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Bidirectionality of hormone-behavior relationships and satellite-caller dynamics in green treefrogs

Interpretation of hormonal disparities among alternative mating phenotypes is confounded by the bidirectionality of hormone–behavior relationships. We show that size, condition, and vocal attractiveness predicted mating tactic switches during vocal playback experiments in green treefrogs, but hormone level did not, even though hormone administration has been shown to cause changes in tactic expression. Results suggest no clear “cause versus consequence” dichotomy associated with hormonal differences in behavioral phenotypes because multiple factors contribute to tactic expression.