{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.012670565302144249, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003898635477582846, 'mean_word_length': 5.54140127388535, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Optimizing medical radiation exposures for uroradiological procedures, with special emphasis on paediatric imaging

There is increasing awareness of the importance of radiation protection for patients, and legislation covering this has been in place for 10–15 years. The legislation covering radiation protection of staff has been in place for much longer. Increasingly, parents are aware of potential harmful effects from diagnostic radiology procedures, and clinicians and paediatric radiologists are frequently asked about the risks involved to the child. The risk of late manifestations of harmful radiation effects is greater in children than in adults because of their longer life expectancy. The aim of this article is to review the radiation hazards to the child undergoing uroradiological tests and the radiation protection measures taken to ensure that the risk to the patient is minimized. In addition, we discuss the newly implemented regulations on ionizing radiation, which are of great importance to clinicians.