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Toxoplasmosis in sheep and other farm animals

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with a two-stage asexual life cycle which can take place in warm blooded animals, and a coccidian-type sexual cycle which is confined to the intestines of members of the cat family. It is relevant to ovine toxoplasmosis that wild rodents and birds can harbour bradyzoites in tissue cysts within brain and muscle. In addition, infection in mice can also be passed vertically from generation to generation without causing significant illness, thus helping to maintain a long-lasting reservoir of infection for susceptible cats. It is cats that can amplify and spread the infection in their faeces in the form of very resistant ooccysts, often by contaminating concentrated feed, hay and bedding. In general, young rather than older cats pose the greatest threat. Toxoplasma oocysts are usually produced during initial infection, which occurs as the young cat starts to hunt for small animals, although a recrudescence of infection and further oocyst excretion can occur in older animals that become immunosuppressed.