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Human episodic memory retrieval is accompanied by a neural jump back in time

Cognitive psychologists have long hypothesized that experiences are encoded in a temporal context that changes gradually over time. When an episodic memory is retrieved, the state of context is recovered—a jump back in time. We recorded from single units in the MTL of epilepsy patients performing an item recognition task. The population vector changed gradually over minutes during presentation of the list. When a probe from the list was recollected, the population vector reset to the neighborhood of the original presentation of that probe during study—a neural “jump back in time”. Probes that were not recollected did not cause a jump back in time. These results constitute the first direct evidence that recollection of an episodic memory in humans is associated with recovery of a gradually-changing state of temporal context—a neural “jump-back-in-time” that parallels the act of remembering.