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The ology of neuropathy: an integrative review of the role of neuroinflammation and TNF‐α axonal transport in neuropathic pain

This 2011 Peripheral Nerve Society plenary lecture reviews the role of axonal transport in neuroimmune communication following peripheral nerve injury, linking focal changes in Schwann cell activation and release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) with subsequent activation and sensitization of ascending sensory neurons and glia which culminate in the neuropathic pain state. New data demonstrate that axonally transported (biotinylated) TNF‐α activates and localizes with dorsal horn astrocytes within 96 h after injection into sciatic nerve, and that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) activation in these glial cells is diminished in TNF receptor 1 knockout mice. The pathophysiology, neuropathology and molecular biology of Wallerian degeneration are also reviewed from a perspective that links it to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the development of neuropathic pain states. Finally, insights into neuroimmune communication provide rationale for new therapy based on interference with the processes of Wallerian degeneration, cytokine signaling and TNF‐α protein sequestration.