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Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 and Its Limited Proteolysis in Neuroblastoma Cell Proliferation: Modulation by Transforming Growth Factor-β and Retinoic Acid.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate IGF action at cellular level through inhibition or, alternatively, potentiation, where their limited proteolysis is a contributory mechanism. Under basal conditions, neuroblastoma cells secrete IGFs (essentially IGF-II), IGFBPs (IGFBP-4 and predominantly IGFBP-2 that is partially proteolysed), and proteases, including tissue-type plasminogen (PLG) activator, whose activity is inhibited by PLG activator inhibitor-1. Neuroblastoma cells were used to investigate the influence of the plasmin system, transforming growth factor-β and retinoic acid on cell growth and the IGF system. In cells treated with 5 μg/ml PLG, proliferation was stimulated, an effect that was inhibited in the presence of either αIR-3 (which blocks the type 1 IGF receptor) or anti-IGF-II antibodies. There was a parallel increase in IGFBP-2 proteolysis, which resulted in a 5-fold loss of affinity for IGF-II. In the presence of 1 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β, PLG-induce...