text:
BISHOPVILLE, S.C. (AP) One of South Carolina"s most dangerous prisons is also home to beautiful music, occasions when gate alarms and tower sirens are replaced by guitar riffs, beat box rhythms and the strains of Vivaldi.
Thanks to a partnership with a chamber ensemble affiliated with Carnegie Hall, several dozen inmates at Lee Correctional Institution will be putting on a concert Saturday they"ve written themselves. Organizers and inmates say the rehearsals and the performance encourage harmony, not only in their music but also in learning to work together.
"Our mission is really to bring meaningful music-making experience to all people, regardless of their previous exposure or expertise with music," says Claire Bryant, a Juilliard-trained cellist and member of Decoda, the chamber group, who grew up in Camden, a city about 25 miles from the prison.
Since 2014, Bryant has been returning home with Decoda, teaching Lee inmates not only to create music of their own but also how to work in partnership. She and a handful of other musicians mentor the men in groups of four or five for up to eight hours a day, exploring genres of music and the songwriting process. In all, they"ll end up with more than a dozen finished pieces for their concert.
An existing music program at Lee provides select, well-behaved inmates the opportunity to learn guitar, drums, bass and even the cellos and violin. During their week together, Decoda artists show the men others, such as the bassoon. A jazz singer is also accompanying the group for this trip.
"Everybody is on stage, whether they"re playing a tambourine or taking guitar solos on one of the songs," Bryant said. "They"re finding their role and their voice that they feel comfortable with. They"re participating."
Lee, a maximum-security prison with nearly 1,500 inmates, holds some of South Carolina"s most violent, longest-serving offenders and has been known for riots and brutality. In the last several years, there have been two large insurrections, including one in which an inmate overpowered a guard and used his keys to free others from their cells in a six-hour standoff. Two officers were stabbed during a fight last year.
And in 2010, an officer overseeing the prison"s anti-contraband efforts was shot and wounded at his home in an attack police said was orchestrated by an inmate using a cellphone smuggled into the prison.
After their five-day workshop, inmates and Decoda musicians perform for other inmates, prison staff and local officials. This year"s program is called "Seasons of Life," inspired by Antonio Vivaldi"s classical work "The Four Seasons."
Earlier this week, several dozen inmates sat in Lee"s visitor room in front of a makeshift performance space. A handful of microphone stands stuck out above the closely-shorn heads of the men, clad in tan correctional uniforms, their eyes on the stage. A few at a time strode to the front, performing original pieces of song, spoken word, even rap. They backed each other up, picking up guitars and sliding behind keyboards to perform musical accompaniment, often without any prior practice, creating a free-flowing jam session.
"It gives meaning to my life," said one of them, a lifer named Randy state prison policy dictates that inmates be identified using only first names.
Randy had no musical experience but now practices guitar about an hour each day and said he has embraced other self-improvement opportunities, such as alcohol treatment programs.
"To be able to sit on a stage with world-class musicians is something you can"t put into words," he said.
Rob, another inmate who plays with the group, said he grew up playing rock and blues guitar and sees the program as far more than just a way to hone his skills.
"It brings a lot of guys out of their shells," he said. "It really gives every man a voice. It basically transcends music and the way we interact with each other."
To organizer Bryant, the musical exposure is a way to try to ensure that the men, most of whom will be released, are productive, well-balanced members of society one day.
"I think the arts have special powers that other forms of education and exploration don"t tap into," she said. "That"s everything from problem solving, conflict resolution, a sense of accomplishment, empathy it"s not teaching empathy, it"s more empowering the empathy that"s inside of all of us."
Kinnard can be reached at http://twitter.com/MegKinnardAP. Read more of her work at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/meg-kinnard/ .


text:
John Bagford
read this --> Michelle Warren, "Philology in Ruins"
An Essay on the Invention of Printing, by Mr. John Bagford; with an Account of his Collections for the same, by Mr. Humfrey Wanley (January 1706)
An essay, towards a historical treatise, on that most universally famous, as well as useful art of typography, by John Bagford (1707)
John Bagford and His Collections, by W. Y. Fletcher, Transactions of the Bibliographical Society (1898)
Bagford -- brought up as a shoemaker; believed to have written "Art of Shoemaking and Historicall Account of Clouthing of ye foot," Harley manuscripts
employed by Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, Sir Hans Sloane, and John Moore, Bishop of Ely
participated in 1707 in founding of Society of Antiquaries
amassed two great collections: ballads (Bagford Ballads), and collection of title pages, fragments of books, specimens of paper, catalogues, book-plates, drawing, engravings, bindings, advertisements, and various interesting and curious pieces"
was going to write a history of printing; 1707, published "Proposals for printing an Historical Account of that most universally celebrated, as well as useful Art of Typography
this proposal is printed on a half-sheet, with a Life of William Caxton, first printer in the Abbey of Westminster and a list of his books
at the end of this article is "A Rough List of the Contents of the Bagford Collection," by A. W. Pollard -- "the following rough list of the contents of each of the volumes in its present form has been drawn up under my superintendence, in order that search may be facilitated, and a better idea obtained of the collection as a whole. In fairness, however, to Bagford, it must be stated that the collection as it now exists is only a shadow of its former self, nearly all of the most valuable prints and complete printed documents in it having been removed and separately catalogued." (143) -- Pollard divides his list into Printed Fragments and Manuscripts
Bagford's Notes on Bookbinding, by Cyril Davenport (1903)
Wanley describes Bagford's collection in Philosophical Transactions; later by A. W. Pollard
1707, Bagford attempts to secure subscriptions to his history of printing (with help of Sloane and Wanley); outline of project printed in Philosophical Transactions 1706-7 and in "Proposals for printing an historical account of that most universally celebrated, as well as useful art of typography," a pamphlet to attract subscribers with life of Caxton attached
"Of booke binding ancient" (Harl. 5910 f 131 a) -- vellum rolls and waxen diptychs; boards, pasteboards, boards made of old ropes, and sewing and headbandings; chained books are condemned
"Of Booke binding modourne" - explains processes of collating, folding, beating the leaves, ruling the books with red; at beginning of Harl 5943 are 20 pgs of thick blue paper, pasted with various speciens of bindings and MS notes; Bagford's handwritten notes on pg 8-9; "some [bindings] may have been added since, but none have been taken away" (126)
Notes on a Leaf, by Carl Bühler (1945)
points out that the Caxton leaf of Blanchardin and Eglatine (ca 1489) in Bagford's collections seems to be printer's waste; it doesn't match the Rylands Library copy, which indicates it was never meant for a printed book was instead waste used for binding
Bagford and Sloane, by Margaret Nickson (1983)
Bagford's business was well underway by the 1690s
Sloane as a custome; name "Bagf[ord]" inscribed in Sloane's hand on the flyleaves of two medial manuscripts acq around 1700 (Slaone 292 and 297)
Around 1703, John Jackson (Pepys's nephew) wrote to Bagford saying he understood B had taken Sloane to see some Italian MSS in hands of a shoemaker (51)
Bagford's account book -- Harley 5998, vols. 6, 9, 11v, 16v, 79
Caxton's second edition of the Canterbury Tales (IB.55095 in BL) was acquired by Sloane from Bagford
Sloane 885, 893, and 923 were acquired by Sloane from Bagford -- all contain notes by Bagford on the history of books
Summer 1704, Sloane and Bagford went to Bunhill Fields to see "printing and card-making" -- in Sloane 4039, fol. 330, and printed in Fletcher 1898, pp. 189-90.
1707: Bagford ready to produce his Proposals for printing 6 May 1707: Wanley wrote to Sloane of Bagford's design June 1707: Bagford's essay and Wanley's letter were published in Phil. Trans., through Sloane, who was then secretary
Sloane MS 1435, "Papers of Mr Bagford relating to printing", acq about end of 1707 -- Sloane included them in a misc volume numbered MS 1317; also included is "and early draft of the 'Essay' in the form of two letters in Bagford's hand. These are neither dated nor addressed but were obviously intended for perusal by Sloane and Wanley. In addition to material used in the 'Essay' they contain a description by Bagford of the source of his 'specimens' which is of great interest, not least because it helps to refute the charge of 'biblioclasm' made against him in the last century." (Nickson 1983, p. 52) Nickson transcribes some of these notes.
Sloane 1106, formerly MS. 997, is a collection made by Bagford relating to the history of London, acq by Sloane
Sloane MS. 932, "Samples of parchment papers & writings of severall hands", now Sloane 3972B, fol. 59?
Other Sloane acq from Bagford:
MS. 975 [now A. 798]. Prints of the ancient ways of writing, specimens of old hands MS. 976 [now A. 799]. Specimens of ancient books in MS. & printed MS. 977 [now A. 200]. Collections out of books relating to printing, old printed books MS. 978 [now A. 800]. Specimens of writing on vellum, ancient books
One Bagford collection acquired by Sloane included a Gutenberge fragment
John Bagford as Collector and Disseminator of Manuscript Fragments, by Milton McC. Gatch (1985)
detailed bibliographical account of various Bagfordian collections and their locations
Two volumes: fragmenta manuscripta at Unniversity of Missour at columbia, Fragmenta varia at Cambridge; deposited around 1707 in Thomas Tenison's library with invitation to interested persons to inspect the materials; "Re-bound and re-mounted in the mid-nineteenth century, the Fragmenta manuscripta and Fragmenta varia were sold to separate buyers when the Tenison library was broken up in 1861; and both passed through the hands of several different owners before reaching their present repositories." (95)
Bagford "famous (or infamous -- depending on one's view of how he got his materials) mainly as a collector of title-pages from printed books" -- at least 544 pre-1701 items in Bagford's title page collection that aren't in STC
article is about how Bagford obtained his mss and fragments
"The fact that Bagford deposited the Fragmenta manuscripta and varia in the Tenison library as a kind of advertisement for his history of printing may suggest that, in addition to selling fragments in the usual market, he made gifts of fragment collections or sold them to potential patrons." (97)
see spreadsheets for more on mss and Bagfordiana tracked by Gatch
see Gatch also for list of subscribers to Bagford's project to complete a history of printing; account book at MS Harley 5998 helps verify information from subscribers; also includes at fol. 104 a printed blank form for subscribers to fill out
at MS Harley 5910.iii, fol 120, is "Of Several sorts of Ink not only used to write with; but Printers Ink", where Bagford "acknowledges his indebtedness as a collector to the respected bookseller Christopher Bateman --
"at all times hath given me the liberty of looking over when he hath bought any parcels, & for his time he hath had more good and valuable books pass through his hands than all the Booksellers in England. Besides he always gave me notice when he had any waste boosk to sell, & freely gave me Liberty to take out of them what I thought fit, as the blank leaves at the beginning of them, old pieces of MSS, Titles, Frontispieces, borders, Printers' devies, & by this civility hath very much added to my collection." (qtd 107)
where did he get his fragments?
"As Bagford's own account would lead one to believe, the majority of his materials came from bookbindings. Bagford's friend Humfrey Wanley had understood the potential value of the pieces from manuscripts taht were frequently used in the bindings of books 'in former ages'; and, like Wanley, Bagford (who preserved a copy of Wanley's paper on the subject in one of his albums) saw nothing wrong with dismembering bindings to retrieve the leaves and strips of manuscript preserved therein. At least seven cases can be documented in which fragmenta from Bagford's collection come from the same manuscripts as fragmenta in other collections. In four of these instances, the non-Bagford fragmenta elsewhere cannot at present be connected with Bagford, and it is unlikely suhc a conneciton will be discovered." (108)
outlines other fragments that are connected to other fragments
"Making allowance for the standards of his time, one must probably conclude that John Bagford's own account of his acquisition of his collection is correct and that, with regard to manuscripts at least, he can be credited with having preserved fragments and leaves that would otherwise almost certainly have been lost. Most of his manuscript fragmenta came from bindings, and they derived from volumes that ahd been cut up in the sixteenth century. A few others came from codices that were almost certainly pillaged -- usually for their decorative pages -- before Bagford came into contact with them. The cases in which his activitie are most questionable concern leaves from already-damaged or partially incomplete mss, which Bagfrod may have removed before selling the manuscripts theemselves to two of his most distinguisehd patrons, Bishop Moore and Samuel Pepys. It is difficult to imagine, in view of the apparently high esteem in which those two patrons held him, however, that Bagford would have damaged books he was selling to Moore and Pepys in ways that would also have damaged his relationship with people on whom his livelihood depended." (114)
John Bagford, Bookseller and Antiquary, by Milton McC. Gatch (1986)
19c saw Bagford as a biblioclast, "yet balanced scholarship in the present century has found Bagford to be a credible dealer and collector, despite his manifest shortcomings" (150)
despite Dibdin's believe the Wanley must have edited Bagford's proposal for a history of printing, surviving evidence shows that "Bagford was very much in control of the composition and development of this descriptive advertisement for and sample of the history of printing" (161)
Gatch identifies mss of "Proposal"
- "Despite all this evidence, it is difficult for a modern scholar to believe that Bagford could ever have produced a satisfactory history of the very difficult subject of the technology and bibliography of printing. Yet it is necessary to respect the opinion of contemporaries of the magnitude of Hearne, Sloane, and Wanley that the collection was an important one and that Bagford himself, despite his manifest limitations, was an impressive and learned figure." (161)
seems strange today to have title-pages as primary source for Bagford's research; but "it should be recalled that B's title-page collection contained some 3,600 items printed in English alone. Of these some 800 items -- 544 of them printed before 1701 -- are not recorded in the short-title catalogues" (164)
autograph memorandum from Bagford on history of printed editions of Chaucer's works; helped stimulate Urry's edition of 1721
Anthony Wood, John Bagford, and Thomas Hearne as Bibliographers, by T. A. Birrell, in Pioneers in Bibliography (1988)
Everyman and Others, Part I: Some Fragments of Early English Printing, and their Preservers, by Arthur Freeman (2008)
"The collection and preservation of fragments of rare printed books has undergone, perhaps appropriately, a patchy history. Fragmentay manuscripts (by contrast) have been tolerated, when textually useful, by collectors from Peisistratus of Athens and the librarians of Alexandria onwards, and scraps of early writing in various forms and media have been systematically assembled during the ensuing centuries by bibliophiles and curators. But the equivalents of such membra disiecta from the era of movable type boast no such tradition of valuedness or collectability, and have been regarded by most early-modern bookmen and bibliographers with disdain -- presumably because a complete exemplar might somewhere exist, or, if now unknown, might one day re-emerge. 'Imperfect', 'defective', 'incomplete', or 'fragmentary' printed works have long been relegated to the care of the scholarly or indigent collector (often one and the same) as merely second-rate goods, however evocative. Yet as resources dry up, and the scrutiny of what exists intensifies, such neglected material has come into its own." (267)
"In England the pioneer of fragment-collecting is usually considered to have been the bookseller John Bagford (1650-1715), who may sometimes have mutilated books to extract title-pages and colophons, advertisements, borders, woodcuts, and printers' marks" (268)
thinks Bagford's New History of Printing "was probably beyond his capacities, and even the selnder 'Essay' of 1707 cited above is said to have been 'drawn up by Wanley for Bagford'" 9269) -- quoting Dibdin; notes in the note that the two extant manuscript drafts of the Essay at odley are not in Bagford's hand
Hearne considered taking over Bagford's project on his death, wanted to buy Bagford's albums but Wanley snagged them for Harley; Hearne himself had a few collections of fragments, now at Bodleian
Caxton biographer John Lewis and Joseph Ames would take up task of writing a history of print; "Beginning in 1733, Ames, like Bagford, assembled his own large working collection of fragments -- title-pages 'from ANno 1474 to 1700', woodcut initial letters 'from the Beginning of printing', printers' devices and portraits, and 'a Collection of Paper Makers Marks found upon the most early Printers Books, both at Home and Abroad', many of hwich he arranged and mounted (alphabetically) by place of printing, or annotated with 'an Account to what Books they were used, and about what Time.'" (269) -- in posthumous sale of Ames' books (Langford, 5-13 May 1760), these were lots 1318-20, purchased by James West, President of the Royal Society; lot 1321, folio volume of 'Various Alphabets, Characters, and Inscriptions, used in divers Parts and Ages of the World,' fell to Horace Walpole and is now at the Lewis Walpole Library."
at West's sale (1773), ex-Ames material among lots 1913-20, "typographical history, antiquities, and fragments," which also included "Fragments of various Old English Bibles," etc., and "Various Fragments of old Black Letter Books, among which are many of the early Essays in the ARt of Printing" -- "perhaps not all from Ames's collection" -- although lot 1920 was; 7 large portfolios and 3 bundles containing thousands of title-pages, fragments of books and ms, porraits and devices of printers; was bought by Richard Bull, "a passionate print-collector and 'virtuoso of Grangerizing'" -- Freeman speculates that Bull took what he wanted for Grangerizing then disposed of the bulk in the trade -- since then, bulk of Ames material (+10000 fragments) at BL; see Pollard on it
after West's sale, volumes of loose papers and title-pages were presented to British Museum by Mileson Hingeston, bookseller and publisher at Temple Bar -- was it remainder of West's lots bought by Bull, after he had taken what he wanted
Sir John Fenn, editor of Paston letters; had "small but evocative collection of some 135 leaves or groups of leaves from 15 and 16c" (271); came to him from "dedicated but dodgy Norfolk antiquary 'Honest Tom' Martin of Palgrave" -- "Fenn later bound up his printed fragments in chronological order, together with his letters from herbert, as a supplementary fourth volume to his set ofHerbert's Typographical Antiquities; this subsequently resurfaced in the John Tudor Frere sale of 1896, lot 120" (271) -- now at State Library of Victoria at Melbourne
most of early fragment collectors "motivated by an interest in printing history ... or by editorial concerns, when scraps provided specific textual authority"; traditional bibliophiles "still shied away from such oddments"; but in late 18c "a new and special tolerance, or indeed affection for the ugly duckling ... found its quiet apostle in another of Herbert's bibliographical contributors, the Revd Francis Douce" (273)
Douce had a "truly hetrogeneous collections" -- "maintained what by now were traditional scrapbooks of title-pages, colophons, and printers' marks, woodcut images, and of course manuscript membra disiecta, but for the first time in British bibliophily he seemed also to pursue printed fragments not only as evidence of printing history, or (like Bagford, teste Wanley) as bibliographically accurate records of titles, but as specimens of literary text" (273) -- studied and annotated his fragments
Douce's books/mss bequeathed to Bodleian in 1834; 1841 catalogue talks of fragments pp 305-11 -- many important and unique artifacts of early English printing, including lines from first extant edition of English morality play, The Summoning of Everyman ,which would "soon reiet the attention of a new generation of students and editors of the early English drama," including John Payne Collier (275)
Philip Bliss; Frederic Madden visited him for tea in 1825 and noted his colelcting habits: quoting Madden, "This collection was made in the following manner. Whenever any of the College send their MSS. or old books to be rebound, the flyleaves & odd scraps are always torn off by the bookbinder & thrown away! Dr Bliss therefore made a bargain with the bookbinder, tht for every bundle of these old MSS. and bl.letter scraps the latter brought him, he (Dr B.) would give the man a pot of beer. In this manner he collected a vast number of curious articles." (atd 276)
William Stevenson Fitch, began scouring books at Ham House for fragments on flyleaves
"With Fitch in practice, and even with Dibdin in spirit, a new aspect of fragment-collecting had become apparent, if not conspicuous: potential cash value, highterto negligible or slight, save in bulk." 279
mid-century trade, many booksellers and dealers began keeping fragments in hopes of "making up" perfect copies with them; unintended bonus: we now have many rare pieces we otherwise wouldn't have
Collier book of fragments, as acquired by Frederick Hendriks and then Folger
James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps; "Though not primarily concerned with unique or 'otherwise unprocurable' examples, Halliwell assembled many thousands of scraps of early books, usually through the grim expedient of dismembering or clipping passages from already imperfect copies of plays, dictionaries, chronicles, biographical compendia, lawbooks, and works on theatrical history -- but perhaps plundering some perfect but inexpensive volumes as well." (286)
"By the mid-19c our collectors and scholar-collectors had helps to inspire a new wave of bibliographers and librarians -- some of them essneitally 'non-collectors', but rather recorders, preservers, and students of fragments, who might explore their own institutional holdings for specimens, rather than haunt bookshops or comb auctions in search of them." (288)
"systematic investigation of binder's and printer's waste in Oxford's manu collections would await the advent, nearly a half-century later, of the young Robert Proctor" (288)
on cataloguing; under Panizzi's "91 rules" of cataloguing (1839), even the scrappiest fragment required the same descriptive attention [or more] than any complete book" (291) -- and rules for counting works or volumes in library didn't include fragments in total, so didn't add to holdings; cataloguing thus crucial part of why fragments don't get as much attention! (291)
Bagford and Ames material not included in General Catalogue of 1880-1905; Pollard's "rough Guide" was first inventory of the material (292) -- this isn't strictly speaking true; they are noted in Harley catalogues
Henry Bradshaw, second half of 19c, acquirer of early books for Cambridge University Library; known to occasionally take apart books (293); see Bradshaw's essay "Notice of a Fragment"
in Sayle, following Bradshaw rules in his catalogue (place and printer then date, instead of author title), fragments listed as "Another Copy" below substantial description -- so the "entire holding, rather than a choice of outstanding specimens, as in Bullen, found a permanent record among the 8,083 title-listings in Early English Printed Books in the UL, Cambridge, 1475-1640" (296)
William Carew Hazlitt examined Bagford and Ames collection of title pages (296)
Furnivall examined Bagford's ballad collection since the mid-1860s
Edward Gordon Duff examined it in 1889, writing to Francis Jenkinson that it was uncatalogued (299)
Robert Proctor; succeeded by friend A W Pollard after his early death; New Bibliographers (McKerrow, Greg, Chambers) later turned to drama and "for this group of students printed fragments, recorded or otherwise, possessed a special appea: perhaps no history of a literary genre is more dependent on the report of lost material and the existence of suggestive membra disiecta" (303)
of 42 16c editions of all pre-Elizabethan English printed drama identified by Greg, 10 are known only from fragments (303)
The Bagford Chapel Rules: A Set of English Printing House Regulations ca. 1686-1707, by Alan Boehm (2008)
generally thought that only 3 sets of English printing house regulations - "chapel rules" - have come down to us from period before 1800: from the Bowyer firm, written in a ledge book in late 1750s by William Bowyer; from Samuel Richardson's printing house, preserved in a broadsheet bearing date of 30 August 1734; and in Joseph Moxon's Mechanick Exercises -- se Boehm n1 for where to find these rules
4th "and practically unknown set of chapel rules from the period" preserved in Bagford title page collection, Harley 5915, f. 112; marked item 217 in the volume
"Unfortunately, the 'Orders' is something of a fragment. In its original state, the document's dimensions apparently exceeded the leaves of the volume into which it was pasted, and so to make the 'Orders' fit Bagford cropped the head, foot,a nd side margins, and he also cut away a strip of white space in the middle of the sheet between the last rule directed to compositors and the sub-headline over the press room rules (consequently, the 'orders' survives in two pieces and each bears a British museum stamp)." (137) <--probably not Bagford who did this; in the 1759 Harley catalogue, these are listed as "Porte-folios," and so were probably loose sheets
estimates the orders "likely originated no earlier than 1686"
concludes that Chapel Rules are on the whole similar to those found earlier -- same fines even persist, despite the fact that these rules are about 50 years before Bowyer rules; indications of printing as a conservative industry
Fortunate Survivors: Maps and Map Fragments in the Bagford Collection, by Tom Harper (2010)
Harley 5935; includes printed maps from books, 15-18c, and cuttings from maps, engravings of scientific instruments, and "at least three separately issued maps which are not known to exist elsewhere"
Harper says it is "one of 129 scrapbooks of prints put together by the antiquary and book dealer John Bagford" -- but possible this was not actually put together by him
"the composite nature of the collection, and Bagford's scholarly motivations for compiling it, implies a stronger affinity with leaf books and certain extra-illustrated volumes than the gatherings of traditional bibliophiles. Bagford's collection enables us not only to study prints which have not survived elsewhere, but to evaluate changing attitudes towards prints, books, and collecting." (2)
-- history of collection after Bagford's death especially show this
some printed materials moved to Dept of Printed Books in 1890; "suggests a particular impression of the Bagford Collection as somehow problematic, ill-suited or at worst irrelevant to the institution. It was, after all, made up largely of title-pages of books which the Museum either already owned or would subsequently purchase." (3)
unpacks history of 5935 -- but seems to write this from belief that Bagford pasted these down, when the 1759 catalogue has them as "porte-folios" of loose prints (see Griffiths on this); this would explain why one print has a British Museum stam on its verso -- but says paper is contemporary to Bagford (1707ish) -- doing a reading of juxtapositions, though, on the assumption that Bagford glued these materials down; did he?
some/many maps left behind when prints were removed to dept of prints -- "the impression is that the Department was simply not interested in maps, regardless of their rarity and execution" (3)
maps in 5935 are rare, but Bagford didn't necessarily know of their publishers; could simply be they both had arms of Charles V; "A simple approach to the contents of Harl.5935 may therefore be the best method of understanding its selection, its arrangement, and the mind of its compiler. Though he was interested in them, Bagford was not attempting to provide a historyo f printed maps, and this is clear fro mthe absence of certain cartographic material which would have been seen as important in the late sevententh century." (17) -- no maps important to late 17c; "Bagford's choice of maps appears to have been based, quite simply, on which interested him for their imprints or subjects, the fact that he had not seen them before, or some other reason which remains unclear." (17)
"The prints in Harl.5935 do not relate to each other in a way that suggests a coherent collecting strategy, but the volume's eclectic nature may be better described as a piecemeal and opportunist gathering of printing samples than the product of indiscriminate collecting." (17) -- "speaks of a man with more of an appreciation than an agenda" (18) <--YES but good; agenda is what caused Museum/Library to mutilate the collection
Manuscripts Supplied to Robert Harley by Bagford: Further Information from BL, Harl. MS. 5998, by Colin Tite (2012)
Most of volumes that Harley received from Bagford are listed in Wright, Fontes Harleiani; but Harley MS 5998 include considerable list of books transferred or to be transferred to Harley, Wanley, etc.
Tite transcribes list of books meant to go to Harley, identifies a few -- but many are probably not identifiable
A few more attributions in the comments to this blog post: http://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2012/12/a-new-window-on-the-harley-collection.html
On Antiquaries
George Spratt, satirical print showing an antiquary composed of old manuscripts (ca 1830): http://makinghistory.sal.org.uk/ajax.php?id=12&st=5_a_2&p=0
- Antiquaries, book collectors, and the circles of learning, edited by Robin Myers and Michael Harris (1996)
- Antiquaries : the discovery of the past in eighteenth-century Britain, by Rosemary Sweet (2004)
- Making history : antiquaries in Britain, 1707-2007 (2007)
- The trophies of time: English antiquarians of the seventeenth century, Graham Parry (2007)
- Antiquaries & archaists : the past in the past, the past in the present, edited by Megan Aldrich and Robert J. Wallis (2009)
- The Antiquary: John Aubrey's historical scholarship (2016)
- Papers of British antiquaries and historians
on British historiography of the time:
- Levy, Tudor Historical Thought (1967)
- Noelle Gallagher, Historical literatures: writing about the past in England, 1660-1740
- The Social circulation of the past: English historical culture, 1500-1730, by D. R. Woolf (2003)
- D. R. Woolf, Reading history in early modern England (2000)
- The historical imagination in early modern Britain: history, rhetoric, and fiction, 1500-1800, ed. Donald Kelley, David Harris Sacks (1997)
- Clarendon and history, Penn Press book
- Patrick Collinson, "One of Us? William Camden and the Making of History "The Camden Society Centenary Lecture"" (1998)
On lists and listmaking
Keller 2012 article on Pancirolli -- suggests a method for saving scraps of the past (things lost, deperdita) in order to better understand new things today (things found, nova reperta) -- Bacon expanded to a third category, objects desired for the future; much of note in here regarding failed projects (still worthwhile because of scraps they contained, getting halfway there is good) and collaborative knowledge endeavors
Copyright and histories of printing
see Johns 1998 chapter 5; points out that there was a need to tell the history of printing because of its relationship to powers of Stationers' Company and copyright law; was printing always common, or was it owned by the King? brought to England by Caxton independently, or as part of crown-funded expedition to steal it from Continental printers? competing stories of the history of printing as a technology would be used to adjudicate who had the right to print, who had the right to copy
Bagford's proposal is mentioned briefly in Johns but not examined in full
"Book trade conflicts conditioned the making and content of histories of printing; and historical knowledge in turn conditioned the outcome of book trade conflicts." (Johns 1998 372)
Other histories of printing at the time
<< also look at Royal Society, Cl.P. 17/45, Proof sheet from an Arabic book on the art of printing amongst the Turks: https://collections.royalsociety.org/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Browse2.tcl&dsqItem=Cl.P/17/45&dsqKey=RefNo
Richard Smyth, "Of the first Invention of the Art of Printing", BL Ms. Sloane 772
Joseph Ames, Typographical Antiquities
Ames also kept a collection of title pages (see Freeman 2008); after listing Bagford's mss, Pollard also roughly described Ames's collection in Transactions: https://archive.org/stream/transactions07bibluoft#page/160/mode/2up -- Pollard notes that "The titlepages being thus all arranged chronologically are of real historical value and in strong contrast to Bagford's haphazard collections."
Read this: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671919?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Michael Bull, friend and customer
See Last Will and Testament in folder, dated 1763; bequeathed to his cousen Elizabeth Dyer "her Choice of a few Books out of my study":
"This Will was proved at London the Day of September in the year of our Lord One thousand Seven Hundred and Sixty three before the Worshipful George ... of Laws Surrogate of the Right Worshipful Sir Edward Simpson Knight also --- of Laws Master Keeper or Commissary of the --- Court of Canterbury lawfully --- by the Oath of James i Bovingdon the son of the
I Michael Bull Minister of Brasted in the County of kent most Humbly Commanding my Soul -- Christ Jesus into the Hands of Almighty God who Gave it Do by this my last -- Will and Testament Dispose of my Worldly Goods in fforward manner following Imprimis I Give five pounds in Money to the most Deserving Poor of the Parish aforesaid at the Discretion of my Executor I leaue and bequeath to my Cousen George harris the Elder Ten pounds in Money and all what Is contained in the upper Draw of the lower part of my --- Standing in my Bed Chamber I leave and bequeath to my Cousin Elizabeth Dyer her Choice of a few Books out of my Study I Give to my Servant Elizabeth Lookudson five pounds in Money To Joseph Crosslaus the Elder Two Guineas the remainder of my Goods and Chattels Moneys Debts and whatsoever I shall die possessed of I leave and Bequeath to my Cosen Thomas Harris the Elder whom I Appoint Solo Executor of this my last will and testament Trusting that he will most faithfully [---] it, It is for Want of present ability that i do not have more Legacys To others whom i wish well to. I desire that my ffunerall May be as private and as little expensive as [...]"
Elizabeth Dyer is mentioned as having a monument in Throwley Church; died in Belmont, near Brasted, 14 November 1814, age 80; monument erected by her cousin Lord Harris (a Harris is also mentioned in Bull's will): https://archive.org/stream/epitomeofcountyh01greeuoft#page/n471/mode/2up/search/elizabeth+dyer
if E Dyer is the same related to Michael Bull, she would have been about 30 when he gave her his books
see her will in the folder
Christopher Bateman, printer
Seems to have a close relationship with Bateman; see Gatch 1985, Nickson 1983 p. 52
In Dictionary of Printers and Printing, Bateman says he has suffered much from people taking leaves out of the books in his shop: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3O8DAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA596&ots=5vf9-ycHqt&dq=christopher%20bateman%20bookseller&pg=PA596#v=onepage&q&f=false
Adriaan Beverland, pornographer
Adrian Beverland seems to have feuded with Bagford, as well as Michael Bull and the publisher Pierce Tempest, who produced Cryes of the City of London; see bio here, and "Discovery of Three Imposters": http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=73751
Mentioned in the Biographical History of England (1775): https://archive.org/stream/biographicalhist04gran/#page/96/mode/2up/search/hadrian
Feminization of collecting
Bagford's Essay on the invention of printing was satirized by King as "An Essay on the Invention of Samplers; communicated by Mrs. Judith Bagford: with an Account of her Collections of the Same." Oddly, if you search ECCO for "Bagford," this comes up, but as a page or leaf tacked to the end of Mary Chudleigh's "Ladies defence," a feminist poem! Why? Would have to consult the original at the BL. Prob just microfilm fluke.
Johns 1998 cites this -- see 352n78
Bagford haterade
Boehm 2008, p. 137, assumes Bagford did the cutting of the "Orders to be Observed in this Printing-House," but probable this was done later, as it seems Bagford's title pages came to Harley's library in 1716 as loose portfolios -- someone later pasted them down and organized them (see Griffiths and Wright, Fontes Harleiani)
shouldn't lump him in with later forgers like TJ Wise, who probably cut leaves from books at British Museum, only to be rediscovered when he sold the leaves back to the institution
Tracking fragments: possible case studies
Fragment 177 in Fragmenta manuscripta at University of Missouri comes from Pepys 2030, which also has note at beginning from Bagford about the book; this same ms also has initials cut out and sewn back in: http://vm133.lib.berkeley.edu:8080/xtf22/search?rmode=digscript;smode=basic;text=bagford;docsPerPage=1;fullview=yes;startDoc=178
Ralph Thoresby's diary, mentions buying materials from Bagford: http://drc.usask.ca/projects/ark/published/ThoresbyDiary2.pdf
Pepys's diary, editor's intro
Letters of Humfrey Wanley 1672-1726 (Oxford, 1989) http://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198124771.book.1/actrade-9780198124771-book-1 -- some additional typescript letters that didn't make it into the book are at the Bodley: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/online.htm#1500-1900
Thomas Hearne, Remarks and collections
Bagford prints removed to British Museum: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=133642
McKenzie, Cambridge printing house
C. E. Wright's papers at BL also contain some transcripts and notes on correspondence between Wanley and Bagford: http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS040-001964492&indx=29&recIds=IAMS040-001964492&recIdxs=8&elementId=8&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&fctN=facet_rtype&rfnGrp=1&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&fctV=archives&tab=local&dstmp=1499100722749&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&rfnGrpCounter=1&vl(freeText0)=bagford&vid=IAMS_VU2
Melvin Wolf, Catalogue and indexes to the title-pages of English printed books preserved in the British Library's Bagford Collection
On the removal of prints to the Dept of Prints and Drawings, perhaps The Diary of Sir F. Madden, Bodleian, Ms.Eng.Hist.C.151

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Muslims and Vikings
When people typically think about interactions the vikings had with non-vikings, they think of what Christian monks wrote about the "godless" heathens and their spiky "horned hats" (vikings didn't wear horned hats).
In this year dire forewarnings came over the land of the Northumbrians, and miserably terrified the people: these were extraordinary whirlwinds and lightnings, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the air. A great famine soon followed these omens; and soon after that, in the same year, on the sixth of the ides of Ianr, the havoc of heathen men miserably destroyed God's church on Lindisfarne, through rapine and slaughter. (The incident is dramatically recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles in the year of the Lord 793 AD: Source)
Fiery dragons eh? That's some good historical accuracy right there.
But not all cultures and civilizations had the same reaction to the vikings.
The Norsemen during the "Viking Age" (the period between the 8th century to the 11th century) were a fairly sophisticated, sea-fairing people. While they did participate in raids, they also farmed, explored and engaged in commerce. They were prolific explorers for their time, exploring a vast region of territory, from the Americas to what is modern day Iraq.
In this incredibly prodigious age of exploration, the Norsemen met a variety of people (including Native Americans in what they called "Vinland"). And given that the Norsemen had trade routes in what we today know as Spain and Iraq, they had their fair share of encounters with Muslims. What is interesting is that the Viking Age (8th-11th century) also coincided with the Golden Age of Islam (8th-13th century.)
The Golden Age of Islam was a time when the Islamic world was ruled by various caliphates and science. This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language.
Unlike Western Europe during the dark ages, in the Near East, there was an explosion of science, scholarship, learning, philosophy, health care, poetry, cultural influence and wealth.
The Norsemen, who had a keen interest in trade, knowledge and exploration, had pretty active mercantile relations with Muslims during this era. In fact, aside from a few raids in Muslim Spain, a majority of Muslim-Viking interactions were dominated by commerce.
The proof of this is that Islamic goods have been found in ancient Scandinavian burial sites. A big find occurred in March, 2015, when a viking woman in a burial ground was found with a ring engraved with the inscription "For/To Allah."
Why did she have this ring? Who knows. Perhaps she had no idea what the words meant, and it was merely a gift that ended up in her person as a result of trade relations with Muslim lands. Perhaps she herself was a Muslim. Maybe she just thought the ring was pretty. All we have is speculation. But the importance of the ring is that it shows that the Vikings were part of the Islamic trade network.
In fact, it is said that the Norsemen were obsessed with the silver dirham (Arabic coins). These were coins that had great value during the Viking Age. In Viking York and Dublin between the 10th-12th century, the dirham was used as a common currency (1001 Inventions).
This is highlighted by the discovery of King Offa's (an Anglo-Saxxon King) coins in the British Museum engraved with 'There is no other God but the one God. He has no equal,' and on the outer margin of the coin "Mahommad is the Apostle of God, who sent him with the doctrine and true faith to prevail over every religion." (Muslim Heritage)
(The Map above shows Viking and Muslim invasions in Europe. Source)
So what did the Muslims think about their fair haired trade partners from the north? We can discover this in their writings.
The most famous account comes from Ahmad ibn Fadlān. In fact, the movie The 13th Warrior with Antonio Banderas is even based loosely on this historical account. Fadlān was a 10th century traveler who was a member of the embassy of the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad. On his way to meet with the Volga Bulgars, he wrote an account of his visit with the Volga vikings, who he called the Rus.
He mainly described them as being good looking, but crazy and unsanitary.
I have never seen more perfect physiques than theirs – they are like palm trees, are fair and reddish, and do not wear the tunic or the caftan.
Ahmad ibn Fadlan describes funeral rites which generally conform to the Norse rituals of Scandinavia, but were very exotic for an Islamic intellectual:
In the case of a rich man, they gather together his possessions and divide them into three portions, one third for his household, one third with which to cut funeral garments for him, and one third with which they ferment alcohol which they drink on the day when his slave-girl kills herself and is burned together with her master.
An account of the men:
Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort. Every man is tatooed from finger nails to neck with dark green (or green or blue-black) trees, figures, etc.
An account of the women:
Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband. Each box has a ring from which depends a knife. The women wear neck rings of gold and silver, one for each 10,000 dirhems which her husband is worth; some women have many. Their most prized ornaments are beads of green glass of the same make as ceramic objects one finds on their ships. They trade beads among themselves and they pay an exaggerated price for them, for they buy them for a dirhem apiece. They string them as necklaces for their women.
He described "The Rus" as being hospitable.
The Rus are a great host, all of them red haired
But also filthy
They are the filthiest of God's creatures. They have no modesty in defecation and urination, nor do they wash after pollution from orgasm, nor do they wash their hands after eating. Thus they are like wild asses. When they have come from their land and anchored on, or ties up at the shore of the Volga, which is a great river, they build big houses of wood on the shore, each holding ten to twenty persons more or less. Each man has a couch on which he sits. With them are pretty slave girls destines for sale to merchants: a man will have sexual intercourse with his slave girl while his companion looks on. Sometimes whole groups will come together in this fashion, each in the presence of others. A merchant who arrives to buy a slave girl from them may have to wait and look on while a Rus completes the act of intercourse with a slave girl.
Is this entirely accurate? We don't know. Such writings of course are always subject to bias. Because of his Islamic concepts of ritual washing, perhaps the sanitary practices of The Rus were dirty in comparison. There is also reason to believe that the vikings were much more open about sexuality than their Christian and Islamic neighbors, so having sex to a live audience may not have been a big deal. It is also said that the Norsemen traded furs, honey and slaves in exchange for the valuable silver dirham.
Human Sacrifice:
When a great personage dies, the people of his family ask his young women and men slaves, "Who among you will die with him?" One answers, "I." Once he or she has said that, the thing is obligatory: there is no backing out of it. Usually it is one of the girl slaves who do this.
The rest of the account can be found at Viking Answer Lady
Other Accounts:
Ibrahim ibn Ya`qûb (al-Tartushi), an Andalusian man who was born into the Jewish community of Tortosa (Turtush) said about the Viking women that "they part with their husbands whenever they like. They also have an artificial make-up for the eyes; when they use it their beauty never fades, but increases in both man and woman."(Muslim Heritage)
Ibrahim was probably referring to the fact that Norse women were free to divorce their husbands whenever they liked. Whereas in the Islamic religion, while women can get a divorce, the procedure is much more complicated. It is also believed that Norse men and women wore dark makeup around their eyes to protect their eyes from their glare of the sun off snow and water, just as the Egyptians did in the desert.
According to 10th Century explorer and geographer Ibn Rustah, the Vikings were "handsome, clean and well-dressed" and he praised them even further.
They keep their clothes clean and the men adorn themselves with armbands of gold… They are generous to each other, honour their guests and treat well those who seek refuge with them, and all who come to visit them. They do not allow anyone to annoy or harm these. And whenever anyone dares to treat them unfairlythey help and defend them." (1001 Inventions).
More quotes on Viking dress and the treatment of servants:
I have seen the Rus [Vikings] as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the Itil…" (Ibn Rustah) "They [Vikings] treat their servants well and dress exquisitely because they are such keen traders" (Ahmed Ibn Fadlan) (1001 Inventions).
Accounts of Vikings who converted to Islam:
The possibility of some vikings converting to Islam is not that far fetched, considering that some vikings traded and settled in Muslim lands. After all, this is similar to how many vikings converted to Christianity because of trade relations and surrounding cultures.
Evidence pertaining to the Vikings converting to Islam includes a memoir recorded by the 16th century geographer from Muslim Civilisation, Amin Razi who is reported to have stated that:
They [the Vikings] highly valued pork. Even those who had converted to Islam aspired to it and were very fond of pork."
Another written account is by Omar Mubaidin, whi states: "Vikings would make numerous raids against both Muslim and Christian states in the Iberian Peninsula. Eventually, a community of settled Vikings, who converted to Islam in southeast Seville, would be famous for supplying cheese to Cordoba and Seville."
National Museum of Finland : Islamic, English, and German coins, latest coin dates from 1006-1029 (Image: Source)
From what I've read, it seems that the relationship that the Vikings had with Muslims during the Viking era was predominantly one of trade, while there were a few raids here and there. However it seems that there were less Viking raids against Muslim lands than Christian lands. One, this is probably because of geographic proximity. The Christians were located much closer to Scandinavian lands. Two, this is probably because during the Viking Ages, the Islamic Near East was far more developed than Western Europe. So it was more difficult to raid Islamic lands. The Viking attempts at invading the Iberian peninsula were not very successful.
From the written accounts that I've read, it seems that many of the Muslims who documented their encounters with the Rus found them hospitable, brave, and lively, but also unsanitary and a bit crazy.
Is this entirely accurate? Who knows. But at least these accounts didn't include fire breathing dragons.
Risala: Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus (Viking Answers Lady)
5 THINGS YOU DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT VIKINGS AND MUSLIM CIVILISATION (1001 Inventions)
A Tale of Two Civilisations: The Viking and the Muslim World (Muslim Heritage)
When the Arabs met the Vikings: New discovery suggests ancient links (The National)
Old Arabic texts describe dirty Vikings (ScienceNordic)
Muslims vs Vikings (Islam21c)
Ways that Modern People Have Overlooked Warrior Women as Historical Fact
(Historians have assumed this woman was holding a cleaning tool – um she looks more like she's ready to cut someone's head off with that thing than polish the floor.)
Cracked isn't always the most accurate place for news, but the article I posted above makes some good points.
In modern depictions of the past, such as a TV series like Spartacus, we are shown an image of muscular slave men battling each other to death in the gladiatorial arena, while a woman's maximum participation is cheering from the sidelines or later rewarding one of the gladiators with a blow job.
However, the truth is that female gladiators were quite common in Rome. There were many graves of decorated gladiators that historians assumed to be male, only to be surprised when the bone analysis revealed these warriors to be women – as if the woman just so happened to fall into the wrong grave!
The assumptions don't just end there. Most heroic warrior figures, such as vikings or samurai are all assumed to be male, and this depiction is the norm in television dramas, comics and movies. Yet in most warrior societies – such as that of the Spartans, the Mongols, the Celts and the Vikings, the art of war was such an important skill that everyone was expected to know what they were doing – including the women. In ancient Celtic societies, there were even fighting schools where female teachers called a BAN-GAISGEDAIG taught boys the art of fighting and love.
In fact, in a DNA analysis of the Japanese battle of Senbon Matsubaru in 1580, 35 of the 105 bodies tested were female. Not to mention that this is only one of several archaeological finds that show a similar story.
Then there is the fact that most ancient societies had goddesses associated with war and death, such as Athena, Freya, Sekhmet, the Morrigan, Brigid and Kali. In fact, some of these named Goddesses were more terrifying than their male counterparts. If the idea of a woman fighting was really so unrealistic to the people of the ancient world, then why were there Goddesses entirely devoted to warfare?
So today's reality of women in the military or police force actually isn't anything new. If anything, it is a return to long term historical trends. Look at the fact that more than 30% of the Kurds fighting the ISIS scum are female. When a group of people are in danger, and bodies are needed to fight for survival, women will be among that number. This is why it is unrealistic for people today to think that women don't need to know anything about fighting or self defense. What society has a better chance of survival – one where only half the population knows how to fight, or one where 100% of the population can kick some ass?
So next time someone complains that the portrayal of women warriors in historical dramas is "not realistic," remind them that the more historically inaccurate fallacy is one where there are no women warriors at all in societies that prized the art of battle in all aspects of life.
Masha Scream of Arkona (Source)
Japanese Warrior Women – Onna-Bugeisha
Why I Hate Most Drawings of Women With Swords
Large Viking Burial Site Found in Uppsala
One of the largest excavations ever made in Uppsala
(All information below is written by original YouTube Poster, not me. I simply cleaned up some of the grammar and spelling)
The Pillars of old Uppsala 800 BC – 600 AD:
In October 2013, Swedish archaeologists revealed that they had found a 900 meter long wooden pillar column near the royal burial ground. In February 2014, they found the oldest samples from the wooden pillars – the oldest ones were 2800 years old!
So the wooden pillars were erected and in use during a time period of at least 1400 years.
Experts believe the pillars would have been at least around 7-8 m high and needed around 1,5 ton of rock to support them. Also a smaller wooden column of over 500 meters long has been found south of this column but hasn't yet been totally excavated.
The colonnades were found near a famous burial site where the three Iron Age kings Aun, Egil and Adils are believed to be buried.
In Ynglinga saga, Odin is considered the 2nd Mythological king of Sweden, succeeding Gylfi and was succeeded by Njörðr.
These ancient colonnades were found in the center of Old Uppsala during work on a new railway line. It's the largest excavation ever made in Uppsala.
More info:
A Map of Viking Settlements and Raids in Europe
Well this explains why ancestryDNA told me that a mostly Irish lass like myself has a small percentage of Scandinavian blood. Maybe it was those viking raiders.
Documentary of The Life, Culture and Legacy of Vikings (4 Hours!)
Blood is red,
Bruises are blue,
Axes smash faces
And these vikings are gonna kill you!
And….that's the extent of my Valentines day poetry. Enjoy the film above!
(Sorry I haven't posted much lately, I've been seriously sick.
When I kick this cold's butt, I will pillage your wordpress feed with even more exciting metal vids and articles!
Stay tuned…)
Viking Society Offers FREE Sagas, Texts, Lectures and Eddas Online
The Viking Society for Northern Research is making all of their publications available online.
This includes everything they have published from their inception in 1893 to the present day.
Much of this information includes The Eddas, guides to old Icelandic language, lectures on Norse culture and more. Check it out for yourself and enjoy.
Secrets of the Viking Sword
The Vikings were some of the fiercest warriors of their time.
Some of them carried a mysterious sword,
a sword far better than any other sword made before or since in Europe.
The secrets of its creation and use have been lost
Yet now modern day blacksmiths are about to recreate this ancient weapon:
The legendary ulfberht
Traditional Viking Ballad Live From Norway
I couldn't find much information about this musician or the song itself. Only a You Tube video followed by a stream of bizarre comments. If any informed viewers have any more knowledge about the song though – or the musician – I would be very interested.
Man may be mortal, but a good song can last through the centuries. It's good to hear these viking ballads are alive and well, being sung the same online as they were many a century ago on a cold winter night amid Norse folk keeping warm with good mead and company.
EDIT: According to a helpful commenter below, the first song here relates to the great Heathen Invasion of 1066 and the battle at Stanford Bridge.
The band is called Harold Foss and the following is their home page: http://www.legende.no/
On "Being a Man"
Man wins Father of the Year and best beard award in single photo.
A good man does not need to flash his machismo or muscles to feel strong.
He doesn't need to beat up on the weak to feel empowered or to belong.
He doesn't need to brag to show others how great he is to demand respect.
In fact, when you think about it, it is quite the opposite.
A good man isn't a firestorm, but the rock of Gibraltar.
He isn't the desert wind, but rather an oasis and a shelter.
He is a bastion of peace, the master of restraint,
safety in the storm and shield from the pain.
Earning respect, without asking a soul,
helping the weak while fighting the powerful.
So if a guy doesn't boast and seems quiet and meek
He might be more of a man than you think.
Ancient Norse Women – Warriors, Housewives, Poets and Priestesses
There is still much about the Ancient Norse People that we do not know, so much of our current information is an attempt to fill in the gaps (since the Vikings did not write down their history and the Christians destroyed much of their existing culture). History becomes a guessing game where modern day people impose their fantasies and longings upon the past. Some of these fantasies imagine a place where every woman is a blonde haired vixen with a pointy helmet and a chain-mail bra, smashing through the faces of her enemies with sword in hand. Fantasies on the other end of the spectrum paint a picture of a male dominated society where all men fought glorious battles and women existed as mere prizes to be won.
(Very practical battle armor)
The truth is much more nuanced. Not all men fought battles and not all women had a specific "role."
Interpreting the past is like trying to sketch a picture of the Grand Canyon from space. You'll never know the complexity of its contours and grooves unless you are in the Canyon itself. The history of the Ancient Norse people is complex. At the highest end you had women who commanded enough respect and honor to act as a link between man and the Gods (they were called Volvas). At the lower end you had captives won in battle (not as common as you might think, given that rape was only mentioned once in the Eddas).
Rather than listen to hype and stereotypes, the most historically accurate thing we can do is to look at the tales from the Eddas and Sagas, Folk Lore and the archaeological remains of skeletons. These sources show us that Norse Women did hold a respect and freedom in the Ancient Pagan world that declined as Europe became more Christian.
In day to day life, most women presided over the farm work, house work, weaving and childcare; they were also shown to do some business and commerce of their own (scales have been found in women's graves).
However, there were also Female Skalds (Poets), Shield Maidens (female warriors) and Priestesses. Women also had rights that didn't exist in other parts of Europe (such as the right to divorce their husbands and own land). Typically a male heir inherited the farm, but it wasn't unheard of for a wealthy widow to take over an estate if her husband died and if she didn't have grown sons to run the place.
There were also laws that penalized men for violence against women or from giving women unwanted sexual attention. In the case of marriage, most women did not have the right to choose their groom, he was chosen by the family, and the bride was usually married off between the ages of 12 and 15. However, a woman was allowed to call witnesses to divorce her husband for a valid reason: i.e. he couldn't provide for the family financially or produce children. In the case of divorce, a woman could take back her personal belongings as well as young children (the older children either stayed with the father or mother depending upon the circumstances).
Here is a brief overview of things that you should know about women in Ancient Norse Societies as well as the prominent women in Norse Religion.
Associated with love, beauty, fertility, gold, Seiðr (a typically female sorcery), war and death. She is also the most beautiful of all the Goddesses. Freya rules over the heavenly afterlife field Fólkvangr, and receives half of those who die in battle. The other half go to Odin's hall Valhalla. She loves music, spring, flowers and is particularly fond of elves. She is the daughter of the Njord (God of the winds, sea and fire) and wife of the mysterious God Odur . Key among her possessions are the Precious Necklace of the Brisings and a cloak of feathers that changes the wearer into a falcon.
Like many of the Norse Gods, Freya is not an extreme of good or evil – rather she is a complex personality. She loves her husband Odur and yet sleeps with four different dwarfs in exchange for the beautiful necklace of the Brisings. Loki, who somehow knows about all scandals, ends up finding a way to reveal Freya's infidelity to her husband. When Odur finds out, he leaves home and Freya cries tears of gold.
Frigg is the wife of Odin and queen of Asgard. Frigg is a prominent member of the Aesir Gods while Freya is a key member of the Vanir. Frigg is associated with aspects of motherhood and married life. She also has the powers of prophecy, but does not reveal what she knows.
Freya and Frigg are extremely similar. So similar, that some scholars argue that they are both descendants of a singular Germanic Goddess. Both Goddess names are associated with "Friday." Both Goddesses have the power of divination. Freya's husband Odur (or Od) is always away on journeys just like Frigg's Odin. Also, both of these Goddesses have traded sex for jewelry. However, this is just a theory, so it cannot be taken as the final fact on the matter (The Frigg/Freya origin hypothesis).
Sun Goddess, Moon God
The sun from the south, the moon's companion, her right hand cast about the heavenly horses.The sun knew not where she a dwelling had,the moon know not what power he possessed,the stars knew not where they had a station. (From the poem Voluspa).
In many pagan religions, the Sun is a God and the Moon is a Goddess. Yet in the Ancient Norse Religion, it is the reverse. The Sun Goddess is "Sol" (Old Norse) or "Sunna" (Old High German) and her brother Mani (Old Norse/Icelandic) is the moon. Sol drives the chariot of the sun across the sky each day. She moves very quickly because she is always pursued by the wolf Skoll. Sometimes he gets close enough to take a bite out of her (this is when eclipses happen). In Ragnarok, (the end of the world), Skoll eventually will swallow the sun.
In Norse society it was common for men to travel, whether it be exploring new lands, going viking (pillaging places) or trading. The Norse were renown for their ability as explorers and seafarers. While the men were off traveling, their wives sometimes traveled with them (as in the invasion of Eastern England), but usually stayed at home to supervise the affairs of the farm and the family.
Thus, the mother was a permanent fixture of life for the family: bright, renewing and life giving like the sun. The father was a more transient figure (because of his travels), waning and waxing in appearance like the moon. At least this is a theory that might explain the Goddess Sun/God Moon dynamic. The Sun Goddess and Moon God are similar fixtures in other nomadic cultures (such as the Mongolians for example).
Warrior Women: Shield Maidens and Valkyries
Valkyrie literally means "chooser of the slain." The Valkyries were sent by Odin to pick up warriors that were slain on the battlefield.
The Love Goddess Freya was considered the greatest of Valkyries. She would ride onto the battlefield in a chariot drawn by two cats and choose half the slain to take back to her home in Fólkvangr. Odin received the other half of warriors in Valhalla.
Shield Maidens, on the other hand, are mortal female warriors. It was a rare opportunity allowed only to women who were exceptionally strong or fierce. In heroic poems some shield maidens have super natural powers, while others are beautiful daughters of kings. Did shield maidens actually exist in real life though? From historical evidence, it appears that they did.
The Historian Saxo gives the following account circa 1200 AD:
"There were once women in Denmark who dressed themselves to look like men and spent almost every minute cultivating soldier's skills:
They put toughness before allure, aimed at conflicts instead of kisses, tasted blood, not lips, sought the clash of arms rather than the arm's embrace, fitted to weapons hands which should have been weaving, desired not the couch but the kill, and those they could have appeased with looks they attack with lances". (Books 1-9) —Saxo Grammaticus, History of the Danes, circa 1200 CE.
When people talk about Norse Mythos, there is much focus on the Warrior Tradition: vikings, battle, Valhalla and so on. Yet there is little talk on the Shamanic aspects of Norse life. The Seiðr is a type of Norse magic that was most commonly performed by women known as (volver). Men also practiced Seiðr sometimes, but they usually brought a social taboo to themselves since Seiðr was considered a feminine activity. (For example, Odin learned how to practice the Seiðr from Freya, but was considered unmanly for doing so.)
The Seiðr was an activity in which the Seidwoman would fall into a trance and a choir of women would invoke the woman's guardian spirit to come to her aid. In her trance, the Seidwoman could ask the spirits about future events such as the weather, battle, farming etc.
Seidr Basics (Wikipedia Article)
It is hard to be objective about the history of Pagan Europeans because so much information was destroyed when the Christians came to power. Also, many Norse and Celtic peoples kept records orally rather than writing anything down. Therefore, much of their history will be lost forever.
New Technology Corrects Gendered Assumptions
Yet new technology is helping to unearth ancient truths. The study of ancient burial sites is rapidly changing conceptions of the past. Up until recently, archaeologists assumed that any body buried with a sword and shield was male. Likewise, when a skeleton was found with jewelry, it was assumed that the body was female. But new practices in the field of Osteologically (the study of skeletons) have revealed that some of these "male skeletons" were actually female bodies buried with weapons and armor (male skeletons have also been found with female items).
The invasion of Eastern England is a notorious example, where either one half or a third of the invaders were found to be female. One of the female skeletons at this site was found buried with armor and weapons (Invasion of the Viking Women Unearthed).
The Oseberg Burial
The Oseberg burial is the richest viking burial ever found. Two women were buried on the Oseberg ship in 834 AD. One was in her 80's and the other was in her 50's. Because of the items on the ship, archaeologists are guessing that the older woman was either a Volva or a Queen. The Volvas were highly respected women in Norse Society who acted as the link between man and the Gods. Sometimes they even knew more than the Gods.
More Information About Ancient Norse Women
This article was my best attempt to give you an overview on the basics you should know about the life of Ancient Norse Women in both the realm of the mundane and the sphere of the mystical. Yet remember, we must have a nuanced approach to history. We cannot use generalizations to color in the pages of the past. The Vikings were an independent people who did not use police, guards or monarchs to run their society (not until the later years of Viking History anyways).
They were a self run Society that was controlled through the mechanism of the family and honor. Many women who couldn't fight took on the role of instigators, and egged their husbands on to fight important battles that effected the family's future. In chapter 116 of Brennu-Njáls saga, Hildigunnur incited her uncle Flosi to avenge the killing of her husband Höskuldr by flinging her husband's bloody cloak onto Flosi's shoulders. Clotted blood from the cloak rained down on Flosi. He responded, "Cold are the counsels of women." Flosi later took revenge for Höskuldr's death by burning Njáll and his family in their home (Hurstwic Society).
Other women took the role of ending fights that went on too long, such as the women who threw clothing onto the weapons of the men fighting in chapter 18 of the Vopnfirðinga Saga.
Unlike today, the individual was not the most important unit of society, it was the extended family. It was expected that both men and women contributed their strengths to the best of their natural abilities to preserve the honor and integrity of their kin. When a woman considered whether it was better to contribute her strengths by defending the family's honor in battle, or staying home to oversee the farm: family and honor were the ultimate sum of the equation, not personal gain.
Therefore there were generally standards about what men did and what women did that developed over centuries of experience. Yet static laws were allowed to be broken if the exception was more beneficial than the norm. Odin learned the Seiðr (feminine magic) to benefit mankind even if it was taboo, and women occasionally left home to fight on the battlefield if that was the best use for an individual woman's strength.
Yet it doesn't matter whether a warrior fights their daily battles with a sword or broomstick, a true hero fights for someone or something – not themselves. Those of us in the modern age could learn a lesson from these Ancient Women.
Check out the link below for more information.
Real Women of the Viking Age (Viking World Wiki)
A comprehensive source with numerous links on Ancient Norse Women.


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Which way are we headed…Life is just a dream With the progress of technology humanity is headed towards two different directions. On one hand there is absolute annihilation. We all realize there exist WMD's that can wipe the entire human race many times over. On the other hand immortality seems to be just round the corner. It might not be possible to immortalize human body per se. Creating a media to take a back up of human soul is surely not a distant dream. Human consciousness is undoubtedly a pack of energy (POE) made to witness an eight dimensional dream.
The brain is a media which stores this energy. The eight dimensions with respect to this energy level comprise the three physical dimensions, the dimension of a forward moving time, the ability to hear, smell, taste and feel {Touch(Hot/Cold) and to feel itself}. When one experiences a dreamless sleep is the time POE enters the true state of its existence. It stops to see any dream and simply ceases to be. This implies the sum of total energy level of the POE must be a zero as one does not feel anything in that state of mind.
The POE is actually nothing. The whole thing is just a dream. At the macrocosmic level as well Stephen W. Hawking explains in his book "A Brief history Of Time" as to how the universe formed from a big bang out of nothing but only because of an imbalance of an infinite mass with no volume. He tries to explain as to how eventually there will only be microwave radiation as everything heads towards nothing. E=MC2; sum of all the energy in this universe=0, therefore sum all the mass should be zero as well.
He further explains as to how for every matter there is anti matter and when matter meets anti matter microwave radiation is emitted. In other words the universe is heading towards a situation wherein eventually there would be only microwave radiation. The entire universe is moving in the direction of a puzzle trying to solve itself. At a microcosmic level i. e. the level of particles, 99. 9999% of an atom is empty space. So much so that if this empty space is removed from all the atoms on this planet the entire matter on planet Earth would reduce to the size of a dot.
What we see around us … all the solid matter and everything else is in a highly inflated state if existence … or can we say illusionary. The point is weather at the level of POE or at the micro/macro cosmic level it's all a dream…. An illusion. If it all is really a dream at all the levels then let's sow the seeds for all humanity to be one. Let's hope all humans evolve in a way so that we can shed our reptilian instincts of territoriality and make this world a better place to live for all.


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You might have noticed that the names for attachments sent using Thunderbird sometimes gets renamed, mainly the extensions. For example, some of the documents type format (like Word doc or docx) changes to .DAT or .BIN. Some versions of Thunderbird display the names correctly, but the mails with attachments sent using Thunderbird when viewed by other programs like Outlook may not appear correctly. This is most commonly seen with attachment filenames with double-byte characters or other text encoded using Unicode, as opposed to ASCII.
The Issue – Attachment Renamed in Thunderbird
Usually when the filenames exceed 64 characters limit, there is also a problem. But this particular issue is caused by the filenames exceeding 64 bytes limit, even if the characters are under 64 limit. Because of double-byte characters, this limit can exceed and this causes problems with displaying names because they are being replaced by other multiple parameters.
Not all email clients support the same MIME standard protocol or version for handling the names of the files attached with emails. The latest version of Thunderbird supports RFC2231 parameter, but if you view that email in Outlook, it won't be displayed correctly but Outlook supports RFC2047.
Some versions of Thunderbird may display the names correctly, but the other versions may not. Therefore, if this is a consistent problem for you, you must change the default parameter to RFC2047 to handle the filenames in MIME email headers. It's also a necessity for users who often send and receive emails in Unicode standard (non-English).
This cannot be done by the main Thunderbird interface based settings page. For this, you might need to open a more advanced category of modifications that are not commonly accessed and might also be risky if you are not sure of what you are doing. Therefore, proceed with caution while following the tutorial below.
First, open the config-editor.
- Click on the "Settings" icon on the top right side. It looks like this – '≡'
- Then open "Options"
- In "Options," scroll down to the bottom and click "Config Editor" and click "I accept the Risk."
Now, you are inside the 'Config Editor.' Make any changes here carefully, as it might modify Thunderbird's behavior irreversibly.
- Type "mail.strictly_mime.parm_folding" inside the search box and hit enter.
- Double click on the entry and then enter the numeric value as 0 or 1. 0 or 1 refers to RFC2047 protocol for MIME based emails. If it is 2, it means it will use RFC2231. The value 3 also uses RFC2231 but name param is encoded by RFC2047. So, for the issue of the attachment filenames being renamed to .DAT or .BIN, you must change it either 0 or 1 to force Thunderbird to use only RFC2047 parameter.
- Now, restart Thunderbird and hopefully your problem with attachment file names will be resolved.
Also Read: How to fix corrupt MSF file
Remember that if the Thunderbird sent emails (with attachments) when viewed with other clients are still being renamed, the reason might be with how those other clients view files and their names and how they handle the MIME parameters. Those scenarios can only be fixed through the settings of those clients in which you are viewing the emails with attachments.


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We call it diplomacy, sirEU Affairs
Minister, Britain has had the same foreign policy objective for at least the last five hundred years: to create a disunited Europe. In that cause… [from Yes, Minister!]Read More »
Sh*t entrepreneurs say: this video just NAILS it!E-business, Marketing
We, entrepreneurs, especially those in the online world (and who isn't there these days?) can connect with this video like with no other. A/B test? Instagram killer? Pivot? MVP? We've all said these things… and more 🙂 Enjoy and tell …Read More »


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Your guide to super quiet fans for sleeping that will offers cool and peaceful nights
Do you suffer during warm nights particularly in the summer's hot weather? Can you even sleep through those unforgiving temperatures and how do you go about it?
Well. It's obviously difficult to survive hot sweaty nights. However, one way to overcome this is by getting a great fan.
For light sleepers, a loud fan would cause more harm. It would squeak, hum and vibrate in the manner that won't give you peace of mind and a good nap.
Luckily, apparently, the market has all these different options of these air conditioning equipment. If you can't purchase a conventional air conditioner, there are many quiet fans for sleeping which you can use.
I will be drifting through the different fans in this guide. You will love the quiet, temperature and ultimately the convenience that come with them.
But I would love to help uncover some of the reasons why one needs a quiet fan first.
Here are the Benefits of a Quiet Fan.
A quiet fan for the bedroom can be a lifesaver. There are people who won't give it a damn when it's all noisy in the surroundings.
They can't simply sleep or rest with a loud fan humming and squeaking through the night. Coming with two benefits stuffed into a single device, a quiet fan gives you the satisfaction you want – quiet and cool temperature.
If you are a light sleeper, it's even better. You will sleep more easily and your nap is not going to be at the risk of being disrupted.
Some studies have indicated that a cool and airy surrounding can increase your metabolism and at the same time reduce the risk of a person being exposed to illness.
In the same argument, great temperatures would enable our bodies to deal with various conditions such as diabetes and heart diseases. So, if you had written off the importance of a quiet fan on your health, you probably should reframe your thoughts.
Different Types of Quiet Fans for Sleeping.
1. Oscillating Fans
Oscillating quiet fans for home provide the maximum ventilation in a home by the action of pivoting from side to side. The design of these fans consists of a stationary stand or body.
However, the fan blades sit in a mobile casing that repetitively moves from left to right and back. This fan provides cooler air in a home due to the way it's designed.
To install the oscillating fan, just mount it on the wall or place it on the floor or table. The three different options of placement enable you to meet your specific needs.
For example, you may choose a wall-mounted fan if you have small children and pets around. Because the fans rotate, there's better airflow, which means better ventilation in the room.
To get the best value from oscillating fans, use them in small closed spaces such as bedrooms, office cubicles or living rooms.
The Rowenta Pedestal Oscillating Fan produces almost no sound. It is very quiet and sleek for room décor.
2. Table Fans
A quiet table fan is designed to be used anywhere you can think about. And this is because they are minimalistic in design, shape, and size; therefore, are easily portable.
Whether you want to have the fan in your kitchen to cool the cooking heat, or in your study room or dorm – this is the ideal device to carry along.
The unit has smaller fan blades which don't distribute air to wider areas. So don't raise your expectations too much about the coverage area of table fans.
The base of the table fan is small. So it's easily fitted on a desk or table or a bookshelf without requiring to take up too much space.
This one here Dyson AM06 Air Multiplier is a very highly functional model that incorporates the use of a remote to control its functions. Cleaning and maintenance of this fan is a breeze.
3. Tower Fans
When you are obsessive about quiet, tower fans are yet another excellent go-to air cooling accessories. They don't just deliver quiet ventilation in the house, they appear stylish and modern for the perfect match with your interior home décor.
Tower fans are great for ensuring that the entire room is adequately cooled. These fans are thought to be among the quietest ones.
The structure of these fans is such that they don't take up a lot of space in your house. Meaning that they can fit pretty much everywhere.
With the rise of technological advancements, the functionality of tower fans has been stepped up. And you will find some fans coming without blades –which actually happen to be the most quiet.
There are models that also purify the air using filters while others can be remote controlled.
This Honeywell Quiet Set Whole Room Tower Fan is very efficient in distributing airflow around the house with super quite operation.
4. Ceiling Fans
Ceiling fans are some of the most common fans in many homes today. They are usually electrical but are thought to be great energy savers.
These fans are installed in the center of the ceiling most of the times. This means once you switch them on, the entire room will be covered with the cool from these fans.
They are suitable for both small rooms and large ones.
Ceiling fans feature energy-saving properties as earlier mentioned; during winters, they circulate warm air in the house and cool air in summers.
Hunter Fan Bronze Ceiling Fan is known to deliver ultra-powerful air movement with whisper-quiet performance. It also has a speed adjustment feature.
5. Shop Fans
These fans blow a lot of air around the house. In the process, they eliminate dust from workshop and workspaces thereby providing the much-needed ventilation.
Even more, these fans are instrumental in drying out the surfaces of these spaces.
I recommend the Lasko 4900 Pro-Performance Fan that comes with 3 velocity speeds, and it's one of the most quiet portable fans around on the market.
6. Bladeless Fan
For a very quiet environment, bladeless fans are some of the best on the market. They don't have blades and this can mean two things: safety for small children and pets and then they are arguably the quietest fans for home use.
Since they don't have blades, they rarely collect dust which makes their maintenance a breeze. Bladeless can come in different varieties.
For example, there are those that come as tabletop models while others as tower models.
Lasko Remote Control Bladeless Tower Fan is the kind of device that has powerful airflow capabilities while it also allows for remote control.
Related Posts: Silent Robot Vacuum Cleaner
How to Buy the Best Quiet Fans for Sleeping.
When purchasing the quiet fans for sleeping, there are certain features you want to look for. These fans are an upgrade to the conventional options that we are used to seeing.
If you do your assignment well at this stage, you bet, getting the right fan that would match your needs is going to be very simple. Check out for the following features.
1. Noise Level
This is the ultimate and actually your point of focus. The models I have mentioned above are all quiet options that you can get a good device that will keep your room cool and at the same time give you a peaceful rest and sleep.
Anyway, you need to delve into the fans to find out how other consumers are rating them on noisiness. You can as well read the product descriptions to discover the noise level.
Also, find out the speed rate and there are features to change the speed. Because the faster the blades rotate, the noisier the fan becomes.
2. Size
Ensure that you buy a fan that's sizeable enough to circulate airflow in the entire room. This means that you need to estimate the space area this fan would be covering.
Check out the base size of your fan. It should fit on the tabletop properly if it's a table fan. You must make sure that space, where your fan will go, is adequate – it doesn't harm taking the measurements and selecting a fan-based on that.
3. Maximum Air Flow (CFM)
Even as much as you might be in search of a fan that can cool the room rapidly, you also want to have the best quietest fan. The airflow of a fan can be given in terms of cubic feet per minute (CFM) or in liters per second.
This basically indicates that the amount of air a particular fan would be able to move in a minute. The higher the CFM value the better air cooling there's going to be.
The problem comes on the side of noise control. As you know, higher CFM devices also produce a lot of noise.
4. Durability
Any serious buyer always places durability high on the list of considerations. The fan should be efficient and durable to last for years while functioning just fine.
You should take your time to ensure that you find out the materials the body and other parts are made of before you proceed further for a purchase.
Other ways to determine the durability of a device such as this is through reading online reviews. The customer experiences by those reviews can shape your buying decision.
If it's a good product, you'll just find out.
Besides that, the fan should be sturdy.
5. Type of Fan
Fortunately, I have discussed the different types of silent fans for home. it's vital to appreciate the different capabilities of these fans.
They don't produce the same results.
Other fans are made to be small; for example, the desk fans. Regular standing fans usually comes a large fan with a stand and a rotating head on top.
Once you are decided on which type you want, you can now go ahead and make the purchase.
6. Design and Material
The design of the fan determines the number of things during shopping of this device. A given design would determine the easiness of cleaning and maintenance.
Bladeless design is the best when you are having toddlers and pets in the house. Unlike the conventional types which are likely to cause injuries, these ones have nothing like that.
When it comes to material, most of the fans incorporate the use of plastics. However, if you want a long-lasting device, you can always find the sturdier materials which don't come on the cheap.
7. Speed Selection
Having a fan which you can change from one speed to another is a blessing in disguise. Sometimes you will want the air circulation to be rapid.
And it's at a point such as this where speed selection feature proves its importance. You can control the noise level by simply dialing the kind of speed you want.
If you want it slow, or fast with the fan, and bearing in mind the associated noise, then a variety of speed settings is the way to go.
8. Extra Features
As time goes by, the design of fans gets improvisations relevant to the growing market. Today, you can get a quiet desk fan that also uses the Bluetooth feature.
So, with the help of remote control, you are able to adjust certain functions as you want from the comfort of your bed or seat. Some fans also come with ionizers that release aromatic particles alongside the airflow to refresh the home.
Other fans have a timer etc. Some of the models I have highlighted in this guide have these extra features – you can definitely choose to pick one of them.
9. Price
Know the price of the fan. But also know your budget so that you don't get what you think was not worth the amount you paid.
Generally, the price range for decent fans is $15-$60. Although if you want to go the expensive way, you will also get models which cost about a hundred dollars or more.
It doesn't mean that a super quiet fan has to be expensive though.
In Conclusion
You can definitely upgrade the fans in your house with the best of the quiet fans for sleeping. In this guide, each type I researched comes with a decent model which I have no doubt, would turn your home into a safe, peaceful, airy sleeping haven.
Now, it comes down to your preference. Please note that the rest of the job has been done – it's just about you making a choice.


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Stay Connected
Keep in touch with your team and stay connected.
Private Groups
Create or Join multiple groups to keep everyone updated.
Send and receive messages anytime. Work on your schedule.
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As we gradually walk into the new year, it's also that time of the year down here where we have the weather change which is the harmattan season that is characterized by a very cold-dry and dust-laden wind and that calls for proper preparedness and without further ado, let me for the umpteenth time, introduce you to one of my favorite online store Ninacloak.
|Round Neck Elegant Plain Long Sleeve Knit Pullover sweater
As the title of the post says, we will be looking at the trendy outfits that this store has to offer us and for those who are regular readers of this blog, you would have come accross different posts of this brand and with that, shopping with them would not be an issue.
The weather down here in my state is so not favorable at all and that's not just about the chilly days and nights, but rather how dusty and hazy it could get which therefore results to annoying Nasal flu and scaly skin.
|60% Off Round Neck Plain Sweaters
One thing I've come to realize is that wearing the right clothing during weather's like this goes a long way to protect the whole body and most especially the skin from any form of breakouts and going through this store, I must confess that I have fallen in love with some of their trendy Sweaters that are not only beautiful but looks super soft and cozy.
Whether you are looking for that fullness/heavy knit or just the light feathered designs, they've got it all.
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Made with MAGIX
It's only about 1200km from Svalbard
to the North pole. Although snow and
ice characterize large parts of the
landscape, the gulf stream renders
particularly western Svalbard
considerably warmer than areas of
comparable southern latitudes. This
makes the archipelago an attractive
summer destination for a variety of
migratory birds, who raise their young
in the permanent daylight of the polar
On Svalbard there is always a chance
of encountering a polar bear.
Accordingly you need to be properly
trained and equipped when venturing
past the few settlements, or should be
in the company of one who knows how
to handle a weapon and particularly
knows how to avoid dangerous
encounters in the first place. Because
a close encounter usually ends deadly
for either the human or the bear - not
a desirable outcome for either party.
click preview to enlarge
British Columbia
Falkland Islands
South Georgia Island
Feathers everywhere
In the Media


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Here is a list of the conditions we treat.
A condition in which endometrial tissue appears outside of the uterus. This appearance can be associated with pelvic pain, heavy and painful periods, pain during sexual intercourse as well as urinary and bowel dysfunction.
Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that originate as smooth muscle from smooth muscle located in the uterus that often appear during a woman's reproductive years.
4 Main Types:
- Pedunculated:stalk-like tumor either on inside/outside of uterus
- Intramural:within the myometrium (muscle walls of uterus)
- Subserosal:grows on outside of uterus
- Submucosal:located within the middle muscle layer of the myometrium
The common signs and symptoms are heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, pressure, bulking, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) occurs when one or more pelvic organs (uterus, bladder, rectum) protrudes into the vaginal canal. This is due to the weakening of pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues that function to provide support for the pelvic organs. Common contributing factors for weakness within the pelvic floor include:
- Pregnancy
- Vaginal delivery
- Constipation
- Being overweight
- Chronic coughing
- Hormonal changes that occur with menopause
Vaginismus: An involuntary clenching of the pelvic floor muscles to prevent vaginal penetration. This may limit gynecological exams, tampon insertion or sexual intercourse.
Vulvodynia: A nonspecific, unprovoked, generalized pain around the opening of your vagina (vulva) with no identifiable physical findings.
Pain experienced within the tailbone or coccyx. Symptoms increase with prolonged sitting.
Pain experienced with sexual intercourse. Pelvic pain can occur before, during and after sexual intercourse. Symptoms can be experienced superficially at the opening, with deep penetration or with orgasms.
The levator ani muscles are the deep muscles of the pelvic floor. These muscles can go into spasm resulting in pain within the perineum, rectum or tailbone.
A condition affecting the bladder involving unpleasant sensations and symptoms such as pain, pressure, burning, urinary frequency and urgency. With this condition there can be identifiable bladder disease (such as Hunner's lesions)
The pudendal nerve supplies sensory, motor and autonomic function to the external genitalia, bladder and rectal muscles. With pudendal neuralgia, the nerve is mechanically compressed, entrapped, or irritated causing pain and dysfunction in the pelvic region. Prolonged sitting, difficult childbirth and cycling are common causes of pudendal neuralgia.
When bowel movements are infrequent or challenging to pass. Symptoms may include bloating or abdominal pain and the inability to completely empty the bowels.
Difficulty initiating either urine stream or bowel movement. This can be a result of poor pelvic floor muscle coordination
Frequent urination, more than 5-8 times per day.
- Stress Urinary Incontinence
The involuntary loss of urine with an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. You may leak when you laugh, cough, sneeze or with physical activity (jumping, running, walking)
- Urge Urinary Incontinence
The involuntary loss of urine following a strong urge to urinate that can not be controlled.
- Mixed Urinary Incontinence
A combination of stress Incontinence and urge Incontinence. It is very common to have mixed incontinence as opposed to pure stress or pure urge incontinence.


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128GB Micro SD Installed and Loaded. Printed Manual instructions/Support as needed.
Message me with any questions. The item "White PS Vita PlayStation Vita OLED 128GB (PSP, PS1, Retro games)" is in sale since Thursday, January 30, 2020.This item is in the category "Video Games & Consoles\Video Game Consoles". The seller is "jammies_jumbostore" and is located in Dewitt, Michigan. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, China, Sweden, South Korea, Taiwan, South africa, Belgium, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Chile, Colombia, Costa rica, Panama, Trinidad and tobago, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, French guiana, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Liechtenstein, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Monaco, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.