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Capturing ‘The Gibraltar of the North:’ How Swedish Sveaborg was taken by the Russians in 1808

In the middle of the Napoleonic wars Czar Alexander of Russia started a war against Sweden, which then comprised both its present territory and the area east of the Gulf of Bothnia nowadays constituting the state of Finland. Sweden’s foremost defensive works at the time was the newly built fortress of Sveaborg on some islets at the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, about one mile off the small town of Helsingfors, now better known as Helsinki. The fortress was strong enough to withstand storm and its garrison and stores were sufficient to sustain a siege for several months. In spite of this, Sveaborg surrendered to the Russians within a number of weeks. It was the personal qualities of the two chief adversaries, General Jan Pieter van Suchtelen on the Russian side and Vice-Admiral Carl Olof Cronstedt on the Swedish side, that determined this gratuitous outcome.