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CONSIDERATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS AS A BASE OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

Egypt has a fixed share of the Nile water, which may limit future water resources development projects. The agriculture in Egypt was developed over the last century in large measures as a result of technological change. As a matter of fact, the Egyptian agriculture consumes about 85% of Egypt's limited water resources. In the beginning of the 90's, the government gave the authorization for farmers to choose their own crop pattern. The Free cropping pattern is considered a major problem for the water distribution engineers. The difficulties issued from the randomized crop distribution along the network canals, with their different degrees. The fundamental factors contribute to Egypt’s food security challenge are the rapidly growing population, the availability of agricultural land and the restricted water resources. Expanding agricultural land in Egypt is tightly constrained by many factors and the availability of water is on top of these factors. This research is performed to emphasis the main agriculture problems in Egypt and discuss the reasons behind these problems. It also gives historical assessment of the crop pattern during two important periods. The 1 st period is just after the construction of High Aswan Dam (1965-1985), while the 2 nd one is following through to the Liberalization of agriculture sector including the crop pattern (1990 - 2010). This research also sets up three scenarios to help in determining an accurate observation of the best possible crop pattern with less water consumption according to the available water resources in Egypt. It was concluded that the best crop pattern scenario is the 3 rd one in which its cultivated area of rice should not exceed 1100 thousand feddan and the cultivated areas of sugar beet and cotton have been increased by 50%, on the other hand fixing all cultivated areas of the other crops according to the sustainable agricultural development strategy towards 2017.