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Efficiency comparison of graphical approaches for designing contaminant detection networks in groundwater

Graphical approaches for locating monitoring wells near landfills in aquifers dominated by intergranular porosity were evaluated. Both perpendicular groundwater monitoring networks (wells constrained to a monitoring locus perpendicular to flow) and equidistant networks (wells located the same distance along flow paths) were considered, along with several setbacks between wells and a landfill and different flow fields. For an orthogonal landfill oblique to groundwater flow, equidistant networks generally outperformed their perpendicular counterparts. Equidistant monitoring networks with well locations compressed 10–20% closer to the downgradient corner of a landfill outperformed other networks over a wide range of setbacks. However, compression reduced the detection efficiency of an equidistant network at a field setting with divergent flow, a nonlinear buffer zone boundary, and discharge zones near the sides of a landfill. Graphical approaches described in this paper identify effective monitoring networks that can be refined to site‐specific conditions.