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Glia Maturation Factor Dependent Mast Cell Activation and Calpain 1 Synergize Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss and Behavioral Deficits in an MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

The molecular mechanism mediating nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not yet fully understood. We have shown that glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein mediated mast cells activation in the dopaminergic neurodegenerations. Here, we show that deficiency of GMF (GMF‐KO) and mast cell reduces the synergistic effects of mast cell proteases and calpain 1 dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss in the SN, and STR of the midbrain leads to improves motor behavioral impairments in an MPTP mouse model of PD. The MPTP induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and astro‐glial activations were determined by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. We found that MPTP administrated wild type (Wt) mice exhibits oxidative stress by significantly increased level of MDA and activity of SOD and reduced the level of GSH and the activity of GPx when compared with both mast cell deficient (MC‐KO) and GMF‐KO mice. The number of TH‐positive neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), SN and the fibers in STR were significantly reduced and GFAP, IBA1, calpain 1 and ICAM 1 expressions were significantly increased in Wt mice. Similarly, we found that TH, DAT and VMAT2 proteins expression significantly reduced in the SN of Wt mice when compared with both the MC‐KO and GMF‐KO mice. The motor behavior in rotarod and hang test performance significantly reduced Wt mice as compared with both the MC‐KO and GMF‐KO mice. Our study shows that deficiency of GMF and mast cells protects nigrostriatal degeneration via inhibition of astro‐glial activation‐mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the MPTP mouse model of PD. These results suggest that GMF dependent mast cells activations enhances the detrimental effect of dopaminergic degeneration and its inhibition may be a beneficial therapeutic target of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with neuroinflammation, mast cell‐astro‐glial activation‐derived cell death.