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Effective systolic orifice area of the aortic valve: implications for Doppler echocardiographic cardiac output determinations

Background:  Substantial research using echocardiography has established that stroke volume (SV) or cardiac output (CO) can be measured non‐invasively at the level of the aortic valve (AV) with high accuracy. Stroke volume is the product of the velocity time integral occurring at the sampling site and the effective systolic AV orifice area (AVOAeff). Nevertheless, a generally accepted method for the determination of AVOAeff is still lacking.