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Management of soil cover and its influence on phytosociology, physiology and fig production

The fig stands out as an important source of food for the human diet, especially minerals and fibers. Weeds are a major concern in the conduct of fig orchards. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of management of vegetable cover of soil (CVS) on weed phytosociology, physiological characteristics and fig production. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of six CVS managements: cover maintenance, weeding, lodging, mowing, application of herbicides diquat and glyphosate. For the constitution of the vegetal cover a consortium of three winter forage species, vetch and black oats sowed and the ryegrass remaining in the area of previous years were used. Thus, we evaluated the phytosociology of weeds present in the area, at two different times, assigning parameters related to frequency, density and abundance, which establish the species importance value index (IVI), besides the dry mass of the aerial part of the weeds. Physiological parameters and total fruit yield were evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. The different CVS management methods influenced the weed community, mainly in the diversity, density and dry mass of the aerial part. There is no interference in the physiological variables of the fig plants and in the total production of fig fruits. We highlight the maintenance of coverage and lodging as the most promising for the management of weeds found fig orchards.


Introduction
The fruit stands out for being a source of minerals and fiber for the human diet (Sedaghat & Rahemi, 2018). Like all agricultural crops, fig plants can suffer from pest attack. In this scenario, the weeds showed great importance to this culture.
Weeds in addition to competing for resources such as water, light and nutrients can release allelopathic compounds (Forte et al., 2018b) and even be host pests, especially gall nematodes in the fig tree (Costa et al., 2015 ). There are several ways to control weeds in fruit growing, wherein the use of the largest possible number of methods points to a control with higher efficiency, less environmental contamination and the possibility of reducing cases of herbicide resistant species (Hanson et al., 2017;Westwood et al., 2018) or even for production focused on environmental sustainability.
Weed management is commonly employed through the use of crop control (Radicetti et al., 2013;Forte et al., 2018b;Alonso-Ayuso et al., 2018), mechanical control such as scarification (Scherner et al., 2016) and especially the chemical with the use of herbicides in different crops of agronomic interest, including fruit (Koning et al., 2019). The care that should be taken in orchards is the indiscriminate use of herbicides, which can cause drift and consequently irreversible injuries on fruit crops (Giacobbo et al., 2018).
Among the forms of weed control most commonly used in fruit growing is the use of mulch (CVS), mainly the use of green mass producing species that recycle soil nutrients. Given these factors it is possible to obtain greater productivity in the production of grains or fruits. (Wang et al., 2015;Forte et al., 2018a). To understand the Costa et al. (2020) Management of soil cover and its influence... dynamics of weed species, weeds of a particular crop, adopting different control methods has an important tool the phytosociological (Concenço et al., 2013).
The different effects of soil management systems for planting crops or even the action of herbicides on weeds can alter the botanical composition of the community (Jakelaitis et al., 2003). The floristic evolution of the community occurs according to the intensity, regularity and time of use of a given system and, depending on the intensity of these changes, may affect the management, control and competition exerted by this community with the culture (Favero et al., 2001).
The hypothesis tested in this study was that cultural managements provide lower incidence of weeds combined with a higher fruit production. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of soil cover management on weed phytosociology, physiological characteristics and fig production.

Study site characteristics
The present work was implemented in the field in 2012 and conducted for two consecutive harvests,
The treatments tested for the management of vegetation cover were: cover maintenance, weeding, lodging, mowing, application of the herbicides of diquat (400 g a.i ha -1 ) and glyphosate (1,440 g a.i ha -1 ). The weeding was carried out normally, with the help of manual hoe. The herbicides were applied by spraying pressurized The productivity variable was determined by counting and weighing the fruits on a precision scale.
Once reaching physiological maturity, the fruits were collected separately from two randomly selected branches in one of the plants of each experimental unit at the beginning of fruiting . Fruits that did not reach physiological maturity due to climate changes at the end of the cycle were also counted and weighed in a single day, measuring the total length of the selected branch in order to obtain the number of fruits per meter of branch.

Competitive indices and statistical analysis
With the data obtained, the phytosociological indices were calculated: relative density (RDe), relative frequency (Rf) and relative abundance (Rab)

Phytosociological parameters
During the evaluation period of the experiment, it was possible to observe the presence of 14 families and 23 species of weeds (Table 1). The families with the highest number of species present in the area were Asteraceae The predominance of these families in the conducting region of the study is common. In works realized by the author Santi et al. (2014) in soybean crop and Forte et al. (2018b) in annual crops in southern Brazil, report the predominance of these weed families in their phytosociological studies.

First evaluation
According to the results found for the phytosociological parameters it is possible to verify, in the first evaluation, that the species Euphorbia heterophylla presented the highest importance value index (IVI) and the largest number of plants m -2 , except for the weed management ( Figure 2 and Table 1). Possibly, the higher seed covering with soil in weeding management may have provided the largest germination, since the highest IVI was found for Euphorbia heterophylla . Smith et al. (1992) observed the occurrence of emergency Sida rhombifolia maximum when the depth was from 0.5 to 2 cm, which corroborates in part with the present study.
Relative density was the parameter that most contributed to increase IVI, regardless of the cover management method adopted (Figure 2).     Costa et al. (2020) Management of soil cover and its influence...

Second evaluation
In the second phytosociological survey, carried out in December (20 months after the application of the treatments), it was possible to observe that there was a predominance of the family Poaceae, except for the management with the herbicide glyphosate in which the highest IVI was found for the species Raphanus sativus (Figure 3). In general, the relative density and abundance of species in the area were the parameters that most contributed to the IVI of the different managements. Weed management presented 15 weed species in the second evaluation, in the first evaluation in this same treatment 10 species were found (Figures 2 and 3). In both evaluations, it was the treatment with greatest species diversity. In places with environmental disturbance, such as soil revolving, some species are favored by this practice and thus begin the process of germination and establishment (De Rossi et al., 2007;Scherner et al., 2016).
The two herbicide managements to control the vegetation cover soil were the ones that showed the lowest diversity of weed species, but the herbicide diquat presented the highest density and relative abundance in the study area ( Figure 3 and Table 3).
The maintenance of soil cover in both evaluations showed the lowest weed density, a total of 26 and 125 plants m -2 , in the first and second evaluations, respectively. Radicetti et al. (2013) in soil cover work in pepper crop with Avena sativa found that it suppresses Costa et al. (2020) Management of soil cover and its influence... weeds, regardless of their management, mainly related to species density and diversity. Factors such as luminosity, thermal amplitude and competitiveness may be related to this weed suppression imposed by soil cover (Zibilske & Makus, 2009;Forte et al., 2018b). De Rossi et al. (2007), in management work of black oat vegetation cover in the pear culture, observed that in the treatments where the black oat was kept on the surface, the daily temperature variation was lower. In treatments where black oats were kept on the surface, it was observed that the thermal protection of the soil was maintained for a longer period, while in the treatment with oat incorporation the thermal protection was no longer efficient, probably due to rapid decomposition of the remaining straw in the soil, exposing it completely, making it similar to control (weeding). As a consequence, incorporated mulching and weeding presented higher species diversity and lower weed suppression, respectively.

Fig fruit production
This low production is explained by the fact that the orchard was only established three years ago, considered a plant still young and that its production tends to be higher from the sixth year. Factors such as climate, soil conditions, cultivars and production technology may also be contributing to this difference.