system
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human
What is it is called when a powerful company in one sector runs an unprofitable business over the long term to capture a market?

I remember learning about monopolies and one subject that came up in undergrad was that a powerful player in one market may do things like sell a cheap way of entry and then more expensive products as accessories. Razor blades, printers, etc. But what is it called when a company that makes, say coal, enters a market for consumer goods like TVs, and sells them way below cost to gain majority market share? So it’s not a closed system, even if they make a little back on sub auxiliary revenues like expensive repair services or licensing. It could not be profitable without the main revenue stream in coal, and thus no one could enter the market and copy the business model with a better product.
gpt
generally it's called "dumping", from PoV of international trade (and as such you'll see it mentioned in international law - EU...)

in terms of pricing strategy (from perspective of domestic trade and names usually used in management / marketing theory) it's "predatory pricing", which is an extreme form of "penetration pricing" (because of focus on penetration of the market, to quickly gain market share)