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THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONCATENATION IN THE TOURISM OF MOZAMBIQUE

Our analysis of the social and economic relationship in the tourism of Mozambique besides our personal relationship was motivated by the exploration of the potential hidden in the tourism targeting developing countries. In the analysed country the percentage contribution of travel-tourism sector to the overall GDP from 2008 to 2018 started to increase again after plummeting during 2011 and 2012 but has stagnated since 2015. In the medium term the sector output has been increasing continually since 2008 except for the period 2011-2012 (2017: 455.9 million USD) and according to the data revealed by WTTC in 2018 it is expected to increase 1.5 times. However, the 2017 figure places the country in the 136 position in the world ranking lagging well behind the world average (21.5 billion USD). In our research we analyse the social and economic causes of the country’s small competitiveness. We also unfold the tourism supply elements, the role played by the sector in the economy of Mozambique. We sought answer to the question whether the society sees opportunities for engaging efficiently in tourism and what experiences it has had in the process of welcoming tourists. In answering the economic questions we have compared secondary data and information. In our primary research we have prepared a questionnaire for ordinary citizens and institutions operating in the tourism sector. In these questions we have asked their opinions, attitude, formal education level and their willingness to engage in tourism in the future. We believe these two themes are crucial for boosting tourism in the country. This research, as the first step, also aims to build an international research relationship in the future. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2454-5899 617


Introduction
Mozambique is a young republic situated on the south-east side coast of Africa. It shares borders with Tanzania in the north, with Zambia and Malawi in the north-west, with Zimbabwe in the west and with Swaziland and South Africa in the south. To the east is the Indian Ocean. The country attained its independence from Portugal in 1975, after 470 years of colonisation since 1505 and ten years of fight for independence. "The 1973 Oil Crisis had a direct effect on the country's economy which also caused the South African gold mines to lay off two-thirds of their Mozambican workers in 1976, leading to an immense loss in Mozambique's foreign earnings. Worse still was the mass exodus of skilled Portuguese settlers and the related outflow of capital and asset-stripping which caused the collapse of many secondary industries within a year of independence." (Philip Briggs, Guide to Mozambique, 1997 p. 18) Shortly after political independence this former Portuguese overseas province suffered from a civil war which started in 1976 and ended in 1992 with the Peace Agreement signed in Rome between the ruling party and the major opposition party. The civil war claimed a million lives, destroyed a lot of infrastructure and left the tourism industry and wildlife conservation in dire straits.
By 1978 there was no organized tourist travel in the country.
However, the confidence of tourist operators started growing after the civil conflict and now the country has the opportunity to develop its tourism industry. By the end of the 1990s tourism was the fastest growing sector of the country's economy. This industry attracts more foreign investment than any other part of the country's economy.
Tourism was a very profitable industry in the period before independence. Beira and Mozambique's southern beaches used to be visited by Rhodesian and South-African tourists.
Gorongosa National Park, which is halfway between Zimbabwe and Beira was a large tourist attraction.
Despite lack of quality infrastructure in many areas of the country tourism continues to grow.
The government has declared tourism as one of the strategic sectors of the economy and hopes that the country's game and nature reserves will become a major tourist attraction. Despite the damages caused by the war there is positive growth in many of the nation's parks, especially the Maputo Special Reserve and Gorongosa Parks. In the efforts of the country to reduce poverty the growth of tourism industry encourages prospects of creating more jobs and contributing to the country's GDP.
Various studies related to Mozambique consistently report the increasing tendency of tourist activity in the country. To answer the question why people are interested in visiting Mozambique an

Methodology Used
We gathered secondary information from the existing literature related to the topic. Among the materials we found include research and reports by the World Bank, World Travel & Tourism, statistical reports released by the Ministério de Turismo de Moçambique (Mozambique Ministry of Tourism) and Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas (National Institute of Statistics), surveys conducted by many other non-governmental research organisations. We also conducted a primary research by asking questions to 200 people of various age groups and occupations in Beira, one of the country's major cities. The questionnaire was sent electronically to a team of acquaintances who randomly approached different people in the streets and asked questions. After obtaining the answers we processed graphs and analysed the data using MS Excel 2016.

A Brief Reference of Mozambique's Past and Economic Overview
Mozambique's past was turbulent because of successive wars, first for independence then for democratic changes. After the civil war which destroyed most of the existing infrastructure the country struggled economically. Despite its economic ups and downs the country succeeded in finding international partners whose support has always encouraged its development. For a decade since 2005 Mozambique's economic growth was impressive. "Mozambique grew at an average annual rate of 6%-8% in the decade leading up to 2015, one of Africa's strongest performances, but the sizable external debt burden, donor withdrawal, elevated inflation, and currency depreciation contributed to slower growth in 2016-17." (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/mz.html downloaded 18-06-2019) We analysed Mozambique's economy starting with its traditions and natural endowments.
Later we evaluated the concatenation of social and economic aspects under sustainability point of view.
In colonial times the country's social life was characterised by tribal traditions consisting of different habits and customs. Some tribes were very skilled in arts and crafts, others in musical, dancing and carving activities. Despite illiteracy most Mozambicans were able to create something of their own that reflected the endowments of their tribe. The variety of traditions attracted many tourists.
The economic development of Mozambique was hindered by the mono-cultural approach of the colonial system and its level of development. Portugal compared to the other colonial powers was said to be less developed and being so could not explore and use its former overseas province's natural resources efficiently. However, it established the current country's main cities and laid the foundations for the current modern infrastructure. The city buildings and facilities were primarily intended for use by colonialists and the assimilated. After gaining independence in 1975 and becoming a republic the country's economy went through serious difficulties due to the single-party Marxist political system and the civil war that followed the 10-year war of independence. Both wars had disastrous impact on the country's economy. Despite this sad situation the country continued open to the world by welcoming tourists, preserving hospitality, improving social relationships and community programs.
Beyond the historical and past political factors the economic structure of the country is also determined and influenced by its natural endowments. One of these endowments is its Indian Ocean 2,470 km long coastline. This region suitable for fishing and leisure activities favours tourism greatly.
Moreover, 5 natural gas reserves were discovered recently extended throughout 100 kms along the coast and to explore and process energy based on that resource an American-Mozambican joint venture was established. The project has rightly approached and handled the social, cultural, economic situation of the locals, as well as the property rights, the use of the natural resources, commitment to compensation, restoration of the social structures, provision of employment and support of the local social care. (http://www.mzlng.com/The-Project/) The plane coastal region oriented towards the west shapes into a landscape with plateaus and fault blocks. The highest point is Monte Binga (2436m) found near the border with Zimbabwe. The country borders in the south-west and south with the economically far more developed South Africa and the tiny Swaziland. The road-traffic and geographic situation of the great neighbour attracts significant workforce through its economic development and impactful investing power.
Among the four riversall flowing into the Indian Oceanthe most important ones are Zambezi and Limpopo. In this tropical country there are two seasons: the hot rainy season (November -April) and the hot dry summer (May -October). The characteristic vegetation here is Savannah and the country has 6 national parks. With regard to the fact that this region has large environmentally protected areas (37 470 km 2 ) special attention has to be given to sustainability viewpoints.
The country's infrastructure throughout the historical storms could not keep pace with the population growth so creation of infrastructure remains a big and complex task. The technological revolution in the country is to take place in such a way that it would not harm the natural or social values. In this complex process the active involvement of tourists in so called operation of voluntary zones is a future challenge. A further task, assuming parallel industrial development, industrial areas are to be sharply separated from the tourist zones and the authorized tourist activity is to be oriented to buffer zones from the chore protected areas.
However, even if tourism is capable of diversifying the local economies, of bringing infrastructures to people in remote areas (and with them the access to social services such as hospitals, schools, markets, etc.) and of creating job opportunities, with its infrastructures and cultural contamination it may often lead to a change or to the destruction of the local natural and cultural environment. Moreover, through tourism, the local communities may lose control on their territory, the local resources and on how to use them, and on the number of tourist they are willing to welcome (McElroy, de Albuquerque, 2002;Lozato-Giotard, 2006). Without such control the population loses the faculty of choosing how to use its territory (Turco, 1988) and in the end it may also lose its identity, considering that nowadays the preservation of communities is strictly connected to the preservation of their spaces" (Lozato-Giotard, 2006 (https://www.heritage.org/index/country/mozambique).
As quoted by (Wilson Fesenmaier, Fesenmaier & Van Es, 2001), saw tourism development as involving, (1) attractions in the form of the natural and man-made features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of the area's tourism attractions to potential tourists; (3) good tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airport, trains and buses), water and power (4) services: accommodation, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists' needs and (5)  However, earlier in 2016 the Bank of Mozambique revised down its economic growth projections from 7% to 4,5% for 2016 (achieving 3.76%) the lowest in 15 years. This was due largely to a decrease in government spending, the decline in prices for key exports, lower inward investment and El Niño drought spanning parts of southern and eastern Africa.
A mix of sound economic reforms, political stability, foreign investment flows, and continued international donor support sustain the high economic growth rates recorded in recent years. (Deloitte, December 2016).
Regarding competitiveness the country still has a long way to go. Nonetheless, with breath-taking beaches, ideal tropical climates, world-class scuba diving and diversified wildlife, the sector is expected to contribute up to USD 1bn in the next decade and will require investment in hotels, lodges, and resorts to service the growing industry. (Mozambique's Economic Outlook /Governance challenges holding back economic potential; December 2016, Deloitte)

Primary Research Results
As stated in our methodology, we conducted a survey with the help of a questionnaire addressed to 200 local people in Beira, one of Mozambique's major cities. The questionnaire contained eleven questions. With the he questions we wanted to know the languages the respondents used for communication, their opinion of the foreign tourists, we also asked if they had ever spoken to a tourist and if yes, what they spoke about. On a Likert scale they had to describe the population's attitude towards the tourists, Furthermore, we also asked if they wanted to learn about tourism management, learn a new language, if yes, what languages and in the final section of the questionnaire we asked them whether they had any previous experience working as members of a team, and ultimately, if they would like to work tourism, and if the answer was yes, we asked them to specify the area among the options given in the questionnaire which consisted of hotel industry, restaurant sector, facilities landing, rural tourism and others.
The graphs below illustrate the results we obtained. Some of the answers due to their relevance are included in the research parallel to this research.
Question: Please underline your Language of Communication among the Choices Given.  Most of the respondents would like to learn English. Their motivation for doing so is because English is an international language. Almost every visitor arriving in the country speaks English. The other reason is that in state schools the two main foreign languages students can opt for are English and French. In private language schools many other languages can be learnt.

Conclusion
Besides the mega-projects of exploration of natural gas to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG) from 2020, which is expected to boost the country's economy significantly, by developing tourism Mozambique could also become one of the most relevant tourist destinations in Southern Africa. The country's endowments hide huge opportunities which explored wisely can create many jobs not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. The country has very attractive natural features with paradisaical beaches, forests capable of functioning as ecological reserves, diversified landscape, flora and fauna and abundant marine life. Diving and fishing match high quality international standards. Mozambique is considered the country with the strongest coastal resources in Southern Africa. However, it is likely to remain poor for some time due to its heavy dependence on international donors and foreign aid. To better use its resources the country needs to keep investing in the education of its citizens while improving educational standards in its educational system from primary to higher education.
New investments require new technologies and highly qualified labour force and Mozambique seems to be short of both. The FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), after the disclosure of the hidden debt and the scandal it caused, decreased sharply. Regaining full confidence of investors and donors will take time. However, the gas industry-related investments may shorten that time. The increase of the so needed FDI is crucial for the success of the mega-projects as well as other projects. Tourism development also requires investments because the state is unable to create the basic infrastructure on its own. Developing this strategic sector could yield fast tangible results to the rural population which is poorer and represents the majority.
Our future research aims to interact with the country's market players of the tourism sector and find out how they relate to training institutions, to the government programs and initiatives in practice. We shall also be interested in the fact whether there is some kind of cooperation among all entities involved in tourism.
The limitation of our research is lack of information related to the suppliers in the sector, but we hope to reach out to them in our future work.