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Farmers' participatory integrated management of foliar diseases of groundnut

Late leaf spot (LLS) caused by Phaeoisariopsis personata [(Berk and Curt) v. Arx = Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton] and rust caused by Puccinia arachidis (Speg.) are the two most destructive fungal foliar diseases of groundnut worldwide. Together, these two diseases can cause more than 50% yield loss in groundnut in many countries. Foliar disease management in groundnut often involves indiscriminate use of chemicals or total reliance on host plant resistance (HPR). On-station experiments on integrated disease management (IDM) at ICRISAT-Patancheru, India, have clearly demonstrated that when moderate levels of HPR are combined with seed treatment and affordable levels of chemical control, expected yields and economic returns are higher than obtained with chemical control of susceptible genotypes. We evaluated the performance of this combination in on-farm farmer-participatory research. The groundnut genotypes were ICGV 89104, ICGV 91114, TMV 2 and a local cultivar. Thirty farmers from Anantapur, Kurnool, and Nalgonda districts in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, conducted the experiments during the 1995 and 1996 rainy seasons. Local agronomic practices were followed. Experiments were conducted under both high disease pressure [nonintegrated disease management (non-IDM) i.e. natural] and low disease pressure [integrated disease management (IDM), i.e. seed treatment and fungicide, chlorothalonil sprayed once at 60 days after sowing, d.a.s.]. The severities of LLS and rust on test genotypes were significantly lower than on TMV 2 and the local cultivar up to 65 d.a.s. The increase in pod yield over the local cultivar and TMV 2 in IDM plots was 60% in ICGV 89104, and 55% in ICGV 91114. Farmers preferred these two genotypes because of their close phenotypic similarity to the local cultivar. Our studies also suggest that any technology developed for groundnut should offer a clear yield and foliar disease resistance advantage over farmers' current practices.