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Rheology of Dense Granular Flow

We have performed numerical studies of dense granular flows on an incline with a rough bottom in two and three dimensions. This flow geometry produces a constant density profile that satisfies scaling relations of the Bagnold, rather than the viscous, kind. No surface-only flows were observed. The bulk and the surface layer differ in their rheology, as evidenced by the change in principal stress directions near the surface; a Mohr–Coulomb type failure criterion is seen only near the surface. In the bulk, normal stress anomalies are observed both in two and in three dimensions. We do not observe isostaticity in static frictional piles obtained by arresting the flow.