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Photovoltaic energy technologies: health and environmental effects document

A documented quantitative analysis is presented of knowledge and uncertainty of the potential health and environmental consequences of producing electricity by photovoltaic energy systems. Potential health and environmental risks are identified by systematic examination of all steps in representative fuel and material supply cycles including extraction, processing, refining, fabrication, installation, operation, and disposal for four photovoltaic energy systems (silicon N/P single crystal, silicon metal/insulator/semiconductor (MIS) cell, cadmium sulfide/copper sulfide backwall cell, and gallium arsenide heterojunction cell) delivering equal amounts of useful energy (10/sup 12/ Btu). For each step in the fuel and material supply cycles, materials demands, by-products, public health, occupational health, and environmental hazards are identified and assessed.