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Further observations on the distribution of cytoplasmic substances among the cleavage cells in Lymnaea stagnalis.

The period of development from the 4th cleavage to the 24-cell stage was studied. Both during 4th and 5th cleavage a wave of mitosis passes over the egg from the vegetative to the animal pole. At 5th cleavage it does not spread over the cells of the first quartet, however, and cell division stops for 3 h at the 24-cell stage. Nucleoli are now formed in the interphase nuclei, and many of them are extruded whole into the cytoplasm. After 5th cleavage the cleavage cavity is gradually reduced and finally disappears altogether. All cells then extend towards the centre of the egg. In this process one of the macromeres (3D) finally becomes preponderant, gets a central position and applies itself against the inner side of the animal cells. This is preceded by a period of seemingly haphazard variation in macromere positions. Lipid globules and mitochondria accumulate in the central parts of the first quartet cells. The special cytoplasm (SCA-plasm) found in the most vegetative part of the macromeres at the 8-cell stage is distributed among the cells at the next cleavages. Part of it passes into the 2nd micromeres, another part into the 3rd micromeres, while the rest remains concentrated in the vegetative part of the macromeres around the vegetative cross-furrow. At this place coarse dark composite granules, of a special kind and very rich in RNA, become visible at the 16-cell stage. At the 24-cell stage they begin to move inwards along the cell walls, and finally condense into the compact RNA-rich ‘ectosomes’ at the central ends of the macromeres. The significance of the SCA-plasm and of the ‘ectosomes’ for the determination of dorsoventrality in Lymnaea is discussed.