system
Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:
human
What are the utilitarian responses to Bernard Williams criticisms of their theory?

If you have specific papers or books in mind, I'd like to hear those as well.
gpt
A lot of Bernard Williams' criticisms are rooted in very fundamental disputes over what constitutes a good theory of ethics and what we should expect out of our moral principles. So at the ground level you're either with him or you're not for some of these  issues.

On the other hand, Railton's paper "Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality" is a commonly cited response to his accusations that utilitarianism is self-effacing.