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Surviving Franco's Peace: Spanish Popular Opinion During the Second World War

The Second World War began exactly six months after the end of the Spanish Civil War. Contrary to what has been claimed, Spain in 1939 was not a country which was materially ruined but rather morally destroyed, and, above all, socially divided.1 The hundreds of thousands of deaths that resulted from military operations, albeit painful and emotionally irreplaceable losses, were not in themselves the main obstacle to reconciliation among Spaniards. What made such a reconciliation impossible was that the winning side, having formed the New State, proceeded to recall and celebrate its victory at the expense of the losing side, while subjecting it to ferocious repression. It was their daily presence, and the historical memory of roughly 180,000 people killed during the war and postwar (approximately three quarters of them killed by the Francoists) which created the real and apparently unbridgeable gap in popular opinion.2 A drastic decline in the standard of living was added to these recent horrors, as well as the personal dramas of prison, exile or purges which people were experiencing. Under these circumstances, it should come as no surprise that the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, and the immediate declaration of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom, were received by Spaniards, like most Europeans, with apprehension.3 Studies of British, German, French, Italian and American society during the Second World War are classic areas of scholarship. Nonetheless, almost all research concerning Spain’s relationship with the Second World War have centred on diplomatic, political, strategic and economic issues (probably in that order), with much less attention paid to social issues. This gap in the literature has to some extent been filled, mainly by foreign Antonio Cazorla Sánchez