text:
Sometimes You Must Violate an Abstraction to Maintain It
Last week, I introduced a typical form for overloading functions that deal with objects that might be moved:
void foo(const Thing& t) { // Here, t is a reference to an object that foo can copy but must not modify } void foo(Thing&& t) { //Here, t is a reference to an object that foo can modify freely }
When we call
foo, the compiler will select one or the other of these functions. If
foo's argument is an lvalue, the compiler will pick the first version; because that lvalue argument may well be used again later, the body of
foo is not permitted to modify the argument. If
foo's argument is an rvalue, the compiler will pick the second version because the compiler knows that the argument will not be used again; the compiler can call the version of
foo that is permitted to modify its argument.
We can use this overloading strategy for any function that might behave in two different ways depending on whether it is permitted to modify its argument. However, among the most important such functions are the constructors and assignment operators for the object's own type. A
Thing constructor with a
Thing argument that it is not permitted to change is, by definition, a copy constructor. If such a constructor is permitted to change its argument, then it is a move constructor.
The whole point of a move constructor is that it knows that its parameter is bound to an argument that will not be used again, so that the constructor can change the argument's value. As an example, let's assume that a
Thing object contains a
string member:
class Thing { public: Thing(const Thing&); Thing(Thing&&); // … private: string s; // … };
The first
Thing constructor is not permitted to modify the
string member of its argument, so it must copy the member:
Thing::Thing(const Thing& t): s(t.s) { }
We use
t.s to initialize the
s member of our own
Thing. Doing so calls the
string copy constructor, so this initialization involves copying the entire contents of
What about the second
Thing constructor? You might think that you could write
Thing::Thing(Thing&& t): s(t.s) { }
and it would all just work. After all,
t is bound to an rvalue, so
t.s should be an rvalue, and as a result, the compiler should use the
string move constructor to initialize
Alas, life is not that simple. Remember that an rvalue reference has two key properties:
- It can bind to an rvalue, but
- When you actually use it, it behaves as an lvalue
As a result, inside this second constructor,
t is an lvalue. As a result,
t.s is also an lvalue. What we need is a way to tell the compiler to treat
t.s as an rvalue.
One such way is simply to cast
t.s to an rvalue:
Thing::Thing(Thing&& t): s(static_cast<string>(t.s)) { }
However, this technique has the unfortunate effect of copying
t.s inside the cast — exactly the action we are trying to avoid. However, the cast idea is the right one: What we really need to do is cast
t.s to an rvalue reference:
Thing::Thing(Thing&& t): s(static_cast<string&&>(t.s)) { }
This code tells a lie in the service of a greater truth: Although
t.s is an lvalue, the cast tells the compiler to pretend that
t.s is an rvalue so that the compiler will move the valuef
t.s to
s rather than copying the value. This pretense is legitimate because the author of the cast knows that
t really refers to an rvalue; it is only inside the body of the constructor that
t appears to be an lvalue.
As with many casts, this one does not proclaim its purpose. We can make it do so by rewriting it:
Thing::Thing(Thing&& t): s(std::move(t.s)) { }
std::move really does is to return its argument as an rvalue reference. In effect, every time we use
std::move, we are telling a lie. In this case, by writing
std::move(t.s), we are saying that we want to use
t.s, but to do so in a way that treats
t.s as an rvalue. It is acceptable for us to tell this lie for exactly the same reason that it is acceptable for us to cast
t.s to
string&& in the previous example: We know that
t.s is a member of
t, and
t really refers to an rvalue in our caller's context.
We can tell such lies any time we are willing to take responsibility for the consequences. As a simple example:
Thing t1, t2; // … t1 = std::move(t2);
This assignment tells the compiler to treat
t2 as an rvalue. As a result, the compiler will select
Thing's move-assignment operator (
Thing::operator=(Thing&&)), which, in turn, will feel free to change the value of
t2 arbitrarily. The lie involved in using
std::move is harmless so long as the programmer who calls
std::move knows that no subsequent code will depend on the value of
Lies of this kind allow programmers to take advantage of the inner workings of their programs to substitute move operations for copy operations in contexts that the programmers know will be harmless. In particular, it is common for programs to lie in this way when the programmers know that those lies will be invisible from outside. Techniques such as these allow programmers to violate abstractions that they present to users when they know that those violations will not affect the users' code. As another way to view it, when you're implementing an abstraction, you're allowed to break it as long as you repair the damage before your customers see it.
Next week, we'll see some examples of why moving instead of copying is worth the bother.


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Lynne's Profile
Lynne Robinson
"Lynne is the High Priestess of Pilates. I trust her implicitly."
- Sophie Dahl
Lynne is co-founder and director of Body Control Pilates Education (for whom she lectures on training courses for new teachers and on specialist courses for qualified teachers) and of the Body Control Pilates Association, Europe's largest professional body for Pilates teachers (approximately 1,400 teaching members).
Alongside her teaching responsibilities in the UK and abroad, Lynne is always busy writing new courses for Body Control Pilates Education.
Her latest book (Pilates for Life) was published in the UK in 2014 by Kyle Books, while the Pilates Bible continues to retain its position as the world's best-selling Pilates book. Lynne's most recent DVD ('Inch Loss Pilates') has, as with her other DVDs, received excellent reviews.
Lynne was at the forefront of creating the boom in Pilates in the UK and her name and image have become synonymous with Pilates. She is firmly established as the world's top-selling Pilates author and presenter, her books and videos being sold in over thirty countries.
Her first introduction to Pilates came in 1992 whilst living in Sydney, Australia, after being recommended to take up classes as a solution to the severe back problems that Lynne had experienced for many years. Lynne was a student with Penny Latey in Sydney, and then completed her formal Pilates training after returning to London. She co-founded Body Control Pilates in 1996.
In the UK, the Times newspaper has hailed her as "The Queen of Pilates" and the Observer called her "The undisputed First Lady of Pilates". Recognising the impact that her work has had on general attitudes to fitness and on training techniques, the London Evening Standard featured Lynne in their list of London's 'Power People', the capital's three hundred most influential people.
Lynne has also been featured extensively in the media for her work with Liz Hurley during the latter's pregnancy. Her current and past clients include Sophie Dahl, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Hollie Willoughby, Hugh Grant, Pat Cash, Kyran Bracken, the Football Association and the England Cricket Team.
Lynne has worked regularly with West Bromwich Albion FC and at Chelsea Football Club where, on a weekly basis for more than three years, she taught players in the first team and reserve squads and working closely with the club's medical management to develop exercise programmes for injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Books and DVDs
Lynne has authored numerous best-selling books on the Pilates Method and presented more than ten Pilates DVDs. Full details of these can be found by clicking on 'Lynne's Books and DVDs'.
"I personally love Lynne's DVDs - they are tremendous. I teach Pilates, yet they have helped me in my own personal Pilates and more importantly, they have helped me to be a better teacher. The cueing and knowledge Lynne has provided has been so good to me and for me. I am overwhelmed by Lynne's talent."
Julie Isphording, Radio Talk Show Host and Producer, USA
"Lynne is the only woman on earth who has ever got my stomach looking anywhere near flat, so I think of her as something of a miracle worker."
Kate Rew, UK Journalist
"The Queen of Pilates"
The Times newspaper
"Lynne is the undisputed First Lady of Pilates"
The Observer newspaper
Lynne holds an Honours degree and a Postgraduate Certificate of Education. She supports 'The Lady Taverners' charity organisation.
Our London Pilates Studio:
The Body Control Pilates Centre
35 Little Russell Street
London WC1A 2HH
Tel: 020 7636 8900

subset: commoncrawl


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This week in new hires, David Mook joined U.S. Bank Wealth Management, Sterne Agee welcomed Robert Mohs to its Chicago office, Jeffrey MacDonald went to Fiduciary Trust Co. International, and Maria Dwyer went to State Street Global Advisors.
Also, New York Life welcomed Cara-Anne Gagliano, Thomas Hendry and Don Desiderato; Maree Moscati, CEO of Copytalk, joined the advisory board of the Shared Assessments Program; and Steven Harris and Jay Hanson were reappointed to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
U.S. Bank Wealth Management Names David Mook Chief Private Banking Officer
U.S. Bank Wealth Management announced recently that David Mook had been appointed chief private banking officer. In this role, he will focus on the banking needs of high-net-worth and ultrahigh-net-worth clients and family-owned and/or controlled businesses. He will also lead sales management for private banking products and services, including deposit, mortgage and other credit products. He reports to Mark Jordahl, president, and is a member of the wealth management executive committee.
Mook brings 29 years of financial experience with JPMorgan Chase & Co., where he worked in many leadership roles. He most recently served as regional capital advisory practice lead of private banking for the Midwest, West and California. Prior to that, he served as the private bank's capital advisor for private wealth management. He also served as a senior underwriter for middle market banking and a regional manager for institutional investment services.
Robert Mohs Joins Sterne Agee in Chicago
Robert Mohs has joined Sterne Agee & Leach as a managing director with the private client group in Chicago. In his new role, he will concentrate on retirement planning and investment advisory; in addition, he will assist with growing the Chicago office.
Mohs has more than 25 years of experience in financial planning and securities trading. Prior to joining, he was with Raymond James & Associates. Additionally, he has experience as an institutional trader and has designed and executed retirement plans for numerous individuals and institutions. Fiduciary Trust Co. International Appoints Jeffrey MacDonald
Fiduciary Trust Co. International announced on Monday the appointment of Jeffrey MacDonald as managing director and senior portfolio manager on the fixed-income team. He is responsible for managing fixed income portfolios for individuals, families and institutions.
MacDonald brings more than 20 years of experience across all sectors of the global fixed-income market. Prior to joining, he served as senior portfolio manager for Cutwater Asset Management and Hartford Investment Management Co. Previously, he was a fixed income portfolio analyst at Wellington Management Co. He began his career at Fidelity Investments.
State Street Global Advisors Appoints Maria Dwyer Chief Risk Officer
State Street Global Advisors (SSgA), the asset management business of State Street Corp., announced Monday the appointment of Maria Dwyer as chief risk officer. She will assume her new role immediately.
Dwyer previously served as chief regulatory officer at MFS Investment Management, which she joined in 2004. During her tenure there, she held a range of senior level positions in compliance, fund treasury and risk management. Prior to joining MFS, she was president and treasurer for the Fidelity group of funds at Fidelity Management and Research Co. Her career spans more than two decades and includes a significant breadth of experience in asset management across various operational and legal areas, including investment products, tax and internal audit.
New York Life Welcomes Three
New York Life announced recently that Cara-Anne Gagliano, Thomas Hendry and Don Desiderato have joined the company.
Gagliano is a senior vice president in the insurance group, in charge of information technology strategy and all application development for life products. She reports to Susan Paternoster, SVP and chief information officer for the insurance group. Prior to joining, she most recently worked at Nomura Securities International as global COO for equities technology. Before that, she held senior information technology leadership roles at CIT Group, Lehman Brothers, and Deutsche Asset Management.
Hendry is SVP and treasurer, and reports to John Fleurant, SVP, deputy CFO and controller. Prior to joining, Hendry worked at Prudential, where he served in multiple key leadership roles in financial management, most recently as the treasurer for the life insurance businesses and prior to that focusing on solutions for defined benefit plans. Before that, he worked at Coopers and Lybrand in the financial advisory and assurance practices.
Desiderato is senior managing director and chief technology officer in the investments group, reporting to John Kim, president of the group. In addition, he is a member of the investments group senior leadership team. Prior to joining, he was most recently principal and industry analyst at Novarica. Before that, he held CIO roles at Prudential and ING, as well as various IT leadership positions at Citigroup. Copytalk CEO Maree Moscati Joins Shared Assessments' Advisory Board
Copytalk announced that CEO Maree Moscati has joined the advisory board of the Shared Assessments Program, which enables its members to achieve a faster, more efficient and less costly means of conducting rigorous and comprehensive security, privacy and business continuity assessments.
Moscati, who joined Copytalk in 2012, has a long tenure in the financial services industry. She served in executive positions at South Trust Securities, South Financial Group and Colonial Wealth Management.
The Shared Assessments Program was created in 2003 by financial institutions, accounting firms, and key service providers to inject standardization, consistency, speed, efficiency and cost savings into the vendor risk assessment process. The advisory board is responsible for establishing goals and objectives for the organization, determining policy, and setting priorities for the issues that need to be addressed.
Steven Harris and Jay Hanson Reappointed To PCAOB
The SEC announced Friday that Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) members Steven Harris and Jay Hanson have each been reappointed for a second five-year term. Harris's reappointment runs till Oct. 24, 2017, and Hanson's till Oct. 24, 2018.
The PCAOB, established by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, oversees the audits of the financial statements of public companies and broker-dealers through registration, standard setting, inspection and disciplinary programs. The SEC selects members and the chairman of the PCAOB after consultation with the Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve Board.
Harris was originally appointed in 2008. He was previously senior vice president and special counsel for APCO Worldwide. For more than 15 years, he served as a staff director and chief counsel of the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. He also served as a staff director and chief counsel to the Securities Subcommittee. He worked on all the legislation, investigations and oversight conducted by the committee from 1981 to 2007.He was a counsel to Sen. Donald Riegle Jr. of Michigan from 1979 to 1981, and served as a counsel to Rep. Barbara Jordan of Texas and as a representative to the National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and Procedures from 1978 to 1979.
Hanson was originally appointed to the PCAOB in 2011. He previously spent nearly 32 years at McGladrey & Pullen. He served as the national director of accounting, overseeing the firm's accounting guidance and training practices, as well as leader of the firm's accounting standards broup. He served as a member of the emerging issues task force of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) from 2006 to 2011. He also was a member of the financial reporting executive committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) from 2005 to 2011, serving as chairman for the final three years of his tenure.
Read the Feb. 27 New Hire Roundup at AdvisorOne.


text:
More refinements
Realestate.com.au is Australia's #1 home for property, listing real estate for sale in North Coast, and other property listings by real estate agents in North Coast.If you're looking to sell or buy a property in North Coast, Realestate.com.au can provide you with North Coast auction times, and auction results for NSW. Property data and house prices in NSW is available as well as recent sold property in North Coast. People looking for North Coast rentals and houses to share in NSW are catered to as well and everyone visiting Realestate.com.au can take advantage of our free and helpful real estate resource section.


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1927 Flood Damage
- Date:
- 1927
- Description:
- This is a black and white photograph of a 1927 flood near Warn Street across the road from 224 Bradford Street. Toucher resident Peter Vackon lived in the house located on the upper right side of the image and resident Comar lived at the house at the lower left. Rocks and coarse woody debris are pictured in the foreground of the image. There is a woman standing in the center of the image. Mountains are visible in the background of the image. Shrubs are pictured on the far right side near the residential buildings. tim wager writes on 2016-05-19: Photo is Bradford Street Bennington, 1927 flood
- Filename:
- LS32089_000.jpg
- Size:
- 2512 x 1428 pixels; 2194567 bytes
- Original Filename:
- BM_MS_7_7_0038.jpg
- Original Metadata:
- 1927 Flood Warn St. across the road from 224 Bradford St. Toucher resident Peter Vackon? House upper right Comar house lower at left
- Keywords:
- Buildings; Coarse woody debris; Culture; Earth Materials; Flood damage; Floods; Forests and Plants; Geology; Human Constructs; Landforms; Living Things; Mountains; Nature; People; Plants; Rocks; Shrubs; Surface Processes; Women; Wooden-frame buildings;
- Source:
- Bennington Museum
- Submitted By:
- Renee Gliddon
- Submitted On:
- 2010-07-15
- Original Media:
- Photograph
- Scanning/Digitization/Creation Notes:
- MacBook Pro CanoScan LiDE 90
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- 100344


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NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
Kansas Speedway
April 20, 2013
Race Highlights:
- Richard Childress Racing teammates finished fourth (Brendan Gaughan) and eighth (Ty Dillon).
- Dillon is fifth in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series driver championship point standings, trailing leader Johnny Sauter by 39 markers, while Gaughan ranks seventh, 46 points back.
- The No. 3 Chevrolet team ranks six in the Camping World Truck Series owner championship point standings, with the No. 62 team ninth.
- Combined, RCR drivers Dillon and Gaughan completed eight of the Fastest Laps Run, posting five and three respectively.
- According to NASCAR's Post-Race Loop Data Statistics, Gaughan earned the fifth-best Driver Rating (103), earned the sixth-best Green Flag Speed, was sixth-best Speed in Traffic and spent 91.6 percent (153 0f 167) Laps in the Top 15 placing him sixth in the category. He was also the seventh-Fastest Driver Early in a Run and Fastest Driver Late in a Run.
- Dillon completed 98.2 percent (163 of 167) Laps in the Top 15, ranking second in the loop-data category. The RCR driver was also the second-Fastest Driver Early in a Run, maintained the fourth-best Average Running Position (7.275), the fourth-best Green Flag Speed and was fifth-Fastest on the Restarts.
- Matt Crafton earned his first victory of the 2013 Camping World Truck Series season and was followed to the finish line by Joey Coulter, Ryan Blaney, Gaughan and Johnny Sauter.
- The next Camping World Truck Series race is the North Carolina Education Lottery 200 at Charlotte Motor Speedway on Friday, May 17. The fifth race of the 2013 season is scheduled to be televised live on SPEED beginning at 8 p.m. Eastern Time and broadcast live on the Motor Racing Network and Sirius XM NASCAR Satellite Radio.
Ty Dillon Earns Top-10 Finish in the Heartland
Ty Dillon and the No. 3 Bass Pro Shops team finished eighth at Kansas Speedway on Saturday afternoon. Dillon started the 167-lap affair from the fifth position and reported a tight-handling condition to the Marcus Richmond-led crew. The Richard Childress Racing team utilized routine four-tire pit stops to alleviate the handling issues on the No. 3 Chevrolet. When green flag pit stops began on lap 73, the Bass Pro Shops team elected to remain on track as others came down pit road. Right before Dillon was about to come to pit road for adjustments, a caution flag slowed the field placing the 21-year-old driver in the second position. Dillon jumped to the lead on the ensuing restart and remained out front for 11 circuits. Dillon maintained a spot in the top-five and until a lap 118 restart shuffled the young driver to the 12th position, where he received damage to the front splitter after making contact with a flying piece of debris. The debris caused the handling on the truck to return to a tight condition and hindered his ability to maneuver through the field. With a limited number of laps remaining, Dillon improved to eighth where he crossed the finish line.
Start – 5 Finish – 8 Laps Led – 11 Points – 5
"We had a really fast truck today. The Bass Pro Shops team worked hard all weekend. Track position was key, and we just didn't have it there at the end."
Brendan Gaughan Earns Fourth-Place Finish at Kansas Speedway
Brendan Gaughan and the No. 62 South Point Hotel & Casino Chevrolet team earned a fourth-place finish in the SFP 250 at Kansas Speedway Saturday afternoon. The Las Vegas native started the 167-lap event from the eighth position and maintained a spot within the top 10 until lap 84 when Gaughan went a lap down to the leader while running in the 18th position after an untimely caution fell in the midst of a round of green-flag pit stops. Crew chief Shane Wilson instructed his driver to stay on track during the caution laps providing him the opportunity to take the "wave around", regaining his lap and positioning him 15th for the ensuing restart. As the race progressed, Gaughan drove his way back into the top 10 on lap 96, despite battling a tight-handling Chevrolet Silverado. The South Point Hotel & Casino pit crew made adjustments to help combat the handling issue of the black and gold machine during a scheduled four-tire pit stop on lap 104. Armed with a fast truck, the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series veteran raced his way into the top five, running as high as second, before collecting a fourth-place result. Following the top-five finish, Gaughan gained four positions in the driver championship point standings, moving into seventh.
Start – 8 Finish – 4 Laps Led – 0 Points – 7
"I can't believe Ryan (Blaney) got around me on the last lap using the outside line. I didn't think anyone ran a line higher than I do. He made a great move at the end and it was tough to give up third, but I'll take a top-five finish any day. Shane Wilson made some great calls today that helped us gain track position, and my crew did a great job in the pits. Our team is getting into a pretty good rhythm right now, I hope we can keep this momentum going even though we're about to take a three-week break."
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Animation can create amazing images and ambitious storylines that live-action just can't compete with. Some of our favorite TV shows of all time have been animated. But what's your choice for the absolute best piece of television animation?
Please include a picture or clip of this televisual masterpiece. And please mention the name, and why it's so great. Thanks!
Top image: Batman: The Animated Series.


text:
Kenzo Sofa Table Two Tone - Steve Silver
Browse all deals at Target
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See more from Steve Silver Co.
* This offer may contain time-sensitive information and offers. Please check with Target to confirm actual price & availability.
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text:
Quartet vies for top Pitching Performance of August
First shutouts for Harvey, Strasburg in running with Yu's near no-no, Fernandez's gem
Yu Darvish of the Rangers, Jose Fernandez of the Marlins, Matt Harvey of the Mets and Stephen Strasburg of the Nationals are your choices for August as voting is underway at MLB.com to decide Major League Baseball's Pitching Performance of the Month presented by Head & Shoulders.
This monthly award is part of the ongoing "Season of the #Whiff" campaign. Will it be a repeat for Darvish, whose previous one-hitter at Houston earned him this first monthly honor for April? Will you go with a leading National League Rookie of the Year Award candidate? Will it be the first career complete game and shutout from an NL East star who came back from an arm injury -- or from one who now faces his own elbow trouble?
Here is a closer look at the candidates for August:
Darvish, Aug. 12 at Houston
W, 8 IP, H, ER, BB, 15 K's
After just missing a perfect game in his first start of the season at Minute Maid Park, the right-hander put together another near no-hitter in the same place. Carlos Corporan broke it up with a homer in the eighth. The Rangers righty fanned a career-high 15 over eight, amid what might rank as one of the highest single-season strikeout totals in club history.
"As I think I've said before, a win is a win," Darvish said after his gem, saying he was "locked in." The only American League nominee in this field added: "I was glad I was a big part of this win."
Fernandez, Aug. 2 vs. Cleveland
W, 8 IP, 3 H, 0 R, BB, 14 K's
Out of the four candidates, Fernandez is the only one whose performance came against a bona fide contender. The Marlins righty established a club rookie record with 14 strikeouts and even chipped in an RBI in a 10-0 Interleague rout, throwing up to 97 mph in the latter innings. The gem ended Cleveland's eight-game winning streak, and it followed a start in which Fernandez had just set Miami's rookie single-season strikeout mark.
"He's a pretty young kid as far as starts in the Major Leagues," Indians manager Terry Francona said. "We saw the stuff, and he put it together tonight for eight innings. Unfortunately for us, that's as good a start as I think we've seen all year. He had everything."
Harvey, Aug. 7 vs. Colorado
SO, 4 H, 0 BB, 6 K's
Mets fans probably can appreciate this nominated outing now more than ever, having just seen their 2013 All-Star Game starting pitcher -- and a key to the club's rebuilding process -- sidelined with a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament in his right elbow. Harvey said he plans to be back next Opening Day, although the club has announced no timetable and Tommy John surgery remains a possibility.
Harvey was at his best against the Rockies, throwing his first career shutout and inducing weak contact despite few strikeouts. Whether it was one of those games that ultimately led to his injury, no one can say, but manager Terry Collins said there was no doubt about letting Harvey finish that one, citing only 91 pitches thrown entering the ninth.
"My mindset's never going to be not to throw a complete game," Harvey said. "That's always my approach. That's always going to be my approach. And fortunately enough tonight, it happened."
Strasburg, Aug. 11 vs. Philadelphia
SO, 4 H, BB, 10 K's
While Harvey faces an unknown comeback situation, Strasburg gave a glimpse of his pre-Tommy John greatness in an outing against the Phillies. Like Harvey, Strasburg recorded his first career complete game and shutout, needing only 99 pitches. Throwing more changeups than normal, the right-hander didn't allow a baserunner to reach scoring position.
"I felt good," Strasburg said. "It's something you try to do every time out. I learned how to go out there and get outs with less pitches. ... I knew it was going to be a matter of time where I was going to have one of these games where they hit it right to where we were playing and the defense made great plays.
"It's definitely different at the big league level. You are definitely a lot more strained as the game goes on. Like I said, the defense played great. The offense scored some runs. I was just able to go out there and pitch to contact."
In addition to voting for the monthly award, you can be part of the Season of the #Whiff campaign around the clock. See a whiff, tweet a #Whiff to @HSforMen ... and you will have a chance to win cool prizes from your favorite team.


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What is gout?
Gout is characterized by inflamed, painful joints due to the formation of crystal deposits at the joints. It also known as the disease of kings and the king of diseases because it was associated with overindulgence of rich foods and wine. In truth, anyone can get gout. Gout affects more men than women and is often associated with obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (high levels of lipids in the blood), and diabetes.
What causes gout?
Gout is caused by monosodium urate crystal deposits in the joints, due to an excess of uric acid in the body. The excess of uric acid may be caused by an increase in production by the body, underelimination of the uric acid by the kidneys, or increased intake of certain foods that metabolize into uric acid in the body. Foods that are high in purines (the component of the food that metabolizes into uric acid) include certain meats, such as game meats, kidney, brains, and liver; seafood, such as anchovies, herring, scallops, sardines, and mackerel; dried beans, and dried peas. Alcoholic beverages and sugary drinks high in fructose may also increase levels of uric acid in the body. Gout attacks may be triggered by any or all of the following:
Consumption of alcohol
Consumption of protein-rich foods
Emotional stress
Minor surgery
What are the symptoms of gout?
Gout is characterized by sudden, recurrent attacks that often occur without warning. Severe, chronic gout may lead to deformity. The following are the most common symptoms of gout. However each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
Severe, sudden pain in one or more joints (most often the joint in the big toe)
Swollen joint(s)
Red or purplish, tight, shiny skin over joint
Warmth in joint area
General feeling of illness
Hard lumps of urate crystal deposits under the skin (called tophi)
The symptoms of gout may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
How is gout diagnosed?
In addition to a complete medical history and a physical examination, a diagnosis of gout may be confirmed with the examination of a fluid sample from the joint for the presence of urate crystals.
Treatment for gout
Specific treatment for gout will be determined by your doctor based on:
Your age, overall health, and medical history
Extent of the condition
Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, and therapies
Expectation for the course of the condition
Your opinion or preference
Treatment may include:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to relieve pain and inflammation
Colchicine, an oral or intravenous medication to relieve pain and inflammation; may cause diarrhea and other side effects
Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
Increasing fluid intake while avoiding alcoholic beverages
Reducing the intake of protein-rich foods
Reducing weight (if obesity is a factor)
Medication to lower the uric acid level in the blood
Medication to block production of uric acid in the body
Surgery to remove extremely large tophi


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My career has been all about designing programming languages and writing compilers for them. This has been a great joy and source of satisfaction to me, and perhaps I can offer some observations about what you're in for if you decide to design and implement a professional programming language. This is actually a book-length topic, so I'll just hit on a few highlights here and avoid topics well covered elsewhere.
First off, you're in for a lot of work…years of work…most of which will be wandering in the desert. The odds of success are heavily stacked against you. If you are not strongly self-motivated to do this, it isn't going to happen. If you need validation and encouragement from others, it isn't going to happen.
Fortunately, embarking on such a project is not major dollar investment; it won't break you if you fail. Even if you do fail, depending on how far the project got, it can look pretty good on your résumé and be good for your career.
One thing abundantly clear is that syntax matters. It matters an awful lot. It's like the styling on a car if the styling is not appealing, it simply doesn't matter how hot the performance is. The syntax needs to be something your target audience will like.
Trying to go with something they've not seen before will make language adoption a much tougher sell.
I like to go with a mix of familiar syntax and aesthetic beauty. It's got to look good on the screen. After all, you're going to spend plenty of time looking at it. If it looks awkward, clumsy, or ugly, it will taint the language.
There are a few things I (perhaps surprisingly) suggest should not be considerations. These are false gods:
- Minimizing keystrokes. Maybe this mattered when programmers used paper tape, and it matters for small languages like bash or awk. For larger applications, much more programming time is spent reading than writing, so reducing keystrokes shouldn't be a goal in itself. Of course, I'm not suggesting that large amounts of boilerplate is a good idea.
- Easy parsing. It isn't hard to write parsers with arbitrary lookahead. The looks of the language shouldn't be compromised to save a few lines of code in the parser. Remember, you'll spend a lot of time staring at the code. That comes first. As mentioned below, it still should be a context-free grammar.
- Minimizing the number of keywords. This metric is just silly, but I see it cropping up repeatedly. There are a million words in the English language, I don't think there is any looming shortage. Just use your good judgment.
Things that are true gods:
- Context-free grammars. What this really means is the code should be parsable without having to look things up in a symbol table. C++ is famously not a context-free grammar. A context-free grammar, besides making things a lot simpler, means that IDEs can do syntax highlighting without integrating most of a compiler front end. As a result, third-party tools become much more likely to exist.
- Redundancy. Yes, the grammar should be redundant. You've all heard people say that statement terminating
;are not necessary because the compiler can figure it out. That's true but such non-redundancy makes for incomprehensible error messages. Consider a syntax with no redundancy: Any random sequence of characters would then be a valid program. No error messages are even possible. A good syntax needs redundancy in order to diagnose errors and give good error messages.
- Tried and true. Absent a very strong reason, it's best to stick with tried and true grammatical forms for familiar constructs. It really cuts the learning curve for the language and will increase adoption rates. Think of how people will hate the language if it swaps the operator precedence of
*. Save the divergence for features not generally seen before, which also signals the user that this is new.
As always, these principles should not be taken as dicta. Use good judgment. Any language design principle blindly followed leads to disaster. The principles are rarely orthogonal and frequently conflict. It's a lot like designing a house making the master closet bigger means the master bedroom gets smaller. It's all about finding the right balance.
Getting past the syntax, the meat of the language will be the semantic processing, which is where meaning is assigned to the syntactical constructs. This is where you'll be spending the vast bulk of design and implementation. It's much like the organs in your body they are unseen and we don't think about them unless they are going wrong. There won't be a lot of glory in the semantic work, but in it will be the whole point of the language.
Once through the semantic phase, the compiler does optimizations and then code generation collectively called the "back end." These two passes are very challenging and complicated. Personally, I love working with this stuff, and grumble that I've got to spend time on other issues. But unless you really like it, and it takes a fairly unhinged programmer to delight in the arcana of such things, I recommend taking the common sense approach and using an existing back end, such as the JVM, CLR, gcc, or LLVM. (Of course, I can always set you up with the glorious Digital Mars back end!)
How best to implement it? I hope I can at least set you off in the right direction. The first tool that beginning compiler writers often reach for is regex. Regex is just the wrong tool for lexing and parsing. Rob Pike explains why reasonably well. I'll close that with the famous quote from Jamie Zawinski:
"Some people, when confronted with a problem, think 'I know, I'll use regular expressions.' Now they have two problems."
Somewhat more controversial, I wouldn't bother wasting time with lexer or parser generators and other so-called "compiler compilers." They're a waste of time. Writing a lexer and parser is a tiny percentage of the job of writing a compiler. Using a generator will take up about as much time as writing one by hand, and it will marry you to the generator (which matters when porting the compiler to a new platform). And generators also have the unfortunate reputation of emitting lousy error messages.


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