{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014677103718199608, 'fraction_numerical': 0.016634050880626222, 'mean_word_length': 5.433962264150943, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Nobel Prize to Willem Einthoven in 1924 for the discovery of the mechanisms underlying the electrocardiogram (ECG)

INTRODUCTION Clinical cardiology is mainly based on three important scientific breakthroughs. The first advance was made in 1819 when René Laënnec published a volume on the relation between the findings obtained on auscultation of the chest with the stethoscope and the autopsy findings in patients who had died from cardiac or pulmonary diseases. The second advance came at the beginning of the last century when Willem Einthoven (Fig. 1) constructed the string galvanometer, which was ideal for recording the electrocardiogram (ECG), whereby it was possible to investigate the action of the heart and cardiac muscular contraction within different regions. The final advance came in the 1940s with the introduction of heart catheterization and angiography of the circulatory system following the contributions of André Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Richards Dickinson, who shared the Nobel Prize in 1956.