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Clinical Usefulness of the 2010 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Revised Breakpoints for Cephalosporin Use in the Treatment of Bacteremia Caused by Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp.

We investigated the clinical usefulness of the revised 2010 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Of 2,623 patients with bacteremia caused by E. coli or Klebsiella spp., 573 who had been treated appropriately with cephalosporin based on the CLSI 2009 guidelines were enrolled. There were no differences in the rates of treatment failure or mortality between the appropriately and inappropriately treated groups according to the CLSI 2010 guidelines. Additionally, in the matched case-control analysis, the treatment failure rate was higher in bacteremic patients with extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing but cephalosporin-susceptible organisms than in those with ESBL-nonproducing isolates when patients with urinary tract infections were excluded (44% and 0%, resp., P = 0.026). In patients with bacteremia caused by E. coli or Klebsiella spp., the revised CLSI 2010 guidelines did not lead to poorer outcomes. However, ESBL production appeared to be associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with bacteremia from sources other than the urinary tract.


Introduction
In January 2010, revised cephalosporin breakpoints were published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) ( Table 1) [1]. These new breakpoints were determined using the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobial agents and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions for relevant organisms [2,3]. However, there were limited clinical data to support the efficacy of these new guidelines [4,5]. On adhering to the CLSI 2010 guidelines, carbapenems will most likely be used as alternative antimicrobial agents owing to an increase in cephalosporin resistance, which will result in an increase in carbapenem administration [6]. Additionally, routine testing for extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) is no longer considered necessary before reporting susceptibility profiles that guide clinical management [1]. However, whether ESBL testing is important to ensure appropriate therapy [7] and to document local ESBL prevalence data, so that empiric therapy is as targeted as possible [8], is a matter of debate.
Therefore, we investigated the clinical usefulness of the revised breakpoints in the CLSI 2010 guidelines for the treatment of bacteremia caused by Enterobacteriaceae, specifically Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., compared with the CLSI 2009 guidelines.

Subjects and Study Design.
We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the CLSI 2010 guidelines for the treatment of bacteremia and December 2010 at Severance Hospital, a tertiary-care teaching hospital with more than 2000 beds. The patients who were appropriately treated with extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or cefpiramide) were included and divided into 2 groups based on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy according to the CLSI 2010 guidelines ( Figure 1). Clinical outcomes were compared between the 2 groups with respect to the class of antimicrobials used and the microbial species. Patients <18 years of age at the time of bacterial isolation and patients who received inappropriate definitive antimicrobial therapy based on the CLSI 2009 guidelines were excluded. In addition, a matched case-control study was conducted to determine the clinical usefulness of ESBL testing. The clinical outcomes of sepsis patients with ESBLproducing cephalosporin-susceptible isolates who received a cephalosporin as the appropriate definitive antimicrobial treatment as per the CLSI 2010 guidelines were compared to matched subjects with sepsis caused by ESBL-nonproducing isolates (in ratio of 1 : 2). The 2 groups were matched for age, source of infection, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score [9].
The following variables identified from medical records and the computerized database in the clinical microbiology laboratory were assessed: age, gender, underlying disease, predisposing conditions, possible route of infection, laboratory data at the time of bacteremia onset and 72 hours after definitive antimicrobial therapy, results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, antimicrobial regimen, severity of illness as determined by the SOFA score, and clinical outcome. The primary outcome measures were treatment failure and allcause 28-day mortality rate. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Severance Hospital (IRB #4-2010-0522), and the need for written informed consent from all participants was waived by the approving IRB.

2.2.
Definitions. Significant bacteremia was defined as isolation of E. coli or Klebsiella spp. in ≥1 separately obtained blood culture and the presence of clinical features compatible with fever and sepsis syndrome [10]. Hospital-acquired bacteremia was defined as a positive blood culture taken from a patient who demonstrated clinical evidence of infection ≥48 hours after admission [11]. The route of infection was determined based on isolation of the organism from the presumed entry point in conjunction with clinical evaluation [12]. Septic shock was defined as sepsis associated with evidence of organ hypoperfusion and either a systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg or >30 mmHg less than baseline or required use of a vasopressor to maintain adequate blood pressure [13]. All underlying diseases, including cardiovascular disease, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, and chronic lung disease, were defined according to the International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision [14]. The Charlson index was used to assess the burden of chronic disease [15]. Definitive antimicrobial therapy was defined as antimicrobial therapy that began or continued on the day that the antibiogram results were reported to the clinicians, which was not later than 120 h after the initial positive blood sample had been drawn [16]. Susceptibility to cephalosporins was defined as in vitro susceptibility to cefotaxime or ceftazidime. Antimicrobial therapy was considered appropriate if the treatment regimen included antibiotics that were susceptible [16] and the dosage and route of antimicrobial administration were in accordance with current standards of care and their renal function [1,17]. Treatment failure was defined as persistent fever, septic shock, or bacteremia 72 hours after starting definitive antimicrobial therapy [16]. Death was considered to be related to bacteremia if the patient died within 28 days after receiving treatment, unless clinical data clearly suggested that death was due to another cause.

Microbiological Tests.
Isolates were identified using one of two conventional biochemical methods: ATB 32 GN or VITEK 2 systems (bioMerieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France). Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the disc-diffusion method or a VITEK-2 N131 card (bioMerieux, Hazelwood, MO, USA). The results were interpreted according to the CLSI 2009 and 2010 guidelines [1,17]. ESBL production was determined using a double-disk potentiation test with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefotaxime, ceftazidime, or cefepime or by positive results for ESBL on using the VITEK-2 N131 card.

Statistical Analysis.
Student's t-tests were used to compare continuous variables, and 2 or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. All values were two-sided, and values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

Baseline Characteristics and Microbiologic Data of the
Subjects. Of the 2,623 patients with E. coli or Klebsiella spp. bacteremia, 573 patients were eligible for this study ( Figure 1). Table 2 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. The median age was 65.5 years (range, 24-92 years), and 50.8% of the subjects were men. Of the 573 cases of bacteremia, 81.7% were community acquired, 18.3% were hospital acquired, 45.9% were associated with underlying malignancy, and 29.5% were associated with diabetes mellitus. The most frequent cause of sepsis was pancreatobiliary infection (46.6%), followed by urinary tract infection (UTI) (28.6%) and primary bacteremia (9.4%). The numbers of isolated E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were 360 (62.8%) and 213 (37.2%), respectively. Of these isolates, 1.7% (10/573) were ESBL producers.  Table 3 shows the clinical characteristics and outcomes of these patients. Treatment with cephalosporin was considered to be inappropriate by the CLSI 2010 guidelines in 53 (53/353, 15.0%) and 38 (38/210, 18.1%) patients with identified E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates, respectively. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups of appropriately treated and inappropriately treated patients, according to the 2010 guidelines. Treatment failure rates did not differ significantly between the appropriately and inappropriately treated groups as well (10.3% and 15.1% for E. coli ( = 0.308), resp.; 14.0% and 23.7% for Klebsiella spp. ( = 0.136), resp.). Additionally, there were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of 28-day mortality rates (2.7% and 7.5% for E. coli ( = 0.089), resp.; 8.7% and 2.6% for Klebsiella spp. ( = 0.315), resp.).

Matched Case-Control Study of Patients Treated with a Cephalosporin as an Appropriate Definitive Antimicrobial
Treatment under the Revised CLSI Guidelines. In patients treated with a cephalosporin as appropriate definitive antimicrobial therapy according to the revised CLSI 2010 guidelines, a total of 10 patients with ESBL-producing isolates were identified (Table 4). There were no significant differences between the ESBL-producing and ESBL-nonproducing groups in baseline characteristics ( Table 5). The treatment failure rate in the ESBL-producing group was 30.0% (3/10), while 10.0% (2/20) of the ESBL-nonproducing group failed in treatment ( = 0.300). Additionally, there were no significant differences between the ESBL-producing and -nonproducing groups in 28-day mortality rates (10% [1/10] versus 5% [1/20], = 1.000). We conducted a subgroup analysis of the matched case controls excluding patients with UTIs. The case group included 7 patients with ESBL-producing isolates that were matched according to age, origin of infection, and SOFA score with ESBL-nonproducing isolates (1 : 2 ratio) ( Table 5). The treatment failure rates were 42.9% (3/7) and 0.0% (0/14) in the ESBL-producing and ESBL-nonproducing groups, respectively ( = 0.026). However, the 28-day mortality rates were not significantly different between the groups (14.3%

Discussion
In our study, the use of the revised CLSI 2010 guidelines did not lead to poorer clinical outcomes for patients treated with cephalosporins for E. coli and Klebsiella spp. bacteremia, compared with the CLSI 2009 guidelines. This is despite the fact that the revised breakpoints for extended-spectrum cephalosporins in the CLSI 2010 guidelines were likely to result in lower susceptibility rates and, in particular, routine testing for ESBL was no longer considered necessary, which led to our hypothesis that the revised guidelines would lead to poorer outcomes than the previous guidelines.
A recent study evaluating the effects of the clinical breakpoint changes in the revised CLSI 2010 guidelines on antibiotic susceptibility test reporting of gram-negative bacilli [6] reported no significant changes in the antibiotic susceptibility rates of E. coli or Klebsiella spp. to third-generation cephalosporins. Further, the majority of the changes that occurred were shifts from "susceptible" to "intermediate" susceptibility, indicating that, in fact, there may be little change in microbiologic susceptibility with the 2010 revised breakpoints.
Despite a lack of statistical significance in the present study, there were potentially clinically significant changes in outcomes. For example, in patients with bacteremia caused by ESBL-nonproducing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. treated with a cephalosporin according to the new CLSI breakpoints, the 28-day mortality rates, based on the appropriateness of treatment, were 2.7% (appropriate) and 7.5% (inappropriate) for E. coli and 8.7% (appropriate) and 2.6% (inappropriate) for Klebsiella spp. However, these results may have been influenced by fewer occurrences at the endpoints. Additionally, in regards to treatment failure, if the whole series is considered, a higher proportion of patients inappropriately treated failed (18.6% [17/91] versus 11.6% [55/472], = 0.07). Thus, even if there was no statistically significant association between appropriateness of therapy and clinical failure, there was a trend towards significance between them.
The revised CLSI guidelines suggest that, with the new breakpoints, routine ESBL testing is no longer necessary before reporting results that will guide clinical management [1]. In this study, we also found that, in patients treated with a cephalosporin as the appropriate definitive antimicrobial therapy under the revised CLSI 2010 guidelines, ESBL production did not influence clinical outcomes in patients with E. coli and Klebsiella spp. bacteremia. However, many investigators still debate whether ESBL testing is important to increase the probability of success [7]. In addition, when we excluded patients with UTIs as the source of bacteremia, the treatment failure rate was significantly higher in the group with bacteremia due to ESBL-producing isolates than in the group with bacteremia due to ESBL-nonproducing isolates. Thus, our data suggest that ESBL testing may be considered for patients with bacteremia from sources other than UTI. This supports previous reports that have shown that patients with susceptible MICs and ESBL-producing isolates frequently experienced antimicrobial treatment failure [5,18,19] and that, in bacteremic patients with ESBL-producing isolates, UTI was an independent determinant of reduced mortality rates [20].
Our study has certain limitations. First, the sample of patients with E. coli and Klebsiella spp. bacteremia in this study was collected from a single center; this may limit the generalizability of the results to other centers. Second, as in all retrospective studies, there is potential for bias and inaccurate data collection. Third, despite a large initial study sample, subanalysis was conducted in a small sample of patients. Further prospective studies conducted in multiple centers with larger samples are necessary to appraise the clinical usefulness of the revised CLSI breakpoints. In addition, the appropriateness of the initial empirical antimicrobials could have had an influence on the clinical outcomes of this study. However, because 1.2% (6/482) of the appropriate definitive antimicrobials had inappropriate empirical antimicrobials and only 3.3% (3/91) of the inappropriate definitive antimicrobials had appropriate empirical antimicrobials, we think that the initial empirical antimicrobials were likely to have little influence on the clinical outcomes in this study. Lastly, in our hospital, antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the disc-diffusion method only until May 2009, and since then, MICs were measured and reported by using VITEK-2 system. Thus, we were not able to describe the distribution of the MICs of organisms.

Conclusions
In conclusion, in patients with bacteremia caused by E. coli or Klebsiella spp., treatment according to the revised CLSI 2010 guideline did not lead to poorer outcomes, compared  to treatment according to the CLSI 2009 guideline. However, ESBL production appeared to be associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with bacteremia from sources other than the urinary tract.