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Beyond Employment Rates: Self-Employment and Other Categories of Work Among People With Visual Impairments

The U.S. government categorizes all workers in the U.S. economy into an overarching type, or class, of worker that is generally independent of industry or occupation. This class of worker is based on the type of ownership of the organization that employs the worker and includes nine categories: (a) private forprofit; (b) private not-for-profit; (c) government workers, including local, state, federal, and active-duty U.S. Armed Forces or Commissioned Corps; (d) self-employed, including unincorporated and incorporated businesses; and (e) unpaid family workers (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021a). The majority of U.S. workers are employed with private organizations, but approximately 14% worked for the government in 2015 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016), and 10.1% were self-employed (including 3.7% in incorporated and 6.3% in unincorporated businesses; Hipple & Hammond, 2016). Class of worker is another piece of information about employment of people with visual impairments that has received little research attention. One older study touched on this issue with the investigation of employment of visually impaired people by the federal government (Kirchner & Packer, 1982). The authors espoused the theory that people with disabilities would be more likely to work for the government, given laws that supported governmental hiring. However, the data available at the time (1976) suggested that people with disabilities, including those with visual impairments, were not more or less likely to be employed in the public sector than people without disabilities (Kirchner & Packer, 1982). Self-employment among people with disabilities has received a moderate amount of research attention (e.g., Gouskova, 2020; Ipsen & Swicegood, 2017; Yamamoto et al., 2012), while only one study was identified that specifically focused on self-employment among people with visual impairments (Moore & Cavenaugh, 2003). This study evaluated self-employment outcomes among vocational rehabilitation consumers with visual impairments.