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Women without health insurance. Links between access, poverty, ethnicity, and health.

In the United States, inadequate health insurance is a problem for men and women; for the young, the not-soyoung, and the elderly; the poor and nonpoor; and for persons of all ethnic groups. It is especially problematic for particular groups, and certain gaps appear to be widening. In this article we focus on the problem of lack of health insurance for women. The problem is particularly severe for women of ethnic minorities, who are overrepresented among poor women. We describe the characteristics of the inadequately insured population and discuss the links for women between poverty, insufficient insurance coverage, inadequate health care, and poor health status. Women are more likely than men to be poor and to live longer. These demographic and economic factors account for additional health care needs for women beyond special needs related to reproduction. A lack of adequate coverage for women and the economic problems that accompany insufficient access to care and aggravate its deleterious effects on health need to be addressed by public policy.