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Energy expenditure during response-dependent and response-independent food delivery in rats.

Two groups of rats received food on variable-interval schedules during SD but not during SΔ periods. Food delivery was contingent on running for Experimental subjects but independent of behavior for Controls. Contrary to predictions based on the energy maximization principle, Controls did not develop a more energy-efficient behavioral adaptation than Experimentals. The contingency of food delivery influenced the SD/SΔ distributions of running (AMB) and oxygen consumption (OC) but not their overall rates. Overall OC and AMB rates appear to have been determined by the similar levels of food deprivation and rates of food delivery to which both groups were submitted. AMB was found to be a less conspicuous determinant of energy expenditure than the rate of food delivery which, it is argued, influenced OC by eliciting high-energy consumatory activities. Although significant positive correlations between variations of heart rate (HR) and OC were observed in both groups, the HR/OC correlation was significantly weaker in the Control than in the Experimental group. This result is discussed in terms of the effects of the reinforcement contingencies on cardio-somatic control.