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Rudolf Virchow and the Durability of Cellular Pathology

As scientific medicine approaches the twenty-first century, it is notable that in its component field of pathology, the concept of cellular pathology, first formulated by Rudolf Virchow [1] in 1855, is still alive and well. Two of the most current textbooks of pathology [2, 3] each have their first chapters dedicated to the cell; and Rubin and Farber, in the preface to their book, state that they "remain dedicated to Virchow's original concept that 'the cell is really the ultimate morphological element in which there is any manifestations of life and ... we must not transfer the seat of real action to any point beyond the cell' " [3, p. ix]. The story of the development of the concept of cellular pathology is interesting since it involved certain factors that often occur when there is a quantum jump in knowledge in a given scientific field. First, advancement in instrumentation or procedures developed in ancillary disciplines can often produce a major breakthrough in a scientific field. In biology and medicine, in 1830, the achromatic compound microscope was developed to a degree of perfection that allowed investigators to observe living material for hours without undue fatigue at 300 magnification and moderately good resolution [4]. Before that time comparable magnification could be accomplished only with the simple microscope by indefatigable men such as Antony van Leeuwenhoek [5], whose lenses were sometimes as small as a grain of sand, but who nevertheless was able to visualize objects as tiny as unstained bacteria. Second, the establishment of well-equipped scientific laboratories, under the direction of outstanding scholars and leaders, is essential to creating a milieu that encourages new discoveries. This occurred in Germany [6], starting in 1830, at which time the old universities not only overthrew their medieval traditions but also discarded the influence of Friedrich Schelling's