{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.051620529997044626, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03832134765047779, 'mean_word_length': 4.529411764705882, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 31, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 6, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Associations between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and haemorrhagic stroke

OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between the blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the clinical features of haemorrhagic stroke. METHODS This study analysed the data from patients with acute haemorrhagic stroke at a comprehensive stroke centre from 2013 to 2018. Patients were stratified into three groups according to their baseline LDL-C levels: < 70, 70 to < 100 and ≥ 100 mg/dL. We used multivariate logistic regression models to analyse the associations between LDL-C and the risks of having severe neurological deficits (National Institute Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] scores ≥ 15) and unfavourable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] scores>2) at discharge. RESULTS Six-hundred and six patients were analysed. Their median age was 58 years. Among the patients, 75 (12%) patients had LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL, 194 (32%) patients had LDL-C levels between 70 to < 100 mg/dL and the other 337 (56%) patients had LDL-C levels ≥ 100 mg/dL. Patients with higher LDL-C levels were less likely to suffer severe neurological deficits (LDL-C: 70 to < 100 vs. < 70 mg/dL, adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15–0.57; LDL-C: ≥ 100 vs. < 70 mg/dL, adjusted OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.15–0.51) and to have unfavourable outcomes at discharge (LDL-C: 70 to < 100 vs. < 70 mg/dL, adjusted OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29–0.87 and LDL-C: ≥ 100 vs. < 70 mg/dL, adjusted OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.28–0.78). CONCLUSIONS An LDL-C level < 70 mg/dL was independently associated with severe neurological deficits of haemorrhagic stroke and may increase the risks of unfavourable outcomes at discharge.

H yperlipidaemia, especially increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is an independent risk factor for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). [1,2] In a cohort study with 27,937 healthy women, subjects with LDL-C ≥ 151 mg/dL had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.85 to experience an AIS within 11 years relative to those with an LDL-C < 96 mg/dL, where the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.22 to 2.80. [3] Lipid-lowering therapy is one of the critical strategies for both primary and secondary prevention of AIS. [4,5] A meta-analysis of the AIS prevention studies indicated that lipid-lowering therapy was associated with lower risks of AIS in the primary (risk ratio (RR): 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60-0.82; P < 0.001) and the secondary (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.90; P < 0.001) prevention settings. [6] Additionally, a metaanalysis in the setting of atherosclerosis coronary heart disease (CHD) also showed that with every 39 mg/dL decrease in the LDL-C levels, the risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (including CHD death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, AIS or unstable angina requiring hospitalization) appeared to be 24% lower (adjusted HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.91; P = 0.002 5). [7] Our prior study found that achieving an LDL-C < 70 mg/dL may be effective in inhibiting the progression of carotid atherosclerosis plaques in patients with AIS. [8] However, lower LDL-C levels might increase the risks of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). LDL-C < 90 mg/dL was associated with a higher risk of haemorrhage transformation after AIS, which was attributable to large artery atherothrombosis: the risks were increased by 54.0% with each 39 mg/dL decrease in the LDL-C levels (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.46 per 39 mg/dL increase, 95% CI: 0.22-0.98). [9] A case-control study found the LDL-C level was significantly lower in patients with ICH compared to the controls (114 vs. 128 mg/dL; P = 0.016). [10] A post hoc analysis of the SPARCL study also found that patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL had a trend of increased risks of ICH relative to those with LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.78-2.09). [11] Above all, the target value of LDL-C to be achieved through lipid-lowering therapy is still unclear due to the potential risks of ICH.
We carried out a single-centre retrospective cohort study to investigate the associations between the LDL-C levels (< 70, 70 to < 100 and ≥ 100 mg/dL) and the outcomes of haemorrhagic stroke to provide preliminary information about safe targets for lipid-lowering therapy.

Patients
We retrospectively analysed the data of consecutive patients with haemorrhagic stroke treated at a comprehensive stroke centre, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University in Beijing, China, from January 1 st , 2013 to January 1 st , 2018. The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients ≥ 18 years old; (2) with an initial diagnosis of intracerebral haemorrhage; and (3) symptoms onset within seven days. We excluded patients with traumatic ICH. We also excluded patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Diagnosis and stroke subtypes were determined based on clinical features, laboratory examinations, brain imaging and angiography. This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at Xuanwu Hospital.
Patients were categorized into three groups according to their baseline LDL-C levels: < 70, 70 to < 100 and ≥ 100 mg/dL. [5] LDL-C < 70 mg/dL was used as the reference level to test the associations of intensive lipid-lowering therapy (achieving an LDL-C < 70 mg/dL) with the outcomes of ICH.
The scores of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were recorded in the emergency room to evaluate the baseline severity of the indexed events. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was tested at discharge to describe the prognosis of the haemorrhagic event. The baseline scores of the NIHSS were stratified by the cut-off values of 15 and 24. [12,13] The GCS scores were stratified with the cut-off points of 4 and 12. [14] An mRS score > 2 was defined as having unfavourable outcomes at discharge.

Statistical Analysis
We first compared the distributions of sex, age, risk factors of stroke, medication history and laboratory results among the three groups. We used χ 2 tests or Fisher's exact tests to examine the distributions of each categorical variable and Kruskal-Wallis tests to examine the distributions of the medians (for the non-normally distributed numerical variables), with a significance level of P < 0.05.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the crude ORs and the adjusted ORs (95% CI). The ORs of having initial NIHSS scores ≥ 15 and mRS scores > 2 at discharge were tested, with the patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL as the reference group. The multivariate analysis first included only sex and age for the adjustments. Further analysis included variables significant at P < 0.05 in the baseline comparisons. When we used mRS scores (> 2 vs. 0−1) at discharge to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the indexed events, the analysis was adjusted by the initial NIHSS scores (≥ 15 vs. 0−14) to exclude the confounding effects caused by the baseline severity.
The SAS statistical package (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used to perform the data analysis.

RESULTS
From January 1 st , 2013 to January 1 st , 2018, 641 patients with a diagnosis of haemorrhagic stroke were admitted at the comprehensive stroke centre, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. Thirtyfive of them were excluded due to the lack of lipid levels at admission. Six-hundred and six patients were included in the final analysis, including 420 men and 186 women with a median age of 58 years old.

DISCUSSION
In the study, we found LDL-C < 70 mg/dL was independently associated with higher risks of severe haemorrhagic stroke and had a trend of having unfavourable outcomes at discharge. Lower blood cholesterol may induce angionecrosis, which is accelerated by comorbidities, such as hypertension. [15] This may explain the worse outcomes after an ICH for patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL.
Our results are consistent with previous studies in different study populations. The Helsinki ICH study found significantly lower LDL-C levels in patients with ICH who died in the hospital (73 vs. 93 mg/dL; P < 0.001). [16] This result is consistent with our findings, except that we did not reach significant statistical levels after adjusting for age, sex, prior mRS scores, diabetes, prior AIS/TIA histories and initial NIHSS scores. Another multi-centre stroke registry study from Taiwan indicated that patients with total cholesterol (TC) < 160 mg/dL presented more frequently with a severe neurological deficit (NIHSS scores ≥ 15), with an adjusted OR of 1.80; and 3-month unfavourable mRS scores > 2 (adjusted OR = 1.41) when compared with the patients with TC > 200 mg/dL. [14] Their conclusion supported our results. We found significant relationships between LDL-C levels and severe neurological deficits, as well as unfavourable outcomes at discharge.
There are limitations of the study. First, due to the limitations of the clinical data, we were unable to provide follow-up information to show the longterm prognosis after the haemorrhagic stroke. Second, we did not acquire any reliable data to investigate the relationships between LDL-C levels and bleeding volume. We were also unable to adjust our model for blood pressure status or the presence of aneurysms. Third, the study patients were recruited from a single centre in China, which may lead to limitations in external validity. Forth, LDL-C levels are variable, and they depend on medication, exercise and diet. [17] The LDL-C level at admission could not reflect the patient's long-term serum lipid status; thus, additional studies with detailed longterm serum lipid histories are necessary. Last, we did not study the underlying mechanisms of the effects of a low LDL-C on haemorrhagic events.
In summary, an LDL-C level < 70 mg/dL was independently associated with severe neurological deficits after haemorrhagic stroke and may increase Table 3 Crude and adjusted logistic regression models to assess the associations between LDL-C levels and the outcomes of haemorrhagic stroke. the risks of an unfavourable prognosis at discharge. Physicians should consider the risks of bleeding before initiating intensive lipid-lowering therapy for stroke prevention.