system
Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:
human
Is there actual science behind shampoo types (such as "for frizzy hair", "for damaged hair", or "for curly blonde hair", etc.) or is it all just marketing?

Excluding dandruff shampoos like head & shoulders as I'm aware these have certain active ingredients that combat dandruff.
gpt
There is to an extent.

A colleague who worked as a product scientist in hair care explained it this way. You may be familiar with serums that people apply to curly or frizzy hair to help the hair settle (these products usually  contain silicone)? Shampoos for "dry" or "frizzy" hair may contain more of the silicone ingredient which will cling to hair after washing and help it smooth down. Shampoos for "thin" hair or that are "for volume" will contain less of that silicone product and therefore less product will remain on the hair after washing, theoretically making the hair less weighed down and more voluminous. 

Shampoos for "color treated" hair supposedly contain gentler surfactants to clean the hair and therefore the shampoo should take off less of your color when you wash with it,

Amounts and specific ingredients vary by brand. 

Some of it is science, or theory, at least. A lot of it is marketing. The industry is not strictly regulated so take it all with prudent skepticism.