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The lebanese forces: Emergence and transformation of the christian resistance

Omer Vehbi Paşa in Mosul in 1892, known as ‘the Year of the General’. The Ottoman sultan’s visibility in this particular case seems not to have been promoted through the ‘merciful act’ of opening hospitals but through his official who implemented the ‘forced conversion to Islam, torture and persecution’ of Yezidi Kurds. Under the subtitle of ‘The New (Modern) Realm of Negative Symbolic Encounters’, the author lists a number of cases such as ‘malevolent words about or actions against the sultan’, ‘armed provocations’ and ‘preacher misdemeanor’ (pp.176, 178). However, ‘a quarter-century of relentless caliphal propaganda’ (p.178) cannot possibly be thought of separately from the reactions of various Muslim scholars who questioned the legitimacy of the Ottoman claim to the caliphate. This book hence seems to have failed to go into a discussion of such an essential symbolic challenge.