{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.024539877300613498, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.751724137931035, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Interference and impact of parthenium weed on agriculture.

Abstract
 This chapter provides details on how parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) interferes with and negatively affects: (i) crop production, including grain, horticultural, vegetable, fibre and field crops, as well as agroforestry; (ii) farm animal production, including pastures, fodder crops and meat production; and (iii) the socio-economic aspects of agriculture. A comprehensive discussion on the different aspects of the impacts will be presented to highlight the magnitude of the problem. This chapter not only provides a thorough literature review of the problems caused by parthenium weed invasion but also gives an insight into the broader subject of weed invasion biology and management. The quantitative and qualitative descriptions of different negative impacts of this particular weed on agricultural production will help to devise sustainable and improved management strategies for the future.