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Comparison Of Affective, Perceptual, And Heart Rate Responses To Self-paced Treadmill Versus Trail Running

PURPOSE: Time is perceived to be a major barrier to exercise adherence. This meta-analysis determined the effect of manipulating the time component of FITT (frequency, intensity, time, type) on exercise adherence. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from inception to September 2018. Inclusion criteria were (1) adults > 18 y; (2) randomized controlled trial; (3) adherence (percentage) was the dependent variable. Meta-regression quantified the association between exercise intervention duration and adherence. Random effects meta-analyses were utilized where effect sizes were reported as mean differences (MD). Standardized mean differences were also calculated to characterize the effect size: trivial (<0.2), small (0.2-0.3), medium (0.4-0.8), and large (>0.8). RESULTS: Initially, 2,885 articles were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics, quality and validity, data from 9 articles (16 trials) involving 513 participants (122 male, 391 female) were extracted. There was a non-significant effect for time (MD= 1.4, 95% CI: -1.6, 4.2) on adherence across all studies. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine the importance of population type: healthy and chronic diseases. Time manipulation had a positive medium effect in the healthy sub group (MD= 7.0, 95% CI 0.4, 13.6), and a negative, but a small non-significant effect in the chronic diseased subgroup (MD= -2.3 95% CI -5.5, 0.8). Meta-regression analysis revealed a positive association between intervention duration (month) and adherence for the healthy group (β= 3.4, 95% CI: 2.5, 4.2), but not for the chronic diseases group (β = -0.2, 95% CI: -0.7, 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Manipulation of time is effective for promoting exercise adherence in healthy populations, but not in those with chronic diseases. Further, exercise intervention duration is positively associated with adherence in healthy populations, but not in those with chronic diseases.