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Grain roughness effect on the critical state line of crushable sands

A recently proposed DEM model for materials with rough crushable grains (Zhang et al. 2021; Ciantia et al. 2015; Otsubo et al. 2017) is here employed to examine the effect of contact roughness on the critical state line, a property of granular materials which is a) fundamental for the evaluation of liquefaction risk and liquefied responses and b) easily accessible through DEM simulation (Ciantia et al. 2019).