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Bilingualism and bilingual education in China

China is a multiethnic, socialist country. The equality of all nationalities and their respective languages is the basic principle of the Party and the State. This is guaranteed by the Chinese Constitution: 'All of the nationalities of China are equaP; 'every ethnic minority is to use and develop their language'. In order to meet the needs of bilingualism in ethnic-minority areas and to promote bilingual education, the Program for the Implementation of Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities stipulates, in Article 37, 'In schools where the majority of students belong to an ethnic minority, the language of textbooks and instruction should be the language of that minority, if conditions permit. The Chinese language (Mandarin) should be taught in the last two years of primary school and in middle school in order to promote the national language.' Article 49 states, 'The administration of autonomous regions should encourage the study of ethnic languages. Chinese cadres should learn the local language of the ethnic group, and the cadres of ethnic minorities, while studying their own language, shall also learn to speak and write the Standard national language.' Bilingualism has thus been legally promoted for a variety of functions in education and soeiety. In future, this will play an increasingly significant role in the development of ethnic-minority education, in the unity of ethnic groups, and in improving the cultivation of the whole nation.