with dev->pm_domain > when it want to work or is in idle. Then when system go to sleep, the > driver need care about dev->pm_domain too. > Usally, dev->pm_domain is a easy way to handle the difference SOCs > with same device IP. For example, USB. Many vendor may have same usb > IP but difference phy and clock configuration. putting these stuff > into dev->pm_domain can make driver be shared by different SOCs. Alan Stern


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Just in time for the 12th chime of the bell, the courtyards next to the largest courtyard, the Christmas market, open their gates. After the opening on the market square, one has the impression that the city centre of Lutherstadt Eisleben is like an ant hill. People are constantly on the move and admire the beautiful arcades, the different roof shapes of the adjoining houses and the lovely decorations in the courtyards. Eisleben has many architectural treasures, most of which are hidden, and on such a day you can admire them. Each courtyard develops its own special charm when dusk falls.
In addition to culinary delights, there is also something for all the senses. This day is accompanied by many choirs that go from one court to the next. But there is not only food and drink, also numerous merchants, artists and craftsmen compete for the favour of the visitors. And here you are truly spoilt for choice.The brighter the moon in the sky, the stronger the illumination in the courtyards. In the courtyards a unique flair is created with candles, tea lights, fire baskets and effectively used spotlights, which often elicits an "Oh - great" from the visitor when entering.
Lutherstadt Eisleben | www.lutherstaedte-eisleben-mansfeld.de


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The Activities Zone is composed of elected student representatives who discuss policy ideas to improve student activities at UCL.
All students are able to attend meetings and suggest ideas but only representatives may cast a vote.
The members' of an Activity Zone consist of:
Activities Officer (Chair)
Arts Officer
Community Relations Officer
Sports Officer
Societies Officer
Sports Non-portfolio representatives (6)
Societies Representatives (9)


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Over 400 senior discovery attendees representing global pharmaceutical organisations, leading biotech companies and internationally renowned academic institutions Over 18 presentations and case studies focusing on the latest trends and technologies in Bispecifics discovery as well as the considerations for immunogenicity, safety, CMC, biomarkers in bringing Bispecific in clinic. The congress also explores the role of Bispecific antibodies in paving the next wave of biotherapeutics. Including 2 interactive streams: Bispecific Discovery, Therapeutic Development and Developability Considerations Preclinical Development, Translation and Clinical Development in Bispecific Antibodies Co-located with the 20th Annual Drug Discovery Summit, 7th Annual Discovery Chemistry and Drug Design Congress and Neuroscience in Discovery and Development Congress. 14 pre-scheduled one to one meetings, exhibition spaces and informal networking opportunities


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'Don't give up trying to do what you want to do.
Where there is love and inspiration, I don't think you can go wrong' Ella Fitzgerald, 1917-1996, singer.
"Happiness is not a matter of intensity but of balance, order, rhythm and harmony. " Thomas Merton
'You can't use up creativity. The more you use, the more you have.'
Maya Angelou, 1928-2014, author and poet.
'Your task is not to find someone to believe in or some doctrine in which to take refuge (though this is very comfortable), it is to realize Who and What You are (and I don't mean a name). Then you manifest Who and What you really are; that is Love.'
Justin Stone T'ai Chi Chih Originator: Summer 1988
"When we feel love and kindness toward others, it not only makes others feel loved and cared for, but it helps us also to develop inner happiness and peace" ~ Dalai Lama
The development of love brings us all to the realisation of unity,
of the truth that one and all of us are of thge One great creation.
The caues of all our troubles is self and separateness, and this vanishes
as soon as Love and the knowledge of the great unity become part of our nature'.
Dr Edward Bach 1886-1936
Experience for me is the highest authority.
The touchstone of validity is my own experience....
It is to experience that I must return again and again,
to discover a clear approximation to truth as it is in process of becoming in me.
Carl Rogers. 1967 'On becoming a person'


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A Soldier's Heart is a Filipino family tv series of Lambingan Tv OFW Shows. A Soldier's Heart February 12 2020 today Replay Episode Video online. A Soldier's Heart is Maximum Famous Pinoy TV network for watching on Pinoy Tambayan shows all over the Filipino. A Soldier's Heart February 12 2020 Replay HD Episode. Keep watching every time A Soldier's Heart Episodes online with us. Pinoy Lambingan shows are very popular shows on the Worldwide. Lambingan TV Viewers watch their favourite shows on this websites.
A Soldier's Heart February 12 2020 Replay Today Episode
February 12, 2020 A Soldier's Heart No Comments


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Ramalinga Raju, the former chairman and founder of Satyam Computer , on Wednesday surrendered to a lower court in a case of accounting fraud that turned out to be the countrys biggest corporate scandal.
Raju turned himself in after his bail was cancelled by the Supreme Court , VV Lakshmi Narayana, a Hyderabad-based senior official with the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) told Reuters. Raju, a management graduate from Ohio University who founded Satyam in 1987, shocked investors in January 2009 when he said the firms profits had been overstated for years and assets falsified in a fraud allegedly worth more than $1.5 billion.
He had been in police custody since the fraud was revealed until he was granted bail in August by a lower court in Hyderabad, where Satyam is based.
The CBI opposed the bail in the Supreme Court, which in October cancelled the bail granted to Raju and five other former employees and asked them to surrender. Raju sought an extension, but was denied.
The five former Satyam employees, including former managing director B Rama Raju and former finance head Vadlamani Srinivas,
also surrendered on Wednesday, Narayana said. Satyam was sold to Indian IT firm Tech Mahindra , majority-owned by automaker Mahindra & Mahindra and part-owned by British telecoms firm BT, in an auction in April last year. It was subsequently renamed Mahindra Satyam.


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Succotash with Shrimp delivers colorful ingredients and fresh flavor to your dinner plate.
How to Make It
Combine first 8 ingredients in a medium bowl. Stir in 1 tablespoon oil, 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, and 1/4 teaspoon salt.
Toss shrimp with remaining 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, remaining 1/8 teaspoon salt, and ground red pepper. Heat a medium skillet over medium-high heat. Add remaining 1 1/2 teaspoons oil to pan; swirl to coat. Add shrimp; sauté 5 minutes or until done.
THE SOUTHERN BENTO Whether you're a displaced Southerner or someone into the Southern food trend, this lunch allows you to enjoy some soulful favorites from the region. Make Our Recipe: Succotash with Shrimp Then add… 12 sweet potato chips 1 large peach, sliced 1/4 cup vanilla fat-free Greek yogurt Serves 2 Each lunch has 396 calories, 5g fat (2g sat fat), 9g protein, 1g carbs, 2g fiber, and 634mg sodium.


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Hiiii-- yah!
Photo from Flickr user stubeattie
Monday, December 15, 2008
Monday, December 8, 2008
Adopt a Koala
The LA Times is reporting that you can adopt one of my sick or injured brethren for Christmas.
Wow, think of it -- your very own koala for $30/month. You can help it along its training to become a koala ninja.
Act now and adopt today.
HT: M. Ettensohn for this article.
Me, for sale?
I've just been informed that Kody Koala is looking to make a quick buck off of "Koala Ninja."
I don't think the toy looks exactly like me, but it's a pretty good try.
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Choir of The King's Consort & Robert King
Biography Choir of The King's Consort & Robert King
The King's Consort
is one of the world's leading period instrument orchestras. Founded in 1980 by Robert King, The King's Consort and its equally renowned Choir of The King's Consort have toured in five continents and appeared in almost every European country, in Japan, Hong Kong and the Far East, as well as North and South America. With more than one hundred CDs in the catalogue, selling in excess of one and a half million copies, The King's Consort is one of the world's most-recorded historical instrument orchestras. TKC now records for the VIVAT label.
For more than three decades The King's Consort, under Robert King's artistic direction, has presented an adventurous variety of repertoire, spanning from 1550 to the present day, in many of the greatest European concert halls. Highlights have included seven appearances at the BBC Proms, performances of the spectacular Coronation of King George II, the Venetian reconstruction Lo Sposalizio, Bach's Mass in B Minor and St Matthew Passion and Mendelssohn Elijah widely across Britain and Europe, staged performances of Purcell The Fairy Queen in Spain and Britain, the opening concert of BBC TV's Purcell celebrations, and Mozart Requiem in the glorious Alhambra Palace in Granada. Other staged operas have included Handel Ottone in Japan and Britain, Handel Ezio at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris and Purcell The Indian Queen in the historic theatre in Schwetzingen, Germany. Tours further afield have included concert and opera performances in Japan, Hong Kong and the Philippines, in Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, and across the USA and Canada.
TKC's highly-acclaimed recordings have won many international awards and sold over 1,500,000 copies. The orchestra is especially regarded for its many recordings of music by Handel and Purcell, but its catalogue also includes instrumental and choral music by dozens of composers from Albinoni to Zelenka, including Bach Mass in B Minor, Rossini Petite Messe Solennelle, Mozart Sacred Music, the Stabat Maters of Pergolesi, Astorga and Boccherini, and the massive Venetian reconstruction Lo Sposalizio. Twenty-five world-première recordings of Purcell's complete Odes, Solo Songs and Sacred Music established TKC as the world's leading performers of this composer's music. TKC is also renowned for its recordings of more than a dozen Handel oratorios and operas. Other CD projects include the much acclaimed Sacred Music of Monteverdi, including the Vespers of 1610: this series follows the success of ten volumes of Vivaldi's complete Sacred Music. Similarly fêted have been the best-selling recordings of The Coronation of King George, Handel's colourful Ode for St Cecilia, the critically-acclaimed Michael Haydn Requiem (winner of BBC Music Magazine's 'Best Choral Recording') and Mozart Sacred Music with soprano Carolyn Sampson. TKC now records for the VIVAT label, where its repertoire includes discs by Stanford and Parry (a Gramophone Awards finalist), Couperin, Monteverdi, Handel and Purcell. Shortly to be released is a new recording of music by British Romantics including Stanford, Parry, Howells and MacMillan. In the world of Hollywood the Choir of The King's Consort feature in the sound tracks of Ridley Scott's epic Kingdom of Heaven, and in The Chronicles of Narnia, Pirates of the Caribbean, Flushed Away and The Da Vinci Code.
Recently TKC has enjoyed major European tours of Bach St Matthew Passion, Handel Messiah and Bach Mass in B minor, performed the Requiems of Mozart and Michael Haydn in Lucerne and Cuenca, Mendelssohn Paulus at Leipzig Gewandhaus and Haydn The Creation for Flanders Festival, Finzi Dies Natalis and Britten Les Illuminations at Wigmore Hall and in France, Handel Ottone, Purcell The Fairy Queen and King Arthur in Theater an der Wien, recorded and performed Couperin Trois Leçons de Ténèbres widely, toured Handel La Resurrezione and Pergolesi Stabat Mater in France, and toured in Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and the UK. 2016-17 highlights include a major European tour of Handel Messiah, Monteverdi Vespers and Lo Sposalizio for Rheingau Festival, Vivaldi Juditha triumphans in Vienna, Amsterdam Concertgebouw and Versailles, Bach Four Orchestral Suites in the UK and France, Purcell and Shakespeare widely across Spain, music by four Bachs in Ghent, alongside tours to Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain.
Robert King
is widely acclaimed as one of the leading British conductors of his generation, enjoying for 36 years a dynamic career across the globe in an unusually varied range of repertoire spanning five centuries.
Born in 1960 he was a chorister with the Choir of St John's College, Cambridge, where his solo performances included a best-selling recording of Duruflé Requiem. Whilst at Cambridge University in 1980 he founded the period instrument orchestra and choir The King's Consort, with whom he has toured in almost every European country, North and South America and the Far East. He made his BBC Proms conducting début in 1991 and has since been invited a further seven times. He has made more than 100 recordings which have sold 1,500,000 CDs and won many international awards. He now records for the VIVAT label: his recent recording of Stanford and Parry was a Gramophone Awards finalist. Robert King's busy international conducting schedule has seen performances in the USA with the New World, Seattle, Baltimore, Houston, Oregon, Detroit, Atlanta, National, Minnesota and Pacific Symphony Orchestras, in Canada with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, Manitoba Chamber Orchestra and Les Violons du Roy, in Scandinavia with the Bergen Philharmonic, the Danish National Radio, Stavanger, Malmö, Trondheim, Sondjelands, Norrköping, Århus, Aalborg and Iceland Symphony Orchestras, in Italy with the RAI National Symphony Orchestra and Orchestra Verdi Milan, in Germany with the NDR and WDR Symphony Orchestras, the Hamburg Symphony and Munich Radio Orchestra, in Switzerland with the Zurich Chamber Orchestra and RTSI Symphony, in France with the Monte Carlo Philharmonic, in Holland with the Nederlands Kamerorkest, in Spain with the Orquesta Sinfónica de Tenerife, Orquesta Ciudad de Barcelona, Orquesta Sinfónica de Navarra, Orquesta y Coro de la Comunidad de Madrid, Real Filharmonia de Galicia and Real Orquesta Sinfónica de Sevilla, and in Hong Kong with the Hong Kong Sinfonietta. King is also a noted choral conductor who has worked with the Nederlands Kamerkoor, Orfeo Catala, Orfeón Donostiarra, Swiss Radio Choir, Collegium Vocale Ghent and the BBC Singers. Operatic work has included Handel Ottone in Japan and the UK, Handel Ezio in Paris, Purcell The Indian Queen in the UK and Germany, Purcell The Fairy Queen in Spain and Britain and Gluck Armide for Buxton Festival.
Robert King's repertoire, besides especial acclaim for his interpretation of baroque music, also includes a wide spread of classical and early romantic works, both symphonic and choral, with a particular focus on the music of Mozart, Haydn and Mendelssohn, and a continuing specialisation in early twentieth century English composers, in particular the works of Vaughan Williams, Stanford and Parry. King is widely regarded as a leading expert on the music of Henry Purcell: alongside extensive recording editions of the composer's music he was Artistic Director of Wigmore Hall's Purcell Tercentenary Festival and the author of 'the definitive biography' of the composer. He is a frequent broadcaster for the BBC, writing and presenting diverse programmes. In the world of film music King was a music consultant for Ridley Scott's epic Kingdom of Heaven and his harpsichord playing can be heard in the hit film Shrek 2; other Hollywood projects include work for The Chronicles of Narnia, Pirates of the Caribbean, Flushed Away and, assisting award-winning composer Hans Zimmer, The Da Vinci Code.
Performances in 2016-17 include a major European tour of Handel Messiah, Monteverdi Vespers and Lo Sposalizio for Rheingau Festival, Vivaldi Juditha triumphans in Vienna, Amsterdam Concertgebouw and Versailles, Bach Four Orchestral Suites in the UK and France, Purcell and Shakespeare widely across Spain, music by four Bachs in Ghent, alongside tours to Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. His most recent CD recordings include sacred music by Stanford and Parry (a Gramophone awards finalist), a best-selling disc of Handel arias with Iestyn Davies, Couperin Trois Leçons de Ténèbres with Carolyn Sampson, Monteverdi Heaven and Earth, and two discs of chamber music by Purcell, all for the VIVAT label. Shortly to be released is a disc of music by British Romantics including Stanford, Parry, Howells and MacMillan.


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Beware of the false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves. You will know them by their fruits. Grapes are not gathered from thorn bushes, nor figs from thistles, are they? (Matthew 7:15--16)
After warning about false prophets, Jesus tells us what to watch for in identifying them. Because they are so extremely deceptive and dangerous ravenous spiritual and moral wolves in sheep's clothing-the Lord would hardly have left us without means of determining who they are.
Jesus assures us that we will know them by their fruits. A fruit tree may be beautiful, decorative, and offer pleasant shade in the summer. But its primary purpose is to bear fruit, and it is therefore judged by what it produces and not by how it looks...
-See more at: http://www.macarthurcommentaries.com/Archive.aspx?question=773


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Twenty-four College of Business students comprising the second cohort of Clifton Builders started their journey in the program this fall at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. The unique program of the Clifton Strengths Institute provides the opportunity for students to study and network with other entrepreneurial-minded individuals focused on changing the world in careers.
Gallup Chairman and CEO Jim Clifton designed the Builders Program to identify and develop students with high leadership and entrepreneurial potential. The selected students go through advanced, hands-on experiences in strengths-based leadership, employee engagement and well-being within specialized, cohort-based courses. The completion of these courses, in addition to an experiential component that aligns with their future aspirations, results in earning a certificate and/or Clifton Builders management minor. This program prepares them to be in a position to affect the next generation of employees when they earn leadership positions in the future.
"The program was created to find and develop entrepreneurs, startup types, rainmakers and extraordinarily talented salespeople and leaders – people who have a natural gift to create economic energy where none existed before," said Clifton. "The United States has an oversupply of innovators and an under supply of entrepreneurs."
New cohort members Quincey Bernard and Guilber Sorto, Jr., talk to a local entrepreneur in the Clifton Strengths Institute.
Students apply upon invitation from the program based on their results of taking the Gallup's Builder Profile 10 (BP10) assessment, in correspondence with their application and interview performance. Mark Pogue, executive director of the Clifton Strengths Institute, explained though the world is good at identifying and developing student potential when it comes to academic or athletic performance, it can be hit or miss when trying to identify the next Steve Jobs vs. Lebron James.
Selected students choose between three tracks in the builders program. These include business builders, team builders and community builders. Students analyze their strengths and passions to determine which path best suits their skill set and future career goals.
"The selection process for the Clifton Builders Program is designed to identify talent that could launch a great business, non-profit or bring the next wave of innovation within existing organizations," said Pogue. "The Gallup BP10 assessment not only gives us a glimpse of a student's potential from a unique perspective, it also gives us a language to explore how we can best develop that potential."
After selecting their track, each student is paired with a Gallup-Certified Strengths Coach to help them better understand their unique strengths and how to apply them to maximize their success in college and beyond. Students learn where they can make the greatest impact in accordance with program goals. Some Builders Program members specialize in job creation and creating a business, while others focus on transforming the landscape of organizations or building stronger communities through leadership involvement in non-profits and service agencies.
To view the original article, visit: http://business.unl.edu/news/second-cohort-of-clifton-builders-eager-to-develop-leadership-skills/?contentGroup=clifton_strengths_institute®ionName=news_feed


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Connect C# with MySql
This article is to show the step wise process of how to connect C# to MySql, I will be using MySql Connect/Net for this. Later I will show how to execute INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and SELECT commands, this will include only setting up the connection. Getting Started First make sure you have downloaded and installed… Read More »