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Computer Program Exchange

GEOREFis designed to impute values for missing data in a dataset. It can implement either the geometric reflection method or the distance method (Little & Rubin, 1987; Switzer, Roth & Switzer, 1998). The program requires two files, a data file and a user-created parameter file that controls the imputation/data-substitution process. The geometric reflection method and the distance method use a “donor” case to provide a substitute value for the case with the missing datum. The donor is selected by some criterion, and the donor’s value on the missing variable is substituted for the missing value. The difference between the two methods is in the criterion used to select the donor case. In geometric reflection, a donor variable is selected by finding the variable most similar to the variable with missing data, based on either theoretical implication or degree of correlation. The donor case is randomly selected from the cases withz scores equal to the negative z score of the case with missing data and the missing value is set equal to the negative of the z score of the donor case. In the distance method, a subset of variables is used to calculate the sum of squared differences (distance) between the case with the missing variable and potential donor cases. The case with the smallest distance is selected as the donor case and the missing data value is set to equal the donor value of the missing data variable. The strength of geometric reflection is its ability to deal with data missing in certain systematic patterns, e.g., when most or all of the observations in one variable are missing in the low range. The donor case is on the opposite end of the distribution at the point reflected across the mean, median, or mode, where the data is more complete.