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Low Temperature Secondary Emission Mass Spectrometry. Cryobiological Applications

Recent achievements of low temperature secondary emission mass spectrometry in exotic fields of life sciences such as cryobiology are surveyed. Specific problems of molecular cryobiology and cryobiophysics accessible to mass spectrometric investigation are defined and the potential of low temperature fast-atom bombardment and secondary ion mass spectrometry in studies of frozen water and cryoprotector solutions of biologically active compounds are demonstrated. Emphasis is placed on the elucidation of changes in intermolecular interactions, the binding of metal ions, water and cryoprotectors with biomolecules at reduced temperatures in comparison with ambient conditions. A model for interpretation of the low temperature secondary emission mass spectra, based on details of phase diagrams of the system under study, the heterogeneous structure of the sample resulting from phase separation during freezing and phase transitions in the sample with temperature variation is discussed.