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Bird diversity on small islands in Maluku

The bird species diversity is an indicator of the ecosystem stability. The high diversity index of birds is an indicator of healthy and stable ecosystem condition so that it can become a supporter of birdlife. The study aimed to determine the level of bird diversity on a small island in Maluku, namely the Saparua Island Protected Forest. The study was conducted in June - July 2019 using the Line Transect method on 100 m transect with 100 m transect distance, and 50 m band transect width left and right transect on a plot area of 50,000 m2 (5 ha). Observations were carried out in the morning at 07.30 - 10.00 Eastern Indonesian Time and afternoon at 16.00 - 18.30 Eastern Indonesian Time. The parameters used are the species distribution, species diversity, species abundance, and bird species evenness. The results found that the number of bird encounters in 5 transects varied. There were 16 species in transect one, 12 bird species in transect two, 9 bird species in transect three, 7 bird species in transect four and 12 bird species in transect five. The ten bird species that have conserved value and protected value were found. There were also three endemic species - each endemic was Ambon Bueno Ceram namely Myzomela seram, and the other two species are Maluku Endemic species, namely Sikatan Kelabu and Cabai Kelabu. The three types were species of birds with very limited distribution, while seven other species were animals that were protected by the state. Richness index of bird species ranges from low - medium, which was classified as medium category, transects 1, 2 and 5, with a value of the Richness Index in the range of 2.697707 - 3.413397 (2.5  4), while transects 3 and 4, low categories of 1.820478 - 1.987404 (R1 <2.5). The diversity index of bird species was classified as medium at 1.556579 - 2.155639 (1  3) which shows that transects 4 and 4 are in a low category and transects 1, 2 and 5 are in the high category. The abundance class of birds with conserved value and protected value were divided into three kinds. The four types were classified as rare abundance class, namely Elang bondol, Nuri bayan, Nuri pipi-merah dan Raja-udang suci. Then, the three types were classified as uncommon abundance class, namely Pergam mata-putih, Sikatan kelabu dan Myzomela seram. Furthermore, the three types were included in the frequent abundance class, namely Cabai kelabu, madu hitam dan madu sriganti.


Introduction
Indonesia is the country with the greatest biodiversity in the world and its tropical rain forests are among the richest in Southeast Asia with exceptional species diversity and a high number of endemic species [1]. However, the conversion of tropical rain forests into agricultural land has resulted in the local and regional extinction of many species. Maluku, which is an archipelago, has more than 100 known bird species, but the number continues to decrease due to the large number of sampling and surveying expeditions. The natural habitat of most birds in Maluku is tropical forest, where around 77% of birds in Maluku spend their entire lives or a part of their lives in the forest. However, much of Bird diversity on small islands in Maluku ( Birds are a key species and play a very important role in maintaining ecosystem balance by providing a variety of ecological services [2]. The diversity, abundance and distribution of birds in forest areas will be an indicator of forest health. The increasing of the complexity of vegetation structure, flower composition, and heterogeneity can increase the diversity and abundance of birds in an ecosystem. Anthropogenic damage due to human presence in the form of land clearing for settlements, agriculture, plantations has an impact on the spread of birds [3]. Natural factors such as flooding, drought, deforestation in land use, natural resources and climate change will affect vegetation because of bird habitat and bird community structure . Birds will also respond to changes that occur in their habitat, so that birds can be used as bio-indicators in assessing the health quality of a habitat or ecosystem. Birds are a key species in a food web because they spread easily and are easily seen.
The richness of bird species is influenced by the habitat environment, flora diversity, level of anthropogenic disturbance, new species invasion and predation. Birds are very sensitive to changes in habitat structure and function, so they are able to function as indicators of change and pressure in the habitat. Birds provide ecological benefits, such as seed distribution, facilitation of forest restoration, pollination of many tropical plant species, and control of insect pests and little rodents, which can destroy agricultural products [3]. Therefore, birds are the ideal study group for the assessment of ecosystem services. Environmental impacts on birds are usually assessed by recording changes in population density, abundance or distribution of species in various habitat types. The protected forest of Tuhaha Village on Saparua Island has a variety of functions and benefits for the life of living creatures, but in the last decade, a shift in function occurred. As a result, there was disruptions in daily activities, feeding and reproductive activities of birds as one of the supporting components in the forest area. The research aimed to identify birds up to the level of species, and determine the level of bird diversity, because this study shows that changes in land use and modification can change the structure of bird diversity [3].

Study Area
The study was conducted in June -August 2019 in the Protected Forest of Negeri in the Hata Wano Peninsula, Saparua Island, which is a type of lowland forest. The location of the research is presented in figure 1. Bird data collected in the field includes all bird species found in the research data plot. The main concern is addressed with regard to certain types of birds that are sensitive to environmental changes. [4]. Bird data are collected using work paths in rectangular data plots. The method used for bird data collection is the Line Transect method which is placed in a data plot side by side. This method was chosen because it can explore the data plot area in a short time and allows repetition of data collection in one day according to the desired time [5]. The research data plot used is rectangular in shape. In the data plot the birds were collected using 5 transects or data collection lines with a length of 100 m each, the distance between the transects used was 100 m. This allows the width of the band transect used by 50 m left and 50 m right. With the length of the transect, the distance between the transects and the width of the left-right transect band as described above, the area of the data plot at the study site is 50,000 m2 (5 ha). The research plot design is presented in figure 2.

Data Collection
Bird data were collected according to species using the "Line Transect" method in a rectangular plot of 5 transects with a length of 100 m, the distance between transects was 100 m, and the plot area was 50,000 m 2 (5 ha). The time of the bird collection was divided into two, namely at 07.30 -10:00 Central Indonesian Time and 16.00 -18.30 Central Indonesian Time. The tools and materials used in the study were GPS, Altimeter, Shunto Compass, Binoculars, digital cameras (Tele Zoom), land cover maps, topographic maps, and bird wildlife field guides [6].

Data Anaysis
The parameters used are the species distribution, species diversity, species abundance, and bird species evenness. The number of types, number of contacts, and number of individual types obtained in the data collection are key variables in the analysis [7]. For consistency in the size of the number of contacts, the number of species and the number of individual species of birds encountered, the range of numbers was used as shown in the table below. The Abundance Class Abundance classes were based on the number of individuals found in birds divided into several class categories adopted from the Abundance Sequence Scale by [3], as presented in table 5. Population Density Estimated Population Density used the transect calculation formula adopted from the King Method, in the form of Line Transect where the calculation was based on "radial distance" the distance between the observer and the animal directly during detection in the field.

Number of Bird Types
There were 22 species of birds found, in 16 families as in table 6. The results found that the number of bird encounters in 5 transects varied. There were 16 bird species found in transect 1, 12 bird species in transect 2, 9 bird species in transect 3, 7 bird species in transect 4 and 12 species in transect 5. The ten bird species that have conserved value and protected value were found. There were also three endemic species -each endemic was Ambon Bueno Ceram namely Myzomela seram, and the other two species are Maluku Endemic species, namely Sikatan Kelabu and Cabai Kelabu. The three types were species of birds with very limited distribution, while seven other species were animals that were protected by the state. The results of the study are the new meeting notes for Saparua Island, where the distribution of Myzomela Seram so far has only been found in Seram Buano Island in Ambon but also spread in Saparua Island [8]. The presence of the Myzomela Seram species on Saparua Island was assumed as a proof that the habitat on Saparua Island was able to support the life of this species. The availability of vegetation and microclimate conditions of this type were thought to be suitable for the life of this species, so that this species moved from its main habitat on Seram Island. The number of bird species in the world was estimated to reach 8,800 -10,200 species.Based on data released by the Indonesian Wild Bird Conservation Association Of the total number of species in the world, 1,672 bird species are part of the typical endemic animals owned by Indonesia [9].

Figure 3. Distribution of Birds by Transect
Based on the time of the birds meeting, it can be seen the differences in types between morning and evening. The encounter in the morning was higher than in the afternoon, presumably because in the afternoon after 16.00 Eastern Indonesian Time until the evening, the intensity of rainfall was high (85%) with low air temperatures (average 25 o C) and high air humidity (80% ) was thought to greatly affect the activity of the appearance of birds during the day. When it rains, several species of birds hide among the trees. Transek 1 Transek 2 Transek 3 Transek 4 Transek 5

Figure 4. Bird Meetings based on observation time
Based on the number of contacts and the number of individual species found in each transect, it can be seen that the total number of contacts and the number of individual birds in the morning was greater than in the afternoon [7].The number of contacts in the morning was 71 times and the number of contacts in the afternoon was 48 times, while the number of individuals in the morning was 171 tails and the number of individuals in the afternoon were 99 tails. The encounter with various species of birds in protected forest areas was influenced by the activity of humans in the area. The results of the study found that there were felling of Pala, Clove and Nira trees in the area by the local community for commercial purposes. The community took nutmeg, clove and Nira for sale, and the manufacture of brown sugar and Sopi which is a traditional drink in Maluku. Transek 1 Transek 2 Transek 3 Transek 4 Transek 5 Jumlah Jenis Sore Jumlah Jenis Pagi

The Richness of Birds Types
The results of measurements of bird species richness in the Tuhaha Village Protection Forest can be seen in tables 8 and 8. There was only one Elang Bondol because this species prefers areas along the muddy sea such as mangrove forests, estuary and coastal areas [11]. The condition of the protected forest habitat of Saparua Island was classified as dry land and far from water sources, both seawater and fresh water so that this species was not commonly found. It was assumed that this species only crossed the protected forest area of Tuhaha Village at the time of observation. These birds usually live in wetlands such as rice fields and swamps [12].
Perling Maluku (Aplonis mysolensis) was found in large numbers reaching 107 tails in the forest area. This species had a high selling value in Indonesia, and was spread across the Sula Islands, Maluku, Papua and Nusa Tenggara. This type had a long tail with a pointed middle hair. When this species was found perched on a mahogany tree (Swietenia mahagoni). Sometimes, it was also found above sea level at an altitude of 300 meters above sea level on Seram Island, or at the foot of hills at an altitude of 250 meters like on Halmahera, even up to 700 meters like on Buru Island.  Richness index of bird species in protected forests ranges from low -medium, where transects 1, 2 and 5 were classified in the medium category, with a value of the Richness Index in the range of 2.697707 -3.413397 (2.5 <R1> 4). The transects 3 and 4 were in the low category with a value of Richness Index ranging from 1.820478 -1.987404 (R1 <2.5). The presence and richness of certain species of birds, are generally adjusted to their preference for certain habitats, namely on land, freshwater and sea, and can be subdivided according to plants such as dense forests, shrubs and grasses. Types of land use in the protected forest of Tuhaha Village were secondary forest and dry land mixed with bush farming. It was assumed that the type of land use with low vegetation cover resulted in some species of birds losing their nests and habitat for life. Currently bird populations in almost most forest areas in Indonesia tend to decline. The situation is a direct result of anthropogenic impacts, such as burning of forests and grasslands, shifting cultivation, hunting and bird trade.
The diversity and abundance of birds in protected forest areas was thought to be caused by abundant food resources, and low levels of predation in protected forests. Welty & Baptista (1988) said that the distribution and population of birds in a habitat are influenced by physical or environmental factors such as soil, water, temperature, sunlight and biological factors that include vegetation and other animals.
Plantation areas which are a form of new habitat after natural forests become planted forest or plantations greatly affect the presence of birds. The diversity of birds that exist in a place tends to be in line with variations in vegetation, where the more varied vegetation of a community, the diversity of bird species tends to increase as well [8].
The diversity index of bird species in forest areas was classified as medium in the five transects at numbers 1.556579 -2.155639 (1 <H '> 3), which shows that transects-3 and 4 are in the low category and transects 1, 2 and 5 are in the high category. The index of bird species diversity in the five transects is presented in Table 8. Bird diversity was defined as the number of bird species and their abundance in each area. Factors that influence the value of species diversity (H ') are environmental conditions, the number of species and the distribution of individuals in each species. The species diversity index value (H ') of birds in Saparua was included in the high category [8]. This value explains that this area had high productivity, balanced ecosystem conditions, and low ecological