Accounts of Anti-Armenian Human Right Violations in Azerbaijan #008 Part B
                 Prelude to Current Events in Nagorno-Karabakh

				(Part B of #008)

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      |                                                                  |
      | "Oh, yes, I just remembered. While they were raping me they      |
      |  repeated quite frequently, "Let the Armenian women have babies  |
      |  for us, Muslim babies, let them bear Azerbaijanis for the       |
      |  struggle against the Armenians." Then they said, "Those         |
      |  Muslims can carry on our holy cause. Heroes!" They repeated     |
      |  it very often."                                                 |
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...continued from PART A:

The six of them left. They left and I had an attack. I realized that the dan-
ger was past, and stopped controlling myself. I relaxed for a moment and the
physical pain immediately made itself felt. My heart and kidneys hurt. I had
an awful kidney attack. I rolled back and forth on top of those Christmas
ornaments, howling and howling. I didn't know where I was or how long this
went on. When we figured out the time, later it turned out that I howled and
was in pain for around an hour. Then all my strength was gone and I burst into
tears, I started feeling sorry for myself, and so on and so forth . . .

Then someone came into the room. I think I hear someone calling my name. I
want to respond and restrain myself, I think that I'm hallucinating. I am
silent, and then it continues: it seems that first a man's voice is calling
me, then a woman's. Later I found out that Mamma had sent our neighbor, the
one whose apartment she was hiding in, Uncle Sabir Kasumov, to our place,
telling him, "I know that they've killed Lyuda. Go there and at least bring
her corpse to me so they don't violate her corpse." He went and returned empty
handed, but Mamma thought he just didn't want to carry the corpse into his
apartment. She sent him another time, and then sent his wife, and they were
walking through the rooms looking for me, but I didn't answer their calls.
There was no light, they had smashed the chandeliers and lamps.

They started the pogrom in our apartment around five o'clock, and at 9:30 I
went down to the Kasumovs'. I went down the stairs myself. I walked out of the
apartment: how long can you wait for your own death, how long can you be
cowardly, afraid? Come what will. I walked out and started knocking on the
doors one after the next. No one, not on the fifth floor, not on the fourth,
opened the door. On the third floor, on the landing of the stairway, Uncle
Sabir's son started to shout, "Aunt Roza, don't cry, Lyuda's alive!" He
knocked on his own door and out came Aunt Tanya, Igor, and after them, Mamma.
Aunt Tanya, Uncle Sabir's wife, is an Urdmurt. All of us were in their
apartment. I didn't see Karina, but she was in their home, too, Lying
delirious, she had a fever. Marina was there too, and my father and mother.
All of my family had gathered there.

At the door I lost consciousness. Igor and Aunt Tanya carried me into the
apartment.

Later I found out what they had done to our Karina. Mamma said, "Lyuda,
Karina's in really serious condition, she's probably dying. If she recognizes
you, don't cry, don't tell her that her face looks so awful." It was as though
her whole face was paralyzed, you know, everything was pushed over to one
side, her eye was all swollen, and everything flowed together, her lips, her
cheeks . . . It was as though they had dragged her right side around the whole
microdistrict, that's how disfigured her face was. I said, "Fine." Mamma was
afraid to go into the room, because she went in and hugged Karina and started
to cry. I went in. As soon as I saw her my legs gave way. I fell down near the
bed, hugged her legs and started kissing them and crying. She opened the eye
that was intact, looked at me, and said, "Who is it?" But I could barely talk,
my whole face was so badly beaten. I didn't say, but rather muttered something
tender, something incomprehensible, but tender, "My Karochka, my Karina, my
little golden one . . . " She understood me.

Then Igor brought me some water, I drank it down and moistened Karina's lips.
She started to groan. She was saying something to me, but I couldn't
understand it. Then I made out, "It hurts, I hurt all over." Her hair was
glued down with blood. I stroked her forehead, her head, she had grit on her
forehead, and on her lips . . . She was groaning again, and I don't know how
to help her. She calls me over with her hand, come closer. I go to her. She's
saying something to me, but I can't understand her. Igor brings her a pencil
and paper and says, "Write it down." She shakes her head as if to say, no, I
can't write. I can't understand what she's saying. She wanted to tell me
something, but she couldn't. I say, "Karina, just lie there a little while,
then maybe you'll feel better and you can tell me then." And then she says,
"Maybe it'll be too late." And I completely . . . just broke down, I couldn't
control myself.

Then I moistened my hand in the water and wiped her forehead and eye. I dipped
a handkerchief into the water and squeezed a little water onto her lips. She
says, "Lyuda, we're not saved yet, we have to go somewhere else. Out of this
damned house. They want to kill us, I know. They'll find us here, too. We need
to call Urshan." She repeated this to me for almost a whole hour, Until I
understood her every word. I ask, "What's his number?" Urshan Feyruzovich,
that's the head of the administration where she works. "We have to call him."
But I didn't know his home number. I say, "Karina, what's his number?" She
says, "I can't remember." I say, "Who knows his number? Who can I call?" She
says, "I don't know anything, leave me alone."

I went out of the room. Igor stayed to watch over her and sat there, he was
crying, too. I say, "Mamma, Karina says that we have to call Urshan. How can
we call him? Who knows his telephone number?" I tell Marina, "Think, think,
who can we call to find out?" She started calling; several people didn't
answer. She called a girlfriend, her girlfriend called another girlfriend and
found out the number and called us back. The boss's wife answered and said he
was at the dacha. My voice keeps cracking, I can't talk normally. She says,
"Lyuda, don't panic, get a hold of yourself, go out to those hooligans and
tell them that they just can't do that." She still didn't know what was really
going on. I said, "It's easy for you to say that, you don't understand what's
happening. They are killing people here. I don't think there is a single
Armenian left in the building, they've cut them all up. I'm even surprised
that we managed to save ourselves. "She says, "Well, OK, if it's that serious
. . . " And all the same she's thinking that my emotions are all churned up
and that I'm fearing for my life, that in fact it's not all that bad. "OK,
fine, fine," she says, "if you're afraid, OK, as soon as Urshan comes back
I'll send him over."

We called again because they had just started robbing the apartment directly
under Aunt Tanya's, on the second floor, Asya Dallakian's apartment. She
wasn't home, she was staying with her daughter in Karabagh. They destroyed
everything there . . . We realized that they still might come back. We kept on
trying to get through to Aunt Tanya--Urshan's wife is named Tanya too and
finally we get through. She says, "Yes, he's come home, he's leaving for your
place now." He came. Of course he didn't know what was happening, either,
because he brought two of his daughters with him. He came over in his jeep
with his two daughters, like he was going on an outing. He came and saw what
shape we were in and what was going on in town and got frightened. He has
grown up daughters, they're almost my age.

The three of us carried out Karina, tossed a coat on her and a warm scarf, and
went down to his car. He took Karina and me to the Maternity Home. . . No,
first they took us to the po]ice precinct. They had stretchers ready. As
soon as we got out of the car they put Karina and me on stretchers and said
that we were in serious condition and that we mustn't move, we might have
fractures. From the stretcher I saw about 30 soldiers sitting and lying on the
first floor, bandaged, on the concrete floor, groaning . . . This was around
eleven o'clock at night. We had left the house somewhere around 1:30. When I
saw those soldiers I realized that a war was going on: soldiers, enemies
. . . everything just like a war.

They carried me into some office on the stretcher. The emergency medical
people from Baku were there. The medical attendant there was an older
Armenian. Urshan told him what they had done to Karina because she's so proud
she would never have told. And this aging Armenian . . . his name was Uncle
Arkady, I think, because someone said "Arkady, get an injection ready," he
started to fill a syringe, and turned around so as to give Karina a shot. But
when he looked at her face he became ill. And he was an old man, in his
sixties, his hair was all grey, and his moustache, too. He hugged Karina and
started to cry: "What have they done to you?!" He was speaking Armenian. "What
have they done to you?!" Karina didn't say anything. Mamma came in then, and
she started to cry, too. The man tried to calm her. "I'll give you a shot."
Mamma tells him, "I don't need any shot. Where is the government? Just what
are they doing? Look what they've done to my children! They're killing people,
and you're just sitting here!" Some teacups were standing on the table in
there. "You're sitting here drinking tea! Look what they've done to my
daughters! Look what they've turned them into!" They gave her something to
drink, some heart medicine, I think. They gave Karina an injection and the
doctor said that she had to be taken to the Maternity Home immediately. Papa
and Urshan, I think, even though Papa was in bad shape, helped carry Karina
out. When they put her on the stretcher, none of the medics got near her. I
don't know, maybe there weren't any orderlies. Then they came to me: "What's
the matter with you?" Their tone was so official that I wrapped myself tighter
in the half-length coat. I had a blanket on, too, an orange one, Aunt Tanya's.
I said, "I'm fine." Uncle Arkady came over and was soothing me, and then told
the doctor, "You leave, let a woman examine her." A woman came, an
Azerbaijani, I believe, and said, "What's wrong with you?" I was wearing my
sister Lyuda's nightshirt, the sister who at this time was in Yerevan. When
she was nursing her infant she had cut out a big hole in it so that it would
be easier to breast feed the baby. I tore the night shirt some more and showed
her. I took it off my shoulders and turned my back to her. There was a huge
wound, about the size of a hand, on my back, from the Indian vase. She said
something to them and they gave me two shots. She said that it should be
dressed with something, but that they'd do that in the hospital.

They put me on a stretcher, too. They started looking for people to carry me.
I raised up my head a little and wanted to sit up, and this woman, I don't
know if she was a doctor or a nurse, said, "Lie still, you mustn't move." When
I was lying back down I saw two policemen leading a man. His profile seemed
very familiar to me. I shouted, "Stop!" One of the policemen turned and says,
"What do you want?" I say, "Bring him to me, I want to look at him." They
brought him over and I said, "That person was just in our apartment and he
just raped me and my sister. I recognize him, note it down." They said,
"Fine," but didn't write it down and led him on. I don't know where they were
taking him.

Then they put my stretcher near where the injured and beaten soldiers were
sitting. They went to look for the ambulance driver so he would bring the car
up closer. One of the soldiers started talking to me, "Sister . . . " I don't
remember the conversation exactly, but he asked me were we lived and what they
did to us. I asked him, "Where are you from?" He said that he was from Ufa.
Apparently they were the first that were brought in. The Ufa police. Later I
learned that they suffered most of all. He says, "OK, you're Armenians, they
didn't get along with you, but I'm a Russian," he says, "what are they trying
to kill me for?" Oh, I remembered something else. When I went out onto the
balcony with Kuliyev for a hammer and nails I looked out the window and saw
two Azerbaijanis beating a soldier near the kindergarten. He was pressed
against the fence and he covered his head with his arms, they were beating him
with his own club. The way he cried "Mamma" made my skin crawl. I don't know
what they did to him, if he's still alive or not. And something else. Before
he attack on our house we saw sheets, clothes, and some dishes flying from the
third or fourth floor of the neighboring building, but I didn't think it was
Azerbaijanis attacking Armenians. I thought that something was on fire or they
were throwing something they didn't need out, or someone was fighting with
someone. It was only later, when they were burning a passenger car in the
yard, when the neighbors said that they were doing that to the Armenians, that
I realized that this was serious, that it was anti-Armenian.

They took Karina and me to the Sumgait Maternity Home. Mamma went to them too
and said, "I've been beaten too, help me." But they just ignored her. My
father went to them and said in a guilty voice, as though it was his fault
that he'd been beaten, and says, "My ribs hurt so much, those creeps have
probably broken my ribs. Please look at them." The doctor says, "That's not my
job." Urshan said, "Fine, I'll take you to my place and if we need a doctor,
I'll find you one. I'll bring one and have him look at you. And he drove them
to his apartment.

Marina and I stayed there. They examined us. I was more struck by what the
doctor said than by what those Azerbaijanis in our apartment did to us. I
wasn't surprised when they beat us they wanted to beat us, but I was very
surprised that in a Soviet medical facility a woman who had taken the
Hippocratic Oath could talk to victims like that. By happy--or unhappy--
coincidence we were seen by the doctor that had delivered our Karina. And she,
having examined Karina, said, "No problem, you got off pretty good. Not like
they did in Kafan, when you Armenians were killing and raping our women.
"Karina was in such terrible condition that she couldn't say anything--she
would certainly have had something to say! Then they examined me. The same
story. They put us in a separate ward. No shots, no medicinal powders, no
drugs. Absolutely none! They didn't even give us tea. All the women there soon
found out that in ward such and such were Armenians who had been raped. And
they started coming and peering through the keyhole, the way people look at
zoo animals. Karina didn't see this, she was lying there, and I kept her from
seeing it.

They put Ira B. in our ward. She had also been raped. True, she didn't have
any serious bodily injuries, but when she told me what had happened at their
place, I felt worse for them than I did for us. Because when they raped Ira
her daughter was in the room, she was under the bed on which it happened. And
Ira was holding her daughter's hand, the one who was hiding under the bed.
When they were beating Ira or taking her earrings off, gold, when she
involuntarily let go of her daughter's hand, her daughter took her hand again.
Her daughter is in the fourth grade, she's 11 years old. I felt really awful
when I heard that. Ira asked them not to harm her daughter, she said, "Do what
you want with me, just leave my daughter alone." Well, they did what they
wanted. They threatened to kill her daughter if she got in their way. Now I
would be surprised if the criminals had behaved any other way that night. It
was simply Bartholomew's Night, I say, they did what they would love to do
every day: steal, kill, rape . . .

Many are surprised that those animals didn't harm the children. The beasts
explained it like this: this would be repeated in 15 to 20 years, and those
children would be grown, and then, as they put it, "we'll come take the
pleasure out of their lives, those children." This was about the girls that
would be young women in 15 years. They were thinking about their tomorrow
because they were sure that there would be no trial and no investigation, just
as there was no trial or investigation in 1915, and that those girls could be
of some use in 15 years. This I heard from the investigators; one of the
victims testified to it. That's how they described their own natures, that
they would still be bloodthirsty in 15 to 20 years, and in 100 years--they
themselves said that.

And this, too. Everyone is surprised that they didn't harm our Marina. Many
people say that they either were drunk or had smoked too much. I don't know
why their eyes were red. Maybe because they hadn't slept the night before,
maybe for some other reason, I don't know. But they hadn't been smoking and
they weren't drunk, I'm positive, because someone who has smoked will stop at
nothing he has the urge to do. And they spoke in a cultured fashion with
Marina: "Little sister, don't be afraid, we won't harm you, don't look over
there [where I was], you might be frightened. You're a Muslim, a Muslim woman
shouldn't see such things." So they were really quite sober . . .

So we came out of that story alive. Each every day we have lived since it all
happened bears the mark of that day. It wasn't even a day, of those several
hours. Father still can't look us in the eyes. He still feels guilty for what
happened to Karina, Mother, and me. Because of his nerves he's started talk-
ing to himself, I've heard him argue with himself several times when he
thought no one is listening: "Listen," he'll say, "what could I do? What could
I do alone, how could I protect them?" I don't know where to find the words,
it's not that I'm happy, but I am glad that he didn't see it all happen.
That's the only thing they spared us . . . or maybe it happened by chance. Of
course he knows it all, but there's no way you could imagine every last detail
of what happened. And there were so many conversations: Karina and I spoke
together in private, and we talked with Mamma, too. But Father was never
present at those conversations. We spare him that, if you can say that. And
when the investigator comes to the house, we don't speak with Father present.

On February 29, the next clay, Karina and I were discharged from the hospital.
First they released me, but since martial law had been declared in the city,
the soldiers took me to the police precinct in an armored personnel carrier.
There were many people there, Armenian victims. I met the Tovmasian family
there. From them I learned that Rafik and their Uncle Grant had died. They
were sure that both had died. They were talking to me and Raya, Rafik's wife
and Grant's daughter, and her mother, were both crying.

Then they took us all out of the office on the first floor into the yard.
There's a little one-room house outside there, a recreation and reading area.
They took us in there. The women were afraid to go because they thought
that they were shooing us out of the police precinct because it had become
so dangerous that even the people working at the precinct wanted to hide.
The women were shouting. They explained to them: "We want to hide you
better because it's possible there will be an attack on the police precinct."

We went into the little house. There were no chairs or tables in there. We
had children with us and they were hungry; we even had infants who needed to
have their diapers changed. No one had anything with them. It was just awful.
They kept us there for 24 hours. From the window of the one room house you
could see that there were Azerbaijanis standing on the fences around the
police precinct, as though they were spying on us. The police precinct is
surrounded by a wall, like a fence, and it's electrified, but if they were
standing on the wall, it means the electricity was shut off. This brought
great psychological pressure to bear on us, particularly on those who hadn't
just walked out of their apartments, but who hadn't slept for 24 hours, or 48,
or those who had suffered physically and spiritually, the ones who had lost
family members. For us it was another ordeal. We were especially frightened
when all the precinct employees suddenly disappeared. We couldn't see a single
person, not in the courtyard and not in the windows. We thought that they must
have already been hiding under the building, that they must have some secret
room down there. People were panicking: they started throwing themselves at
one another . . . That's the way it is on a sinking ship. We heard those
people, mainly young people, whistling and whopping on the walls. We felt that
the end was approaching. I was completely terrified: I had left Karina in the
hospital and didn't know where my parents were. I was sort of calm about my
parents, I was thinking only about Karina, if, Heaven forbid, they should
attack the hospital, they would immediately tell them that there was an
Armenian in there, and something terrible would happen to Karina again, and
she wouldn't be able to take it.

Then soldiers with dogs appeared. When they saw the dogs some of the people
climbed down off the fence. Then they brought in about another 30 soldiers.
They all had machine guns in readiness, their fingers on the triggers. We
calmed down a little. They brought us chairs and brought the children some
little cots and showed us where we could wash our hands, and took the children
to the toilet. But we all sat there hungry, but to be honest, it would never
have occurred to any of us that we hadn't eaten for two days and that people
do eat.

Then, closer to nightfall, they brought a group of detained criminals. They
were being watched by soldiers with guard dogs. One of the men came back from
the courtyard and told us about it. Raya Tovmasian . . . it was like a
different woman had been substituted. Earlier she had been crying, wailing,
and calling out: "Oh, Rafik!," but when she heard about this such a rage came
over her! She jumped up, she had a coat on, and she started to roll up her
sleeves like she was getting ready to beat someone. And suddenly there were
soldiers, and dogs, and lots of people. She ran over to them. The bandits were
standing there with their hands above their heads facing the wall. She went up
to one of them and grabbed him by the collar and started to shake and thrash
him! Then, on to a second, and a third. Everyone was rooted to the spot. Not
one of the soldiers moved, no one went up to help or made her stop her from
doing it. And the bandits fell down and covered their heads with their hands,
muttering something. She came back and sat down, and something akin to a smile
appeared on her face. She became so quiet: no tears, no cries. Then that round
was over and she went back to beat them again. She was walking and cursing
terribly: take that, and that, they killed my husband, the bastards, the
creeps, and so on. Then she came back again and sat down. She probably did
this the whole night through, well, it wasn't really night, no one slept. She
went five or six times and beat them and returned. And she told the women,
"What are you sitting there for? They killed your husbands and children, they
raped, and you're just sitting there. You're sitting and talking as though
nothing had happened. Aren't you Armenians?" She appealed to everyone, but no
one got up. I was just numb, I didn't have the strength to beat anyone, I
could barely hold myself up, all the more so since I had been standing for so
many hours--I was released at eleven o'clock in the morning and it was already
after ten at night because there weren't enough chairs, really it was the
elderly and women with children who sat. I was on my feet the whole time.
There was nothing to breathe, the door was closed, and the men were smoking.
The situation was deplorable.

At eleven o'clock at night policemen came for us, local policemen,
Azerbaijanis. They said, "Get up. They've brought mattresses, you can wash up
and put the children to bed." Now the women didn't want to leave this place,
either. The place had become like home, it was safe, there were soldiers with
dogs. If anyone went outside, the soldiers would say, "Oh, it's our little
family," and things like that. The soldiers felt this love, and probably, for
the first time in their lives perceived themselves as defenders. Everyone
spoke from the heart, cried, and hugged them and they, with their loaded
machine guns in their hands, said, "Grandmother, you mustn't approach me,
I'm on guard." Our people would say, "Oh, that's all right." They hugged
them, one woman even kissed one of the machine guns. This was all terribly
moving for me. And the small children kept wanting to pet the dogs.

They took us up to the second floor and said, "You can undress and sleep in
here. Don't be afraid, the precinct is on guard, and it's quiet in the city."
This was the 29th, when the killing was going on in block 41A and in other
places. Then we were told that all the Armenians were being gathered at the
SK club and at the City Party Committee. They took us there. On the way I
asked them to stop at the Maternity Home: I wanted to take Karina with me.
I didn't know what was happening there. They told me, "Don't worry, the
Maternity Home is full of soldiers, more than mothers-to-be. So you can rest
assured. I say, "Well, I won't rest assured regardless, because the staff in
there is capable of anything."

When I arrived at the City Party Committee it turned out that Karina had
already been brought there. They had seen fit to release her from the hospi-
tal, deciding that she felt fine and was no longer in need of any care. Once
we were in the City Party Committee we gave free reign to our tears. We met
acquaintances, but everyone was somehow divided into two groups, those who
hadn't been injured, who were clothed, who had brought a pot of food with
them, and so on, and those, like me, like Raya, who were wearing whatever had
come their way. There were even people who were all made up, dolled up like
they had come from a wedding. There were people without shoes, naked people,
hungry people, those who were crying, and those who had lost someone. And of
course the stories and the talk were flying: "Oh, I heard that they killed
him!" "What do you mean they killed him!" "He stayed at work!" "Do you know
what's happening at this and such a plant? Talk like that.

And then I met Aleksandr Mikhailovich Gukasian, the teacher. I know him very
well and respect him highly. I've known him for a long time. They had a small
room, well really it was more like a study-room. We spent a whole night
talking in that study once. On March 1 we heard that Bagirov [First Secretary
of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR] had arrived. Everyone ran to see
Bagirov, what news he had brought with him and how this was all being viewed
from outside. He arrived and everyone went up to him to talk to him and ask
him things. Everyone was in a tremendous rage. But he was protected by
soldiers, and he went up to the second floor and didn't deign to speak with
the people. Apparently he had more important things to do.

Several hours passed. Gukasian called me and says, "Lyudochka, find another
two or three. We're going to make up lists, they asked for them upstairs,
lists of the dead, those whose whereabouts are unknown, and lists of people
who had pogroms of their apartments and of those whose cars were burned." I
had about 50 people in my list when they called me and said, "Lyuda, your
Mamma has arrived, she's looking for you, she doesn't believe that you are
alive and well and that you're here." I gave the lists to someone and asked
them to continue what I was doing and went off.

The list was imprecise, of course. It included Grant Adamian, Raya Tovmasian's
father, who was alive, but at the time they thought him dead. There was Engels
Grigorian's father and aunt, Cherkez and Maria. The list also included the
name of my girlfriend and neighbor, Zhanna Agabekian. One of the guys said
that he had been told that they chopped her head off in the courtyard in front
of the Kosmos movie theater. We put her on the list too, and cried, but later
it turned out that that was just a rumor, that in fact an hour earlier she had
somehow left Sumgait for the marina and from there had set sail for
Krasnovodsk, where, thank God, she was alive and well. I should also say that
in addition to those who died that list contained people who were rumored
missing or who were so badly wounded that they were given up for dead.                                                                 3

All the lists were taken to Bagirov. I don't remember how many dead were
contained in the list, but it's a fact that when Gukasian came in a couple
of minutes later he was cursing and was terribly irate. I asked, "What's
going on?" He said, "Lyuda, can you imagine what animals, what scoundrels
they are! They say that they lost the list of the dead. Piotr Demichev
[Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of the USSR] has just arrived, and we were supposed to submit the list to
him, so that he'd see the scope of the slaughter, of the tragedy, whether it
was one or fifty." They told him that the list had disappeared and they
should ask everyone who hadn't left for the Khimik boarding house all over
again. There were 26 people on our second list. I think that the number 26
was the one that got into the press and onto television and the radio, because
that's the list that Demichev got. I remember exactly that there were 26
people on the list, I had even told Aleksandr Mikhailovich that that was only
a half of those that were on the first list. He said, "Lyuda, please, try to
remember at least one more." But I couldn't remember anyone else. But there
were more than 30 dead. Of that I am certain. The government and the Procuracy
don't count the people who died of fright, like sick people and old people
whose lives are threatened by any shock. They weren't registered as victims of
the Sumgait tragedy. And then there may be people we didn't know. So many
people left Sumgait between March 1 and 8! Most of them left for smaller towns
in Russia, and especially to the Northern Caucasus, to Stavropol, and the
Krasnodarsk Territory. We don't have any information on them. I know that
there are people who set out for parts around Moscow. In the periodical
Krestyanka [Woman Farmer] there was a call for people who know how to milk
cows, and for mechanics, and drivers, and I know a whole group of people went
to help out. Also clearly not on our list are those people who died entering
the city, who were burned in their cars. No one knows about them, except the
Azerbaijanis, who are hardly likely to say anything about it. And there's
more. A great many of the people who were raped were not included in the list
drawn up at the Procuracy. I know of three instances for sure, and I of course
don't know them all. I'm thinking of three women whose parents chose not to
publicize what had happened, that is, they didn't take the matter to court,
they simply left. But in so doing they didn't cease being victims. One of them
is the first cousin of my classmate Kocharian. She lived in Microdistrict No.
8, on the fifth floor. I can't tell you the building number and I don't know
her name. Then comes the neighbor of one of my relatives, she lived in
Microdistrict 1 near the gift shop. I don't know her name, she lives on the
same landing as the Sumgait procurator. They beat her father, he was holding
the door while his daughter hid, but he couldn't hold the door forever, and
when she climbed over the balcony to the neighbors' they seized her by her
braid. Like the Azerbaijanis were saying, it was a very cultured mob, because
they didn't kill anyone, they only raped them and left. And the third one
. . . I don't remember who the third one was anymore.

They transferred us on March 1. Karina still wasn't herself. Yes, we lived for
days in the SK, in the cultural facility, and at the Khimik. They lived there
and I lived at the City Party Committee because I couldn't stay with Karina;
it was too difficult for me, but I was at peace: she had survived. I could
already walk, but really it was honest words that held me up. Thanks to the
social work I did there, I managed to persevere. Aleksandr Mikhailovich said,
"If it weren't for the work I would go insane." He and I put ourselves in gear
and took everything upon ourselves: someone had an infant and needed diapers
and free food, and we went to get them. The first days we bought everything,
although we should have received it for free. They were supposed to have been
dispensed free of charge, and they sold it to us. Then, when we found out it
was free, we went to Krayev. At the time, fortunately, you could still drop by
to see him like a neighbor, all the more so since everything was still clearly
visible on our faces. Krayev sent a captain down and he resolved the issue.

On March 2 they sent two investigators to see us: Andrei Shirokov and Vladimir
Fedorovich Bibishev. The way it worked out, in our family they had considered
only Karina and me victims, maybe because she and I wound up in the hospital.
Mother and Father are considered witnesses, but not victims.

Shirokov was involved with Karina's case, and Bibishev, with mine. After I
told him everything, he and I planned to sit down with the identikit and
record everyone I could remember while everything was still fresh in my mind.
We didn't work with the identikit until the very last day because the
conditions weren't there. The investigative group worked slowly and did poor
quality work solely because the situation wasn't conducive to working: there
weren't enough automobiles, especially during the time when there was a
curfew, and there were no typewriters for typing transcripts, and no still or
video cameras. I think that this was done on purpose. We're not so poor that
we can't supply our investigators with all that stuff. It was done especially
to draw out the investigation, all the more so since the local authorities saw
that the Armenians were leaving at the speed of light, never to return to
Sumgait. And the Armenians had a lot to say I came to an agreement with
Bibishev, I told him myself, "Don't you worry, if it takes us a month or two
months, I'll be here. I'm not afraid, I looked death in the eyes five times in
those two days, I'll help you conduct the investigation."

He and I worked together a great deal, and I used this to shelter Karina, I
gave them so much to do that for a while they didn't have the time to get to
her, so that she would at least have a week or two to get back to being her-
self. She was having difficulty breathing so we looked for a doctor to take x-
rays. She couldn't eat or drink for nine days, she was nauseous. I didn't eat
and drank virtually nothing for five days. Then, on the fifth day, when we
were in Baku already, the investigator told me, "How long can you go on like
this? Well fine, so you don't want to eat, you don't love yourself, you're
not taking care of yourself, but you gave your word that you would see this
investigation through. We need you." Then I started eating, because in fact I
was exhausted. It wasn't enough that I kept seeing those faces in our apart-
ment in my mind, every day I went to the investigative solitary confinement
cells and prisons. I don't know . . . we were just everywhere! Probably in
every prison in the city of Baku and in all the solitary confinement cells of
Sumgait. At that time they had even turned the drunk tank into solitary
confinement.

Thus far I have identified 31 of the people who were in our apartment. Mamma
identified three, and Karina, two. The total is 36. Marina didn't identify
anyone, she remembers the faces of two or three, But they weren't among the
photographs of those detained. I told of the neighbor I recognized. The one
who went after the axe. He still hasn't been detained, he's still on the
loose. He's gone, and it's not clear if he will be found or not. I don't know
his first or last name. I know which building he lived in and I know his
sisters' faces. But he's not in the city. The investigators informed me that
even if the investigation is closed and even if the trial is over they will
continue looking for him.

The 31 people I identified are largely blue-collar workers from various
plants, without education, and of the very lowest level in every respect.
Mostly their ages range from 20 to 30 years; there was one who was 48. Only
one of them was a student. He was attending the Azerbaijan Petroleum and
Chemical Institute in Sumgait, his mother kept trying to bribe the investiga-
tor. Once, thinking that I was an employee and not a victim, she said in front
of me "I'll set you up a restaurant worth 500 rubles and give you 600 in cash
simply for keeping him out of Armenia," that is, to keep him from landing in
a prison on Armenian soil. They're all terribly afraid of that, because if the
investigator is talking with a criminal and the criminal doesn't confess even
though we identified him, they tell him--in order to apply psychological
pressure--they say, "Fine, don't confess, just keep silent. When you're in an
Armenian prison, when they find out who you are, they'll take care of you
in short order." That somehow gets to them. Many give in and start to talk.

The investigators and I were in our apartment and videotaped the entire
pogrom of our apartment, as an investigative experiment. It was only then
that I saw the way they had left our apartment. Even without knowing who was
in our apartment, you could guess. They stole, for example, all the money and
all the valuables, but didn't take a single book. They tore them up, burned
them, poured water on them, and hacked them with axes. Only the Materials
from the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and James
Fenimore Cooper's Last of the Mohigans. Oh yes, lunch was ready, we were
boiling a chicken, and there were lemons for tea on the table. After they had
been in our apartment, both the chicken and the lemons were gone. That's
enough to tell you what kind of people were in our apartment, people who don't
even know anything about books. They didn't take a single book, but they did
take worn clothing, food, and even the cheapest of the cheap, worn-out
slippers.

Of those whom I identified, four were Kafan Azerbaijanis living in Sumgait.
Basically, the group that went seeking "revenge"--let's use their word for
it--was joined by people seeking easy gain and thrill-seekers. I talked with
one of them. He had gray eyes, and somehow against the back-drop of all that
black I remembered him specifically because of his of his eyes. Besides taking
part in the pogrom of our apartment, he was also involved in the murder of
Tamara Mekhtiyeva from Building 16. She was an older Armenian who had recently
arrived from Georgia, she lived alone and did not have anyone in Sumgait. I
don't know why she had a last name like that, maybe she was married to an
Azerbaijani. I had laid eyes on this woman only once or twice, and know
nothing about her. I do know that they murdered her in her apartment with an
axe. Murdering her wasn't enough for them. They hacked her into pieces and
threw them into the tub with water.

I remember another guy really well too, he was also rather fair-skinned. You
know, all the people who were in our apartment were darker than dark, both
their hair and their skin. And in contrast with them, in addition to the grey-
eyed one, I remember this one fellow, the one l took to be a Lezgin. I
identified him. As it turned out he was Eduard Robertovich Grigorian, born
in the city of Sumgait, and he had been convicted twice. One of our own. How
did I remember him? The name Rita was tattooed on his left or right hand. I
kept thinking, is that Rita or "puma," which it would be if you read the word
as Latin characters instead of Cyrillic, because the Cyrillic "T" was the one
that looks like a Latin "M." When they led him in he sat with his hands behind
his back. This was at the confrontation. He swore on every holy book, tried to
put in an Armenian word here and there to try and spark my compassion, and
told me that I was making a mistake, and called me "dear sister." He said,
"You're wrong, how could I, an Armenian, raise my hand against my own, an
Armenian," and so on. He spoke so convincingly that even the investigator
asked me, "Lyuda, are you sure it was he?" I told him, "I'll tell you one more
identifying mark. If I'm wrong I shall apologize and say I was mistaken. The
name Rita is tattooed on his left or right hand." He went rigid and became
pale. They told him, "Put your hands on the table." He put his hands on the
table with the palms up. I said, "Now turn your hands over," but he didn't
turn his hands over. Now this infuriated me. If he had from the very start
acknowledged his guilt and said that he hadn't wanted to do it, that they
forced him or something else, I would have treated him somewhat differently.
But he insolently stuck to his story, "No, I did not do anything, it wasn't
me." When they turned his hands over the name Rita was in fact tattooed on his
hand. His face distorted and he whispered something wicked. I immediately flew
into a rage. There was an ashtray on the table, a really heavy one, made out
of granite or something, very large, and it had ashes and butts in it.
Catching myself quite by surprise, I hurled that ashtray at him. But he ducked
and the ashtray hit the wall, and ashes and butts rained down on his head and
back. And he smiled. When he smiled it provoked me further. I don't know how,
but I jumped over the table between us and started either pounding him or
strangling him; I no longer remember which. When I jumped I caught the
microphone cord. The investigator was there, Tolya . . .I no longer recall his
last name, and he says, "Lyudochka, it's a Japanese microphone! Please . . .
" And shut off all the equipment on the spot, it was all being video taped.
They took him away. I stayed, and they talked to me a little to calm me down,
because we needed to go on working, I only remember Tolya telling me, "You're
some actress! What a performance!" I said, "Tolya, honestly . . . " Beforehand
they would always tell me, "Lyuda, more emotion. You speak as calmly as if
nothing had happened to you." I say, "I don't have any more strength or
emotion. All my emotions are behind me now, I no longer have the strength
. . . I don't have the strength to do anything." And he says, "Lyuda, how were
you able to do that?" And when I returned to normal, drinking tea and watching
the tape, I said, "Can I really have jumped over that table? I never jumped
that high in gym class."

So you could say the gang that took over our apartment was international. Of
the 36 we identified there was an Armenian, a Russian, Vadim Vorobyev, who
beat Mamma, and 34 Azerbaijanis.

At the second meeting with Grigorian, when he had completely confessed his
guilt, he told of how on February 27 the Azerbaijanis had come knocking. Among
them were guys--if you can call them guys--he knew from prison. They said,
"Tomorrow we're going after the Armenians. Meet us at the bus station at three
o'clock." He said, "No, I'm not coming." They told him, "If you don't come
we'll kill you." He said, "Alright, I'll come." And he went.

They also went to visit my classmate from our microdistrict, Kamo Pogosian. He
had also been in prison; I think that together they had either stolen a
motorcycle or dismantled one to get some parts they needed. They called him
out of his apartment and told him the same thing: "Tomorrow we're going to get
the Armenians. Be there." He said, "No." They pulled a knife on him. He said,
"I'm not going all the same." And in the courtyard on the 27th they stabbed
him several times, in the stomach. He was taken to the hospital. I know he was
in the hospital in Baku, in the Republic hospital. If we had known about that
we would have had some idea of what was to come on the 28th.

I'll return to Grigorian, what he did in our apartment. I remember that he
beat me along with all the rest. He spoke Azerbaijani extremely well. But he
was very fair-skinned, maybe that led me to think that they had it out for
him, too. But later it was proved that he took part in the beating and burning
of Shagen Sargisian. I don't know if he participated in the rapes in our
apartment; I didn't see, I don't remember. But the people who were in our
apartment who didn't yet know that he was an Armenian said that he did. I
don't know if he confessed or not, and I myself don't recall because I blacked
out very often. But I think that he didn't participate in the rape of Karina
because he was in the apartment the whole time. When they carried her into the
courtyard, he remained in the apartment.

At one point I was talking with an acquaintance about Edik Grigorian. From her
I learned that his wife was a dressmaker, his mother is Russian, he doesn't
have a father, and that he's been convicted twice. Well this will be his third
and, I hope, last sentence. He beat his wife, she was eternally coming to work
with bruises. His wife was an Armenian by the name of Rita.

The others who were detained . . . well they're little beasts. You really can't
call them beasts, they're just little beasts. They were robots carrying out
someone else's will, because at the investigation they all said, "I don't
understand how I could have done that, I was out of my head." But we know that
they were won around to it and prepared for it, that's why they did it. In the
name of Allah, in the name of the Koran, in the name of propagating Islam--
that's holy to them--that's why they did everything they were commanded to do.
Because I saw they didn't have minds of their own, I'm not talking about their
level of cultural sophistication or any higher values. No education, they
work, have a slew of children without the means to raise them properly, they
crowd them in, like at the temporary housing, and apparently, they were
promised that if they slaughtered the Armenians they would receive apartments.
So off they went. Many of them explained their participation saying, "they
promised us apartments."

Among them was one who genuinely repented. I am sure that he repented from the
heart and that he just despised himself after the incident. He worked at a
children's home, an Azerbaijani, he has two children, and his wife works at
the children's home too. Everything that they acquired, everything that they
have they earned by their own labor, and wasn't inherited from parents or
grandparents. And he said, "I didn't need anything I just don't know . . . how
I ended up in that; it was like some hand was guiding me. I had no will of my
own, I had no strength, no masculine dignity, nothing." And the whole time I
kept repeating, "Now you imagine that someone did the same to your young wife
right before your own eyes." He sat there and just wailed.

But that leader in the Eskimo dogskin coat was not detained. He performed a
marvelous disappearing act, but I think that they'll get onto him, they just
have to work a little, because that Vadim, that boy, according to his
grandfather, is in touch with the young person who taught him what to do, how
to cover his tracks. He was constantly exchanging jackets with other boys he
knew and those he didn't, either, and other things as well, and changed
himself like a chameleon so they wouldn't get onto him, but he was detained.

That one in the Eskimo dogskin coat was at the Gambarians' after Aleksandr
Gambarian was murdered. He came in and said, "Let's go, enough, you've spilled
enough blood here."

Maybe Karina doesn't know this but the reason they didn't finish her off was
that they were hoping to take her home with them. I heard this from Aunt Tanya
and her sons, the Kasumovs, who were in the courtyard near the entryway. They
liked her very much, and they had decided to take her to home with them. When
Karina came to at one point--she doesn't remember this yet, this the neighbors
old me--and she saw that there was no one around her, she started crawling to
the entryway. They saw that she was still alive and came back, they were
already at the third entryway, on their way to the Gambarians'. They came back
and started beating her to finish her. If she had not come to she would have
sustained lesser bodily injuries, they would have beat her less. An older
woman from our building, Aunt Nazan, an Azerbaijani, all but lay on top of
Karina, crying and pleading that they leave her alone, but they flung her off.
The woman's grown sons were right nearby; they picked her up in their hands
and led her home. She howled and cried out loudly and swore: God is on Earth,
he sees everything, and He won't forgive this.

There was another woman, too, Aunt Fatima, a sick, aging woman from the first
floor, she's already retired. Mountain dwellers, and Azerbaijanis, too, have a
custom: If men are fighting, they throw a scarf under their feet to stop them.
But they trampled her scarf and sent her home. To trample a scarf is
tantamount to trampling a woman's honor.

Now that the investigation is going on, now that a lot is behind us and we
have gotten back to being ourselves a little, I think about how could these
events that are now called the Sumgait tragedy happen? How did they come
about? How did it start? Could it have been avoided? Well, it's clear that
without a signal, without permission from the top leadership, it would not
have happened. All the same, I'm not afraid to say this, the Azerbaijanis,
let other worthy people take no offense, the better representatives of their
nations, let them take no offense, but the Azerbaijanis in their majority are
a people who are kept in line only by fear of the law, fear of retribution for
what they have done. And when the law said that they could do all that, like
unleashed dogs who were afraid they wouldn't have time to do everything, they
threw themselves from one thing to the next so as to be able to get more done,
to snatch a bit more. The smell of the danger was already in the air on
February 27. You could tell that something was going to happen. And everyone
who had figured it out took steps to avoid running into those gangs. Many left
for their dachas, got plane tickets for the other end of the country, just got
as far away as their legs would carry them.

February 27 was a Saturday. I was teaching my third class. The director came
into my classroom and said that I should let the children out, that there had
been a call from the City Party Committee asking that all teachers gather for
a meeting at Lenin Square. Well, I excused the children, and there were few
teachers left at school, altogether three women, the director, and six or
seven men. The rest had already gone home. We got to Lenin Square and there
were a great many people there. This was around five-thirty or six in the
evening, no later. They were saying all kinds of rubbish up on the podium and
the crowd below was supporting them stormily, roaring. They spoke over the
microphone about what had happened in Kafan a few days earlier and that the
driver of a bus going to some district had recently thrown a small Azerbaijani
child off the bus. The speaker affirmed that he was an eyewitness, that he had
seen it himself..The crowd started to rage: "Death to the Armenians! They must
be killed!" Then a woman went up on stage. I didn't see the woman because
people were clinging to the podium like flies. I could only hear her. The
woman introduced herself as coming from Kafan, and said that the Armenians
cut her daughters' breasts off, and called, "Sons, avenge my daughters!" That
was enough. A portion of the people on the square took off running in the
direction of the factories, toward the beginning of Lenin Street.

We stood there about an hour. Then the director of School 25 spoke, he gave a
very nationalist speech. He said, "Brother Muslims, kill the Armenians!" This
he repeated every other sentence. When he said this the crowd supported him
stormily, whistling and shouting "Karabagh!" He said, "Karabagh has been our
territory my whole life long, Karabagh is my soul. How can you tear out my
heart?" As though an Azerbaijani would die without Karabagh. "It's our
territory, the Armenians will never see it. The Armenians must be eliminated.
From time immemorial Muslims have cleansed the land of infidel Armenians, from
time immemorial, that's the way nature created it, that every 20 to 30 years
the Azerbaijanis should cleanse the land of filth." By filth he meant
Armenians.

I heard this. Before that I hadn't been listening to the speeches closely.
Many people spoke and I stood with my back to the podium, talking shop with
the other teachers, and somehow it all went right by, it didn't penetrate,
that in fact something serious was taking place. Then, when one of our
teachers said, "Listen to what he's saying, listen to what idiocy he's
spouting," we listened. That was the speech of that director. Before that we
listened to the woman's speech.

Right then in our group--there were nine of us--the mood changed, and the
subject of conversation and all school matters were forgotten. Our director of
studies, for whom I had great respect, he's an Azerbaijani . . . Before that I
had considered him an upstanding and worthy person, if there was a need to
obtain leave we had asked him, he seemed like a good person. So he tells me,
"Lyuda, you know that besides you there are no Armenians on the square? If
they find out that you're an Armenian they'll tear you to pieces. Should I
tell them you're an Armenian? Should I tell them you're an Armenian?" When he
said it the first time I pretended not to hear it, and then he asked me a
second time. I turned to the director, Khudurova, and said that it was already
after eight, I was expected at home, and I should be leaving. She answered,
"No, they said that women should stay here until ten o'clock,.and men, until
twelve. Stay here." There was a young teacher with us, her children were in
kindergarten and her husband worked shifts. She asked to leave: "I left my
children at the kindergarten." The director excused her. When she let her go I
turned around, said, "Good-bye," and left with the young teacher, the
Azerbaijani. I didn't see them after that.

When we were walking the buses weren't running, and a crowd from the rally ran
nearby us. They had apparently gotten all fired up. It must have become too
much for them, and they wanted to seek vengeance immediately, so they rushed
off. I wasn't afraid this time because I was sure that the other teacher
wouldn't say that I was an Armenian.

To make it short, we reached home. Then Karina told of how they had been at
the movies and what had happened there. I started telling of my experience and
again my parents didn't understand that we were in danger. We watched
television as usual, and didn't even imagine that tomorrow would be our last
day. That's how it all was.

At the City Party Committee I met an acquaintance, we went to school together,
Zhanna, I don't remember her last name, she lives above the housewares store
on Narimanov Street. She was there with her father, for some reason she
doesn't have a mother. The two of them were at home alone. While her father
held the door she jumped from the third floor, and she was lucky that the
ground was wet and that there wasn't anyone behind the building when she went
out on the balcony, there was no one there, they were all standing near the
entryway. That building was also a lucky one in that there were no murders
there. She jumped. She jumped and didn't feel any pain in the heat of the
moment. A few days later I found out that she couldn't stand up, she had been
injured somehow. That's how people in Sumgait saved their lives, their honor,
and their children: any way they could.

Where it was possible, the Armenians fought back. My father's first cousin,
Armen M., lives in Block 30. They found out by phone from one of the victims
what was going on in town. The Armenians in that building all called one
another immediately and all of them armed themselves with axes, knives, even
with muskets and went up to the roof. They took their infants with them, and
their old women who had been in bed for God knows how many months, they got
them right out of their beds and took everyone upstairs. They hooked
electricity up to the trap door to the roof and waited, ready to fight. Then
they took the daughter of the school board director hostage, she's an
Azerbaijani who lived in their building. They called the school board director
and told her that if she didn't help them, the 17 Armenians on the roof, to
escape alive and unharmed, she'd never see her daughter again. I'm sure, of
course, that Armenians would never lay a hand on a woman, it was just the only
thing that could have saved them at the time. She called the police. The
Armenians made a deal with the local police to go into town. Two armored
personnel carriers and soldiers were summoned They surrounded the entryway and
led everyone down from the roof, and off to the side from the armored
personnel carriers was a crowd that was on its way to the building at that
very moment, into Block 30. That's how they defended themselves.

I heard that our neighbors, Roman and Sasha Gambarian, resisted. They're big,
strong guys. Their father was killed. And I heard that the brothers put up a
strong defense and lost their father, but were able to save their mother.

One of the neighbors told me that after it happened, when they were looking
for the criminals on March 1 to 2 and detaining everyone they suspected,
people hid people in our entryway, maybe people who were injured or perhaps
dead. The neighbors themselves were afraid to go there, and when they went
with the soldiers into our basement they are supposed to have found
Azerbaijani corpses. I don't know how many. Even if they had been wounded and
put down there, after two days they would have died from loss of blood or
infection--that basement was filled with water. I heard this from the
neighbors. And later when I was talking with the investigators the subject
came up and they confirmed it. I know, too, that for several hours the
basement was used to store objects stolen from our apartment. And our neighbor
carried out our carpet, along with the rest: he stole it for himself, posing
as one of the criminals. Everyone was taking his own share, and the neighbor
took his, too, and carried it home. And when we came back, when everything
seemed to have calmed down, he returned it, saying that it was the only thing
of ours he had managed to "save."

Raya's husband and father defended themselves. The Trdatovs defended
themselves, and so did other Armenian families. To be sure there were
Azerbaijani victims, although we'll never hear anything about them. For some
reason our government doesn't want to say that the Armenians were not just
victims, but that they defended the honor of their sisters and mothers, too.
In the TV show "Pozitsiya" [Viewpoint] a military man, an officer, said that
the Armenians did virtually nothing to defend themselves. But that's not
important, the truth will come out regardless.

So that's the price we paid those three days. For three days our courage, our
bravery, and our humanity was tested. It was those three days, and not the
years and dozens of years we had lived before them, that showed what we've
become, what we grew up to be. Those three days showed who was who.

On that I will conclude my narrative on the Sumgait tragedy. It should be said
that it's not over yet, the trials are still ahead of us, and the punishments
received by those who so violated us, who wanted to make us into nonhumans
will depend on our position and on the work of the investigators, the
Procuracy, and literally of every person who lent his hand to the investiga-
tion. That's the price we paid to live in Armenia, to not fear going out on
the street at night, to not be afraid to say we're Armenians, and to not fear
speaking our native tongue.

   October 15,1988
   Yerevan

			- - - reference for #008 - - -

[1] _The Sumgait Tragedy; Pogroms against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan,
    Volume I, Eyewitness Accounts_, edited by Samuel Shahmuradian, forward by
    Yelena Bonner, 1990, published by Aristide D. Caratzas, NY, pages 118-145


The economic and political ignorance of most Americans can be truly scary.
Price controls and government intervention.  The surest route to
disaster.  It's amazing, people never seem to learn from history (or
common sense).  Price controls do not, and cannot work.  I would have
thought our last experiment in the 70's would have been enough to
dampen the belief that price controls can actually work.  As for
government intervention, people never seem to get the irony of what
the are saying.  We are told that entitlements are the biggest portion
of the budget and they must be 'controlled'.  We are presented with
horror stories of waste and fraud in almost all government agencies.
We are shown stories about the miserable treatment our veterans get
in our government run hospitals.  We are just now seeing stories about
how Social Security isn't going to cut it in the future (as if that
should come as any surprise).  And yet, people choose to ignore all
of that and believe in the fairy tale of the government coming to
the rescue.  Simply amazing.


Hi there,

I have a friend who'd like to get a hold of a bunch of those simple voice
recognition chips that Radio Shack used to sell (and no longer does).  If
anybody knows of a source for these, please e-mail me.  I'll forward the
responses to him.

Thanks!


Anybody use CD Speedway out there?  Is it as good as they say?  I hate
waiting around for my CD to finish loading the next level in WC and the
such.

How much memory does it eat up?


ATM will do nothing for your TrueType fonts.  If your TrueType fonts are
sufficient for your needs, don't run ATM.  I have a lot of fonts that I can
install either as Type-1 PostScript (under ATM) or as TrueType.  I have
noticed that:

    1.	TrueType font files are at least 1/3 larger than their Type-1
	equivalents.  If you are using a disk compressor, though, be aware
	that TrueType fonts will compress, whereas Type-1 fonts will not
	(they are encrypted).

    2.	With a 300 dpi laser printer, the "artificial bold" version of a
	TrueType font is indistingishable from the original, forcing me to
	install the actual bold (and bold-italic, etc.) variants if I want
	to use them.  Type-1 PostScript fonts under ATM generate a visually
	distinct bold variant from the base font.  I realize that the
	artificial bold font that ATM generates is aesthetically inferior
	to the hand-generated bold TrueType variant, but it is sufficient
	for my needs, and not having to install bold variants saves me 50%
	on disk space (uncompressed).


Article 10886 of alt.radio.scanner:
Path: usenet.ins.cwru.edu!cleveland.Freenet.Edu!aj008
From: aj008@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Aaron M. Barnes)
Subject: Realistic PRO-2024 for sale-was $200,sell for $150 obo
Date: 20 Apr 1993 16:01:28 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (USA)
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <1r16oo$3du@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: slc10.ins.cwru.edu

Hello.

I have a Realistic PRO-2024 scanner for sale.Here is a small desc
ription:

60 programible chanels
fully detailed backlighted digital display
headphone jack
antenna jack
removable telescoping antenna
auto search

coverage:
30-50mHz
118-174mHz
380-512mHz

It originally cost $200, but I will sell for $150.

Thank You.
--
       / /     Buchanan in `96!
      / /      Fear the goverment that fears your guns.
  \ \/ /       Without the 2nd amendment, we cannot guarantee ou
   \/ /        r freedoms.           aj008@cleveland.freenet.edu


From what I've seen in my 17 years as an MOA member, most of the folks
in the RA are also in the MOA... I guess it's called covering all the
bases to get some idea of what is really happening.. How else does one
think the RA gets all the juicey news about what's happen' inside the
MOA?


Without getting into the *really* *thorny* questions about reverse
engineering and all of that, let me just point out that there already
exist gate arrays and suchlike that have what's known as a security fuse
which can be programmed after you've verified all other programming --
this makes it impossible to read out the programming of the device
(again, ignoring the reverse engineering questions).  Speaking from
experience here: I had to completely reinvent one of my designs some
six or seven years ago when the disk file was zapped, the backups were
all bad, and the devices were unreadable because of the security fuses.
Made me appreciate the value of printouts.  ;-)

So on this point at least there's not so much worry.

But whether or not we can get the chips made reliably and securely is
really secondary to the question of whether use of the chip is itself
likely to be secure, methinks.


The flushing is due to vascular dilation, part of a migraine attack.
Some people event get puffy and swollen.  As long as you are careful
you can see well enough to avoid getting hit in the face or eye by
the ball, migraine will not hurt your health.

--
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon."


Is it appropriate for the Lord not to reveal certain
things before the world (i.e., publish them widely)?

These things sacred to Himself.  He may place any
pre- or post-conditions He feels are necessary.

Moreover, there are precedents in scripture where
knowledge of sacred things is withheld:

1. After the Transfiguration Jesus instructed
Peter, James, and John to "tell the vision to no
man, until the Son of man be risen again from
the dead" (Matt. 17:9).
If we were living at the time of Savior, there
would be no (public) record of this event.

2. A faithful friend of Paul experiences a vision
of "paradise" when he "heard unspeakable words,
which it is not lawful for a man to utter"
(2 Cor. 12:4).
This person heard something which Paul can not
write to the Corinthians (and us).

3. There is an incident recorded in the Book of
Mormon where words uttered by "babes" were
"forbidden that there should not any man write
them (3 Nephi 26:16, the entire text follows
for those of you without access to the BOM).

3 Nephi 26:16
Behold, it came to pass on the morrow that the
multitude gathered themselves together, and they
both saw and heard these children; yea, even
babes did open their mouths and utter marvelous
things; and the things which they did utter were
forbidden that there should not any man write them.

Some LDS scholars speculate that these words
which could not be written are the sacred
portions from temple we are to withhold from
the world (but it could be something else).

There is much we can discuss about the temple
ordinances.  We can discuss regarding baptisms
and other vicarious ordinances for the dead.
We can discuss certain concepts regarding the
endowment ("the ritual").
However, there are certain elements I can not
discuss with anyone (including other saints)
outside of the temple.
As a portion of the endowment, we receive the
tokens and signs that will permit us access
to Heaven.  I must keep this knowledge sacred
and respect the conditions under which it is
revealed to me.


Yes, victims exist.  There are a staggering number of victims in the world and
more each day.  I think on balance, intervention would create more victims,
including American ones.  Since the first responsibility of the US government
is to protect Americans, I think they serve that role best by staying away
from Bosnia and other regional conflicts.

Of course not.  The Jews were not trying to carve a territory out of Germany
either, and except for small-scale resistance and a few larger uprisings, did
not have an army or a government.

I see the pattern of atrocities as a fairly often practiced tactic of a
colonizing power - driving away and/or eliminating the population of an
area they want to control.  The US tried basically that in Vietnam, the Iraqis
in Kuwait, the Israelis in Palestine, South Africa, etc, etc, etc.  It sucks,
it's ugly, and it's saddening.  But it is not genocide.

It is not my impression that the Serbs want to eliminate every Muslim in
Yugoslavia.  I still say the Bosnians are getting their asses kicked; they
should surrender and evacuate the areas they can't hold.

I am a staunch Republican, BTW.  The irony of arguing against military
intervention with arguments based on Vietnam has not escaped me.  I was opposed
to US intervention in Somalia for the same reasons, although clearly it was
not nearly as risky.

Well, one thing you have to remember is, the press likes a good story.   Good
for business, don't you know.  And BTW, not "everyone" wants to help the
side that is less like us.

I never said the two sides were morally equivalent, I said neither one is
innocent.

There are just too many good reasons to stay away:

1) The Europeans are perfectly able to deal with this dispute on their borders
   in any way we do it.  Put another way, we have no assistance to offer the
   Europeans which they do not already possess themselves.  It is not good to
   promote the idea in anyone's mind that the United States is responsible
   for cleaning up every bloody mess in the world.

2) Clinton is not the man to lead this country into a military adventure.  Full
   stop.


Since our doctors are private and the "system" is just an insurance
plan, litigation would not involve the insurance fund.  Our lawyers
do not work on contingency, so that if you were to sue for malpractice
then you'd better be sure of winning to cover your fees ... likewise,
if you were a doctor and subject of a suit, it's time to sweat.

A few weeks ago, the president of the Canadian MA wrote a letter to
the NYT to decry a lobbyist's advert repeating the same old trash.
This is significant because the AMA and the CMA are interlinked
organizations and he would not have done it without the approval
of his AMA cronies.

It serves the same purpose as the Bethesda Naval Hospital ... since
not all hospitals can provide everything, maybe they have some stuff
that others don't?  (Ottawa's population is only a quarter million,
if you include the surrounding counties.)

People of influence will get their way in any system, American or
European.  It's the "Golden Rule" - he who has the gold makes the
rules. (-;

As for annual budgets, those are actually annual grants for facilities
(e.g., mops, pans, etc.) given to hospitals of which most are private
nonprofit foundations (btw, I have no problem with having aggressive
for-profit hospitals like the French, who use our approach ... but in
the Paris region they have almost as many people as Canada does so
their market is much more diverse).  The rest has to be made up for
by billings from patients who use their services.

The GDP figures are combined public and private expenditures for total
outlay, and  are compiled use the same methods by the OECD that yield
the 13-14% figure for the U.S.

How?  They are collecting premiums ... and I'm an advocate of having
copayments like the French do in their system in order to make it look
more like the real insurance that it is.  The private doctors and
hospitals will still be there after the insurance (hypothically)
disappears, as they were there before it appeared.

For one thing, I think that Bob Rae is an idiot ...

Most of OHIP comes from separate premiums on your paycheck if you are
a player ...  he wants to spend our money on other things than the
health insurance.  Our high taxes are high for other spending but
health insurance, which is separate and optional, and it is being
spent in a nonpartisan manner by every party. )-;

OHIP is just a health insurance plan; it does not provide any kind
of health care, that is up to you and your private doctors.

Some of the companies providing extra insurance are subsidiaries of
American companies, and their parents provide full insurance down
here.  Regardless, all firms up north can easily turn on cable TV
to see how well the American firms are doing by being involved in
basic coverage.  The private firms are making too much money after
having gotten rid of basic coverage.  They run around patting them-
selves on the back for their own cooperation in providing extras
for those people who "deserve it".

I agree ... they were in a win-win situation.  But right now, it seems
that they have won bigger, when you look at how full their coffers
are.  Friends from my sisters' MBA class were still being flown out
for job interviews individually with insurance firms in London, ON,
(Canada's insurance capitol a la Hartford) along with generous expense
privileges this year despite the ongoing post-recession blues.

gld


	Doug> NNTP-Posting-Host: se05.wg2.waii.com

	Doug> NNTP-Posting-Host: se05.wg2.waii.com
	Doug> I  am  having  a  big problem trying to build MIT X11R5 with xlc 1.2.1
	Doug> (the  one  bundled  with  AIX  3.2.3e).   Its almost the linker is not
	Doug> working properly with shared libraries.

	Doug> I've built X11R5 with no problem before .. but now its all  headaches.
	Doug> For example, the xset client complains that libXmu doesnt have a bunch
	Doug> of Xt routines and shr.o is missing (or  something  like  that).   The
	Doug> build of libXmu DOES link in libXt  so I am really perplexed  what  is
	Doug> going on.

	Doug> ....following up on this, the specific error I get is:
	Doug> Could not load program ./xset
	Doug> Symbol XtVaSetValues in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtName in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtWindowOfObject in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtGetConstraintResourceList in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtDisplayToApplicationContext in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtAppSetTypeConverter in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined

	Doug> Symbol XtScreenDatabase in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtResolvePathname in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtCvtStringToFont in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtCallConverter in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Symbol XtDisplayStringConversionWarning in ../.././lib/Xmu/libXmu.a is undefined
	Doug> Could not load library libXmu.a[shr.o]
	Doug> Error was: Exec format error

....  a  search  on  IBMLINK  revealed that this is similar to IX33890
(howervre this was closed USE).


Before getting excited and implying that I am posting
fabrications, I would suggest the readers to consult the
newspaper in question.

Tahnks,


And who's advocating that?  Hate crimes laws are aimed at the motivations
of the acts.  Just like premeditated homicide is treated stricter than
heat-of-passion homicide.

So if I set off a bomb in the World Trade Center, I can only be charged with
more than one murder, and not the other five deaths and extensive property
damage?  After all, the bomb was a single act.


Because that would contradict your religious beliefs; therefore,
you feel more comfortable simply accusing his sincerity, so you will
not have to critically examine your religious beliefs.


Do you mean the icons _of_ the program groups, or the icons of the
individual programs _in_ the program groups?  I assume you mean the
latter, and the answer is: sure you can.  Just click once (not double)
on the application icon, then Alt-F P (File | Properties).  Click on the
Change Icon box and tell it the icon filename.  Or use the Browse
sub-selection.

I use Alt-Tab.  Hold the Alt key and repeatedly press Tab until you see
Program Mangler up.  Then release the Alt key.


[For those attending the AAAI conf this summer, note that
this conference is immediately preceding it.]

         PRELIMINARY PROGRAM AND REGISTRATION MATERIALS

              First International Conference on
          Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology

                       Washington, D.C.
                        July 6-9, 1993

Sponsored by:
  The National Institutes of Health,
     National Library of Medicine

  The Department of Energy,
     Office of Health and Environmental Research

  The Biomatrix Society

  The American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)

Poster Session and Tutorials:
  Bethesda Ramada Hotel

Technical Sessions:
  Lister Hill Center Auditorium, National Library of Medicine

For more information contact ISMB@nlm.nih.gov or FAX (608)262-9777

                           PURPOSE
This, the First International Conference on Intelligent Systems
for Molecular Biology, is the inaugural meeting in a series
intended to bring together scientists who are applying the
technologies of artificial intelligence, robotics, machine
learning, massively parallel computing, advanced data modelling,
and related methods to problems in molecular biology.  The scope
extends to any computational or robotic system supporting a
biological task that is cognitively challenging, involves a
synthesis of information from multiple sources at multiple levels,
or in some other way exhibits the abstraction and emergent
properties of an "intelligent system."

                          FACILITIES
The conference will be held at
   Lister Hill Center
   National Library of Medicine
   8600 Rockville Pike
   NIH, Building 38A
   Bethesda MD 20894
Seating in the conference center is strictly limited, so
registrations will be accepted on a first-come, first-serve basis.
Accomodations, as well as a reception and poster session, will be
at the
   Bethesda Ramada Hotel
   8400 Wisconsin Avenue
   Bethesda MD 20814
A special room rate has been negotiated with the hotel, of $92/day
(expires 6/21).  Attendees must make their own reservations, by
writing the hotel or calling (800)331-5252 and mentioning the
ISMB conference.  To participate in a roommate-matching service,
e-mail opitz@cs.wisc.edu.

                         TRANSPORTATION
The two facilities are within easy walking distance, convenient to
the subway (Metro Red Line, Medical Center stop), and from there
to the Amtrak station.  Nearby airports include Dulles, National,
and Baltimore-Washington International.

                           PROCEEDINGS
Full-length papers from both talks and posters will be published in
archival proceedings.  The citation is:

  Proceedings of the First International
  Conference on Intelligent Systems for
  Molecular Biology (eds. L. Hunter,
  D. Searls, and J. Shavlik) AAAI/MIT
  Press, Menlo Park CA, 1993.

Copies will be distributed at the conference to registered
attendees, and will be available for purchase from the publisher
afterwards.

                             TALKS
Wednesday, July 7, 1993
-----------------------------------------------------------------
8:00-9:00am     Continental Breakfast

9:00-9:15am     Opening Remarks

9:15-10:30am    Invited Talk
 "Statistics, Protein Cores, and Predicted Structures"
 Prof. Temple Smith (Boston University)

10:30-11:00am	Break

11:00am	"Constructive Induction and Protein Structure Prediction"
 T.R. Ioerger, L. Rendell, & S. Surbramaniam

11:30am	"Protein Secondary-Structure Modeling with Probabilistic
 Networks"  A.L. Delcher, S. Kasif, H.R. Goldberg, & W. Hsu

12:00-1:30pm	Lunch

1:30pm	"Protein Secondary Structure using Two-Level Case-Based
 Reasoning"  B. Leng, B.G. Buchanan, & H.B. Nicholas

2:00pm 	"Automatic Derivation of Substructures Yields Novel
 Structural Building Blocks in Globular Proteins"
 X. Zhang, J.S. Fetrow, W.A. Rennie, D.L. Waltz, & G. Berg

2:30pm 	"Using Dirichlet Mixture Priors to Derive Hidden Markov
 Models for Protein Families" M. Brown, R. Hughey, A. Krogh,
 I.S. Mian, K. Sjolander, & D. Haussler

3:00-3:30pm	Break

3:30pm	"Protein Classification using Neural Networks"
 E.A. Ferran, B. Pflugfelder, & P. Ferrara

4:00pm	"Neural Networks for Molecular Sequence Classification"
 C. Wu, M. Berry, Y-S. Fung, & J. McLarty

4:30pm	"Computationally Efficient Cluster Representation in
 Molecular Sequence Megaclassification"  D.J. States, N. Harris,
 & L. Hunter

7:00-7:30pm     Poster Setup
7:30-10:00pm    Reception & Poster Session

Thursday, July 8, 1993
-----------------------------------------------------------------
8:00-9:00am     Continental Breakfast

9:00-10:15am    Invited Talk
 "Large-Scale DNA Sequencing:  A Tale of Mice and Men"
 Prof. Leroy Hood (University of Washington)

10:15-10:45am	Break

10:45am	"Pattern Recognition for Automated DNA Sequencing:
 I. On-Line Signal Conditioning and Feature Extraction for
 Basecalling"  J.B. Bolden III, D. Torgersen, & C. Tibbetts

11:15am	"Genetic Algorithms for Sequence Assembly"
 R. Parsons, S. Forrest, & C. Burks

11:45am	"A Partial Digest Approach to Restriction Site Mapping"
 S.S. Skiena & G. Sundaram

12:15-2:00pm	Lunch

2:00pm	"Integrating Order and Distance Relationships from
 Heterogeneous Maps"  M. Graves

2:30pm	"Discovering Sequence Similarity by the Algorithmic
 Significance Method"  A. Milosavljevic

3:00pm	"Identification of Human Gene Functional Regions Based on
 Oligonucleotide Composition"  V.V. Solovyev & C.B. Lawrence

3:30pm	"Knowledge Discovery in GENBANK"
 J.S. Aaronson, J. Haas, & G.C. Overton

4:00-4:30pm	Break

4:30pm	"An Expert System to Generate Machine Learning
 Experiments: Learning with DNA Crystallography Data"
 D. Cohen, C. Kulikowski, & H. Berman

5:00pm 	"Detection of Correlations in tRNA Sequences with
 Structural Implications"  T.M. Klingler & D. Brutlag

5:30pm	"Probabilistic Structure Calculations: A Three-
 Dimensional tRNA Structure from Sequence Correlation Data"
 R.B. Altman

Friday, July 9, 1993
-----------------------------------------------------------------
8:00-9:00am     Continental Breakfast

9:00-10:15am    Invited Talk
 "Artificial Intelligence and a Grand Unified Theory of
 Biochemistry" Prof. Harold Morowitz (George Mason University)

10:15-10:45am	Break

10:45am	"Testing HIV Molecular Biology in in silico Physiologies"
 H.B. Sieburg & C. Baray

11:15am	"Identification of Localized and Distributed Bottlenecks
 in Metabolic Pathways"  M.L. Mavrovouniotis

11:45am	"Fine-Grain Databases for Pattern Discovery in Gene
 Regulation"  S.M. Veretnik & B.R. Schatz

12:15-2:00pm	Lunch

2:00pm	"Representation for Discovery of Protein Motifs"
 D. Conklin, S. Fortier, & J. Glasgow

2:30pm	"Finding Relevant Biomolecular Features"
 L. Hunter & T. Klein

3:00pm	"Database Techniques for Biological Materials and
 Methods"  K. Baclawski, R. Futrelle, N. Fridman,
 & M.J. Pescitelli

3:30pm	"A Multi-Level Description Scheme of Protein
 Conformation"  K. Onizuka, K. Asai, M. Ishikawa, & S.T.C. Wong

4:00-4:30pm	Break

4:30pm	"Protein Topology Prediction through Parallel Constraint
 Logic Programming"  D.A. Clark, C.J. Rawlings, J. Shirazi,
 A. Veron, & M. Reeve

5:30pm	"A Constraint Reasoning System for Automating Sequence-
 Specific Resonance Assignments in Multidimensional Protein
 NMR Spectra"  D. Zimmerman, C. Kulikowski, & G.T. Montelione

5:30-5:45pm	Closing Remarks

                         POSTER SESSION
The following posters will be on display at the Bethesda Ramada
Hotel from 7:30-10:00pm, Wednesday, July 7.

[1] "The Induction of Rules for Predicting Chemical
 Carcinogenesis in Rodents"  D. Bahler & D. Bristol

[2] "SENEX: A CLOS/CLIM Application for Molecular Pathology"
 S.S. Ball & V.H. Mah

[3] "FLASH: A Fast Look-Up Algorithm for String Homology"
 A. Califano & I. Rigoutsos

[4] "Toward Multi-Strategy Parallel Learning in Sequence
 Analysis"  P.K. Chan & S.J. Stolfo

[5] "Protein Structure Prediction: Selecting Salient Features
 from Large Candidate Pools"  K.J. Cherkauer & J.W. Shavlik

[6] "Comparison of Two Approaches to the Prediction of Protein
 Folding Patterns"  I. Dubchak, S.R. Holbrook, & S.-H. Kim

[7] "A Modular Learning Environment for Protein Modeling"
 J. Gracy, L. Chiche & J. Sallantin

[8] "Inference of Order in Genetic Systems"
 J.N. Guidi & T.H. Roderick

[9] "PALM - A Pattern Language for Molecular Biology"
 C. Helgesen & P.R. Sibbald

[10] "Grammatical Formalization of Metabolic Processes"
 R. Hofestedt

[11] "Representations of Metabolic Knowledge"
 P.D. Karp & M. Riley

[12] "Protein Sequencing Experiment Planning Using Analogy"
 B. Kettler & L. Darden

[13] "Design of an Object-Oriented Database for Reverse Genetics"
 K.J. Kochut, J. Arnold, J.A. Miller, & W.D. Potter

[14] "A Small Automaton for Word Recognition in DNA Sequences"
 C. Lefevre & J.-E Ikeda

[15] "MultiMap:  An Expert System for Automated Genetic Linkage
 Mapping"  T.C. Matise, M. Perlin & A. Chakravarti

[16] "Constructing a Distributed Object-Oriented System with
Logical Constraints for Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting"
 T. Matsushima

[17] "Prediction of Primate Splice Junction Gene Sequences with
 a Cooperative Knowledge Acquisition System"
 E.M. Nguifo & J. Sallantin

[18] "Object-Oriented Knowledge Bases for the Analysis of
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes"
 G. Perriere, F. Dorkeld, F. Rechenmann, & C. Gautier

[19] "Petri Net Representations in Metabolic Pathways"
 V.N. Reddy, M.L. Mavrovouniotis, & M.L. Liebman

[20] "Minimizing Complexity in Cellular Automata Models of
 Self-Replication"  J.A. Reggia, H.-H. Chou, S.L. Armentrout,
 & Y. Peng

[21] "Building Large Knowledge Bases in Molecular Biology"
 O. Schmeltzer, C. Medigue, P. Uvietta, F. Rechenmann,
 F. Dorkeld, G. Perriere, & C. Gautier

[22] "A Service-Oriented Information Sources Database for the
 Biological Sciences"  G.K. Springer & T.B. Patrick

[23] "Hidden Markov Models and Iterative Aligners: Study of their
 Equivalence and Possibilities" H. Tanaka, K. Asai, M. Ishikawa,
 & A. Konagaya

[24] "Protein Structure Prediction System Based on Artificial
 Neural Networks"  J. Vanhala & K. Kaski

[25] "Transmembrane Segment Prediction from Protein Sequence
 Data"  S.M. Weiss, D.M. Cohen & N. Indurkhya

                      TUTORIAL PROGRAM
Tutorials will be conducted at the Bethesda Ramada Hotel on
Tuesday, July 6.

12:00-2:45pm "Introduction to Molecular Biology for Computer
 Scientists"  Prof. Mick Noordewier (Rutgers University)

This overview of the essential facts of molecular biology is
intended as an introduction to the field for computer scientists
who wish to apply their tools to this rich and complex domain.
Material covered will include structural and informational
molecules, the basic organization of the cell and of genetic
material, the "central dogma" of gene expression, and selected
other topics in the area of structure, function, and regulation as
relates to current computational approaches.  Dr. Noordewier has
appointments in both Computer Science and Biology at Rutgers, and
has extensive experience in basic biological research in addition
to his current work in computational biology.

12:00-2:45pm "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence for
 Biologists"  Dr. Richard Lathrop (MIT & Arris Corp.)

An overview of the field of artificial intelligence will be
presented, as it relates to actual and potential biological
applications.  Fundamental techniques, symbolic programming
languages, and notions of search will be discussed, as well as
selected topics in somewhat greater detail, such as knowledge
representation, inference, and machine learning.  The intended
audience includes biologists with some computational background,
but no extensive exposure to artificial intelligence.  Dr.
Lathrop, co-developer of ARIADNE and related technologies, has
worked in the area of artificial intelligence applied to
biological problems in both academia and industry.

3:00-5:45pm "Neural Networks, Statistics, and Information Theory
 in Biological Sequence Analysis" Dr. Alan Lapedes (Los Alamos
 National Laboratory)

This tutorial will cover the most rapidly-expanding facet of
intelligent systems for molecular biology, that of machine
learning techniques applied to sequence analysis.  Closely
interrelated topics to be addressed include the use of artifical
neural networks to elicit both specific signals and general
characteristics of sequences, and the relationship of such
approaches to statistical techniques and information-theoretic
views of sequence data.  Dr. Lapedes, of the Theoretical
Division at Los Alamos, has long been a leader in the use of such
techniques in this domain.

3:00-5:45pm "Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming"
 Prof. John Koza (Stanford University)

The genetic algorithm, an increasingly popular approach to highly
non-linear multi-dimensional optimization problems, was originally
inspired by a biological metaphor.  This tutorial will cover both
the biological motivations, and the actual implementation and
characteristics of the algorithm.  Genetic Programming, an
extension well-suited to problems where the discovery of the size
and shape of the solution is a major part of the problem, will
also be addressed.  Particular attention will be paid to
biological applications, and to identifying resources and software
that will permit attendees to begin using the methods.  Dr. Koza,
a Consulting Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, has taught
this subject since 1988 and is the author of a standard text in
the field.

3:00-5:45pm "Linguistic Methods in Sequence Analysis"
 Prof. David Searls (University of Pennsylvania)
 & Shmuel Pietrokovski (Weizmann Institute)

Approaches to sequence analysis based on linguistic methodologies
are increasingly in evidence.  These involve the adaptation of
tools and techniques from computational linguistics for syntactic
pattern recognition and gene prediction, the classification of
genetic structures and phenomena using formal language theory, the
identification of significant vocabularies and overlapping codes
in sequence data, and sequence comparison reflecting taxonomic and
functional relatedness.  Dr. Searls, who holds research faculty
appointments in both Genetics and Computer Science at Penn,
represents the branch of this field that considers higher-order
syntactic approaches to sequence data, while Shmuel Pietrokovski
has studied and published with Prof. Edward Trifinov in the area
of word-based analyses.

                      REGISTRATION FORM
Mail, with check made out to "ISMB-93", to:

               ISMB Conference, c/o J. Shavlik
               Computer Sciences Department
               University of Wisconsin
               1210 West Dayton Street
               Madison, WI 53706  USA

        ================================================

        Name____________________________________________

        Affiliation_____________________________________

        Address_________________________________________

        ________________________________________________

        ________________________________________________

        ________________________________________________

        Phone___________________________________________

        FAX_____________________________________________

        Electronic Mail_________________________________

        Registration Status: ____ Regular   ____ Student

        Presenting?          ____ Talk      ____  Poster
        ================================================
        TUTORIAL REGISTRATION

        ____"Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists"
         or
        ____"Artificial Intelligence for Biologists"
         -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
        ____"Neural Networks, Statistics, and
         or     Information Theory in Sequence Analysis"
        ____"Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming"
         or
        ____"Linguistic Methods in Sequence Analysis"
        ================================================
        PAYMENT       (Early Registration Before June 1)

        Registration:  Early   Late	    $___________
              Regular  $100    $125
              Student  $75     $100
        Tutorials:     One      Two         $___________
              Regular  $50      $65
              Student  $25      $35
        Total:                              $___________
        ================================================
        Registration fees include conference proceedings,
        refreshments, and general program expenses.

                      ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
        Lawrence Hunter                              NLM
        David Searls                  U. of Pennsylvania
        Jude Shavlik                     U. of Wisconsin


:
: And thank the Lord that Bill Connor has returned to set
: us straight!  Now I know I can die happy when my Lexus
: SE400 wipes out on that rain-slick curve in 1997.  The
: rest of you had best straighten up, because your time
: is even more limited.  Most of you are going in the Flu
: of 1994.

Maddi,

You know you're glad to have me visit ...
But I won't stay long this time, just shopping around.


I agree. It was great for the ESPN people to show the Detroit game. (My
roommate just about sh*t when they threw the octopus on the ice. (Thanks
for explaining the significance of that BTW)) The only problem I had was
when they blotted out the local commentators with the baseball ads and
music. Especially when the wings player hit the rut and went into the
boards injuring his shoulder and they blotted out the injury report. Other
then that, hats off to ESPN. Now if they'll only make a habit of this. Yeah
right! Baseball seasons started (Zzzzzz.....) =)

KOZ


Saw this in today's newspaper:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORTUNE-GUZZLER BARRED FROM BARS
--------------------------------
Barnstaple, England/Reuter

	A motorcyclist said to have drunk away a $290,000 insurance payment in
less than 10 years was banned Wednesday from every pub in England and Wales.

	David Roberts, 29, had been awarded the cash in compensation for
losing a leg in a motorcycle accident. He spent virtually all of it on cider, a
court in Barnstaple in southwest England was told.

	Judge Malcolm Coterill banned Roberts from all bars in England and
Wales for 12 months and put on two years' probation after he started a brawl in
a pub.


Well, I used to get mad, and either try to communicate my anger to jerks,
or to, uhm, educate them in how to improve their manners in traffic.
Now I just try to get them off my tail.

In heavy traffic I slow down a bit, mostly so I have more buffer zone in
front to balance the minimal buffer behind, but I also often find that the
jerk behind will notice traffic moving faster in other lanes, switch
into one of them, and pass me - which is fine, because then I can keep a
better eye on the jerk from behind, while looking ahead, rather than
from in front, while splitting my attention between ahead and the mirrors.

In traffic so heavy that there is no way for the jerk to pass,
I might pull over, as if to look for a street number or name,
(still ignoring the jerk) just to get the jerk off my tail.

If this all sounds, well, wimpy or un-Denizenly or pessimistic, or perhaps
(for any psych types) passive-aggressive, consider that I prefer to get
my adrenaline jollies from riding, rather than from yelling at jerks.

A ride can improve my whole day, while yelling at a jerk is likely (for
me) to ruin my ride or my day with my own anger.  In the worst case,
yelling at the jerk could ruin my life - since even a tiny jerk in a
cage behind me is better armed (with the cage) than I am on a bike.

On the other hand, you might try subtly arranging to be the last
vehicle to legally cross one or more intersections, leaving the jerk
waiting for cross traffic (and thus off your tail), or crossing
illegally (hopefully in front of the waiting police).

Like almost everything here, your choices and mileage will vary.


:
: 	I have an 8514/A card, and I am using windows in 1024x768 mode
: 	(normal 8514/A font, not small).  In the 386 enhanced mode
: 	the DOS window font is too small for my 14" monitor. Is there a
: 	way to spacify the font size for the DOS window? You'll have to
: 	excuse me if there is a trivial answer, since I am fairly new to
: 	MS Windows world.
:
: 	Thanks.
:
: 	(Please include this message for reference)
: 	======  S. Alavi    [ssa@unity.ncsu.edu]  (919)467-7909 (H)  ========
: 						  (919)515-8063 (W)


Darryl Strawberry's moon shots were fun!  He can hit those high and far
home runs that if he actually ran them out he'd be rounding second base
by the time they landed.  We used to say that he should have to file a
flight plan at LaGuardia for some of them.  Then _Bull_Durham_ came out
and that was changed.  :-)

On homers he pulled that didn't go high, they were microwave home runs.
Microwave, as in they got outta there in a hurry!  In a game in 1988, he
came off the bench with the flu and on the second pitch send a rocket
down the right field line that didn't even allow Bob Murphy the "luxury"
of a home run call.  The story went he stayed in the clubhouse, the with
the Mets down by two and two on Davey Johnson sent for him to pinch hit.
He came out of the clubhouse saying "one swing and we go home."  He hit
the homer, ran the bases, then went straight for the clubhouse to shower
and go home.

Those were the days....


Hey everyone, I'm new to this  newsgroup so please excuse me if this is a
dumb question....I want to build a crossover for my stereo and I need
a coil with an inductance of 6.8mH (actually I need 4).  I was wondering
if anyone knew where I could buy these or how to make these.  I've called
many places and no one I can find sells them.  If you have the answers just
E - mail me....
Thanks in advance....
Chris


Sheesh.  The rumor mill strikes again.  But let's just assume this were true.
My question is this:

What would Montreal give San Jose if the Sharks got first pick and took Daigle?


Actually, this part was really interesting.  It turns out that the mask is
custom-fit to the goalie's face.  The goalie puts his/her face through a
piece of wood (or was it plastic?) with a hole in it that allows only the face
and forehead to show.  Hair is covered by a cap, eyes are covered by a plastic
wrap-type material, and vaseline is put on the goaltender's face.  Then, a
plaster is spread on their cheeks, forehead, and chin which takes about 12
minutes to dry sufficiently.  When it dries, it is effectively a mold of the
goalie's face.  This is used as the basis of the mask (the rest involves
padding the inside, hardening the exterior, fitting the cage, etc. etc.
John Blue of the Bruins actually demonstrated the procedure on the show.

Yeah, Essensa's mask looked really good.

Actually, I thought I heard him say that it _was_ Potvin's for certain.  I
would bet money on it either way...and it did look awesome!