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Brain, Language, and Environment

Research results from seemingly unrelated domains are converging on an aspect of human behavior that will be of critical interest to cognitive neuroscientists in the next century: the intimate interaction of brain, language, and environment. Our principal argument is that brain–language relations cannot be fully understood absent an understanding of the reciprocal influences of the environment on brain–language relations and brain–language relations on the environment. We predict that future research in the cognitive neuroscience of language will, of necessity, include this new domain of theoretical relevance—the mutual influence, that is, the dynamic interaction, of the neurally based rules of linguistic grammar and the neurally based rules of social interaction, which we call the ‘‘social grammar.’’ The present paper provides evidence from the following sources to support our prediction: language learning, theory of mind, behavioral neurology, and sociolinguistics. The most obvious example of the influence of environment on language is in the learning of one’s first language. The social context in which one learns a first language obviously influences what one learns. (For example,