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Connectivity analysis of one-dimensional vehicular ad hoc networks in fading channels

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a type of promising application-oriented network deployed along a highway for safety and emergency information delivery, entertainment, data collection, and communication. In this paper, we present an analytical model to investigate the connectivity properties of one-dimensional VANETs in the presence of channel randomness, from a queuing theoretic perspective. Connectivity is one of the most important issues in VANETs to ensure reliable dissemination of time-critical information. The effect of channel randomness caused by fading is incorporated into the analysis by modeling the transmission range of each vehicle as a random variable. With exponentially distributed inter-vehicle distances, we use an equivalent M/G/∞ queue for the connectivity analysis. Assuming that the network consists of a large number of finite clusters, we obtain analytical expressions for the average connectivity distance and the expected number of vehicles in a connected cluster, taking into account the underlying wireless channel. Three different fading models are considered for the analysis: Rayleigh, Rician and Weibull. The effect of log normal shadow fading is also analyzed. A distance-dependent power law model is used to represent the path loss in the channel. Further, the speed of each vehicle on the highway is assumed to be a Gaussian distributed random variable. The analytical model is useful to assess VANET connectivity properties in a fading channel.


Introduction
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), which allow vehicles to form a self-organized network without the requirement of permanent infrastructures, are highly mobile wireless ad hoc networks targeted to support (i) vehicular safety-related applications such as emergency warning systems, collision avoidance through driver assistance, road condition warning, lane-changing assistance and (ii) entertainment applications [1]. VANET is a hybrid wireless network that supports both infrastructure-based and ad hoc communications. Specifically, vehicles on the road can communicate with each other through a multi-hop ad hoc connection. They can also access the Internet and other broadband services through the roadside infrastructure, i.e., base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) along the road. These types of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications have recently received significant interest from both academia and industry. The emerging technology for VANETs is Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), for which in 1999, FCC has allocated 75 MHz of spectrum between 5,850 and 5,925 MHz. DSRC is based on IEEE 802.11 technology and is proceeding toward standardization under the standard IEEE 802.11p, while the entire communication stack is being standardized by the IEEE 1609 working group under the name wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) [1]. The goal of 802.11p standard is to provide V2V and V2I communications over the dedicated 5.9 GHz licensed frequency band and supports data rates of 3 to 27 Mbps (3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 27 Mbps) for a channel bandwidth of 10 MHz [1,2].
Network connectivity is a fundamental performance measure of ad hoc and sensor networks. Two nodes in a network are connected if they can exchange information with each other, either directly or indirectly. For VANETs, the connectivity is very important as a measure to ensure reliable dissemination of time-critical information to all vehicles in the network. Further, the connectivity of a VANET is directly related to the density of vehicles on the road and their speed distribution. Unlike conventional ad hoc wireless networks, a VANET may be required to deal with different types of network densities. For example, VANETs on free-ways or urban areas are more likely to form highly dense networks during rush hour traffic, while these networks may experience frequent network fragmentation in sparsely populated rural free-ways or during late night hours. If the vehicle density is very high, a VANET would almost surely be connected. The connectivity degrades, when the vehicle density is very low, and in this case, it might not be possible to transfer messages to other vehicles because of disconnections. In traffic theory, this is known as the free flow state [3].
In this paper, we investigate the connectivity properties of one-dimensional VANET in the presence of channel randomness. The presence of fading will cause the received signal power at a specific time instant to be a random variable. In this case, the transmission range of each vehicle can no longer be a deterministic quantity but has to be modeled as a random variable. Accordingly, we assume that each vehicle has a transmission range R, with cumulative distribution function (CDF), F R (a). To analyze the connectivity, we use the results of Miorandi and Altman [4] that identified the equivalence between (i) the busy period of an infinite server queue and the connectivity distance in an ad hoc network and (ii) the number of customers served during a busy period and the number of nodes in a connected cluster in the network. With exponentially distributed inter-vehicle distances, we use an equivalent M/G/∞ queue for the connectivity analysis. The following metrics are used for our study: (i) connectivity distance, defined as the length of a connected path from any given vehicle; and (ii) the number of vehicles in a connected spatial cluster (platoon) or a connected path from any given distance. Analytical expressions for the average connectivity distance and the expected number of vehicles in a connected cluster are presented, taking into account the effects of channel randomness. The connectivity distance is a very important metric since a large connectivity distance leads to a larger coverage area for safety message broadcast (recall that major applications of VANET's include broadcasting of safety messages). Platoon size implies how many vehicles are connected in a cluster and thus are able to hear a vehicle in a broadcast application. This is also quite significant especially in a broadcast application scenario, where it is required to ensure reliable dissemination of safety messages to as many vehicles as possible.
Realistic fading models are incorporated into the analysis by considering different fading models such as Rayleigh, Rician and Weibull. The analysis provides a framework to determine the impact of parameters such as vehicle density, vehicle speed and various channel-dependent parameters such as path loss exponent, Rician and Weibull fading parameters on VANET connectivity. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we describe the related work. The system model is presented in Section 3. In Section 4, we present the connectivity analysis. The results are presented in Section 5. The paper is concluded in Section 6.

Related work
A number of studies concerning ad hoc network connectivity, modeling and analysis have been reported in the literature [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Most of these works study the problem in static ad hoc networks or networks with low mobility. Well-known mobility models such as random way point models are also used for analysis. However, these results are not directly applicable to VANETs because of the following fundamental characteristics exhibited by these networks. First, the vehicular movement in a VANET is restricted to a predetermined traffic network, but the mobile nodes in MANETs have multiple degrees of freedom. Second, the mobility of the nodes in a VANET is affected by the traffic density, which is determined by the road capacity and the underlying driver behavior, such as unexpected acceleration or deceleration. Lastly, the connectivity of a VANET is influenced by factors such as environmental conditions, traffic headway and vehicle mobility.
Recently, there were many attempts by the research community to address the connectivity properties of VANETs as well [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The connectivity analysis of VANETs for both highway and simple road configurations presented in [13] proposed that a fixed transmission range does not adapt to the frequent topology changes in VANETs; but a dynamic transmission range is always required. In [14], authors presented a way to improve the connectivity in VANET by adding extra nodes known as mobile base stations. The connectivity properties of a mobile linear network with high-speed mobile nodes and strict delay constraints were investigated in [15]. VANET connectivity analysis based on a comprehensive mobility model was presented in [16] by considering the arrival and departure of nodes at predefined entry and exit points along a highway. A new analytical mobility model for VANETs based on product-form queuing networks has been proposed in [17]. Authors of [18] presented connectivity analysis of both one-way and two-way highway scenarios assuming that all vehicles maintain a constant speed. In [19], authors developed an analytical model of multi-hop connectivity of an inter-vehicle communication system. An analytical characterization of the connectivity of VANETs on freeway segments was derived in [20]. In [21], authors investigated the coverage and access probability of the vehicular networks with fixed roadside infrastructure. In [22], authors presented the connectivity of message propagation in the twodimensional VANETs, for highway and city scenarios. In [23], authors investigated how intersections and twodimensional road topology affect the connectivity of VANETs in urban areas.
A major limitation of the above-mentioned works is that they rely on a simplistic model of radio wave propagation, where vehicles communicate to each other if and only if their separation distance is smaller than a given value. Further, the analysis assumes that all the vehicles in the network have the same transmission range. The effect of randomness inherently present in the radio communication channel is not considered for the analysis. In this paper, we analyze the connectivity characteristics of one-dimensional VANET from a queuing theoretic perspective, taking into account the effect of channel randomness. The presence of fading will result in randomness in the received signal power, making the transmission range of each vehicle, a random variable. It may be noted that the impact of fading on the connectivity and related characteristics of static ad hoc networks was extensively analyzed in the literature (e.g., [9][10][11][12]). On the other hand, to the best of these authors' knowledge, the impact of channel randomness on the connectivity properties of VANETs has not been analyzed in the literature so far.
Recently, many researchers have paid much attention to V2V channel measurements, for understanding the underlying physical phenomenon in V2V propagation environments (ex: [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]). Analysis of probability density function (PDF) of received signal amplitude was reported in [24][25][26] for V2V systems. In [24], the authors considered different V2V communication contexts at 5.9 GHz, which include express-way, urban canyon and suburban street, and modeled the PDF of received signal amplitude as either Rayleigh or Rician, with the help of empirical measurements. When the distance between transmitter and receiver is less than 5 m, the fading follows Rician, tending toward Rayleigh at larger distances. When the distance exceeds 70-100 m, the fading was observed to be worse than Rayleigh, due to the intermittent loss of LOS component at larger distances. In [25], it was reported that, for suburban driving environments, the PDF of the received signal in a V2V system with a carrier frequency of 5.9 GHz gradually transits from near-Rician to Rayleigh as the vehicle separation increases. When LOS component is intermittently lost at large distances, the channel fading becomes more severe than Rayleigh. In [26], the following V2V settings were considered: urban, with antennas outside the cars; urban, with antennas inside the cars; small cities; and open areas (highways) with either high or low traffic densities. It was observed that Weibull PDF provides the best fit for the PDF of the received signal amplitude. An extensive survey of the state-of-the-art in V2V channel measurements and modeling was presented in [27][28][29], justifying the above models for V2V channels. In general, V2V communication consists of LOS along with some multi-path components, arising out of reflections of mobile scatterers (e.g., moving cars), and static scatterers (e.g., building and road signs located on the roadside). The amount of multi-path component depends on the surroundings of the highway, i.e., presence of obstacles and reflectors and the number of moving (vehicles) obstacles on the road. In rural highways, the number of obstacles could be less, so the communication can be modeled as purely LOS in nature, for which Rician fading model is more appropriate. But in congested city roads, the multi-path component becomes more significant. For this case, Rayleigh fading model is more suitable. Hence, for V2V communication, different fading models may be applicable depending on the nature of surrounding environment and the vehicle density.
In [30], empirical results and analytical models were presented for the path loss, considering four different V2V environments: highway, rural, urban and suburban. For the rural scenario, the path loss was modeled by a two-ray model. For the highway, urban and suburban scenarios, a classical power law model was found to be suitable. Similar results were reported by Kunisch and Pamp [31], who used a power law model for highway and urban environments; but found a two-ray model best suited for rural environments. The measurements of Cheng et al. [25,32] suggested that a break point model is suitable to describe the V2V path loss. The results in [33], obtained from the empirical measurements of the IEEE 802.11p communications channel, under normal driving conditions in rural, urban and highway scenarios justified the use of classical power law model for V2V path loss. To incorporate realistic V2V channel model into the connectivity analysis, we consider different small-scale fading models such as Rayleigh, Rician and Weibull for our analysis. For the path loss, the classical power law model is employed. In the next section, we describe the system model employed for the connectivity analysis.

System model
To analyze the connectivity of VANETs in the presence of channel randomness, we rely on [4], in which the authors addressed the connectivity issues in one-dimensional ad hoc networks, from a queuing theoretic perspective. Authors exploited the relationship between coverage problems and infinite server queues, and by utilizing the results from an equivalent G/G/∞ queue, they addressed the connectivity properties of an ad hoc network. The authors also identified the equivalence between the following: (i) the busy period of an infinite server queue and the connectivity distance in an ad hoc network and (ii) the number of customers served during a busy period and the number of nodes in a connected cluster in the network. The following assumptions were utilized to obtain the results: (i) the inter-arrival times in the infinite server queue have the same distribution as the distance between successive nodes; and (ii) the service times have the same probability distribution as the transmission range of the nodes. In this paper, we study the connectivity properties of VANETs using the corresponding infinite server queuing model. For this, the probability distribution functions (PDF) of inter-vehicle distance and vehicle transmission range are required. We now present the system model, which includes the highway and mobility model, used for the connectivity analysis. A model to find the statistical characteristics of the transmission range for various fading models is then introduced.

A. Highway and mobility model
The highway and mobility model used for the connectivity analysis is based on [14] and is briefly described here. Assume that an observer stands at an arbitrary point of an uninterrupted highway (i.e., without traffic lights). Empirical studies have shown that Poisson distribution provides an excellent model for vehicle arrival process in free flow state [3]. Hence, it is assumed that the number of vehicles passing the observer per unit time is a Poisson process with rate l vehicles/h. Thus, the inter-arrival times are exponentially distributed with parameter λ. Assume that there are M discrete levels of constant speed v i , i = 1, 2,..., M where the speeds are i.i. d., and independent of the inter-arrival times. Let the arrival process of vehicles with speed v i be Poisson with rate l i , i = 1, 2,..., M, and let M i=1 λ i = λ . Further, it is assumed that these arrival processes are independent, and the probability of occurrence of each speed is p i = λ i /λ. Let X n be the random variable representing the distance between nth closest vehicle to the observer and (n -1)th closest vehicle to the observer. It has been proved in [14] that the inter-vehicle distances are i.i.d., and exponentially distributed with parameter In free flow state, the movement of a vehicle is independent of all other vehicles. Empirical studies have shown that the speeds of different vehicles in free flow state follow a Gaussian distribution [3]. We, therefore, assume that each vehicle is assigned a random speed chosen from a Gaussian distribution and that each vehicle maintains its randomly assigned speed while it is on the highway. To avoid dealing with negative speeds or speeds close to zero, we define two limits for the speed, i.e., v max and v min for the maximum and minimum levels of vehicle speed, respectively. For this, we use a truncated Gaussian probability density function (PDF), given by [14] [14]. Substituting for f V (v) in (2), the truncated Gaussian PDF g V (v) is given by where erf(.) is the error function [34]. Since the intervehicle distance X n is exponentially distributed with parameter r av , the average vehicle density on the highway is given by where E[.] is the expectation operator and V is the random variable representing the vehicle speed. When the vehicle speed follows truncated Gaussian PDF, the average vehicle density is computed as follows: It may be noted that the average vehicle density given in (5) does not have a closed-form solution but has to be evaluated by numerical integration. Numerical and Simulation results for r av are presented in Section 5. It is observed that the parameters μ v and s v have significant impact on r av . Since each vehicle enters the highway with a random speed, the number of vehicles on the highway segment of length L is also a random variable. The average number of vehicles on the highway is then given by N av = Lr av . Next, we present a model to find the statistical characteristics of transmission range for various fading models.

B. Statistical characteristics of transmission range
The effect of randomness caused by fading is incorporated into the analysis by assuming the transmission range R to be a random variable with CDF F R (a). Let Z be the random variable representing the received signal Chandrasekharamenon and AnchareV EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:1 http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/1 envelope and let l be the distance between transmitting and receiving nodes. Further we assume that "good long codes" are used, so that probability of successful reception, as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approaches a step function, whose threshold is denoted by ψ [4]. Additive Gaussian noise of power W watts is assumed to be present at the receiver. The received power is then given by P rx = P tx z 2 K/l a where P tx is the transmit power, a is the path loss exponent and K is a constant associated with the path loss model. Here, K = G T G R C 2 /(4π f c ) 2 , where G T and G R , respectively, represent the transmit and receive antenna gains, C is the speed of light and f c is the carrier frequency [18,35,36]. In this paper, we assume that the antennas are omni directional (G T = G R = 1), and the carrier frequency f c = 5.9 GHz. The thermal noise power is given by W = FkT o B where F is the receiver noise figure, k = 1.38 × 10 -23 J/K is the Boltzmann constant, T o is the room temperature (T o = 300°K) and B is the transmission bandwidth (B = 10 MHz for 802.11p). The received SNR is computed as g = P tx Z 2 K/l a W. Assuming that E [Z 2 ] = 1, the average received SNR isγ = P tx K/l α W . In our model, the transmitted message can be correctly decoded if and only if the received SNR g is greater than a given threshold ψ. In the remaining part of this section, we find the statistics of the transmission range for various fading models. For Rayleigh fading, these results were reported in [4]. We extend the analysis to Rician and Weibull fading models. We also consider the combined effect of lognormal shadow fading and smallscale fading models.

1) Rayleigh fading
Assume that the received signal amplitude in V2V channel follows Rayleigh PDF. The Rayleigh distribution is frequently used to model multi-path fading with no direct line-of-sight (LOS) path. It has been reported in the literature that, in V2V communication as the separation between source and destination vehicles increases, the LOS component may be lost and hence the PDF of the received signal amplitude gradually transits from near-Rician to Rayleigh [24][25][26]. Further, the multi-path component becomes more significant when compared to the LOS component in congested city roads, and hence the Rayleigh fading model is more suitable to describe the PDF of the received signal amplitude in such scenarios. It is also assumed that the fading is constant over the transmission of a frame and subsequent fading states are i.i.d. (block-fading) [33]. The received SNR has exponential distribution given by [35] f (γ ) = 1 γ e −γ /γ , γ ≥ 0 whereγ is the average SNR. The probability that the message is correctly decoded at a distance l is given by The CDF of the transmission range is then computed as follows [4]: The average transmission range is given by [4]: where Γ(.) is the Gamma function [34].

2) Rayleigh fading with superimposed lognormal shadowing
Let Y be the random variable representing shadow fading. Its PDF is given by where s is the standard deviation of shadow fading process [35] and l is the transmitter to receiver separation. For the superimposed lognormal shadowing and Rayleigh fading scenario, the CDF of the transmission range can be computed as follows [4]: The average transmission range is then given by [4]

3) Rician fading
The Rician fading is used to model propagation paths consisting of one strong LOS component and many random weaker components. In rural highways, the multi path components may be weak, so the communication can be modeled as purely LOS in nature, for which Rician fading model is more appropriate. Empirical studies for different V2V communication contexts at 5.9 GHz, which include express-way, urban canyon and suburban street, have predicted the PDF of received signal amplitude to be either Rayleigh or Rician [24]. When the distance between transmitter and receiver is less than 5 m, the fading follows Rician, which is characterized by the Rician factor (defined as the ratio of energy in the LOS path to the energy in the scattered path). The PDF of the received SNR in a Rician faded channel is given as follows [35]: where is the Rician factor, and I 0 (.) represents the modified Bessel function of the zeroth order and first kind. Now I 0 (x) can be expanded as 2t . Hence, the PDF of received SNR becomes: The CDF of transmission range is calculated as follows: Substituting (13) in (14) and simplifying, we get whereγ = P tx K/a α W . The expected value of the transmission range under the Rician fading model is given by On simplifying (16), the average transmission range is obtained as:

4) Rician fading with superimposed lognormal shadowing
In this case, the CDF of the transmission range can be computed as follows: The mean transmission range is then determined as follows:

5) Weibull fading
The Weibull distribution is often found to be very suitable to fit empirical non-LOS V2V fading channel measurements [25,26]. In [26], the authors reported severe fading in multiple V2V settings based upon measurements in the 5 GHz band and found that Weibull distribution can be used to approximate measured severe fading conditions. It may be noted that Weibull fading is capable of representing both LOS and non-LOS cases. The PDF of the received SNR under Weibull fading is given by [37]: where c is the Weibull fading parameter which ranges from zero to infinity and Γ(.) is the Gamma function. The CDF of the received SNR under Weibull fading is given by [37]: The CDF of the transmission range is given by whereγ = P tx K/a α W . The average transmission range is computed as follows: With these preliminary results, we present the connectivity analysis in the next section.

Connectivity analysis
In this section, we present an analytical procedure for finding connectivity-related parameters of a one-Chandrasekharamenon and AnchareV EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:1 http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/1 dimensional VANET, a network formed by wireless equipped vehicles on the highway. Assume that the highway and the mobility specifications are described in Section 3, with inter-vehicle distances modeled as i.i.d. random variables having exponential distribution with parameter r av . Consider a pair of consecutive vehicles in the network. These two vehicles will communicate with each other, if the inter-vehicle distance is less than or equal to the vehicle's transmission range R. According to the results reported in [6], since the vehicle density λ < ∞, the probability for a broken link to occur between any pair of consecutive nodes is strictly positive, whatever be the value of λ and R. Further, the resulting network will be disconnected almost surely, and hence the network will be almost surely divided into an infinite number of finite clusters, between which no communication is possible [6]. To study the connectivity characteristics, we select an equivalent queuing model for the network. Since the inter-vehicle distances are exponentially distributed and the vehicle transmission range has general probability distribution F R (.), an equivalent M/ G/∞ queue is used for analyzing the connectivity. The connectivity properties of the network depend on cluster statistics. A spatial cluster in the network corresponds to a busy period in the queuing system. Accordingly, the length of the connected component corresponds to the busy period duration and number of vehicles in a cluster corresponds to the number of customers served during a busy period [4].
Let D be the random variable representing the connectivity distance, which is defined as the length of the connected path from a given vehicle. The Laplace transform of the connectivity distance D is then given by [14,38]: where λE 1 V is the average vehicle density and p*(s) is the Laplace transform of P 0 (t) which is defined as.

E[R]
Hence, E(D) is computed as follows: (27) Let N be the random variable representing the number of vehicles in a cluster (also known as cluster size or platoon size). The average platoon size E[N] is com- V P 0 is the average distance between beginning of two consecutive platoons [39]. Substituting for P 0 , E[N] is given by  (27), (28) and (9). These expressions are given as follows: With superimposed lognormal shadowing and Rayleigh fading, the E[D] and E[N] are obtained by combining (27), (28) and (11). These quantities are given by (1/α)e σ 2 α e σ 2 /2α 2 ( For Rician fading channel, the connectivity parameters E[D] and E[N] are obtained by combining (27), (28) and (17) and are given by  (27), (28) and (19) and are computed as follows: With Weibull fading, the connectivity parameters E[D] and E[N] are obtained by combining (27), (28) and (23). The corresponding expressions are given by The proposed analytical model can be used to find out the impact of channel randomness on connectivity characteristics of VANETS. In the next section, we provide the numerical and simulation results.

Numerical and simulation results
In this section, we present analytical and simulation results for average connectivity distance and average platoon size. Both the analytical and the simulation results are obtained using Matlab. The analytical results correspond to the mathematical models presented in Sections 3 and 4. As mentioned before, in the free flow state, the vehicle speed and traffic flow are independent and hence there are no significant interactions between individual vehicles. Hence, we use Matlab to simulate an uninterrupted highway. We consider highway of length: L = 10 km. Vehicles are generated from a Poisson process with arrival rates λ veh/s. Each vehicle is assigned a random speed chosen from a truncated Gaussian distribution. Table 1 shows typical values for the mean (μ v km/h) and standard deviation (s v km/h) of the vehicle speed on the highway [14]. To find the simulation results, we proceed as follows: We consider one snap shot of the highway at the arrival instant of each vehicle and find the inter-vehicle distance values from the simulation. If there are N vehicles on the highway, there will be (N -1) links and hence (N -1) values for the intervehicle distances. For each link, we then find the average SNR,γ (d) = KP tx /d α W , corresponding to the measured value of inter-vehicle distance, d, of that link. Assuming Rayleigh fading environment, we then generate an exponentially distributed random variable, representing the received SNR over that link, with average valueγ (d) . If the received SNR is greater than the threshold value ψ, the link is considered to be connected. The same process is repeated for all the (N -1) links with their corresponding inter-vehicle distance values. If all the links in a snap shot are connected, the network is considered to be connected. The connectivity distance is then evaluated as the length of connected path from a vehicle. The connectivity distance evaluation process is then repeated 10,000 times. The average values of connectivity distance and platoon size are calculated from these 10,000 sample values. For Rician, Weibull and other models, we follow the same procedure and find the average values of connectivity distance and platoon size.
First, we provide analytical and simulation results for the average vehicle density r av . We select a highway of length L = 10 Km, and vehicle arrival rate is kept as λ = 0.14 veh/s. Figure 1 shows the variation of r av against the standard deviation of vehicle speed s v for various values of mean vehicle speed μ v . Here, the analytical results are obtained using (5). It can be observed that, for fixed μ v , the average vehicle density r av increases as s v increases. As s v varies from 3 to 21 km/h for μ v = 70 km/h, r av varies from 5.15 to 5.8 veh/km. Further, for any given value of s v , r av decreases as μ v increases. Thus, the results show that both μ v and s v have significant impact on r av .
Next, we present the connectivity results for various channel models. For getting analytical and simulation results, we fix various parameters as follows: Path loss constant K = 16.37 × 10 -6 , received SNR threshold ψ = 10 dB and the total additive noise power W = 1.65 × 10 -13 Watts. Figures 2 and 3 Table 1 Normal-vehicle speed statistics [14] μ    and E[N] degrade as the path loss exponent a increases. As mentioned before in Section 2, empirical studies have shown that for highway, urban, and suburban conditions, V2V channels are in general characterized by low values for a ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 [30,31]       Rician factor κ= 2(analytical) Rician factor κ= 2(simulation) Rician factor κ= 4(analytical) Rician factor κ= 4(simulation) Figure 9 Average platoon size versus vehicle density, (a = 2.5, P tx = 33 dBm).  are obtained from (33) and (35), while the results for E [N] are obtained from (34) and (36). For Weibull fading, we use (37) and (38) to find the analytical results. As detailed in Section 2, Rician fading is used to statistically describe the V2V communication in urban, suburban and highway environments, when the distance between communicating vehicles is less and a strong LOS component is present. As the vehicle separation increases, the fading gradually transits from Rician to Rayleigh. When the distance exceeds 70-100 m, the fading becomes worse than Rayleigh, modeled using Weibull PDF. The Weibull fading parameter c controls the severity of fading. When c = 2, Weibull distribution is equivalent to Rayleigh, and for c >2, the distribution is analogous to Rician and represents rural scenario with significant LOS components. Values of c <2, correspond to worse than Rayleigh fading, representing city environments with significant non-LOS components. When the propagation distance is less, observed values of c range from 2.4 to 5.1, while for larger distances, c values range from 1.6 to 2 [26]. Our results show that the Rician fading factor has a positive influence on the connectivity. In the Weibull case, the connectivity distance gets degraded significantly when the Weibull parameter c goes below 2 (urban highway with strong multi-path), and this corresponds to worse than Rayleigh fading. The connectivity probability gets improved when c >2 (rural highway with strong LOS).
Since VANETs are targeted to support applications such as safety and emergency information delivery, entertainment, data collection, reliable data dissemination would be one of the critical requirements of such networks. For the delivery of safety and emergency information, such networks have to be operated in the broadcast mode, while for comfort applications, the network must support unicast as well. For broadcast applications, the connectivity distance is equivalent to coverage area for a transmitted message, while for comfort applications, this metric decides the accessibility to roadside units for accessing the Internet. Similarly, if the number of vehicles in a connected path is quite large (larger cluster size), a message that is sent by a tagged node in the cluster immediately gets delivered to all these vehicles. This paper has extensively analyzed these two important parameters and the results are useful to find out the impact of various traffic-dependent and channel-dependent parameters on these metrics.

Conclusion
In this paper, we have presented an analytical model to find the connectivity characteristics of a VANET in a fading channel from a queuing theoretic perspective. In particular, we have analytically characterized the effect of channel randomness on the average connectivity distance and average platoon size. To perform the connectivity analysis, we have used results from an equivalent M/G/∞ queue. Three different fading models were considered for the analysis: Rayleigh, Rician and Weibull. The impact of physical layer parameters such as path loss exponent, shadow fading standard deviation and fading factors was analyzed. By assuming vehicle speed to be a random variable with truncated Gaussian probability distribution, we presented the dependence of vehicle speed statistics (such as its mean and standard deviation) and average vehicle density on the connectivity characteristics. The analytical model and the results presented in this paper would be useful for a network designer developing a self organizing vehicular ad hoc network for intelligent transport applications. The paper provides information regarding the influence of significant system parameters, such as vehicle arrival rate, vehicle density, mean and standard deviation of vehicle speed and physical layer parameters on VANET connectivity. Extensive simulations were carried out to validate the analytical model findings. It was observed that the simulation results agree closely with the theoretical results.