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Excavation at Landguard Fort: an investigation of the 17th-century defences

Abstract Two trenches over the ramparts of the 17th-century fort built to defend Harwich Haven revealed five construction phases, including what may have been the brick fausse-braye wall reported by the Dutch in their attack on the fort in 1667. A reappraisal of the documentary records indicates major improvements in the 1680s to the turf and shingle fort, the significance of which had been previously misunderstood. The clay tobacco pipes associated with this refurbishment are the first sizable well-dated assemblage of the period to be published in the region.