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Building Rating System: Kosovar imperative in sustainable context

The purpose of this paper is to identify and establish an understanding for the importance of Building Rating System (BRS) and insights of a detailed survey of the building’s specifications in compliance literally stated in requirements of Construction Industry Law in Kosovo. BRS will be used as a comprehensive tool to deliver a report to the respective governmental institution and property developer. As an important part of the sustainable construction delivery system, sustainable BRS plays an essential role in implementing the sustainable principles into the construction industry and assessing the building’s rating. The research adopts comprehensive literature reviews from numerous published sources, as journals, government reports, published thesis and website document focusing study on BRS contributions. Sustainable development indicators in securing the interest of Construction Industry in Kosovo will be partially spot lighted by research questions: “What is BRS role into sustainable development, environment, architecture and construction in context of Kosovo? How could BRS response over the law systems among decision makers in Kosovo?” Establishing the BRS system is an essential and/or added value to the government now, as BRS adoption accelerates, must meet the institutional mandate, and thus make closer links between the construction industry and decisionmaking government institutions. Expected outcomes on different levels, outlined in this paper, will address BRS as a minimum tool in near future, starting from educational institutions, designers, builders or clients, for developing a sustainable construction with sustainable architectural and construction concepts and competencies.


INTRODUCTION The significance for developing a model for BRS
The world population has been increasing in a startling way in the last decades. To better understand the rapid population growth, world population reached one billion people by the year 1804, increased to 2 billion in 1927, three billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1987 and finally reached 6 billion in 1999. The world population in 2010 has reached 6.850 billion people and is expected to reach the 8 billion in 2018 [1]. This major increase in world population combined with the lifestyle of today's society, which is beginning to be adopted by developing countries, is causing a great demand for the natural resources of the planet. This fact is being a major cause of the global crisis that the world is experiencing nowadays. If the entire world's population will be living in a European's lifestyle, it would take two and a half planets to supply resources for the entire population.
Global warming, a major cause of environmental problems, result mainly from the increased greenhouse gases emissions to the atmosphere. Some of the main gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons, which are derived mainly, form burning fossil fuels. This phenomenon has caused several consequences for the world's environment as, among others, increase of average sea level, climate changes, biodiversity loss, and desertification, e.g. 12 of the 13 warmest years ever have occurred since 1995; in year 2005 the average global temperature was 0.76 0 C above the average temperature of the pre-industrial era and it is expected that by the end of this century the temperature will increase 1.8 to 4.0 0 C [2].
The energy consumption is one of the most important factors in the quest for sustainable development and leads to global warming. Energy consumption is the main responsible for emissions of greenhouse gases in the EU. It is also estimated that the construction sector accounts for about 35% of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the efficient use of energy is certainly one of the most important ways to minimize the environmental problems; however, the demand for energy is increasing worldwide. The International Energy Agency predict that the global energy demand will increase by more than 50% by 2030 if politics remain unchanged and more than 60% of this increase respect to developing countries [3].
Beside above-mentioned fields, according to European Environment Agency, in 2005 Europe produced 1300 million tons of waste, equivalents to 3.5 tons of waste per capita and 518 kg of Municipal Solid Waste. Moreover, protecting biodiversity is also seen as an important factor against the greenhouse effect, since the photosynthesis of plants provide an important natural mechanism for storing huge amounts of carbon. Water is also one of the essential elements for life on the planet. It is an invaluable resource for the continuity of human life, not only for drinking, but it is also essential for the production of other food resources. In fact, it takes a lot more water to produce food than the direct consumption. The needs of drinking water per person per day are 2 to 4 liters, but it is needed 2000 to 5000 liters of water daily to produce the food for one person. [4] Increased attention to sustainable development is collaterally increasing the focus to sustainable environment, consequently the construction sector to build more sustainable buildings. In this regard have been proposed several sustainable development indicators and/or building rating systems. The worldwide dissemination of sustainable building rating systems could be considered as an exponential variable for the evaluation of sustainable development indicators in different geographical contexts. Available building rating systems span from energy consumption evaluation systems to life cycle analysis and total quality assessment systems. In these last systems, a multi-dimensional approach is proposed, as several building ratings are evaluated separately before being considered together. A research for sustainability assessment in the construction sector in relation to rating systems and rated buildings are provided data to discuss construction characteristics that, currently, aim at being defined as sustainable. In this case it was concluded by researchers [5], that building energy performance is considered the most important criterion in sustainability rating systems, and the least achieved one in sustainability assessments. In contrast, other performance ratings of the building, such as water efficiency or indoor air quality, are achieved with a high rate of success in sustainability assessments.
Furthermore, the research related with regional cites and their growth rapidly over the past decade as a result of global urbanization shows that the build environment displays a major challenge. A performance of Sustainable Building Management is the key to solve a serious problem when responsible authorities are encouraged managing efficiently social, spatial and environmental consequences due to fundamental misconception that sustainability and the environment are one and the same issue. With possibly that the improvement towards using misapplied BRS so far may lead to a reduction of environmental chaos. Derived conclusions from a research [5] are given towards promotion of Sustainable buildings -for designing, construction and maintenance in order to protect public interest, sustainable and healthy environment for all in Region.
The example taken for expansible city type is Pristina, capital city of Kosovo, Kosovo's wealthiest municipality, grown from a small trading town, with 18,000 habitants in 1910; to a recorded 20,000 inhabitants in 1948; 108,000 by 1981 and approximately more than 550,000 inhabitants recently. This growth, developments and the proceedings of economic and political changes within two late decades have impacted upon the achievement of the city's Strategic Plans and developers. Rapid growth effected beyond the harmonic balance of community, environment and economy. Actually, habitants, area and cost aren't harmonically apprehended. For a long time, the sustainability environment is seen by many as a restraint on development and only recently has it been recognized as a justified restraint on inappropriate development. In despite an extensive number of studies regarding the methods for integration on BRS in process of construction industry legislation for AEC, a lack of consensus remains among researchers and practitioners regarding the applications of sustainable indicators in context of Kosovo. One of the essentials of sustainable AEC industry is to remain up to date and follow current trends.
In this sense is it important to see the needs of an increased population, followed by the increased demand for better and friendly environment and lifestyle. Thus, the great demand for the natural resources, such as sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation has the oblique report with the AEC industry demands.
Apparently, the world is facing several environmental, social and economic problems. The problems result essentially by the combination of three main factors such as world population growth; resource consumption and pollution of air, soil and water.
Moreover, there is a lack of capacity in terms of qualified and experienced environmental managers, necessary when rising expectation and speed of population, or when answering surfaced questions: can we maintain and improve live quality whiles radically improving the effectiveness in how we use all our resources, reducing pollution and waste, uncontrollable build environment, and manage sustainability environment?
Which appropriate forms, contest, methods and authorities to use when building human and health environment?

The relevance of construction sector to development BRS
The construction sector is responsible for consuming about 40% of raw materials and 55% of extracted wood; the sector represents 40% of final energy consumption in Europe "Sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that won't deplete resources or harm natural cycles" [11]. New, complex and constantly evolving sustainable design and construction practices have created a wide spectrum of published opinion about the definition, appropriate application and future direction of the concept and practice. This dearth of information has created a continuum of apprehension that ranges from a fear of reduced environmental laws weakening protection of the natural environment to the position that sustainable methods should be the only accepted construction practices [12].
Most states and many major cities have incorporated sustainability, 'green' concept into their internal building requirements for new construction. These green guidelines are used as benchmarks for green building incentive programs to build a green infrastructure too, necessary to mainstream green building practices, moreover practicing sustainable construction. There are currently many tools for assessing the sustainably of constructions, but there is issue to be taken into account such as s political, cultural, social and economic aspect of the site where it will be applied. Hence, given the subjectivity inherent in assessing sustainability, none of these methods is widely accepted.
The researchers [13] introduced the oldest tool for the analysis of the environmental assessment method for buildings is BREEAM, developed by researchers in  Regardless the sustainability assessment of buildings, comparable alternatives of buildings assessment management methods and in default of appropriate BRS as the benchmark for measuring the sustainability of new and/or existing buildings, focusing an attempt for appliances of it and solutions for management methods that can be successfully implemented in local level and/or regional level, in this case Pristina City. Since, buildings are major physical asset within every city, thus facility management deals with the management of built assets widely which will be well delivered the best service to the users, developers, property institutions and due to limited building condition. Thus, building rating system does the indicators of good performance, as it starts deteriorate once completed and been used, as well their affect to the sustainable environment. However, At the initial stage of design, clients have to be fully aware of regulatory requirements for sustainable development and follow it to producers, in order to accompany a planning application. In this case, BRS tool in design stage, shown in Figure   1, helps to develop an environmental policy statement that clearly shows out the objectives and advise the project teams on design options for meeting sustainability targets, e.g. low energy heating, natural ventilation systems, etc.; during construction stage BRS ensures the site registered under the 'considerate constructors' scheme and monitor delivery of sustainability goals -i.e. encourage the supply of materials from sustainable sources, the adoption of a sustainable waste strategy.  Regardless of what rating, standard, or guideline system is used, one should always ask who, organization or instructional authorities, will make an assessment. Is it being done by a first-party, second-party, or third-party? A first-party assessment is one that comes directly from an organization that is associated with the entity making or may benefit from the claim. A second-party assessment is not performed by an interested party.
It might be done by a trade association, for example, and thus provides a level of independence from those who would directly benefit from a positive assessment. A thirdparty assessment is one that is done by an independent party that has no financial interest in the outcome of the assessment. There can be no direct payments, shares, loans, grants, or ties to members of the product or service being assessed. There are four principles that should be used when evaluating an assessment system: • Science based -the results and decisions must be reproducible by others using the same standard; • Transparent-the standards and process for awarding the certification should be transparent and open for examination; • Objective -the certification body should be free of conflict; • Progressive -the standard should advance industry practices, not simply reward business. • Implementation of BRS promotes overall benefits for environment, builders and end-user during entire AEC industry, explicitly during the design and construction stage; • Applicability of BRS promotes and ensure users that the construction industry will start building in more sustainable way, with real improvements in key areas, such as: energy, carbon dioxide emissions, water use, better management of surface water run-off, usage of less pollution materials; • The implementation of BRS methods and suggested tools improves environment today and sustainable environment of the region in the future and that will increase public attention and its conscience, e.g. through education and media concern over environmental issues, notably climate change, giving rise to a continues education among consumers for more sustainable products and services; • The BRS increase the builder's performance towards sustainability performance of their Buildings, quality and efficient completion in that regards, lower running cost, improved comfort and satisfaction of tenants too; • Provides valuable information to costumers / end-users, sufficient knowledge for sustainability performance of different buildings, assisting them in their choice for a new dwelling which should meet the sustainability criteria for a more pleasant and healthy place to live; • BRS should not be viewed as the ultimate goal by policy makers. Rather, these systems are one of several policy levers that policy makers can use to drive ultimate sustainable goals, i.e. energy efficiency or climate change goals. They have the greatest impact when they are integrated into strategic and coordinated energy efficiency or other policy framework including other key elements such as code enforcement, financial incentives, and a robust outreach and communications effort; • The importance of ancillary systems supporting rating schemes, though are not limited to, such as: quality assessments, assessor training, public outreach, and maintaining an up-to-date and accurate data repository of building ratings and compliance, educational programs; • Policy makers need to carefully evaluate how to best leverage the growing popularity of sustainability ratings without having energy performance become just one in long list of compliance items. Other researchers and analysis could also help to identify several other topics that would be useful for future research as well as additional topics that would merit international collaboration; • As an alternative to creation of GCRS in Republic of Kosovo can be used the U.S. LEED rating system since it is notorious and continues to be used in many countries around the world.
Prerequisite towards successful implementation of GCRS is to create and maintain the credibility between decision-makers, participants and implementing body of GCRS.