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Penumbral Brightening Events Observed in AR NOAA 12546

Penumbral transient brightening events have been attributed to magnetic reconnection episodes occurring in the low corona. We investigated the trigger mechanism of these events in active region NOAA 12546 by using multiwavelength observations obtained with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer, by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph, and the Hinode satellites. We focused on the evolution of an area of the penumbra adjacent to two small-scale emerging flux regions (EFRs), which manifested three brightening events detected from the chromosphere to the corona. Two of these events correspond to B-class flares. The same region showed short-lived moving magnetic features (MMFs) that streamed out from the penumbra. In the photosphere, the EFRs led to small-scale penumbral changes associated with a counter-Evershed flow and to a reconfiguration of the magnetic fields in the moat. The brightening events had one of the footpoints embedded in the penumbra and seemed to result from the distinctive interplay between the preexisting penumbral fields, MMFs, and the EFRs. The IRIS spectra measured therein reveal enhanced temperature and asymmetries in spectral lines, suggestive of event triggering at different heights in the atmosphere. Specifically, the blue asymmetry noted in C ii and Mg ii h&k lines suggests the occurrence of chromospheric evaporation at the footpoint located in the penumbra as a consequence of the magnetic reconnection process at higher atmospheric heights.