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Evidence for the eta_b(1S) Meson in Radiative Upsilon(2S) Decay

We have performed a search for the eta_b(1S) meson in the radiative decay of the Upsilon(2S) resonance using a sample of 91.6 million Upsilon(2S) events recorded with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B factory at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. We observe a peak in the photon energy spectrum at E_gamma = 609.3 {+4.6} {-4.5} (stat) +/- 1.9 (syst) MeV, corresponding to an eta_b(1S) mass of 9394.2 {+4.8} {-4.9} (stat) +/- 2.0 (syst) MeV/c^2. The branching fraction for the decay Upsilon(2S) -->gamma eta_b(1S) is determined to be [3.9 +/-1.1 (stat) {+1.1} {-0.9} (syst)] x 10^(-4). We find the ratio of branching fractions B[Upsilon(2S) -->gamma eta_b(1S)]/B[Upsilon(3S) -->gamma eta_b(1S)] = 0.82 +/- 0.24 (stat) {+0.20}{-0.19} (syst).

The data used in this analysis were collected with the BABAR detector [6] at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e + e − storage rings. The primary data sample consists of 14 fb −1 of integrated luminosity collected at the peak of the Υ (2S) resonance. An additional sample of 44 fb −1 collected 40 MeV below the Υ (4S) resonance is used for background and efficiency studies. The trajectories of charged particles are reconstructed with a combination of five layers of double-sided silicon strip detectors and a 40layer drift chamber, both operated in the 1.5-T magnetic field of a superconducting solenoid. Photons are detected with a CsI(Tl) electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC). The photon energy resolution varies from 3.4% (at 300 MeV) to 2.8% (at 800 MeV). Hereafter we quote values of E γ measured in the center-of-mass (c.m.) frame.
The signal for Υ (2S) → γ η b is extracted from a fit to the inclusive photon energy spectrum. The monochromatic photon from this decay should appear as a peak in the photon energy spectrum near 615 MeV on top of a smooth nonpeaking background from continuum (e + e − → qq with q = u, d, s, c) events and bottomonium decays.
Two other processes produce peaks in the photon energy spectrum close to the signal region: ISR production of the Υ (1S) and double radiative decays of the Υ (2S). The second transition in the processes Υ (2S) → γχ bJ (1P ), χ bJ (1P ) → γΥ (1S), J = 0, 1, 2, produces peaks centered at 391, 423, and 442 MeV, respectively. These three peaks are merged due to photon energy resolution and the small Doppler broadening that arises from the motion of the χ bJ (1P ) in the c.m. frame. We use the χ bJ (1P ) → γΥ (1S) signal to validate estimates of signal efficiencies and determine the absolute photon energy scale. Radiative production of the Υ (1S) via initial state radiation (ISR), e + e − → γ ISR Υ (1S), leads to a peak near 550 MeV. The signal peak is better separated from the peaking background, with respect to the Υ (3S) → γη b analysis [1], primarily due to better absolute energy resolution at lower energy.
Decays of the η b via two gluons, expected to be its dominant decay mode, have high charged-particle multiplicity. We select hadronic events by requiring four or more charged tracks in the event and that the ratio of the second to zeroth Fox-Wolfram moments [7] be less than 0.98.
Photon candidates are required to be isolated from all charged tracks. To ensure that their EMC shapes are consistent with an electromagnetic shower, the lateral moment [8] is required to be less than 0.55. To ensure high reconstruction efficiency and good energy resolution, the signal photon candidate is required to lie in the central angular region of the EMC, −0.762 < cos(θ γ,LAB ) < 0.890, where θ γ,LAB is the angle between the photon and the beam axis in the laboratory frame.
The correlation of the direction of the photon with the thrust axis [9] of the η b is small, as there is no preferred direction in the decay of the spin-zero η b and the momentum of the η b is small in the c.m. frame. In contrast, there is a strong correlation between the photon direction and thrust axis in continuum events. The thrust axis is computed with all charged tracks and neutral calorimeter clusters in the event, with the exception of the signal photon candidate. A requirement of | cos θ T | < 0.8 is made to reduce continuum background, where θ T is the angle between the thrust axis and the momentum of the signal photon candidate.
A principle source of background is photons from π 0 decays. A signal photon candidate is rejected if in combination with another photon in the event it forms a π 0 candidate whose mass is within 15 MeV/c 2 of the nominal π 0 mass. To maintain high signal efficiency, we require the second photon of the π 0 candidate to have an energy in the laboratory frame greater than 40 MeV.
The final efficiency evaluated from simulated events is 35.8%.
The selection criteria were chosen by maximizing the ratio N S / √ N T , where N S is the signal yield and N T is the total yield of events in the signal region. The result of the optimization is insensitive to the exact definition of the signal region. A detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulation [10] provides the signal sample for this optimization, while a small fraction (7%) of the Υ (2S) data is used to model the background. To avoid a potential bias, these data are excluded from the final fit of the photon energy spectrum. The remaining Υ (2S) data used for the analysis have an integrated luminosity of 13 fb −1 , corresponding to (91.6 ± 0.9) million Υ (2S) events.
The nonpeaking background is parametrized by an empirical probability density function (PDF) Doppler-broadened Crystal Ball (CB) functions [11] are used as phenomenological PDFs for the three χ bJ (1P ) → γΥ (1S) shapes. The CB function is a Gaussian modified to have an extended power-law tail on the low (left) side. The power law parameter describing the low-side tail of the CB function is common to all three of the χ bJ (1P ) peaks. The Doppler broadening of the χ bJ (1P ) peaks is modeled by analytically convolving the CB functions with rectangular functions of half-width 6.5, 5.5, and 4.9 MeV for the J = 0, 1, 2 states, respectively. These values are evaluated using the Υ (2S) and χ bJ (1P ) masses [12]. The resolution parameter of the χ b0 (1P ) PDF is fixed to that of the χ b2 (1P ). Due to its small yield and its position on the low side of the χ bJ (1P ) peak, the exact width of the χ b0 (1P ) is not crucial. The relative rates of the χ bJ (1P ) components are fixed to values determined from a control sample of Υ (2S) → γχ bJ (1P ), χ bJ (1P ) → γΥ (1S), Υ (1S) → µ + µ − events, and the relative peak positions from the worldaveraged (PDG) values [12], with a photon energy scale offset determined in the fit.
The PDF of the peaking background from ISR Υ (1S) production is parametrized as a CB function with parameters determined from simulated events. The ISR peak position is fixed to the value determined by the Υ (1S) and Υ (2S) masses [12], minus the energy scale offset shared with the χ bJ (1P ) peaks.
The η b signal PDF is a nonrelativistic Breit-Wigner function convolved with a CB function to account for the experimental E γ resolution. The CB parameters are determined from signal MC. Theoretical predictions for the η b width, based on the expected ratio of the two-photon and two-gluon widths, range from 4 to 20 MeV [13]. Since the width of the η b is not known, we have chosen a nominal value of 10 MeV, as in the Υ (3S) analysis.
The free parameters in the fit are the normalizations of all fit components, all of the nonpeaking background PDF parameters, the η b peak position, the energy scale offset, the χ b1 (1P ) and χ b2 (1P ) CB resolutions, and the transition point between the Gaussian and power law components of the χ bJ (1P ) CB functions. Figure 1 shows the photon energy spectrum and the fit result before (a) and after (b) subtraction of the nonpeaking background. The χ 2 per degree of freedom from the fit is 115/93. The line shapes of the three peaking components, χ bJ (1P ), ISR Υ (1S), and the η b signal, are clearly visible in the subtracted spectrum. The η b signal yield is 12800 ± 3500 events, and the η b peak energy is 607.9 +4.6 −4.5 MeV. The observed signal width is consistent with being dominated by the resolution of 18 MeV.
The ISR Υ (1S) yield can be estimated from data col- lected below the Υ (4S) resonance. After correcting for the luminosity ratio, and the difference in ISR cross section and detection efficiencies at the two energies, we expect 16700 ± 700 ± 1200 ISR Υ (1S) events in the onresonance Υ (2S) data sample. The consistency of the observed yield of the Υ (1S) component, 16800 +4200 −4000 events, with the expected value provides an important validation of the fitted background rate near the signal region. The yield and peak position of the η b signal change by less than 0.1σ when the ISR Υ (1S) yield is fixed to the expected value.
We estimate the systematic uncertainty by varying the Breit-Wigner width in the η b PDF to 5, 15, and 20 MeV, varying the PDF parameters fixed in the fit by ±1 σ, using alternative smooth background shapes, varying the histogram binning between 1 and 15 MeV, incorporating a high-side tail to the χ bJ (1P ) peaks, and subtracting possible peaking background components.
Smooth background PDF variations consist of using al-ternative smooth background shapes that either incorporate a 3rd-order polynomial in the exponential (i.e. c 4 = 0) or use a PDF of the form k Other background shape variations consisting of adding a term c 5 x 5 to the exponential of the smooth background function or adding a constant background PDF were found to change the fit negligibly. An additional high-side tail in the χ bJ (1P ) peak may be produced by the coincidental overlap of photons from χ bJ (1P ) decays with particles from the rest of the event or beam debris. We model this tail as a 90 MeV wide Gaussian centered about each of the χ bJ (1P ) peaks. Due to the large width of this component, it is indistinguishable from the nonpeaking background, and its inclusion does not improve the fit. We take the difference between the nominal fit and the fit including this tail as a systematic error. To evaluate the systematic due to the χ b0 (1P ) resolution, we perform a fit in which the χ b0 (1P ) resolution is fixed to that of the J = 1 state. To investigate the possible effect of peaking background from Υ (2S) → (π 0 , η)Υ (1S) events, these contributions are subtracted prior to fitting, assuming the measured value and 90% CL upper limits for the branching fraction of the η and π 0 [12] transitions, respectively, giving a variation of −71 (+651) events for the η (π 0 ) transition. Photons from the transition Υ (2S) → π 0 π 0 Υ (1S), which produce a smoothly varying background below 400 MeV, are absorbed into the smooth background PDF and do not require a separate systematic error.
Including systematic uncertainties, the signal yield is 12800 ± 3500 +3500 −3100 events. The largest contributions to the systematic error on the η b yield are from the η b width variation ( +1700 −1200 events) and the background shape variation ( +2600 −2700 events). The photon energy scale is corrected with the fitted energy scale offset of 1.4 ± 0.2 ± 0.7 MeV determined from the χ bJ (1P ) and ISR peaks. The systematic error is half of the shift added in quadrature with the PDG errors on the χ bJ (1P ) masses (0.4 MeV). The ISR peak contributes negligibly to the determination of the offset, due to its small yield. After including an additional systematic uncertainty of 1.7 MeV from the fit variations described above, we obtain a value of E γ = 609.3 +4.6 −4.5 ± 1.9 MeV for the η b signal.
To confirm that this state is identical to the state observed in the Υ (3S) → γη b analysis [1] we calculate the significance of the signal with the signal peak fixed to 614.3 MeV, the value expected for an η b mass of 9388.9 MeV. The η b signal significance is estimated as χ 2 (no signal) − χ 2 (fixed mass), where χ 2 (fixed mass) is the χ 2 of the fit with the η b signal included and χ 2 (no signal) is the χ 2 of the fit with the η b PDF removed. The statistical significance estimated in this way is 3.7 standard deviations. The significance of the signal, including systematics, is estimated by making the variations discussed above. Additional cross-checks are performed by changing the lower (upper) limit of the fit range to 250 MeV (850 MeV) and varying the selection on | cos(θ T )|. In all fits, the significance lies between 3.0 and 4.3 standard deviations.
The η b mass derived from the E γ signal is M (η b ) = 9394.2 +4.8 −4.9 ± 2.0 MeV/c 2 . Using the PDG value of 9460.3 ± 0.3 MeV/c 2 for the Υ (1S) mass, we determine the Υ (1S)-η b mass splitting to be 66.1 +4.9 −4.8 ± 2.0 MeV/c 2 . For the measurement of the branching fraction, we have an additional source of uncertainty resulting from the signal selection efficiency. The systematic uncertainty on the photon detection efficiency is 1.8%. We estimate the uncertainty on the hadronic selection efficiency (4.9%) by comparing data and MC efficiencies of the selection on hadronic Υ (1S) events. The uncertainty in photon quality selection efficiency (0.5%) is estimated from π 0 decays in data and MC. The difference between the efficiency in MC and the efficiency for a flat distribution (0.6%) is used as the uncertainty on the | cos θ T | selection. We determine the uncertainty for the π 0 selection (4.1%) by comparing the efficiency-corrected χ bJ (1P ) yield with and without the π 0 veto. The total systematic error on the selection efficiency is 6.7%. The uncertainty on the number of Υ (2S) events is 0.9%. Incorporating these systematic uncertainties, we determine the branching fraction of the decay Υ (2S) → γ η b to be (3.9 ± 1.1 +1.1 −0.9 ) × 10 −4 . In the Υ (3S) analysis [1], we estimated the systematic uncertainty on the signal efficiency using χ bJ (2P ) decays, incurring a large error (22%) due to the uncertainties in the χ bJ (2P ) branching fractions. The uncertainty in Υ (3S) → γη b efficiency obtained using the procedure described above is 5.5%, resulting in a final branching fraction of B[Υ (3S) → γη b ] = (4.8 ± 0.5 ± 0.6) × 10 −4 . This value supersedes our previous result, which differs only in having a systematic uncertainty two times larger.
Using the results given above, we determine a branching fraction ratio of B[Υ (2S) → γη b ]/B[Υ (3S) → γη b ] = 0.82 ± 0.24 +0.20 −0.19 . The systematic uncertainties due to selection efficiency and the unknown η b width partially cancel in the ratio. Our measurement is consistent with some of the theoretical estimates of this ratio of magnetic dipole transitions to the η b , 0.3 − 0.7 [2], while the absolute transition rates are not well-predicted by theoretical models.
In conclusion, we have obtained evidence, with a significance of 3.0 standard deviations, for the radiative decay of the Υ (2S) to a narrow state with a mass slightly less than that of the Υ (1S). The ratio of the radiative production rates for this state at the Υ (2S) and Υ (3S) resonances is consistent with that expected of the η b . Under this interpretation, the mass of the η b is 9394.2 +4.8 −4.9 ± 2.0 MeV/c 2 , which corresponds to a mass splitting between the Υ (1S) and the η b of 66.1 +4.9 −4.8 ± 2.0 MeV/c 2 , consistent with the value from the Υ (3S) analysis. The aver-