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Governments and Secret Services: A Historical Perspective

Some of the problems which presently confront the secret services of the Western world appear remote from past experience.1 The information explosion of the last quarter-century has forced intelligence systems to cope with the novel problems of too much rather than too little raw intelligence. Intelligence analysts in the United States nowadays face what one of them has called 'an all-source glut: millions of words daily from foreign radio broadcasts, thousands of embassy and attach6 reports, a stream of communications intercepts, cartons of photographs, miles of recorded electronic transmissions and a handful of agent reports.'2 The new technology which has produced the 'all-source glut' demands new skills as well. Only a half a century ago even codebreakers still required no formal mathematical training beyond school level. What was needed in the British view was a sound classical education. When the United States established its first codebreaking agency during the First World War, it was advised (apparently without malice) by British intelligence to beware of mathematicians: 'the right kind of brain to do this work' was 'not mathematical but classical.' 3 The greatest codebreaker of the First World War, Georges