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Evolution of Design Code Requirements for Exterior Elements and Connections

Seismic design requirements for precast concrete cladding panel connections have evolved significantly over the past fifty years. This paper summarizes the pertinent requirements from the Uniform Building Code from 1967 to 1997, and the International Building Code 2000. A hypothetical design illustrates how emphasis in the code has evolved for both lateral force requirements and story drift displacement requirements arriving at a balance of moderate lateral force and displacement requirements. The numerical results are based on a hypothetical case of panel connections for a ten-story moment-resisting steel frame structure built in seismic Zone 4. This historical summary is of value to designers who deal with the seismic rehabilitation of precast panel connections.