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Novel isoforms of NADPH oxidase in vascular physiology and pathophysiology

1. Vascular cells have evolved to use reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, as signalling molecules. Under physiological conditions, ROS are important regulators of cell cycle, protein kinase activity and gene expression. However, in vascular disease states, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, excessive production of ROS may overwhelm the anti‐oxidant defence mechanisms of cells, resulting in ‘oxidative stress’, damage to the artery wall and, ultimately, development of atherosclerotic plaques.