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Distributed activation and deformation in ventricular epicardium: effects of ventricular pacing

Absrract--A new method was used to study the effects of ventricular pacing (VP) on cardiac electromechanics. Arrays of radiopaque bipolar electrodes (RBEs) were individually sutured to the epicardium and tracked with biplane x-ray to determine surface strains and to simultaneously measure activation. This technique allowed us to quantify asynchrony during VP in terms of significant increases in both activation times and systolic circumferential s t ra ins across the epicardium.