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Nanomedicine for respiratory diseases.

Development of a wide spectrum of nanoscale technologies is starting to make fundamental changes in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. Nanotechnology includes a wide variety of sciences and it is fundamentally based on manipulation of molecules and atoms that form nanoscale structures measuring 100 nanometer or smaller in size that still carry all the physicochemical properties of that specific element. In fact, we may very well demonstrate the physical and chemical properties of materials if we minimize them in size to reach a small cluster of atoms (1). 
 
Nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In order to understand its actual size the following example by John Miller may be helpful (2). Size of an American Dime is 1000 micron. One tenth of it is the size of a human ovule which is equal to 100 micron. A red blood cell is approximately one tenth of it or equal to 10 micron. A neural axon has a thickness one tenth of it which is equal to one micron. This axon can host ten viruses. So far we have discussed 100 nanometer. Cell membrane has a thickness one tenth of it and a DNA thread has one fifth of this thickness. Size of an aminoacid is about one third of it. We are now discussing one nanometer scale and this hypothetical nanoparticle like an aminoacid preserves all the physical and chemical properties (2). 
 
Nanotechnology has been extensively used in various fields of science and technology such as spatial, terrestrial and naval/marine industries, food industries, military and security affairs, agriculture, animal husbandry and health sciences. One of the most important applications of nanotechnology is in the field of medicine known as nanomedicine (3, 4). 
 
The innovation of nanotechnology in the field of medicine based on this new technique has been named as nanomedicine by the American National Institute of Health (NIH) (5). One of the most important applications of nanotechnology is in medicine. This technology is capable of employing molecular genomics and proteomics-based discoveries for treatment of a wide range of diseases. 
 
This new field of science has become increasingly popular for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow ups of diseases (6, 7). Nanomedicine is still in its infancy and has been noticed only recently in the past few years. However, searching PubMed and other databases revealed that many articles are now published weekly in medical journals on this subject. Our understanding about the molecular structure and nanoscale particles in the human body has greatly improved during the recent years. However, the aspects related to diagnosis, treatment or prevention of chronic or severe diseases have not advanced significantly. Diseases like cancer, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases (autoimmune and others), neurologic disorders, renal diseases and infection are big challenge that are faced by medical scientists. Multidisciplinary approaches that link material science specialists to medical scientists may help in findings efficient diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. 
 
Nanoscale materials manifest specific physical, chemical and biologic properties (7, 8). Nanoscale synthetic structures like nanoparticles and nanodevices that are about the same size as their biologic substitutes can easily react with natural biologic substances on the cell surface or intracellular. Nanomedicine has been investigated for various applications. On one hand, quantum dots can be used for molecular diagnostic and imaging purposes and on the other hand, we can benefit from its therapeutic value by using nanocarrier and integrated medical nanosystem. More importantly, by using nanosystem we can enhance healing and accelerate repair in injured tissue (9). However, as mentioned efficient advancement and development of this field of science require a multidisciplinary approach (10, 11). 
 
All nanoparticles do not act the same. They manifest different behaviors in a biologic microenvironment. Their stability, survival and intra-and extra-cellular distribution differ as well. The mentioned factors depend on their chemical structure, morphology and size. In most cases, nanoparticles are used for a single purpose. However, their multipurpose application has also been reported in some studies (7). 
 
Multidisciplinary cooperation in nanomedicine can also be used in the field of chronic pulmonary diseases and acceptable reports can be found in the literature regarding the three domains of molecular diagnosis, targeted drug delivery and reconstruction (8). In this review, we focus on a summary of application of nanomedicine in respiratory diseases. Before reading this review, we invite our valuable readers to refer to an article published in the Iranian Journal of Pathology (12).


INTRODUCTION
Development of a wide spectrum of nanoscale technologies is starting to make fundamental changes in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
Nanotechnology includes a wide variety of sciences and it is fundamentally based on manipulation of molecules and atoms that form nanoscale structures measuring 100 nanometer or smaller in size that still carry all the physicochemical properties of that specific element. In fact, we may very well demonstrate the physical and chemical properties of materials if we minimize them in size to reach a small cluster of atoms (1).
Nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In order to understand its actual size the following example by John Miller may be helpful (2). Size of an American Dime is 1000 micron. One tenth of it is the size of a human ovule which is equal to 100 micron. A red blood cell is approximately one tenth of it or equal to 10 micron. A neural axon has a thickness one tenth of it which is equal to one micron. This axon can host ten viruses. So far we have discussed 100 nanometer. Cell membrane has a thickness one tenth of it and a DNA thread has one fifth of this thickness. Size of an aminoacid is about one third of it. We are now discussing one nanometer scale and this hypothetical nanoparticle like an aminoacid preserves all the physical and chemical properties (2).
Nanotechnology has been extensively used in various fields of science and technology such as spatial, terrestrial and naval/marine industries, food industries, military and security affairs, agriculture, animal husbandry and health sciences. One of the most important applications of nanotechnology is in the field of medicine known as nanomedicine (3,4).
The innovation of nanotechnology in the field of medicine based on this new technique has been named as nanomedicine by the American National Institute of Health (NIH) (5). One of the most important applications of nanotechnology is in medicine. This technology is capable of employing molecular genomics and proteomicsbased discoveries for treatment of a wide range of diseases.
This new field of science has become increasingly popular for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow ups of diseases (6,7). Nanomedicine is still in its infancy and has been noticed only recently in the past few years.  Bahadori M,et al. 19 Tanaffos 2012; 11(4): [18][19][20][21][22] specialists to medical scientists may help in findings efficient diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.
Nanoscale materials manifest specific physical, chemical and biologic properties (7,8). Nanoscale synthetic structures like nanoparticles and nanodevices that are about the same size as their biologic substitutes can easily react with natural biologic substances on the cell surface or intracellular. Nanomedicine has been investigated for various applications. On one hand, quantum dots can be used for molecular diagnostic and imaging purposes and on the other hand, we can benefit from its therapeutic value by using nanocarrier and integrated medical nanosystem. More importantly, by using nanosystem we can enhance healing and accelerate repair in injured tissue (9). However, as mentioned efficient advancement and development of this field of science require a multidisciplinary approach (10,11).
All nanoparticles do not act the same. They manifest different behaviors in a biologic microenvironment. Their stability, survival and intra-and extra-cellular distribution differ as well. The mentioned factors depend on their chemical structure, morphology and size. In most cases, nanoparticles are used for a single purpose. However, their multipurpose application has also been reported in some studies (7).
Multidisciplinary cooperation in nanomedicine can also be used in the field of chronic pulmonary diseases and acceptable reports can be found in the literature regarding the three domains of molecular diagnosis, targeted drug delivery and reconstruction (8). In this review, we focus on a summary of application of nanomedicine in respiratory diseases. Before reading this review, we invite our valuable readers to refer to an article published in the Iranian Journal of Pathology (12

OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES
Among obstructive pulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma and COPD are among global health hazards in terms of mortality and morbidity. It is estimated that COPD will be ranked the third cause of death by 2020. asthma (17). Although a suitable model has not been presented for COPD, some researches, discussed for the role of nanomedicine in COPD (17).

CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Cystic fibrosis is usually manifested as an autosomal recessive disease. It is caused by the dysfunction of the epithelial chloride channel cells due to the mutation in cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator gene (CFTR).
Since the CFTR gene was discovered in 1989 more than 1900 mutations have been reported to cause CF and significant effort has been put forth in to gene therapy to find a mutation independent cure for CF (18). In addition to gastrointestinal system, respiratory system is another target for this disease. Over-production and altered  Another theory is that the delivery of nanoparticles that can change the composition of mucin based on this nanosystem may be an interesting candidate for the delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles in this disease (7,8,18).   sensors with a device profiles volatile orgaic compounds (VOCs) for detection lung cancer specific pattern (27).

CONCLUSION
This review tried to briefly discuss the importance and application of nanomedicine technology in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human illnesses especially some respiratory diseases.