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A Clinico-Haematological Study of Causes of Pancytopenia

BACKGROUND This is a clinic-haematological study, conducted in Sidhanta Hospital, Bhopal, to identify the causes of pancytopenia. Out of total 1200 cases of complete hemograms, 56 cases were categorized as pancytopenias, and out of these, 24 cases were subjected to bone marrow examination. The remaining 32 cases of pancytopenia, were put on periodic follow up with peripheral blood smear examination, based on clinical data. Pancytopenia is the simultaneous presence of anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia that may result from various disease processes, involving the bone marrow primarily or secondarily. Pancytopenia is reduction in all the three cellular components of the blood, namely red blood cells (RBCs), leucocytes (WBCs) and platelets. It is a common entity which is encountered by practitioners. The presentation is in the form of cytopenias leading to infections, anaemia, or bleeding manifestations. All the cases of pancytopenia need a through approach to reach to the cause of the same so that it can be managed in the best possible manner. Cytopenias are reduction in any of the three cellular components of the blood i.e. RBCs, WBCs or platelets. It can be reduction in two cellular components (bicytopenia) or a reduction in all the three cellular components (pancytopenia). In bicytopenia, the most common combination to be seen is anaemia and thrombocytopenia, whereas the least common is leucopenia with thrombocytopenia. (1) For practical purposes, it should have haemoglobin < 10 g%, absolute neutrophil count < 1,500/cumm and platelets < 1,00,000/cumm. It is labelled as severe when the three values are < 7 g%, < 500/cumm and < 20,000/cumm respectively. The purpose of this study was to find out different causes of pancytopenia and the use of bone marrow examination in evaluation of pancytopenia. METHODS This is a cross sectional study, conducted exclusively in the Department of Medicine, at a tertiary care hospital, in Bhopal from August 2019 to December 2019. A total of 56 cases of pancytopenia were analysed with clinico-haematological features. Criteria for diagnosis of pancytopenia were: Haemoglobin less than 10 gm/dl, TLC less than 4000/mm3 and platelet count less than 1,00,000/mm3. We have correlated the complete hemogram findings with bone marrow examination (if required) and peripheral smear examination in order to analyse the root cause of every case of pancytopenia. Pancytopenia is a haematological entity, we have to analyse the cause of it in order to find out the correct diagnosis and treat the patient accordingly. Bone marrow examination is useful in the investigation of PUO (pyrexia of unknown origin), as it leads to an etiological diagnosis in many of the cases. RESULTS In these 56 cases, only 24 cases (42.85 %) were subjected for bone marrow examination. Commonest cause of pancytopenia was episode of viral fever constituting 28 cases (50 %). CONCLUSIONS In cases of PUO, bone marrow examination is a very useful investigation. In cases diagnosed as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), when the patient does not show improvement in counts, a repeat bone marrow examination should be done, as very rarely; acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia may be the cause. Though bone marrow examination is an absolute indication in cases of pancytopenia, it is important to wait for at least 2 – 3 weeks, and do a repeat hemogram, especially in cases of viral fever where the counts usually improve after fever subsides. KEY WORDS Pancytopenia, Bone Marrow, Viral Fever