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On the Extrapolation of Acoustic Waves from Flow Simulations with Vortical out Flow

Feri Farassat was one of the pioneers of the use of the Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings formulation of Lighthill's acoustic analogy as a way to extrapolate radiated waves from simulations of unsteady flows. Current computational limits mean that volume source terms are often neglected, causing inaccurate acoustical predictions when entropy fluctuations or vorticity pass across the extrapolation surface. The derivation of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equation is modified to allow the equivalent surface sources to be distributed over a transition layer of finite thickness rather than being confined to a single layer, in order to reduce the effect of vorticity exiting the computational domain.