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Percutaneous internal suturing Procedure for a Posttraumatic abdominal wall “handlebar hernia”

Posttraumatic abdominal wall hernias are extremely rare and are the result of the wall impact with an object that does not break the skin but has enough energy to disrupt the underlying muscular and fascia layers. One of the most frequent mechanisms for the pediatric population is the handle bar traumatic injury. We present the case of a 13-year-old male patient that was diagnosed with posttraumatic handlebar hernia in the right lower quadrant after performing a CT scan examination. The chosen surgical procedure was to repair the abdominal defect using an adaptation of the PIRS (percutaneous internal ring suturing) suturing technique assisted laparoscopically. The follow up of the case was uneventful.


InTRoduCTIon
Traumatic abdominal wall hernias (TAWH) are exceedingly rare in the pediatric population. The mechanism of injury consists in the low-velocity impact of the abdominal wall against an object which is too blunt to penetrate the skin (due to its elasticity) but strong enough to disrupt the muscular fibers and fascia layer. The handlebar hernia (HH) is the most common cause for this traumatic injury. Other causes of TAWH are related to damage from axe holders, other types of handlebars (motorcycle, plough, wheelbarrow), animal goring (bulls) or rare deceleration injuries (1). The incidence of TAWH in the pediatric population is around 1% with a reported 85% of the cases owing to HH (2).
All reported cases of HH have been treated surgically except one, performing approximation of the defect with or without mesh (3). Laparoscopy was mostly used as a diagnostic procedure for those with suspected concurrent intraabdominal injury or for those cases with nonspecific or negative CT scan findings (4).
We report the case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with a HH and was repaired using laparoscopically assisted percutaneous internal suturing procedure. We received the informed consent of the parents to publish the data, the clinical and imaging findings of the patient.

Presenting concerns
We present the case of a 13-year-old boy who was admitted to our surgical department 24 hours after a bicycle crash that had as a result the hitting of the right lower quadrant of the abdomen with the rubbercoated handlebar. He complained about abdominal pain and presence of a lump at the site of the traumatic injury.

Clinical findings
The examination confirmed the presence of a painful 10 x 6 -cm reducible tender subcutaneous mass in the right lower abdomen with overlying skin intact but bruised (Fig. 1). The hernia was visible in both standing and supine position, had a positive cough impulse and a 7 cm fascial defect palpable at the site. He had no other abnormal physical findings or complaints.

Therapeutic focus and assessment
We performed 48 hours delayed laparoscopic procedure that showed that all the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneum were disrupted, colon and omentum with adhesions to the subcutaneous tissue that were easily released ( Figure 4). There was no intraabdominal organ injury. We performed an internal percutaneous suturing procedure, similar to the PIRS hernia repair, that allowed us to approximate the two rims of the defect, one layer, by using four 2-0 silk non absorbable braided sutures ( Figures 5  and 6). We inserted a drainage into the preaponeurotic space that was removed two days after surgery.

Follow-up and monitoring
The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged four days after surgery. Follow up after 4 weeks and 6 months revealed no recurrence (Figure 7).

dISCuSSIon
TAWH are a rare pathology in the pediatric population and the available literature is based on case reports and statistics from few trauma centers that have small case series of this traumatic injury (2). When managing an abdominal trauma, it is very important to make a complete clinical exam and to carefully asses the main region affected. The localization of the hernia for our patient, the right lower quadrant, is one of the most frequent in case of TAWH secondary to handlebar trauma. This occurs mostly in the lower abdomen, lateral to the rectus sheath, disrupting the oblique and transversus muscles and protruding in the iliac fossa region. The right lower quadrant is the most common location but we can also find a TAWH in the left lower quadrant or even in posterolateral locations (2). Few cases associate concomitant diaphragmatic hernia or involve more than one region, that suggest an increased intraabdominal pressure as the pathogenesis for the TAWH (5).
An important factor that influences the surgical management is the dimensions of the hernia. In the case that we presented the dimensions of the defect measured interoperative were 7/4 cm probably due to the larger dimension of a custom-made handlebar that caused the injury. According to the scientific literature TAWH can be classified into three major types according to the size of the defect and mechanism of injury: type I smaller defect (such as those from handlebar hernias), Type II the defect is larger (high energy trauma in motor vehicle crash or fall from a height) and type III with intraabdominal bowel herniation (deceleration injuries) (2,6).
Due to the rarity of this type of pathology the diagnosis can be challenging both of the abdominal wall hernia but also of the associated intraabdominal pathology. Even if our patient was stable and had no other major complaints, we performed a CT scan as soon as it was available in order to have a better assessment of the defect and to avoid other pathologic abdominal lesions. Concurrent intraabdominal injuries are usually associated when the impact is in the upper abdomen but a HH can associate a rate of 8% urologic, splenic, hepatic, pancreas, bowel or mesentery operative pathologic findings (2,4). The easy access to a CT scan in all trauma centers makes it the modality of choice to investigate first hand an abdominal wall trauma. Even if the CT scan detects most of TAWH, we notice the importance of the clinical factors that can dictate the operative intervention due to a worsening examination even with normal CT scan findings. We advocate for serial examinations and close clinical monitoring due to a high index of suspicion for intraabdominal concurrent associated injuries (2,5).
The timing of hernia repair and type of hernia repair should be decided for each case separately, depending on the hemodynamic stability of the patient, clinical evaluation and serial CT findings. Our patient was stable, and had a CT scan that revealed no other pathological findings, except the hernia defect, so we performed a scheduled laparoscopy 24 hours after he was admitted to our department, and 48 hours after the traumatic event. We advocate for an emergency laparotomy in case of hemodynamic instability associated to a high index of suspicious of intraabdominal concurrent injuries for the patients diagnosed with TAWH (24 hours from admission) to avoid further complications and to effectively repair the hernia. For hemodynamically stable patients or if the diagnosis is unclear, we consider the laparoscopic approach both as diagnostic method and also curative one (5,6).
We chose to use a variant of laparoscopically assisted PIRS repair for the hernia because the two rims of the defect that were easily identified had a distance of 4 cm in-between and performing an extracorporeal knot allowed us a better security of the suturing. To prevent future complications such as bowel obstruction, incarceration or strangulation the primary tension free repair of the hernia with non-absorbable sutures is recommended after a close exploration of all the intraabdominal organs. Mesh repair is very rare in the pediatric population and apply only for those cases with large abdominal defects where a tension free repair is not feasible (1,5).
The non-operative approach of a TWH is described for one case in the literature and applied to a small defect and stable patient with no suspicion of intraabdominal organ injury (3).

ConCluSIonS
When treating a patient with a suspicion of TAWH, the management should be on a case-by-case basis depending on the anamnesis, clinical findings, CT scan examination and the surgical moment and type of hernia repair reflect the importance of the surgeon decision making.