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Growth and Development Responses of Geranium to Temperature, Light Integral, CO2, and Chlormequat


“Red Elite” geraniums were grown from the 6th leaf stage until the visible bud stage in controlled environment (CE) chambers under 3 day/night temperature regimes (27°/13°, 23°/17°, or 20°/20°C) and under enhanced CO2 (900 μl CO2/liter air) at 27°/13°. Three daily light integral treatments, 24.6, 19.8, and 15.1 mol m−2 d−1, were imposed over each of these 4 treatments. Plants also were grown in a 22714° glasshouse with 2 daily light integral treatments (18.2 or 11.3 mol m−2 d−1). A chlormequat (CCC) drench was applied to half of the plants immediately before the treatments were started. For the period between the 6th leaf and visible bud stages, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf weight, shoot dry weight, leaf canopy height, and time to visible bud were determined mostly by daily mean temperature rather than by day or night temperature. Most plant growth characteristics, but not the flower bud development rate from 6th leaf to visible bud, were enhanced by supplemental CO2 and suppressed by CCC. After reaching the visible bud stage, plants from some treatments were moved into 24715° CE temperature conditions with or without CO2, whereas others were moved to a glasshouse until harvest at the 1st floret anthesis stage. Between visible bud and anthesis, CCC was the major factor affecting vegetative growth regardless of whether the plants were with or without supplemental CO2 in CE rooms, or in a glasshouse. Anthesis was delayed by about 10 days in the glasshouse compared to the CE treatments but was unaffected by CO2 or CCC treatments. Carbohydrate concentrations were highest (starch 14%, sugar 5%) in plant leaves grown with supplemental CO2 and without CCC, and lowest with no added CO2 but with CCC in all CE treatments. The concentrations were reduced (starch 0.5%, sugar 2.5%) in plant leaves grown in a glasshouse from 6th leaf stage to anthesis because of low daily light integrals and no supplemental CO2.