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Gravity‐independent flywheel exercise training improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength in ambulatory subjects

Long‐term residence in a microgravity environment induces muscle atrophy, which leads to reduction in aerobic fitness and muscle strength. We tested the efficacy of a new flywheel‐based exercise trainer, the YoYo, on a group of young sedentary subjects (16 men, 16 women). Subjects were assigned to either resistance‐only (RE) or combined aerobic/resistance (AE/RE) cohort for 5 weeks of training. RE training consisted of 11 sessions of horizontal squats, and AE training of 15 sessions of high‐intensity interval rowing. Aerobic capacity (determined by graded ergometry) improved by 8% in the AE/RE cohort, but diminished by 7% in the RE cohort. Both cohorts showed higher maximal knee extensor torque (assessed by dynamometry) at all isokinetic concentric (30–300°/s) and eccentric speeds (30,120°/s), and in isometric contraction. Legpress performance increased by 28% in RE and 21% in AE/RE cohorts. Physiologic improvements in muscle strength were matched by morphologic changes. Cross‐sectional area of the quadriceps femoris (from MRI scans) increased by 9% in men and 13% in women. Similarly, mean mixed fibre cross‐sectional area (from a vastus lateralis biopsy) increased by 10% in both men and women.