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Renewable energy based mini-grids for enhancing electricity access: Experiences and lessons from India

Conventional grid extension has been the predominant mode of electrification in India. However, renewable energy based mini-grids have also been used for providing electricity access in remote areas, forested habitations, and islands. This paper, based on extensive literature review, interview with key stakeholders, and field visits to selected sites, captures the nuances of renewable energy based mini-grid developments in India. It also shares the experiences and lessons from the mini-grid programs by comprehensively analyzing multiple dimensions such as coverage and trend, technical designs, institutional arrangements, financial mechanism, tariffs, and operation and maintenance aspects. Finally, the paper suggests takeaway points for improving the rural electricity access level through renewable energy based mini-grids to compliment the grid electrification efforts in India.