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Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich . Volume 2, Revolution and Reaction, 1830–1838. By Alan J. Reinerman. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1989. viii + 429 pp. $49.95.

Thomas Moore's The Loves of the Angels: A Poem. Helpfully, Shadduck includes in the appendix texts of Croly and Moore (the latter in its controversial first edition of 1823), and well as a fragment in this same subgenre, A Poem on the World Before the Flood, the posthumous publication of another hymnwriter, the Anglican Bishop of Calcutta, Reginald Heber. The appearance of this squad of "amorous angels" in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century raises provocative questions for students of religion and culture as well as for literary historians, and Shadduck takes them up and suggests plausible answers. For readers not tuned into early nineteenth century literary history, the five earlier chapters, which examine the antecedents and analyze the reception of the poems, are more accessible and helpful than the five concluding chapters, each focusing on a close reading of one of the poems. In the early chapters Shadduck delineates the contemporary cultural factors (among them, theological trends, geological discoveries, and economic changes) that combined to call forth this early form of "popular literature." A brief history of angelology follows, touching on relevant canonical and noncanonical texts and their interpretation in Christian, rabbinic, and even Koran sources, particularly as filtered through the theological and literary works of English writers from the seventeenth century onward. She then elaborates the controversy provoked when her poets took up biblical material and imaginatively enlarged upon it, notwithstanding the near canonical status that Milton's expansions of the Genesis story in Paradise Lost had by then achieved. The fourth chapter reports on the mixed reviews the poems received in England; and the fifth notes and attempts to explain the peculiar success gained by Byron's and Moore's poems in France. Readers looking for a closer analysis of each poem may consult the concluding five chapters; and the completely uninitiated can get some sense of the actual poetry by dipping into Moore's, Croly's, and Heber's work in the appendix.