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German-Speaking Scholars in the United States and Canada from the 1930s

The discipline of classical philology in the United States developed from essentially an amateur pursuit to a career of scholarship because of the flow of students from this country to Germany in the nineteenth century. The decade of the 1850s began a new era for classics on this side of the Atlantic Ocean, as young men such as Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve and William Watson Goodwin inaugurated more than half a century of Germanophilia among American classicists.1 The early steady tide became almost a flood before the first World War, as most of the distinguished members of the profession had either themselves studied in Germany or been trained by those who had. Outbreak of war changed all that. The exodus ceased, as did enthusiasm for things German. Study of the language essentially disappeared from high school curricula, and, among classical scholars, Paul Shorey's address commemorating the golden anniversary of the founding of the American Philological Association shimmered with Teutophobia.2 American classicists could not really believe, however, that scholars like Wilamowitz and Norden, Eduard Meyer and Heinze, had nothing to offer, but the attraction had gone. Yet barely a decade and a half later circumstances in Germany had changed so dramatically that another flow of classicists began, this one from Germany to other countries, of which Great Britain and the United States were the greatest beneficiaries. The appointment of Adolf Hitler in early 1933 as Chancellor and the extremely rapid rise of his party to absolute power, with its consequent racial laws and other limitations