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Multiscale Speciation of U and Pu at Chernobyl , Hanford ,

The chemical speciation of potentially hazardous subsurface contaminants is a crucial parameter in environmental risk assessment and remediation because it determines their transport, toxicology, and ultimate disposition. This tenet especially applies to uranium and plutonium contamination that arguably constitute the most intractable environmental restoration problems at legacy sites from nuclear weapons production and testing, as well as weapons and reactor accidents. These hazards are further amplified by the public perception of radioactive elements in general, and Pu in particular. The chemical transformations of U after its release is, however, an exceedingly complicated problem, both thermodynamically and kinetically, with less being known about Pu because there are no natural systems to study.