{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02154046997389034, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0026109660574412533, 'mean_word_length': 6.265402843601896, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A Neuropsychological Examination of Multiple Sclerosis and its Impact upon Higher Mental Functions

In view of the debate regarding the behavioural sequelae accompanying multiple sclerosis (MS), this study aimed to identify the deficits underlying observed behavioural performance difficulties in 24 MS sufferers. Qualitative and quantitative assessment instruments were employed, that is, Christensen's formalization of Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation, the Trail Making Test and Rey's Complex Figure Test. Results were analysed using syndrome analysis, which proceeded according to a hypothetico-deductive process, based on the principle of double dissociation of function. Five underlying factors were identified, namely: fatigability; information overload; disturbed fine control and integration of skilled motor movements; disturbed attention, concentration and tracking; and, disturbed executive control. Subjects divided into two subgroups. Those in subgroup 1 displayed fatigability, information overload and disturbed fine control and integration of skilled motor movement. In addition to these, subjects in subgroup 2 displayed disturbed attention, concentration and tracking, and disturbed executive skills. The identification of two subgroups may assist in explaining why controversy still surrounds the question of cognitive deficits in MS. It was concluded that the five underlying factors gave rise to a specific pattern of neuropsychological dysfunctioning in subjects consistent with a subcortical syndrome.