{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019854721549636804, 'fraction_numerical': 0.005811138014527845, 'mean_word_length': 4.598915989159892, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Increasing link utilization in IP over WDM networks

In this paper we study an approach to Quality of Service that offers end-users the choice between two classes of service defined according to their level of transmission protection. The first class of service, called Fully Protected (FP), offers end-users a guarantee of survivability in the case of a single failure; all FP traffic is protected using either a 1:1 or 1+1 protection scheme at the WDM layer. The second class of service, called Best-Effort Protected (BEP), is not protected; when a failure occurs, the network does the best it can by restoring at the IP layer only as much BEP traffic as possible. The FP service class mimics what Internet users receive today. The motivation of this approach is to increase the amount of bandwidth used on backbone networks by offering a lower quality of service that does not affect the current QoS provided by the network. We design an ILP model, for finding primary and backup paths at the optical layer, that incorporates a number of carriers' common practices. Namely we allow the FP demand to be specified via a traffic matrix at the IP layer, we include an overprovisioning factor that specifies the portion of each link that must be left unused, and we incorporate a minimal fairness requirement on how the BEP traffic is allocated. Our goal is thus to quantify how much BEP traffic can be carried in addition to the FP traffic, without impacting the protection quality of the FP traffic even in the case of failure, and without impacting the FP load. We show that by having two such classes of service, the load on a network can be increased by a factor of 4 to 7 (depending upon the network). Even if carriers want to overprovision their networks by 50%, we can still triple the total network load. We illustrate that the location of the bottleneck can affect whether or not we see a difference in performance between 1:1 or 1+1 protection schemes. Finally we evaluate the tradeoff between the two carrier requirements of overprovisioning and minimal f