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Synaptic phospholipids and proteins are increased in gerbil brain by administering uridine plus docosahexaenoic acid orally

We examined effects on brain phosphatides and synaptic proteins of giving circulating phosphatide precursors to gerbils. Alzheimer's Disease brains contain fewer and smaller synapses, and reduced levels of synaptic proteins and membrane phosphatides. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), requires three circulating precursors: choline; a pyrimidine (e.g., uridine, converted via UTP to brain CTP); and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We found that consuming these precursors alone or, especially, in combination substantially increased membrane phosphatide and synaptic protein levels in brains of gerbils. Animals received, daily for 4 weeks, a diet containing choline (50 mg/kg) plus a uridine source (UMP; 250 mg/kg), and/or DHA (300 mg/kg) given by gavage. Uridine and choline alone, or DHA alone, significantly elevated brain PC, by 12% (P<0.05) or 22% (P<0.01); the increase caused by the combination – 45% (P<0.001) – was greater than additive. Other major phospholipids also increased significantly (by 40–72%); smaller elevations were seen after 1 or 3 weeks. The combination also increased the neurite neurofibrillar proteins – NF‐70 and NF‐M – by 102% (P<0.001) and 48% (P<0.01); the synapse‐associated protein PSD‐95 by 40% (P<0.01); and synapsin by 40% (P<0.001). Hence consuming the phosphatide precursors may increase synaptic membranes. The precursors probably act by increasing the substrate saturation of enzymes that initiate their incorporation into PC, and possibly by UTP‐mediated activation of P2Y receptors. If these precursors similarly affect synaptic membranes in Alzheimer brains they might be useful in treating this disease.