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Mycotoxins Other than Aflatoxins--Their Relationships to Food SafetyINTRODUCTION 1.

Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by molds which may cause disease in animals or man. Acute diseases caused by mycotoxins are called mycotoxicoses. History has recorded several human disease outbreaks and numerous animal poisonings thought to be mycotoxicoses. The outbreak of a disease known as Turkey X disease in England in 1960 led to the discovery of aflatoxins and the realization that low levels of mold metabolites in foods and feed could cause disease in man and animals. This gave great impetus to the study of mycotoxins in the early 1960's. By the mid-1960's the carcinogenic nature of the aflatoxins was well known and the toxicity of other mold metabolites was beginning to be recognized. The 1960's saw a great deal of work on the aflatoxins in all aspects of the area, ranging from chemistry to toxicology to conditions governing the growth of the producing mold and production of the toxins. This work continued through the 1970's to the present, during which time literally thousands of papers have appeared in scientific literature around the world concerning all aspects of the significance of aflatoxins. While little direct evidence exists of the involvement of aflatoxins in human disease, particularly in terms of controlled experiments with man, considerable indirect evidence has linked aflatoxins to acute poisonings of humans in Africa, southeast Asia and India. Epidemiological studies have correlated aflatoxin contamination of foodstuffs with high incidences of liver cancer and other liver disease in certain regions of the world. Based on these studies aflatoxins are generally accepted as serious potential hazards to human health.