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Integration of GIS and a complex of three-dimensional laser scanning

The need for a qualitative presentation of data becomes more and more obvious every year. The ability to dynamically display information, the information relevance, the maximum efficiency of management decisions with minimal labor costs - it is on these principles that modern GIS should be built to manage the large enterprises. This article discusses the most promising way to create a GIS based on laser scanning data for enterprise management. The method of creating a GIS considered in the article, the advantage of the 3D model as the GIS basis, 3D scan data conversion availability, the economic investments analysis and the example of the pilot version of the 3D GIS allow to evaluate all the advantages of integrating GIS laser scanning technologies. We have studied the materials from foreign sources, affecting the possibility of such technologies joint use. The research purpose in this article is to substantiate the possibility of creating a 3D GIS based on laser scanning data. Conclusions are also made about the main advantages and disadvantages of working with such systems.


Introduction
The modern level of GIS development is coming to a new level thanks to the four-dimensional information representation concept at present, -now it can be not only displayed, but also predictable [1]. This is achieved by the artificial intelligence technologies introduction and expert systems in GIS [2]. The second development direction is fair to point out the new ways to get geo-bases for creating GIS -moving away from paper carriers as a source of data for creating GIS to technologies that allow getting actual, easily convertible data to scanning systems [3].
Unfortunately, the availability of using GIS applications that include an artificial intelligence component remains low, because it requires large investments (not every enterprise that uses the GIS platform for management purposes is advisable for such technologies' implementation).
Creating a GIS based on laser scanning data (especially for GIS in order to manage a large industrial enterprise) is much more affordable and profitable on the investing money part.
Methods of obtaining spatial information by laser scanning are already firmly established in the field of engineering and geodetic surveys, but not only as a source of initial data for GIS [4]. Although the data obtained by this method has a number of advantages that are most important for all the 'functions' of the created 3D GIS implementation -high quality visualization of the scanned area due to its volume image, the ability to build a 3D model of complex technological objects or engineering structures and high data convertibility (Software to work with laser scanning data have many output formats).
Article 132 of the Civil Code, which considers an enterprise as a single immovable complex, "an enterprise as a property complex includes all property types intended for its activities, including land, buildings, structures, equipment, inventory, raw materials, products, rights of claim ... and others exclusive rights, unless otherwise provided by law or contract " [5], puts forward a number of tasks that will allow considering the enterprise as a generalized information structure for such an enterprise GIS [6].
These tasks include the following: -The need to account for a large number of objects with different characteristics; -The need for relevant information at the time of creating databases and accounting systems; -The need for constant information updating; -The need to make quick management decisions.
Research into the GIS and laser scanning technologies integration is also considered among foreign authors of scientific articles; however, they do not affect the possibility of using them for managing the large enterprises [7,8,9,10].

Material and Methods
The stages of creating a 3D GIS based on laser scanning data do not differ from the stages of creating traditional 2D GIS. An exception is the method of obtaining and processing source data -directly carrying out field work with a laser scanner and creating a model for a cloud of points in various computer-aided design (CAD) systems [11].
To understand the need to introduce such three-dimensional systems, attention should be paid to the GIS modeling main drawback by processing raster images and scanning cartographic materials -a possible information irrelevance.
Speaking about the creation of a GIS for a large industrial facility, the relevance of information display is the main concept of using GIS as a whole. The technological objects schemes are often stored in enterprises in the paper media form. As previously discussed, paper mapping materials do not contribute to the 3D GIS main objectives achievement -the effective creation, implementation and use in production.
Without obtaining a realistic model of a technological object or an engineering structure, it is not possible to create a 3D GIS itself. And creating such a system based on paper cartographic materials (plans and schemes) is difficult even with the most advanced CAD systems [12], since the resulting model still will not be able to repeat exactly all the design solutions or existing defects and inconsistencies with the existing mechanisms and structures drawings (which is important for working with a dynamic GIS). Laser scanning methods make it possible to obtain the most highly accurate data in the shortest time possible compared to the obtaining data other methods (the same drawing of cartographic materials or the shooting of objects with electronic total stations [13]).
The complexity of the integration of GIS and laser scanning is a choice of software platform that supports the ability to create 3D views -the resulting cloud of points will be transformed into a 3D model, then we need software that supports the 3D data format as much as possible -the data should not be distorted [14].
After the model is loaded into "3D accessible software", it is necessary to choose the data information structure -layer-by-layer binding or object-oriented. If we are talking about complex, unique on the structures' part and technological enterprises purposes, it would be advisable to use the second option. This is due to the fact that the resulting data array cannot simply be divided into layers -each of the received 3D objects has the features inherent only in its structure and content. In this case, for successful work with 3D GIS, it is necessary to use a "separate" object display in the environment. For simpler enterprises and engineering complexes, layer-by-layer binding will suffice [15].
In comparison with the obtaining graphic information method using the drawing of a topographic base (topographic plans, aerial photographs, etc.), the object laser scanning method requires a much higher cost: the larger and more complex from the point of view of the construct, the enterprise is built, the higher the cost of both field and cameral works.
The more GIS performs the functions, the more complicated its "internal" device. This means that the user, when working with such a system, needs knowledge in the field of software, a GIS device not at the level of an ordinary user.
The complexity of the device DBMS, a large number of system components, advanced tools for performing tasks can be implemented with the help of expensive, limited in distribution and software use. The more complex the structure and specification of the enterprise itself, for which the GIS is created, the more complex the device of the platform on which such a GIS will operate.

Results
For the successful implementation of such fairly expensive projects, it is necessary to work out a mechanism for creating 3D GIS from the initial stage to its implementation in production. In other words, when developing any GIS, a "pilot project" is needed.
As a prototype, it is possible to develop a pilot GIS for one of the campus buildings, since its 3D model has been created based on laser scanning.

Summary
Summarizing, we can say that the two relatively recent technologies integration -GIS and laser scanning, can yield successful results with proper use of software, equipment and creating GIS intricacies knowledge. It is the simultaneous (or rather, sequential) use of GIS and laser scanning that makes it possible not to separate, and besides based on the previously stated concept of building GIS for enterprise management -the ability to dynamically display information (create a 3D model), the relevance of information (a highly accurate 3D model) [16], the maximum efficiency of management decisions with minimal labor costs (a highly accurate 3D model containing all the necessary attribute information for fast and efficient Board Governance)