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Innovative behavior of minorities, women, and Immigrants

The relationship between innovative behavior and the minority status, gender, and immigration status of, for example, owners, directors, principal investigators, and project managers has only begun to be explored, especially within and among entrepreneurial organizations. Data limitations are certainly one culprit for the paucity of research in this area, but also the economics literature has been slow to move from an R&D (i.e. technical capital) → innovative behavior focus to one that examines the relationship between dimensions of human capital of those who are involved with R&D investments and resulting innovative behavior. The papers in this Special Issues advance this body of thought. ‘The Role of Gender in Linking External Sources of Knowledge and R&D Intensity’ by Sara Amoroso and David B. Audretsch examines how female-founded firms differ from male ones in translating the knowledge from external sources into R&D efforts. Findings from their empirical analysis suggest that female-founded firms have an advantage compared to male-founded firms in reaping the benefits of knowledge acquired from research institutes and value-chain partners. ‘Entrepreneurial Universities and Innovative Behavior: The Impact of Gender Diversity,’ by Matthias Menter, investigates the impact of gender diversity on university innovation outcomes across three university missions: teaching, research, and the commercialization of knowledge. The findings presented in this study reveal that gender diversity matters, yet gender diversity follows an inverted U-shaped relationship. This empirical finding further indicates the existence of a threshold effect in that a minimum level of gender diversity is necessary to drive augmented innovative behavior within universities. ‘Does Workforce Diversity Matter on Corp[orate Venturing?’ by Maribel Guerrero, examines workforce diversity in corporate venturing activities. By adopting a mixed theoretical approach (corporate entrepreneurship, employee ambidexterity, and intellectual capital), the study tests empirically a set of hypotheses using a sample of 17217 employees across 20 countries. The study shows insights into women’s and migrants’ engagement in corporate venturing by identifying opportunities (using their exploration abilities) and taking advantage of intellectual capital (using their human capital and social capital). ‘A Gender Study of Principal Investigator (PI) Lead Public R&D Centres and Funding,’ by James A. Cunningham, Alejandro Escribá-Esteve, María José Foncubierta-Rodríguez, Fernando MartínAlcázar, and José Luis Perea-Vicente, builds on the literature that highlights the growing and intense competition between R&D centers to secure competitive based public funds in order to survive and thrive. Set in Spain, this study firstly examines if a consistent set of priorities defined by R&D center lead PIs secures more competitive funding. Secondly it examines whether the PI’s gender moderates the effect of his/her priorities on the amount of competitive public funds that the R&D team of the PI obtains. ‘Does Blockchain Technology Democratize Entrepreneurial Finance? An Empirical Comparison of ICOs, Venture Capital, and REITs,’ by Christian Fisch, Michele Meoli, and Silvio Vismara, investigates whether gender, ethnicity, and geography affect the choice of initial coin offerings (ICOs) vs.