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Do We Need to Be Concerned about Bone Mineral Density in Vegetarians and Vegans?

Vegetarian diets continue to gain popularity due to concerns about environmental sustainability and belief that it is a healthier diet that can prevent chronic disease (1–3).In addition, there are large populations that adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet due to cultural or religious reasons (4). Vegetarian food intake patterns vary because some exclude all or some types of animal products such as meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy, whereas others do not. Self-identified vegetarians in survey studies like NHANES may be vegan (no animal products) or vegetarian (which typically indicates the inclusion of some animal products like dairy).Distinguishing between different types of vegetarians is important because evidence suggests such differences can impact bone density and quality.