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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in persistent criminal offenders: the need for specialist treatment programs

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a clinical syndrome with onset in early childhood. In adulthood, the disorder is defined by hyperactive, impulsive and inattentive behaviors, a difficulty with self-regulation, mood instability, disorganization and poor behavioral controls. It affects approximately 3–4% of UK children [1], and a meta-ana lysis of follow-up studies has demonstrated that approximately 15% of cases continue to meet the diagnosis at 25 years of age, with a further 50% of individuals suffering impairment from residual symptoms [2]. Simon et al. recently estimated the world prevalence of ADHD in adults to average 2.5% or higher, with approximately 1% expected to fall in the most severe group requiring immediate treatment [3]. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a wide-ranging and detrimental impact on the wellbeing of individuals who usually suffer clinical, neuropsychological and psychosocial problems [4]. It is associated with educational and occupational difficulties, low self-esteem, comorbid psychiatric problems, substance misuse, interpersonal relationship problems, delinquency and offending [5].