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Systolic Time Intervals By Impedance Cardiography

The systolic time intervals are preejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET). Together they form the electromechanical systole (QS2). From the dZ/dt signal of the impedance cardiogram, the LVET can be measured. This is possible because the notches corresponding with the opening and closing of the aortic valve are due to conductivity changes of blood caused by changes in orientation of erythrocytes: near zero velocity the first derivative of these conductivity changes approaches infinity. Because of this, the notches coincide with the actual opening and closing of the valve, although different vessels contribute to the dZ/dt signal. Comparison with simultaneously and invasively measured ejection times showed excellent agreement up to about 140 beats per minute (n=70, r=0.986).