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Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Species in Plants

We now know that nitric oxide (NO) bursts are early and transient characteristics of plant stress under many biotic and abiotic conditions. NO originates non-enzymatically from nitrite (NO2-), as a by-product from nitrate reductase (NR). It arises enzymatically from nitrite:nitric oxide reductase (NI-NOR), and putative nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. NOS substrates (L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen), and products (NO and L-citrulline) are ubiquitous in plants, and pivotal components of intermediary N metabolism. NO has both beneficial and harmful effects, depending on its concentrations and milieu. At low concentrations, it is a chemical messenger that directly integrates and differentiates time-dependent responses to stress and defence against pathogens. Prime direct targets of NO are the haems that shuttle three gases key to plant life, viz. -NO, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. -NO and thiols are nitrosated to S-nitrosothiols, stored, and probably shuttled by transnitrosylation of proteins. At high levels, and in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), -NO produces