{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014716187806587245, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0161177295024527, 'mean_word_length': 5.208695652173913, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Mosquito transmission modulates the immune response in mice infected with the L3 of Brugia pahangi

Mice infected by syringe inoculation with the L3 of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi generate a strong Th2 response. In this study we compared immune responses in mice infected via syringe with those infected by mosquito transmission of L3. Levels of antigen‐specific IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10 were significantly reduced in mice infected via mosquito. A possible explanation of these results was that mice infected via mosquito received fewer L3 than those infected via syringe. To investigate this possibility, mice were infected with different numbers of L3 (50, 25 or 10). Howere there was no difference in responses in these animals, suggesting that the reduced immune reactivity in mice infected by mosquito cannot be solely ascribed to exposure to lower numbers of parasites. These results also demonstrate that the L3 is an extremely potent stimulus for Th2 differentiation, with 10 L3 sufficient to drive a strong Th2 response. The differences in immune reactivity between syringe and mosquito infected mice may relate to the presence of immuno‐suppressive factors in mosquito saliva inoculated at the time of transmission or may reflect the interaction of L3 with different populations of antigen presenting cells in the two groups of mice. Further studies will be required to differentiate between these possibilities.