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The paramagnetic Meissner effect in superconductors at 40 G and flux trapping

The paramagnetic Meissner effect (PME) has been observed in superconductors at 40 G. The origin of the effect has been considered on the basis of the local oxygen variation which implies non-superconducting or lower- regions embedded inside the higher- layers of superconducting (SC) grains or portions. These shell-like varying- SC layers in turn apparently create `cumulatively compressed flux trapping' and hence the PME. The exhibition of PME seemingly depends on the type of defect as well as their density.