{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.059726027397260274, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03287671232876712, 'mean_word_length': 4.402366863905326, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 9, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Deficits in social perception in opioid maintenance patients, abstinent opioid users and non-opioid users.

AIMS
This study aimed to compare emotion perception and social inference in opioid maintenance patients with abstinent ex-users and non-heroin-using controls, and determine whether any deficits in could be accounted for by cognitive deficits and/or risk factors for brain damage.


DESIGN
Case-control.


SETTING
Sydney, Australia.


PARTICIPANTS
A total of 125 maintenance patients (MAIN), 50 abstinent opiate users (ABST) and 50 matched controls (CON).


MEASUREMENTS
The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT) was used to measure emotion perception and social inference. Measures were also taken of executive function, working memory, information processing speed, verbal/non-verbal learning and psychological distress.


FINDINGS
After adjusting for age, sex, pre-morbid IQ and psychological distress, the MAIN group was impaired relative to CON (β = -0.19, P < 0.05) and ABST (β = -0.19, P < 0.05) on emotion perception and relative to CON (β = -0.25, P < 0.001) and ABST (β = -0.24, P < 0.01) on social inference. In neither case did the CON and ABST groups differ. For both emotion perception (P < 0.001) and social inference (P < 0.001), pre-morbid IQ was a significant independent predictor. Cognitive function was a major predictor of poor emotion perception (β = -0.44, P < 0.001) and social inference (β = -0.48, P < 0.001). Poor emotion recognition was also predicted by number of heroin overdoses (β = -0.14, P < 0.05). Neither time in treatment or type of maintenance medication (methadone or buprenorphine) were related to performance.


CONCLUSIONS
People in opioid maintenance treatment may have an impaired capacity for emotion perception and ability to make inferences about social situations.