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Effects of maturation on tympanometric wideband acoustic transfer functions in human infants.

Wideband acoustic transfer function (ATF) measurements of energy reflectance (ER) and admittance magnitude (|Y|) were obtained at varying static ear-canal pressures in 4-, 12-, and 27-week-old infants and young adults. Developmental changes in wideband ATF measurements varied as a function of frequency. For frequencies from 0.25 to 0.75 kHz there was as much as a 30% change in mean ER and mid |Y| with changes in static ear-canal pressure between 4 and 24 weeks of age. From 0.75 to 2 kHz, the effects of pressure produced a small number of significant differences in ER and mid |Y| with age, suggestive of a developmentally stable frequency range. Between 2 and 6 kHz, there were differential effects of pressure for the youngest infants; negative pressures caused increased ER and mid |Y| and positive pressures caused decreased ER and mid |Y|; the magnitude of this effect decreased with age. Findings from this study demonstrate developmental differences in wideband tympanometric ATF measurements in 4-, 12- and 24-week-old infants and provide additional insight on the effects of static ear-canal pressure in the young infant's ear. The maturational effects shown in the experimental data are discussed in light of known age-related anatomical changes in the developing outer and middle ear.