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Lloyd Bonfield, Richard Smith and Keith Wrightson, eds., The world we have gained: histories of population and social structure (London: Basil Blackwell, 1986). Pages 421. £29.50.

The name of Peter Laslett has been associated, indeed one might say synonymous, with family history during the last twenty years. A penchant for sweeping generalizations has placed Laslett in the centre of many controversies, an attribute that has proved to be invaluable to familyhistory research: cajoling, irritating, stimulating others to carry on. Yet an adherence to strict source criticism and a meticulous methodology are the trademarks of the historian Peter Laslett. It is thus fitting that his colleagues should celebrate his seventieth birthday with a collection of essays, all of which reflect careful attention to source criticism and methodology. Fifteen essays by anthropologists, geographers, statisticians, demographers, lawyers and historians cover various topics from the medieval period to the 1970s. Except for an article dealing with the Alpine area and one with France, the essays are concerned with England's social history. Many of the contributions examine the possibilities for studying population development, particular demographic phenomena or family organizational forms using specific types of source material. L. R. Poos uses early fourteenth-century tithing lists to study population turnover during a period when little is known about migration. Two authors use wills to analyse family patterns. Jacques Beauroy's study of will-makers in fourteenth-century Bishop's Lynn indicates that within the family the conjugal bond was of central importance while outside the nuclear family circle few relatives were included in the wills. Vivian Brodsky's analysis of the wills of widows in late Elizabethan London shows that kinship and neighbourly ties were of some importance. E. A. Wrigley re-examines nineteenth-century census evidence on changes in the size of the male agricultural population, bringing into question the traditional roles assigned to developments in agriculture, manufacture and the retail trades with regard to economic change during the first half of the century. Mapping the results of the 1975 census, Herve Le Bras and Emmanuel Todd analyse the geographic distribution of complex households in France, finding that there is no direct relationship between modernization and the development of the nuclear family. A number of papers deal with problems of a more general nature, treating specific historical questions or problems, or reviewing and comparing results. Marriage is the subject of three papers: R. M. Smith's study of the continuity of marriage processes in England, Pier Paolo Viazzo's analysis of the influence of illegitimacy on the European