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Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by regulating Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Purpose: To investigate the effect of isoliquiritigenin (ISL) on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells and its underlying mechanism of action. Methods: The DLBCL cell line OCI-Ly19 was used in this study. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR was assessed using Western blotting. Results: DLBCL cell proliferation was suppressed by ISL in a concentration-dependent manner. The number of apoptotic cells increased following ISL treatment in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). ISL treatment also stopped the cell cycle at the G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot analysis indicated that there was no significant Akt and mTOR expression in cells treated with 10, 20, or 50 μM ISL (p < 0.05). However, Akt and mTOR phosphorylation was upregulated following treatment with 10, 20, or 50 μM ISL in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that ISL inhibits DLBCL cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis by blocking the cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase, which is mediated by the inactivation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.


INTRODUCTION
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common among lymphoid neoplasms and accounts for 30% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in adults [1]. DLBCL is defined as a malignancy with a diffuse pattern of large B-cells [2]. The prognosis of DLBCL is diverse due to its clinical, pathological, and molecular heterogeneity [3]. The standard therapeutic regimen for DLBCL has remained largely unchanged for over 25 years, with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy still in use [4]. With the addition of rituximab (R) to CHOP, the 6-year event-free survival has increased from 55.8% to 74.3%, greatly improving the long-term prognosis for young patients with DLBCL [5]. However, the 5-year event-free survival was only 47% in elderly patients with DLBCL [6]. Thus, a new therapeutic strategy is required to further extend the longterm survival of DLBCL patients.
Many studies have concluded that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is activated in the pathogenesis of cancers, including endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and DLBCL [7]. PI3K interacts with phosphorylated tyrosine on IRS molecules, resulting in further phosphorylation and activation of Akt [8]. Phosphorylation of Akt activates mTOR, a downstream serine/threonine kinase of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, leading to the upregulation of mRNA translation, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation [9,10]. Therefore, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a potential therapeutic target for DLBCL.
ISL has multiple documented pharmacological activities, including antiinflammation, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-cancer [12]. ISL treatment reduces sepsis-induced liver and lung injury via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in a mouse model [13]. In human prostate cancer, ISL promotes cell apoptosis and induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by modulating the cyclin B1-CDK1 complex [14]. In lung cancer cells, ISL suppressed proliferation and migration by inactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway [15]. However, there are no reports on the effects of ISL on DLBCL. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of ISL on DLBCL cells and to define its underlying mechanism.

EXPERIMENTAL Cell culture and treatment
The DLBCL cell line OCI-Ly19 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). OCI-Ly19 cells were grown in RPMI-1640 (Thermo Fisher, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution (Thermo Fisher) at 5% CO2 at 37°C. ISL (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was dissolved in methanol (Sigma-Aldrich) at a concentration of 1 mM. OCI-Ly19 cells were cultured in sterile 12-well plates at a density of 1 × 10 5 cells/well and treated with 10, 20, or 50 µM ISL for 24 hours. After treatment, cells were collected for further analysis.

MTT assay
After treatment with ISL for 24 hours as described above, OCI-Ly19 cells were collected and centrifuged. Cell pellets were rinsed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and incubated with 20 µl of MTT solution at 37°C for 4 hours. Precipitated formazan was dissolved in 150 μL DMSO. The absorbance at 490 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (BioTek, USA).

Flow cytometry
After ISL treatment, OCI-Ly19 cells were washed with PBS and resuspended at 1 × 10 7 cells/mL. Cell suspensions were stained with Annexin-V-FITC and PI (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 minutes. Apoptosis was analyzed on a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickenson, USA). Data was collected from 20,000 cells per sample and presented as two-parameter dot-plots.

Statistical analysis
Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software (IBM, USA) and are presented as mean ± SEM (n=3). Comparisons between two groups were performed using Student's t tests. Comparisons among multiple groups were determined using one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05 was taken to indicate statistically significant differences.

ISL inhibited cell proliferation in DLBCL cells
Results from the MTT assays showed that cell viability was significantly reduced in OCI-Ly19 cells treated with 10, 20, or 50 µM ISL compared with untreated cells (Figure 1 B). The inhibition of cell proliferation by ISL was in a concentrationdependent manner (Figure 1).

ISL blocked cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase
After treatment with ISL, the number of OCI-Ly19 cells in the G1 phase was significantly increased in a concentration-dependent ( Figure 2). The number of OCI-Ly19 cells in the S phase was significantly reduced following treatment with 10, 20, or 50 µM ISL in a concentration-dependent manner ( Figure 2). The number of OCI-Ly19 cells in the G2 phase did not show any significant changes following treatment with 10, 20, or 50 µM ISL compared with the control group ( Figure  2).

ISL repressed the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
Western blot results indicated that there was no significant difference in Akt and mTOR expression in cells treated with 0, 10, 20, and 50 µM of ISL ( Figure 4). However, the phosphorylation of Akt was upregulated following 10, 20, and 50 µM ISL in a concentrationdependent manner ( Figure  4). The phosphorylation of mTOR was also upregulated following 10, 20, and 50 µM ISL in a concentration-dependent manner (Figure 4).

DISCUSSION
The biological activities of ISL are diverse. ISL is widely used in food additives and alternative medicine due to its various beneficial effects on disease prevention and in treatments, such as anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, cardioprotective, immunoregulatory, and anti-cancer effects [11]. Results from the present study indicate that in a DLBCL cell line, ISL reduced cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and reduced cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. The resulting cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was mediated by inactivation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, indicating the therapeutic possibility of ISL in the treatment of DLBCL.
The cell cycle is classically divided into four phases: G1 (pre-DNA synthesis), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (pre-division), and M (cell division) [16]. Dysregulation of the cell cycle is associated with many pathological process, including cancers [16]. In this study, cell proliferation was inhibited by ISL in a concentration-dependent manner, which was consistent with previous findings [14,17]. This indicates that ISL had an anti-cancer effect in the development and growth of DLBCL cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry results indicated that the inhibition of cell proliferation induced by ISL was mediated by suppression of cell cycle transition, inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In the G1 phase, the formation of the cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 complex regulates cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phase [18], which may be the mechanism of ISL-induced apoptosis. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether there is an inhibitory effect of ISL on CDK4/6 activity.
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated in the pathogenesis of cancers, including endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and DLBCL [7]. In this study, phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR was measured in DLBCL cells following ISL treatment. The reduced levels of p-Akt and p-mTOR indicate that the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was activated in DLBCL cells, which is consistent with previous studies [19,20]. Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a key role in PI3K downstream signaling; phosphorylation of Akt is associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis [19,21].
In the present study, ISL reduced the phosphorylation of Akt in a concentrationdependent manner, indicating that inactivation of Akt following ISL treatment induced inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of cell cycle arrest. As a main target of Akt, mTOR plays a critical role in cell-cycle progression from the G1 to S phase [22]. Here, ISL reduced the phosphorylation of Akt in a concentrationdependent manner and the cell cycle was arrested at the G1 phase in cells treated with ISL, further confirming that ISL inhibited the survival of DLBCL cells through the regulation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION
The findings of this study demonstrate that ISL prevents cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and blocks cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase, resulting in cell cycle arrest at G1 in a DLBCL cell line. These effects were mediated by inactivation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, ISL is a promising alternative medicinal agent for the management of patients suffering from DLBCL. However, large clinical trials are required prior to its use in clinical practice.

Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest is associated with this work.

Contribution of authors
We declare that this work was done by the authors named in this article and all liabilities pertaining to claims relating to the content of this article will be borne by the authors. Zhixiang Su designed the study, supervised the data collection, and analyzed the data. Bin Yu interpreted the data and prepared the manuscript for publication. Zhiping Deng and Haifeng Sun supervised data collection and analyzed the data. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Open Access
This is an Open Access article that uses a funding model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0) and the Budapest Open Access Initiative (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/rea d), which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.