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Identification of intravascular tumor microenvironment features predicting the recurrence of pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma Page 1262–9 Although lung cancer is very commonly a terminal disease, if identified and treated in the early stages there is some chance for cure. However, once the cancer becomes metastatic, treatment is aimed at palliation and achieving control of tumor growth. In earlystage lung cancer, tumor invasiveness is a predictor of recurrence and one marker of invasive behavior is vascular invasion (VI). In their study, Kaseda and coworkers examined human pathological samples showing VI to further characterize the properties of the invading cells. Through their experiments, the authors found that several biomarkers were correlated with cancer recurrence. Specifically, an abundance of cell infiltrates expressing high levels of E-cadherin, CD204-positive macrophages, CD34-positive microvessels, and a-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts were all predictive of cancer recurrence. These results point to new markers of more invasive early-stage lung cancer, which could serve as future predictors of prognosis and treatment response. doi: 10.1111/cas.12219