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Mitochondrial Disease in 22q13 Duplication Syndrome

Both copy number changes in the 22q13 region and mitochondrial disease have been associated with autism spectrum disorder. In this report, for the first time, a girl with autism spectrum disorder is described who exhibits both mitochondrial disease and a 22q13.1-33 duplication. This child demonstrated hypotonia, developmental delays, growth deficiency, microcephaly, dysmorphic facial features, and white matter abnormalities, consistent with previous cases of 22q13 region duplication. The patient also demonstrated a unique pattern of electron transport chain abnormalities with marked decreases in complex II and II/III in fibroblasts and complex I/III and II/III in muscle tissue. The 22q13.1-33 region contains 6 genes associated with mitochondrial function. Thus, disruption of this chromosomal region could cause many of the clinical findings in this child through disruption of mitochondrial function. Therefore, a mitochondrial workup should be considered in individuals with copy number changes within the 22q13 region, such as those with Phelan–McDermid syndrome.