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Surface Armour and Erosion – Impacts on Long‐term Landscape Evolution

The parameterisation of landscape evolution models is key to their reliable use. To determine reliable parameter sets, data collected from many events over a number of years are required. However, for many recently disturbed, degraded and/or rehabilitated sites, this data may not represent the long‐term behaviour of the surface as armouring, weathering, together with vegetation establishment change the erodibility of the surface. Here, we evaluate a new armouring sub‐model within the SIBERIA landscape evolution model. The calibration of the armour model is conducted using 6 years of field data from four plots, each composed of different surface materials and vegetation characteristics. The calibrated model is then tested on an area of the proposed rehabilitated landform of the Ranger Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory, Australia. The SIBERIA model was then run for a simulated period of 100,000 years using parameters representing (i) a surface constructed of fresh waste rock; (ii) a vegetated surface; and (iii) the calibrated armour sub‐model. The results demonstrate that the different parameter sets produce catchments that are unique despite the same starting surface. Surface material properties exert a first‐order control on landscape evolution. Therefore making predictions for the evolution of a landscape requires a reliable understanding of the material properties. This requires a knowledge of what material will be placed where in the catchment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.