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Continuous straw return for 8 years mitigates the negative effects of inorganic fertilisers on C‐cycling soil bacteria

To elucidate the identity and mechanisms by which specific bacterial members drive efficient decomposition and utilisation of straw, the succession and co‐occurrence patterns of 13C‐labelled bacteria were analysed using DNA‐stable isotope probing (SIP) techniques. Microcosms with 13C‐labelled maize straw incorporated into soils subjected to no nitrogen (N) fertiliser (CK), chemical fertiliser (NPK) and chemical fertiliser with straw return (NPKS) treatments for 8 years were incubated for 360 days. The results showed that fertilisation regimes changed the 13C‐labelled bacterial groups by abundance but not taxonomic composition, where N fertiliser application (NPK and NPKS treatments) reduced the relative abundance of maize straw carbon assimilators affiliated with Arthrobacter, Sphingomonas, Streptomyces, Burkholderia‐Caballeronia‐Paraburkholderia and Kribbella, but increased the relative abundance of Nocardioides, Rhodanobacter, Granulicella and Chujaibacter. Compared with CK and NPKS‐treated soils, continuous inorganic fertilisation reduced the α‐diversity of the 13C‐labelled bacterial community and resulted in a loose and less competitive co‐occurrence network of straw C‐assimilators with more hubs needed to sustain its structural stability. Interestingly, straw return mitigated the negative effects of inorganic fertilisation by forming a tight and complex co‐occurrence network of maize straw utilizers associated with NPKS‐treated soils. Taken together, we emphasise the vital function of long‐term straw return for sustaining soil biodiversity under intensive fertilised agricultural conditions and provide reference bacterial members for efficient straw utilisation.