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Jung and Sociological Theory: Readings and Appraisal

authority declines, and the need for more coercive approaches to induce obedience arises. Tyler and Trinkner stress that we are currently in a period of low legitimacy. Over the past several decades, trust in political leaders and democratic institutions has eroded following corruption scandals and the growing perception that politicians are beholden to donors and corporations instead of the communities they represent. Meanwhile, the legal socialization of young people by schools and the justice system increasingly reflects a coercive rather than a consensual model. Schools have adopted strict disciplinary practices such as zero-tolerance policies and increased use of suspensions, and they are quick to define student misconduct like bullying as criminal. Simultaneously, the justice system has progressively emphasized deterrence via enhanced social control. Young people increasingly encounter agents of the state, due to their higher likelihood of offending and the proliferation of school resource officers. These encounters are often marked with disrespect and humiliation, harsh punishment for minor offenses, and juveniles being treated as adults by the system. Declining trust in government and political figures combined with punitive practices in schools and the justice system have chipped away at voluntary deference in favor of rule-following based on coercion. The acceptance of coercion over consent helps us to unpack the growing distrust and disdain for government and legal authorities as alleviators of social conflict. Prior research demonstrates that coercion undermines value development, the acquisition of selfregulating behavior, civic and political participation, and respect for authority figures. This combination of distrust and disdain is reflected in community norms of ‘‘don’t snitch,’’ protests of policing practices, greater ownership of weapons for protection, and critiques of school disciplinary practices. Additionally, coercion-based models have resulted in massive financial and social costs for our society exemplified by mass incarceration, high rates of recidivism, overcriminalization, and an encroaching surveillance society. Despite these drawbacks, there is great support for more coercive approaches across institutions even when evidence shows that consensual models have better long-term success. The authors conclude by warning that in this era of ‘‘low legitimacy’’ the ‘‘benefits of consensual authority based upon supportive values and favorable attitudes . . . will only be available in the future’’ if we can determine how to implement a more consensual model as our society continues to move in a direction that promotes coercion (p. 216).