{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03393546124166959, 'fraction_numerical': 0.020782181690634866, 'mean_word_length': 5.158207343412527, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 1, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
LOCAL THERAPY WITH IMIQUIMOD AS A POSSIBLE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF VULVAR INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS

Imiquimod is a local immunomodulator with antiviral effects. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a chronic precancerous condition of the skin of the vulva, with different malignant potential and clinical course. The aim of the paper was to determine therapeutic effects of Imiquimod in treating different types and grades of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasms. The study enrolled 17 patients with vulvar pre-cancerous conditions of different grade and histological type. The patients were treated with combined medical therapy oral systemic immunomo-dulatory and antiviral drug - inosine acedoben dimepranol and 5% Imiquimod cream locally applied to the lesion area using cotton swabs. Complete remision (CR) had 41.18% of patients, partial remission (PR) was seen in 47.06%, and 11.76% of patients had no response (NR). Out of these patients, response distribution for usual type was: CR 80%, 20% NR, and for differentiated type the response distribution was: 8.3% NR, 66.67% PR, while 25% of patients had CR. The use of imiquimod for conservative treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a beneficial alternative to surgical treatment. The best results of imiquimod treatment are achiev- ed in younger patients with usual type of vulvar neoplasia, while the treatment effects are limited to partial response in older patients with differentiated VIN. Acta Medica Medianae 2019;58(1):05-10.


Introduction
Imiquimod is a local immunomodulator with antiviral effects. Its application has been approved for the topical treatment of vulvar skin disorders and local manifestations of vulvar human papilloma virus (HPV) infections (condylomas) by the US "Food and Drug Administration" (FDA). Recommended duration of the treatment is 12-20 weeks, with colposcopic examinations at intervals of 4-6 weeks.
Imiquimod effects are demonstrated as an increase in the number of immune cells: CD1+ dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells and CD94+ natural killer cells, present not only in the area of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), but also in healthy surrounding tissue where skip lesions may be present. Therapeutic response rate is 73%, with complete remission in 35%, and partial remission in 38% of patients (1).
This drug modifies immune response by activating Toll-like receptors (TLR)-7 and TLR-8 cascade. It affects superficial receptors of immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells inducing their maturation and activation. Activated dendritic cells produce cytokines, mediators that activate T-cell immune response which is believed to be directly responsible for HPV 16 elimination.
Imiquimod possesses a direct pro-apoptotic activity against tumour cells and antiviral activity against HPV. Therapeutic efficacy of imiquimod can be seen not only in the area of VIN, but also in adjacent areas where skip lesions may be present. Such an extended immunological reaction and immune-stimumulating effects that are present even after cessation of Imiquimod application are certainly one of the reasons for lower rate of recurrence in comparison to surgical treatment (2,3).
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a chronic precancerous condition of the skin of the vulva, with different malignant potential and clinical course. VIN demonstrates a proliferation of abnormal keratinocytes of the vulvar epidermis without invasion of the basement membrane.
In the last 100 years there have been many changes in the classification of vulvar pathological conditions due to different etiopathogenic pathways. In 1967 Richart proposed the term 'intraepithelial neoplasia' for the classification of cervical conditions, and in 1982 Crum used the term not only for lesions of the cervix, but also for vulvar lesions. In 1986 International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD) introduced the term 'vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia' which was graded as VIN I, II and III (4).
The College of American Pathologists (CAP) and American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) published the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) guidelines in 2012, by which all HPV lesions involving the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, perineum and penis are classified into two groups: 1. low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 2. high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).
LSIL is equivalent to uVIN I, and HSIL involves uVIN II and III. The World Health Organization (WHO) and ISSVD in 2014 and 2015 respectively accepted this classification with addition of differentiated VIN as separate category (5).
Characteristics of VIN, usual type (uVIN), are: • It occurs in young women in the third and fourth decades of life, more commonly in female smokers and immunosuppressive ones with multiple sexual partners; • Low malignant potential (3 -5%); • 9% of the untreated and 3.3% of treated uVIN cases progress to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma cancer (VSCC) (6); • Asymptomatic or present with itching and dysuria; • It is manifested as erythematous macules or papules, verrucous plaques; about 10% of the lesions may be pigmented, and approximately 66 % lesions are multifocal (7).
Differentiated VIN (dVIN) is less common, accounting for 2 to 10 % of all VIN.
• In older patient it may be associated with chronic dermatoses, lichen, chronic oxidative stress and ischemia; • Clinical manifestations more commonly involve unifocal grey-white lesion that may be in the form of rough, vaguely defined, nodular white plaques, or red lesions and ulcerations; • HPV negativity (only 28.6% of VSCC cases are HPV positive) -alternative mechanism of etiopathogenesis (8); • High malignant potential: 32.8% dVIN and 5.7% uVIN progress to VSCC. About 23.7% uVIN and 85.7% dVIN are present prior or at the time of VSCC diagnosis (9); •In 86.7% of uVIN cases HPV has been found positive, and HPV type 16 has been detected in 77.2% of cases (10); •18 -52% of patients have associated lesions at other anogenital locations (11).

Aim of the paper
The aim of the paper was to determine therapeutic effects of Imiquimod in treating different types and grades of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasms.

Patients and methods
This paper gives initial results of a larger, prospective study that investigates medical management of VIN. The study enrolled 17 patients with vulvar pre-cancerous conditions of different grade and histological type.
The patients in our study were treated with combined medical therapy -oral systemic immunomodulatory and antiviral drug -inosine acedoben dimepranol 50 tablets of 500 mg, 3 x 2 tablets daily and 5% Imiquimod cream locally applied to the vulvar lesion site and to healthy skin within 1cm of the lesion using cotton swabs once daily, late in the evening, three times a week (every second day) for 12 weeks, with regular vulvoscopic evaluation every 4 weeks.
Side effects of the medical therapy applied in this study were mild, including mild skin irritation, itching and burning. These symptoms disappeared after the completion of the treatment and during the treatment the intensity of side effects was tolerable, so the cessation or a decrease in the number of application was not required.
All the patients underwent HPV typing prior to medical treatment. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of good clinical practice and ethical standards of scientific research. All the patients signed informed consent to participate in the study.
Statistical data analysis was performed with SPSS version 15.0 statistics software package.

Results
Therapeutic response was described as complete response (CR), partial response (PR) with minimum reduction of 25%, and no response (NR) category for the patients with no improvement and no therapy response.
All the patients from the first age group were HPV positive, and those from the second age group were HPV negative. Table 1 illustrates the number of patients according to the age groups and therapeutic response.
Statistical significance was tested by χ 2 test, the results are shown in the Graph 1 (χ 2 = 6.335, p = 0.38 (p < 0.05)).  The results obtained demonstrate that a total of 41.18% of patients achieved CR, PR was seen in 47.06%, and 11.76% of patients had no response. Out of these patients, response distribution for usual type was: CR 80%, 20% NR, and for differentiated type the response distribution was: 8.3% NR, 66.67% PR, while 25% of patients had CR.

Discussion
Radical surgical intervention -simplex vulvectomy -was used in treating VIN from early 1960s until 1970s. Such a surgical treatment resulted in severe psychological, physiological and sexual impairments. After assessing etiopathogenesis and clini-cal course of VIN, some less aggressive surgical treatments became available, such as local excision, laser ablation, photodynamic treatment, or medical treatment with "topical imiquimod and cidofovir". Conservative non-surgical treatment is performed only in patients with no evidence of invasive disease (12).
The excision includes the margins of 0.5 to 1cm of normal skin tissue without visible disease with scalpel, laser, or electrosurgical excision and is related to differentiated type of VIN, as well as to all the patients with VIN with suspected invasive disease, multifocal changes and immunocompromised patients. The recurrence rate is higher in these patients and ranges between 20% and 40%, with psychosexual dysfunction commonly reported (13).
The result of excision margins from the healthy skin is a significant prognostic and therapeutic parameter important for treatment outcomes. The percentage of positive margins after surgical excision is high and ranges from 24-68%. The reason for such a high percentage should be sought in nonspecific clinical manifestation of VIN, undefined margins of the pathological process of the skin of the vulva, and subclinical manifestation of HPV infection in the surrounding tissue. A recurrence rate over 50% was registered in treated patients with positive surgical margins (14). Medical treatment is usually reserved for usual type of HPV positive VIN. Apart from imiquimod, antiviral drugs such as cidofovir, indole-3-carbinol, 5-fluorouracil, interferon-α/γ, podophyllotoxin, inosine acedoben dimepranol are also used. Recurrence rate of 9% was registered in patients with complete response to imiquimod, 17% after local excision, 23 -40% after laser ablation. Generally speaking, the percentage of recurrences of VIN after imiquimod cream treatment is lower than after surgical excision (15% vs 42%). Side effects of the treatment are fewer with topical immunomodulators and include local irritation, burning, redness, or rarely systemic adverse effect such as headache (15).

Conclusion
The use of imiquimod for conservative treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a beneficial alternative to surgical treatment.
The best results of imiquimod treatment are achieved in younger patients with usual type of vulvar neoplasia, while the treatment effects are limited to partial response in older patients with differentiated VIN.
Further larger investigations are mandatory for the implementation of the drug into standard administration procedure regarding the therapeutic approach for certain histological types of VIN.
Side effects of imiquimod are mild and withdraw soon after cessation of treatment.