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Induction of tumor necrosis‐α, p38 and JNK in the spinal cord following acute heart injury in the rat model

Background:  It is still not known whether the spinal cytokine signaling pathways are involved in the pathophysiologic mechanism of the acute phase of heart disease. This study examines the expression pattern of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and its two related mitogenic‐activated protein kinases, p38 and Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK), in the spinal cord in response to acute cardiac injury (ACI).