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INNER-MOUNTAIN CARTOGRAPHY-FROM SURVEYING TOWARDS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Karstand cave-systems are complex, 3-dimensional phenomena. Mapping and visualizing them represents a challenge to cartographers, morphologists and computer-graphics-specialists. Surveying and sketching of cave-maps as well as the construction of 3D-cave-models (incl. geology) are important parts of cave exploration and research. Besides supporting the efforts of speleologists, cave maps and 3D-models provide geologists and hydrologists with a better insight into the geological and tectonic structure of a given mountain range. This contribution deals with the computer-assisted generation of 2D cave maps and illustrates one possible implementation of a 3D cave information system. It is important to emphasize that neither a 2D-map nor a 3D-model is able to appropriately represent the complex structure of cave systems and their surrounding geology. In combination with observations in related disciplines (e.g. geology, hydrology, morphology, climate research, ...) they help to better arrange the "puzzle" of complex cave systems and understand their genesis. Introduction Karst is one of the major landscape types in the Alps. It contributes about 20 percent towards the overall area of both Austria and Switzerland. Roughly 50 percent of the Austrian population rely upon the water supplies of karst springs, including big cities such as Vienna, Innsbruck and Salzburg. In Switzerland, various communities and cities, such as Montreux, Vevey and La Chaux-de-Fonds directly depend on karst water. On all continents karst is a major landscape type. Due to various hydrological and geological factors, karst areas are highly vulnerable, especially if exposed to the stress of increasing hydrological, agricultural, touristic and urban use. Drainage systems within karst are mainly underground and therefore have not yet been researched thoroughly. These facts increase the significance of exploring and researching karst and its cave systems. Increasing knowledge on the various interdependencies of both environmental factors and human impact is of high relevance to the public. The authors are active members of the Swiss and Austrian speleological societies and are collaborating with amateurs and specialists, in order to improve and complete the documentation and visualization of karstand cave-systems. They are particularly interested in modelling terrain, geologic structures and underground features, in "inner-mountain" cartography and in establishing information systems for documenting karstand cave features. Some of the software modules of the "Toporobot Family" a suite of modules for terrain modelling and cave data management have been developed by Martin Heller for more than 30 years. The development of a spatial information system for threedimensional structures initially targeted karst research, but has the potential to be used for more general purposes as well. Definitions In cave-mapping the terms "speleometry" and "speleography" can be distinguished, as introduced by Heller in 1980 [4]. Speleometry deals with surveying methods and processing of the derived data. Speleography deals with detailed topographic and thematic cave-mapping, and with 3D-visualization. Geodetic and cartographic data, together with other elements, form a complex database-driven "Cave-Information-System" (shortform CIS). CIS-elements include a caveobject's basic data (extent, height difference, length, etc.), verbal descriptions, directions and entrance descriptions, a site plan, photos and videos, trip reports, a chronicle of exploration, hints for trip planning and required equipment, 3D visualization and animation, geologic observations, flora, fauna and meteorologic monitoring, hydrology observations, findings and laboratory samples, documentation of human artefacts, bibliography and historical documents. The integrated "Cave-Information-System" is a synthesis of all available information on karstand cave-objects and is the long-term objective of all efforts in documenting karst and related cave phenomena.