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Confirmation of resting‐state BOLD fluctuations in the human brainstem and spinal cord after identification and removal of physiological noise

Resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) has been used to investigate networks within the cortex, but its use in the brainstem (BS) and spinal cord (SC) has been limited. This region presents challenges for fMRI, partly because of sources of physiological noise. This study aims to quantify noise contributions to rs‐fMRI, and to obtain evidence of resting‐state blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) fluctuations.