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War and Diplomacy in East and West: A Biography of Józef Retinger . By M.B.B. Biskupski. Routledge Studies in Modern History. New York: Routledge, 2017. xiv, 322 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $149.95, hard bound.

methodologies, scopes of interest, and ways of presenting their findings. Some data appear in more than one chapter and (occasionally) some contradict one another. A reader might wish better coordination and a clearer structure for this part. The texts are well-researched, with the exception of the one dealing with the Częstochowa region, which in fact is a personal testimony of Jarosław Kapsa rather than a scholarly work and would fit better in the third part of the book. The second part are “the sources,” the various documents created in the period of 1976–89. Selection criteria are not provided. The detailed story of a week-long printing process of one publication by Jan Walc can be read as a thriller, while a publishing guide that introduced prospective underground printers to the technical secrets of the job must be hard to comprehend for readers rooted in twenty-first century consumer society. The last narrative part consists of oral interviews collected after the collapse of the communist regime. Its main chapter is the transcript of a talk with the leading figures of the Polish “duplicator underground.” The structure of those two non-academic parts is also not entirely clear and repetitions are even more frequent. New testimonies do not bring too many new findings, but often refer to the same few details that have already been discussed by scholars (such as the controversies over the decision to go to duplicators instead of just using typing machines, or about the first duplicator smuggled to Lublin). First-hand experiences are interesting, and personal accounts enliven the narrative. As a Polish historian, I have no problem understanding the Polish terms used in the book (from bibuła [illegal publications] to bhp [safety rules] and pasta bhp [handwashing detergent]) or grasping the details of life in Poland under communism. I am concerned that these issues might be less obvious to international readers, however, and the clarifications provided by the authors may not suffice. Some Polish terms and phenomena are explained in footnotes or in appendices but this is done quite inconsistently. The use of English is another issue. Apparently, most texts were originally written in Polish. The translation is uneven and in some chapters Polish grammatical and vocabulary structures prevail. The book is a good means to introduce the Polish independent publishing movement to international historiography despite the fact that it is written from the Polish point of view. The authors take it for granted that readers are familiar with the realities of Poland in the period of 1976–89 and focus on local issues. Explanatory parts are few and far between. The international context hardly exists. There are some nonPolish bibliographical references and not all the authors are Polish, but in general the Duplicator Underground presents the Polish perspective.