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Supermassive black holes as giant Bose-Einstein condensates

The Schwarzschild metric has a divergent energy density at the horizon, which motivates a new approach to black holes. If matter is spread uniformly throughout the interior of a supermassive black hole, with mass M ∼M =2 .3410 8 M, it may arise from a Bose-Einstein condensate of densely packed H atoms. Within the relativistic theory of gravitation with a positive cosmological constant, a bosonic quantum field is coupled to the curvature scalar. In the Bose- Einstein condensed ground state an exact, self-consistent solution for the metric is presented. It is regular with a specific shape at the origin. The redshift at the horizon is finite but large, z ∼ 10 14 M/M. The binding energy remains as an additional parameter to characterize the BH; alternatively, the mass observed at infinity can be any fraction of the rest mass of its constituents. Copyright c EPLA, 2008 On the basis of the Schwarzschild, Kerr and Kerr- Newman metrics, it is generally believed that black holes (BHs) are singular objects with all matter localized in the center or, if rotating, on an infinitely thin ring. Recent approaches challenge this unintuitive assumption and consider matter just spread throughout the interior (1-3). Here we shall follow this line of research. To start, let us just look at some orders of magnitude. For solar- mass neutron stars it is known that the density is about the nuclear density. Solar-mass black holes are about 10 times smaller, thus 1000 times more compact. Clearly, this begs for a quantum chromodynamics description in curved space.