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Understanding biological resilience, from genes to ecosystems

Ecosystems are under unprecedented and accelerating pressures. Much work on understanding resilience to these pressures has, so far, focussed on the ecosystem. However, understanding a system’s behaviour also requires knowledge of its component parts and their interactions. Here we present a framework for understanding ‘biological resilience’, or the mechanisms that enable components across biological levels, from genes to communities, to resist or recover from perturbations. Although ecologists and evolutionary biologists have the tool-box to examine form and function, efforts to integrate this knowledge across biological levels and take advantage of big ecological and genomic data are only just beginning. We argue that combining eco-evolutionary knowledge with ecosystem-level concepts of resilience can provide the mechanistic basis necessary to improve management of human, natural and agricultural ecosystems for better resilience.