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Retrospection and the Observer in a Narrative Text (in Danish and Russian)

Abstract The paper examines the functioning of the Danish past perfect as a means of expressing retrospection in a narrative text and makes a comparison with possible equivalent ways of indicating retrospection in Russian. It is shown that the past perfect in Danish does not always express anteriority in relation to the point of reference (understood as the time of the observer). Instead, when not indicating the chronological relation of antecedence, this tense form signals that the narration is conducted not by an extradiegetic narrator outside the story-world, but by a diegetic (intradiegetic) narrator who for a while has settled in one of the characters of the story. This pragmatic use of the Danish past perfect does not have any parallel in Russian and is not always translatable into Russian.