{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.017618040873854827, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0028188865398167725, 'mean_word_length': 5.120689655172414, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Imaging of pediatric testicular problems.

THE MOST COMMON of the testicular problems for which imaging is recommended is cryptorchidism. Undescended testes can be identified noninvasively with ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. These modalities work best when the testis is in the groin and are least sensitive for intra-abdominal testes. Hence, testes that are palpable on a careful physical examination are most likely to be identified by imaging; those that are not palpable are most likely to be missed. Therefore, imaging for undescended testes is not clinically helpful and, in this era of limited resources, is not cost-effective. Boys presenting with an acutely inflamed scrotum are another group for whom imaging is used to establish the diagnosis of testicular torsion. Radionuclide testicular scanning (often with pin-hole collimation) has proved reliable in detecting testicular blood flow. Color-flow Doppler studies have been used in adults and seem accurate, but thus far their reliability in prepubertal children has as yet not been established. The major drawback to any imaging study in acute scrotal inflammation is the time required to do the study. Because successful salvage of a testis in patients with testicular torsion inversely depends on the length of the time the testis has been ischemic, only if studies can be obtained within 30 to 60 minutes is their