system
Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:
human
[ELI5] All of the different graphics options for games?

I know what resolution and texture quality mean, but what exactly does 

* Shader Quality
* Lighting Quality
* Filtering
* anti-aliasing
* Buffering
* FSAA
* V-Sync

**Edit:** Also, bloom.

And all the other random ones that you usually find.
gpt
Each of these settings let's you adjust the trade-off between image quality vs. frame rate and what your system is capable of:

Shader quality: the level of detail of computed textures and surfaces

Lighting quality: detail and softness of shadows and reflected light

Filtering: details in layered textures

Anti-aliasing: the sharpness of edges, makes edges less jaggy 

Buffering: better frame rates due to more precomputed drawings

FSAA: Full Scene Anti-Aliasing, draw each frame multiple times and blend the drawings together for even sharper edges

V-Sync: The refresh rate of your monitor. Adjust as needed to reduce image tearing, or just leave it disabled if no there's no tearing issues.