system
Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:
human
ELI5: What is exactly happening when AC power is being converted to DC energy?
gpt
There are electronic components called diodes.  These are sort of like one-way streets for electricity.  If you try to pass AC through one of these, only half the wave will get through, say the positive half.  This is called a *half-wave rectifier*.

Now, if you do two of these, one in each direction, you can have one stream that gets the positive halves of the waves and a second that takes the negative half.  You can then combine these together using some more diodes so that you basically get the full wave, but with all the negative bumps flipped to positive.  This is a *full-wave rectifier*.

Sometimes, your circuit uses 3-phase power.  There are 3 wires running AC, but ⅓ of a cycle out of step with each other.  If you fully rectify this, you get a signal that's just a slightly bumpy version of DC.

Regardless of single or 3 phase, the next step is to smooth things out as best you can.  This can be done using a *low-pass filter*.  LP filters let through signals that don't vary much, and are resistant to quickly changing signals.  If you've got a sound system with a woofer and a tweeter (low and high speakers), there's an LP filter making sure the woofer only gets the bass.

A simple LP filter is just a coil of wire, known as an inductor.  When you pass a current through it, it generates a magnetic field.  This field is resistant to changes in the current.  It store energy, and when the supply drops, it gives off some of the stored energy to stabilise it.  When the current tries to increase, the inductor takes in some of that energy to 'charge up' the magnet.  This means the current coming out the inductor will be smoother than what went in.