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Knowledge and Category-Based Induction 1

In this chapter we will present findings from a program of research—conducted both inside and outside the lab—aimed at discovering how real-world knowledge impacts the use of categories in inductive reasoning. To preview, we will argue that the specific effects of knowledge on category-based induction include rendering non-taxonomic relations (including causal, ecological and thematic relations) available for guiding inferences, and increasing their salience relative to taxonomic relations. This in turn has the effect of increasing the flexibility with which knowledgeable individuals can access and utilize different relations to guide induction in response to the specifics of the context. However, these changes come with an additional processing burden in that it is more time consuming to utilize specific relational knowledge than to rely on general similarity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that in order to develop adequate accounts of how concepts are used in reasoning, we must consider the impact of knowledge and experience on this process.