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The Endangered Species Act: Interfacing with Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1973 for the purpose of protecting and recovering imperiled species and the ecosystems on which they depend. The Act is administered by the Department of Interior’s U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the Department of Commerce-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (collectively, “the Services”). The FWS has primary responsibility for terrestrial and freshwater organisms, whereas the NMFS principally is responsible for marine species and anadromous fish (those that return from the sea to breed in the rivers where they were born) such as salmon (USFWS 2009).