{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.021517996870109544, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009937402190923319, 'mean_word_length': 5.003287928604979, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Awareness and beliefs towards organ donation in chronic kidney disease patients in western India

Introduction: There is a wide discrepancy between demand for and availability of donor organs for organ transplantation. There is no study on awareness about organ donation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in India. Objectives: To study the awareness and beliefs towards organ donation in CKD patients on hemodialysis in western India. Patients and Methods: Authors conducted a cross sectional study among 85 CKD patients to evaluate knowledge about and attitude towards organ donation at a tertiary hospital. Results: Age of respondents ranged from 15 to 75 years. All were aware of term organ donation and cadaver donation. About 47% of people heard about organ donation through hospital or from doctor. Strikingly, radio was not the source of information to any of the respondents, despite radio being one of the most common medium of mass communication. Almost one third of patients were unaware about any legislation regarding organ donation. All respondents felt that organs should go to the needy irrespective of their religion. About 70% feel that medical colleges should make decisions about organ donation in case of unclaimed dead bodies. About 31.76% believe that there is a danger that donated organs could be misused, abused or misappropriated. Conclusion: Our study shows about 31.76% of our participants believe that there is a danger that donated organs could be misused, abused or misappropriated. There seems to be paucity of information and awareness regarding organ donation among CKD patients. Mass media, religious and political leaders may be involved to maximize awareness about organ donation.


Introduction
Organ transplantation is the preferred treatment modality for end-stage organ disease (1). It offers a better quality of life and has long-term survival benefits. Patients deemed fit for transplantation by the transplant committee often wait long for a donor organ. Inadequate supply of cadaver organs is especially vital for lung, heart and liver recipients, as these patients cannot be sustained for long on mechanical devices, unlike patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 who can be maintained on longterm dialysis. There is an increasing discrepancy between the available number of deceased donor organs and the number of patients on the waiting list for organ transplantation. Although the Indian population is well accustomed to the idea of blood donation, donation of solid organs after death continues to be in its infancy (2). There is a strong need for awareness about organ donation and its allocation policies among the general population in India along with CKD patients. One of the important factors that might contribute to this limited availability of donor organs is inadequate knowledge about the legal and procedural details of organ donation. An assessment of knowl-Introduction: There is a wide discrepancy between demand for and availability of donor organs for organ transplantation. There is no study on awareness about organ donation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in India. Objectives: To study the awareness and beliefs towards organ donation in CKD patients on hemodialysis in western India. Patients and Methods: Authors conducted a cross sectional study among 85 CKD patients to evaluate knowledge about and attitude towards organ donation at a tertiary hospital. Results: Age of respondents ranged from 15 to 75 years. All were aware of term organ donation and cadaver donation. About 47% of people heard about organ donation through hospital or from doctor. Strikingly, radio was not the source of information to any of the respondents, despite radio being one of the most common medium of mass communication. Almost one third of patients were unaware about any legislation regarding organ donation. All respondents felt that organs should go to the needy irrespective of their religion. About 70% feel that medical colleges should make decisions about organ donation in case of unclaimed dead bodies. About 31.76% believe that there is a danger that donated organs could be misused, abused or misappropriated.

Conclusion:
Our study shows about 31.76% of our participants believe that there is a danger that donated organs could be misused, abused or misappropriated. There seems to be paucity of information and awareness regarding organ donation among CKD patients. Mass media, religious and political leaders may be involved to maximize awareness about organ donation.
Original edge, attitudes and beliefs of CKD patients towards organ donation and its allocation would help to plan sensitization and increase awareness at the patient and family level and to propagate further knowledge at the community level. This is an cross-sectional study of organ donation with specific emphasis on the level of awareness, attitudes and beliefs among the CKD patients in one of the largest tertiary hospital and transplant center in western India.

Objectives
To study the awareness and beliefs towards organ donation and its allocation in CKD patients in western India.

Patients and Methods
A cross-sectional study was done among 85 CKD patients on hemodialysis in a tertiary care center in Ahmedabad city of Gujarat state of India. Ethical committee permission was obtained. Participants were randomly selected. All the selected participants gave their consent to participate in this study. Respondents were interviewed by the authors with a formulated questionnaire which was made keeping in mind the various local factors that can influence the awareness and belief about organ donation.

Ethical issues
The research followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained and the research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. HL Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC-ITS), Ahmedabad, India.

Statistical analysis
Data entry was made in Microsoft Excel in codes and analysis was done by SPSS software.

Results
Eighty-five stage 5 CKD (dialysis) patients were included in this study. Age of respondents participating in the study ranged from 15 to 75 years, maximum number of patients being in the age group of 30-45 years. Majority were males. About 82% belonged to Hindu religion. Around 60% of participants were married (Table 1).

Awareness about organ donation
All respondents were aware of the terms 'organ donation' and 'cadaver donation. '

Source of information about organ donation
About 47% of people had heard about organ donation through a hospital or from a doctor. Audiovisual media such as television (21%), radio (0%) and newspaper/magazines (14%) were other sources of information. Around 14% of people had heard through a friend or a colleague ( Table 2).

Awareness about legislation
About 35.29% patients were unaware about any concerned legislation (Table 3).

Unclaimed dead bodies
About 67% participants were of view that in case of unclaimed dead bodies, decisions about organ donation should be done by medical colleges/hospitals/doctors whereas around 24% and 4% people said that it should be done by police departments and charitable organizations respectively ( Table 4).

Fate of donated organ
About 32% respondents believed that there is a potential danger of donated organs being misused, abused or misappropriated (Table 5).

Religious factors
All respondents felt that the organs should go to the needy irrespective of their religion. About 78% respondents said that their religion allows for donation of organs which included both Hindus and Muslims ( Table 6).

Purpose of organ donation
About 92% participants said that organ donation is done to save some ones life (Table 7).

Blood donation
No participant had history of blood donation when they were healthy.

Organ donation registration
None of the respondents had registered for organ dona-

Promotion of organ donation
One hundred percent of the participants were in the favor of promoting organ donation.

Discussion
All our participants had heard about cadaveric organ donation. This can be attributed to their disease for which kidney transplant as a treatment option must have been explained to them by their treating physician. About 60% of respondents were aware of organ donation in general in a study done in Lagos, Nigeria (3). In our study, all participants felt that the cadaveric organs should go to needy recipients irrespective of their religion. This could be attributed to disease they are suffering from as they can well understand the importance of need of organ donation as compared to the general public. About 78% respondents said that their religion allows for organ donation. India is the world's most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse country. Religious beliefs and preaching have a greater impact on the attitude and behaviour of people. As per our knowledge, there is no religion which prohibits organ donation. This needs to be conveyed by religious and political leaders. All our respondents were in favor of organ donation and its promotion in the future. This is higher when compared to data from a study done in Brazil which reported that 87% of respondents were in favor of organ donation (4). In our study, 92.94% respondents said that organ donation is done for saving another human's life whereas 3.5% replied that it is done for monetary gain. About 35.29% participants were unaware about national or international law regarding organ donation. Thus, spreading awareness regarding the act that laid down the guidelines for organ transplantation in India becomes quintessential in the study region to bust any myths or prejudices about organ allocation policies. In our study, 47% of people heard about organ donation through the hospital or a doctor. Audiovisual media such as television (21%) and newspaper/magazines (14%) were other sources of information about organ donation. Strikingly, radio was not the source of information to any of the respondents who participated in this study, despite radio being one of the most common medium of mass communication in India. About 14% of people heard about organ donation through a friend or colleague. In a study by Annadurai et al, 53% of the respondents heard about organ donation from print and electronic media while 34.1% heard from health care workers (5). About 67% said that medical colleges/government institutions should make decisions about organ donation in case of unclaimed dead bodies. About 32% believed that there is a danger that donated organs could be misused, abused or misappropriated. Therefore, it becomes essential to assure people that rich or influential persons are not given any priority; in reality the organ allocation system is blind to wealth or social status. Factors such as race, gender, and income or celebrity status are never considered when determining organ recipients. The organ allocation process needs to be transparent in order to gain confidence of the people. Regarding the practice of organ donation, none of our participants had practiced voluntary blood donation when they were healthy. None of the participants had ever registered for organ donor card in the past when they were healthy. In a study on college students in India, only 2.04% of studied population were registered for organ donation (5).
In a developing country like India where there is a significant shortage of organs for transplantation, there is a strong need to conduct a campaign for increasing the awareness and practice of organ donation. The implications of this study are to emphasize the need to educate people about organ donation and its allocation policies. It can be achieved through the strong mass media campaign, proper implementation of legislation and inculcating in their routine activities regarding its importance. It also requires an organized infrastructure in place for organ procurement, preservation and transplantation, strict guidelines for ethical practice and a strong political will.

Conclusion
As we expect that affected CKD population will have more knowledge about organ donation as compared to general public, we found that even affected population has less knowledge regarding legislation of organ donation. About 32% of our participants believed that there is a danger that donated organs could be misused, abused or misappropriated. Increasing the awareness about organ donation and allocation procedures can alleviate such problems and misbeliefs. Mass media, religious and political leaders may be involved to maximize awareness about organ donation in general.

Limitations of study
Limited sample size is the limitation of the study.