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The phase diagram of QCD, third families of proto-compact stars, and the possibility of core-collapse supernova explosions

A phase transition (PT) to quark matter can lead to interesting phenomenological consequences in core-collapse supernovae, e.g., triggering an explosion in spherically symmetric models. However, until now this explosion mechanism was only shown to be working for equations of state that are in contradiction with recent pulsar mass measurements. Here we identify that this explosion mechanism is related to the existence of a third family of compact stars that is present only in the hot, early stages of their evolution. Its existence is a result of unusual thermal properties of the two-phase coexistence region of the PT, e.g., characterized by a decrease of temperature with increasing density for isentropes, and which can be related to a negative slope of the PT line in the temperature-pressure phase diagram.