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Heinrich Heine: A Better Song

Heine is the first Jew to leave an indelible trace in German literature. The new epoch in which he wrote bore constellations that would have been still inconceivable in the German linguistic sphere in the closing years of the eighteenth century. One of the conditions for this was the French Revolution, which was in crisis and had entered into its last phase under Napoleon. Heine’s childhood and youth was marked by the French conquerors, who had entered his city of birth already in 1795 and who left it after Napoleon’s fall. In 1815, Düsseldorf became Prussian, and in the first two decades of Heine’s life the city presented him with the drama of a political change, which, in the precipitous sequence of forms of government, already seemed to anticipate the profound changes of a still invisible future. Soon afterwards he described his place of origin as part of a world that had disappeared. In 1827, when he was hardly thirty years old, he published the second volume of his Reisebilder, which also contained Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand. It is named after the fictional figure of a French drum-major, who, billetted in his parents’ house, had been the most important teacher of his childhood. “Monsieur Le Grand wußte nur wenig gebrochenes Deutsch, nur die Hauptausdrücke – Brot, Kuß, Ehre – doch konnte er sich auf der Trommel sehr gut verständlich machen, z.B. wenn ich nicht wußte, was das Wort ‘liberté’ bedeute, so trommelte er den Marseiller Marsch – und ich verstand ihn.” The ideas of 1789 give the book its title. They are encoded in Le Grand’s words, and with “liberté” they evoke once more the precarious freedom of modern times, which, having been struggled for and almost attained, had been lost in the years of Restoration. Heine does not use the German word but leaves it in French as if it were unknown in his mother tongue. His recollections are a requiem. Le Grand has already died but we are once more witnesses to his death. French troops, and among them Le Grand, pass through the city, which is now Prussian. They have just left Russian captivity and are returning home. “Wahrlich, der arme französische Tambour schien halb verwest aus dem Grabe gestiegen zu sein, es war nur ein kleiner Schatten in einer schmutzig zerfetzten grauen Capotte, ein verstorben