{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025878003696857672, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.4523809523809526, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Surgical doping: a policy loophole?

A growing number of athletes have undergone largely elective surgery for performance-enhancing reasons. Treating so-called surgical doping as a policy arbitrage, this research note provides an overview of sport-related surgical enhancement within the context of anti-doping policies. Our findings reveal that such policies are silent on the issue of surgical doping, lending themselves to a loophole World Anti-Doping Agency and other governing bodies should consider addressing as a ‘prohibited method’.