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The Rhetoric and Corruption of Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction

When considering the presidency of Andrew Johnson, Abraham Lincoln’s illfated successor, numbers tell the whole story. From the Founding through the Civil War, United States presidents vetoed fifty-nine acts of Congress. In just one term, Johnson vetoed twenty-nine legislative bills (twenty-one regular and eight pocket vetoes), thus generating enormous tension between the executive and legislative branches of the national government. Johnson pardoned over 7,000 Confederates; he also replaced more than 1,600 Republican-appointed federal postmasters with men from his own Democratic Party, thereby stirring both regional and partisan politics. By overturning hard-won Republican victories, Johnson encouraged violence against blacks. In 1865 and 1866, over 500 whites were indicted for murdering blacks in Texas alone, yet none was convicted. America’s seventeenth president would soon be impeached for “high crimes and misdemeanors.” To avoid conviction, Johnson needed nineteen votes from the fifty-four members of the Senate responsible for his destiny; only nine of them were Democrats. The ensuing conflagration between Southern Democrat President Johnson and the Northern Republican-controlled Congress nearly rekindled the embers of Civil War. Though an oft-told story, David O. Stewart has elegantly and engagingly recounted the saga of Johnson’s impeachment trial. While not a historian by training, Stewart offers the informed perspective of a lawyer who has argued before the Supreme Court, served as clerk to Justice Lewis Powell, and represented a Mississippi judge in an impeachment trial before the United States Senate. Stewart views the showdown between Congress and Johnson, even more than the Reconstruction Amendments, as the “next critical moment” in constitutional history after the Philadelphia Convention (p. 1), which he so ably recreated in his previous book, The Summer of 1787. Historians have thoroughly mined Johnson’s battles with Congress. Michael Les Benedict wrote the short yet scholarly Impeachment and Trial of Andrew