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EFFECT OF SEAWEED APPLICATION ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY CV. ALBION GROWN UNDER IRAQ ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

This experiment was established in pots during the vegetative period of 2017, in Kalar Sulaymaniyah, Northern Iraq, to investigate the effect of seaweed extracts (Alga 600) of four concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8 g.L) applied with fertigation system on growth, flowering, yield and quality properties of strawberry cv. Albion. Drip irrigation system was used in this experiment. According to the results in terms of the vegetative growth characteristics, increasing seaweed extract (Alga 600) amounts had significantly different effects on plants with a different number of crowns. The results concerning flower properties show that increasing seaweed extract applications had significant effects on the number of flowers per plant, yielding 16.55-21.77 units/plant. The results in point of fruit properties show that increasing Alga 600 amounts caused a significant increase of 11.81-17.7 units/plant in terms of fruit number, 211.74-329.37 ml in terms of fruit volume, and an increase of 191.7-295.03 g in terms of yield, compared to the control treatment. The results show that increasing seaweed extract caused a significant increase in fruit quality (TSS/TA ratio from 8.29 to 13.35) compared to the control treatment and increasing seaweed application caused a significant decrease in the TA of the fruit.


Introduction
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) is small fruit that planted in a wide range in the world, it belongs to family Rosaceae. Before the relatively modernity development of Fragaria x ananassa, wood strawberries (Fragaria vesca) and Musky strawberries (Fragaria moschata) were cultivated in Europe and Russia for centuries. These species were in generally supplanted by the cultivation of Fragaria x ananassa over the last 250 years. In the early 1700s, inter-planting of Fragaria virginiana (male) with Fragaria chiloensis (female) in France led to the production of hybrid seedlings that bring to be known as Pineapple or Pine strawberry plants, progenitors of the new cultivated strawberry plant (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) (Darrow, 1966). It is a rich source of vitamins and minerals with delicate flavor (Sharma, 2002).
It is one of the most delicious and refreshing temperate fruits of the world. It gives early and very high returns per unit area compared to other fruits because its crop is ready for harvesting within six months after planting (Katiyar et al., 2009). Being a non-climacteric, it matures only on the plant (Cordenunsi et al., 2003). Its fruits are appealing with a distinct, enjoyable and refreshing aroma. It also contains a higher percentage of other components including phenolic and flavonoids (Häkkinen and Törrönen, 2000). Strawberry is a perfect source of Vitamin C (30-100 mg/100 g of fruit) as well as a foliate and photochemical compound such as the Alganic acid. Consuming strawberries can reduce the risk of increasing cancer by 50% due to higher levels of Vitamin C can increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the muscles by 7% due to nitrates (Kumar et al., 2013). Strawberry contains 90% water and 37% calories, 0.7 grams of protein, 0.5 g of oil, 10 g of carbohydrate, 1.3 g fiber and vitamins, contain vitamin A (0.07 mg), vitamin B1, B2 (0.3 mg), niacin (28 mg) and calcium (27 mg) (Watt et al., 1963).
Strawberry can be cultivated in almost all regions from arctic to tropic regions (Hancock, 1999). Including sub-tropical areas like North of Iraq. Country's weather is favorable for the production of high quality strawberries though it is normally produced in countries having cold weather, particularly in the north. Strawberry cultivation technique is fairly new in North of Iraq whereas cultivation area is increasing bit by bit. Strawberry can be grown during the month of October to April in North of Iraq. A sustainable variety is needed for continuous production from year to year. Screening of strawberry variety is needed for a suitable variety for continuous production and some varietals screening has also done. Today, strawberries are produced in almost every country in the world, most notably, Turkey, America, and Iran. This wide distribution suggests that the strawberry plant is well adapted, and as a genus. However, a lot of individual genotypes or cultivars of strawberries are accurately adapted to local conditions, and so choosing cultivars that are proven to perform well in your specific region is important and key of the work. Strawberry reproduction, fruit quality land yield depends on a lot of factors, for example; weather conditions during the growing stage, the cultivar and all agronomic practices such as fertilization, irrigation or crop protection (Gülsoy and Yılmaz, 2004).
Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) are plants in the family of Rosaceae. The fruit of the strawberry plant is composed of several tiny fruits that together produce the whole fruit, where every small fruit has one seed called achene. Seaweed extracts are the cheap source of naturally occurring plant development regulators which have better potential as bio stimulants in horticulture. The plant growth regulators available in the seaweed extracts and concentrates is thought to be involved in the enhancing plant growth and yield. Different plant phytohormones and growth regulators available in seaweed extracts are known to promote the yield and yield attributes of crops. Because the extract contains natural plant hormones and deferent natural nutrient material, vitamins, carbohydrates such as Alganic acid, polysaccharide, trace minerals (Panda et al., 2012).
The aim of this study, to investigate the effect of seaweed extract (Alga 600) on the vegetative growth, flowering quantitative and qualitative parameter of yield on strawberry cv. Albion under Iraq ecological conditions.

Literature Review
Seaweed extract is an organic substance that is concentrated and can be found in liquid or soluble granule form. It is mixed with water and added to seeds, transplant, and plant to fertilize it. Accordingly, as it has been remarked by Aitken and Senn (1965) it can also replace nutrition deficiencies of plant development. This material is an important substance because it is safe to use. It does not have a dangerous side effect on human being, animal and land. In addition to that is reduces land pollution and the rate of soil salt inside the soil (El-Moniem and Abd-Allah, 2008). It is also economical to use since it won't cast too much. For the above-mentioned reason, it has been a preferred fertilizer throughout centuries (Temple and Bomke, 1988). Seaweed extract, in its different types and methods of application, has been a catalyst for plant growth and productivity. As it has been concluded in different studies, seaweed has led to the active development of plants through improving photosynthesis, activating flower, leaves, promoting shoots, leaf minerals, and carbohydrates, vegetative weights. As it has been remarked by Masny et al. (2004) in a study leaves activity improves and photosynthesis will be in better quality when seaweed (Kelpak SL and Goemar BM86®) with three treatments (0, 0.5 and 1 ml.L -1 ) is sprayed on the leaves of strawberry. It also promotes an increase in the number of flowers in each plant. This experiment is done on strawberry plants cv. Elkat and Salut in 2001-2003. It is also stated it stimulates shoot growth, the area of leaves a long with the chemical components of leave such as carbohydrates and minerals of the leaf. As it is mentioned by Mansour et al. (2006) in an experiment when algae extract added to the sandy soil of thirty Anna apple trees aged 12 years on MM106 rootstock cultivated at 3.5x3.5 m. The effect of the extract is shown in other studies again remarks its positive effect on plant growth. El-Moniem and Abd-Allah (2008) in a study show the positive effect of the extract. The result of spraying green alga cells extract on the grapevine is shown in comparison with other nutrition fertilizers. The use of algae extract at 25 to 100% had improved on the growth characters, including the leaf area, shoot length and promoted leaves number in each shoot rather than check treatment.
The development and activation of leaves noticed when algae extract concentration was under 50%. But with a concentration above 50%, its effect on increasing percentage N, P, and K in the leaves is less than under 50%. Other studies also indicate the positive effect of the extract on plant production and leaf improvement. Taha (2008) in a study exposes the influence of spraying three seaweed extracts (Algren, Soluamine, Mannarine) in two types of Strawberry (Hapil and Kaiser's sampling). It is concluded that spraying cv. Kaiser's sampling with seaweed (Algren) stimulates an increase in the total chlorophyll content and obvious enhance in pollen viability ratio, whereas spraying extracts Soluamine has boosted flower in each plant more than negative controls, as for the cv. Hapil when using Algren extract, there was an increase in dry weight of shoots and leaf area and important superiority of crown diameter. However, spraying extract Soluamine there was an increase in the rate of fresh weight of shoot and dry weight of the root system.
Algae extract increases productivity in strawberry as found by Al-Hermizy (2011) in a study. That deals with the effect of sea algae extract (Alga 600) in two levels (0 and 3 ml.L -1 ) on strawberry growth as far as productivity concerned. The outcome of the study shows that spraying with sea algae extract (Alga 600) caused a significant increase in all vegetative growth characteristics (crown diameter, total leaf area, fresh and dry weight of vegetative growth, number of runner and number of leaflet per plant). Accordingly, Mac et al. (2008) studied the influence of Alga Green (cold process seaweed liquid extract), as foliar fertilization on the plots of mature "Bramley's seedling" apple trees in comparison of other non-applicant trees. It is found that seaweed caused a significant increase in leaf mineral content.
Seaweed can be defined as a fertilizer that makes plant prolific in terms of quantity and quality. As it has been proved in different studies seaweed extract has helped the increase in the rate of fruit weight, size, number. It promotes them to be prolific. As affirmed by Kivijarvi et al. (2002) in a study done on strawberry (Jonsok, Ruukki, and Bounty) with different concentrations of seaweed extract that resulted in the improvement of the rate of fruit weight and size, the quantity of yield. There is also a positive outcome of studies done by Al-Hermizy (2011) in search of the impact of seaweed (Alga 600) in two-scale (Zero, and 3 ml.L -1 ) on yield properties of strawberry. The outcome indicated that Spraying with seaweed Alga 600 caused a significant increase in every yield characteristic (fruit weight, size, yield per plant, total yield). Again in other studies like Eshghi et al. (2013), there is a prolific result of using a foliar application of seaweed extracts including Algren at 0, 3, 6 and 9 g.L -1 , Drin at 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g.L -1 focus on quality fruits of strawberry cv. Selva. The results show that the Algren at 9 g.L -1 focus produces better chlorophyll content.

Material and Methods
This study was carried out during the vegetation periods of 2016-2017 with pots in open area in Kalar, Sulaymaniyah, North of Iraq located between latitude N 34.62131°, longitude E 45.31961° and on elevation 200 m above sea level. During the vegetation period, in Kalar, the minimum temperature was -3°C; max. the temperature started to increase in the middle of April, more than 35°C. No field trials have been established to protect plants from low temperatures seen in winter due to continental climatic conditions. When the temperature dropped below zero during the experiment, a plastic sheet was drawn over the plants. Effect of high temperature was seen on strawberry fruit size and weight in our experiment at the beginning of May (it was the last harvest time) as shown in Table 1 (Anonymous, 2017).

Experimental Details
Albion variety was used as plant material in our experiment. Seedlings were brought at 1 th January 2017 from Antalya, Turkey ( Figure 1). The experiment was established in pots with capacity 5 kg in open area on 15 January 2017 in Kalar. Four concentrations of fertigation solutions (0, 2, 4 and 8 g.L -1 ) were prepared from seaweed (Alga 600). The prepared solutions were applied to the plants twice with fertigation. The first application was in the flowering stage (after the formation of first fruiting) and the second application was twenty days later. The seaweed was dissolved in 22 o C of water for better fixing. Fertigation was applied in the morning. Components of seaweed are shown in Table 2.

Plant Growth Observations and Pomological Properties
After full flowering (15 th February 2017) and two harvesting times (20 th March and 12 th May 2017) some vegetative growth parameters and pomological properties such as   Amino acid 4% 10 PH 9-11 11 Organic matter 40-50%

Statistical Calculations
Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance method for randomized plot design. Four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 8 g.L -1 ), with three replications and each experimental unit, contains nine plants. LSD multiple comparison test was used for determination of the differences between of the means. Significance threshold were set as α = 0.05 and α = 0.01. Descriptive statistics, like mean and standard errors, were presented for the investigated features. Statistical calculations of findings are presented under the tables as **: p<0.01, significant at 0,01 level; *: p<0.05, significant at 0.05 level and NS: not significant.

Single Leaf Area Per Plant
As shown in Table 3, compared to the negative control seaweed (Alga 600) showed an increase in single leaf area per plant. However, it is not a statistically significant result. Measurements gave the maximum value of the single leaf area as 127.88 cm 2 in seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 treatment group. Owing to seaweed (Alga 600) including more vitamins, amino acids, and some trace elements, these results were expected. However, the past studies have demonstrated that seaweed extracts indirectly or directly, effects on the physiological performance of the plants. Previous studies were concluded to be stemming from the content properties of seaweed (Alga 600), which contains auxin and cytokines. Accordingly

Total Leaf Area Per Plant
Data in Table 4 shows the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on the total leaf area per plant. There is an increase compared with control treatment yet it was not significant, and it shows the fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 give the maximum value of total leaf area per plant is (1464.44 cm 2 ) and lowest value recorded by control treatment (1038.21 cm 2 ). These results are plausibly observed because of the incentive effect of Seaweed (Alga 600) on the single leaf area as previously mentioned.

The Number of Leaves Per Plant
The results in Table 5 reveal fertigation levels and their combinations. There is an increasing trend in the number of leaves per plant notwithstanding there is no statistically significant difference among the groups. The highest measurement recorded by fertigation with seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 (11.33 unit), and the lowest one recorded by the control group (9.48 unit).  Vegetative Fresh Weight Table 6 shows that the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on vegetative fresh weight. Despite there is an increasing trend on vegetative fresh weight compared with control, this increase is not significant.

Vegetative Dry Weight
As shown in Table 7, the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on vegetative dry weight, there is a raise compared with control, and it shows the fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 gives the maximum value of vegetative dry weight (23.96 g) and the lowest value read by control (17.74 g). The reason behind this observation might be caused by seaweed (Alga 600) components, as discussed before. Besides, our records revealed that there is an increasing trend for single leaf area, the number of leaves per plant and vegetative fresh weight. Previous studies reported that seaweed extracts lead to the spectacular physiological performance of the plants

Root Dry Weight
Data in Table 8 shows the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on root dry weight. The fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 give the maximum value of root dry weight (12.31 g) and the lowest value recorded by the control group (8.36 g). Again, we observed an improvement in dry root weight with seaweed (Alga 600) treatment yet it is not significant. Vitamins, minerals and some trace elements might have caused this observation. Our records are compatible with previous studies (

Chlorophyll Content in Plant
As shown in Table 9, seaweed (Alga 600) augments total chlorophyll content despite the statistically significant difference. The fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 resulted with the maximum value of total chlorophyll content in the leaf (41.09 unit) and the lowest value recorded by the control (38.41 unit). This observation can be grounded by the amino acid content of seaweed. Seaweed treatment eases amino acid accession of the plant which culminates in provoked protein synthesis and this leads to the higher amount of photosynthetic pigment production, the total chlorophyll in the leaves. Previous studies also approve this observation (Thirumaran et

Plant Runner Properties
Data has shown in Table 10, the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on number daughter plant and number of stolon that there is an increase compared with control. However, it is not significant, and it pointed that the fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 give the maximum value of number daughter plant (4.55 unit) and for number of stolon (7.29 unit) Table 11 has showed that the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on the number of crowns. We observed that there is a significant increase in the number of crowns of treatment groups compared with control. The fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 4 g.L -1 and 8 g.L -1 given rise to the maximum value of the number of crowns (T3=3.64 unit) and (T4=3.5 unit) and the lowest value recorded by control (2.75 unit). These records are thought to be driven by the physiological and biological activity of seaweed extract, which is rich in terms of auxin and cytokinins. Hence, cell division on the plant must be triggered. These results are coherent with studies of Khalid et al. (2013) and Mohamed (2015). Table 11. The effect of seaweed fertigation on the number of crowns.

Fruit Setting Percentage
As shown in Table 12, the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on fruit setting percentage is not significant but an increasing trend is detected (T4=8 g.L -1 ) compared with control. The fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 culminated in the maximum value of setting percentage (T4=80%) and the lowest value recorded by control treatment (T1=70%). These results are consistent with previous studies of Khalid et al. (2013) and Mohamed (2015).

The number of fruits per plant
Records of the number of fruits per plant are shown in Table 13. The significant effect of seaweed (Alga 600) is observed in the number of fruits per plant. Specifically, there was a significant increase in T4 and T3 compared with control (T1). The fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 resulted in the maximum value of the number of fruits per plant (T4-17.70 unit) and the lowest value recorded by control treatment (T1-11.81 unit). Increasing the vegetative growth or the number of crowns per plant might be the cause of this finding.

The average weight of the fruit
The effect of seaweed (Alga 600) is shown in Table 14. Seaweed does not have a significant effect on the average weight of the fruit. On the other hand, we observed an increase in T4 compared with T3 and T2. The maximum value of the average weight of fruit (g) was T4=16.85 g and the lowest value recorded by T3=14.65 g. The seaweed extract improves some vegetative characteristics. It also stimulates production quality and quantity through the enhancement of photosynthetic process. Accordingly, Abdulraheem (2009) has affirmed that seaweed application leads to the improvement in the development of fruit diameter, strength, and length in addition to a better rate of fruit production. In spite of there is no direct correlation between treatment groups, this finding might be caused by increasing the vegetative growth or the number of the crown.

Average and Total volume of fruit per plant
In Table 15, data showed the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on the average volume of fruit (ml 3 ). There is no significant effect but there is an increasing trend in T4 compared with other treatments T1 and T2. The fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 gave the maximum value of the average volume of fruit (ml 3 ) (T4=18.88 ml 3 ) and total volume of fruit (ml 3 ) (T4=329.37 ml 3 ) and the lowest value recorded by control treatment. This records can be explained by the fact that seaweed application leads to the improvement in the development of fruit diameter, strength, and length in addition to a better rate of fruit production (Abdulraheem, 2009).

Plant yield and yield per area unit
The influence of seaweed (Alga 600) on yield per plant (g) and per hectare (kg/ha) are shown in Table 16. There is a significant increase in T4 compared with control (T1) and T2. The fertigation with seaweed (Alga 600) in and 8 g.L -1 resulted in the maximum value of yield per plant (g) T4-295.03 g and per hectare T4-3278.18 kg/ha. The lowest value belongs to the negative control. This results can be explained as seaweed extract improves some vegetative characteristics. It also stimulates the quality and quantity of production through the augmentation of the photosynthetic process. Accordingly, Abdulraheem (2009) has affirmed that seaweed application leads to the improvement in the development of fruit diameter, strength, and length in addition to a better rate of fruit production. This increase leads to improved vegetative growth or number of the crowns.

Total soluble solid (TSS)
According to the findings in Table 17, the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on total soluble solid (TSS) that there is an increase compared with control. However, it was not significant and it has shown the fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 resulted in the maximum value of total soluble solid (TSS) (7.46 unit) and lowest value recorded by control (6.85 unit). These results are compatible with reports from El-Moniem and Abd-Allah (2008) and Taha (2008).

Total acidity (TA)
In Table 18 the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on total acidity (TA), there are significant differences among the treatment groups. Increasing of levels of seaweed extract (Alga 600) decreases the TA, control treatment has significantly different than T2 and higher than T4 but it is not significant, and it showed the maximum value in

TSS/TA ratio (ripening index)
The findings have shown in Table 19, the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on TSS/TA ratio in T4 and T2 significantly increased compared with control. It showed the fertigation of seaweed (Alga 600) in 8 g.L -1 gave the maximum value of TSS/TA ratio (13.35 unit) and the lowest value recorded by control treatment (8.29 unit). These results are coherent with that information by El-Moniem and Abd-Allah (2008) and Taha (2008). Table 19. The effect of seaweed fertigation on TSS/TA ratio.

Conclusion
According to the results of our study the effect of seaweed (Alga 600) on the flowering, vegetative growth and fruiting of strawberry cv. Albion, the following conclusion can be drawn. The seaweed extract at 2 g.L -1 is less effective on strawberry vegetative properties, flowering and yield properties and chemical characteristics of fruit than other treatment. The seaweed extract (Alga 600) at 4 g.L -1 is more effective than 2 g.L -1 and it has a significant effect on the number of the crowns, number of flowers, number of the fruits at 0.01 level, and total volume of the fruit, yield per plant, yield per hectare, TA and TSS/TA ratio at 0.05 level. The seaweed extract at a higher concentration (8 g.L -1 ) has the more effective to increase the vegetative growth, flowering and yield properties. Organic fertigation (Alga 600) has a significant effect on the number of the crown, number of flowers, number of the fruit at 0.01 level, and total volume of fruit, yield per plant, yield per hectare, TA and TSS/TA ratio. Seaweed fertilizers are an important alternative organic fertilizing to increase yield and to achieve a better quality product. The use of seaweed as support for fertilization in production increases the yield and quality while ensuring the sustainability of the soil due to its ecological nature. Strawberry, with high economic returns; rich in taste, aroma and antioxidant substances and no marketing problems, is a fruit. Strawberry cultivation is not common in Iraq yet. In this sense, the result of our study is a guide for those who want to cultivate strawberry in Iraq. In conclusion, as the amount of seaweed extract applied increased, vegetative growth rate and flowering rate increased in our experiment. For this reason, in particular, we believe that the application of doses above 8 g.L -1 will significantly increase the productivity and quality of yield.