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RF implanted antenna gain characterization: Procedures and challenges

Implanted biosensors and actuators constitute an essential area for present and future telemetry research. Alongside the actual sensor or actuator, they require a communication transceiver with an antenna to establish the wireless link to the outside of the body. At RF frequencies, the major problem with this kind of applications is due to the losses introduced by the body tissues, which increase considerably at this part of the spectrum and beyond and hinder the communication link. However, they present quite promising features when they are subcutaneously implanted compared to magnetic-coupled based systems, such as higher data rates, longer ranges once the signal is outside the body and robustness to misalignment between the two ends of the link. Therefore, quite a few applications have recently emerged based on this technology, such as blood pressure monitoring, prostheses control by myoelectric sensors, cochlea implants etc. The parallel development of RFID technology presents a promising synergy that is worth exploring.