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Environmental awareness in university students and the affecting factors

The environment has been defined as everything other than humans. This definition has emerged as a result of the interaction between human health, environment and genetic pattern. The concept of environment covers everything other than us, and the social, physico-geochemical and biological environment, which are in constant interaction with each other. All environmental factors that have the possibility of interacting with human beings are influential on the health of human beings and the society. 1,2 The rising life standards and the fast increase in the population of the world have increased the pressure on natural resources. Feeding, clothing and accommodating the increasing population increased the use of the resources and brought many environmental problems with them. Today, the environmental problems are threatening the whole world. 3-5 In studies conducted so far, it was reported that humans are pessimistic about the future of the environment depending on these problems, and the quality of the environment will decrease in coming years. 6 ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The environment has been defined as everything other than humans. This definition has emerged as a result of the interaction between human health, environment and genetic pattern. The concept of environment covers everything other than us, and the social, physico-geochemical and biological environment, which are in constant interaction with each other. All environmental factors that have the possibility of interacting with human beings are influential on the health of human beings and the society. 1,2 The rising life standards and the fast increase in the population of the world have increased the pressure on natural resources. Feeding, clothing and accommodating the increasing population increased the use of the resources and brought many environmental problems with them. Today, the environmental problems are threatening the whole world. [3][4][5] In studies conducted so far, it was reported that humans are pessimistic about the future of the environment depending on these problems, and the quality of the environment will decrease in coming years. 6 Major environmental changes have reached lifethreatening dimensions for human life in today's world. The disruption of the ecological system and obvious environmental destructions require that we review our relations with our outer world. 7 Environmental pollution and the disruption of the environment have many influences on life. Each year, millions of people have respiratory system diseases due to environmental pollution in open air or in closed areas. 8 In addition, environmental pollution also causes disruption in the chromosomes, cell lysis, death in intrauterine, negative influences on growth, anomalies in the fetus, death after birth, inadequacy in learning functions and early ageing. 9 Local and global measures have been taken for environmental problems, and national and international meetings are held on this topic. These efforts have been influential on the planning and the acceptance of administrative, legal, economic and technological measures. However, there are inadequate points in social level and in the "awareness" of the individuals about environmental problems. 10 In order to arouse this awareness, the education on environment is extremely important. The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental awareness levels of the first and fourth grade university students studying at different academic fields, investigate their opinions and behaviors on environmental problems, and determine the factors that influence the awareness levels of the students.

The type of the study
The study was conducted in 2016 April-June period in the descriptive design.

The universe and the sampling
The universe of the study consists of first and fourth grade students studying at eleven undergraduate level programs at Inonu University, Central Campus in 2015-2016 academic year. The N.t 2. p.q/d 2 (N-1)+t 2 .p.q formula, which is used in case the number of the participants in the target audience is known in selecting the sampling, was used. According to this formula, the minimum sampling size was found to be 384. The size of the sampling was determined as 400 by considering that there might be questionnaires that would be eliminated from the study because of not being fully completed. The stratified random sampling method was used in the selection of the sampling, and the students were selected randomly according to the proportioned of each faculty and class.

Data collection tools
The questionnaires, which were created as the data collection tool, consisted of two forms. The first form was the "Demographic Data Form", which was developed by the author of the study to determine the demographic characteristics of the students; and the second one was the "Environmental Attitude Scale" (EAS), which was developed by Uzun and Saglam (2006). 11 The scale consists of two sub-scales, which are the "Secondary Environmental Behavior Scale" and the "Secondary Environmental Attitude Scale". The "Secondary Environmental Behavior Scale" consists of 13 items, and the "Secondary Environmental Attitude Scale" consists of 14 items; in total 27 items, and is in 5 points Likert style. The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the "Secondary environmental attitude scale" was found to be α=0.80; and the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the "Secondary environmental behavior scale" was found to be α=0.88; and the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the "Environmental attitude scale" in general was found to be α=0.80. The "Environmental attitude scale" was evaluated by giving points from 5 (Always/I totally agree) and 1 (Never/I do not agree at all) according to the answers given; and in reverse sentences, the points were given from 1 to 5 to obtain the environmental attitude point of each student. While the points that could be received from the Behavioral Sub-scale varied between 13 and 65, the points varied between 14 and 70 in the Secondary Environmental Attitude Scale. The minimum point that can be received from the general of the scale is 27, and the highest one is 135. 11

Ethical aspect of the study
Written permission was received from Inonu University, Ethics Board in order to conduct the study (Ethical no: 2016\ 5-9).

The analysis of the data
In statistical analyses, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) and the Student t and one way Anova tests were used for the data that fit normal distribution; and the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for the data that did not fit normal distribution; and the p<0.05 level was taken as being significant in all evaluations.

RESULTS
55% of the students who participated in the study were female and 45% were male. The mean age of the participants was 21.18±2.62; and 57.7% of the students were first graders, while 42.35 of them were fourth graders. The students, who participated in the study, were from the Educational Faculty (20.5%); Engineering Faculty (16.4%); Faculty of Arts and Science (15.9%); and Faculty of Health Sciences (11.1%). When the educational status of the parents of the students were considered it was observed that 30.7% of the fathers were high school graduates, and 24% had undergraduate and post-graduate degrees; 35.3% of the mothers were primary school graduates, and 25.9% of the mothers were high school graduates. 33.7% of the students, who participated in the study, had a family income of 1301-2300 Turkish lira (TL) per month. 65.5% of the students did not have any hobbies related with the nature, and 34.5% of them had at least one hobby related with the nature (Table 1). Although the average points of the female students were higher in the comparison between the mean points received in the environmental attitude scale according to socio-demographic characteristics, the difference between the female and male students were not found to be significant. In the comparison of the students in terms of their grades and their attitude scale points, it was determined that the students who were at the first grade had higher points than those who studied at the fourth grade at a significant level. In comparison between the faculty of the students and the environmental attitude scale and environmental behaviors scale average points, it was observed that the students who were studying at Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Engineering Faculty had higher points than the other students at a significant level. The difference between the average points of the students and the educational status of their fathers were found to be statistically significant, and it was determined that this difference stemmed from the students whose fathers were high school graduates and had undergraduate/postgraduate degrees. In comparison between the educational status of the mothers of the students and the secondary environmental behavior scale average points, it was observed that the points received by the students whose mothers were high school graduates were significantly higher than the other students. In the comparison between average points of environmental attitude scale, it was observed that the students whose mothers were not literate received lower points than the other students at a significant level. The average points of the students whose families had 1300 TL and below monthly income were found to be lower than the other groups at a significant level. The environmental attitude scale average points of the students who lived in the same city for most of the time were found to be higher than the other students who lived in counties or villages at a significant level (Table 2).
In the comparison of the points of the students received from the secondary environmental attitude scale according to socio-demographic characteristics, no significant differences were determined between the gender, age, grade, and the educational status of the fathers. In the comparison of the points of the students received from the scale and their faculties, it was observed that the points received by the students who were studying at Engineering Faculty and Faculty of Law were determined to be higher at a significant level. When the points of the students received from the scale in terms of the educational status of their mothers were compared it was determined that the points received by the groups whose mothers were not literate were lower than the other groups at a significant level. The scale points of the students whose incomes were 1300 TL or lower were found to be lower than those whose monthly incomes were between 2301-3300 TL at a significant level. The Secondary Environmental Attitude Point average points of those who lived in the city for a long time were determined to be higher than those who lived in counties and villages at a significant level (Table 3).   When the average points of the students were examined in terms of various characteristics, it was observed that the average secondary environmental behavior scale points of the students who did sports were found to be higher than those who did not do sports. The Environmental Attitude Scale points of the students who had at least one hobby related with the nature were found to be 104.10± 13.07; and the points of those who did not have any hobbies were found to be 97.91±13.02 (Table  4).

DISCUSSION
In the comparison of the average points of the students received from the environmental attitude scale according to their socio-demographic characteristics, it was determined that the average points of the female students were higher than those of the male students; however, the difference was not found to be statistically significant. In a study conducted at Adnan Menderes University, it was determined that the average points of the female students were higher than those of the male students at a statistically significant level. 12 Kaya et al conducted a study on high school students and determined that the female students had more positive attitudes than the male students. 13 Kayali conducted a study on teacher candidates about environmental problems and reported that female students had more positive attitudes than the male students. 14 The points received by the female students being higher than the male students in our study show similarity with the results of the previous studies.
Another study supporting the findings of this study was conducted by Eagles and Demare and they reported that there were no differences between the ecological attitudes and the gender variable, and added that the female students had higher moral attitudes, which is consistent with our results. 15 When the grades of the students and their average points received in the scale were compared in our study, it was observed that the first grade students received higher points than the fourth grade students at a significant level; and no differences were determined between the grades in terms of secondary environmental attitude scale. Ek et al conducted a study on university students by using the environmental attitude scale and reported that the average points of the students who were studying at the last grades were higher than those who studied at the first grades. 12 The difference between may be interpreted as not providing classes on environmental issues at universities at an adequate quality or the awareness on the subject decreasing in time.
When the average points received in the environmental attitude scale and the secondary environmental behavior scale were compared with the faculties of the students, it was observed that the students who were studying at Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Engineering Faculty had higher points than the other students at a significant level, and the students of Engineering Faculty and Faculty of Law received higher points in secondary environmental attitude scale. In a study conducted by Ozmen et al, it was reported that although there were differences between the departments of the students in terms of environmental attitude scale points, these differences were in favor of the Faculty of Medicine students. 16 Sama et al conducted a study at Foreign Languages Department of Gazi University, and reported that the students had higher points in Environmental Attitude Scale than the other departments. 17 It is possible to claim that this difference between the departments or faculties stem from the departments being close or far to the Natural Sciences and Social Sciences, or according to the students' profiles.
The difference between the average points received from the scale and the educational status of their fathers was found to be statistically significant, and this difference is in favor of the students whose fathers were high school graduates and who had undergraduate/postgraduate degrees. In comparing the average points of environmental attitude scale, it was determined that the group whose mothers were not literate received lower points than the other groups at a significant level. Kayali et al conducted a study on the environmental attitudes of teacher candidates and reported that the average points received by the students whose parents were high school and university graduates were higher than the other groups. 14 Kose et al conducted a study to determine the attitude and knowledge elements of environmental literacy and reported that as the educational level of the parents increased, there were improvements in the attitudes towards the environment. 18 When the studies conducted so far are examined it is observed that there is a positive relation between the educational status of the parents and the environmental attitudes. These findings show parallelism with the findings of our study, and it may be concluded that the students who are raised in a family medium of higher educational status have more positive attitudes towards the environment and environmental problems, and educational factor influences not only the individuals and the next generations in a positive manner.
In our study, the average points of the students whose monthly income levels were 1300 TL and below in secondary environmental attitude scale were found to be lower than the other groups at a significant level. Eser conducted a study to examine the environmental attitudes of the students according to the income levels of their families, and reported that the environmental attitude points of the children of the families of middle-level income were higher than the children coming from lowlevel incomes. 19 The environmental attitude scale average points of the students who lived in the city for most of the time were found to be higher than those who lived in the counties or villages at a significant level. In a study investigating the relation between the living place of the students and the average of the total points received from the environmental attitude scale, it was determined that the average points of those who were living in the city center for most of the time were higher than those who were living in villages at a statistically significant level. 12 In a similar study, the environmental attitude scale average points of the students who lived in the city center for most of the time in their life cycles were found to be higher than the other students at a statistically significant level. 16 Kose conducted a study to measure the attitude and knowledge elements of environmental literacy and reported that there was significant differences in terms of the place where the individuals lived for most of the time. 18 All the findings support our study, and the environmental problems being experienced at a concretely intense manner in cities makes us consider that students develop more positive attitudes towards environmental problems.
In our study, when the points received by the students in environmental behaviors and secondary environmental attitude scale were compared, no significant differences were determined. A study conducted by Gedik supports the findings of our study. 20 In another study, no statistically significant differences were reported between the ages of the students and their Environmental Attitude Scale points. 10 In several other studies in the literature, statistically significant differences were reported between the total points and the age variable. [16][17][18][19][20][21] When the average points of the students received in the scale and their various characteristics were evaluated it was observed that the secondary environmental behavior scale average points of the students who did sports were higher than those who did not do sports at a significant level. The secondary environmental behavior scale and the environmental attitude scale average points of the students who had at least one hobby related with the nature were determined to be higher than those students who did not have any hobbies related with the nature at a significant level.
In the study, the environmental attitudes of the students who were studying at the first grade were found to be higher than those who studied at the fourth grade. While the environmental attitudes of the students who studied at Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Engineering Faculty were found to be higher, the points of the students who studied at Faculty of Dentistry were found to be at the lowest level. When the educational status of the parents was considered, it was determined that the students whose mothers were not literate had low-level sensitivity towards the environment. It has been observed that the educational factor is influential not only on students but also on the parents and therefore on the next generations. It was also determined that the students who lived in cities and the students who had at least one hobby were more sensitive towards the environment than those who lived in counties and villages and who did not have hobbies. In the light of these results, activities may be organized to increase sensitivity and attitudes towards the environment by cooperating with voluntary environmental institutions at universities. For this purpose, student clubs may be created and panels and conferences may be organized. The students may be influenced to be more sensitive towards the environment by environmental-friendly regulations at university campuses.