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Visigothic Division and Muslim Preservers of Order

A History of Early al-Andalus: The Akhbar Majmu’a is an anonymous anthology of texts ranging from the eighth to the eleventh century. Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭīya is a collection of the teachings of the Ibn al-Qūṭīya (895977), a descendant of the Visigothic King Witiza. The manuscripts of these texts are bound together, and they represent some of the earliest versions of the legend of Rodrigo and Florinda (James 4). The seventh to eleventh centuries were a period of transition in Arab culture where written communication slowly gained equal footing with oral transmissions (Sayeed 108). Earlier, oral traditions had been considered more reliable than written ones because of the value of face-to-face communication and the prestige this lent to the information (Sayeed 88). As a result, the fact that the manuscripts are several centuries removed from their original sources does not undermine their value. These two sources describe the conquest of Hispania from a Muslim point of view with the rhetorical purpose of legitimizing Umayyad control of al-Andalus. Originally, the Umayyads had created a caliphal regime based in Damascus beginning in AD 661/Hijri 41. However, in AD 750/Hijri 132, the Iraqi ‘Abbasids rebelled against the Syrian Umayyads. Their uprising gained widespread support due to tensions over the unequal treatment given to new converts, the heavy taxes imposed on non-Arabs, and the use of public funds to purchase land that was only given to Umayyad supporters instead of being more equally divided among the different tribes (Marín-Guzman 73-75). The ‘Abbasids managed to kill all but one of the Umayyad princes, ‘Abd al-Rahmān I. He escaped Damascus, made his way to Africa, and eventually entered al-Andalus in AD 756/Hijri 138. ‘Abd al-Rahmān I and his successors ruled al-Andalus as emirs until, in the tenth century, ‘Abd al-Rahmān III declared himself caliph. By this time, the ‘Abbasid’s power had weakened, and the African Fatimids had also declared their own caliphate. ‘Abd al-Rahmān III