{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04493737450999139, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01501099531503968, 'mean_word_length': 4.3285787060621495, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 13, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 2, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Dynamics of the Delayed Business Cycle Model with Expectation and General Saving Function

Abstract In this paper, we study a class of business cycle models related to the relationship between the gross product and the capital stock. The model is extended by adding general terms of the investment and the saving functions. In addition, a time delay which is represented an expectation and time lag for investment is also added into the model. The aim for this work is to find the sufficient conditions in which the model’s solution is periodic. We study the existence of unique positive equilibrium. Next, the linearization method is used to analyze local behavior of the model. In addition, by considering time delay as a bifurcation parameter, we investigate sufficient conditions for the existence of a Hopf bifurcation of the model. Our results are applied to represent conditions for an occurrence of business cycles, which can happen in many business situations. Finally, some numerical simulations are illustrated to support our theoretical results.


Introduction
Business cycle is an economic behavior which is fluctuations of macroeconomic variables caused by uncertainty of business systems. There are many methods to analyze behaviors and factors for the occurrence of a business cycle. Mathematical method is one of the efficiency methods for the analysis of business and economic problems. Hence this paper is focused on the usage of mathematical theorems and methods to study factors that cause the business cycle related to the relation between the gross product and the capital stock.
The development of mathematical models for business cycle are stated as follows. In 1935, Kalecki [1] explained concepts of consumption functions and multipliers in statistical analysis for study macroeconomics. In 1940, Kaldor [2] presented mechanisms of cyclic fluctuations for a business cycle model with nonlinear investment and saving functions, which are important in economical analysis. The publications of Kaldor and Kalecki are based for modeling of trade cycle for investment and saving functions. In 1971, Chang and Smyth [3] introduced the model for business cycle as where Y refers to the gross product, K represents the capital stock, I represents the investment function, S is the saving function, and α is an adjustment coefficient in the goods market. Note that model (1) is usually called the Kaldor-Kalecki model to explain business cycle related to the gross products and the capital stocks.
In 1994, the Kaldor-Kalecki model (1) was improved by Grasman and Wentzel [4] by adding a linear saving function on the change rate of the capital stock. Therefore, the change of capital stocks is a difference between an investment function and a depreciation rate with the capital stock. The model in [4] is assumed that the saving function is linear and depends only on the capital stock, i.e. S(Y, K) = γK. Then the modified model of (1) becomes Here β is the depreciation rate of the capital stock, and γ ∈ (0, 1) is a constant. In general, delay differential equations are used to model many social and scientific behaviors, such as in environmental and epidemical problems (see, for examples, in [5][6][7][8][9]). The time delays are usually represented time lag or waiting time between state variables of models. For business cycle model, time delays are usually added in many literatures, such as in [10][11][12][13][14]. In [15] Kaddar and Talibi added a time delay τ into the gross product and the capital stock. In their works, the time delay represents time for decision changing in the capital stock due to the past investment decisions. Therefore, system (2) becomes In this work, we study a class of business cycle model, which called the Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model with time delays and an impact of expected capital stock on the current investment decisions. Moreover, the expected capital stock K(t + τ ) is added into (3). Then, the revised model is The main aim of this work is to investigate the sufficient conditions for the existence of unique positive equilibrium of (4). We analyze the local stability and determine the conditions for an exhibition of Hopf bifurcation. Finally, we illustrate numerical simulations to support the analytical results.

The Model Analysis
In this section, we investigate conditions for the existence of unique positive equilibrium. Further, we analyze the dynamical behavior of (4) about the positive equilibrium. We also find the conditions for an occurrence of a Hopf bifurcation, which shows that there exists a cycle in business phenomena.

Existence of unique positive equilibrium
Firstly, we investigate conditions for existence of unique positive equilibrium E * = (Y * , K * ) of (4). To find the business equilibrium of (4), we set Y (t) = K (t) = 0 and Y (t) = Y * , K(t) = K * . In addition, we assume that the general investment function I(Y, K) and the saving function S(Y ) must satisfy the following assumptions: (A 1 ) S(0) = 0 and I(0, 0) > 0, Proof. The equilibrium E * = (Y * , K * ) of the model (4) can be analyzed by solving the system From (5) the equilibrium must satisfy equations and Next, substitute K * from (7) into (6). Thus, we have Define the function f as a function of the capital stock Y by where Y ∈ [0, +∞).
Thus, model (4) has unique positive equilibrium , and Y * is the positive solution, which is the solution of (8).

Stability analysis and existence of Hopf bifurcation
From the business cycle model (4), the positive equilibrium E * = (Y * , K * ) is obtained by Theorem 1. In this part, we will analyze stability of (4) near the equilibrium E * . We firstly transform the model with an expected capital stock to the current investment decision for stability analysis. Let 212 Dynamics of the Delayed Business Cycle Model with Expectation and General Saving Function Next, substitute Z(t) from (9) into (4), then we have To investigate the local asymptotic stability, we consider stability of (10) about the equilibrium E * = (Y * , Z * ). Note that from (9), we have Z * = K * . Next, by the linearlization method about the equilibrium E * , let Then, substitute y and z into (10). By using the Taylor series expansion, we have the linearlized system as The Jacobian matrix at E * is Then, the characteristic equation is Note that (12) is used to analyze stability of the equilibrium.
Theorem 2. For τ = 0, the equilibrium E * = (Y * , Z * ) of model (4) that satisfies conditions in (6)- (7) is locally asymptotically stable if and only if Proof. From (12), it can be seen that Without time delay or τ = 0, the characteristic equation (12) is a quadratic equation of the form Note that all roots (λ) of the characteristic equation (14) have negative real part if and only if B > 0 and C > 0, where From B > 0, we have that From C > 0, then we have which is equivalent to This completes the proof of Theorem 2.
In the case of positive delay τ > 0, we will firstly discuss the local stability of the positive equilibrium and then analyze the conditions for an occurrence of a Hopf bifurcation. Let the time delay τ be the bifurcation parameter. We will analyze the behaviors of model (4).
Because of the condition in (13), the characteristic equation (12) about the equilibrium E * = (Y * , K * ) is given by We assume that λ = iω (with ω > 0) is a purely imaginary root of (12) and separating the real part and the imaginary part. The real part of λ satisfies and the imaginary part is related to the condition Solving (15) and (16) for cos(ωτ ) and sin(ωτ ), we have From (17), adding squares for both equations. We have the fourth-degree of polynomial equation as where where and there exists one sequence of critical values of τ given by (iii) If D < 0, E > 0 and D 2 − 4E > 0 then (18) has two positive roots, ω ± , where and there exist two sequences of critical values τ , which are Lemma 2. Let λ(τ ) = σ(τ ) + iω(τ ) be the root of (12) and assume that σ(τ ± j ) = 0 and ω(τ ± j ) = ω ± . Thus Proof. Substitute λ(τ ) into (12) and differentiate both sides of (12) with respect to τ . The result is Calculate for the real part, we have Then it can be seen that In the same way, we have The proof of Lemma 2 is completed.
According to Lemma 1 and Lemma 2, we can conclude the main results for stability properties for the business equilibrium E * of (4) as the following theorem.

Numerical Simulations
In the numerical simulations, we apply the theoretical results in the previous section to verify the business cycle model with an expectation and a time delay. In case that τ = 0, let the investment function I(Y, K) = e Y 1 + e Y − q e K 1 + e K and the saving function S(Y ) = γY . We assume that the parameter values are α = 2, q = 0.3, γ = 0.1 and β = 0.1. The equilibrium is E * = (2.265, 2.265), which is asymptotically stable by Theorem 2. The numerical results are shown in Figure 1.  Furthermore, in case τ > 0, we show numerical simulations for two different investment functions: where q > 0 and ε > 0.
Next, model (4) occurs a Hopf bifurcation if τ = τ 0 and the solution of (4) is a family of periodic solutions around the equilibrium E * when τ > τ 0 as shown in Figure 6.

Conclusions
In this work, the business cycle model with an expectation and lag time to investment has been studied. The model is analyzed by using advantages of mathematical theorems, which are the local stability theorem and the Hopf bifurcation theorem. The studied model represents the relation between the rates of changes for the gross product and the capital stock, with general investment and saving functions.
The main aim for this work is to study effects of the time delay or the lag time for investment to the occurrence of a business cycle in the model. The results show that if there is no waiting time for investment, then there is no cycle between the gross product and the capital stock. The solutions in this case are asymptotically stable, which means that all solutions converge to the business equilibrium when time increases. On the contrary, for a sufficient large of time delay, or decision time to investment, there exists a business cycle which shows periodicity of solutions between the gross product and the capital stock. The results from mathematical analysis are also illustrated by the numerical simulations. We have already showed that the analytical results are compatible with the numerical simulations.