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Effect of the 21‐bp repeat upstream element on in vitro transcription from the early and late SV40 promoters.

The role of the 21‐bp repeat region [simian virus 40 (SV40) coordinates 40‐103] on early and late SV40 promoter functions has been investigated in vitro using a variety of mutated templates. Using either a HeLa whole cell extract or a S100 extract, we analyzed the transcripts by quantitative S1 nuclease mapping. GC‐rich motifs contained in the 21‐bp direct repeat constituted an essential element for efficient early transcription in vitro in agreement with previous in vivo results. These GC‐rich motifs act in a non‐polar fashion, since inversion of the 21‐bp region did not reduce early transcription. Some point mutations in the 22‐bp imperfectly repeated sequence, that drastically reduce initiations from the early promoter in vivo, had little effect in vitro, indicating that all the functions of these GC‐rich motifs cannot be reproduced in vitro at present. The requirement for the 21‐bp repeat region was less stringent when the concentration of the early promoter sequence was increased, which suggests that its function may be to facilitate the recognition of the ‘weak’ SV40 early TATA box. The multiple late start sites were accurately used in vitro and the GC‐rich motifs contained in the 21‐bp repeat region were an important element for efficient in vitro initiation of transcription from the late promoter, irrespective of their orientation. However, the effect of the 21‐bp repeat region on late initiations decreased strikingly with increasing distance to the start sites, although it was still detectable over a distance of 220 bp. Under the present in vitro conditions, the 72‐bp repeat region stimulates weakly both early and late transcription.