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The Coal Canyon Story

economic thresholds. Over 60% of bird species from the southeastern Atlantic Forest are extinct, critically endangered, or vulnerable (Ribon et al. 2003), while in the northeast over a third of tree species are currently threatened with extinction. Failure to restore the Atlantic Forest will likely lead to a wave of extinctions in the future (Brooks & Balmford 1996), potentially reducing biodiversity by more than 50% if we extrapolate from studies of island biogeography (MacArthur & Wilson 2001). Compliance with the Forest Act would increase the connectivity of existing forest fragments by restoring riparian corridors and other critical habitat (Metzger 2010). However, it would also drive farmers into poverty. A similar dynamic is currently playing out on a global level, where agriculture is the leading threat to global ecosystems (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Rockström et al. 2009), but 1 billion people are currently malnourished, and the failure of food production to keep pace with growing populations threatens famine or worse (FAO 2011). The costs to society of inadequate food production and of massive biodiversity loss are both unacceptably high. Society’s challenge is to find land uses that serve as vital corridors between remnant habitats without sacrificing food production. Our research in Santa Catarina suggests that agroecological practices, such as agroforestry and silvopastoral systems, are promising solutions to one of society’s most serious challenges.