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Physiological roles of non-coding RNAs.

Research centered on the molecular functions of proteins has uncovered signaling pathways that control pathophysiological processes in cells and tissues. A textbook view of many signaling pathways is that the master regulators are transcription factors that control signaling pathways via gene expres-sion. The latter is inﬂuenced by epigenetic marks on genomic DNA; for example, the methylation status of histone proteins. After transcription from genomic DNA, the transcribed RNAs are decoded by ribosomes to produce polypeptides, which are then folded and modiﬁed into active proteins. However, over the past 15 years, it has become clear that the relationship of DNA to RNA to protein is not so straightforward.