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Synergistic approach to the study of stability and mobility of the word meaning (on the material of polysemant red)

We analyze the semantic structure of the polysemant red. The purpose of study is synergistic understanding of semantic stability and mobility of a polysemantic word. The main methods of the linguistic research are comparative, additive, comparative-historical, historical-comparative and method of component analysis. The problem of the stability and mobility of the word meaning is associated, on the one hand, with a significant accumulation of actual material, which requires explanation, on the other hand, with insufficient explanatory power of traditional approaches to study of semantic asymmetry and objective difficulties in reconstructing the preliterate state of a word semantics. The novelty of the study is determined by a synergistic approach to the study of the stability and mobility of the word meaning, which involves considering semantic asymmetry in a synergistic system. It is revealed that the unity of stability and mobility of polysemant semantic structure as a hierarchically organized system of sememes provides its dynamic equilibrium. In the process of lexeme evolution, dynamic equilibrium is disrupted due to hypertrophied growth of the meant with one meaning, that leads to the instability of the system and cardinal changes in it. It is justified that the semantic stability of a polysemant red is manifested in its preservation of the sememe “red” and is ensured by homeostaticity and hierachicity, and the semantical mobility is manifested, in particular, in the actualization of one sememe or some sememes, and in the redemption of others, and is determined by the incompletness, instability and nonlinear style of a polysemantic word as a synergistic system. We conclude that it is possible to use the results of the study for a dynamic (synchronous-diachronic) description of polysemantic words.