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Judaism and Christianity Two fourth-century religions

century of our era, whereas Judaism traces its ancestry back to Moses almost a millennium earlier. Yet these two religions, in their classical historical form, are much more properly regarded as parallel streams of religious development, stemming from a parting of the ways between Palestinian and Hellenistic Judaism after the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70. Christianity, inheriting the sectarian, messianic, and Greek philosophical aspects of Judaism, and refounded on the new faith in Jesus as the Messiah, became more and more a gentile faith, whereas Judaism repudiated both the messianic and the philosophical developments of the preceding centuries and centred itself on the religion of Torah cultivated by the Pharisees. The classical form of both Judaism and Christianity was shaped by sages and theologians whose systems of thought found their fullest ripening in the fourth century after Christ. The fourth century was the age of the great Christian Fathers of the church. In the East there were Athanasius, Eusebius, John Chrysostom, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzus, and Basil the Great. The Latin side of the church found equally great minds in Jerome, Ambrose, and Augustine, whose theology continues to be normative for both Protestant and Catholic Christianity. The fourth century was also the age of the church councils, where the classical definitions of Trinitarian and Christological doctrine were decided for the whole church. The fourth century saw the rise and rapid spread of monasticism and ascetic spirituality, as well as the foundation of a Christian empire under Constantine and Theodosius. Both its classical political culture and its monastic ’counter-culture’ were products of the fourth century. For Judaism the fourth century was likewise the period of the flowering of its tradition in the classical Talmudic sages. The rabbis, who rescued Jewish national life from the destruction of both the national and the religious centre of the ancient Hebrew faith with the Jewish wars of AD 70 and 136, had refounded Judaism upon the synagogue and the daily observance of the mizw6th.