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human
[Star Wars] How does the galaxy deal with different rotations and time on planets?

Different planets have different rotations, meaning that some of them might have very long ‘nights’ compared to others. I would also think that the biology of some species are adapted to the time and rotation of their planet. For example: on a planet which has a slower rotation compared to Earth or Coruscant , native species would possibly sleep for days. How does the galaxy in general deal with this? How do they communicate? Or the senate for example, how do they operate efficiently? Is there like a central time that planets abide by? Eg: do planets agree to consider 24hours as one day, regardless of the rotation of the planet? What if someone on Planet X has to communicate with someone on Planet Y while time/days are different for both of them? Even on Earth alone their are many different time zones, imagine having a whole galaxy of different planets with sentient life to communicate with. 

And how do Jedi maintain their biorhythm when operating on all these different planets?
gpt
In terms of the Republic and the Empire, Coruscant likely served as the central timekeeper for political and military purposes, effectively a "Coruscant Mean Time" (CMT) much the way Greenwich Mean Time is used as a general time marker. Each planet would use their own time for their internal business, but when you'd set your schedules with other planets you'd use CMT to make sure everyone's using the same time. 

For travelers on ships, there's a few different ways they can do it. Either A) they can gently mess with the lights and timing during transit so by the time they arrive at their destination they're on the same rotation as the destination or B) maintain "ship's time" independent from their destination, set either from their port of origin or by CMT. The former is likely only done by smaller vessels, or by small non-crew groups on larger ships, effectively letting them cheat on "hyperdrive lag" in acclimating to the new rotation. The latter is more common with larger commercial and military vessels, as keeping to a strict, universal time table is often critical to operations and the individual comfort of the crew/passengers.

Regarding biological differences, it pretty much came down to "go on human timing or go F yourself". Even in the arguably more egalitarian Republic days, humanity had a dominant role in government and military, and when it comes time to get everyone to compromise on a schedule it's a human majority influencing the timing. Any species that couldn't hang with that timing was effectively handicapped, in turn further reducing their ability to influence the timetables and leading to a cycle where it was chiefly humans and human-equivalents making the calls on the schedule. In the Empire, which was a straight up human supremacist, this only got worse.

As far as the biorhythm of Jedi, they likely have techniques to get themselves on the schedule of new planets in rapid order; meditation, carefully timed resting to realign their sleep schedules, opening themselves to the local flow of life energy, that "fists with your toes" thing John McClane does, you know, whatever works.