{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018458197611292075, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.1466666666666665, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Quantification of shoulder and elbow passive moments in the sagittal plane using a robot

The electrical stimulation of muscles is used often for exercise purposes. The user benefits this way with increased muscle strength and better overall movement control. There is also a positive effect on joint range of motion and, i.e. passive moments in joints that are normally smaller in-between and increase significantly toward both extreme joint rotations. Quantification of these (passive moments) is the topic of the presented study. The passive moments exerted in the human muskuloskeletal system are an internal property of every joint in the upper and lower extremities. They arise mostly from the presence and deformations of structures such as tendons, ligaments, skin, joint capsules, inactive muscles and bones composing a particular joint. They could be expressed in terms of elastic and dissipative contributions.