{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018674136321195144, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003734827264239029, 'mean_word_length': 5.496969696969697, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Torrefaction of Woody Waste for Use as Biofuel

Biomass for energy production has been extensively studied in the recent years. To overcome some constraints imposed by the chemical–physical properties of the biomass, several pretreatments have been proposed. Torrefaction is one of the most interesting pretreatments because torrefied biomass holds a wide range of advantages over raw biomass. The devolatilization of water and some oxygenated compounds influences the increase in the calorific value on both a mass and volumetric basis. The increase in the density reduces the transportation costs. Moreover, the decreased moisture content increases the resistance of biomass to biological degradation, thus facilitating its storage for long periods. Under torrefaction conditions, approximately 10–40 wt % of the initial biomass is converted into volatile matter, including liquid and non-condensable combustible gases. The energy efficiency of the process could greatly benefit the exploitation of the energy content of these products. Recent studies and technologi...