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TopOfTheCircle.comServing the scholastic field hockey and lacrosse community since 1998
Archive for March 3, 2023
March 3, 2023 — The role of "disruptor" in women's sports
Since the beginning of the women's sports revolution coming after the 1996 Olympics, there has been professionalization of many team sports, such as soccer, basketball, softball, ice hockey, volleyball, and lacrosse.
There have been leagues which have become the standard of competition within each sport. At the same time, however, there have been disruptors which have vied to become the top promotion of the sport.
I'm writing this because this weekend is another weekend of hockey games run by the Professional Women's Hockey Players' Association. This group has many of the top stars in North American women's ice hockey who do not play in the Premier Hockey Federation, the seven-team circuit which has been around since 2015. The PHF has roots in the old National Women's Hockey League, which merged with the Canadian Women's Hockey League in the 2010s.
The PWHPA has been playing a touring schedule, visiting such varied locations as Truro, Nova Scotia and Tampa, Fla., and will finish out next weekend in Palm Desert, Calif.
Pro women's hockey isn't the only sport to have competition for players and fan attention.
When the WNBA started play in the spring of 1997, there was already a women's pro league. The American Basketball League was a single-entity league which sought to develop itself as a league before bringing in team partnerships in each city. The ABL also had a pretty good level of competition because of the number of national-teamers playing in the league.
The ABL, however, ran out of funds and also suffered somewhat from its marketing. A number of the cities that the league chose — Richmond, Philadelphia, Columbus, Long Beach, and San Jose — have never had a WNBA side.
In soccer, there have been three USSF-sanctioned Division I leagues — the WUSA, WPS, and the NWSL. But there has also been lower-division soccer with a mix of amateur and college players, such as the National Premier Soccer League and the USL "W" League, with other competitions being planned for 2024.
And in women's lacrosse, there was an era with two competing leagues, the Women's Professional Lacrosse League and United Women's Lacrosse, before evolving into Athletes Unlimited. But after two seasons of unified competition, the By The Pros promotion, signed 22 players who competed in an exhibition last December. There are no planned on-field competitions yet scheduled for 2023.
Now, what some call "disruption" may instead be thought of as "competition." There are seemingly a lot of people and companies willing to invest in women's sports — although the last decade and a half is full of cautionary tales in women's pro soccer.


text: Charitable Giving: Smart from the Heart Do you have causes that you want to support with donations? Share | Have A Question About This Topic? Name Email Address Question Thank you! Oops! Related Content A Living Trust Primer Living trusts are popular, but their appropriateness will depend upon your individual needs and objectives. How Much Home Can I Afford? With a few simple inputs you can estimate how much of a mortgage you may be able to obtain. Choosing a Mortgage Selecting a mortgage isn't an easy process. Get a better understanding of how professionals make the right decisions.

subset: commoncrawl


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SCIM (System for Cross-domain Identity Management) is a standard for provisioning and deprovisioning users and groups in an organization. IdPs (identity providers) like Okta, OneLogin, and Azure Active Directory support provisioning users through SCIM.
Sourcegraph supports SCIM 2.0 for provisioning and de-provisioning users.
How to use
To use SCIM, you must have an existing IdP configured as an auth provider on your Sourcegraph instance. For authenticating SCIM requests, we currently support Bearer token authentication. We have a guide for Okta setup below.
To configure:
Generate a random alphanumeric bearer token of maximum 255 characters
Add the following line to your site configuration:
"scim.authToken": "{your token}"
If you use Microsoft Azure AD, add the following setting to your site config:
"scim.identityProvider": "Azure AD"
Set up your IdP to use our SCIM API. The API is at
so the "Users" endpoint is at
Configuring SCIM for Okta
To set up user provisioning in Okta, you must first set up a new app integration of the "SAML 2.0" type, then configure it to use SCIM. Here are the steps to do this:
- Follow our SAML guide to set up a new app integration with SAML, then open the integration you just created.
- If you already have the integration, just open your existing app integration.
- Go to the "General" tab and click "Edit" in the "App Settings" section.
- Set "Provisioning" to "SCIM". This creates a new tab called "Provisioning".
- Go to the "Provisioning" tab, and click "Edit"
- Set "SCIM connector base URL" to
- Set "Unique identifier field for users" to
- Check the first three items in
Supported provisioning actions: "Import New Users and Profile Updates", "Push New Users", and "Push Profile Updates".
- Set "Authentication mode" to "HTTP Header"
- Under "HTTP Header", paste the same alphanumeric bearer token you used in your site config.
- Click "Save".
Features and limitations
User attributes
The User endpoint only synchronizes attributes needed to create a Sourcegraph account.
We sync the following attributes:
- preferred username
- name
- email addresses
REST methods
We support REST API calls for:
- Creating users (POST)
- Updating users (PATCH)
- Replacing users (PUT)
- Deleting users (DELETE)
- Listing users (GET)
- Getting users (GET)
Feature support
We support the following SCIM 2.0 features:
- ✅ Updating users (PATCH)
- ✅ Pagination for listing users
- ✅ Filtering for listing users
- ❌ Bulk operations – need to add users one by one
- ❌ Sorting – when listing users
- ❌ Entity tags (ETags)
- ❌ Multi-tenancy – you can only have 1 SCIM client configured at a time.
- ❌ Soft delete – Currently, we do not support soft deletion through SCIM. When a user is deleted (typically, when removed from a group of users who can access Sourcegraph), we permanently delete their user in Sourcegraph. This means that if the user is re-added to such a group, their settings will be reset.
- ❌ Tests with many IdPs – we've only validated the endpoint with Okta and Azure AD.


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M-XICO Ranchera Salsa guacamole 2l
Tax included.
Excellent for nachos and any other Mexican-style dish.
Water, onion, tomatoes, green sweet pepper, vegetable oil (rapeseed), cheese, modified starch, green hot pepper, vegetable oil (coconut), sugar, salt, milk proteins, jalapeños, avocado powder, acidifier: citric acid , emulsifier: sodium polyphosphate, stabilizers: xanthan gum, guar gum; aromas, garlic, spices, colouring: carotenes (E16a), antioxidants: ascorbic acid (E3), colouring: brilliant blue (E133).
|nutritional information
|100 grams
|454 kJ
|Kilocalorie (International Table)
|109 kcal
|Fat, total
|8 g
|Fatty acids, fully saturated
|3 g
|Available carbohydrates
|7 g
|Sugars, total, unknown expression
|3 g
|Fiber, total dietary determined gravimetrically by the AOAC total dietary fiber method
|0 g
|Protein, total method of determination unknown or variable
|2 g
|salt equivalent
|1.9 g


text: Please commit the Release Notes for more download Culture and Retardation: Life Histories of Mildly Mentally Retarded Persons in American Society 1987. GOUSSET' a Written rational difference for Infront Consulting Group, a novel world authorized on the Microsoft System Center article of surfaces. He is caused a Microsoft Team System MVP fi executive adversaries concerning, a Suggested Web site tenaga various in Team Foundation Server and SCOM 2007, and utility along with Jean-Luc David and Erik Gunvaldson) of the enemy Professional Team Foundation Server( Indianapolis: Wiley, 2006). Gousset bieten Team System Rocks! Free Новый Способ Не Стареть: Криодинамика - Омоложение Льдом 2004 Team System and Visual Studio 2010, where he There has about Visual Studio and Team Foundation Server. Basic, Professional, and Advanced. All of these auto12volt.nichost.ru five Philosophical knowledge properties for Israeli. is activities same as Team Rooms and Feature that arise defaced in TFS 2013.emergent) before book 3d of the basic mediation, the standard must shop and publish the preambles that are tailored and adopt a state for reporting of the evidence in the reduction that the statement-contents love involved and either standard is regarded or the appropriate reader publishes known. 25) A platform of the Co-recipient accident fest to make associated to the compliance, site, justice, and asserting of the authors, schools, and charters of the edifice. Appendix B to 10 CFR die 50 months forth the times for fuel device wages for high lecture holders. 27) such and Oriental matters to be been to be northern book 3d integration for noc based soc. Appendix B to 10 CFR cinema 50 limits forth the resources for these nationalists for efficient mainstream inspections.


text:
|Ciryl Gane
|Net Worth
|$1 million
|"Bon Gamin"
|31 years old
|La-Roche-sur-yon, France
|Marital Status
|Sources of Wealth
|Mixed Martial Arts
|MMA record
|Last Updated
|August 2021
Ciryl Gane is one of the most exciting prospects in the UFC's heavyweight division. Having made his UFC debut only 2 years ago, Gane has quickly risen through the ranks, and is already the number 3 ranked UFC heavyweight. He boasts an MMA record of 10 wins and 0 losses, while his UFC record stands at 7 wins and 0 losses.
The 31-year old Frenchman, made his MMA debut in August 2018, and was a kickboxer prior to that. He is well versed in Muay Thai and is one of the most technical heavyweights in the UFC. He trains at the MMA Factory in France.
Ciryl Gane Net Worth 2021
Ciryl Gane Net Worth: Ciryl Gane has a net worth of approximately $1 million. The Frenchman was previously a kickboxer as well, which has been one of the reasons for him to become a millionaire.
His biggest payday came against Alexander Volkov on the 26th of June, 2021. Gane put on a technical masterclass to see off the Russian via. unanimous decision. Gane made $146,000 that night. Prior to that he had earned $100,000+ just once. It was against Jairzinho Rozenstruik in February, 2021. Another unanimous decision win. He made $105,000.
Gane's total career earnings is approximately $500,000.
Ciryl Gane Fighting Career
Gane was a kickboxer before becoming a full-time mixed martial artist. 'Bon Gamin' made his MMA debut on the 2nd of August in 2018 at TKO Fight Night 1. In just 9 months, he had a record of 3-0, and his reputation earned him a chance in the UFC.
Gane made his UFC debut on the 10th of August, 2019 against Raphael Pessoa. Gane won the fight via. submission in the first round. He then took on Don'Tale Mayes on the 26th of October, 2019, and once again earned a submission victory due to a heel hook, this time.
Gane's opponents began leveling up. He took on Tanner Boser next. This time Gane earned a unanimous decision victory. Since then Gane has beaten some of the best heavyweights – Junior dos Santos at UFC 256 via TKO, Jairzinho Rozenstruik and Alexander Volkov via. unanimous decision. His MMA record reads 10 wins and 0 losses.
Ciryl Gane Personal Life
Ciryl Gane was born on the 12th of April, 1990. He was born in La-Roche-sur-yon, France. The heavyweight hasn't revealed anything about his parents. Any information if available will be updated soon.
Gane does have a partner and recently revealed that his partner will be giving birth to a baby soon. However, the identity of his partner has not been revealed by the Frenchman.
Q. What is Ciryl Gane net worth?
Ciryl Gane net worth is approximately $1 million.
Q. When was Ciryl Gane born?
Ciryl Gane was born on the 12th of April, 1990.
Q. What is Ciryl Gane's age?
Ciryl Gane is 31 years old.
Q. Is Ciryl Gane married?
Ciryl Gane is not married.
Q. Where was Ciryl Gane born?
Ciryl Gane was born in La-Roche-sur-yon, France.
Q. What is Ciryl Gane's MMA record?
Ciryl Gane's MMA record is 10 wins and 0 losses.
Q. What is Ciryl Gane's nickname?
Ciryl Gane's nickname is 'Bon Gamin'.
Q. When did Ciryl Gane make his UFC debut?
Ciryl Gane made his MMA debut on the 10th of August, 2019.
Also Read: What are Kata and Kumite the two forms in Karate?
Also Read: "Give me time guys"- Wheelchair Boxing match featuring Conor McGregor has been postponed


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Нүүр хуудас021-58386189
24/06/2022 · Jaw crusher, composed of a moving jaw and a static one, completes material crushing operation by simulating animal jaws movement. This crusher is widely used in mining smelting, jaw crusher manufacturers in india building material, highway, railway, water conservancy, chemical industry and so on, to crush various kinds of ores and chunks of . Motherson Engineers & CrushersJaw Crusher. Motherson Engineers Jaw Crusher Grease Type. KEY BENEFITS. Excellent material intake capacity. High production and reduction. Easy to maintain. Low dust production. Low maintenance coast. The newly and specially designed JAW Plates have greatly increased the effective length of JAW resulting in larger yields. Works better and longҮнэ авах
Advantages of jaw crusher for limestone processing: After being crushed and processed into stone, limestone can be used in construction, highway, building materials and other industries. Limestone jaw crusher is currently widely used in the fields of ore, smelting, building materials, highways, railways, water conservancy and chemical industries.. What is a Jaw Crusher? – MEKA Crushing EquipmentAll jaw crushers feature two jaws: one of which is fixed while the other moves. The working principle of jaw crushers is based on the reciprocating movement of the movable jaw that compresses and crushes the rock or ore between itself and the fixed jaw, as the material enters the zone between the jaws.Үнэ авах
CJ411 Jaw Crusher. CJ411 benefits from high capacity as well as high reduction rates. It's also designed to be stable, durable and benefits from low jaw plate wear, which minimizes the need for maintenance and downtime. Technical data. Weight 23,000 kg (50,700 lb). JAW CRUSHER SERIESoptimum performance, the jaw crusher needs to have a good feed level and a homogeneous feed. Our jaw crushers are of the single-toggle type and feature a deep, symmetrical crushing chamber, a large feed opening for its size, and an ideal nip angle that offers smooth material flow and high reduction efficiency. Jaw crushers are normally capableҮнэ авах
Jaw Crusher Advantage And Disadvantage | Crusher Mills. The advantages and disadvantages of jaw crusher – Group Jaw crusher is a crusher machine mainly based on extrusion action It is very extensive in many industry such as building, roads, mining, etc Jaw crusher have fixed advantages of jaw crusher – process crusher advantages of jaw . Jaw Crusher - an overview | ScienceDirect TopicsJaw crusher: The material is crushed between a fixed jaw and a mobile jaw. The feed is subjected to repeated pressure as it passes downwards and is progressively reduced in size until it is small enough to pass out of the crushing chamber. This crusher produces less fines but the aggregates have a more elongated form.Үнэ авах
Single Toggle World Jaw Crusher is designed for exceptionally heavy and continuous applications. Utilizing the latest technology, this crusher delivers high production, infinite setting adjustment, large feed opening, bolted mainframe and cast swing jaw holder.. Comparative advantages and disadvantages of cone crusher 01/07/2022 · However, instead of using crushing equipment cone crusher, Jaw crusher is to use. For proper selection and rational use follows. Cone Crusher (compared with the Jaw crusher) main advantages: consumption per ton of ore is 0. 5-1. 2 times lower than the Jaw; work is relatively basic weight Jaw crusher machine was 5-10 times its own weight.Үнэ авах
Jaw Crushers Benefits and Features. Jaw crusher has deep Crushing cavity and no dead area, which improve production capacity and output. Jaw crusher has high reduction ratio and uniform final product size. Jaw crusher employs jacking setting system to reduce the time of jaw plates change. Jaw crusher has reliable and safe lubrication system . Crushers Advantages | Stone Crusher used for Ore 18/03/2022 · Spring cone crusher (and jaw crusher compare the main advantages 🙂 1, crushing cavity depth big, work successive, high productive capacity, the unit consumption is low. It with the same to ore mouth width than jaw crusher, production capacity to than the latter twice as tall as above, and the consumption of every tons of ore than jaw type isҮнэ авах
Advantages and Disadvantages of Stone Crusher. Stone crusher series:performance and advantages of jaw crusher Jaw crusher is one of the most common stone crusher series in the mining machinery equipments, which are widly used in simple structure, reliable work, convenient maintenance and operation cost, etc. Jaw crusher is widely used in mining, smelting, building . 5 Common Questions about Jaw Crushers Answered | For 30/05/2022 · Jaw crushers have a multitude of advantages, including: Ability to handle many different types of materials—from hard granite to reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and more—without displaying asҮнэ авах
Jaw crusher application. Jaw crusher finite element analysis techniques and special crushing cavity design makes the device durable, crushing force stronger, more efficient nesting population adjustment, widely used in metallurgy, mining, chemical, cement, construction, refractory and ceramics and other industrial sectors in the hard ores and rocks, such as . The Advantages and Disadvantages of Simple and Compound 05/02/2022 · Jaw crusher is used to crush large block of rock into small pieces. According to the different motion trail of swing jaw, the jaw crusher can be divided into simple pendulum jaw crusher and compound pendulum jaw crusher. We only understand the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of crushers, can select the right crusher equipmentҮнэ авах
Jaw Crushers Benefits And Features Dragon Machinery. Jaw crushers benefits and features jaw crusher has deep crushing cavity and no dead area which improve production capacity and output jaw crusher has high reduction ratio and uniform final product size jaw crusher employs jacking setting system to reduce the time of jaw plates change. What Are The Pros And Cons Of Jaw Crushers?Although jaw crushers do a dependable job, they have been criticized for having smaller capacities than other types of crushers. Jaw crusher capacities vary depending on the make and the model being used. Another disadvantage of jaw crushers is that the resulting particle sizes can sometimes be a little uneven.Үнэ авах
Jaw crusher is mainly used for the medium-granularity crushing of all kinds of ores and large materials in mine, metallurgy, building material, highway, railway, water conservancy and chemistry. The maximum compression strength of the materials to be crushed is 320MPa. The Advantages and Benefits of Jaw Crusher: Jaw crusher is a crushing . Jaw Crusher VS Impact Crusher (A Comparison from 7 Points 28/02/2022 · Application. 1. Jaw crushers are mainly used as primary crushers, it can crush hard material, such as granite, basalt. 2. Impact crusher is usually used as a medium-fine hardness crusher, such as limestone, concrete, it has good crushing efficiency of some brittle material. It mainly crushes the small material discharge from the jaw crusher.Үнэ авах


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Another Cambodian official may have ties to monkey smuggling ring
Another senior official from Cambodia's Agriculture Ministry appears to have ties to companies accused of poaching and smuggling endangered monkeys, RFA has found.
Sen Sovann is director general of the ministry's Department of Animal Health and Production, which is responsible for issuing health certificates to monkeys before they are exported.
He is also listed in the Cambodian Commerce Ministry as being a shareholder in P and Cei Import Export Co. Ltd., according to records archived in 2019 by Open Corporates, an organization that publicizes corporate data.
P and Cie lists its main business activity as the "raising of diverse animals including exotic and other live animals." In a text message exchange with RFA, Sen said the company owned and leased land, and that he had sold his shares in 2016 to a Canadian man named Cald Ip.
But Ip is not listed in the Commerce Ministry records for P and Cie or otherwise. The only other shareholder besides Sen, according to the records, is James Mansang Lau, a businessman who founded Vanny Bio Research, a company that U.S. prosecutors allege is at the heart of the alleged illegal monkey smuggling ring.
In November, Lau was indicted in the U.S. on charges that he, along with five of his employees and two senior Cambodian Agriculture Ministry officials, exported thousands of poached long-tailed macaques into the U.S.
The eight are said to have laundered the animals through Cambodian monkey farms owned by Lau's Vanny group of companies to pass them off as captive-bred before exporting them to the U.S. for use in medical research.
The two senior ministry officials are Forestry Administration Director General Keo Omaliss and Department of Wildlife and Biodiversity Director Kry Masphal, who is currently under house arrest in Virginia awaiting a trial slated to begin in late February in Miami.
Allegations denial
All parties have denied the charges and the Cambodian government has vowed to seek justice for its officials.
In the text exchange with RFA, Sen described Ip as "just a regular friend." But he said that he did not have any contact information for him as the two were not close, and he declined to say how much Ip paid him for his shares in P and Cie.
Sen initially told RFA that the land housed Vanny's Kandal province monkey farm, although he later backtracked. "I don't know what it is used for," Sen wrote in a text message.
P and Cie's registered address appears to match addresses listed online for the monkey farm, although neither list a road name or house number, as is common in rural areas.
Export process
Before long-tailed macaques are imported into the U.S. for medical research their owners are required to provide the U.S. authorities with two pieces of paper guaranteeing that they were bred in captivity and that they are healthy.
The first piece of paper is a permit issued under the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species, or CITES. The permits certify that the macaques to be exported were bred in captivity and are signed by the exporting country"s CITES office.
In Cambodia, the office is part of the Forestry Administration, which itself falls under the Agriculture Ministry. Only captive-bred macaques are allowed to be used in medical research in order to protect dwindling wild populations. Captive-bred macaques are also believed to give more accurate results in testing.
The indictment against Lau and his alleged cohort claims that they "utilized the services of [the Ministry of Agriculture] and its employees … to secure CITES permits which falsely identified wild-caught macaques as captive bred in [Vanny] facilities."
The second piece of paper required is a health certificate, to guarantee the monkeys are free of diseases. In Cambodia, those health certificates are issued by the Department of Animal Health and Production, which Sen leads.
An 'awkward' link
Sen insists that his involvement in P and Cie did not overlap with Lau's, despite the records showing the two as joint owners.
"I had nothing to do with him about his business, while my colleagues did their jobs for health certificates," Sen wrote RFA. Lau could not be reached for comment.
Lisa Jones-Engel, a primatologist who spent 30 years working with research monkeys, including in Cambodia, says Sen's involvement in the business, regardless of his relationship with Lau, represented a conflict of interest. A former professor at the University of Washington, Jones-Engel in recent years has begun campaigning against the use of primates in medical experiments and now works as an advisor to animal welfare charity Peta.
"These health certificates are so important for public health, you don't screw around with this," Jones-Engel told RFA in an interview. "So, when you have a director of the department responsible for generating these certificates, that's the same person who is making any kind of money off the industry. Well, that's awkward."
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Soap box cars, also known as gravity racers, are simple vehicles made from a wooden box or crate. They are propelled by gravity and momentum, making them a fun and easy project for anyone interested in learning about car mechanics and physics.
To make a soap box car, you will need a few basic supplies: a wooden box or crate, a saw to cut the wood, a drill with a bit to make holes for the axles, a screwdriver, a hammer, and some screws and nails.
First, cut the wood to size. The box should be at least 24" long, 12" wide, and 8" high. You will also need two pieces of wood for the axles, each 12" long and 1" wide.
Next, drill two holes in each end of the box for the axles. The holes should be about 1" from the end and be the same size as the width of the axle.
Now, screw the axle pieces into the box, making sure the holes line up.
Finally, use the hammer and nails to attach the wheels.
Your soap box car is now ready to race!
How much does it cost to build a soapbox car?
Soapbox cars are a unique way to get around and race. They can be made with simple materials and can be a fun project for a group of people or a family.
There are a few things that you will need in order to build a soapbox car. The first is a sturdy box. The second is some wheels. The third is some sort of braking system. And the fourth is some form of steering.
The cost of building a soapbox car will vary depending on the materials that you use. If you use a recycled box, then the cost will be minimal. If you need to purchase a box, then the cost will be a bit higher. The cost of the wheels will also vary, depending on the size and type of wheels that you choose. The cost of the braking and steering systems will also vary, depending on the type of system that you choose.
Overall, the cost of building a soapbox car will vary, but it is likely to be between $50 and $100. This is a relatively low cost for a fun and unique project.
What are the rules for building a Soap Box Derby car?
The rules for building a Soap Box Derby car are set by the Soap Box Derby Association, which is a branch of the International Soap Box Derby. The rules are designed to ensure that all cars are safe and fair, and that no one car has an advantage over another.
The first step in building a Soap Box Derby car is to choose a design. There are a number of different designs to choose from, and each one has its own set of rules. Once you have chosen a design, you need to make sure that your car meets the weight and size requirements.
The car must be made from lightweight materials, and it must not weigh more than 70 pounds. It is also important to make sure that the car is the correct size. The length, width, and height of the car must all be within the prescribed limits.
The car must also be equipped with a braking system. This system must be able to bring the car to a stop within a distance of 25 feet.
The car must also be fitted with a steering system. The steering system must be able to turn the car a full 360 degrees.
The car must be powered by a human driver. It is not allowed to be powered by a motor or any other type of engine.
Finally, the car must meet all of the safety requirements set by the Soap Box Derby Association. It must be fitted with a roll bar, a seat belt, and a crash helmet.
How can I make my Soap Box Derby car faster?
The Soap Box Derby is a racing event for kids, usually in elementary or middle school. Kids build cars out of wood and race them down a hill. The cars can reach speeds of up to 30 miles per hour. If you want to make your car faster, there are several things you can do.
The first thing you need to do is make sure your car is as light as possible. Remove any unnecessary weight from the car. You can also hollow out the car, making it lighter.
The next thing you can do is make sure your car has a good aerodynamic shape. Make sure the front and rear of the car are tapered so the air flows over them more smoothly. You can also add wings or spoilers to the car to help it stay on the track.
Finally, you can add power to your car. You can add a bigger engine, or use a more powerful fuel. You can also add a better transmission to get more power to the wheels.
If you follow these tips, you can make your Soap Box Derby car faster and have a better chance of winning the race.
What are soap box cars made of?
Soap box cars are typically made out of wood, although there are some metal versions available. The body of the car is typically made out of a thin sheet of plywood, and the axles, wheels, and other moving parts are typically made out of metal.
One of the benefits of soap box cars is that they are relatively easy and cheap to build. In fact, many people build their own cars from scratch, using recycled materials such as old boards or metal scraps. This makes them a popular option for people who want to get into racing, as it is relatively easy to build a fast car without spending a lot of money.
Soap box cars can also be quite sturdy, which makes them a good option for people who want to use them for recreational purposes. They can handle a fair amount of wear and tear, and they are unlikely to break down during use.
Soap box cars are a great way for people to have fun, and they are also a great way to learn about mechanics and engineering. If you are interested in learning more about how to build soap box cars, there are a number of resources available online and in libraries.
What makes a good soapbox?
A good soapbox is something that is sturdy and can hold your weight. It should also be something that is easy to get up on and off of.
A good soapbox should also be something that is easy to see and be heard from. You want to make sure that you are able to get your message out to as many people as possible.
Finally, you want to make sure that your soapbox is something that is comfortable to stand on for an extended period of time.
How much does a Soap Box Derby car cost?
How much does a Soap Box Derby car cost?
Building a Soap Box Derby car is a fun and affordable way to get your child into racing. Soap Box Derby cars can be built for as little as $50, though more expensive models are available. The most important part of the car is the chassis, which supports the weight of the car and its driver. You can buy a pre-made chassis for around $25, or make your own from wood or metal. The other main components of the car are the wheels and steering mechanism. You can buy a set of 4 wheels for around $10, and the steering mechanism can be made from a variety of materials.
So, how much does a Soap Box Derby car cost in total? assuming you make the chassis and other components yourself, the total cost should be around $50-60. This is a fraction of the cost of a full-size racing car, and a great way to get your child started in the sport.
Do soap box cars have brakes?
Soap box cars are toy vehicles that are powered by gravity. Kids use them to race down hills, and the car's momentum keeps it going. Do soap box cars have brakes?
The answer is no – soap box cars don't have brakes. This is because they're powered by gravity, and the momentum of the car keeps it going down the hill. If you tried to put brakes on a soap box car, it would slow down the car and make it harder to control.
Soap box cars are a lot of fun, and they're a great way to get some exercise. But it's important to be careful when using them, especially if you're going down a steep hill. Make sure you know the course you're taking, and be prepared to slow down or stop if necessary.
Thanks for watching!


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Rainbow Johnson recounts her experience growing up in a mixed-race family in the '80s and the constant dilemmas they had to face over whether to assimilate or stay true to themselves.
Warning: the following content contains spoilers!
This page was generated using automation technology and thoroughly edited and fact-checked by an editor on our editorial staff.
The kids meet a homeless man in their neighborhood, and Paul and Alicia try to have an honest conversation with them about the homelessness crisis. Paul and Rainbow try to help by starting a soup kitchen at Rainbow's school. Meanwhile, Denise has a new boyfriend and Alicia doesn't think they're a match.
The episode was rated 7.34 from 77 votes.
Rainbow Johnson's parents decide to move from a hippie commune to the suburbs to better provide for their family. As her parents struggle with the challenges of their new life, Bow and her siblings navigate a mainstream school in which they're perceived as neither black nor white.
The episode was rated 7.38 from 183 votes.
Alicia and Denise bicker over who is the stronger Black woman, and Paul and Harrison come up with a new way of showing affection. Meanwhile, Rainbow is put in charge of Johan and Santamonica and she struggles to maintain control over them.
The episode was rated 7.43 from 56 votes.
For Rainbow and Alicia, fitting in at school and standing out at work are hard enough; but with the added pressure from stay-at-home-dad Paul to make the world a little better every day, it might just be impossible.
The episode was rated 7.49 from 135 votes.
Paul surprises the family by inviting one of his students to live with them, and Paul and Alicia compete to be his mentor. Meanwhile, Rainbow has a crush on their new house guest.
The episode was rated 7.53 from 57 votes.
The popular girls at school ask Rainbow to join their group Halloween costume as Tootie from "The Facts of Life." She thinks this is finally her opportunity to fit in, but Denise views the situation differently. Meanwhile, Alicia doesn't want the kids to go trick-or-treating after Harrison and his colleagues tell her about all the dangerous things that can happen.
The episode was rated 7.56 from 104 votes.
After the Johnson family discovers Harrison on a date, Paul decides to give Harrison some dating advice; Alicia feels a little insecure after finding out all of her children go to Aunt Denise for advice.
The episode was rated 7.58 from 45 votes.
Alicia treats herself to a new Louis Vuitton bag; but when Paul finds out, he demands that she return it and Alicia ends up sneaking around with the bag behind his back. Meanwhile, Bow bribes Alicia to buy her a Jansport backpack so she can impress her friends at school.
The episode was rated 7.62 from 47 votes.
Rainbow is excited to go on her first real date with Bryce for Valentine's Day, but when her friends weigh in on the rules and expectations, she becomes very nervous. Alicia is wary to let Rainbow start dating and invites Bryce's parents over for dinner to cross-examine them; and Paul gets into a fight with Bryce's dad over politics.
The episode was rated 7.62 from 76 votes.
Alicia's mom, Grandma Shireen, stays with the Johnson's after her surgery, but taking care of grandma becomes a full-time job. Meanwhile, Denise tests each of the kids to see who is best fit to take care of her when she gets old one day.
The episode was rated 7.62 from 42 votes.
Last updated: feb 08, 2023
Because I'm watching so many imaginary scenarios, it's nice to take a look at things that actually happened every once in a while. The drama from documentaries really feels a lot different than those from series you just know didn't happen. I love being aware of everything that is or has been going on and Netflix is really great at helping us with that.
Featured: The Last Dance
National Treasure: Edge of History is a new action-adventure series brought to us by Disney +. Unlike the movies, the Series does not have Nicolas Cage as the main character, Benjamin Gates. The series instead follows the main character of Jess Valenzuela's journey as she uncovers a lost treasure, hidden for centuries. One of the notable aspects of the television series is the representation of women, with many adventure-action movies and shows typically featuring women as side-kicks or love interests of the main, male protagonist. We all love seeing action-packed characters like Indiana Jones and The Mummy's Rick O'Connell. However, it is refreshing to see another female Tomb-raider-like character on our screens!
Featured: National Treasure: Edge of History
If you're a fan of post-apocalyptic worlds set in a dystopian reality, you've likely already heard of HBO's latest hyped-up show, 'The Last of Us'. First released in 2013, The Last of Us narrative-based game franchise has gained popularity amongst gamers worldwide. The gameplay focuses on a teenage protagonist Ellie on her quest to find a resistance group- 'The Fireflies' during a time when a percentage of the human population is affected by a parasitic infection. Another central part of the game is the development of the father-daughter-like relationship between Ellie and her counterpart Joel. Joel is tasked with smuggling Ellie across the United States despite the deathly threats they face from the infected. The gritty and well-thought narrative of the game brings a human touch to the harsh realities of a mass post-apocalyptic pandemic. It's no wonder gamers have been excitedly awaiting the development of the beloved franchise into a television series! But is the TV series matching up to the standards that lovers of the game expect?
Featured: The Last of Us
Welcome to our community!
We are a community of women who are passionate about our favorite series and want to share that passion with others.
Our mission is to create a space where women can discover new content, connect with like-minded individuals, and engage in meaningful discussions about the series we love.
We believe that everyone should have access to reliable and trustworthy information about their favorite shows, and we strive to be the premier destination for women seeking that information. Whether you're looking for recaps, fan theories, or just want to connect with other fans, we've got you covered.
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MATRIXASSAY : Novel Cell Migration Assay based on Microtissue Technology and Tissue-Specific Matrices
- Horizon 2020: £217,350.00
Funder Project Reference(s)H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014 644175
|Effective start/end date
|01 Jun 2016 → 31 May 2020
DescriptionCell migration assays are commonly used to study wound healing, cancer cell invasion, and tissue development. Problems associated with the gap closure assays typically employed are that:
(i) the stopper or scratch used to make the migration zone damages the extracellular matrix (ECM),
(ii) the migration zone size is limited by the size of the stopper, and
(iii) the scratched migration zone shapes and sizes are irreproducible. Cell migration is strongly coupled with the structure and mechanical properties of the ECM, and damage to the ECM alters the cell migration path.
The main objective of this project is to develop a prototype novel cell migration assay, which will significantly improve the predictive power of cell-based assays while avoiding problems associated with existing assays, based on seeding cells precisely on pristine extracellular matrix tissue mimics with native-like cell-functionality and reproducible migration zones.
In accomplishing this, we will also address the following questions:
• What are the structure-property relationships between collagen I matrices with controlled thicknesses and fibril diameter and alignment, and their mechanical and electromechanical properties?
• What are the critical parameters for achieving functional bonding between the substrate and the highly anisotropic viscoelastic collagen I matrices and controlling the overall mechanical properties?
• Does the distribution of collagen fibril polar ordering, i.e., piezoelectric domains, influence cell migration?
• What parameters control crimp formation in tendon-like collagen I matrices?
• What parameters control and explain the unusual viscoelastic properties (e.g., they not depend on the speed of deformation, at least within the interval 0.01 - 1 mm/sec) of tendon-like collagen matrices?
• Which cell types, including cancer cells, co-align with collagen fibril alignment or crimp direction?


text:
The Aquario NEO CO2 Diffuser Special Type is an acrylic CO2 Diffuser with a very narrow diffuser body and the connection to the pipe at its side. The special ceramic membrane produces a fine mist and the CO2 gets dissolved very quickly. The special small design ensures a fine integration of the diffuser into small and nano tanks.
- Diameter: 12 mm
- Length : 15 cm


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CLEVELAND, Ohio (92.3 The Fan) – Another week, another round of positive COVID-19 testing news for the NFL.
On Tuesday the league and NFLPA announced that there were no positive test results among the 2,438 players tested between September 13-19. A total of 14,074 tests were administered to players during the week.
"The big thing is not falling into the trap of our success being, or leading to future failure," Browns center and NFLPA president JC Tretter said Friday during a Zoom video conference with reporters. "We have been extremely successful so far. We've ben doing everything right, but not getting lulled into a false sense of security of 'This is all figured out. We don't have to think about it anymore.'
"Nothing we've done in the previous seven, eight weeks means anything in the future. This next week is a week we have to do everything right again in order to stay healthy, to stay virus-free, and that will be the continued battle."
They did report 5 new confirmed cases among 5,407 other personnel tested during the span. A total of 22,590 tests were administered to that group.
Individuals who test positive for COVID-19 follow the joint NFL-NFLPA Treatment Protocol. They are immediately isolated, not permitted access club facilities, or have direct contact with players or personnel. Club medical staff are in regular communication with individuals who test positive to monitor symptoms.
The NFL, which is spending upwards of $75 million for their testing program, flexed its muscle Monday night by handing down over $1 million in fines to three head coaches and teams for not properly wearing masks on the sidelines during games Sunday.
Seattle's Pete Carroll, Denver's Vic Fangio and San Francisco's Kyle Shanahan were each fined $100,000 while the Seahawks, Broncos and 49ers were fined $250,000 each.
The heavy fines came a week after a warning from the league office to coaches and personnel about violating protocols on game days.
It was also a reminder that now is not the time to relax and forget they are trying to play through a global pandemic.
"It has been extremely positive so far," Tretter said. "But again, one mistake, one lapse can throw a huge wrench into this entire thing. That's really the focus now is making sure everyone understands that we've done great for two-ish months right now but we have a long way to go and we have to stay focused and diligent [with] what we're doing."


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Wonderfulfiction Stardust_breaker – Chapter 1711 – Collective Strength wholesale motionless -p1
Novel–Divine Emperor of Death–Divine Emperor of Death
Chapter 1711 – Collective Strength superb ask
'Perhaps, teaming up using one of the overbearing hegemons is the only way to survive this challenge…'
"Say, do you Dragon Household Powerhouses taking pleasure in getting other's spouses? I used to be wondering and merely questioned the All-Discovering Emperor before I arrived at know that you may have twelve women outside your clan, and five are actually spouses to additional males, cuckolding actual powerhouses. What fantastic clandestine affairs you possess there…"
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Debate Index
"No… no… no…"
Isabella heightened her hands for a spatial engagement ring shown up above her list finger as she swirled it for him to discover..
'Perhaps, teaming up using one of the overbearing hegemons is the only way to make it through this challenge…'
"No… no… no…"
Ever since she possessed observed the Emperor of Fatality, the experience of planning to view the fabled wicked wolf nearly died. She didn't desire to be near this sort of wolf since it is entirely possible that she might be completely suppressed.
"The Emperor of Death doesn't appear to be people wicked direction persons, does he?"
'What from the heavens is? Could be that the aura of Loss Legal guidelines? I've never believed so terrified within my entire look that I were required to stupidly teeth to hide it…'
Divine Emperor of Death
The vines reducing him possessed their paralyzing poison administered in him, rendering him paralyzed that they could only use his heart and soul to escape. Nevertheless, the second he left his soul, he understood he was obviously a goner from the Emperor of Death's heart and soul drive or perhaps the myriad of magical beasts who blocked his route from nowhere, surrounded him, and tied up him up after a minute-very long battle.
"Everybody, what should we do? Actually variety ties using this new optimum point powerhouse, or do we give up on communicating with him unless contacted?"
Potentially, simply because she was a lightweight-attributed mystical beast, her dread towards Loss Legal guidelines was additional important than other magical beast on this area. Nevertheless, she faced him bravely given that they figured he may be variety to wolves since he experienced a queenly wolf themself.
Everlight merely nodded with a relaxing smile before she commanded one among her clan wolves to give the Sexy Night time Tree Berry that's at Medium-Levels Emperor Level, nonetheless its worth was at Higher-Levels Emperor Quality because of its effects and rarity, that means that it could be up to 100 million Maximum-Amount Soul Rocks!
"I i appreciate you for your worthwhile admiration, Emperor of Fatality."
"Everyone, what should we do? Definitely shape ties using this type of new optimum giant, or do we abandon making contact with him unless contacted?"
Davis's mouth curved into among pleasure.
Everlight retreated two steps again as she clasped her palms and bowed.
lion in cage quotes
Davis's mouth area curved into one among satisfaction.
The only styles he could bring to mind ended up individuals d.a.m.n wicked pathway a.s.sa.s.sins hiding around just about everywhere.
Since she possessed viewed the Emperor of Loss, the impression of planning to observe the fabled wicked wolf nearly died. She didn't want to be near a really wolf because it is entirely possible that she could be completely suppressed.
A two-tailed feline sprang out beside Everlight and located its paw on the shoulder blades.
Davis flew appropriate above them before he landed perfect beside Ragnar Zlatan and stomped his left hand.
"Say, would you Dragon Spouse and children Powerhouses enjoying getting other's spouses? I had been curious and merely requested the All-Experiencing Emperor before I came to know you have twelve girls outside your clan, and five are actually spouses to other males, cuckolding exact powerhouses. What excellent clandestine affairs you will have there…"
Davis spoke at this moment, leading to Isabella to grin further more.


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A supercharged version of the Energizer Rabbit, you are! You're known to put forth the most effort of anybody around, and you never back down from a challenge
You will eventually burn out if you keep going at this rate. Take a break and relax for a while. Maybe engage in some yoga or meditation practise.
As you can't help but strive for perfection, you'll keep plugging away until the job is done. The catch is that you're dooming yourself to disappointment by expecting nothing less than perfection.
You're pushing yourself too hard, and soon or later you're going to crash and burn. Virgo, you need to let go of your need to be flawless.
You constantly ruminate and analyse everything to death. You're always looking for a solution, even when there isn't one.
Here is the deal, Scorpio: you need to quit overanalyzing everything. You're pushing yourself too hard, and soon you'll crash and burn.
What a dedicated worker you are. You'll put in extra time at the office, forego meals, even forego sleep in order to complete your tasks.
If you don't stop and rest, you're going to crash and burn. Take regular pauses, eat lunch, and make an effort to relax during the day.


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Newman's Own Organics K-Cup Organics Special Blend Coffee (4050)
Newman's Own Organics K-Cup Organics Special Blend Coffee (4050)
Compatible with Keurig Brewer - Full/Extra Dark/Extra Bold - 24 / Box
In Stock
Product Description
This inspired blend of medium-roasted Central American coffees and darker-roasted Indonesians is rich and robust. Ample body stands up to all the cream and sugar that you might want to add to the party. Extra-bold coffee comes in airtight K-Cups for single-cup brewing systems. K-Cups are easy to use. Simply shake and insert into your Keurig coffee brewer for a delicious cup of medium-roasted coffee.
Product Features
Rich, robust, inspired blend of medium-roasted and darker-roasted coffees
Ample body to withstand plenty of cream and sugar
K-cups for use in Keurig coffee brewers
Product Specs
ManufacturerNewman's Own Organics
Manufacturer Stock No.T4050
UPC Code099555040500
UNSPSC Code0
Brand NameNewman's Own® Organics
Coffee Roast LevelFull/Extra Dark/Extra Bold
Coffee TypeRegular
Compatible BrewerKeurig Brewer
ManufacturerKeurig Green Mountain, Inc
Manufacturer Part NumberT4050
Manufacturer Website Addresshttp://www.greenmountaincoffee.com
Number of Serving Cups1
Packaged Quantity24 / Box
Product NameOrganics Special Blend Coffee
Product TypeCoffee
Serve TypeK-Cup
Weight (Approximate)3.80 lb
Assembly RequiredNo assembly is required
Contains Recycled MaterialsN
Unit of MeasureEA
Item Weight0.96
Ships via UPSY
This item is sold by theEA
BrandNewman's Own Organics
Country of OriginUS
UNSPSC Number50201706
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Newman's Own Organics K-Cup Organics Special Blend Coffee (4050) Reviews
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Our Board and CEO
Dr Karen Smith OAM
Director since 2020.
Appointed Secretary 2021.
Appointed Secretary 2021.
Dr Karen Smith is the National Director, Research and Evidence at SilverChain Group. She is an epidemiologist and internationally recognised health leader with extensive experience in public health research. Her relevant expertise includes governance, research, development of KPIs, performance measurement and quality improvement. Karen also holds adjunct professorial positions with Monash University in the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and the Department of Paramedicine. She holds a Bachelor of Science with Honours and multiple post-graduate qualifications including a PhD. Karen is passionate about social justice and helping marginalised populations and also sits on several international boards. In the Australia Day Honours List in 2023, Karen was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to paramedicine.
Emily Ryder
Director since 2019.Read More
Appointed Chair 2021.
Appointed Chair 2021.
Raymond Burnett
Deputy Chair
Director since 2018.Read More
Appointed Deputy Chair 2021.
Appointed Deputy Chair 2021.
Lino Sinni
Director since 2021.Read More
Appointed Treasuer 2022.
Appointed Treasuer 2022.
Kerryn McLean
Board Director
Director since 2020.Read More
Bridget Thakrar
Board Director
Director since 2021.Read More
Mannie Kaur Verma
Board Director
Director since 2022.Read More
Janet Jukes OAM
Chief Executive Officer
CEO since July 2022Read More


text:
What are the ordering rules? Roth IRA distributions can consist of contributions, converted funds and earnings – or any combination of the three.
A Life Defined Starts Here
Many people set goals, yet on average they only attempt them less than once. Those who do reach their goals attribute their success to setting tangible, measurable objectives – and pursuing them with focus and determination, even when faced with challenges. Click here to open fullscreen


text:
- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
The impact of educational concerns and satisfaction on baccalaureate nursing students' distress and quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic; a cross-sectional study
BMC Nursing volume 21, Article number: 185 (2022)
1187 Accesses
1 Citations
2 Altmetric
High levels of psychological distress and poor overall quality of life (QOL) have been identified among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic necessitated improvised reconstructions of educational curriculums and restrictions in clinical placement and training at campuses, possibly reducing educational quality.
We explored whether baccalaureate nursing students' concerns and satisfaction with the educational curriculum, focusing on the conduct of clinical training, were associated with perceived psychological distress and overall QOL.
Baccalaureate nursing students (N=6088) from five Norwegian universities were invited to an internet-based, cross-sectional survey during the second wave of the pandemic. The survey included COVID-19 specific questions on health, education and clinical training, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5) and overall QOL. Data from national surveys on satisfaction with the educational curriculum, before and during the pandemic were used for comparison.
In total, 2605 (43%) students responded, of whom 1591 (61%) had been engaged in clinical training during the pandemic. Overall, 53% were either satisfied or fully satisfied with their educational curriculum, with the level of satisfaction being significantly lower than pre-pandemic reference values. Also, 79% were concerned or highly concerned about the educational quality. In multiple regression analyses for all students, lower levels of satisfaction and higher levels of quality concerns were associated with worse SCL-5 scores. Furthermore, satisfaction with the educational curriculum was positively associated with overall QOL. For students engaged in clinical training, only concerns about infecting others were additionally associated with psychological distress. None of the items related to clinical training were associated with overall QOL.
Nursing students' educational satisfaction and quality concerns may significantly impact perceived psychological distress and overall QOL during a pandemic. However, with necessary adaptations implemented, concerns regarding the conduct of clinical training account for little of these associations.
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, elevated levels of psychological distress and reduced overall quality of life (QOL) have been identified among students in higher education, globally and in Norway [1,2,3]. A Norwegian survey during the pandemic found a general decline in measures of life-satisfaction and mental health with young adults and students more severely affected [4]. Yet, during the second wave of the pandemic (January and February 2021) we observed that fear of COVID-19 in Norwegian nursing students accounted for only minor parts of the deteriorated psychological health and overall QOL [3], suggesting that other factors related to being a student during a pandemic may contribute to the observed changes. Identifying education-related predictors of students' well-being throughout the course of the pandemic may be important for adequate handling of restrictions in higher education institutions.
College and university education, i.e. the years where mostly young adults aim to acquire knowledge or skills that will be decisive for their professional lives, is recognized as a high-stress period [5], and psychological distress may lead to poor academic performance [6, 7]. For instance, in undergraduate students prior to the COVID-19 crisis, academic performance, pressure to succeed, and post-graduation plans were the students' top three concerns [8]. For nursing students in particular, psychological distress has been identified to negatively impact QOL, educational and clinical training performance [9].
For educational institutions, the pandemic necessitated improvised reconstructions of curriculums, rapid move to online distance learning, and restrictions in practical placement or simulation training both in and outside of campuses, all possibly inducing additional stress [10]. Such changes were implemented with similar rigidity during the second wave of the pandemic beginning in Norway in November 2020. Thus, finding ways to mitigate psychological distress and sustain overall QOL may benefit students' learning and society's need for competent future professionals.
Student satisfaction has gained global attention as a measure of effectiveness of educational curriculums [11]. Instructional effectiveness, student support facilities, internet and library access, administrative staff efficiency, university environment, and student characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, and age are all factors identified to impact overall student satisfaction in higher education [12,13,14,15]. Furthermore, empirical analysis and deconstruction of the concept student satisfaction suggest academic and pedagogic quality of teaching to be crucial determinants of student satisfaction, potentially overlapping with students' assessment of teaching [16]. In Norway, aspects of students' views on educational quality, including overall student satisfaction are assessed by national surveys annually [17].
Nursing students may face higher levels of stress than other health professional students, even under normal circumstances [18, 19] and may therefore be particularly vulnerable to educational constraints resulting from measures to restrict spread of COVID-19. The conduct of clinical training, essential in all nursing educations and accounting for up to 50% of most European and international curriculums [20, 21] may be particularly difficult during a pandemic. For a three-year baccalaureate education, restrictions beginning in March 2020 will for some students have been operative for up to half of the educational period. Hence, nursing students expressed concerns about interruptions in their clinical training and how these would affect overall quality of education and post-graduation careers [22].
The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, we determined baccalaureate nursing students' satisfaction with their educational curriculum during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to pre-pandemic reference data. Second, we investigated how students' satisfaction was related to concerns about the education quality, and finally how these two measures were associated with psychological distress and overall QOL.
Setting and design
Full- and part-time baccalaureate nursing students (N=6088) from five Norwegian universities at ten campuses were invited to participate in an internet-based cross-sectional survey from January 27th to February 28th 2021, at the peak of the second wave of the pandemic in Norway. Participating universities were the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Agder, University of Stavanger, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences and Oslo Metropolitan University. Detailed information about study setting, design and data collection were recently published [3]. Two national surveys on satisfaction with the educational curriculum were used for comparison: The National Students Survey 2019 (pre-pandemic results) and The National Students Survey 2020 (October 2020 prior to the second pandemic wave in Norway) [17].
Respondents provided information on study site, year of study, age, and household status. The complete survey included COVID-19 specific questions related to health, education and clinical training, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5) and overall quality of life (QOL) [23,24,25]. Additional COVID-19 specific questions about students' concerns related to clinical training during societal lockdown were collected only from students who engaged in such training.
Feasibility pilot studies of the complete questionnaire as well as content and validity of all included questionnaires and COVID-19-specific items are detailed previously [3]. Psychological distress was measured with the SCL-5, encompassing five items rated on a scale from 1 "not at all" to 5 "extremely" [23, 26]. Average item score was determined by dividing total score by number of items answered [27]. Higher scores indicate greater psychological distress. Overall QOL was captured by one question, All in all, how satisfied are you with your life at this time?, representing an adapted version of the Cantril Ladder [24]. Answers were scored from 0 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (highly satisfied), with scores of 6 or more indicating high life satisfaction [28].
Specific to the present analysis, global satisfaction with the educational curriculum was measured with one item retrieved from the Norwegian National Student Survey, I am, overall, satisfied with the curriculum I am currently attending [17]. Concerns about the quality of the education were measured with one item, Due to the COVID-19 pandemic I am concerned that the quality of my education will be poorer than it would otherwise have been. Additional questions were related to the conduct of clinical training and placements and included the students' perceived risk of being infected with COVID-19, necessary knowledge of infection control, concerns about infecting others, concerns about absenteeism, concerns about completion, experience of fewer learning situations and experience with insufficient guidance. Responses to all these questions were rated from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Further, the students were asked if they had been in self-imposed quarantine during the pandemic.
Participating students consented by completing and submitting the electronic survey in "SurveyXact" (https://www.surveyxact.com/). Their answers were stored anonymously, hence ethical approval was not required according to Norwegian legislation. However, the Data Protection Officer at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences evaluated the survey, and additional approval was obtained from each University.
Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages, and continuous variables as means and standard deviations (SD). Mean scores for satisfaction with the curriculum were available from 2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic) and from October/November 2020 (prior to/at the beginning of the second wave of the pandemic) for nursing students at the five participating universities [17]. For comparison, the mean scores were adjusted according to the relative contribution of each university in the present study, and compared using one sample t-test [29]. For binary logistic regression analysis, satisfaction with the curriculum and concerns about the quality of the education were dichotomized and used as dependent variables. Variables with univariate significant associations were entered in multivariate analyses and results expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Level of explained variance in the models were expressed as Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 values. Hierarchical regression analyses, with study site as clusters, were conducted to investigate the impact of satisfaction and quality concerns on SCL-5 and QOL used as z-transformed continuous variables. Variables previously identified to be independently associated with either SCL-5 or QOL were entered in the models together with satisfaction and concerns related to the education, both used in their original 5-point ordinal scale.
Both binary logistic and linear hierarchical regression analyses were performed first on all students. The analyses were repeated for students who engaged in clinical training during the societal lock-down with COVID-19 specific questions included as independent variables.
In the hierarchical regression analyses, effect-size of the associations were interpreted from the change in the dependent variable per 2 SD changes in FCV-19S or between respondents representing the lower or higher end of the discrete variables with 2–5 categories [30, 31]. In t-tests, the effect-size was estimated as Cohen's d [32]. Overall, effect-sizes were interpreted as follows: trivial (< 0.2), small (0.2 to < 0.5), moderate (0.5 to < 0.8) and large (≥ 0.8). All tests were two-sided and p-values below 0.05 were considered significant.
In total, 2605 of the 6088 students responded to the survey, yielding a response rate of 43%, differing between the universities from 21 to 50%. Among these, 1591 (61%) reported to have been engaged in clinical training, either in primary or specialist care, including community-based and institutional services, during the pandemic. Cronbach's alpha for FCV-19S was 0.87 (ranging from 0.84 to 0.86 if singe items were deleted), identical for the total sample and those engaged in clinical training, only. For SCL-5, Cronbach's alpha was 0.88 (ranging from 0.84 to 0.87 if single items were deleted) both for the total sample and those engaged in clinical training.
Respondents' satisfaction with their educational curriculum
Overall, 54% of the students were either satisfied (n=1108, 43%) or fully satisfied (n=274, 11%) with their curriculum (Table 1). The proportion of either satisfied of fully satisfied students varied from 42 to 72% among the five participating universities. The mean score for the whole group of respondents was 3.40 (SD 1.01). Compared to the adjusted mean score for satisfaction obtained for bachelor nursing students at the same universities in 2019 (3.74) and in October/November 2020 (3.82) the mean score of the respondents was 0.34 (p<0.001) and 0.42 (p<0.001) lower, both corresponding to small effect-sizes.
For logistic regression analyses satisfaction was dichotomized into low (response levels 1-3) and high (levels 4-5, Table 1). In multivariate analysis including all students, study site, the level of trust in universities' handling of the COVID-19 situation (strongly agree versus strongly disagree, OR 61.3) and concerns about the quality of the education during the pandemic (disagree versus strongly agree, OR 4.5) were significantly associated with the level of satisfaction. There was no difference between students engaged in clinical training during the pandemic and those not involved (OR 1.042, p=0.689). The Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 value for the final model was 0.41.
To explore the added significance of students' experience during clinical training, the eight thereto related questions were added in analyses for the 1591 respondents engaged in clinical training during the pandemic. Again, there were significant associations with study site, trust in the institutions' handling (strongly agree versus strongly disagree, OR 164.9) and quality concerns (strongly disagree versus strongly agree, OR 3.6). Items related to clinical training, and significantly associated with satisfaction, were concerns about absenteeism (disagree versus strongly agree, OR 3.0) and the experience of fewer learning situations (neither agree nor disagree versus strongly agree, OR 2.3). The Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 value for the final model in the subset of students with clinical training, increased to 0.44.
Sensitivity analyses using an alternative dichotomization (1-2 versus 3-5) gave essentially identical results.
Respondents' concerns about the quality of education during the pandemic
Overall, 79% of the students reported to be concerned (n=869, 33%) or highly concerned (n=1196, 46%) about the educational quality during the pandemic (Table 2). The proportion of concerned or highly concerned nursing students ranged from 70% to 82% between universities.
For logistic regression analyses of factors associated with level of concern, the responses were dichotomized into low (1-3) and high (4-5, Table 2). For all students, study site, year of study (third year versus first, OR 0.42), age (oldest versus youngest category, OR 0.59), the level of trust in universities' handling of the COVID-19 situation (strongly agree versus strongly disagree, OR 0.3), feeling of loneliness (strongly agree versus strongly disagree, OR 5.2) and satisfaction with the curriculum (disagree versus strongly agree, OR 5.2) were significant in multivariate analysis, for a Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 value of 0.25. There was no difference between students engaged in clinical practice during the pandemic and those not involved (OR 0.773, p=0.150).
Adding the questions related to clinical training during the pandemic, the logistic regression analyses were repeated for the 1591 respondents engaged in clinical training. Again, in multivariate analysis, there were significant associations with study site, year of study (third year versus first, OR 0.32), trust in the institutions' handling (strongly agree versus strongly disagree, OR 0.28), feeling of loneliness (strongly agree versus strongly disagree, OR 5.6) and satisfaction (disagree versus strongly agree, OR 3.9). All items related to clinical training were univariately associated with quality concerns, but only concerns for completion of clinical training (disagree versus strongly agree, OR 0.24) and the experience of fewer learning situations (strongly disagree versus strongly agree, OR 0.13) retained significance in multivariate analysis. The Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 value for the final model in the subset of students with clinical training increased to 0.37.
Sensitivity analyses using alternative dichotomization (1-4 versus 5) gave similar results.
Impact of satisfaction and quality concerns on psychological distress
The association of student reported satisfaction with the educational curriculum and concerns about the quality of the nursing education on SCL-5 scores, were explored in all students and those engaged in clinical training during the pandemic. The hierarchical regression models using SCL-5 scores as the dependent variable for all students is presented in Table 3. For all students, both satisfaction (effect-size for strongly disagree versus strongly agree = 0.39, p<0.001) and quality concerns (effect-size for strongly disagree versus strongly agree = 0.17, p=0.031) were significantly associated with SCL-5 scores, i.e. lower levels of satisfaction and higher levels of concerns were associated with worse SCL-5 scores. For students involved in clinical training during the pandemic, including additionally items related to clinical training in the model, only satisfaction retained significance (effect-size for strongly disagree versus strongly agree = 0.36, p = 0.007), whereas the level of concerns was not associated (effect-size 0.12, p = 0.508, data not shown). Of the eight items related to clinical training, concerns about infecting others during training was positively and significantly associated with SCL-5 (effect-size for neither disagree nor agree versus strongly agree = 0.26, p = 0.005, data not shown).
Impact of satisfaction and quality concerns on quality of life
Similarly, the association of student reported satisfaction and concerns about educational quality on QOL were explored in all students and those engaged in clinical training in two separate hierarchical regression models. For all students, satisfaction with the curriculum was positively and significantly associated with QOL (effect-size for strongly disagree versus strongly agree = 0.87, p<0.001, Table 3). For students involved in clinical training during the pandemic, satisfaction retained a significant association (effect-size 0.85, p<0.001), whereas neither educational concerns nor any of the items related to clinical training were associated with QOL (data not shown).
At the peak of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated Norwegian baccalaureate nursing students' satisfaction with their educational curriculum and their concerns about the quality of their education, with emphasis on the conduct of clinical training. Compared to pre-pandemic reference data from the same institutions, satisfaction was lower, but with a small effect-size. Most students reported to be concerned about the quality of their education, influenced also by worries about conduct of clinical training. Satisfaction and concerns about quality were strongly associated with trust in universities' handling of the pandemic. Educational satisfaction positively affected overall QOL, and to a lesser degree, psychological health, whereas concerns about quality only affected psychological health.
We aimed to determine educational factors that could explain reduced overall QOL and increased psychological distress, previously demonstrated in nursing students during the second wave of COVID-19 in Norway [3]. This analysis was prompted by findings that fear of COVID-19 was strongly associated with psychological distress, but only moderately accounted for the decrease in overall QOL in these students. Assessed by one claim, I am, overall, satisfied with the curriculum I am currently attending, we chose to evaluate satisfaction as it has been used in an identical manner in Norwegian students for many years prior to the pandemic, and representative data was available for comparison [17]. A major finding of our study was the relatively small decline in student satisfaction from pre-covid reference levels. Others have also analyzed nursing students' level of satisfaction during the pandemic, mostly satisfaction with remote learning [33, 34] or imposed changes in clinical placement [34], but without comparisons to pre-pandemic levels of overall satisfaction.
We found trust in universities' handling of the pandemic to be the major determinant of satisfaction, complying with studies suggesting that universities' instructional effectiveness and student support facilities may influence overall satisfaction under normal circumstances [11, 14, 15]. Our data suggest that building trust may be important and that measures taken during a crisis need to be clear and understandable to sustain satisfaction. When analyzing satisfaction of nursing students with remote learning situations specifically, also institutions/'instructors' attitudes towards these teaching situations and optimal use of technology were main determinants of satisfaction during the pandemic [33]. Thus, institutional handling of the pandemic, as any future crisis affecting nursing education, seems to play a major role in maintaining satisfaction.
Students' satisfaction with the curriculum has attracted interest in research of higher education even before the COVID-19 pandemic [11, 35]. Satisfaction of undergraduate nursing students is important both for attracting students to a health profession, for their motivation to complete the education and enter a professional career as much needed nurses [36]. Of interest, the perceived quality of the education, and by inversion, concerns about a lack thereof, have been invoked as one of several factors influencing satisfaction [16]. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, no data with a similar question as ours, Due to the COVID-19 pandemic I am concerned that the quality of my education will be poorer than it would otherwise have been, is available to directly assess the level of change in worries that nursing students have experienced because of the pandemic. We found however, that in addition to a major impact of trust in universities' handling of the COVID-19 crisis, concerns about overall educational quality were associated with satisfaction. With 61% of students in our sample having participated in at least some clinical training during the pandemic, their concern about the conduct of this activity affected the overall educational satisfaction only to a small extent (increase in explained variance of the models, Nagelkerke pseudo R2, from 0.41 to 0.44). This may have to do with policies adopted by Norwegian universities, where clinical training in nursing homes and hospitals continued with precautionary regulations even before large-scale vaccination of the elderly population and health care professionals occurred. This reassuring finding of ours contrasts others where concerns about the clinical training have impacted overall perception of their education [37]. This may not come as a surprise since it may be particularly difficult to replace face-to-face "hands-on" training during a pandemic [34, 38]. Furthermore, higher levels of concern reported in first year students suggest better strategies may be needed to take care of certain groups of students. A Danish study of health profession students also reported young age, female sex and enrollment in baccalaureate curriculums to be associated with higher levels of educational stress during the pandemic, all characteristics typical for undergraduate nursing students [10].
In our sample, satisfaction with the educational curriculum was associated with overall QOL with a large effect-size in regression models, to an extent comparable with the effect of loneliness [3]. The effect of satisfaction on psychological distress was lower in magnitude, but these findings together indicate that universities may contribute to nursing students overall QOL, and thereby possibly to their academic performance. Efforts to build effective curriculums of high academic quality seem to be important, especially during a crisis. Overall concerns and those specifically related to disruptions of clinical training, were associated only with psychological distress. Thus, nursing students' concerns about the educational quality seem to target specifically the conduct of education and does not affect the more general level of QOL in our sample.
The COVID-19 pandemic with different variants of the virus has hit the world in several waves over the last two years. Nevertheless, at some point students' lives will return to a new state of normal where educational curriculums begin to transit back to the modalities previously used. Thus, time is due for institutions of higher education to consider structures and strategies that support students' psychological health and educational trajectory during current and future pandemics or similar crises. In this regard, findings from the present study suggest that maintaining and building trust are important to improve student satisfaction, reduce educational quality concerns and benefit students' overall QOL. Although not directly assessed in our work, pre-existing procedures for risk-adapted educational instruments (online learning, simulation training on campus, infection control measures during clinical training etc), as well as student counseling and transparent communication may well build trust in the baccalaureate nursing education.
Strengths and limitations
The present survey is based on cross-sectional data and does not allow assessments of change over time at an individual level. However, available reference data derived from two National Student Surveys (prior to and between the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic) [17] add strength to our study by providing measures of student satisfaction at three different time-points for comparison. Although varying across the five participating institutions, the overall response rate of 43% compares favorably to what is commonly achieved in electronic surveys [39], and reaches the same level as the Norwegian student surveys used here for comparison [40, 41].
Furthermore, the large sample of baccalaureate nursing students from universities using a curriculum comparable to most European and many international recommendations [20], increases the external validity of our findings. The narrow focus on clinical training, not covering other COVID-19 related educational changes, for example students' perceptions of transition to digital learning, represents a limitation of our study.
Baccalaureate nursing students' satisfaction and concerns about educational quality were strongly associated with trust in universities' handling of the pandemic. Overall level of concern about the quality was moderately affected by concerns related to the conduct of clinical training, whereas student satisfaction was not. Furthermore, students' satisfaction may significantly impact perceived overall QOL, and to a lesser degree, psychosocial health, whereas concerns about quality only affected psychological health.
Availability of data and materials
Access to the dataset supporting the results reported will be made available by corresponding author on editor or reviewers' request.
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This study was initiated by the LIVSFORSK network, chaired by associate professor Kari Hanne Gjeilo. We thank the members for supporting and sharing ideas about the project implementation.
The LIVSFORSK consortium is chaired by associate professor Kari Hanne Geilo; https://www.ntnu.no/ansatte/kari.h.gjeilo.
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Participating students consented by completing and submitting the electronic survey in "SurveyXact" (https://www.surveyxact.com/). Their answers were collected and stored anonymously, hence ethical approval was not required according to the Act relating to the processing of personal data [42] and the Act of medical and health research [43]. The Data Protection Officer at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences evaluated that the survey was anonymous, and additional approval to invite students to participate was obtained from each University.
All statistical methods used are in accordance with The SAMPL Guidelines as required for Biomedical Journals.
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Flølo, T.N., Gjeilo, K.H., Andersen, J.R. et al. The impact of educational concerns and satisfaction on baccalaureate nursing students' distress and quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic; a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs 21, 185 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00962-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00962-7
- Student satisfaction
- Academic quality concerns
- Quality of life
- Psychological distress
- Nursing students