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The Effects of the Rope Jump Training Program in Physical Education Lessons on Strength, Speed and VO2 max in Children

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of rope-jump training program in physical education lessons on strength, speed and VO2 max in 10-12 year old boys. 240 male students; rope-jump group (n=120) and control group (n=120) participated in the study. Rope-Jump group continued 10 weeks of regular physical education and sport lessons and at the same time rope jump training program exercise 3 days a week, while the control group continued physical education and sports lessons only. Body weight, body fat percentage, leg strength, 20m speed test and VO2 max test measurements were taken before and after the 10 week period in both groups. The obtained data were evaluated in the SPSS 16 program. In the statistical analysis, t test was used in dependent and independent groups. As a result of pre-test and post-test, significant differences were found in all parameters except speed of control group (p<0.05). When the measurement differences between pre-test and post-test were compared according to the groups, it was determined that weight, body fat ratio, 20m sprint, VO2 max and leg strength measurements were significantly different in favor of rope jump group (p<0.05). In 10-12 year old boys, rope-jump training program was the result of having a positive effect on strength, VO2 max and especially speed. As a result, the inclusion of rope-jump programs in physical education and sports lesson curriculum, and in sports branch training programs may contribute to the development of children's motor skills and accelerate the development of the children.


1.Introduction
It is important to regularly play sports in the balanced and healthy development of children. Regular sportive activities performed by children before and after puberty ensure that a healthy physical structure is developed in children; and in further years, it also delays the disruption of physical structure [1]. The period of sports-related movements in children has an important place in psychomotor development This period concience with the school years of children in their general development years. This period is also the period in which a lot of skill-requiring movements are initiated and developed [2]. Motor development is at the highest level at the age of 8-11 when children are in primary school years, and at the age of 11-13 when they are at secondary school years [3]. Motor development plays an important place in the life of a child, and ensures that s/he participates in kinetic activities that contribute to physical and cognitive growth [4; 5]. It is known that physical education and sportive activities are important to cover the need for activity in children at school age because this need is more in children when compared with adults [6]. It was reported in previous studies that pushing, pulling, throwing, etc. strength properties are among the basic aims of physical education classes at primary schools [7]. It is important that the purpose of this development is to increase the contribution of the physical education course, and to diversify its programs and play contents.. One of the activities that children can enjoy and need to activity can be shown as rope-jump.
It is known that skipping exercises improve coordination, balance, agility, rhythm, speed, and especially static or dynamic muscular strength during repetitive or constant performance, and taking part in practice during these periods may contribute to the development of motor skills [8]. Rope-jump is performed by children as a fun, and it is used by boxers as a type of exercise for heating-up before workouts and as cardio exercises [9]. In addition, rope-jump may be preferred by crowded children groups because the rope may be carried easily by children, a small place is needed, and it is cheaper when compared with other sports branches [10].
Rope-jump improves muscles in the arms and legs [11;12], cardiovascular functions and metabolism. It also has positive effects on cardio-circulation, muscle strength, endurance, speed, mobility and flexibility, balance, coordination, vertical jump, timing, rhythm and speed, lean body mass [13], bone density and skill development [14;15].
The strength, which is one of the important components of motor development, is seen as a prerequisite for effective movement [16]. Muscle strength is a primary component of physical fitness skills and increases in proportion to age from early childhood to adolescence in men [17]. There are studies that suggest that speed is related to strength and power of the athlete [18]. In addition, evaluating the effects of exercise in children and commenting on metabolic and cardiorespiratory profiles depends primarily on the measurement of VO 2 max and cardiorespiratory profiles depend firstly on the maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) measurement, and VO 2 max is important in this respect [19]. For this reason, it would be advisable to assess rope-jump exercises in terms of strength, speed and VO 2 max changes in order to determine the contribution in the development of children. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of 10-week rope-jump exercise on strength, speed and VO 2 max in 10-12 year old boys.

Materials and Methods
240 male students, 120 rope groups (age: 11,02 ± 0,84 year) and 120 control groups (age: 11.04± 0,66 years). participated in the study. The groups were assigned without a certain rule. Permissions were received from the families and the school administration for the study. The study group continued physical education and sports lessons regularly for 10 weeks, and in addition, they did rope-jump exercises 3 days a week (1); and the control group only continued Physical Education and Sports lessons.
In the first week, and in the first training, adaptation exercises were used in the rope-jump group for the skipping tool (hands are rolled in circles, turning the rope with the left hand on the side, turning the rope with the right hand on the side, turning the rope with both hands in the front, turning the rope above the head with the left hand-helicopter, turning the rope above the head with the right hand, turning the rope with the left hand in the sides to form a shape of an '8', turning the rope with the right hand in the sides to form a shape of an '8', turning the rope with the left hand on the left side by jumping, turning the rope with the right hand on the right side by jumping, turning on the rope in the front by jumping) and rope-jump technique was taught "look front when skipping the rope, jump high as much as 3-5 cm to let the rope pass below your feet, this is not done with heels". For height measurements, a Charder hm-200 p brand measurement device was used. Body weight measurements were made with an Angel brand weighing device that was as sensitive as 20 grams and were recorded as kg. To determine the body fat rate, measurements were taken from the triceps and calf areas, and a skinfold caliper device was used. The 20-meter speed test measurements were made with New Test 2000 Photocell Device by placing electronic devices to the start and finish lines. When the subjects started to run, the time was started automatically, and when the subject passed the finish line, the timer was stopped. The time of the subjects spent to complete 30-m was measured in seconds (s) with a sensitivity of milliseconds. To determine the aerobic endurance of the subjects maximal oxygen consumption, the VO 2 max running test was used. At the end of the test, the tours that was completed by the participants were counted, and the VO 2 value was found as ml.kg-1.min-1 in the evaluation table.
Statistical Analyses: The data were analyzed in the SPSS 16 program. The dependent groups test was performed to detect whether the difference between pre and post measurements of the control and rope-jump groups was significant or not; and the t-test was performed in the independent groups to determine the average of the pre and post measurements, and to determine whether the difference between these measurements was significant or not.  When pre and post measurement results were compared, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the height, weight, body fat rate, VO 2 max and leg strength average values (p<0.05).  There was found statistically significant differences between the two groups, weight, body fat rate, 20-m speed, VO 2 max and leg strength.

Discussion
In this study, the effects of rope-jump training program on speed and VO 2 max in 10-12 year old boys were investigated. As a result of the 10-week Rope-Jump training, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the first and second measurements of the rope-jump group and control group aside from the speed values (p<0.05). When the measurement differences were compared between the two groups, it was determined that there were significant differences in the parameters except for the height length in favor of the rope jump group (p<0.05).
In this study, the body fat ratio significantly decreased in the rope-jump group, which was significantly increased in the control group. Hatfield et al. (1985) conducted a study and examined the effects of 8-week rope-jump training in 9-11 years old children on body fat percentage and maximal oxygen intake. They determined that there were no significant differences in the body fat percentage values [20]. Orhan (2008) conducted a study on young volleyball players to investigate the effects of rope-jump and weighted-rope-jump trainings on body fat rate, fat percentage and circumference measurements, and determined that there were significant decreases in the fat rates in the chest, biceps and triceps areas and elbow, chest, hip, and knee as a result of rope-jump training [21]. Kim et al. (2007) investigated the effects of 12-week Rope-Jump exercises in obese adolescent males on body composition, and plasma levels; and found that Rope-Jump decreased the body fat percentage values at a significant level after rope-jump trainings [22].
As a result of the study, 20-m speed values were significantly lower in the rope-jump group than in the control group (p<0.05). Turgut et al. (2016) conducted a study on adolescent volleyball players, and determined that there were significant increases in the anaerobic strength and speed values of the study group when compared with the control group after a 12-week rope and weighted-rope trainings [23]. Endo et al. (2007) reported that when the rope-jump was used in an efficient way in the growth attack period between 9 and 13 age group, the sprint performance values increased [24]. Partavi (2013) determined that the agility values of the male children (6 th Grade) increased at a significant level (3,17%) after s rope-jump training for 7 weeks [25]. The results of this study are similar to ours. According to these results, it can be said that the rope-jump trainings have improved speed in a positive direction.
In our study, it was also determined that the VO 2 max levels increased at a significant level in the rope-jump group when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Baker (1968) separated 92 students into 2 groups, and applied 10 minutes rope-jump training to the first group, and 30 minutes jogging training to the second group. After 6 weeks, when Harvard test results were evaluated, it was determined that the rope group improved as much as the running group in the cardiovascular system [26]. Chen and Lin (2011) investigated the effects of 10-week rope-jump trainings of visuallyimpaired students on cardiovascular endurance and flexibility; and determined that there were improvements in the measured parameters [11]. Chao-Chien and Yi-Chun (2012) reported in their studies that 12-week rope-jump training affected cardiovascular endurance in mentally retarded students at a significant 344 The Effects of the Rope Jump Training Program in Physical Education Lessons on Strength, Speed and VO 2 max in Children level [15]. Düzgün et al. (2010) conducted a study on adolescent volleyball players, and reported that weighted-rope-jump training programs increased the shoulder (scapula) outer rotation strength levels [27]. Turgut et al. (2016) conducted a study on adolescent volleyball players and reported that Rope-Jump trainings provided advantage in strength and agility [23]. As a result of 12-week rope and weighted-rope trainings, significant increases were determined in the anaerobic strength and speed values in the weighted-rope-jump group when compared with the control group.
In this study, it was determined that the leg strength in the rope-jump group increased at a significant level when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Masterson and Brown (1993) separated the subjects into 3 groups (weighten rope-jump group, core plyometric exercise group and stretcing exercise group) and examined the changes in the power and anaerobic capacity of the subjects. After 10 weeks, there was a significant improvement between the bench-press, leg push and jump values before and after the training in the rope group and in the other two groups the values before and after the training were not significant [28]. According to these results, it is possible to claim that rope-jump training increases leg strength.

Conclusions
As a result, positive effects were determined on weight, fat ratio, speed, leg strength and VO 2 max after 10 -week rope training program. It can be said that the rope-jump training program accelerated and increased the development of these parametres of the children at this age. For this reason, the inclusion of rope programs in physical education and sports curriculum is important to contribute the motor skills. Especially the fact that there is a rapid development of this age group reveals the importance of this program. In addition, placing a rope-jump exercise in all sports branches can accelerate the development of the players, as well as contribute to the variety of training.