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What is the history of psychiatry? II

Looking at the Programme of the Royal College of Psychiatrists on the occasion of its 150th anniversary, it is clear that an enormous diversity of effort and thought, science, technology, and practices is subsumed under the somewhat deceptive term psychiatry. I say deceptive, because the term continues to be used rather loosely, especially in historical writing. It seems, therefore, best to begin with some simple definitions of the two terms in my title, history and psychiatry. For now I shall use psychiatry to refer to all medical efforts on behalf of the mentally ill, including the doctrines, science, practices, and institutions utilized to that end. But the term medical does not imply that only physicians were involved. On the contrary, from the beginning of psychiatry as a medical specialty in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries these medical efforts included a host of non-medical people. This must be clearly stated at the beginning and I shall return to this point later on. What about history? History is a compact term which does not allow for a clear differentiation of its two meanings which are (1) that which happened in the past, and (2) our descriptions of past events. Accepting both meanings, the history of psychiatry is at once all that ever happened in relation to the medical care and treatment of the mentally ill as well