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Waterbird-Mediated Chance-Dispersal of Fishes: a Natural Process Affecting Range of Distribution and Biogeography of Fishes

Waterbirds are considered passive dispersers of the propagules of aquatic invertebrates, by transporting them, either internally (through gut contents) or externally (adhered to feet and feathers), thus facilitating dual means of dispersal: internal dispersal or endozoochory and external dispersal or ectozoochory (Darwin, 1859; Proctor et aI., 1967). Evidences on dispersal of amphipod crustaceans, through internal transport, by waterfowl have come from the studies of Daborn (1976) and Swanson (1984). Maguire (1963) has reported the waterbird-aided transport of aquatic organisms, which adhere to the plumage of birds, thus facilitating their passive dispersal and colonization in isolated water bodies. Through one experimental study, Segerstrale (1954) established that the amphipod Gammarus lacustris (Sars) adhered to plumage of a duck could retain its hold for over 2 hours. Vagvolgyi (1975) has documented instances of small snails found attached to bird feathers, getting dispersed to far away habitats.