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PAUL’S ETHICS AND PAUL’S EXPERIENCE: LAW AND LOVE IN GALATIANS

Accounts of Paul’s ethics or his attitude towards the Jewish law regularly identify and discuss the connection between law (νόμος) and love (ἀγάπη) in Galatians 5.13–14.1 Building on the fundamental assertion of 5:1—that Christ has liberated ‘us’ from slavery with the result that ‘we’ are free—Paul contemplates two possible manifestations of the Galatians’ freedom.2 While there is the potential for behaviour that arises from continued slavery to the flesh (εἰς ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί), another form of slavery is also possible: one characterized by mutual love (διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις).3 The ethical dualism that Paul articulates at 5:13 and then fleshes out in 5:14–6:10 has already been hinted at in 5:6. In the new order established by Christ’s saving work apart from the law (5:4–5), and so now available to the Gentile Galatians in Christ without the need for circumcision (5:6), the only thing that matters is a faith that is worked out through love (πίστις δι ̓ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη, cf. Gal 6:15).4 At first glance, therefore, the relationship between law and love can be neatly explained with reference to strongly antithetical tenor of Paul’s account of salvation history in the context of the Galatian crisis. Law belongs to the period before the arrival of faith (3:23–25) and is therefore aligned with slavery to the flesh. Faith is the hallmark of the new creation (3:26) and is made visible through slavery to one another through love (5:13). If these were the only things that Paul said, then we might conclude that law and love relate to each other as another example of the apocalyptic antimonies that drive Paul’s theology as it comes to expression in Galatians.5