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Marxism, Nationalism And The National Question After Stalinism

Ernest Gellner and Anthony Smith are perhaps among the best known. Anthony Smith defines nationalism thus: "By 'nationalism' I shall mean an ideological movement for the attainment and maintenance of autonomy, unity and identity of a human population, some of whose members conceive it to constitute an actual or potential 'nation.' A 'nation' in turn I shall define as a named human population sharing an historic territory, common myths and memories, a mass, public culture, a single economy and common rights and duties for all members." Smith, A. (1991) National Identity, UK: Penguin/Harmondsworth. Chp 1, 4. This definition suggests that the concept of the nation refers to a particular kind of social and cultural community, a territorial community of shared history and culture. This is the assumption of nationalists themselves, for whom the world is composed of unique historic culture-communities, to which their citizens owe a primary loyalty and which are the sole source of political power and inner freedom. This definition of a nation is little different from that J.V.Stalin. Ernest Gellner defined a nation somewhat more dynamically: "What really matters is their incorporation and their mastery of high culture; I mean a literate codified culture which permits context-free communication. Their membership of such a community and their acceptability in it, that is a nation. It is a consequence of the mobility and anonymity of modern society and of the semantic non-physical nature of work that mastery of such culture and acceptability in it is the most valuable possession a man has. It is pre-condition of all other privileges and participation. This automatically makes him into a nationalist because if there is non-congruence between the culture in