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NUT midline carcinoma: a neoplasm with diagnostic challenges in cytology

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a recently described, high-grade, extremely lethal carcinoma defined by the presence of rearrangement of the nuclear protein in the testis (NUT) gene (chr15orf55) at 15q14 with BRD4 on 19p13.1, or less often with BRD3, or other uncharacterized gene partners. The BRD-NUT family of oncogenes functions by blocking epithelial differentiation and promoting cell proliferation. Our case showed the less common BRD3 translocation, was associated with a possible germ cell tumour component or differentiation, was positive for the newly developed NUT antibody and is only the second report to include cytology.