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Intracellular Localization of a Lipopeptide Macrophage Activator: Immunocytochemical Investigations and EELS Analysis on Ultrathin Cryosections of Bone Marrow‐Derived Macrophages

Synthetic lipopeptides, structurally derived from the N‐terminal part of bacterial lipoprotein, constitute macrophage and B‐lymphocyte activators. The molecular mechanism of macrophage activation by lipopeptides still remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to determine the route and kinetics of lipopeptide distribution in bone marrow‐derived macrophages. The intracellular localization of the C‐terminally biotinylated lipodipeptide Pam3Cys‐Ser was investigated on ultrathin cryosections using the biotinstreptavidin‐gold system. Our findings indicate that the lipopeptide penetrates the plasma membrane and can already be found within the cytoplasm, the nuclear membrane, and within the nucleus after 2 min of stimulation. The pattern of lipopeptide distribution obtained 2 min after stimulation resembles that obtained after longer incubation times (8 and 20 min). Correlating distribution patterns were observed when using the method of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These findings are a clear indication for the rapid uptake of lipopeptides into eukaryotic cells, and are of importance for further studies of the immunostimulating properties of the bacterial lipopeptides and vaccines derived therefrom.