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Response of Soil Quality Indicators to the Pesticide Cadusaphos

Chemical pesticides used in intensified agricultural systems can adversely affect soil quality through their effect on nontargeted soil organisms. Different soil quality indicators have been proposed, including soil enzyme activity, earthworm abundance, and soil respiration. As part of a study of these indicators, a laboratory experiment was performed to test their response to the application of cadusaphos, an organophosphorus insecticide and nematicide, under conditions reproducing as closely as possible those existing in the field. A clay soil, and the earthworm Octodrillus complanatus, a large‐sized earthworm with a wide distribution in S. Europe, were employed. Vessels containing 750 g of soil with a depth of 7.5 cm were treated with cadusaphos formulation at various rates (half normal to 10 times normal), with application either to the surface or soil incorporated. Soil sampling for measurement of soil respiration, cadusaphos residues, and seven soil enzymes using fluorimetric enzyme assays were carried out over 10 weeks, and the condition of the earthworms was recorded. Cadusaphos gave initial concentrations of 14.3 and 143 mg kg−1 for normal and 10‐fold rates, respectively, and degradation followed first‐order kinetics with a half‐life of 56 d. By week 10, all or nearly all of the test animals had died for all except the soil‐incorporated half‐normal dose, for which a significant effect on live weight was recorded. No noticeable effect on soil enzyme activity or soil respiration was observed, even for the 10‐fold dose.