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The When and Where of Reading in the Brain

Skilled readers scan a text without apparent effort and, from successive glimpses, construct meaningful representations. Reading involves far more than simply identifying individual words, yet word recognition remains an indispensable component of written language comprehension and is a prudent point of entry for understanding concurrent brain activity. Within this domain, there is still much uncertainty: When in our brains are individual words recognized? Where exactly does this occur? What factors influence the word recognition process? Recording eye movements on-line is a methodology that has succeeded in uncovering facts about the time course of language processing without imposing artificial constraints on normal reading. The eye movement technique offers several advantages over traditional behavioral techniques. First, no secondary task is required of the reader. Second, it is well documented that processing a word in text is reflected in its fixation time (see Rayner, 1998, for a review). Readers spend less time fixating words that are shorter, occur more frequently, or are more predictable in context. Finally, fixation time as a response measure (about 250 ms) is much shorter than comparable lexical decision or naming times (about 500–800 ms) and less contaminated by response bias. Because eye movements reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes, the average fixation duration of 250 ms constrains the time for lexical processing. Measured forward from the start of a fixation, it takes about 60 ms for information about the fixated word to travel from the retina to higher cortical areas where lexical processing begins. Measured backward from the