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The syntax of the Celtic languages: Aspect, agreement and measure phrases in Scottish Gaelic

The goal of this paper is to defend an extended version of the Visibility Criterion (Chomsky 1986) whereby the link between theta-theory and Case theory is generalised. We will argue that the Case theoretic requirement in the formulation of Visibility should be replaced with a requirement of coindexation with a functional head; the relevant functional heads being Agreement (Agr) and Tense (T). We will argue that Tense involves two functional heads which are composed into a single chain via the mechanism of selection. This allows the incorporation of aspectual information into the licensing condition. By aspectual we mean the indirect relationship between the utterance time and the time of the event denoted by the verb. Scottish Gaelic (SG) is particularly relevant to both the extended version of Visibility and to the composition of tense information into a single chain because of two factors: firstly, coindexation with Agr in SG correlates with word order and secondly composition of tense information is transparently reflected in the morphological form of tense and aspect particles. Given these two factors, the extended version of Visibility predicts that certain word orders in SG will be forced or ruled out. This phenomenon is particularly clear with respect to the syntax of measure phrases in the language, which we show to be sensitive to aspectual information.