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Genetic variations of estrogen receptor (ESR) associated with hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and a major public health concern in Egypt. HCC is a tough condition to cure, and genetic diversity has been linked to the disease's progression. HCC is a complicated condition in which 95% of patients have chronic liver disorders, the majority of which are caused by viruses. One of the causes of HCC is the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Sex hormones, such as estrogen, have an effect on the liver. Although estrogen (ER) is known to play a function in a range of biological processes, its role in the development of HCC is controversial, with evidence pointing to both a carcinogenic and a preventative effect on the liver. Estrogen receptor (ESR) was shown to be strongly expressed in HCV-infected people. This study reveals that ESR and its variants play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis development. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may have a functional influence on the end product of a gene, which may be assessed, and may play a role in pathogenic alterations.