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Reviving the Fairy Tree: Tales of European Sanctity

The young woman who was called Joan of Arc and who was tried by the Church and burned for heresy in 1431 was long in being recognized as a saint by the same Church. The ecclesial reluctance was largely outweighed by the 1890s, however, by the anger festering between conservative French Catholics, who rejected the end of the monarchy that heralded the birth of the secular Republic(s), and the democratic government, which wanted nothing more to do with the Church’s interference and historical wielding of power. When the Church finally moved on the Joan affair, it did so fairly fast; Joan was proclaimed venerable in 1894, beatified in 1909, and canonized in 1920.1 All three of those dates are heavily weighted in European and French politics. After the German victory over France in 1871 and the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the popularity of Joan soared in France; she was, after all, the heroine who had liberated her country from a foreign invader—a fact that obviously resonated in the recent wake of German incursions into France. But equally important is that starting around 1890 Pope Leo XIII, admitting (finally) to the irrevocable demise of the ancien regime and facing up to the apparently permanent installation of the French Republic, had called on his French faithful to rally around (ralliement) the Republic and to cease boycotting (if only in attitude) the gov-