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Book Review: Essays on Feminine Titles of the Middle Kingdom and Related Subjects

The problem of the social status of women in ancient Egypt has received more attention lately than in previous years. But there are still many open questions, and much remains to be done. Every study regarding the rank and status of women will therefore be warmly welcomed. This book of W. A. Ward can be called a continuation of his Index of Egyptian administrative and religious titles of the Middle Kingdom (cited here as Index), 1 specializing in female titles and their interpretation. Unfortunately, it suffers from the same disadvantages already pointed out concerning his Index. The book consists of seven chapters: Chapter I contains a catalogue of non-royal female titles, all of them already included in the Index, but with some additional sources. His comments on some of the titles are important. Although the list includes 69 entries, the titles can be divided into three main categories. Ward's division (p. 20 ff.) is a little misleading, because there are no really administrative (government) titles of women (the single instance of female brp k1t, discussed by Fischer, Varia I (New York, I976), 6I ff., fig. I, pl. xvii, being, perhaps, the exception). All other so-called 'administrative' titles can be grouped under a rubric 'female servants/ employees of a household'. So we have three types of titles in the main: