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Early retrieval interference in syntax-guided antecedent search

Recently Phillips, Wagers & Lau (2009) have claimed that reflexives are immune to interference from structurally inaccessible antecedents (e.g. ‘Fred’ in (1a) as against the accessible antecedent ‘soldier’) because antecedents are retrieved using only structural cues without considering the person, gender and number features. The support for this claim is derived mainly from studies reported in Nicol & Swinney (1989), Sturt (2003) and Xiang, Dillon, & Phillips (2009). They found either no effect of interference or a late effect. However, the absence of effect in these studies can be attributed to different factors— Xiang et al. (2009) excluded the crucial baseline condition (1b), Nicol & Swinney (1989) used a cross-modal priming study which can mask the early retrieval interference effect due to the complexity of dual-task, and though Sturt (2003) used an eye-tracking study it may have lacked statistical power (n=24) to detect the effect. In contrast, Badecker and Straub (2002) using a self-paced reading study found slower reading times in the presence of a gender matching NP in a grammatically inaccessible position. But, since the effect appeared two words beyond the reflexive, it cannot be attributed to the earliest stages of reference processing.