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Effects of GABA receptor antagonists on retinal glycine receptors and on homomeric glycine receptor alpha subunits.

Glycinergic and GABAergic inhibition are juxtaposed at one retinal synaptic layer yet likely perform different functions. These functions have usually been evaluated using receptor antagonists. In examining retinal glycine receptors, we were surprised to find that commonly used concentrations of GABA antagonists blocked significant fractions of the glycine current. In retinal amacrine and ganglion cells, the competitive GABAA receptor antagonists (bicuculline and SR95531) were also competitive GlyR antagonists. Picrotoxinin produced a noncompetitive inhibition of retinal GlyRs. [1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-yl] methylphosphinic acid, the GABACR antagonist, did not inhibit glycine receptors. All three GABAA receptor antagonists were competitive inhibitors of homomeric alpha1 or alpha2 GlyRs expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) cells. Interestingly, bicuculline was much more effective at alpha2 GlyRs and might be used to separate glycine receptor subtypes. Thus commonly used concentrations of GABA antagonists do not unambiguously differentiate GABA and glycine pathways. Picrotoxinin inhibition of GABAC receptors requires two amino acids in the second transmembrane region (TM2): 2' serine and 6' threonine. Although TM2 regions in GABA and glycine receptors are highly homologous, neither 2' serine nor 6' threonine is essential for picrotoxinin sensitivity in glycine receptors.