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Coastal cities Resilience for Climate Change Case study: Egyptian North coast cities

Climate change is one of the most important threats facing the Mediterranean basin, and the Mediterranean coastal cities will suffer from several risks. Studies predict that these cities are threatened with drowning by 2070-2050. Intervention policies for the conservation of coastal cities are among the most important concerns for Europe and North Africa. The concept of Resilient cities is one of the recent ways to deal with natural disasters and climate change that could threaten cities in the future. The northern coastal cities are of great importance in Egyptian urbanization, Where the second capital of Egypt (Alexandria). Northern cities have about 12% of Egypt's population. These cities represent economic and social power as well as historical and humanitarian value. Despite these risks, there has been a trend towards urban expansion in the northern coastal region since the end of the last century. 
This paper aims at studying the impacts of climate change on Egyptian northern coastal zones and exploring the urban resilience to the effects of climate change. In this regard, the current paper discusses the concept of resilience and describes the city resilience framework. Then the research focuses on coastal cities and surveys coastal vulnerabilities to the risks of climate change.  The paper addresses climate change resilience strategies by exploring various techniques applied in three international case studies. Then it surveys Egypt's coastal zones vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change and Egyptian adaptation and mitigation attempts to climate change risks.  Finally, the paper addresses challenges and opportunities of the resilience of Egyptian northern coastal zones to the impacts of climate change and suggests some recommendations.