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Physical Properties of Implanted Porous Bioscaffolds Regulate Skin Repair: Focusing on Mechanical and Structural Features

Porous bioscaffolds are applied to facilitate skin repair since the early 1990s, but a perfect regeneration outcome has yet to be achieved. Until now, most efforts have focused on modulating the chemical properties of bioscaffolds, while physical properties are traditionally overlooked. Recent advances in mechanobiology and mechanotherapy have highlighted the importance of biomaterials' physical properties in the regulation of cellular behaviors and regenerative processes. In skin repair, the mechanical and structural features of porous bioscaffolds are two major physical properties that determine therapeutic efficacy. Here, first an overview of natural skin repair with an emphasis on the major biophysically sensitive cell types involved in this multistage process is provided, followed by an introduction of the four roles of bioscaffolds as skin implants. Then, how the mechanical and structural features of bioscaffolds influence these four roles is discussed. The mechanical and structural features of porous bioscaffolds should be tailored to balance the acceleration of wound closure and functional improvements of the repaired skin. This study emphasizes that decoupling and precise control of the mechanical and structural features of bioscaffolds are significant aspects that should be considered in future biomaterial optimization, which can build a foundation to ultimately achieve perfect skin regeneration outcomes.