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The occurrence and distribution of fluoride in groundwaters of Kenya.

Water samples from 1286 boreholes from different parts of Kenya were analysed for their fluoride concentrations. The majority of the samples (61.4%) had fluoride ion concentrations above 1.0 parts per million, whilst 19.5% had above 5.0 ppm. Excess levels of fluoride were found to occur in most parts of the country, especially in the Nairobi, Rift Valley, Eastern and Central Provinces which contain approximately 59.5% of Kenya's population. The high fluoride areas tended to coincide with the geographic locations of volcanic rock in and around the Rift Valley region. It was also observed that the deeper the boreholes, the greater the tendency for higher concentration of fluoride in groundwater. The findings show that there is need to defluoridate groundwater in most regions of the country for the health of the majority of the Kenyan population if, as demanded by the increase in population, groundwater resources are to be exploited.