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Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum ‘cattle’ genotype from a severe outbreak of neonatal foal diarrhoea

Intubation conditions were scored numerically such that 1 indicated good conditions, 2 indicated some difficulty (for example, swallowing, chewing, inability to widely open the jaws or difficulty in advancing the tube), and 3 indicated an aborted attempt. Overall, 38 pigs scored 1 for intubation conditions, 19 scored 2 and three scored 3. Two of the aborted attempts were due to laryngoscope failure and the third was due to the inability to visualise the glottis adequately. The mean (sd) heart rate was 69-6 (9-3) bpm for the gilts and 43-1 (7-2) bpm for the sows. Oxygen saturation was above 95 per cent for all of the pigs throughout anaesthesia. The mean (sd) respiratory rate was 15-5 (5-6) bpm for the gilts and 12-4 (7-3) bpm for the sows. End tidal carbon dioxide was 40-5 (3-6) mmHg for the gilts and 36-9 (8-9) mmHg for the sows. None of the pigs experienced postinduction problems due to apnoea. Twenty of the 60 pigs displayed twitching after induction; this most commonly involved the facial or jaw muscles. Six pigs shook during recovery. Muscle twitching during recovery from Althesin is common (Hall 1972). However, postoperative shivering is frequently associated with halothane in human patients, with 19 per cent of a cohort of 500 shivering following a thiopentone, halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthetic (Goold 1984). Therefore, the shivering observed in pigs during recovery in this study may not have been related to the use of alphaxalone. The mean injection volume was 10-4 ml for the gilts and 16-7 ml in the mature sows. This is approximately half the expected volume of Saffan (at a dose rate of 2 mg/kg total steroid). The mean (sd) dose rates for alphaxalone for the gilts and sows of 0-9 (0-2) mg/kg and 0.7 (0.1) mg/kg, respectively, were very similar when expressed as mg/kg3'4 (2-8 [0-5] and 2-7 [0-2] respectively), indicating that the dose rates were comparable in terms of metabolic size of the patients (Table 1). In conclusion, induction with the new formulation of alphaxalone resulted in satisfactory intubation conditions and minimal side effects in the vast majority of pigs studied, with a mean (sd) dose rate in gilts of 0-9 (0-2) mg/kg and 0-7 (0-1) mg/kg in mature sows. The dose rate of alphaxalone was lower for the sows than for the gilts, even though the sows had received azaperone at half the dose rate given to the gilts.