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Tropospheric refraction in near-polar observation points

In the lower atmosphere, the deviation of the trajectory of radio waves occurs due to the variability of the refraction of air with height. The vertical profile of the refractive index substantially depends on the geographical position, altitude and time of year of observation. The refractive properties of the troposphere and tropospheric delays of signals in different seasons of the year are considered at polar points of observation Murmansk, Wiese Island, Norilsk, Tiksi and Yakutsk. Altitude meteorological data is determined by launching radiosondes or selected on the NOAA remote sensing site. Knowing the vertical gradient of the refractive index is the basis for calculating the angles of refraction and the true distance to the object, which can be located above the level of the troposphere. The possibility of using the GPS measurement method to study the refractive effects of the troposphere without taking into account meteorological data is shown.