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Thalamus and Thalamocortical Interactions

The thalamus is critical for the routing of information and coordinating the forebrain activity responsible for arousal, attention, sensory processing, motor control, cognition, and behavior. It contains first-order relay nuclei that selectively project to modality-specific primary cortical sensory areas, high-order relay nuclei that participate in cortico-thalamo-cortical interactions for attention and high-level cognitive processing, motor nuclei that mediate influences of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and intralaminar and midline nuclei that participate global cortical activation and control the function of the striatum. All these nuclei provide excitatory inputs to the cortex via thalamocortical neurons. Thalamocortical activity is controlled by GABAergic neurons of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, which regulate the firing pattern of thalamocortical neurons during the sleep-wake cycle and in the setting of selective attention. Extrathalamic GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic inputs also strongly regulate the thalamic circuits in a behavioral state-dependent manner. Disruption in thalamocortical circuits is a major mechanism in disorders of impaired awareness such as absence and temporal lobe seizures and in the pathophysiology of cognitive disorders.