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The Affix Me-/-kan and Me(n)-/-kan in the Presidential Candidates' Debate Texts in 2014 – 2019: Morphology Observation on Derivation and Inflection

The affix me-/-kan, me (N)- and -kan have a tendency to form classes of verbs. The process of forming verbs can be constructed from nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Moreover, there are also verbs which do not change the class, although it has experienced the process of affixation. These phenomena are known as derivation and inflection. Derivation system and status change of these verbs applied to the debate text of RI presidential candidates in the period of 2014 to 2015. The study aims to describe the derivation and inflection system in the candidates' debate texts. The concept of derivation and inflection is formed based on several criteria, such as class or status and acceptance in the clause. The data analysis only focuses on the candidates' debate texts. The data were collected by writing the text documents for patterning and sorting. The result of the research on the candidates' debate texts is that a derivation process occurs in class N → V, A → V, and Adv → V. Moreover, inflection does not change the class of verb, such as V → V. However, in a different view, the change of V → V can be considered as derivation, on the basis that it can change the semantics and clause. Therefore, it is hoped this research can describe the construction of derivation and inflection.


Introduction
Language is a reflection of human thought inwardly and outwardly. It accommodates variety concepts of human thought and their action in realizing the lives and livelihoods in the world. A variety of meanings also contained in language as the best form of human minds. The importance language in life, so a media to uncover any meaning of it is needed. In speaking, Ricoeur (2005: 14) states that naturally, one word is not about right or wrong, although a bunch of words could be very meaningful or meaningless for something. It means that a word in speech or verbal text can be meaningful dynamically depending on linguistic processes in a sentence, one of them through the morphological process.
Morphology as a branch of microlinguistics that studies about the process of lexicon forming in a language. The smallest aspect of it namely morpheme and words as the most important aspect of language. In morphology, there are several processes as the main focus, but in this study was preferred the derivation and inflectional process. Both studies of it could be implicated to the emergence in forming new lexeme or its variations in language. Furthermore, a process in analyzing derivation and inflection was influenced by variety views, such as Booij (2010); Bauer (2003); Harford and Heasley (1983) who have given their arguments toward the process of derivation and inflection.
Both morphological process that was observed on the text of Presidential Candidate debate Republic of Indonesia (RI candidate) period 2014-2015 as a series event of General Election Commission (KPU) as an effort to realize Presidential Elections that is transparency, democratic, civilized, and direct. Indonesian society can analyze the variety of visions and mission of them for developing and prosperous our nation. Any speech and arguments in a debate that was delivered by the candidates for representing their seriousness and sincerity in making progressive improvements to the country.
Debate event intended to test the candidates about their vision, mission and any argument for explaining any designs of development, refinement, and progressive advances that are offered by them. Debate is necessary because Indonesian people should be led by someone who has character as described at Law (UU) Presidential Election number 42 the year 2008 in verse 5, it's mentioned that basically it has been predetermined that criteria of every candidate should be fear of God Almighty, nationalists, physically and mentally is healthy, and loyal to the Pancasila (the five basic guiding principles of Indonesia). All the leadership's indicators that have been set then tested in series of debate to see further about the figure of the two candidates, namely Prabowo (candidate no 1) and Joko Widodo (candidate no 2). The cornerstone of debate has been organized by Presidential Election Law No. 42 of 2008 section 38 which then described specifically in article 39 which includes a mechanism for the implementation of debates, the things that are not allowed in the debate, and materials that can be debated. Furthermore, procedures of debate related to the rule that has been set by Commission Regulation No. 469 the year 2014 concerning mechanisms of the president and vice president debate in general election 2014.
In analyzing presidential verbal text debate, the researcher tries to examine the lexeme change or words that are categorized as a verb with affixes me-/me (N)-/-kan base on some expert's views described earlier. The aspects to be observed is a process of change or lexeme derivation on any verb used in the debate. Therefore, through the study entitled "Affix me-/-kan and me (N)-/-ken of President candidates text debate of Republic Indonesia period 2014-2015: Analysis on Morphological derivation and its infection " it is expected briefly describing reveal derivative form of words that has affixes me-, me (N)-and -kan in debating vision-mission debate in 2014

Theoretical Framework
A morphological process as a process that is analyzing lexeme formation and word through derivation and inflection. The derivation is a derivative process of the basic verb to create new lexeme that is different from its basic verb. Instead, inflection without forming new lexeme class that different from the basic form, it means that the changing process has not differenced because it does not change the identity of lexical words. Katamba (1994, 92-100) described two morphological process, i.e., derivation and inflection has differences, in which derivation is unpredictable, based on its syntactic rules, derivation is not automatic, unsystematic, optional/sporadic, as well as changing the lexical identity, whereas inflection related to the syntactic rules that is predictable, automatic, systematic, permanent/consistent, and does not change the lexical identity. The derivation is less productive than inflection because naturally its constant does not create new lexeme. Derivation morphological processes occur simultaneously, Harford and Heasley (1983: 20) divide it into three processes, namely 1) morphological process, 2) syntactic processes, and 3) semantics process. Morphologically its change the basic form of a derivative form, the syntactic process may change lexeme that is categorized as nouns,  Booij (2010: 47-48) states that derivational lexeme formations create new lexeme that is derived from class N, V, and Adj, all derivational affixes appear in determining lexical categories of complex words are formed. Furthermore, Booij (2010) was also argued that derivational affixes morpheme is used with a base to alter its class (Part of speech). For example, word laku (N) added by affixes me/me (N)-/-kan become melakukan (V), and so on. Besides that, for understanding the process of derivation and inflection is also explained by Bauer (2003: 14-15) that there are several ways in determining the nature of derivation or inflection affixes. a) If an affix change one basic word, naturally it is derivational affixes. Whereas, Affixes that does not change the class of words belongs to an infection. Example: form is a noun, formal is an adjective; it means that al has changed (N→Adj) so it is categorized into derivational affixes. b) Inflectional affixes always reveal the regular meaning or predictable; otherwise, the meanings of derivational affixes can't be predicted. Example: inflectional affix -s that shows plural meaning in English, such as dogs, bicycles, shoes, trees. It's deferent from derivational meanings such as -age in bandage 'bandage', cleavage 'split', mileage 'Jaral mile', shortage 'inadequate'.
There is a general rule that if in one group inflectional affixes of the word can be added, it will also be able applied to all inflectional affix class. While derivational affixes can't be added to each class of words. So, therefore, it can be determined that the inflectional affixes are productive, whereas derivational affixes are less productive.
A further distinction between derivation and inflection still dichotomous. The same views were argued by Bauer (2003) and Katamba (1993) which was originally assumed as an inflection could be categorized into derivation. This thing often occurs in a language that has many affixes, such as Indonesian some dichotomous view of derivational and inflections. a) Inflection is closely related to the rules of syntax (Bauer, 2003;Katamba, 1993), it means that in its formation process the structure of verbs is very concerned in the sentences. This is because inflections morpheme must be grammatical. Otherwise, derivational morpheme closely related to the morphological derivation form as lexicon's rules to create a word. For example, the word FORM becomes forms (forms). Another statement was argued by Scalise (1984: 103) that the alternation doesn't alter word's category, such as verb is a verb and noun is a noun, and adjective remains the adjective. b) The process of word formation inflectionally can be predicted, so it becomes productive, otherwise derivation is less predicted thus less productive (Bauer, 2003); Scalise, 1984: 114). c) Inflectional affix has one meaning, while derivational affixes are not (Bauer, 2003). The inflectional process in its alternation doesn't change the word class meaning. For example, the word walks, Walke-ed, and walk-ing. d) Derivational affix is closer to the basic word than the inflection affixes (Bauer, 2003). For example, word of black-en-ed, affix -en (as an adjective to make it a derivational verb) closer to its basic word (black) than affix -ed that inflectionally can create past tense from blacken that naturally is present tense. e) Derivation can be replaced with monomorphic (Bauer, 2003). Syntactically, the derivational word in a sentence (which fills the function of the subject) can be replaced by single morpheme with the same function. Bauer (2003) gives one example, a word patriot-ism on the phrase of "Patriotism is good for the nation" can be replaced with the word "Oil is good for the nation". The word patriotism as well as oil as subject, in which both of them are interchangeable. The word patriotism was derivated from oil as a single morpheme. f) Derivational rules can be applied repeatedly, while inflection is must (Scalise 1984: 133). In the derivation, the repeated rules may appear new words based on derivational affixation. According to Scalise (1984: 114) explained that this repetition's rule can be applied at least twice. g) Derivational rules are optional, whereas inflectional is mandatory (Scalise 1984: 115). It means that to appearance derivational change is less predictable, while at the inflection is predicted thus obliged to be elected. Nida (1969: 99); Subroto (1989: 269) describe derivational and inflectional morphological system in Indonesian, as follows. 69 a) Derivational form include the same type of a single word (which includes a specific word) such as: singer "penyanyi" (noun), from verb (to) sing "menyanyi", which is same with word boy "son"; while the formation of inflectional is not, for example, verb polymorphemic walked has no the same identity with monomorphemic verb in morphological of English system. b) Statistically, derivational affixes is more various, for example in English there are affixes nouns of -er,ment, -ion, -ation, -ness (singer, arrangement, correction, nationalization, stableness), whereas inflectional affixes is less diverse (-s (with all its variations), -ed1, -ed2, -ing: work, worked1, worked2, working). c) Derivational affixes may alter the word class, whereas inflectional affixes are not. d) Derivational affixes have limited distribution (eg: derivational affixes -er assume not always presented in the basic verbs to form nouns), whereas inflectional affixes have more distribution. e) Derivational formation can be the basic subsequent formation: sing (V) → singer (N)) → singers (N), while the inflectional formation is not.
The debate is mutual action in holding opinions or arguments with any scientific and logical reasons. Sumirin (2009: 34) argues that debate is an argumentation skill by arguing or comparing opinions face to face. In debating, the process is done through the mechanism of the questioner and questioned. Furthermore, in KBBI (2008: 328) states that debate is discussion and exchange of opinion about one thing by giving a reason to each other to maintain opinions one another. Daniel (2008: 5-11) adds that there are three forms of debate, namely the parliamentary debate, competition debate, and formal debate. Parliamentary debate is a debate done in-laws formulation and its supporting performed by council or board. Debate competition which aims to find a winner and organized with competitive purpose. While the formal debate is a type of debate organized for the beneficial of the government and public (community). In this research, text debate of the president candidate period 2014-2019 as a formal debate that hold by the government through KPU. As the committee that is observed by bawaslu aims to create transference policy of the candidates in developing our nation. Debate event was organized by KPU is one formal debate that ruled by laws (UU) number 42 the year 2008 verse 38 and 39 then explained briefly in the regulation of KPU number 469/KPTS?KPU/2014. In the regulation of KPU no 469 years 20154 (KPU, 2014:4-6) is regulated by some aspects of debate, that is a) implementation, b) frequency, c) topic, d) debating method, e) publication, F) the place, and h) timing and TV, meanwhile the description as follows; a) Event, the debate was organized as a way for campaigning the candidate's profiles, their vision and mission to the society b) Frequency of debate was conducted for five (5) times by determining of two (2) for presidents candidates, 1 (one) time for vice president, and twice (2) with the two combination. c) Debate themes, the themes of debate generally refers to the contextualization national vision of the nation as embodied in UU 1945. Specifically, the theme of debate and its used for can be observed from the Table 1 bellow.

Research Methods
The research was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive approach that tries to elaborate the linguistic phenomena that found in a presidential debate. The research was done on television debates impressions provider who has been appointed the General Election Commission for broadcasting all debate event directly. In this case Metro TV and Bloomberg as the first presidential debate publisher stage I, but in the research researcher just took Metro TV as the only data source, because the official website of the television presents data streaming impressions are stored in the news media. While debate took place on June 15, 2014, at 20:00 pm. The data object is only assigned to the text of presidential debate at stage 1 by reasoning that debate I am quite as representation in representing two-stage presidential debate held by KPU. The data found was collected from audio-visual that is transcribed carefully into a text to see the construction of every presidential debate. The visual data was collected during 1 hour 40 minutes. This data has been thought representing the whole of debate meaning such as argued by Samarin (1988) that one argument of one person or a sufficient statement can be representative data. However, the other viewed by Mahsun (2007: 29) that one sample of data of one person is not enough, because the data obtained can't be correlated with another statement, so the researchers tried comparing with the data took from stage II.
The instrument used in the research is a portable computer, earphone (hearing aid is placed in the ear that has been connected to the computer device), transcription and verification sheet. The portable computer used for downloading debate video sites that were provided by KPU. Methods of data collection are done by using documentation and observation method that contains document form. The technique in collecting the data is reading technique for analyzing and patterning by recording scrutiny in order to record and view the relationship of each speech debate construction (Mahsun, 2007: 131). The method of analyzing the data is qualitative. Methods of presentation used in this study in the form of formal and informal methods (Sudariyanto, 2015: 144;Mohsen, 2007: 123).

Results and Analysis
Based on the research was conducted to the first text of presidential debate stage I period of 2014 -2019 was found some findings in which one of them is derivational and inflectional. Derivation and inflectional word are observed at affix me-/-kan me/me (N)-/-kan. Further explanation as follows.

Derivational
Derivational processes on the text of presidential debate I between Probowo and Jokowi was found the use of verbs affixed me/me (N) -/ -kan that is derived from a deferent class of basic word after receiving affixation. The word class, among them: 1) adverbial class (V), 2) noun (N), 3) adjective class (Adj), and 4) adverbs class (Adv). Its description as below.

1) Verb Class: V → V: Affix me -/ -kan and me (N) -/ -kan
Morphological processes on an adverbial class that was obtained from candidates' debate 2014 did not change the category. That is, form V → V included in the derivation by assuming like what was viewed by Bauer (2003) and Katamba (1993), said that inflection words naturally has the nature of derivation, thus views of derivation change categories of words is also can be generated on wide variety of different meanings in clause/sentence. Besides that, as a lead to create a new meaning, whereas inflection does not have a new distribution meaning. The data found is divided into two affixes forms, namely, affixes me-/-kan and affix me(N)-/-kan. a) (Group Affix me -/ -kan) Data findings in form of affixes me (N) -/ -kan, such as: me + libat+ kan, me + naik + kan, me + lahirkan+kan, me+mati-kan, me +muncul-kan. The alternation process can be observed in the following data findings bellow. Basic Shapes Affix me -/ -kan Changes

Basic Forms Affix me -/ -kan Changes
Words (1) -(14) morphologically is not changed, but its distribution meaning essentially are different from its basic form in the clause or sentence, thus reinforcing the argument that the data are derivational.
Originally it was claimed as inflection because it does not change the category (V → V), but after applied in a sentence form, it was not acceptable with its basic derivatives verb. This data found has to proof the inflection category and its belong to the derivational words.

) (Group Affix me -/ -kan) Basic Forms Affix me -/ -kan Changes
Word (15) -(19) above, the process of derivational morphology occur on the words that are categorized N is altered into V through affixation of me-/-kan. The function of affixes is influence predicate's position that originally is derived from the class N was converted into active transitive verbs that require the presence of an object or arguments other than the subject. Furthermore, a derivational process not only changes class words to be different words from its basic form but also it shows the relation between basic word toward its derivation, as well its change is less predictable because of differences class that occur after affixation process. Next alternation found in the basic words that are affixed by (N) -, such as her, mem-, and me (N) -and affix -kan. Derivational process with affixes me (N) -and a suffix -kan can be observed as follows.

b) (Group Affix me (N) -/ -kan) Basic Forms Affix me (N) -/ -kan Changes
Data (20) -(30) above, the alternation class of derivational process occurs with affixes me(N) -/-kan. In the process, there are many early sounds of words. It is related to the speech process of consonant k, t, s, p must be melted when meeting with affixes me(N)-, as in data (27) basic word pasar → meN+pasar-kan become marketing, consonants p was melted into m because of the effect of utterances adaptation by affixation process. It's similar with basic words (25) kendali by adding affix me(N)-/-kan controlling. This phenomenon was also confirmed that derivational process not only changes the class of words but also occur of the Morphophonemic process at the basic word after getting affixation of me (N) -.

3) Adjective Class: Adj → V: Affix me -/ -kan
Derivational process was also found in Adj become V. it's due to some affixes me-/-kan in speech presidential debate was also changed. Basic word that is belong to the Adj class has changed become a verb that requires action of an arguments (actors) and its goals. This process occurs in the words affixed me-/-kan, such as: me+minimal+kan, me+lanjut+kan, and me+rugi+kan, and the words affixed me(N)-/-kan, such as: me(n)+tentu+kan, me (ng) + andal + kan, me (ng) + aman + kan, and me (ng) + abadi + kan. The alternation class for derivational morphological changes can be observed the following. 73 Data (31) -(33), derivational change doe to affixation of me -/ -kan that alters the Adj class becomes V. This class alternation is unpredictable as the nature of the derivational process. Besides that, there was a meaning alternation of the basic words that have adjective meaning is altered into a verb in which the actors become an object. Affix -kan as an indicator of the appearance more than one argument. It means that an argument occurred by verb can be argued two or three at the same time in one sentence.

Basic Forms
Affix me -/ -kan Changes The derivational case at the previous verb has similarities with problems on the data (34) -(37) above. These verbs have morphological derivational process in which there was Morphophonemic or pulverization process sounds due to the influence of affixes me (N) -. Furthermore, the alternation was occurred at the basic Adj class become V on its derivatives word. For example, word (36) tents add affix meN + tent + kan become menentukan. Sound / t / was melted because of intervention interpretation of affixes me (N)-. However, different phenomena found in the word (34), (35), and (37) affixes me (N) -did not trigger the morphophonemic process. Base on the data, it can be concluded that Morphophonemic process can happen to me(N)-if its consonant syllable is k, t, s, p, but if there is no consonant syllable in the beginning, then there is no Morphophonemic process, in which morphophonemic me(N)was still occurs without melted of sound.

4) Adverb Class: Adv → V: Affix me (N) -/ -kan
Derivational morpheme not only occurs at the basic words classified as nouns and adjectives but also in the adverbial class. It has functioned as an explanation in the sentence, so it does not have another adverbial aspect. But, through the derivational process, the class of word is altered, in which Adv → V. In addition, there is a new meaning created before and after the derivational process. Data findings on the text debate show the alternation class of Adv → V just on word that is affixed by me(N)-/-kan, such as: me(ng)+ingin+kan, me(n)+dapat-kan, and me (ng) + anggar + kan. It changes process changes are as follows.

a) (Group Affix me (N) -/ -kan) Basic Forms Affix me -/ -kan Changes
Data (38), (39), and (40) above, alternation process due to affix me (N)and -kan attached the basic words Adv belong to the class of V in its derivatives. Variations me (N) -/ -kan that was found that there is no morphophonemic process of the three closed data above. Such as: affix me(N)-and meng. Next, affix me (N) -which doesn't alter was not found its change after the basic sound attached. All derivational process from N → V, Adj → V, and Adv → V with affixation process me (N) -and -kan can be understood that the process didn't change the meaning. It was found in the speech text data. Grammatically, the representational meaning can be represented by various words can use in speech text debate is more operational. The actions performed by the debater was shown on some verbs that have affixed. The meaning delivered just the words of nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are derivated from the verb. However, in some cases found no morphophonemic process occurs on a word that its word syllable is not close to the consonant k, t, s, p.

Inflectional
An inflectional process as a form of words derivation process through affixation process but does not change the word class. Bauer (2003) argues that does not alter the inflection of the word class. Inflection is more productive than derivational due to the alternation process is more regular, systematic, predictable, and apply automatically. The alternation forms based on data findings in debating text, verb forms are not turned into another class or remain in a class of verbs words. However, if the data were found to have a word derived distribution meaning were different from the meaning of the basic words, so it can be grouped into derivational categories, although there is word class alternation (as in the case of the word V → V). The derivative that was formed by affixation especially affixes me (N) -resulted in morfonemik process on the close word, but in some processes, Morphophonemic will not happen because the basic word is not syllabled k, t, s, p. Some of the data the findings are divided into altering me-/-kan and me(N)-/-kan. Such as described bellow. 1) Word class verbs: V → V: Affix me (N) -/ -kan Inflection on the debating text by using the 2014 presidential debate me(N)-/-kan does not change the word class. The use of affixes me (N)-/-kan cause a Morphophonemic process in the basic form. However, some data found that the Morphophonemic process not happens because the syllable that clung to affix me(N)-/-kan not be consonant k, t, s, p so me(N)-can't melt the sound of basic word-class adverbial form. Furthermore, the data findings of morphological inflection me (N) -/ -kan in the text of presidential debate in 2014, among them: me (n) + titip + kan, me (m) +butuh+ kan, and me (m) + beri + right , As for the explanation as follows.

Basic Forms Affix me -/ -kan Changes
Data findings above, it is shown inflectional morphological processes involving Morphophonemic process and does not use it. The Morphophonemic inflectional process was found in the data (41 with affixes me (N) -/ -kan that melts consonant t. Furthermore, the data (42) and (43) shows that inflectional process without Morphophonemic. The affixation process of me (N) -/ -kan of the basic adverbial word doesn't change the word into another class after affixation process, and also distributional meaning does not change between basic word and its derivative form. These data was proved that according to Bauer (2003) state that inflectional doesn't change the class naturally is automated, productive, and predictive and has a fixed distribution. As the result that derivation in which the meaning is change and it's derivational was also change. Otherwise, if the class does not change and the distribution of word meanings fixed, so that word belong to the morphological inflection process.

Conclusion
Based on the research done by researcher on the text of the debate Candidates year period 2014 -2019 above, it can be concluded that derivational process is a process to derivate words class that takes place is not automatic, unpredictable, and particularly can change the debating word class and its distribution between different meanings and basic derivative forms. In contrast, inflectional as reducing the process of words becomes automatic, predictive, and especially do not change the meaning of word classes and distribution remains. Affixation process is done by attaching affixes her, me(N)-and -kan. Affixes a special on me (N) -a process Morphophonemic if the additive meets with the syllable beginning with k, t, s, and p. For example: me (N) + titip + kan, me (N) + tumbuh + kan, and me (N) + tayang + kan. However, on some basic words that got me affixation (N) -not experience Morphophonemic process, because it is not beginning with k, t, s, and p. Next, the derivational morphological classes of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can turn the classroom into a fixed / verb, so it can be said to reduce class of words, whereas inflectional morphological can not change the basic word classes, such as; verb form of the word remains the basic verb form of the word derivative with distribution records have fixed to mean in the context of the clause or sentence.

Suggestions
By analyzing derivational and inflection was very dependent on the referenced theory is used, because it will determine the grouping or categorization group of words that belong to derivation and inflection. However, in many views, derivational and inflection is not only seen through the word change, but also the acceptance of derivation meaning that will be established in the sentence. If the meaning is changed, then the formation of the