{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019083969465648856, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.213270142180095, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Quantifying Contact‐Electrification Induced Charge Transfer on a Liquid Droplet after Contacting with a Liquid or Solid

Contact electrification (CE) is a common physical phenomenon, and its mechanisms for solid–solid and liquid–solid cases have been widely discussed. However, the studies about liquid–liquid CE are hindered by the lack of proper techniques. Here, a contactless method is proposed for quantifying the charges on a liquid droplet based on the combination of electric field and acoustic field. The liquid droplet is suspended in an acoustic field, and an electric field force is created on the droplet to balance the acoustic trap force. The amount of charges on the droplet is thus calculated based on the equilibrium of forces. Further, the liquid–solid and liquid–liquid CE are both studied by using the method, and the latter is focused. The behavior of negatively precharged liquid droplet in the liquid–liquid CE is found to be different from that of the positively precharged one. The results show that the silicone oil droplet prefers to receive negative charges from a negatively charged aqueous droplet rather than positive charges from a positively charged aqueous droplet, which provides a strong evidence about the dominant role played by electron transfer in the liquid–liquid CE.