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[Star Wars] How old is Palpatine? Is he definitively beyond turning back from the Dark Side?

I know only that he killed his master Darth Plaguis (sp), and then somehow used an alternate identity as Palpatine to gain power in the Senate. I don't know how old he is, how long he has been turned, whether he started out on the Dark Side, and how long he has been a part of the Sith. 

It's actually a multi part question. I reason that the Jedi obviously didn't know about Palpatine being on the Dark Side from ROTS. They might have known his former identity, as DP might have been famous?, but I don't know as I am not sure what his reveal of the story actually implies then. However during this time I'm also wondering, basically, if there were practices to try and turn a Sith back. I mean Han Solo says fatherly things to Kylo Ren but that doesn't work. Is that a practice or if somebody's turned then what to do? Is there nothing but basic remedial options before dueling somebody? Then say they are an explicit doer of great evil like Palpatine. Can they be restrained or retrained? If not, the consequentialist might say you'd have to kill them, as they would intentionally only exist to gain power through harm.

However, one could see why a Jedi might be compelled to get angry towards such a person. To feel anger during the action might compromise their Force 'goodness,' might it not?

Are some Dark Side users so turned that they are basically empty shells of persons? Is there just no crying baby or something still living in the shell that is Palpatine?
gpt
Palpatine was born in 84 BBY, rendering him 52 years old in TPM, 65 in ROTS, and then 88 in ROTJ (canon is two years older). He joined the Sith at age 19 after murdering his family at the encouraging of Darth Plagueis, who was known to the galaxy at large as successful Munn financer Hego Damask before his death the night Palpatine became Chancellor. When Palpatine tells his legend to Anakin, he’s BSing the kid by framing it as an extremely old legend he discovered in his time studying the Force and it’s users in the galaxy, while in reality he’s recalling his greatest-soon to be second, once Darth Vader is converted-triumph from thirteen years ago. 

Anyway, to answer your question: at times there have been Jedi who tried to turn Sith back, chiefly Luke to Vader, Yoda to Dooku in Dark Rendezvous, and others throughout the EU. However, the only surefire way we see works is either those words and gestures reaching to the good still in those Sith or…well, either wiping their memory (Revan), or cutting them off from the Force (Ulic Quel-Droma), which required the former to be unconscious from his apprentice betraying him by firing on his ship and the latters consent. Sith can be restrained, but it’s extremely hard and as Mace Windu saw with Palpatine, often too dangerous to take the chance for multiple reasons. Not all Dark Siders are empty shells, they still have vesitges of who they once were, but Palpatine was wholly and utterly evil from birth, only amplified by his abusive family and Sith Master.