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“Unmatter,” as a New Form of Matter, and Its Related “un-Particle,” “un-Atom,” “un-Molecule”

As shown, experiments registered unmatter: a new kind of matter whose atoms include both nucleons and anti-nucleons, while their life span was very short, no more than 10 sec. Stable states of unmatter can be built on quarks and anti-quarks: applying the unmatter principle here it is obtained a quantum chromodynamics formula that gives many combinations of unmatter built on quarks and anti-quarks. In the last time, before the apparition of my articles defining “matter, antimatter, and unmatter”, and Dr. S. Chubb’s pertinent comment on unmatter, new development has been made to the unmatter topic in the sense that experiments verifying unmatter have been found.. 1. Definition of Unmatter. In short, unmatter is formed by matter and antimatter that bind together. The building blocks (most elementary particles known today) are 6 quarks and 6 leptons; their 12 antiparticles also exist. Then unmatter will be formed by at least a building block and at least an antibuilding block which can bind together. A particle that is partially positive and partially negative is an unmatter particle (or unparticle). 2. Exotic Atom. If in an atom we substitute one or more particles by other particles of the same charge (constituents) we obtain an exotic atom whose particles are held together due to the electric charge. For example, we can substitute in an ordinary atom one or more electrons by other negative particles (say π, anti-Rho meson, D, Ds, muon, tau, Ω, Δ, etc., generally clusters of quarks and antiquarks whose total charge is negative), or the positively charged nucleus replaced by other positive particle (say clusters of quarks and antiquarks whose total charge is positive, etc.). 3. Unmatter Atom (or un-atom) and unmatter molecule (or un-molecule). It is possible to define the unmatter in a more general way, using the exotic atom. The classical unmatter atoms were formed by particles like (a) electrons, protons, and antineutrons, or (b) antielectrons, antiprotons, and neutrons. In a more general definition, an unmatter atom is a system of particles as above, or such that one or more particles are replaces by other particles of the same charge. Other categories would be (c) a matter atom with where one or more (but not all) of the electrons and/or protons are replaced by antimatter particles of the same corresponding charges, and (d) an antimatter atom such that one or more (but not all) of the antielectrons and/or antiprotons are replaced by matter particles of the same corresponding charges. In a more composed system we can substitute a particle by an unmatter particle and form an unmatter atom. An unmolecule is a molecule formed by unatoms that bind together, or formed by atoms and at least an unatom that bind together, or by atoms and antiatoms that bind together, or by unataoms and antiatoms that bind together. Of course, not all of these combinations are stable, semi-stable, or quasi-stable, especially when their time to bind together might be longer than their lifespan. 4. Examples of Unmatter. During 1970-1975 numerous pure experimental verifications were obtained proving that “atom-like” systems built on nucleons (protons and neutrons) and anti-nucleons (antiprotons and anti-neutrons) are real. Such “atoms”, where nucleon and anti-nucleon are moving at the opposite sides of the same orbit around the common centre of mass, are very unstable, their life span is no more than 10 sec. Then nucleon and anti-nucleon annihilate into gamma-quanta and more light particles (pions) which can not be connected with one another, see [6,7,8]. The experiments were done in mainly Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) and, partially, CERN (Switzerland), where “proton---anti-proton” and “anti-proton --neutron” atoms were observed, called them p p and n p respectively, see fig 1 and fig 2. Fig. 1: Spectra of proton impulses in the reaction p n) p ( d p + → + . The upper arc --annihilation of n p into even number of pions, the lower arc --its annihilation into odd number of pions. The observed maximum points out that there is a connected system n p . Abscissa axis represents the proton impulse in GeV/sec (and the connection energy of the system n p ). Ordinate axis --the number of events. Cited from \cite{fsm6}.