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Citizenship and Religious Expression in the West: A Comparative Analysis of Experiences of Muslims in France, Germany, and the USA

Muslim migration to the West started over a century ago and has significantly increased since 1965. This trend of Muslim immigration to the West resulted in the settlement of large numbers of minority communities in various countries in Europe and North America and led to the formation of new conflicts and tension between the host countries and their Muslim minorities in the professional, political, educational, and social spheres of life. This paper examines the concepts of citizenship and religious expression in a global world with particular emphasis on the experiences of the immigrant Muslim minorities in France, Germany, and the USA. These countries represent a proper sample for various Muslim minority communities and their experiences in the West which were shaped by the cultural and ethnic backgrounds and histories of the immigrants as well as their host countries.