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The DREEM, part 1: measurement of the educational environment in an osteopathy teaching program

Background Measurement of the educational environment has become more common in health professional education programs. Information gained from these investigations can be used to implement and measure changes to the curricula, educational delivery and the physical environment. A number of questionnaires exist to measure the educational environment, and the most commonly utilised of these is the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM). Methods The DREEM was administered to students in all year levels of the osteopathy program at Victoria University (VU), Melbourne, Australia. Students also completed a demographic survey. Inferential and correlational statistics were employed to investigate the educational environment based on the scores obtained from the DREEM. Results A response rate of 90% was achieved. The mean total DREEM score was 135.37 (+/- 19.33) with the scores ranging from 72 to 179. Some subscales and items demonstrated differences for gender, clinical phase, age and whether the student was in receipt of a government allowance. Conclusions There are a number of areas in the program that are performing well, and some aspects that could be improved. Overall students rated the VU osteopathy program as more positive than negative. The information obtained in the present study has identified areas for improvement and will enable the program leaders to facilitate changes. It will also provide other educational institutions with data on which they can make comparisons with their own programs.


Background
The educational environment has been studied across the entire spectrum from primary through to tertiary level, and even beyond to post-graduate training. Components of the educational environment include, but are not limited to: the physical infrastructure such as rooms for lectures, tutorials and clinical activities; facilitating and constraining factors for learning; the atmosphere created by fellow students; and faculty including teaching, clinical and administrative staff [1,2]. For an excellent discourse on the concepts and issues around the educational environment see Genn [3,4] who points out the environment created by a program impacts student behaviour i.e. approach to study [4,5], understanding of practice [6] and the educational outcomes achieved [3,7].
Understanding an educational program environment can assist with quality assurance by identifying where a program can be improved, and subsequently evaluating changes that are implemented [3,8,9]. Within health professional education, measurement of the environment has received some attention exploring particularly the impact on educational outcomes. Although not based on any specific educational theory [1], numerous measures of the educational environment in health professional programs have been published [10]. The most commonly utilised measure is the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) [11]. Previous work by Brown et al. [12] utilised the DREEM to assess the educational environment within the allied health programs at a single Australian university (Monash University, Melbourne). These authors demonstrated a small range in total DREEM scores from 133 (Pharmacy) to 145.5 (Dietetics). As Osteopathy in Australia sits within the field of allied health, comparisons between the Monash University pre-professional programs and the current osteopathy program are appropriate. This is explored further within the discussion of the present study.
Although widely used in medical education, there is only one study in the literature adopting this measure in osteopathic education. Luciani et al. [13] employed the DREEM with the final year cohorts of three European osteopathy teaching institutions. There are currently no studies examining the educational environment of students in earlier year levels of an osteopathic curriculum, none that compare responses between year levels, nor any that investigate changes over the students' entire time within a programme of study. The aim of the present study is to investigate the educational environment, using the DREEM, in all 5 year levels of an osteopathy program.

Methods
This study was approved by the Victoria University Human Research Ethics Committee.

Setting
This study was undertaken in the osteopathic discipline within the College of Health and Biomedicine at Victoria University (VU), Melbourne, Australia. The osteopathy program is five (5) years in duration with students completing a Bachelor of Science (Clinical Science) in years one to three, and a Master of Health Science in years four and five. Both degrees are required for registration as an osteopath in Australia.

Participants
All students enrolled in the core subject Osteopathic Science were eligible to participate in the study. All students enrolled in semester two, 2013 were sent an email by the primary author (BV) informing them of the study and inviting them to participate. The email also contained a plain language statement and students were informed that all responses were anonymous and confidential.

Measures
Participants were invited to complete two measures: 1) a demographic questionnaire; and 2) the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). The demographic questionnaire contained 11 items (Figure 1).

DREEM
The DREEM is a 50-item questionnaire developed by Roff et al. [11] to measure the educational environment in health professional education programs. The questionnaire was developed through the use of a Delphi approach involving a range of health professional educators in different settings and different countries. As such, the DREEM is reported to be appropriate for use within health professional programs, not just medicine, and is not culture or context specific [10,14,15].
Each item is measured using a five point Likert scale: 0 is strongly disagree, 1 is disagree, 2 is neither agree or disagree, 3 is agree and 4 is strongly agree. Respondents are presented with a statement and asked to select a response. Items 4,8,9,17,25,35,39,48 and 50 are negatively worded and these require recoding prior to calculating the total and subscale scores. The interpretation of the DREEM for the total score, subscales scores and item scores is presented in Table 1 [2,16].
The 50 items are divided into five subscales based on the initial psychometric analysis presented by Roff et al. [11]. The five subscales are Students' Perception of Learning, Students' Perception of Teachers, Students' Academic Self-perceptions, Students' Perception of Atmosphere, and Students' Social Self-perception.

Data collection
Students were provided with a paper-based demographic questionnaire and DREEM during the final week of the semester 2, 2013 (October 14 -18, 2013). Students were asked to complete the questionnaires at some point during the class and place it in an unmarked envelope at the front of the classroom. Students were able to submit blank questionnaires if they did not wish to be involved and completed questionnaires implied consent to participate. The envelope with the questionnaires was collected by one of the authors for analysis at the end of the class.

Data analysis
The data from each demographic questionnaire and DREEM were manually entered into SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp, USA) by one of the authors. Mean, standard deviation and standard error of the mean (with 95% confidence intervals) were generated for each item on the DREEM along with the total and subscale scores for the DREEM, in line with the scales reported by Roff et al. [11]. The following statistics were also calculated:

Internal consistency of the DREEM using
Cronbach's alpha for both the total score and subscale scores as well as the alpha 'if item deleted'; 2. Item-total correlation for each of the DREEM items; 3. Correlation between the demographic questionnaire items and the DREEM item, total and subscale scores using Pearson's r; and 4. A one-way ANOVA to determine whether any difference in the DREEM total and subscale scores exists based on gender, country of birth, year level, living arrangements, education level and government allowance. Effect size calculations (Cohen's d) are also presented where appropriate.

Results
As suggested by Miles et al. [17], comprehensive statistics are presented to allow other institutions to make comparisons with the data presented here.  Table 2.

Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics for each of the DREEM items are presented in Table 3 Table 4.

Internal consistency
The Cronbach's alpha for the DREEM was 0.923. Only the removal item 28 (I seldom feel lonely) resulted in an improvement of the alpha score to 0.925. The item-total correlations are presented in the Table 3 for the DREEM items. Table 4 also reports the 'if item deleted' data for the DREEM subscales.

Relationship with demographics Age
Weak, but statistically significant relationships were observed between age and: Age was not related to the total DREEM score or subscale scores (r < 0.03).

Highest level of education and clinical education
The highest level of education achieved by the student and whether the previous course had a clinical component was not related to the total DREEM score (r < 0.09) or subscale scores (r < 0.01).

Between group analysis Gender
No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between genders for the total DREEM score or subscale scores (p > 0.13). The effect size was d = 0.04. Statistically significant differences were noted at the item level for gender and the results are presented in Additional file 2.

Country of birth
There was no statistically significant difference between country of birth and the total DREEM score or subscale scores (p > 0.24).

Year level
Statistically significant year level differences were noted for the total DREEM score (F (4, 242) = 10.24, p < 0.001) and all subscale scores (p < 0.003). Additional file 3 contains the outcome of the post-hoc testing for each year level.

Living arrangements
No statistically significant difference between living arrangements and the total DREEM score or subscale scores (p > 0.11) was observed.

Employment
There was no statistically significant difference with current employment and the total DREEM score or subscale scores (p > 0.07). There was no statistically significant difference with employment status and the total DREEM score or subscale scores (p > 0.13).

Government allowance
A statistically significant difference in the Social Self-Perception subscale score was demonstrated (F (1, 245) = 6.00, p < 0.01). Students with a lower mean score for this subscale did not receive any form of government assistance. Further item level analysis revealed the differences to lie with the items 'I have good friends in this course' (F (1, 245) = 4.04, p = 0.046) and 'My social life is good' (F (1, 245) = 10.78, p = 0.001). For both items, students who were not receiving a government allowance reported lower scores on these items compared to those students who do receive an allowance. Differences for the total DREEM score and other subscales were not statistically significant (p > 0.12).

Clinical phase
Students were divided into pre-clinical and clinical phase groupings.

Discussion
To interrogate the DREEM data, Miles et al. [17] suggest the results are investigated at three levels: i) overall; ii) subscales; iii) items. Hammond et al. [18] also suggest that authors using the DREEM report the basic psychometrics. The mean total score for the DREEM was 135 and according to the interpretation suggested by Lai et al. [19] and McAleer and Roff [16], the VU osteopathy program would be classified as more positive than negative. This result suggests that there are areas within the program that the students perceive as positive, but also areas requiring attention. Comparing the mean total DREEM score to those reported by Luciani et al. [13] in their study of European osteopathy programs, reveals the mean score is comparable to the British School of Osteopathy (BSO, UK) (133) and Centre Européen d'Enseignement Supérieur de l'Ostéopathie (CEESO, France) (130) but lower than Accademia Italiana Osteopatia Tradizionale (AIOT, Italy) (147). However, as these values only represent final year students, a valid approach [14] is to make a direct comparison with the final year students in the present study ( Figure 2). The mean total DREEM score for year 5 students in the present study (133) again is comparable to the BSO and CEESO, as are the subscale mean scores. Luciani et al. [13] suggested the higher mean total and subscale scores at the Italian teaching institution were due to the smaller class sizes (up to 12 students), leading to more tutorial-like learning. Figure 3 demonstrates the mean DREEM subscale scores based on the data presented by Brown et al. [12] and data from the present study. The mean total DREEM score in the present study was equal to or higher than those for Midwifery (135), Pharmacy (133), Social Work (135) and Medical Imaging (135) but lower than Physiotherapy (140), Occupational Therapy (140), Emergency Health (143) and Dietetics and Nutrition (145). The Academic self-perception subscale score is comparable across all programs. The items in this subscale reflect the student as a learner rather than the educational program per se. Subsequently, it potentially reflects the similarity in student intakes given that Monash University and Victoria University are both in metropolitan Melbourne. There are small differences in the mean scores for the other subscales however it is not possible to determine if these differences are statistically significant when comparing the osteopathy program to those allied health programs at Monash University.

Demographics Gender
With regard to the demographics and total DREEM score, there was no relationship observed for age, highest level of education achieved or whether the students' previous program had a clinical education component. Brown et al. [12] demonstrated a statistically significant difference between females and males for the mean total DREEM score, Student perception of learning, Student perception of teaching and Student social self-perception. Females have been shown to have higher mean scores for each of the aforementioned data and this is consistent with other studies [2,11,14], particularly in Arabic countries where males and females are segregated. This gender difference was not observed in the present study (along with a negligible effect size) and concurs with previous studies [7,[20][21][22]. As the reported effect of gender on the DREEM total and subscale score is inconsistent, this could be a topic for further investigation in different courses and contexts. At an item level, a number of items did demonstrate a difference between males and females and these are presented in Additional file 2.

Year level & clinical phase
Statistically significant differences were demonstrated for the total DREEM score and all subscale scores ( Figure 4). The pertinent results were the difference between the total DREEM score for year 2 students compared to all other year levels. This result was also generally reflected in the subscales, except Social self-perception. The year two student cohort has experienced a number of issues related to the teaching of the program, particularly in semester 1 and as such, the difference between year level is not unexpected. To establish whether the cohort itself accounts for the result rather than the course content or teaching, the DREEM should be re-administered at the same time in 2014. The social self-perception subscale scores were for the most part, not statistically different between year levels. However, year 2 students had a statistically significant lower mean score for this subscale compared to those in year 1 (Additional file 3). Three items within this subscale contributed to this difference: There is a good support system for students who get stressed; I am too tired to enjoy this course; and I am rarely bored during this course. Year 2 students had lower mean scores for all of  these items. Again, this result may be attributable to the reasons provided above (e.g. content, teaching) and higher teaching contact hours in year 2 compared to year 1 [23], although these reasons need to be explored further.
The difference between clinical phase and pre-clinical phase for the Academic self-perception subscale is consistent with previous research [20,21]. Students in the pre-clinical phase may perceive they are "distant from their future profession" [21] and this changes as they take on a patient-care role and can see the relevance and significance of their previous studies.

DREEM item responses
When examining the item level results in detail, those items with a mean of 2 or less require attention, those between 2 and 3 could be improved, and above 3 are regarded as being strong items [16,17]. Strong items and those that require attention are presented in Table 5. All other items are within the 'could be improved' range. Of the items suggesting areas that require attention, two would appear to be related to an emphasis on factual learning and the subsequent need to memorise this information. Numerous studies [2,21,24,25] using the DREEM have highlighted the same factual learning issue, and it has been suggested this response indicates that students are employing surface learning strategies to the detriment of deeper learning. A review of the osteopathy program is currently underway and it is anticipated that the result will include changes to the delivery of content, inclusion of peer and near-peer teaching [2,24], extension of the current portfolio [26] to year levels beyond year 5, assessments that do not emphasise factual learning and an integrated curriculum [24], all of which will assist in encouraging deeper learner engagement and improve the educational environment.
Students appear to be happy with the classroom environment, both from a social and educational standpoint. This result may be attributable to the fact that the students in each year level are only ever in classes with osteopathy students in the same year; they do not have any classes at all during their program with other students at VU. The teaching staff, who are almost exclusively involved with osteopathy students, become familiar with each student creating a more personal,  relaxed atmosphere in lectures and tutorials. A number of authors [27,28] have also suggested that an item about the physical environment (e.g. buildings, laboratory facilities) be added to the DREEM as these could influence the student's overall perception.

Classical test theory properties of the DREEM
Hammond et al. [18] suggest that authors document the psychometric properties when reporting the use of the DREEM. The overall alpha score was α = 0.923 suggesting the measure is internally consistent for this cohort and consistent with previous research [29], however alpha scores over 0.9 can indicate item redundancy. Table 4 reports the alpha scores for each subscale. It is generally accepted that alpha scores over 0.7 indicate internal consistency. The Academic self-perception and Social self-perception subscales were below this threshold (similar to de Oliveria et al. [29] and Kossioni et al. [30]), even when an item was removed from the social subscale.
It is of interest that many of the items identified for removal to improve the alpha score for the subscales were negatively worded items. It has been suggested that this type of item should not be included as the responses are variable and can adversely impact the psychometric properties of the questionnaire [31,32]. The present study did not attempt to validate the factor structure reported by the DREEM developers [11], but did use the subscales reported by these authors. A number of authors have not been able to replicate the original factor structure of the DREEM [18,20] and have subsequently questioned its internal consistency and construct validity [18]. Although comparisons have been drawn between the present study and the studies by Luciani et al. [13] and Brown et al. [12], neither reported any psychometrics in their studies. Therefore is it difficult to make any judgements about the properties of the DREEM in either an osteopathy teaching institution or Australian allied health context. Consistent with previous authors [17,18], it is suggested that those  researchers using the DREEM should report: means and standard deviations for all items, subscales and the total score; effect of gender on total and subscale scores; how the items and subscales were interpreted; and internal consistency statistics for total scale and subscales. Establishing the psychometric properties of the DREEM using classical test theory and item response theory will be the subject of Part 2 in this series of papers. Innovation and quality improvement are essential for any health professional teaching program [2] to ensure that the "…students' learning experiences are relevant, motivating, productive, and enjoyable" [15]. The data presented in the present study is deliberately extensive in order to provide researchers in Australian allied health programs, and osteopathy programs around the world, with material/items from which they can draw comparisons with their own programs. In addition, this is the first time such extensive data using the DREEM has been presented in the health professional education literature. The VU osteopathy program intends to employ the DREEM on an ongoing basis to measure the quality of the environment subsequent to changes made to the curriculum and its delivery [33,34].

Strengths and limitations
The present study investigated the educational environment across a five-year osteopathy program in an Australian university. This study is the first in an Australasian osteopathy program and the first to include all year levels worldwide. A considerable strength of the present study is the high response rate ensuring the collated responses provide a reasonably accurate indication of educational environment in the VU osteopathy program. Although this study collected valuable information relating to aspects of the educational environment, we have no way of gaining a deeper understanding of the significant findings as all the data is quantitative in nature. The inclusion of some qualitative measures [35] would facilitate exploration of relevant quantitative findings.

Conclusions
Overall, the educational environment in the osteopathy program at VU is more positive than negative. The environment is comparable to other Australian allied health programs and to the final year of osteopathy programs in the UK and France. Whilst the students identified a number of areas of the environment that are positive, particularly the classroom environment, there are areas in need of immediate attention. The improvements required are centred around the emphasis on factual learning and memorisation of information. The results of the present study have provided the program leaders with information that was not previously available. This information will assist them to make decisions about the action required to improve the osteopathy course at VU. It is anticipated that the DREEM will be used as part of an overarching teaching program evaluation strategy to inform reviews of the program, provide information for the program accrediting body, and measure the changes made to the program.