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The Problem of Security of Trade Caravans in Russian-Kazakh Relations in the first half of the XIX century

The mass attack on Russian trade caravans in the Kazakh steppe, which began at the turn of the XVIII–XIX century, followed by transit to the markets of Central Asia, actualized the issue of their security in the Russian-Kazakh relations. The emergence of this problem was due to the departure from the political arena of the authoritative khans of the XVIII century and the growing struggle for power between their numerous descendants. The ability to accompany Russian caravans through the Kazakh steppe, ensuring their safety, was considered by the Kazakh ethno-elite as a strong argument for strengthening political influence. Competition between it for this right led to attacks on trade caravans of those sultans who could not use it. At the beginning of the XIX century the problem of safety of trade caravans was discussed with members of "Deputy missions" of Junior and Middle zhuzes, who came to the court of Russian emperors. At the conversations, the issues of strengthening the protection of caravans, the responsibility of sultans for their support, mechanisms for identifying those responsible for the attacks were discussed. The regional government called the governors of clans to strengthen control over situations in the wilderness, and to prevent new attempts of attacks. However, diplomatic measures did not bring the desired effect. Therefore, since the 20-ies of the previous century Russian authorities began to consider the robbery of Russian trade caravans as a criminal offense and to determine the measure of responsibility of the guilty within the framework of the current legislation. At the regional level, stronger measures have been taken to capture and punish those responsible.