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Calcium‐dependent regulation of macrophage inhibitory factor and CD14 expression by calcitriol in human adipocytes

Obesity increases oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue, and our recent data demonstrate that dietary calcium attenuates obesity‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation. This effect may be explained by dietary calcium inhibition of calcitriol, which we have shown to stimulate reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokine production in cultured adipocytes. However, adipose tissue includes both endothelial cells and leukocytes as well as adipocytes; these appear to contribute to a low‐grade inflammatory state in obesity. Accordingly, the interaction between adipocytes and leukocytes may play an important role in the local modulation of inflammation. Consequently, we investigated calcitriol modulation of the expression of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) and macrophage surface specific protein CD14, two key factors in regulating macrophage function and survival, in differentiated human adipocytes. Calcitriol markedly increased MIF and CD 14 expression by 59%(p=0.001) and 33%(p=0.008). respectively, while calcium channel antagonism with nifedipine completely reversed these effects, indicating that calcitriol stimulates MIF and CD14 expression via a calcium‐dependent mechanism. Similar results were also observed in cultured 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. These data suggest that calcitriol may regulate macrophage activity by modulating adipocyte production of factors associated with macrophage function. These data also provided additional explanation for our recent observations that suppression of calcitriol by dietary calcium decreases obesity associated oxidative stress and inflammation.