{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020697167755991286, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.337931034482758, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Energy management strategy coordinating lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor for electric vehicle

A real-time energy optimization management for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is presented in this paper. The HESS is combined with lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor. Based on the quadratic optimization strategy, the power relationship of hybrid energy storage system and the battery power loss characteristics is analyzed. A quadratic performance index is established to minimize the power loss of the battery under the condition of meeting the desired vehicle velocity demand. The joint simulation results show that the allocation of power is optimized, and the lithium-ion battery workload is reduced, as well as lithium-ion battery power loss. Meanwhile, the research is of great significance to improve the dynamic performance of electric vehicles and extend the driving range.