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Seizures in the Developing Brain

Summary:  Purpose: Development and sex hormones are important determinants of seizure susceptibility. Seizures develop in the immature brain more readily than in the mature brain. Male children experience a higher incidence of epilepsy or unprovoked seizures than do female children. Sex‐specific differences in the development of seizure‐suppressing neuronal networks may account, at least in part, for this increased age‐ and sex‐related susceptibility to seizures. The control of seizures can be influenced by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) in an age‐ and sex‐specific manner. In the adult male rat SNR, two topographically discrete regions (SNRanterior and SNRposterior) mediate distinct effects on seizures, by using divergent output networks in response to localized infusions of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A agents, such as muscimol. The GABAA‐sensitive “anticonvulsant” region is located in the SNRanterior, whereas the GABAA‐sensitive “proconvulsant region is in the SNRposterior. In immature postnatal day (PN)15–21 male rats, the SNR is not topographically segregated, and GABAAergic drug infusions produce similar effects when applied in the SNRanterior or SNRposterior. Only a GABAA‐sensitive proconvulsant network is evident. By contrast, female SNR does not contain any region that mediates muscimol‐related proconvulsant effects. As with the adult, immature female rats do not develop a proconvulsant SNR region at any age.