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Facilitating Climate Change Action in the Ocean Sciences Using the Interactive Computer Model En‐ROADS

Taking effective climate action at an individual, community, or organizational level can be challenging. Although science-based actions should be a top priority, there is poor alignment between science and the beliefs and attitude of the public (Rooney-Varga et al. 2021). Despite the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluding that it is possible to reach the Paris Agreement goals through a rapid transition to a low-carbon society (IPCC 2018), many individuals and organizations find themselves overwhelmed or uncertain about what effective climate action looks like. Additional barriers to action exist due to complex social and cultural beliefs (Kahan et al. 2012; Doherty and Webler 2016) and key misunderstandings about energy systems and climate (Sterman and Sweeney 2002). Surprisingly, concern about climate change is not uniformly high among individuals with high levels of science literacy and reasoning (Kahan et al. 2012). In order to reach the Paris Agreement goals, it is crucial to break down barriers and build support for the policies and actions needed. Scienceinformed action can be motivated using different approaches, and an effective method is using interactive computer models combined with engaging scenario building and discussion (Rooney-Varga et al. 2020). Therefore, a recently developed interactive learning experience was brought to attendees of the Ocean Sciences Meeting (OSM) in early 2022 in the workshop “Exploring climate change solutions for a sustainable future—a workshop and discussion centered around using a powerful interactive climate model in classrooms, the workplace, and beyond,” in order to prompt discussion and motivate action among students and scientists. The workshop attracted approximately 25 participants from a wide range of disciplines and included undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and interdisciplinary marine scientists. At the workshop, participants were tasked with using the En-ROADS climate model (https://en-roads. climateinteractive.org) to explore how climate actions and policies affect outcomes such as global temperature increase, air quality, and energy prices. The En-ROADS model is built using the latest science; however, unlike larger models from the IPCC and International Energy Agency, it is fast, user-friendly, and freely available, so it can be used in interactive activities to evaluate solutions for climate change. The linking of climate research with systems dynamics thinking enables participants to test their actions and combination of solutions and policies on a global scale. Examples of the actions available for testing include increasing energy efficiency of buildings, carbon pricing, reducing deforestation, and exploring technological carbon removal. For each user-specified action, the model displays many outcomes, including global temperature increase, sea level rise, energy price, net greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, crop yields, and changes in global biodiversity. In line with the Paris Agreement, the goal of the workshop was to limit global warming to a maximum of 2 C, or ideally 1.5 C, above preindustrial temperatures. By using the model and interacting with each other and facilitators during the workshop, it was hoped that participants would have an experience that was both informative and motivating, while offering new insight to the systems of energy and climate. In the first part of the workshop, participants brainstormed the climate actions currently used in their community or organization. Several of these actions were selected and individually tested in the En-ROADS model to show the effect that the entire world taking a similar action would have. For example, if a municipal government offered rebates on electric heat pump installations and improved building insulation, the “electrification” and “energy efficiency” actions for Buildings and Industry were increased a modest amount, to simulate the effect that decreased fossil fuels consumption and more efficient energy use would have on a global scale. In that example, the modest actions result in a decrease in the overall energy footprint, with less reliance on coal and natural gas, which results in decreased emissions, PM 2.5 air pollution, and a final projected global temperature of 3.4 C by the year 2100 (Fig. 1). After several tests of individual actions, which showed only small improvements in the outcome for the projected temperature and other metrics, the participants were guided by facilitators to cumulatively build a climate scenario that incorporated all of their current climate actions with additional actions thought to be necessary to reach 1.5 C. For each climate action, discussion centered around the feasibility and impact of the solutions, revealing some surprising equity and co-benefit considerations.