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Gases for insect control: factors that influence their effectiveness

Abstract Gases, which include fumigants and controlled atmospheres, have a range of physical properties that make them ideal for controlling insects in relatively dry, porous matrices. Insecticidal gases range from reactive gases with high toxicity to inert atmospheres with lower toxicity. The concentration of the gas and the duration of exposure are usually the primary factors that determine the efficacy of a gas as a means of killing any insect species. These two fac tors sometimes have an equal effect and sometimes one or the other is more important. Other factors that will influence the efficacy of the treatment include temperature, relative humidity, the presence of other gases, and the age and developmental stage of the target insects. This paper draws on published literature and some recent laboratory studies to show that there are many factors that need consideration before deciding on a “fumigation” strategy for an object. These may go well beyond the obvious one of the safety of the object that needs treatment.