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Perceived Changes associated with becoming Angry, Anxious, and Sad

An n= 418 study of Norwegian students showed that they associated arousal of anger, anxiety, and sadness with changes in such psychological characteristics as personality and self-concepts. An index of the cognition of emotional changes (CEC) was negatively correlated with an index for perceived control. Changes were rated as greater for personal characteristics than for other persons’ responses, perceived control was rated as greater for men than for women, and anger was rated as greater than anxiety and sadness on both indexes. An n= 200 study of outpatients showed markedly higher CEC and lower control ratings than students, and a n= 401 study of Brazilian students showed equivalence of measures and similarity of results.