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Utilization of screening services for cancer of the cervix in Makurdi, Nigeria

Background: Cancer of the cervix is a leading cause of death due to female genital malignancies in developing countries. Early detection through cervical screening is crucial for prevention and treatment. Objective: To determine the awareness and utilization of screening services for cancer of the cervix amongst women in Makurdi. Methods: A cross-sectional study using interviewer administered questionnaires to women attending the outpatient gynecological clinic at the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, North-Central, Nigeria between March and August 2012. Results: The average age and parity of respondents was 35±11.2 years and 2.4±2.3 respectively. Most 48.3% were civil servants, Married 89.0% and had post-secondary education (64.5%). About 65% were aware of cancer of the cervix. Fifty one percent were aware of cervical cancer screening. Main source of information was through the mass media (35.5%). Among the ‘aware’ group for screening services, only 13.6% had utilized the services (X2=12.2, p=0.0004, OR=3.7). Overall, only 7% of the study population have ever screened for the disease. Education significantly affected awareness for both cancer of the cervix (p=0.0001) and screening services (P=0.0002). Reasons for non utilization of services were; Ignorance, absence of screening centres, perceived non necessity, faith in God, prohibitive cost, physician’s non recommendation among others. Conclusion: Most women were aware of cancer of the cervix and screening for the disease but utilization of screening services was very poor. Services should be made available, accessible and affordable to the women while sustaining awareness campaigns.


Introduction
Cervical cancer is the second commonest malignancy affecting women worldwide [1,2]. It is the leading genital tract malignancy in developing nations. It is also the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in developing countries [1]. Out of the half a million women affected annually worldwide. Nearly 250, 000 deaths are reported every year [2]. Eighty percent of these women do not only come from countries that control only 20% of the world's cancer resources, they also present for treatment very late in which case only palliative measures can be offered to them [3,4].
This genital tract malignancy is for now the only reproductive tract cancer that can be detected at an early stage before it becomes frankly invasive. The use of the papanicolaou smear (named after the Greek physician) for screening the pre-invasive phase has demonstrated to be helpful in early detection and cure of the cancer [3,5]. The fact that the organ in question is easily accessible and the symptoms of the disease could manifest early makes quick diagnosis and cure possible.
Considering the public health significance and the magnitude of the disease several communities especially in the developed nations of the world adopted mass screening measures so as to prevent as well as reduce the burden of cervical cancer [4].
Some developed countries had even made it a law through their parliament making screening the right of women to live. The story is not the same in most developing countries where awareness is poor and several barriers against utilization of screening services exist.
In Nigeria, like other developing nations, awareness and utilization of screening services is not encouraging [5]. Even the opportunistic screening attitude of health workers in Nigeria is not widely practice by most reproductive health experts. Surprisingly, studies have shown that despite their knowledge of the disease and that of the importance of screening amongst female health workers, utilization of services is poor [6].
Various barriers have been reported to be responsible for non utilization of screening services in some parts of the country. This study was designed to assess the awareness, utilization of screening services and barriers to utilization of screening services for cancer of the cervix in Makurdi, North-Central, Nigeria.

Methodology
This was a cross-sectional study using interviewer administered questionnaires to 172 respondents. The study population were patients attending the out-patient gynaecological clinic at the The hospital is one of the two tertiary health facilities in the state and the only state University Teaching hospital north of the Niger. It is a new facility that is barely a year and a half old. It is located in Makurdi town the state capital. Makurdi Local Government Area (LGA) constitutes one of the 23 LGAs in the state [7]. Benue state which has an area of about 34,059km [2] is located in the north-central part of Nigeria. It is bounded to the North by Nassarawa state, by Taraba state to the east, Ebonyi/Cross-rivers states to the south and Kogi state to the west. It has about 5 million people who are mainly farmers, civil servants and traders [7].
Data collection was done by the nurses at the clinic. Questionnaires were administered to all participants who consented to be part of the research. The questionnaire had two parts. Section A: This focused on socio demographic characteristics of the women. These were; Initials, age, occupation, level of education, ethnicity, marital status, parity and religion. Section B: This focused on awareness of cervical cancer, source of information, prevention of cancer of the cervix, whether the respondents have seen someone with cancer of the cervix, whether there is cure or not for the disease, awareness of screening for the disease, utilization of screening services, the frequency of screening and reasons for non-utilization of services. It took approximately 15 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The Data was analysed using EPI INFO statistical software version 3.2.2. Data is presented in simple tables. Chi-square was used as a test of statistics with p-value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results
A total of 172 respondents were studied. Their average age and parity were 35±11.2 years and 2.4±2.3 respectively. Most 48.3% were civil servants, Married 89.0% and had post-secondary education (64.5%). About 65% were aware of cancer of the cervix. Fifty one percent were aware of cervical cancer screening ( Table 1). The Main source of information was through the mass media (35.5%). Among the 'aware' group for screening services, only 13.6% had utilized the services (X 2 =12.2, p=0.0004, OR=3.7). Overall, only 7% of the study population have ever screened for the disease ( Table 2). Education significantly predicted awareness for both cancer of the cervix (p=0.0001) and screening services (P=0.0002). However, utilization of screening services was not significantly influenced by education, parity, occupation and marital status. Respondents gave reasons for non utilization of services to include; Ignorance, absence of screening centres, perceived non necessity, faith in God, prohibitive cost and physician's non recommendation among other reasons ( Table 3).

Discussion
The average age and parity of the women is a reflection of the common group affected by the disease. The disease is said to have two peaks which are 35 and 55 years of age. It is not common among teenagers although young women in their twenties have been reported to have advanced stage disease [1]. There is need to intensify efforts towards promoting awareness and screening for premalignant lesions of the cervix among these category of women.
Interestingly, single women were more likely to screen than the married women although the difference was not statistically significant. This is encouraging and the determination should be sustained bearing in mind that doi: 10.7243/2054-0841-1-2 early sexual activity as well as multiple sexual partners are risk factors for cancer of the cervix [2]. More so studies have shown a declining age at coitache. One-third of the respondents were aware of cervical cancer and half were aware of screening for premalignant lesions of the cervix. This is in contrast to the findings in other studies done in the eastern part of the country where awareness was low [4,5]. This finding was however similar to the report of a study done among female health workers in Abuja, Nigeria [6]. The report of high awareness is due to the high level of education among the women. Education was significantly related to awareness for both the disease and screening services. A similar finding was reported by Nwankwo et al., in eastern Nigeria [8]. Emphasis on girl child education should therefore be sustained.
Sustaining the use of mass media in disseminating information to the general populace is imperative. Most of our respondents got their information from this source. Thus, media houses should endeavour to promote health education through campaigns, dramas, debates and advertisement either free of charge or at subsidized rates. The over commercialization of the mass media should be revisited especially when it has to do with issues of reproductive health.
Similar to findings of other studies, this study reports low utilization of screening services among the "aware" group for cervical cancer screening (13.6%) [3,6]. As low as 7% of the entire population studied had ever screened for the disease. Although, this rate is higher than the 2.6% and 4.2% in western and eastern Nigeria respectively [8,9]. The rate is however lower than the finding reported by Dim et al., eastern Nigeria and Hoque et al., in a rural community in South Africa [10]. This should raise a serious level of concern for all stake holders in reproductive health. The parliament should be magnanimous to make laws that will promote screening as has been done in other parts of the world.
The study finds several reasons for non utilization of services. These include; Ignorance, absence of screening centres, perceived non necessity, faith in God, prohibitive cost and physician's non recommendation. Some of these obstacles to screening were reported by other authors [3]. What is needed is re-strategizing on how best information on cancer of the cervix can be effectively disseminated.
Health workers should help change the perception of non susceptibility of women. They should be made to understand that as long as a woman is sexually active she stands a chance of been affected. More screening centres should be designated. So, a well organized national mass screening programme is much desirable and long overdue. Screening should be free or at a highly subsidized cost.
Training and retraining of health workers to provide services is important. Health workers should recommend at least a yearly cervical screening for women. Social mobilization efforts must target community leaders, traditional rulers, religious organizations and faith based institutions and not