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Developing Critical Thinking of Students with Hearing Impairment for Computational Thinking in Mathematics with E Module Design

This research aims to analyse and design the e-module learning based on computational thinking for increasing the critical thinking skill of students with hearing impairment. This research used the qualitative descriptive approach. The subjects of the research are the students of the VII grade of Special Junior High School of Djojonegoro Temanggung. The data collection instruments used in this research were the guidelines for the validation of the e-module design, the guidelines for observing the implementation of learning in class, and the interview guidelines for the teacher. Data is analyzed by reducing, serving, and concluding. The result of the research is analyzing the necessity of the e-module and designing the e-model based on analysis needs. The e-module designed based on computational thinking to increase the critical thinking skill of the students with hearing impairment appropriated by their character, curriculum, and student's tasks. The results of this study can be used as a guide for mathematics teachers in developing e-module that make students understand mathematics and have critical thinking skills simultaneously. The advantage of this research is to integrate critical thinking skills into e-module.


Introduction
Education is an important thing for the young generation to get both science and skill. The science and skill are learned by the students in the class through the affective and fascinating learning by the teachers (Yuanita et al., 2018). Critical thinking skills are one of the most important to be developed (Han & Appelbaum, 2018). These skills could be developed by creating a method where the students not only received the concept but also be active participants (Rasiman, 2015; Kusaeri & Aditomo, 2019). Critical thinking is the ability to think logically and systematically in valuing, solving problems, and researching (Runisah et al., 2017).
Critical thinking is the ability to solve problems (Rasiman, 2015). This skill is important in mathematics for it could be developed the quality of mathematics to be better and meaningful learning (Firdaus et al., 2015; Cahyani & Putri, 2019). Mathematics is an important ability that should be had by the students (Arnidha & Hidayatulloh, 2019). It is a universal science-based on the development of modern technology.
In mathematics, the students should be given realistic skills, analytical, critical, and creative thinking (Wahyudi, 2016;Anwar, 2018 (Arnidha & Hidayatulloh, 2019), special education aims to focus on creating the standard curriculum for children with special needs. The deaf children are they who had a deficiency in their hearing sensory caused by missed of some or all of the instruments of hearing sensory. They were difficult to understand language or communication. In learning, students with hearing impairment hard to developed themselves which affected their ability to receive when the teacher delivered the lesson. The intelligence of the students with hearing impairment is potentially as same as the ordinary students but their development functionally is influenced by their ability of language (communication), limited information, and the abstraction of language. The upgrading of achievement the students with limited hearing sensory relates to the approach of the lesson in challenging problems of mathematic. The lesson focuses on the skill to think advanced and problem solving (Shelton & Parlin, 2016). In (Sondakh, 2018), Polya writes about the method of solving the mathematics problem. This approach is called computational thinking (Sondakh, 2018). Computational Thinking (CT) is the process of thinking involved in problem formulation and problem solving (Khasyyatillah & Osman, 2019). CT changes the problem to be the computational solution, it is an algorithm which avowed as the critical skills, especially for mediate school (Sondakh, 2018). Lesson material is one of many ways to develop the skill of the students. It is part of many sources in the learning activity. It contains the information both of printing or electronic that is used by the students for learning (Cahyadi, 2019). In addition, learning by using modules helps students in identifying and interpreting the information. In the module, the mathematics content not only explains the steps or using formulation in solving the problem but also to giving an understanding of the concept of integration and critical thinking skill (Firdaus et al., 2015). From the interview and the observation, the researchers get the data about the mathematics lesson in Special Junior High School of Djojonegoro Temanggung. Generally, the teachers had been used instruments of learning, they are books and student's tasks but have not developed the critical thinking skill of the students yet. According to Kluwin dan Moores (Govindan & Ramaa, 2014), difficulties in mathematics are due to the lack of emphasis on mathematics education for students with hearing impairment and reduced opportunities for incidental learning. Another factor according to Pagliaro (Kelly & Pagillaro, 2014) the teacher who teaches students with hearing impairment is not quite enough to preparing the mathematic materials and limited in knowledge or using the language. Based on the explanation above, the researchers analyzing, designing, and developing the emodule design that is combined with Computational Thinking learning to developing the critical thinking skill of students with hearing impairment.

Methodology
This research is categorized into kind of qualitative descriptive. This research did in the special junior high school of Djojonegoro, Temanggung. The subjects core VII-grade students of special junior high school of Djojonegoro, Temanggung. The instrument for collecting the data is the validation of the guidelines of the mathematics module. The instruments to validating appropriated to the curriculum. The questionnaire is filled by rating and qualitative suggestions from the experts. This suggestion is used to revising the product ( Table  1. Data is analyzed by reducing, serving, and concluding.

Results and Discussions
Based on the observation of the curriculum, the researchers find that the school has used the curriculum that appropriates the fundamental competence, basic competence, and the indicators in the curriculum of 2013 (K-13). Every lesson that has been taught is proper to the indicator of accomplishment of competence. The implementation of learning, a teacher gives materials or lesson which is under the grade. For example, the teacher gives the IV-grade materials to students of Junior High School. Based on the observation, the researchers found that students with hearing impairment are actively asking the teacher when they were given tasks by the teacher. The teacher gives good to respond to the passive students when teaching. Based on the interview with Ibu Dwi Febri Wahyu as the teacher of VII-grade of Special Junior High School (SLBN) of Djojonegoro, Temanggung, the researcher found that the students with hearing impairment were difficult to understand the mathematic lesson but they actively asked when they faced a difficult problem. In addition, she said that the obstacles in learning mathematics are giving understanding to the students about the materials and limited media. In this section, the researcher is designing the emodul base on computational thinking to develop the critical thinking skill of the VII-grade students of Special Junior High School (SMPLB) The cover of this e-module consists of a Logo of UAD, the Title of the module, title of the lesson, target of the user, the author, and the institution. The cover is important for it shows the contents. The cover is shown in figure 1.  The conceptual mapping of this e-module contains the topics which had to learn. The conceptual mapping helps the teacher to improve effective learning in the class. The conceptual mapping is shown in figure  2.

Figure 2. Conceptual Mapping
The main lesson of this e-module contains basic competence and indicators of the accomplishment of competence. The main lesson is shown in figure  3.    The e-module design was examined by validating the materials and media. In validation of the materials, assessment is used for determining the validity of the e-module design. E-module The emodule that had been approved by the assessor then validated by the validator, lecturer, expert of media. The validation of the e-module uses instruments of assessment. It formed in questions and questionnaires. After that, if the instrument is valid, the instrument can be used by the experts of materials and media to assessing products to be developed. Some suggestions from the experts are summarizing in table 2.

Table 2. The Suggestions from the Expert Suggestions and Comments
Following The conceptual map in less detail The conceptual map has been fixed with more details Adding the logogram of K-13 Has been added the logogram of K-13 Adding the lesson Has been added The suggestions from the expert are the references for the researcher to revise the product. In addition, the properness of the lesson is judged by two experts. The result of the score from the questionnaire about the properness of the instructional design media by the expert is shown in table 3

Conclusion
This research designed mathematics e-module based on the computational thinking method. In the analyzing, the researcher explaining the curriculum, learning instrument, and analyzing the characteristic of the students with hearing impairment. From the observation, the school has used the curriculum of 2013 or called K-13. The researchers find that the students with hearing impairment were given the materials under the grade of them for they cannot understand immediately. The characteristic of the students with hearing impairment, they were actively asked when the teacher give them tasks. On the other side, if the students are not active, the teacher will help to guide them with a good response. In the designing, the researchers designed the cover, the conceptual mapping, the materials lesson, exercise, and quiz. The activity of students that triggering the critical thinking skill of the students finds in the exercise part.

Limitations and Future Studies
In this research, the researchers described on the analysis and design of the e-module for the students with hearing impairment. The future research can be extended on the development, implementation and evaluation.

Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the Postgraduate Program in Mathematics Education (Universitas Ahmad Dahlan), Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ternate, Universitas Khairun, Universitas Cokroaminoto Palopo, and Universitas Negeri Jakarta which has given guidance and the facility to finish this research.
The researchers also thanked all of the people who helped and given encouragement in this research.