{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014992503748125937, 'fraction_numerical': 0.005997001499250375, 'mean_word_length': 4.911504424778761, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The use of anaesthesia to diagnose malingering in the 19th century.

Malingering is the purposeful simulation or exaggeration of mental or physical illness in order to gain some end. Soon after anaesthesia was introduced ether, and then chloroform, were used to assist in the detection of suspected malingerers. This raised diagnostic issues, some of which were not understood or appreciated at the time. It also raised ethical concerns, attitudes to which were often very different from those which might be expected among modern doctors. In the 19th century malingering was seen most commonly among soldiers and it is with them that this paper is chiefly concerned.