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NATO Advanced Research Workshop 2005: Introduction.

The Advanced Research Workshop was intended to discuss and better understand the mechanisms involved in stress signalling, adaptation and protection against stress conditions. Stress introduced by threats, such as insecurity and instability due to environmental factors, malnutrition, war and terrorist activities, has many adverse effects on humans. Complex changes occurring at the molecular and cellular levels ultimately manifest at the organ and system levels to affect life. In this regard, the most severe changes are targeted to the vitally important cardiovascular system. Higher sensitivity and vulnerability of the cardiovascular system to stress and other noxious stimuli frequently result in ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. All of these are major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in modern society. To combat the negative effects of chronic and acute stress, further research is required to understand the signalling mechanisms and metabolism of cardiac cells. 
 
This Workshop extended and disseminated knowledge, thereby contributing to an understanding of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms involved in stress signalling and adaptation, as well as the modulation of myocardial ischemic tolerance. Additionally, the Workshop contributed to the understanding of the common mechanisms of cell signalling in different forms of myocardial protection against stress conditions. 
 
Such a workshop provides not only those in the host country but also those representatives from NATO and partner countries, with extraordinary opportunities to work together and make contacts for the future.