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Atomic Hyperfine Splitting in Rubidium

In its ground state, rubidium (Rb) has a single 5s electron outside a closed shell; the principal structure of its excited states is therefore similar to that of hydrogen. The first excited state is split in two by the spin-orbit interaction, and each of these levels is split further by the hyperfine interaction. Neglecting relativistic and reduced-mass effects, the Hamiltonian consists of four terms: