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Formal Devices for Creating New Signs in American Sign Language

Introduction How is a new word coined? Languages fill lexical gaps in various ways. Sometimes a new word is coined from the inventory of the phonemic system, as in names for products such as Quisp, Kao, or Kodak. Sometimes a word is an acronym or an abbreviation, as in Wasp for 'white Anglo-Saxon Protestant or Ufo for 'unidentified flying object'. Sometimes a word is borrowed from another language, as in klutz from Yiddish, discotheque from French, or aikido from Japanese. New words are also coined by making use of the lexical items that are part of the language and extending them in various ways. Sometimes new words are coined by combining two existing lexical roots into a compound, as in hot pants or Jet lag. Lexical items that are already part of the vocabulary of a language may be re-used with extended or figurative meaning: the word croak originally meant a deep hoarse sound like that made by a frog. It has come to mean 'to speak in a dismal accent', 'to talk despondently', and even in slang 'to die'. Finally, words in the lexicon may be built up through regular derivational processes. For instance, the word nation can be the basis for forming the words national, international, nationalize, and nationalization. New words in a language, then, are coined by external means (by borrowing from other languages) and by internal means (by creating or deriving new words from permissable sound combinations, compounding, and morphological processes). American Sign Language (ASL), the language developed within the American Deaf Community, exists within the context