{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.040206648697214735, 'fraction_numerical': 0.04043126684636118, 'mean_word_length': 4.701664532650448, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Textile Toxicity Cytotoxicity and Spermatozoa Motility Inhibition Resulting from Reactive Dyes and Dyed Fabrics

The textile industry utilises chemicals in the production of fi bres, to refi ne materials in different processes and to produce better quality textile products. Although the chemical itself may be toxic, there is limited data relating to the toxicity of the fi nal textile product. This information is of clear importance for consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of textile substances by using cell tests in vitro. These tests have been found to be useful when materials containing unknown chemicals need to be evaluated. Boar semen, mouse hepatoma cell line (hepa-1) and a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells) were exposed to different concentrations of three reactive dyes (Reactive Yellow 176, Reactive Red 241 and Reactive Blue 221) and to the extracts of cotton fabrics dyed with these dyes. The viability of the cell cultures was evaluated. The concentrations IC50 and IC20 to decrease cell protein concentrations in Hepa-1 and HaCaT cell cultures were calculated. These values represent the concentration of the test sample where the protein content in the wells is 50% (IC50) or 80 % (IC20) compared to that of non-exposed cells. The IC20 values were taken to represent the limit of toxicity for fabric extracts. The IC50 and IC20 values were estimated when the dyes were studied. The spermatozoa motility inhibition test was considered to show evidence of toxicity, if at least 25% of the cells were not motile by microscopic observation (50% was set as maximal value of viability). Thus in the spermatozoa test only IC50 value was estimated. After 24 hours exposure of spermatozoa cells to reactive dyes, the IC50 values were 135 μg/ml (yellow), 124 μg/ml (red) and 127 μg/ml (blue). After 72 hours exposure, the blue dye was most toxic to the spermatozoa cells. In hepa-1 cells, no statistical signifi cant difference in the toxicity between blue, red and yellow was found, the IC50 values being as follows: 392 μg/ml (yellow), 370 μg/ml (red), 361 μg/ml (blue). The IC20 values were 176 μg/ml (yellow), 108 μg/ml (red), 158 μg/ml (blue). In HaCaT cells, IC50 values were 237 μg/ml (yellow), 155 μg/ml (red), 278 μg/ml (blue). HaCaT cells exhibited toxicity with low concentrations of the dyes, with the red dye being the most toxic. The IC20 values in the HaCaT cell line were 78 μg/ml (yellow), 28 μg/ml (red), 112 μg/ml (blue). However, the dyed fabrics were not toxic to all studied cells. The fabric extracts were not toxic to hepa-1 and HaCaT cells since the measured protein content was over 80% of control. In the spermatozoa test compared to control, more than 50% of the test spermatozoa cells showed motility. In addition to reactive dyes and dyed fabrics, the effects of industrial dyed and fi nished cotton fabrics were investigated in cell tests. All of the studied raw fabric materials (untreated) were nontoxic. The reactive dyed and press shrunk fabric was not toxic. The fl ame retarded cotton fabric caused little toxicity to the spermatozoa cells. Most of the knitted cotton fabrics were toxic to hepa-1 and HaCaT cells with the exception that the yellow fabric extract was not toxic to HaCaT cells neither was the red fabric extract toxic to the hepa-1 cells. The other knitted fabric extracts affected the viability of the cells less than 80% compared to control. These results show that cell tests are suitable for studies into the toxicity of textile dyes and fabrics but different cell models should be used in these evaluations. The in vitro bioassays provide information which will help in the development of less harmful textile processes and products. Klemola, Kaisa. Textile toxicity: Cytotoxicity and spermatozoa motility inhibition resulting from reactive dyes and dyed fabrics. Kuopio University Publications C. Natural and Environmental Sciences 241. 2008. 67 p. ISBN 978-951-27-0979-3 ISBN 978-951-27-1094-2 (PDF) ISSN 1235-0486 Universal Decimal Classifi cation: 667.281, 677.027.423.5 National Library of Medicine Classifi cation: QV 235, QV 602, QV 627, QV 663, WA 465, QY 95 Medical Subject Headings: Textiles/toxicity; Cotton Fiber; Coloring Agents/toxicity; Azo Compounds/toxicity; Flame Retardants/toxicity; Spermatozoa; Sperm Motility; Toxicity Tests; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Cell Survival; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Biological Assay; In Vitro