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Polyaniline for improved blue energy harvesting: Highly-rectifying nanofluidic diodes operating in hypersaline conditions via one-step functionalization.

Solid-state nanochannels have attracted substantial attention of the scientific community due to the remarkable control of ionic transport and the feasibility to regulate the iontronic output by different stimuli. Most of the developed nanodevices are subjected to complex modification methods or show functional responsiveness only in moderate ionic strength solutions. Within this project, we present a nanofluidic device with enhanced ionic current rectification properties attained by simple one-step functionalization of single bullet-shaped PET nanochannels with polyaniline (PANI) able to work in high ionic strength solutions. The integration of PANI also introduces a broad pH sensitivity, which makes it possible to modulate the ionic transport behavior between anion-selective and cation-selective regimes depending on the pH range. Since PANI is an electrochemically active polymer, ionic transport becomes also dependent on the presence of redox stimuli in solution. We demonstrate that PANI-functionalized single nanochannel membranes function as an efficient salinity gradient-based energy conversion device even in acidic concentrated salt solutions, opening the door to applications under a variety of novel operating conditions.