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Effect of mesenchymal stem cells‐derived exosomes on tumor microenvironment: Tumor progression versus tumor suppression

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the potential to differentiate into different cell types. Owing to their immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory properties, they are widely used in regenerative medicine, but they have a dual effect on cancer progression and exert both growth‐stimulatory or ‐inhibitory effects on different cancer types. It has been proposed that these controversial effects of MSC in tumor microenvironment (TME) are mediated by their polarization to proinflammatory or anti‐inflammatory phenotype. In addition, they can polarize the immune system cells that in turn influence tumor progression. One of the mechanisms involved in the TME communications is extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSCs, as one of cell populations in TME, produce a large amount of EVs that can influence tumor development. Similar to MSC, MSC‐EVs can exert both anti‐ or protumorigenic effects. In the current study, we will investigate the current knowledge related to MSC role in cancer progression with a focus on the MSC‐EV content in limiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We suppose MSC‐EVs can be used as safe vehicles for delivering antitumor agents to TME.