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Guard placement for efficient point-in-polygon proofs

We consider the problem of placing a small number of angle guards inside a simple polygon P so asto provide efficient proofs that any given point is inside P. Each angle guard views an infinite wedge of the plane, and a point can prove membership in P if it is inside the wedges for a set of guards whose common intersection contains no points outside the polygon. This model leads to a broad class of new art gallery type problems, which we call "sculpture garden" problems and for which we provide upper and lower bounds. In particular, we show there is a polygon P such that a "natural" angle-guard vertex placement cannot fully distinguish between pointson the inside and outside of P (even if we place a guard at every vertex of P), which implies that Steiner-point guards are sometimes necessary. More generally, we show that, for any polygon P, there is a set of n+2(h-1) angle guards that solve the sculpture garden problem for P, where h is the number of holes in P (so a simple polygon can be defined with n-2 guards). In addition, we show that, for any orthogonal polygon P, the sculpture garden problem can besolved using n/2 angle guards. We also give an example of a class of simple (non-general-position) polygons that have sculpture garden solutions using O(√n) guards, and we show this bound is optimal to within a constant factor. Finally, while optimizing the number of guards solving a sculpture garden problem for a particular P is of unknown complexity, we show how to find in polynomial time a guard placement whose size is within a factor of 2 of the optimal number for any particular polygon.