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Modeling trichromatic color appearance with only two spectrally distinct photopigments

Protanomaly is a common abnormality of color vision in which the long wavelength sensitive cone is lacking. Protanomalous observers are trichromatic with reduced ability to discriminate colors in the red-green part of the spectrum because the photopigments that mediate discrimination in this range are abnormally similar differing in one of two ways; first, by only a few nanometers in peak sensitivity, or second, differing only in optical density. We present a functional model that estimates the color appearance and spectral color boundaries for these two types of protanomaly. The model predicts rather similar appearance of Munsell color chips but radically different spectral color characteristics for the protanomalous observers compared to normal color observers.