text: Home Exceptional Experiences: Brazil Exceptional Experiences: Brazil Exceptional Experiences: Brazil Travelers at Iguassu Falls. Brazilian Bounty Carnival Dancing, River Trips, and More Share Participating in Rio's carnival. A beach in Caraíva. Cavorting in the Carnival Parade Why simply watch Rio de Janeiro's famous Samba Parade when you can be a part of it? You'll don an exotic costume and join one of the city's famous samba schools at the Sambadrome, singing and dancing to the rhythms of the world's biggest Carnival celebration. Samba Drumming Workshop Visit the Santa Marta favela, or community, for a hands-on workshop in samba drumming. You'll make your way through narrow alleys to the "Michael Jackson rooftop," where the pop singer filmed the video for his song, "They Don't Care About Us." There, local kids will demonstrate various percussion instruments—and you'll get a chance to make your own rhythms—as you gaze upon the sprawling views of Rio. A Fisherman's Life in Caraíva From Trancoso, ride a rustic canoe along the Caraíva River to Caraíva, a traditional fishing village. Upon arrival, you'll board a typical fisherman's boat and explore the area, taking a short forest trek and a swim in the river. Stop at a bar famous for its delicious deep-fried shrimp pastries, before trying your hand at stand-up paddle boarding. Eco Safari at Iguassu Falls Head out on an unforgettable eco-adventure. Trek through the forest and take a guided rafting trip along the Iguassu River. Hike to Macuco Falls for a refreshing dip; then board an inflatable bi-motor boat and travel up-river past the dramatic canyon walls on your way to the base of Iguassu Falls. Extreme sporters can rappel over 180-foot-high cliffs overlooking the Falls or zipline through the jungle. See What Else You Can Do in Brazil Originally appeared in Virtuoso Best of the Best: 2014 Guide to the World's Best Hotel Experiences. More Articles: Panama's Revival Exceptional Experiences: Buenos Aires Beach Town Escape: Tulum « ‹ › » Christ the Redeemer statue.


text: Free to Learn Happeningsfor 2018-19 RSVP for Parent Interest Night Join us for an upcoming Parent Interest Night! The best way to find out more is to come see how things work. We operate our gatherings the same way the kids do! You'll be able to ask all your questions at one of our Parent Interest Nights. RSVP today!

subset: commoncrawl


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Sterling Silver Fake Ear, Nose and Lip Hoops (Medium 10mm)
The secret to our faux-pierce body jewelry line is the spring-action hoops! This feature makes it possible to wear Illusion Body Jewelry safely and comfortably not only on the ears, but also on the nose, belly button, and anywhere around the lips. No holes are required to wear them. Fun for all and all for fun! This exciting new Non Piercing body jewelry from BeWild is designed to wear as a nose ring, lip ring, earring, or belly ring. It has the effect of a real facial piercing without the pain and permanence of a hole! Simply pull back the small disc to open the hoop and place the non-piercing jewelry as desired. It's that easy. Everyone will think that you have pierced. Each package holds two hoops of the same size. We now offer silver in three sizes. This medium sized hoop measures 10mm in diameter.
Perfect For Use With:
Perfect For Use With:


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It is my privilege to welcome my friend, my patient and my fellow Toastmasters club member Jackie Rakers to THE PEOPLE OF TOASTMASTERS PROJECT! I've known Jackie for several years dating back to our days in the now defunct Tri-County Toastmasters Club of Virden, IL.
Jackie is an awesome speaker and an incredible leader as well. She is truly one of my mentors in Toastmasters International. She grabbed the bull by the horns back in 2010 when her dream was to start a Toastmasters Club in Montgomery County. I was honored that she asked me to play a small part in making that happen. We are both very proud of the club that Jackie has helped to build in Hillsboro, IL. She was the club's inaugural President and she currently fills the role of Vice President of Education.
In 2009, I needed to conduct a community SPEECHCRAFT project to fulfill my HIGH PERFORMANCE LEADERSHIP Manual requirements, thus landing the coveted title of DTM or Distinguished Toastmaster. My friend Toastmaster Rakers was one of the key players in helping me to make that happen. It was an awesome and successful Speechcraft that went off without a hitch. I really appreciate all of Jackie's efforts as she came through for me there in a big way. Thank you, thank you, thank you!!!
Here I was blessed with the opportunity to interview Jackie Rakers, CC (Competent Communicator) about one of our passions: TOASTMASTERS.
Yours in Toastmasters & Video Blogging,
Toastmaster Todd Austin, DTM from http://ToastmasterTodd.com and founder of "The People of Toastmasters Project".


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We had perfect weather for the picnic in Clover park which was attended by a group of intrepid and playful park 'visioners', and led by internationally known urban planner James Rojas. Tarps were placed on the lawn for the creators, and another tarp contained our stash of building materials, thousands of small every day objectsContinue reading »
Category Archives: "A2P"
Don't forget the Airport2Park picnic this Sunday!
"Re-Imagine Santa Monica Airport" Community Picnic this Sunday at noon! We are looking forward to seeing all of you this Sunday Nov.2 at Noon in Clover Park for an Airport2Park Community Picnic and "Re-Imagine Santa Monica Airport" a creative community engagement project facilitated urban planner James Rojas. This is potluck so bring your own food,Continue reading »
City files lawsuit regarding the airport
The City of Santa Monica on Thursday issued the following statement to the press regarding the future of Santa Monica Airport. The statement is published here in full, unedited. (also see post on Santa Monica Mirror) The City of Santa Monica has sued the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the City's right to controlContinue reading »
Airport2Park Community Picnic
Airport2Park, the coalition formed to turn Santa Monica Airport into a park, has announced its next event: a potluck picnic in Clover Park (2600 Ocean Park Blvd, Santa Monica, adjacent to the airport, bring your own food, drinks and utensils), Sunday, November 3 from noon to 2 PM. The picnic will be a fun follow-upContinue reading »
Airport2Park Walks for Clean Air!
Airport2Park walked today with the American Lung Association's 2013 Fight for Air Walk. What can be cleaner than creating a new grand park on the site of the Santa Monica Airport? Airport2Park joined the American Lung Association in the fight for healthy lungs and healthy air in order to save lives today and keep AmericaContinue reading »
October 3rd Kick-off Workshop
Oct 3, 2013 – Over 150 people attended the Airport2Park kickoff meeting and park design workshop on Thursday October 3, and the energy, creativity, and excitement shown by those attending was truly inspirational. The highlight of the night was a talk by noted landscape architect Mark Rios surveying what has been done to transform otherContinue reading »
Community-Vision Workshop
Please join us for our first-ever Community-Vision workshop on the ideas for park use at Santa Monica Airport come the end of its lease agreement in 2015.Continue reading »
Airport bike ride a big success
The airport bike ride was well attended and enjoyed by all. About 50 to 60 people turned up for a ride around the airport perimeter with stops at various points to learn more.Continue reading »
Turning Santa Monica Airport into a Park for Everyone
On Thurs. October 3, 2012 from 6-9 PM come to a public community-vision workshop on turning SM Airport into a park for everyone.Continue reading »
Santa Monica Airport Bike Ride: Envision some possibilities
Santa Monica SPOKE – Sunday September 15th, 10am, Clover Park. Meet at the southwest corner, next to the Santa Monica Airport fence. Come for a short 4.5 mile ride around the perimeter of Santa Monica Airport (SMO) in order to see and learn about some of the current issues relating to this facility and hearContinue reading »


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"The success of yoga does not lie in the ability to perform postures, but
in how it positively changes the way we live our life and our relationships"
T.K.V. Desikachar (son of T.K. Krishnamacharya founder of modern hatha yoga).
There are many benefits to practising yoga.
There is of course no strict dividing line between our physical, mental and spiritual aspects but I have used these broad categories to aid understanding.
In particular the Sanjeevani style of yoga helps reduce general levels of stress. You can read more about this on the Sanjeevani style page.


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- Home
- School Community
- Engagement
Parent Forum
What is the Parent Forum?
The Parent Forum is a group of parent representatives who meet once a term to discuss school-related issues. It is a non-elected group and therefore can change depending on the topic being discussed.
Regular, open communication and consultation with parents is really important to the school. The Parent Forum provides a valuable way to listen to your ideas and concerns and seek your views, helping to make sure the needs of children and their families are met.
Meetings are led by a member of the school Senior Leadership Team. Meetings are informal and a genuine opportunity for open discussion.
Examples of issues that have been discussed include:
- Reporting
- Academic Review Day
- Parents evenings
- Parent Handbook
- School communication
How often does it meet?
The Monk's Walk School Parent Forum meets once a term and the dates can be found on the school calendar.
Who can get involved?
If you have a child in Year 7-13 you can get involved. Meetings are advertised through Parentmail, the school website and Facebook and Twitter. Alternatively, email the school for more information.
Sharing the information:
Parents are encouraged to share information from Parent Forum with parents of other children in the school. Feedback is also included in school newsletters which are distributed to all parents and published on the school website.
Meeting dates for 2019-20:
- Thursday 21st November
- Thursday 6th February
- Thursday 7th May
Meetings will start at 6.30pm and will take place in the sixth form centre. Parents are welcome to attend any or all - please e-mail Ben Farlow, Assistant Headteacher, to confirm your attendance.
Parent Briefings
Parent briefing notes will appear here after the parent briefings. The parent briefings are set for the following dates:
- Year 7 (M Year) - September 19th, 5:00pm
- Year 8 (L Year) - September 26th, 5:00pm
- Year 9 (K Year) - October 10th, 7:00pm
- Year 10 (J Year) - September 12th, 5pm
- Year 11 (H Year) - September 12th, 6pm
- Year 12 (G Year) - September 19th, 6:30pm
Additional briefings are also linked below:
Parents' Views
We conduct a regular survey of parents' views. Our most recent one was conducted in November 2019. Below are the results:
Oftsed Parentview
At this link is the Ofsted ParentView site where you can also give feedback about the school


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A little girl's dream to provide clean water to developing countries has continued, even after her death. NBC's Diana Alvear reports.
By Diana Alvear, NBC News correspondent
SEATTLE, Wash. -- Samantha Paul was supposed to be planning her daughter Rachel Beckwith's birthday party. Instead, she was in Tigray, Ethiopia, pumping water from the wells built in Rachel's memory. It was the dream her little girl never got the chance to see come true.
"She wouldn't believe it, she'd be like awestruck," Paul told NBC News via Skype from Tigray. The Seattle mom herself was awestruck, after seeing the new wells, the exultant smiles, and feeling the love the villagers had for her Rachel.
It began one Sunday after church. Rachel excitedly told her mom about a man from charity:water who had visited her Sunday school class. He told them how he'd given up his birthday celebration. Instead, he'd asked his friends and family to donate to his charity that provided clean drinking water to people in Africa. Rachel wanted to do the same.
"No party, no big presents," Paul recalled. "She just wanted people to donate to her charity water campaign."
Click here to learn more about Rachel's campaign for safe drinking water.
Her sacrifice came as no surprise to Paul. This was the same girl who'd cut off her long hair to donate to Locks of Love when she was merely 5 years old. She planned to do it again as soon as her hair was long enough.
So when Rachel heard that there were kids in Africa without access to clean water she set a goal of $300 and got to work spreading the word. By the time she turned 9, she'd raised $280. She vowed to do better the next year. But next year never came.
A few weeks later, Rachel was in a car accident. Doctors said her prognosis was grim. As she lay in her hospital bed, Samantha and her family were astonished to discover word of her accident had spread, and that her charity:water campaign had blown past its $300 goal.
"We were just so excited, refreshing the screen and seeing all the new donations and reading the comments and being able to read them to her and letting her know all of these cool people that were thinking about her and donating -- that she was reaching her goal, and then more, and then thousands and thousands and thousands of dollars, said Paul.
Below, watch a 2011 "Nightly News" report about Rachel's cause.
Nine-year-old Rachel Beckwith turned down birthday presents so she could raise money for clean drinking water instead. Beckwith died in a car crash recently, but Charity: Water continues to receive donations in her name. Lee Cowan reports.
Rachel, who did not live to see her modest campaign succeed beyond her wildest dreams, ultimately raised $1.26 million dollars. That was enough to fund 149 wells in several communities in Ethiopia.
A year after her daughter's death, Paul travelled to those very communities, to see for herself the results of her daughter's sacrifice. She could not believe her eyes when she arrived at the first village.
"There were parades and signs and they had made special food for us," she recalled. "They knew Rachel's story and they had pictures of her. They had been praying for her and praying for me."
Everywhere she went, Rachel was there. Her smiling face was on shirts, posters, on a marble plaque dedicating a new park in her name, on an altar at a church.
"Everybody seemed to know about it, everyone in the countryside knew about this 9-year-old girl from Seattle, Washington that cared about them," said Scott Harrison, founder of charity: water. "And you know, that floored them. It brought them to tears."
One mother approached Samantha, hugging her and grieving her loss.
"She was in tears, she had a daughter of her own," Paul said. "She kept telling me how sorry she was and how wonderful that my little girl was and how she hoped that her little girl would have the same values that Rachel did."
Rachel's simple birthday wish meant so much to the people of Ethiopia. Their children often walked for hours to collect water, water often filled with dirt, leeches and disease. Now these same children drank safe, clean water. Paul drank it with them, drinking in their smiles and happiness as well, all thanks to her little girl.
"I always knew that she was special," she said. "It's amazing that now other people can feel how special she was."
Samantha said seeing the wells and meeting the people whose lives have changed thanks to her daughter's compassion have helped heal her tremendous loss. Her one regret is that her beloved little girl did not get to see her birthday wish come true.
"I really miss Rachel and I wish that … she could still be here, especially to see all the kids and the people that are going to benefit from her wish."


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The Electronic Frontier Foundation sued the Obama administration over claims surveillance of phone calls is unconstitutional and illegally erodes the free speech rights of religious, environmental and human rights groups.
The lawsuit, filed today in federal court in San Francisco, focuses on warrantless collection of U.S. communications under an intelligence program partly disclosed by ex-government security contractor Edward Snowden and later acknowledged by the administration. The EFF sued on behalf of groups including Human Rights Watch, Greenpeace and Council on American-Islamic Relations.
Karen Gullo
Tuesday, July 16, 2013


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Forget Jason from "Friday the 13th" or Freddie Krugers's Elm Street-based nightmares. The Halloween movie genre is getting much scarier thanks to Madea. Deco's favorite "boo" Chris Van Vliet is live in Sunset for her SoFlo premiere.
Tyler Perry is known as a lot of things. He's a writer, a producer, a director, one of Oprah's BFFs, but one of the roles he's best known for is the role of Madea. He's done a lot of Madea films including a Christmas one, but now he has a Halloween movie…
Tyler Perry (as Madea): "All my life I had to fight."
Tyler Perry is back as Madea –in his ninth movie as the lovable character.
Tyler Perry: "Everybody loves Madea because Madea — she's not politically correct, she's not the smartest cake in the box, but she definitely has a lot of wisdom and she tells it like it is."
Tyler Perry (as Madea): "Let something jump up out of this damn box. (Someone jumps out of the box and Madea punches them.) You got knocked the hell out."
Over the course of nine movies, Madea has covered a lot of ground. In this one called, "Boo! A Madea Halloween," Madea fights off killers, ghosts and zombies while attempting to look after some out of control teens on Halloween night.
Tyler Perry: "It's not far fetched. It's not Sci-Fi. It's not way out there. It's just a good little twist to the plot that you go 'Wow, this is really a good idea.'"
Not only is it a good idea, it's funny, just ask Tyler Perry!
Tyler Perry: "I watch it still and I'm laughing. I forget some of the things that I did until I see it in the film and I go, 'Woah that is funny.'"
Tyler Perry (as Madea): "Happy Halloween."
"Boo! A Madea Halloween" is in theaters Oct. 21.
Chris has been thinking a lot about his Halloween costume and after seeing the movie, he was thinking dressing up as Chris Van Madea. What do you think?
Copyright 2020 Sunbeam Television Corp. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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"To set a new standard for limousine service in San Bernardino, California by consistently exceeding the expectations of our limo customers while providing elegant, convenient, safe, and executive class transportation services to the people of San Bernardino and surrounding cities."
San Bernardino Limo Service is known for its quality transportation services for all the hot spots in San Bernardino area. Our limousine services are reliable, fast, and is recognized by our valued limo customers in San Bernardino area; In addition, our competitive and affordable limo service rates that put San Bernardino Limo Service as the top limo company in Southern California; furthermore, you can happily roll out in style and experience the executive class limo services with your friends, family, and loved ones.
Don't Hesitate & Click The Reserve Now Button:


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The alto wore tweed : a liturgical mystery : a liturgical mystery
Review by Kathleen Szabo on August 25, 2016
Categories: Fiction
Hayden Konig is the full-time police chief and part-time choir director/organist in a sleepy North Carolina village just over the hills from Mitford. The town is populated with eccentrics and the occasional murderer. Konig aspires to be a hard-boiled mystery writer like his idol, Raymond Chandler. He even types his mysteries on Chandler's original typewriter. Unfortunately, Konig is a terrible writer, and his efforts are unintentionally hilarious. Fortunately, Schweizer is a good writer; his mysteries are good and also hilarious. This is the first of a series. Read them all for lots of belly laughs. Musicians will appreciate the humorous musical references scattered throughout.


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June 7, 2014
Fabebook Blurb About Me
The following 'blurb' is my 'Description' as it appears on my facebook page.
I am currently writing the first Volume, and want to have it completed by Aug. 6, 2016. It is my intent to write all the Volumes as one project, to minimize wait time on all fronts.
The Saga of Kalvel is a five Volume fantasy series. Much like Tolkien, it is my intent to write one massive novel, although separated and published as separate pieces. The continuity will be similar to The Lord of the Rings or A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin, where it's one large story, vs a 'series' (Harry Potter, the Star Wars movies...). Once the series is complete, I would like to re-visit (slightly, but not much) and arrange all five Volumes into a single ebook file. It would be laid out similar to Tolkien's one-volume edition of The Lord of the Rings;, not just all the books slapped together, but rather edited for purposes of being one volume (table of contents, etc.) This would not be possible with print, as the book would be physically too large. It is my hopes to have all the Volumes out relatively quick (4 years max between each, solely because of the editing phase, but I want them all written close together.).
If I need a sixth Volume, it will be essentially be 'Volume Five Part 2', which is because there is too much text to finish the series off. It's hard to say how text document will translate into printed book, but to give you an idea of physical size, those familiar with George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire (the American Bantam editions), I want each book in the series to be about the size of A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings or A Feast For Crows. If the final reaches the length of A Storm of Swords or A Dance With Dragons (or future books as large), I would rather have two 'smaller' books as opposed to one HUGE book.
Shortly after I finish the final Volume (whether it's in Five or Six) I would like to publish the history. This is all background info and what not that would enhance the reading experience but not be necessary to fully understand the tale. There may be a short story or two, we'll see how that goes. Also, it is my hopes that either The Saga of Kalvel (complete edition) ebook or a short story or two would have their proceeds donated to cancer research. I would like to set that up someday. I'll get that sorted out when / if I get published.
Kalvel will be my largest and most ambitious work...but not my only work. I have ideas for prohibition era stories, spy, as well as spiritual / supernatural. At this time it is unknown if these non-Kalvel stories will be novellas, short stories, novels etc... but aside from Kalvel, I want to stay away from multi-volume stories, where you need to purchase more one book to know the ending. Kalvel may not also be the first thing published, even though I'm writing it first. Somewhere along the line I may submit a short story or two to a magazine or webiste to get my name out there. I want Kalvel to be the best thing I write, and I would like to finish the first draft by Aug 6, 2016. A certain fantasy book turns 20 then.
So I hope you enjoy the progress updates and what not as I go, as well as the blog posts. I don't get to write as often I'd like, as I'm doing this project ''part time' (if I were a full time, all-day author, it would go faster and I'd be able to put more time into it.)
Should you wish to follow on facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Jeffrey-R-Hawboldt/717955721550094
` Jeffrey R. Hawboldt
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Dr. Minhui "Barbara" Su joins the Fox School on a tenure-track appointment within the Department of Accounting, upon the completion of her doctoral studies at the University of Toronto.
Her current research primarily focuses on financial institutions and debt markets. One of the common themes of her research projects is to study the spillover effect of banking regulations or banking practices on non-financial firms that rely on banks as credit suppliers.
Her teaching interests include financial accounting and managerial accounting. She is a winner of the 2016 Excellence in Teaching Award of the Rotman School of Management.
Prior to joining the PhD program, she accumulated work experience in various accounting and consulting roles at Diageo, General Electric, Ernst & Young, Bain & Company, and Roland Berger.
Su recently earned her PhD in Accounting from the University of Toronto. She received a Master of Science degree in Accounting from Queen's University in Canada, and a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Accounting from Tsinghua University in Beijing.


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The watchdog group Foundation for Accountability & Civic Trust (FACT) will file a complaint with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) over the alleged collusion between the DNC and the government of Ukraine.
While the entire liberal left, mainstream media and deep state search for some kind of evidence that Trump colluded with Russia, the watchdog group FACT, has tons of evidence that the DNC was actively colluding with the putsch government of Ukraine to dig up dirt on candidate Trump, starting with then-Trump campaign advisor Paul Manafort.
In mid-July, Fox News' Sean Hannity focused in on Ukraine "insider" and DNC consultant, Alexandra Chalupa, and her work in colluding with the government of Ukraine to find ways to destroy Donald Trump.
A watchdog group will file a complaint with the Federal Election Commission on Wednesday alleging that the Democratic National Committee (DNC) violated federal law by soliciting opposition research on the Trump campaign from a foreign government.
The conservative group Foundation for Accountability & Civic Trust (FACT), launched in 2014 by former U.S. attorney Matthew Whitaker, will allege that political operative Alexandra Chalupa, in her capacity as a DNC consultant, improperly sought intelligence on President Trump's former campaign chairman, Paul Manafort, from Ukrainian officials.
"Federal law and Commission regulations prohibit any person from knowingly soliciting, accepting or receiving contributions or donations of money or other things of value from a foreign national," the complaint reads.
FACT alleges that Chalupa violated the ban by "knowingly soliciting" a "valuable in-kind contribution in the form of opposition research and information on a Trump campaign official from a foreign national on behalf of the Democratic National Committee."
The complaint is based on an investigation by Politico, which found that Chalupa "met with top officials in the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington in an effort to expose ties between Trump, top campaign aide Paul Manafort and Russia."
The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of The Duran.


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Studio Portrait Lighting Workshop
Understanding how light works is very important for every photographer. It is the basic requirement for creating your very own principle rules apart from the fundamentals photography rules and expanding your vision. Now that you have your new camera, learned all the photography fundamentals, is time for some creativity light works. This is a one to one hands-on workshop allow you to gain knowledge about the concepts of studio lighting. Conduct in a very relaxing learning environment with on hand offering tips and pointers with both lighting, composition, and model direction. Model will be included in the workshop. Participants are recommended to have some basic camera fundamentals knowledge in order to proceed with this workshop. A total of 4 parts will be covered. Overview of the workshop:
- Introduction of the studio strobes, light modifiers, and accessories.
- Hands on set up of lighting starting from a single light source and how to shoot with only one light source.
- Hands on set up of multiple light source photography.
- A basic lighting set up assignment for participant.
At the end of the workshop, participants will be awarded with a certificate of attendance.
Please note: Bookings are secured on payment.
Location: DStudioLab Photography
Fees: S$288.00
Payment: i-banking or paypal
To register:


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Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Today is for...
Today is for...
-making a trip to Costco. I've been avoiding this for the past couple of weeks and this morning my procrastinating self realized we are down to four diapers. Oops! So we are off to one of my least favorite shopping stops. I'm not sure why I dislike it so much- when I was younger I used to love it actually. Huge carts, those magical free samples, and that $1.50 hot dog/soda combo? Count me in! But now the people who push each other out of the way to get those "magical" samples kind of stress me out, and my boring, adult self would not enjoy eating a hot dog, and definitely not drinking a soda. My, how times have changed. But Costco-complaining aside, today's first order of business and taking a little trip there.
-finishing up my summer reading list to share with all of you. Last night I got lost on Amazon, down a worm hole of "recommendations for you," then "people who bought this, also bought this," clicking around for a couple of hours. I found SO many great books I can't wait to read this summer, and I can't wait to share them. So look for that post later tonight or tomorrow evening.
-spending all our time inside. Due to the fire up here in Northern Arizona that is continuing to grow, our air is full of smoke and it's just not feasible to spend time outside. We have to sleep with our windows closed and the second you step outside you can even see the smoke in the air. It's so sad to think about our beautiful forests being destroyed. Here's to hoping they get it under control soon.
-setting my intention and following through. Every hot yoga class my instructor encourages us to set an intention for our practice. I usually work towards being kind to myself- doing the best I can and just letting it be what it is. If I'm really shaky or have trouble with a pose or flow I try to accept it and move through it. Sometimes in class I'll find my inner critic speaking up and letting my mind wander, but lately I've been doing so much better at just being and doing, rather than analyzing it. Other times my intention is to relax, to focus on my breath, or to simply just enjoy. I love the idea and have been implementing it into my mornings also. My alarm usually goes off at 5am, and while I lie in bed I set an intention for the day. Lately I've been really working on loving others- accepting people rather than making snap judgements, trying to see the best in people rather than the worst. Sometimes I find myself being judgey in my mind and it's upsetting- it's something I'm working on and I've found that really focusing on it as a day-to-day intention has been great. This morning for example I woke up and decided that today my intention is to be loving, both to myself and everyone around me. Simple and a wonderful thing to focus on.
So that's my day today! Henry is finishing up his breakfast, and then we are off to Costco to get those diapers. Wish us luck so we don't come home with a 100-pack of frozen waffles or a new leaf blower. Or worse, a pack of two leaf blowers. Because you know how Costco is- suddenly a huge bulk bag of this or that seems like a good idea when blinded by the florescent lighting and lost amidst the giant shelves! And on a side but related note, we've tried so many different kinds of disposable diapers and the Costco diapers are really the best. I love them. Just had to throw that out there.
Happy day to you!
24 comments:
I absolutely love that about hot yoga. When you set your intention and clear your mind, it totally does wonder for your practice and for the rest of the day! :)ReplyDelete
I feel like I could benefit from everything you mentioned about setting your intention. (As well as doing yoga again. Why did I ever stop?)ReplyDelete
Also, I just watched a whole news thing about Costco and how they don't use signage for the sole purpose of making you stroll the whole store so that you WILL go home with two leaf blowers. And it's so true. My husband and I were just there and I'm all "Let's just hit every aisle." and he's like "Okay."
I'm pretty glad they had samples of their yogurt covered acai berries, because had I not been to satiate my craving, I'd have left with four bags of them.
Sorry 'bout the fires. We had some here in SoCal back in Oct of 07 that really ruined the air for us in the same way. Some days, at sunset, if the smoke was blowing closer to us, it looked super apocalyptic and scary!
Our closest Costco is a 45 minutes drive away so going is kind of a treat! My daughter LOVES it, all those samples and we still love the hot dog/soda combo's! Lol! I'm not a hot dog person but Costco's are really yummy!ReplyDelete
i love making reading lists! can't wait to read yours!ReplyDelete
Two leaf blowers! Hahaha costo tricks you that way, it's so sneaky.ReplyDelete
And the worm hole of amazon book recommendations! Glad you found your way out of there! It's like pinterest. Time sucker. But a good time suck. =]
Good luck shopping! <3 I hope your day is wonderful!
Ps. I ABSOLUTELY LOVE the idea of setting an intention for the day as the first thing you do in the morning. Starting that right now. Thanks for the idea!
Very much looking forward to your Reading List post! The idea of setting intentions, rather than *goals,* is a very neat idea... goals are attainable, and once they're done, they're done. But intentions? Intentions are a bit more difficult, and may require maintenance throughout the day, so the achievement I imagine would be more rewarding. Saying "I was accepting of others to the fullest of my ability today," or something of that sort, seems more satisfying than saying, "I cleaned the kitchen today."ReplyDelete
Some great food for thought; thanks so much for sharing!
- Kayla ☆ http://www.kaylanaut.com
- AnonymousMay 16, 2012 at 9:22 AM
I can't wait for the book recommendation post! I am always looking for a good read. Nevermind the fact that my current book stash is currently piled sky high!ReplyDelete
Good luck with following through on your intentions. This reminds me of something I have been wanting to accomplish and haven't started in over a week--beginning to write in a blessings journal. Everyday you document little blessings from your day. It makes you focus on the positive instead of the negative and makes you thankful for each day. :)
Such a shame about the fires. Be safe! And about Costco's...I believe you can order from them online through your membership. I'm not sure if the shipping costs would be worth it though. It could save your sanity and those impulse purchases!
- Jessica V.Replies
Hey Jessica!Delete
I didn't even think about ordering online! Such a good idea. Our Costco is 5 minutes away though so I would feel way too silly doing that. Plus Hank loves going! ha.
I also love your idea of the journal. I used to do something like that in my livejournal and miss it. You've inspired me to do something similar again. Thanks!
Thank you for stopping by- I hope you have a great Wednesday!
xo D.
- AnonymousMay 16, 2012 at 9:43 AM
Fires really aren't a shame. They can be healthy for an ecosystem that needs rejuvenation. Native Americans practiced controlled forest burns for thousands of years before white men made them stop. Sometimes humans just need to suck it up and let nature take its course. I am not saying the damage that can occur isn't devastating but humans disturbed the biosystem and now the biosystem is disturbing the humans. Makes sense right?ReplyDelete
I am really sorry to hear about the fire in Arizona. I live in london now but i grew up in Southern Spain so i know about these horrible forest fires. Hope is all well....and on another note. I have a love/hate relationship with costco. Not many in london though..I love their birthday cakes with their divine frosting, but i don t understand why you have to buy everything so big and in twos!!!!ReplyDelete
goodnight xx
- AnonymousMay 16, 2012 at 11:29 AM
I completely understand about costco! I wouldn't want to deal with all that either!!! Well good luck and I'm sorry about the fire.ReplyDelete
I love the idea of setting an intention for the day. I might have to try it out myself. Thank you for such a thoughtful and realistic post.ReplyDelete
I was just thinking about getting back into setting an intention for the day. I had a spiritual mentor a few years ago that advised me to do something similar, and I miss how prepared for the day it made me feel.ReplyDelete
Sorry to hear about the fires! That is such a sad/scary feeling. I live in Austin, and we had some pretty out-of-control fires just about 20 miles from my house last summer. In the mornings when I would leave for work if I looked out east, the sky was a beautiful bright orange color, and I would think "oh, what a pretty sunset!" and then remember it was the glow from the fires! Very eerie feeling. Now, they are slowly repairing and rebuilding the forests; I just hope it doesn't happen again this summer. :(ReplyDelete
I laughed out loud @ "a pack of two leaf blowers." That is the trap of Costco and stores like it. Everything seems like a great idea AND a great bargain in the store. I'm sorry to hear about the fires. That kind of news, even when no homes are affected, is always sad to me.ReplyDelete
i love your intention for today! i usually do something like "stay present" in class, which has always been helpful during the class & helped my mood throughout the day....but i love the idea of having your intention be loving others (and yourself) whether you're in class or not. i can be very judgmental without even realizing it. :/ReplyDelete
It really is amazing how you can get so caught up in the "people who also bought this purchased" clicking phenomenon. Hope you found some great things!!ReplyDelete


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Blackview is going to show the latest 4G Smartphone at Global Sources Mobile Electronics Fair Hong Kong, Apr. 18th-21st, 2015
MWC2015, Barcelona, we're here waiting for you!
During 2-5 of March 2015, Mobile World Capital Barcelona will be hosted the world's greatest mobile event: Mobile World Congress(MWC).
See you in: October 18-21, 2014 AsiaWorld-Expo Hall 10 Booth number: 10Q03 Looking forward to your coming.


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Our Viewpoint: It's time for a change.
Operating as a holding company, Agspring focuses on midstream grain, oilseed and specialty crop handling, processing and logistics operations.
Our mission is Feeding a Changing World which requires commercial partnerships to increase productivity in sustainable ways.
We combine entrepreneurial teams, sustainable agriculture supply chains, and permanent private capital for global success. We bring agribusinesses together into a major network supplying grains, oilseeds and related products to growing global markets.
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Agspring Names Humans Resources Director
LEAWOOD, Kan. — March 9, 2017 — Agspring announces that Jenny…
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Big River Rice & Grain Adds New Leadership and Announces Retirement of Industry Trailblazer
Leawood, Ks — Feb. 9, 2017 — Agspring announces that subsidiary…
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Agspring Names Industry Veteran As VP, Finance
Leawood, KS — Feb. 6, 2017 — Agspring announced that Trevor…


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One of my customers is near my parents house and I have the benefit of stopping by there when time permits. My mother found one of my elementary school folders from 5th grade which was from a computer class. I typically take a look and toss the folder, I am not a pack rat, but thought no better way to enshrine something that to toss it up on the web.
The year was 1983 and I never thought back then that I would end up in the IT field. Pretty cool to see my first introduction to the computer and command lines.
In retrospect, 5th grade was an impressionable year that would change my life. It was the year I changed schools (we moved staying in the same town but different school district). This was a pretty big deal back in the 80's since we actually went outside and played with friends. The new neighborhood was filled with kids who would become great friends, the new school district is where I would meet my future wife and those new friends would end up in my wedding party. One life change setting a new path.
Man am I getting old…


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MINNEAPOLIS - The school shooting in Florida is still inspiring students in the Twin Cities to stand up for safer schools.
A group from Patrick Henry High School in Minneapolis held a walkout Friday. It's the chorus students have on replay around the nation.
Patrick Henry students took bold steps Friday to raise awareness about gun violence. Elliot Gunderman, a junior at Patrick Henry High School, organized the walkout. About two dozen students skipped class to protest.
"The way we have to get attention is by not doing what we are supposed to do," Gunderman said. "I think that it is up to our legislators and up to us as young people to make a change. I am trying to get people's attention."
The same group of students who walked out of class Friday said they feared the worst on Tuesday when Minneapolis Police say a man armed with a gun entered the school.
Delisha Taylor-Heard, a freshman participating in the march from the school to Victory Memorial said students are concerned about their safety.
"(Tuesday) was really a scary moment," she said. "People's kids go to these schools. They want them to feel safe and come here and learn."
Deniero Leach, a junior at the school, said he doesn't always feel safe in class.
"You should feel secure and safe in school. You should not feel like someone is going to come in and start shooting up your whole classroom with a gun," he said.
Nobody was hurt at Patrick Henry on Tuesday and the lockdown was lifted. But students participating in the walk Friday know all stories don't have the same outcome.
"As we have seen in Florida and in shootings past, lots of kids die every year in school shootings," Gunderman said.
According to the New York Times, Data from the Gun Violence Archive, a nonprofit that began tracking school shootings in 2014, shows people have been killed or injured in school shootings every year since 2014.
The students hope their small voices and tiny steps lead to big changes.


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CLARK, NJ — An opening ceremony for the art exhibit, "A Journey into Painting II" took place at the Skulski Art Gallery in Clark on Friday, Dec. 9, from 8 to 10 p.m. Students from Aleksandra Nowak oil painting class displayed their work, which focused on landscapes and portraits as subjects.
"Portraits are the most challenging because they require several drawings of the model to master the facial features," Nowak told LocalSource. "Landscapes allow for a lot of changes to be made. I've been teaching here at the studio for five years. I teach students of all ages and backgrounds. I teach oil painting techniques which are difficult to master because it's hard to get the right color, canvas, brushes and solvents. Although only two of my students have an artistic background, they all love to paint."
The youngest student in Nowak's class is 10-year-old Norbert Nowak. His four paintings on display were all oil paintings of fish.
"I enjoy painting animals the most," Norbert told LocalSource.
Norbert's mother, Maria Nowak, also had paintings on display. Her work consisted of mostly landscapes and flowers. In her painting, "Dunes," she uses sharp brush strokes. In "Blue View," and "Dusk," she focuses on the blue water and sky. Nowak's work has been featured in other art exhibits at the gallery, but some students were very new to painting.
"I just started painting this year," Agnieszka Grochowska told LocalSource. "I like to experiment. I have three portraits and two still lifes on display. My inspiration comes from spirituality. My first piece was the angel. I just want to paint pictures that emanate positive energy. My role model is Julia Watkins. Her work inspired my painting of the hummingbird. She channels calming energy through her work."
Nature was a huge source of inspiration for all the artists featured in the exhibit.
"As a photographer, I prefer collages and mixed technique," Maria Ambroziewicz told LocalSource. "Sometimes I work from memory, but details are important to capture the moment and bring the subject to life."
One artist's work was more abstract and inspired by his background as an architect.
"I use my imagination for inspiration," Maron Pisarczyk told LocalSource. "I get my ideas from other pictures and make it into my own. In my piece, 'Wall With Egg,' I painted a wall and thought it looked too plain and simple so I decided to add the egg to give it dimension. The egg also symbolizes life. In my work, 'Storm,' I was inspired by a Polish dark artist who does paintings in a similar style. Music was also an inspiration for this piece. 'Riders of the Storm,' by The Doors, inspired it as well. My favorite piece is called, 'Blue,' but it really shouldn't have a title. Everyone sees something different in it."
Another visitor at the gallery spoke about his favorite piece at the exhibit.
"My favorite piece is, 'Dusk at the Meadow,' by Malgorzata Chrominska, because it's speaking to me," said Mark Kuzniar of Sayreville. "It feels like it's coming to life. Chrominska searches to find the right elements for her work, such as the frames for each piece. One night, I found her painting, 'Lake Frost,' to get the shades and colors just right."
Chrominska mentioned that people often see something different when they look at 'Lake Frost.'
"People don't always recognize the peapods frozen in the lake," Chrominska told LocalSource. "Everyone sees something different when they look at it."
The student that has been working with the instructor the longest claims she's learned many techniques over the years. She also says the instructor has been a source of inspiration as well as feedback.
"I've been working with the instructor over four years now," Margaret Smolarski told LocalSource. "I've been painting for over 25 years but I still go to her for inspiration and criticism. Painting still lifes with the teacher has been the best way to learn values and techniques. I enjoy painting things that will speak to people on a personal level and attract them to the subject."
One artist broke away from the norm of oil paintings and decided to use watercolors.
"I only paint in watercolor because it's more challenging," said Malgorzata Gasenica. "It doesn't allow you to change anything."


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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to E-40 Tha Hall Of Game songs. Please check back for new E-40 Tha Hall Of Game music lyrics.
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Our experts are dedicated to making sure they're on time, that things get done quickly but carefully, and that they meet our strict standards of customer service at every job.
We're not a big name moving company. We keep our operation small to give you a more personalized experience. We'll treat you like a person, not a job number.
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text: This is a mood painting for one of my main thesis characters. I wanted to capture the mood of my character's surrounds during the "Golden Hour" of an early sunset, while also focusing on rendering out contrasting lighting effects outdoors. This piece was a fun challenge, and I learned a lot from this piece.


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Do the benefits of music education justify the use of precious school funds? My most recent posts discussed the challenges schools face with budget cuts and how diminishing funds affect music and other programs in public schools. Despite these challenges, the benefits of music education far outweigh any monetary cost. Among other benefits I will discuss in future posts, music education helps improve elementary school students' social development.
Few students in a music education program will grow up to be professional musicians. However, music education still has many benefits to offer young students, particularly in the social realm. Musical involvement most often involves a team or group effort, whether in an orchestra, band, or choir setting. Each student has a unique responsibility to fill within the group. This kind of responsibility fosters commitment, dependability, and strong interpersonal skills. Music education also teaches students leadership skills that will benefit them in different aspects of adult life. Because the basis of music education is active and engaging, music students develop teamwork and creative thinking skills as well as cultural awareness.
Students will one day enter the workforce, which requires skills that cannot be learned in academics. These skills can be developed through music education. States looking to make changes and reform the workforce of future generations can look to music education as an alternative. Playing music helps students learn about the nature of work, as they try to make the group sound and be better through the collective and individual efforts of each musician. As teachers, administrators, and parents consider the skills that a music education delivers to students, they should recognize that students who receive a music education perform significantly better than their peers on standards of professional success. According to a 2007 Harris Interactive Poll, 88% of people with graduate degrees participated in a music education experience. Furthermore, 83% of people with incomes above $150,000–including doctors and lawyers–had past music experience. As schools consider what they can do to improve their students' future, music education should be kept at the top of the list. Continue reading "The Magic of Music in the Classroom Part 3: Social Development"


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Creating tables
For displaying tabular data, you can insert basic tables directly into your slides in a number of ways:
- Use the Insert > Table menu option.
- With the Table button on the main toolbar .
- With the Table Design button on the table toolbar.
- By selecting a Style option from the Table Design section of the Tasks pane.
Each method opens the Insert Table dialog, shown below. Alternatively, clicking on the black arrow next to the Table button displays a graphic that you can drag and select the number of rows and columns for your table.
With the table selected, the Table toolbar should appear. If it does not, you can access it by selecting View > Toolbars > Table. The Table toolbar offers many of the same buttons as the table toolbar in Writer, with the exception of functions like Sort and Sum for performing calculations. For those functions, you need to use a spreadsheet inserted from Calc (discussed in Adding graphics, spreadsheets, charts, and other objects).
After the table is created, you can modify it in much the same ways as you would modify a table in Writer: adding and deleting rows and columns, adjusting width and spacing, adding borders, background colors and so on. Detailed information on working with tables and the Table Properties dialog can be found in Chapter 9 of the Writer Guide.
By modifying the style of the table from the Table Design section of the Tasks pane, you can quickly change the appearance of the table or any newly created tables based on the Style options you select. You can choose to add emphasis to a header and total row as well as the first and last columns of the table, and apply a banded appearance to the rows and columns.
Having completed the table design, entering data into the cells is similar to working with text box objects. Click in the cell you wish to add data to, and begin typing. To move around cells quickly, use the following key options:
- The arrow keys move the cursor to the next table cell if the cell is empty, otherwise they move the cursor to the next character in the cell.
- The Tab key moves to the next cell, skipping over the contents of the cell; Shift+Tab move backwards in this manner.
|Content on this page is licensed under the Creative Common Attribution 3.0 license (CC-BY).


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George Watt
It was the best of times, it was a cell with a view
Recently there has been a lot of discussion and debate regarding the capitalizing and amortizing of cloud-related expenses (sample posts here and here). Through most of what I read, people are on to the key items and we may have more of a semantic difference than a difference of opinion. In a previous article I discussed how beneficial, if not how absolutely necessary, a close relationship between a private cloud provider and their Finance team is. This debate is a great illustration of why I believe that to be the case. So I encourage you work with your Finance team to determine the best (and legal) course of action for your circumstance. What follows is based upon my specific experience wrestling with this issue.
A Capital Idea
When a tangible asset is purchased outright it can typically be depreciated over a reasonable period not to exceed its useful life (this was usually 3-5 years for us). Once the asset is no longer of use to an organization it can be disposed of. When that happens, if the asset is sold for more than its value (minus the amount it has been depreciated) a gain must be claimed. If the entire value of the asset has not been depreciated and the asset is not sold, or if it is sold for less than its residual value, it may be possible to claim a loss on its disposal. (Typically, we fully depreciated our assets and there was no gain or loss on their disposal.) The rationale for this is explained through the matching principle in accounting: that a business should be able to assign expenses to the revenue for which they were incurred, recording them during the appropriate period. (More on this in a moment.)
Capitalizing Opex?
As with capital assets the costs of non-tangible assets such as a software license may typically be written off over the period during which it will contribute to the generation of revenue, though there are some important differences. For example, usually the operational expenses may not be written off over a period that extends beyond their (let's call it) lease period. Though some of the articles I have read have suggested that amortization is financial jiggery-pokery ("capitalizing opex") it is not and I believe it makes a lot of sense.
For example, suppose you have a three-year contract with a specific vendor for your desktop OS, mail server, development environments, and the like, that has a multi-million-dollar price tag (not atypical for a large enterprise). You are billed annually on January 1st for one-third of the amount (e.g.: $2 million). Were there no allowance for amortization you would pay the entire amount January 1st and take a major hit to your Q1 (in fact, January) expense line. That would not be an accurate accounting of things since that license would be consumed over twelve months, contributing to revenue the entire time. To account for that, those costs may be amortized across the period over which they contribute to the generation of revenue. (In my experience the amortization cannot exceed the lease/usage period.)
In the end, it's no different than renting an office where someone pays by the month. They expense each month of rent against the revenue for that month.
In contrast, imagine if this were not possible. In a worst case everything of this nature might need to be expensed in the first month of a fiscal year (e.g: when the bills were paid). This would make for a tremendous bottom line benefit over the final 11 months with very little expense, if the company were allowed to survive past the first month. Were this the case, regardless of the month of acquisition it would be a much less accurate reflection of the monthly operating costs of the business.
Cash Flow and Budgeting Remain Critical
That all sounds nice and clean, though one must also be conscious of cash flow, which is a different beast. You need the cash when the bill is due, so planning when the bills are to be paid, and when assets are acquired and expenses are incurred, is of critical importance. You cannot spend what you do not have. In my role as a private cloud provider I spent a lot of time every year carefully planning when money would be spent on assets and expenses. Cash flow is critical, and we also had to ensure that we planned things so that assets arrived before our consumers needed them and that the team's work was scheduled such that they had the capacity to receive and provision new assets.
Capitalization of operating expenses and the subsequent amortization over the course of use do not remove the need for disciplined budgeting, cash flow, and deployment planning. If anything, they become even more important. Our fiscal year began April 1st and we started talking about our budget at a high level in August. We prepared straw man budgets in September, made a first pass with decent detail in October (ready for Finance and stakeholder consumption), and fine tuned it and made adjustments from November through February. All the while working very closely with our Finance team and our stakeholders.
A Tale of Two Write-Downs
So capitalization and amortization are inter-related. Certainly with a capital expense there is something tangible that is owned, and it may have some value on its disposal; though it may not. Operational expenses such as leases may have no value at all outside the context for which they were incurred (e.g.: if I decide to opt out one year into a three-year rental agreement, I may not be able to sublease in order to recover value, and I may still need to pay for the entire term.)
For accountants and finance pros, there are not any stunning revelations here, though hopefully it all makes sense, particularly to the rest of us. Though, what about the magic of capitalizing opex? I believe that is the semantic issue I referred to at the outset. We are really having a debate about a technical term versus something said to illustrate a point. I would bet it's amortization. And really, does it matter what we call it when we're trying to help one another? (If you are a CPA and you are filing financial records, OK, it matters.)
Partner with Those Who Know
Is it always that simple? Of course not. That's why a partnership with your Finance team is critical. They have all of the technical knowledge required to make the most efficient, legal, compliant decisions regarding these things. Though regulations regarding these things can be similar in different regions they can also be different, as can the limits under and over which certain assets and expenses may be treated differently, so diligence is required.
There are also many other considerations such as your company's policies, which may be far stricter than the regulations, and handling operational expenses which have a term that crosses fiscal year boundaries. As well, care is required in crafting contracts for those assets and expenses. It may or may not be possible for you to amortize "potential capacity" or other operational expenses; and incorrect wording in a contract may change how an asset or expense can be handled. Imagine putting your company in a position where that $2 million expense cannot be amortized.
So work with your Finance team and they will help you to gain the maximum benefit from amortization and capitalization legally while respecting your company policies. After all, Jeffrey Skilling has all the company he needs.
Calculator image courtesy of stock.exchg.
Originally Published: March 24, 2011


text: UFDC Home myUFDC Home | Help | RSS Group Title: 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow - ICMF 2010 Proceedings Title: 4.7.1 - Analysis of rotational diffusion of non-Brownian rigid fibers in shear flow ALL VOLUMES CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00102023/00115 Material Information Title: 4.7.1 - Analysis of rotational diffusion of non-Brownian rigid fibers in shear flow Colloidal and Suspension Dynamics Series Title: 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow - ICMF 2010 Proceedings Physical Description: Conference Papers Creator: Salahuddin, A.Wu, J.Aidun, C.K. Publisher: International Conference on Multiphase Flow (ICMF) Publication Date: June 4, 2010 Subjects Subject: lattice-Boltzmann methodrotational diffusionrigid and flexible fiber suspension Notes Abstract: The recent developed particle level simulation method (Wu & Aidun (2010a,b)) is implemented in this study to investigate the orientation diffusion of rigid and the orientation and rheology of flexible rod-like fibers in semidilute suspension of creeping shear flow, with a Newtonian fluid medium. For rigid fibers, an anisotropic, weak rotary diffusion model proposed by Rahnama et al. (1995) is tested to evaluate the rotational diffusivity ratio, R = D D , from a one parameter fit of the model to the simulated orbit-constant Cb-distribution in semidilute regime. The diffusivity ratios from simulation data compare very well with Stover et al. (1992)'s experiments and Rahnama et al. (1995)'s 'hydrodynamic interaction theory'. But, the simple anisotropic weak diffusion model can not describe the violation of Stokes flow symmetry which is triggered by the presence of a small but detectable amount of non-hydrodynamic (mechanical) fiber-fiber interaction in creeping flow in semidilute regime and thus emphasizes the need for a more sophisticated model to predict orientation diffusion. For flexible fibers, the decrease of fiber stiffness (bending ratio BR) is shown to cause increasing asymmetry in -distribution (here, is the meridian angle in the flow-gradient plane). The impact of this asymmetry on first normal stress difference, NB 1 is discussed in the light of Batchelor (1971)'s theory. General Note: The International Conference on Multiphase Flow (ICMF) first was held in Tsukuba, Japan in 1991 and the second ICMF took place in Kyoto, Japan in 1995. During this conference, it was decided to establish an International Governing Board which oversees the major aspects of the conference and makes decisions about future conference locations. Due to the great importance of the field, it was furthermore decided to hold the conference every three years successively in Asia including Australia, Europe including Africa, Russia and the Near East and America. Hence, ICMF 1998 was held in Lyon, France, ICMF 2001 in New Orleans, USA, ICMF 2004 in Yokohama, Japan, and ICMF 2007 in Leipzig, Germany. ICMF-2010 is devoted to all aspects of Multiphase Flow. Researchers from all over the world gathered in order to introduce their recent advances in the field and thereby promote the exchange of new ideas, results and techniques. The conference is a key event in Multiphase Flow and supports the advancement of science in this very important field. The major research topics relevant for the conference are as follows: Bio-Fluid Dynamics; Boiling; Bubbly Flows; Cavitation; Colloidal and Suspension Dynamics; Collision, Agglomeration and Breakup; Computational Techniques for Multiphase Flows; Droplet Flows; Environmental and Geophysical Flows; Experimental Methods for Multiphase Flows; Fluidized and Circulating Fluidized Beds; Fluid Structure Interactions; Granular Media; Industrial Applications; Instabilities; Interfacial Flows; Micro and Nano-Scale Multiphase Flows; Microgravity in Two-Phase Flow; Multiphase Flows with Heat and Mass Transfer; Non-Newtonian Multiphase Flows; Particle-Laden Flows; Particle, Bubble and Drop Dynamics; Reactive Multiphase Flows Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00102023 Volume ID: VID00115 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: 471-Salahuddin-ICMF2010.pdf Full Text 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 Analyses of rotational diffusion of rigid fibers and orientation effect on rheology of flexible fibers in shear flow with direct numerical simulation. Asif Salahuddin and Jingshu Wu and C.K. Aidun Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA email@example.com and email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com Keywords: lattice-Boltzmann method, rotational diffusion, rigid and flexible fiber suspension Abstract The recent developed particle level simulation method (Wu & Aidun (2010a,b)) is implemented in this study to investigate the orientation diffusion of rigid and the orientation and rheology of flexible rod-like fibers in semidilute suspension of creeping shear flow, with a Newtonian fluid medium. For rigid fibers, an anisotropic, weak rotary diffusion model proposed by Rahnama et al. (1995) is tested to evaluate the rotational diffusivity ratio, R (-) , from a one parameter fit of the model to the simulated orbit-constant Cb-distribution in semidilute regime. The diffusivity ratios from simulation data compare very well with Stover et al. (1992)'s experiments and Rahnama et al. (1995)'s hydrodynamicc interaction theory'. But, the simple anisotropic weak diffusion model can not describe the violation of Stokes flow symmetry which is triggered by the presence of a small but detectable amount of non-hydrodynamic (mechanical) fiber-fiber interaction in creeping flow in semidilute regime and thus emphasizes the need for a more sophisticated model to predict orientation diffusion. For flexible fibers, the decrease of fiber stiffness (bending ratio BR) is shown to cause increasing asymmetry in p-distribution (here, p is the meridian angle in the flow-gradient plane). The impact of this asymmetry on first normal stress difference, NB is discussed in the light of Batchelor (1971)'s theory. Introduction Fiber Orientation in Suspension The understanding of orientation distribution and mi- crostructure of rigid and flexible fiber suspensions are very important in paper-making and composite produc- tion. The well-known Jeffery (1922)'s solution of the motion of a single ellipsoid in suspension completely ne- glected effects such as fluid and particle inertia, Brown- ian motion and particle-particle interactions, all of which may be present in industrially important semidilute to concentrated suspension systems. By virtue of their abil- ity to simulate these effects in suspensions, particle-level simulations are useful and serve as complements to the- oretical and experimental approaches in research. In the past, some notable investigations on diffusiv- ity of suspensions have mostly been performed (An- czurowski & Mason (1967a,b)) at concentrations lower than aimed to be studied in this research. Also, the orien- tation diffusivity was considered to be isotropic (Folgar & Tucker (1984)). Jeffery (1922) showed that in simple shear flow, a single fiber rotates indefinitely about the vorticity axis along one of an infinite number of periodic, closed orbits. For almost any rigid body of revolution including cir- cular cylinders, the orbit period (T) will be: T 27 (r + 1/re) /j, where j is the shear rate and a semi- empirical relation (Cox (1971)) replaces fiber aspect- ratio rp L/d with an effective aspect-ratio, re 1.24r (lnrp)1/2. The spherical co-ordinate system used to describe fiber orientation is defined in Fig. 1. The integration of time evolution for 0 and p yields: tan 6 2 1/ (r6 cos2 + sin2 9)1/ tan = re tan (27 + K) (T where K is the phase angle. The orbits of the ends of the fiber are a symmetrical pair of spherical ellipses defined 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 Voricity Flow Figure 1: The co-ordinate system with a fiber centered at the origin. The unit vector, p is parallel to the fiber's axis. Typical orbits for a slightly prolate spheroid (fiber) are shown with solid blue lines. C = tan00 C os2 0o + r sin2 yo v r2 (3) where, C is the orbit constant and subscript '0' denotes the initial orientation. The value C 0 corresponds to perfect alignment of the fiber with the vorticity di- rection of the flow, whereas C = o corresponds to rotation in the flow gradient (x-y) plane. It is advan- tageous to characterize the orbits with an orbit constant, SC/(1 + C) [0, 1]. Fiber suspensions are broadly divided into three regimes: in the dilute regime, nL3 << 1, the semidi- lute regime is defined by nL3 >> 1 but nL2d << 1. And finally, in concentrated regime c, > d/L, (c n7dd2L/4 for cylindrical fibers). Here, n is the fiber number density, d is the fiber diameter and L is the fiber length. The fiber bending ratio (BR) is a measure of nondimensional stiffness of the flexible fiber defined by Forgacs & Mason (1959) as: Ey (In 2r, 1.5) BR = (4) 2(/,)r Here, Ey is the fiber's Young's modulus. It is to be noted that, the fibers used in this study are non-colloidal with P6clet number, Pe oc, so the effect of Brown- ian motion is negligible. The particle Reynolds number, Re = L2 /v, is very small (the fibers are on the order of microns) and therefore, the fiber inertia is also negli- gible. Rotary Diffusivity As a simplification to the detailed accounting of fiber- fiber interaction for rod-like fibers, the small changes in orientation of one fiber because of the presence of it's neighbors can be accounted for with a rotary diffusion. Folgar & Tucker (1984) introduced a phenomenological model which describes the effects of fiber interactions in terms of an isotropic, rotary diffusivity, D,. Leal & Hinch (1971) tried to develop a solution for steady state C-distribution by accounting for a weak scalar rotary diffusivity but failed to reproduce Anczurowski & Mason (1967b)'s experimental C-distribution. Rah- nama et al. (1995) generalized Leal & Hinch (1971)'s solution of the Burgers evolution equation by including the orientation dependent anisotropic diffusivity tensor, D,. So, the differential probability distribution function 2 (0, y, t) can be stated as: Q +V, (pJ ) -Vp.(D, VQ) -V (Q2ph) (5) where, Vp is the gradient operator in orientation space, pij is the rotation rate of the fiber as described by Jef- fery (1922), and ph is the drift velocity. The original eqn. (5) was re-examined to consider the consequences of the action of a small amount of weak anisotropic dif- fusion in the limit as time, t oc and drift velocity was neglected. In the (C, T) orbit co-ordinates (see Leal & Hinch (1971) for this co-ordinate definition), where T is the phase angle, the orientation distribution can be separated into two parts: 2 (C, ) f (C) (C, T) (6) In this expression f (C) is the unknown distribution function describing the population amongst the Jeffery orbits; g (C, T) is the distribution around an individual orbit, C. In the large aspect-ratio limit, the integral expression for f (C) was analytically solved to yield: C) 4RC where R=( D) Do is the 7r(4RC2+1)3/2 D " proportionality between gradients of 2 (0, y) in the 0- direction and the flux of probability in the 0-direction. A large value of R implies that the fibers are aligned near the vorticity axis, as the effect of Doo is to push fibers away from the flow direction and toward vortic- ity or toward decreasing values of orbit constant. The f (C) can be transformed to give the differential proba- bility distribution function, p (Cb) for steady state orbit constant distribution as: p(Cb) 4RCb (4R l Cb)]2 1 3/2 ,4R [Cb/( C)+ (1 Ob) (7) where fo p (Cb) dCb = 1. Eqn. (7) would be referred to as the 'Anisotropic Diffusivity Model'. LBM-EBF Method In this study, we use a novel particle-level numerical simulation method (Wu & Aidun (2010a,b)) to analyze suspension of both rigid and flexible fibers. The im- portant aspects of the implemented LBM-EBF method are: simulations include fiber-fiber contact and lubrica- tion forces, the fluid and fibers are two-way coupled with direct numerical simulation and the physical properties of flexible fibers are directly related to simulation pa- rameters. In this method, the no-slip boundary condition at the fluid-solid interface is based on external boundary force (EBF) method. The details of this method are pre- sented in previous papers (Wu & Aidun (2010a,b)). Results and Discussion Validation of the lattice-Boltzmann approach with the EBF method for fiber suspension is presented in previ- ous publications (Wu & Aidun (2010a,b)). The focus of this paper is to investigate the anisotropic diffusiv- ity model Eqn. (7) for large aspect-ratio rigid fibers in semidilute regime. The present report would also dis- cuss the effect of fiber stiffness on rheology and orienta- tion of flexible fiber suspension to some extent. An unbounded shear domain is implemented based on the Lees-Edwards boundary condition (LEbc) (Lees & Edwards (1972)) to improve computational efficiency by removing wall effects. The computational domain is 5L x 5L x 4L and the suspending fibers have diameter of d = 0.4 LBM unit lattice size. Orientation Diffusivity of Rigid Fibers in Suspension The Cb at each timestep is divided into n-no. of bins, n where ZdCb(i) 1.0. A MATLAB function dis- i= 1 tributes the fibers into i no. of bins based upon their corresponding Cb(i) values. Then, the probability of finding a specific fiber in i-th bin is calculated as: no. of fibers in Cb() ri / \ i P Cb) ttal no of fibers The p ( b) is normal- ized with the integral area under the histogram. Sim- ilarly, the probability distribution, p (y), is calculated, n where, Jdo(i) 7r. i= 1 Stover et al. (1992) experimentally measured rigid fiber orientation in a cylindrical couette device using an isorefractive suspension of matched densities, with few observable opaque test fibers. They found that the semidilute Cb-distributions were more uniformly dis- tributed than the dilute Cb-distributions of the exper- iments conducted by Anczurowski & Mason (1967b). Anczurowski and Mason's experiments (in cylindri- cal counter-rotating couette device) in infinitely dilute regime heavily favored lower orbit constants. Accord- ing to Stover et al. (1992), the distribution of Cb in the 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 nL3 Stover's Hydrodyn. LBM-EBF experiment Interaction simulation Theory rp 31.9 rp 31.9 r, 32.0 45 3.16 2.55 2.58 18 1.38 3.12 3.31 10 2.85 3.50 2.86 5 2.18 3.50 2.45 Table 1: Comparison of Diffusivity-Ratio, R (") steady state has a peak in the range of 0 < Cb < 0.5 for both dilute and concentrated systems. Yamane et al. (1994)'s numerical simulations (with only short-range hydrodynamic interaction) and Fan et al. (1998)'s nu- merical simulations (with both the short and long-range hydrodynamic interactions) showed ili.ii sc.idv state Cb- distribution shifted towards higher values (0.42 ~ C ~ 1.12 or 0.296 ~ Cb ~ 0.528) than observed in Stover et al. (1992)'s experiments. The reason of this discrep- ancy is probably due to statistical errors in Fan et al. (1998)'s numerical simulation induced by the choice of small-sized domain (0.5 < 1 < 1.0, where, 12 is the do- main height in gradient direction) to save computational cost which rules out the possibility of fiber orientation perpendicular to the (x-y) plane. In this study, a set of LBM-EBF simulations are performed at non-dimensional volume concentrations, nL3= 5, 10, 18 and 45 with rigid fibers of rp=32.0. The Cb-distributions with the LBM-EBF simulations for this nL3 range in semidilute regime demonstrate good pre- dictions of the Stover et al. (1992) experiments as can be noted in Fig. 2. The Cb-distributions in Fig. 2 for LBM-EBF are smoothed over the last two orbit periods simulated. The peaks of the Cb-distributions remain in the range 0.15 < Cb < 0.4 for LBM-EBF which is con- sistent with the report of Stover et al. (1992) experiments in semidilute regime. To determine the diffusivity ratio R=- ) in semidilute regime, Stover et al. (1992) fitted the 'anisotropic diffusivity model' (eqn. (7)) to their ex- perimental Cb-distribution with R as an adjustable pa- rameter. They also fitted the 'anisotropic diffusivity model' to Anczurowski & Mason (1967b)'s dilute ex- perimental Cb-distribution. The fibers with rp=18.4 for Anczurowski & Mason (1967b)'s experiment show a plateau at about ( ) =17 for the apparent dilute regime (nL3 =0.016, 0.066). But, a steep drop to another plateau, at about ( 2,,) =1.5 was observed for Stover et al. (1992)'s semidilute regime experiments. Rahnama et al. (1995) theoretically studied the ori- 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 S 01 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Cb SLBM-EBF simulation Best fitted 'anisoopic diffusivity 2 del'to BM-EBPF imlim dta x with R=2.86 x Stover et. al. (1992) experiment x r =32.0 '- 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Cb 25 x vert. al. (1992) experiment SLBM-EBF imulation Best fitned 'aniso*tre cdifffaivity 0C 01 0.2 03 04 05 06 0.7 0.8 0.9 2 mdel'tIBM-EBF im d&ta 1 .5.0 S 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 x SW .a. (1992) experen t *LBM-EBF simulation 2 -Best fitted *amtsopop diffu-vity mdel'tomM-F imlaim dita IBrM=32.0 X 0 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 Cb0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Figure 2: p(Cb) with rp=32.0 for nL3=5, 10, 18 and 45 from top to bottom sub-figure respectively. The exper- imental Cb-distributions are within 80% confidence in- terval. The solid curves demonstrate the one-parameter fit (with parameter R) of 'anisotropic diffusivity model' to LBM-EBF simulation data. The best-fitted R values are indicated in corresponding legends. x Stovetal. (1992) expiment * LBM-EBF simulation Best fitted 'anisotropic diffusivity mdel'tolBM-EBF aimdim ta tth tR2. 4 =32.O entation diffusivity in dilute to semidilute regime with hydrodynamicc interaction theory'. In this theory hy- drodynamic, orientation diffusivity was obtained from an ensemble average of the fiber-fiber interactions. The steady-state fiber orientation distribution is controlled by the anisotropy and orientation dependence of the diffusivity. The steady state and transient fiber ori- entation distributions are derived using a perturbation analysis for weak hydrodynamic orientation diffusion. For computational convenience, Rahnama et al. fitted the 'anisotropic diffusivity model' to the Cb-distribution calculated with hydrodynamicc interaction theory' and obtained the best-fit value of R. Rahnama et al. used an iterative solution with an initial guess of R (averaged R=2.4 from Stover et al.'s experiments for rp=31.9 was used as an initial guess) to calculate the Cb-distribution with hydrodynamicc interaction theory'. We also fitted the 'anisotropic diffusivity model' to the Cb-distribution from LBM-EBF simulation and predicted the best-fit R values in semidilute regime. A nonlinear curve fitting method is used for this purpose. Table 1 summarizes R=() D values by Stover et al. (1992) experiments, hydrodynamicc interaction the- ory' and LBM-EBF simulations. The R values in the semidilute regime from nL3=1-45 fall in the same range for theory and experiment. The quantitative compari- son between LBM-EBF simulation and experiments are good, considering statistical uncertainties in the experi- ment. However, Stover et al. (1992)'s experimental val- ues of R do not show any systematic dependence on the volume concentration, nL3 and aspect ratio, rp. Whereas, the hydrodynamicc interaction theory' reveals a dependence of diffusivity ratio, R, on nL3 and as- pect ratio, rp: for a fixed aspect ratio (rp=31.9), the value of R decreases with increasing nL3. Physically, this means that the fibers shift closer toward the flow di- rection with increasing nL3. According to Rahnama et al. (1995), this shift resulted from the anisotropic hy- drodynamic screening incorporated in the renormalized Green's function derived by Shaqfeh and Fredrickson (1990). The LBM-EBF predicted R values first increase slightly from nL3=5-18 and then it decreases with in- creasing concentration following the theoretical predic- tion. The physical reason behind this can be explained by studying change of (Cb) values with concentration. From Fig. 3 it is seen that, the (Cb) for Stover et al. (1992) experiments and LBM-EBF simulations de- crease with increase of nL2d (the parameter nL2d is used since, it is a more relevant measure of concen- tration in semidilute regime). Physically this means the fibers are shifting towards the vorticity axis and as a result R value also increases (diffusion occurring primarily in flow-vorticity plane) with concentration. 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 C Stovr t al epetnment (1992), r31 9 LBM EBF smulation, r =32 0 Hydrodynac minteraction theory Figure 3: Average value of orbit constant, (Cb) as a function of nL2 d. The prediction of hydrodynamicc in- teraction theory' is indicated with a solid line. But, as the concentration increases more (nL3>18 or nL2d > 0.56253)), the fiber-fiber hydrodynamic inter- actions dominate and also there can be presence of some mechanical contacts among fibers. Both of these effects cause extra fiber flipping and as a result the fibers move closer to the flow direction ((Cb) increases) and the dif- fusivity ratio R decreases (i.e. diffusion occurring pri- marily in the flow-gradient plane). So, the (Cb) values of Stover et al. (1992)'s experiment, hydrodynamicc in- teraction theory' and LBM-EBF simulation fall close to each other for higher values of concentration, nL3 45 (nL2d z 1.41). Now, the apparent discrepancy be- tween theory and experiment at low concentrations can be due to the lower accuracy of renormalized Green's function at low concentrations (which is used to account for hydrodynamic screening in hydrodynamicc interac- tion theory'). Actually the function shows better accu- racy at higher values of nL3 (Shaqfeh and Fredrickson (1990)). Perhaps at lower concentration, a two-fiber the- ory would work better. On the flip-side, through a pri- vate communication with Dr. Koch, the authors came to know that during Stover et al. (1992)'s experiments, the group of researchers did not to pay too much atten- tion to these trends of diffusivity ratio, R not be- ing too sure if those were statistically ,igiilik.ii and rather paid more attention just to the overall order of magnitude of diffusivity ratio R. So, we can strongly claim that, LBM-EBF simulations produced excellent results to verify the range of R in semidilute regime and also shows encouraging results to physically ex- plain the trend of R in semidilute suspension of non- colloidal rigid fibers. The LBM-EBF simulation has the algorithm to count the number of mechanical contacts present in the suspension during a flow situation. We observed a small amount of mechanical contacts in the semidilute regime which breaks the Stokes flow symme- try (results not shown here for conciseness). This phe- nomenon was also observed in Stover et al. (1992) and Petrich et al. (2000)'s semidilute regime experiments r,=16 c,=.o053 nL=17.3 -BR=2940 - -BR=1.47 -*BR=0.15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ~In 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 tIu Figure 4: The p-distribution for flexible fiber suspen- sions with aspect ratio, r = 16 (top) and r = 32 (bot- tom) with different bending ratios, BR, and for a fixed volume fraction, c, = 0.053 with LBM-EBF simula- tion. where the p-distribution showed asymmetry across the flow-vorticity plane due to non-hydrodynamic mechan- ical contacts among fibers and thus violated the Stokes flow symmetry. This phenomenon can not be explained by the weak diffusion considered in 'anisotropic diffu- sivity model' (Eqn. (7)) used to predict diffusivity ra- tio, R, since weak diffusion should preserve the symme- try of Stokes flow. This indicates that a complete de- scription of hydrodynamic interactions is more complex and sophisticated than the simple 'anisotropic diffusiv- ity model' used to fit the orbit-constant distribution. Al- though the model was very good fit to the p (Cb) it can not describe the asymmetry in p ( ). Rheology and Orientation of Flexible Fibers in Suspension In this section, the change in fiber theological properties with change of fiber flexibility is explained by study- ing the p-distribution, p (4) of the fiber suspension for different aspect-ratios, rp and bending ratio BR and 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 those information are theoretically related to Batchelor (1971)'s work. Batchelor (1971)'s relation for the contribution of sus- pended fibers in dilute suspension without any Brownian motion, yields the first normal stress difference, N1 as: N B = jfiberf (KPI. ) fiberr (sin 4 sin 4 )) *--(<(si Ism14p)) Where, the superscript 'B' refers to Batchelor's the- ory and fiber is a function of concentration, orienta- tion distribution and fiber geometry. Eqn. (8) shows that if the suspension has no direct physical contacts between fibers and in the absence of fiber-deformation (rigid fiber), the fiber orientation dispersion, p (p) would necessarily be symmetric about (x-z) plane. And in these cases, first normal stress difference, Nf given by Batch- elor's theory would be zero, since it is an odd function of /. So, if direct contact between fibers exists or if fibers are deformable, Nf will not vanish. The p-distribution in Fig. 4 with LBM-EBF simula- tion clearly gives evidence that for decreasing bending ratio, BR (i.e. by increasing fiber flexibility), the mean orientation angle (p) will become slightly less than 7r/2; and this small asymmetry of the fiber orientation distri- bution makes Nf non-zero (+ve). So, by reviewing the Batchelor's theory above and by giving computational evidence of asymmetry in p-distribution due to change of BR, here it is proved that the first normal stress differ- ence is strongly dependent on the fiber flexibility. On the other hand, from Eqn. (8), it is clear that the change of 0 is also very important for the first normal stress differ- ence. NA increases with 0, where 0 is directly related to the orbit constant Cb (Eqn. (1)). But, the concept of orbit constant is not well-defined for flexible fibers (Skjetne et al. (1997)), since the geometry of the fiber vary with time. For flexible fibers Jeffery's orbit become unstable and C will tend to drift (for the most part) either to 0 or oo as evidenced in experiments (Arlov et al. (1958)) and numerical simulations (Skjetne et al. (1997)), de- pending on the initial C value, while intermediate values also being observed. To the authors' knowledge, no ro- tational diffusion model exists which accounts for these disturbed Jeffery's orbits for flexible fibers. It is worth to point out here that, the effect of vol- ume fraction on relative shear viscosity of suspension p,,e of flexible fibers has been discussed in previous Wu & Aidun (2010a) paper with LBM-EBF simulations. It was shown that with increase of volume fraction the rel- ative shear viscosity, pre increases which can be at- tributed to the increased fiber-fiber interaction due to fiber crowding and fiber deformation with shear strain. Conclusion (. I /*' )) The steady-state distribution of orbit-constant, p (Cb), of rigid cylindrical fibers suspended in a Newtonian fluid subjected to simple shear flow has been predicted for several concentrations (nL3=5-45) in semidilute regime with LBM-EBF simulation. The 'anisotropic diffusivity model' is fitted to the simulated p (Cb) which gives best- fit diffusivity ratios (R values) in the range of 2.45 ~ R ~ 3.31 and thus verifies the range of R observed in experiment and theory. But, the small amount of asym- metry in p (4) as was observed in simulation and experi- ments questions the simplicity of 'anisotropic diffusivity model' and emphasizes the need for the development of a more sophisticated model. Also, in future, it would be interesting to numerically investigate the time corre- lation function of Cb(t), defined as (Cb(t)Cb(t T)), where, T is the delay time, t is the time measured dur- ing the simulation, and the angle brackets denote aver- ages over all available values. By analyzing the decay of (Cb(t)Cb(t T)) as a function of T, the temporal stochastic fluctuations of Cb(t) can be explored and it would be a good test of the magnitude of hydrodynamic rotary diffusivity. The LBM-EBF simulation with flexible fibers shows fiber stiffness has strong impact on suspension rheology. Also, the effect of fiber stiffness on the first normal stress difference, NB is demonstrated based on analyzing the p-distribution and Batchelor (1971)'s theory. It is proved that the influence of fiber orientation due to change in fiber stiffness is a major contributor to the variation in theological properties. References Anczurowski, E. and Mason, S.G., The kinetics of flow- ing dispersions: II. Equilibrium orientations of rods and discs (theoretical), Journal of Colloid and Interface Sci- ence, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 522-532, 1967a Anczurowski, E. and Mason, S.G., The kinetics of flow- ing dispersions: III. Equilibrium orientations of rods and discs (experimental), Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 533 546, 1967b Arlov, A.P. and Forgacs, O.L. and Mason, S.G., Particle motions in sheared suspensions IV. General behavior of wood pulp fibers, Svensk Papperstidn., Vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 61-67, 1958 Batchelor, G.K., The stress generated in a non-dilute suspension of elongated particles by pure straining mo- tion, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 46, no. 04, pp. 813-829, 1971 Cox, R.G., The motion of long slender bodies in a vis- cous fluid. Part 2. Shear flow, Journal of Fluid Mechan- ics, Vol. 45, no. 04, pp. 625-657, 1971 Fan, X.-J. and Phan-Thien, N. and Zheng, R., A di- rect simulation of fibre suspensions, Journal of Non- Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 74, no. 1-3, pp. 113- 135, 1998 Folgar, F and Tucker III, C.L., Orientation Behavior of Fibers in Concentrated Suspensions, Journal of Rein- forced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 98 - 119, 1984 Forgacs, O.L. and Mason, S.G., Particle motions in sheared suspensions. IX. spin and deformation of thread- like particles, Journal of Colloid Science, Vol. 14, pp. 457-472, 1959 Jeffery, G.B., The motion of ellipsoidal particles im- mersed in a viscous Fluid, Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Math- ematical and Physical ( li.In.ikic Vol. 102, no. 715, pp. 61-179, Nov. 1, 1922 Leal, L.G. and Hinch, E.J., The effect of weak Brown- ian rotations on particles in shear flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 685-703, 1971 Lees, A.W. and Edwards, S.F, The computer study of transport processes under extreme conditions, Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 5,no. 15 pp. 1921- 1928, 1972 Petrich, M.P. and Koch, D.L. and Cohen, C., An exper- imental determination of the stress-microstructure rela- tionship in semi-concentrated fiber suspensions, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 95,no. 2-3, pp. 101-133, 1994 Rahnama, M. and Koch, D.L. and Shaqfeh, E.S.G., The effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the orientation distribution in a fiber suspension subject to simple shear flow, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 487-506, 1995 Shaqfeh, E.S.G. and Fredrickson, G.H., The hydrody- namic stress in a suspension of rods, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 2,no. 1, pp. 7-24, 1990 Skjetne, P. and Ross, R.F and Klingenberg, D.J.,Simulation of single fiber dynamics, Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 107,no. 6 pp. 2108-2121, 1997 Stover, C.A. and Koch, D.L. and Cohen, C., Observa- tions of fibre orientation in simple shear flow of semi- dilute suspensions, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 238, pp. 277-296, 1992 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 Wu, J. and Aidun, C.K., A method for direct simulation of flexible fiber suspensions using lattice-Boltzmann equation with external boundary force, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 36, pp. 202-209, 2010a Wu, J. and Aidun, C.K., Simulating 3D deformable par- ticle suspensions using lattice Boltzmann method with discrete external boundary force, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 62, pp. 765-783, 2010b Yamane, Y. and Kaneda, Y. and Dio, M., Numerical sim- ulation of semi-dilute suspensions of rodlike particles in shear flow, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 54, pp. 405-421, 1994 Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. 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