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Introduction: Approaching Spanish National Identity from the Grassroots

In the field of the history of nationalisms and national identities, Spain has become a laboratory for experiments that do not cease to multiply and diversify. There are good reasons for this, since the so-called national question has constituted one of the principal political problems of the country since the end of the nineteenth century, when, in response to the centralized state that had been constructed by liberals on the basis of a single nation, that of Spain, alternative nationalist movements arose – in Catalonia and the Basque Country, and later in Galicia and other areas – that challenged its configuration and structure. In recent years, this challenge has generated a political crisis of major proportions, in which Catalan nationalists have broken with the Spanish constitutional order to seek to achieve their independence, for the moment unsuccessfully. Hence it is no surprise that historians have devoted attention to the issue, in the form of a growing academic literature that has attained a high degree of sophistication and, incorporating international tendencies in historiography, presents debates of great interest for scholars throughout the world, and in particular for experts on the history of Europe. The growth and consolidation of historical studies on contemporary Spain, visible since the 1960s and above all since the end of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco and the arrival of a democratic public arena in the 1970s, has brought these territorial questions centre-stage. In a first phase there was a proliferation of studies on the sub-state or peripheral nationalisms, which had played a leading role with the left in opposition to the dictatorship and were favoured by the climate that accompanied the development of a decentralized state as designed by the Constitution of 1978, in which each of the autonomous communities created under the umbrella of the latter sought to reinforce its own identity through the cultivation of its own particular history.