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Metaplastic Regulation of CA1 Schaffer Collateral Pathway Plasticity by Hebbian MGluR1a-Mediated Plasticity at Excitatory Synapses onto Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons1,2,3

Abstract Cortical GABAergic interneurons represent a highly diverse neuronal type that regulates neural network activity. In particular, interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 oriens/alveus (O/A-INs) area provide feedback dendritic inhibition to local pyramidal cells and express somatostatin (SOM). Under relevant afferent stimulation patterns, they undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) of their excitatory synaptic inputs through multiple induction and expression mechanisms. However, the cell-type specificity of these different forms of LTP and their specific contribution to the dynamic regulation of the CA1 network remain unclear. Here we recorded from SOM-expressing interneurons (SOM-INs) in the O/A region from SOM-Cre-Ai3 transgenic mice in whole-cell patch-clamp. Results indicate that, like in anatomically identified O/A-INs, theta-burst stimulation (TBS) induced a Hebbian form of LTP dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1a (mGluR1a) in SOM-INs, but not in parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, another mainly nonoverlapping interneuron subtype in CA1. In addition, we demonstrated using field recordings from transgenic mice expressing archaerhodopsin 3 selectively in SOM-INs, that a prior conditioning TBS in O/A, to induce mGluR1a-dependent LTP in SOM-INs, upregulated LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway of pyramidal cells. This effect was prevented by light-induced hyperpolarization of SOM-INs during TBS, or by application of the mGluR1a antagonist LY367385, indicating a necessity for mGluR1a and SOM-INs activation. These results uncover that SOM-INs perform an activity-dependent metaplastic control on hippocampal CA1 microcircuits in a cell-specific fashion. Our findings provide new insights on the contribution of interneuron synaptic plasticity in the regulation of the hippocampal network activity and mnemonic processes.


Introduction
Information processing within the cerebral cortex relies on complex microcircuits of interconnected excitatory glutamatergic principal cells and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. Comprising 10 -20% of the total cortical neuronal population, GABAergic interneurons dynamically regulate neural networks by controlling the amount of excitation that neurons receive, by synchronizing their outputs and supporting brain oscillations (for review, see Mann and Paulsen, 2007;Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008). GABAergic interneurons are highly heterogeneous and multiple subtypes can be distinguished on the basis of their morphological, neurochemical, physiological, and developmental properties, which is particularly well documented in the hippocampus (Tricoire et al., 2011;Hosp et al., 2014;for review, see Freund and Buzsáki, 1996;Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008;Kepecs and Fishell, 2014).
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an activity-dependent long-lasting change of the synaptic strength and is thought to be a key element in the cellular processes of learning and memory (for review, see Kandel et al., 2014;Lynch et al., 2014). Although LTP presents relatively stereotyped mechanisms in excitatory principal neurons, several different forms of LTP have been described at excitatory synapses onto hippocampal GABAergic interneurons (Ouardouz and Lacaille, 1995;Hainmuller et al., 2014; for review, see Pelletier and Lacaille, 2008;Kullmann et al., 2012;. Particularly interesting are interneurons from the CA1 region, which have their cell body located in the stratum oriens, provide a dendritic inhibition to their pyramidal and interneuron targets and express somatostatin (SOM; also called SST; Tricoire et al., 2011;for review, see Freund and Buzsáki, 1996;Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008;Müller and Remy, 2014). Notably, NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-independent LTP, which depends on the type 1a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1a; Perez et al., 2001;Lapointe et al., 2004;Le Duigou and Kullmann, 2011) and on a postsynaptic Ca 2ϩ rise from multiple sources (Topolnik et al., 2006;Lamsa et al., 2007;Oren et al., 2009;Croce et al., 2010), has been described in interneurons from the CA1 oriens/alveus region (O/A-IN) and in SOM-expressing interneurons (SOM-INs) from the O/A region (Szabo et al., 2012). Furthermore, LTP occurrence and rules appear to be highly cell-type-specific (Perez et al., 2001;Lamsa et al., 2007;Nissen et al., 2010;Szabo et al., 2012), adding an important level of complexity in our understanding of interneuron diversity.
At the network level, hippocampal CA1 O/A-INs are mainly activated by recurrent excitation from local pyramidal cells and act in an integrator mode as they inhibit distal dendrites in proportion to the rate of the synaptic inputs (Pouille and Scanziani, 2004). Furthermore, SOM-INs have been shown to specifically and dynamically regulate input-output transformations and to gate burst firing in pyramidal cells (Lovett-Barron et al., 2012). However, although oriens-lacunosum/moleculare (OLM) cells, a subset of SOM-INs in the O/A region, inhibit the pyramidal distal dendritic tuft, they also inhibit Schaffer collateral-associated GABAergic interneurons (Leão et al., 2012). Indeed, specific activation of OLM cells promotes a disinhibition of pyramidal neurons, increasing their responsiveness to Schaffer collateral inputs, and facilitates LTP at these synapses. In addition, these cells prevent LTP in the temporo-ammonic pathway, conferring them the ability to bidirectionally modulate CA1 plasticity (Leão et al., 2012). But how long-term plasticity occurring at excitatory synapses onto SOM-INs modulates network activity of pyramidal cells remains largely unknown. mGluR1a-dependent LTP occurring at excitatory inputs onto O/A-INs increases GABAergic inhibition of principal neurons (Lapointe et al., 2004) and NMDAR-dependent LTP induced in CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons maintains the temporal fidelity of input and output signals of pyramidal cells (Lamsa et al., 2005). Beyond the proper characterization of the different forms of LTP occurring in multiple interneuron subtypes, their specific contribution to the CA1 network regulation, especially in gating of LTP at Schaffer collateral-pyramidal cell synapses, remains an open question.
In this study, we address this question, first by assessing the cell-specificity of Hebbian mGluR1a-dependent LTP in two populations of interneurons within the hippocampal CA1 area: the SOM-INs and the parvalbuminexpressing interneurons (PV-INs), using mice lines expressing Cre recombinase under the control of either the SOM or the PV promoter. We found that theta-burst stimulation (TBS) induced Hebbian mGluR1a-dependent LTP in SOM-INs in a cell-specific fashion. Next, we establish the functional significance of the SOM-IN synaptic plasticity for network activity. We uncovered that prior induction of this form of LTP at excitatory synapses onto SOM-INs upregulated LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway of CA1 pyramidal cells, establishing a cell-specific metaplastic control of the CA1 microcircuit by SOM-INs.

Materials and Methods
All animal procedures and experiments were performed in accordance with the Université de Montréal animal care committee's regulations.
Membrane properties of EYFP-labeled SOM-INs were measured in current-clamp recordings (Tricoire et al., 2011). Resting membrane potential was measured with the holding current I ϭ 0 pA immediately after break-in in whole-cell configuration. Input resistance (Rm) was measured using a linear regression of voltage deflections (Ϯ15 mV) in response to current steps of 5 pA increment (holding membrane potential Ϫ60 mV). Membrane time constant was calculated from the mean responses to 20 successive hyperpolarizing current pulses (20 pA; 400 ms) and was determined by fitting voltage responses with a single exponential function. Action potential (AP) threshold was taken as the voltage at which the slope trajectory reached 10 mV/ms, whereas AP amplitude was the difference in membrane potential between threshold and peak; these properties were measured for the first AP elicited by a depolarizing 800-ms-long current pulse just sufficient to bring the cell to threshold for AP generation. Firing frequency was calculated from the AP number during an AP train elicited by an 800-ms-long current injection at twice threshold. The sag index was determined from a series of negative current steps (800 ms duration). From the V-I plots, the peak negative voltage deflection (Vhyp) and the steady-state voltage deflection (Vsag, calculated for the last 200 ms of the current step) were used to calculate the index as the ratio Vrest Ϫ Vsag/Vrest Ϫ Vhyp, for current injections corresponding to Vsag ϭ Ϫ80 mV.
EPSCs were evoked in interneurons using constant current pulses (50 s duration) via an ACSF-filled bipolar theta-glass electrode positioned approximately 100 m lateral to the recorded cell soma. EPSCs were recorded in the presence of (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5; 50 M) and gabazine (5 M) to block NMDA and GABA A receptors, respectively. Putative single-fiber EP-SCs were evoked at 0.5 Hz using minimal stimulation (failure rate Ͼ50%). LTP was induced by three episodes (given at 30 s intervals) of TBS of afferent fibers (5 bursts each consisting of 4 pulses at 100 Hz with 250 ms interburst interval) paired with postsynaptic depolarization (5 depolarizing steps to Ϫ20 mV, 60 ms long). EPSPs were evoked at 0.1 Hz using constant current pulses (50 s duration) through a concentric bipolar Pt/Ir electrode (FHC) positioned in the stratum oriens close to the alveus, approximately 100 m lateral to the recorded cell soma. Membrane potential was held at Ϫ60 mV by constant current injection. EPSPs were evoked during a hyperpolarizing current step (5-10 mV, 0.5-1 s duration) to avoid action potential generation. LTP was induced by the same TBS protocol described above for voltage-clamp experiments, except that it was not paired with any postsynaptic depolarization or hyperpolarization. EPSPs were recorded in ACSF in the absence of the antagonists AP5 and gabazine. In some experiments, LY367385 (40 M; Tocris Bioscience) was added to the extracellular solution. EP-SCs and EPSPs were usually characterized in one cell per slice, and the different experimental conditions were interleaved. Responses were analyzed off-line using Clampfit (pClamp 10; Molecular Devices), GraphPad, and OriginPro 8. Amplitude of EPSC and EPSP (average response including failures), failure rate (failures/total stimulations), and potency (amplitude excluding failures) of EPSCs, were averaged in 5 min bins over the total 35 min period of recordings.

Field potential recordings and optogenetics
To express archaerhodopsin-3/GFP (ArChR3/GFP) in somatostatin interneurons, heterozygous SOM-IRES-Cre; ArChR3/GFP mice were obtained by crossing SOM-IRES-Cre and ArChR3/GFP Ai35 mice. For experiments with field potential recordings, transverse hippocampal slices (400 m thickness) were prepared from SOM-IRES-Cre; ArChR3/GFP mice as described above, except ice-cold oxygenated ACSF containing 1.3 mM MgSO 4 and 2.5 mM CaCl 2 . The slices were allowed to recover for at least 2 h at 32°C in ACSF, and for an additional 30 minutes at 27°-28°C while submerged in a recording chamber continuously perfused (2-2.5 ml/min) with ACSF. Field EPSPs (fEPSPs) were recorded in CA1 stratum radiatum with glass electrodes (1-2.5 M⍀) filled with ASCF. Schaffer collaterals were stimulated (0.1 ms duration; 30 sec Ϫ1 ) using a concentric bipolar tungsten stimulating electrode (FHC) placed in stratum radiatum proximal to the CA3 region. A second concentric bipolar tungsten stimulating electrode was positioned in the oriens-alveus junction proximal to the subiculum for theta-burst conditioning trains (as described above). Field potentials were recorded with a differential extracellular amplifier (Microelectrode AC Amplifier Model 1800, A-M Systems), filtered at 2 kHz, digitized at 10 kHz (Digidata 1440A), and analyzed with pClamp10 (Molecular Devices). Stimulus intensity was adjusted to elicit 50% of maximal fEPSP. fEPSP slope was measured at 10 -90% of fEPSP amplitude.
LTP was induced at CA1 Schaffer collateral synapses by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) using a train (1s duration) of 100 Hz pulses. A conditioning TBS consisting of three episodes (given at 30 s intervals) of five bursts (each consisting of four pulses at 100 Hz with 250 ms interburst interval) was applied at the oriens/alveus border to induce plasticity in SOM-INs in stratum oriens. ArChR3 was activated by illumination using a light guide positioned above the slice (590 nm yellow light, custom-made LED system). The measured LED power was 26 mW at the end of a 1 mm light guide. Data are expressed as mean Ϯ SEM.

Distribution of YFP-labeled interneurons and specific colocalization with SOM and PV
SOM-INs or PV-INs were specifically labeled by breeding Ai3-EYFP reporter mice with SOM-IRES-Cre or PV-Cre mice, respectively. The distribution of EYFP-labelled SOM-INs and PV-INs interneurons was examined by fluorescence microscopy and their colocalization with somatostatin or parvalbumin was determined by immunofluorescence. Consistent with previous work (for review, see Freund and Buzsáki, 1996), the distribution of SOM-INs and PV-INs in the CA1 hippocampus was mostly nonoverlapping. EYFP-labeled SOM-IN somas were located mostly in stratum oriens and alveus of the CA1 and CA3 regions, as well as in the hilus of the dentate gyrus ( Fig. 1A). EYFP-labeled PV-IN somas were mainly found in and around the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 and CA3 regions, and the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus ( Fig. 1B). We next verified the cell-specificity of the EYFP-labeling of CA1 interneurons by immunofluorescence. In SOM-IRES-Cre;Ai3-EYFP mice (Fig. 1C), 98.5% of EYFP-labeled interneurons in the CA1 region were immunopositive for somatostatin (n ϭ 323 cells, 3 animals from 2 different litters), whereas only 6.9% of them were positive for parvalbumin (n ϭ 354). In contrast in PV-Cre; Ai3-EYFP mice (Fig. 1D), 97.8% of EYFP-labeled CA1 interneurons were immunopositive for parvalbumin (n ϭ 267 cells, 3 animals from 2 different litters), and only 10.7% were positive for somatostatin (n ϭ 193 cells), thus confirming the specific labeling of mostly nonoverlapping CA1 populations of dendrite-projecting SOM-INs and perisomatic projecting PV-INs (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996;Tricoire et al., 2011) in the mice lines.
Then we used whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of EPSCs evoked by minimal stimulation of putative singlefibers to examine if excitatory synapses onto CA1 EYFP-   3G). In cells with control stimulation, there were no significant changes over time in EPSC amplitude (96.0 Ϯ 11.1% of baseline at 30 min; rmANOVA, p ϭ 0.7512 g ; n ϭ 14), potency (100.9 Ϯ 7.5% of baseline at 30 min, rmANOVA, p ϭ 0.9456 h ) or failure rate (97.1 Ϯ 6.3% of baseline at 30 min, rmANOVA, p ϭ 0.6528 i ; Fig. 3E-G). These results show that CA1 SOM-IN excitatory synapses show a gradual late-onset LTP expressed as an increase in EPSC amplitude and potency, as well as a decrease in EPSC failure rate after the Hebbian pairing protocol.

Absence of LTP at synapses onto PV-INs
PV-INs are another distinct subpopulation of interneurons with perisomatic projections to pyramidal cells (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996). Next we used a similar approach but with whole-cell recordings from CA1 EYFP-labeled PV-INs obtained from PV-Cre;Ai3-EYFP mice to determine whether Hebbian mGluR1a-mediated LTP was also present in this interneuron type or whether it was cell-type-specific. Pairing of theta-burst stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization (TBS ϩ Depo; Fig. 4A,C) failed to produce gradual changes in EPSC amplitude in CA1 EYFP-labeled PV-INs over 30 min postinduction (average EPSC including failures: 67.8 Ϯ 15.4% of baseline at 30 min postinduction; paired t test, p ϭ 0.2057 m ; n ϭ 6; Fig. 4D). Similarly, control stimulation, consisting of theta-burst stimulation (n ϭ 4) or depolarization (n ϭ 2) alone (Fig. 4B,C), did not produce lasting changes in EPSC amplitude (119.0 Ϯ 33.6% of baseline at 30 min postinduction for pooled controls; paired t test, p ϭ 0.6333 n ; n ϭ 6; Fig. 4D). These results reveal that Hebbian mGluR1a-mediated LTP is absent from afferent inputs to another large population of CA1 interneurons, the PV-INs, and thus shows cell-type specificity for SOM-INs synapses.

Facilitation of CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway LTP by TBS in oriens-alveus
Next we investigated the potential role of Hebbian LTP at SOM-IN synapses in the function of the CA1 local circuitry. Activation of dendrite-targeting OLM interneurons, a major subgroup of SOM-INs, differentially regulates LTP at major inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells, reducing LTP in the temporo-ammonic pathway from entorhinal cortex and facilitating LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway from CA3 (Leão et al., 2012). It has been previously shown that TBS in oriens-alveus, via Hebbian LTP at interneuron input synapses, resulted in long-term enhancement of evoked firing in oriens-alveus interneurons during cellattached recordings (Croce et al., 2010), as well as longterm enhancement of polysynaptic inhibition of pyramidal cells (Lapointe et al., 2004). Therefore, we tested if TBS in oriens-alveus could produce mGluR1a-mediated Hebbian LTP at SOM-IN synapses and result in a long-term regulation of LTP in CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway using field recordings. First we established, using whole-cell current clamp recordings from SOM-IRES-Cre;Ai3-EYFP mice, that TBS in oriens-alveus induces LTP of excitatory synapses onto SOM-IN in the same conditions used for field recordings (bulk stimulating electrode, absence of postsynaptic depolarization, absence of glutamatergic and GABAergic antagonists, see Materials and Methods). In these conditions, TBS in oriens-alveus produced a gradual increase (linear regression, ANOVA, p Ͻ 0.001°, n ϭ 8) in EPSP amplitude ( number of action potentials elicited during the TBS protocol (without LY, 48.6 Ϯ 2.7 action potentials, n ϭ 8; with LY, 26.8 Ϯ 6.9 action potentials, n ϭ 5; Student's test, p ϭ 0.005 q ; Fig.  5A-C) and prevented TBS-induced LTP of EPSP amplitude. After TBS in oriens-alveus in the presence of LY367385, EPSP amplitude was 78 Ϯ 5.4% of baseline at 30 min postinduction (rmANOVA, p ϭ 0.0007 r , and Dunnett's multiple-comparison tests, n ϭ 5; Fig. 5B,D). These results demonstrate that mGluR1a-mediated LTP at excitatory synapses onto SOM-INs occurs in conditions for field potential recordings of LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway. We then investigated whether LTP at SOM-INs synapses could produce a long-term regulation of LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway using field recordings. In addition, for these experiments we used SOM-IRES-Cre; ArChR3/GFP mice for cell-specific expression in SOM-INs of archaerhodopsin-3 (ArCh3), an outward proton pump that causes hyperpolarization, so we could manipulate selectively SOM-IN excitability using optogenetics during field recording experiments. First, low-frequency Schaffer collateral stimulation was given in stratum radiatum to elicit CA1 fEPSPs during a baseline period (30 min; Fig. 6A,B). HFS (100 Hz, 1 s) of Schaffer collaterals was then applied, resulting in LTP of fEPSP slope (113.5 Ϯ 4.7% of baseline at 30 min postinduction; n ϭ 10, paired t test, p ϭ 0.010 s ; Fig. 6B,E,F). In comparison, application of TBS in oriens-alveus resulted in enhancement of Schaffer collateral pathway LTP tested 30 min later (Fig. 6A,C). TBS in oriens-alveus did not affect Schaffer collateral evoked fEPSPs during the baseline period, indicating no effect on basal transmission (Fig. 6D). However, LTP induction in the Schaffer collateral pathway given 30 min after TBS in oriens-alveus, resulted in an increase in fEPSP slope (128.2 Ϯ 3.5% of baseline, n ϭ 11; paired t test, p ϭ 0.0001 t ; Fig. 6C,E) that was greater than in the control condition without TBS (ANOVA, p ϭ 0.0052 u ; Fig.  6F). The effect of TBS in oriens-alveus was tested also on Schaffer collateral pathway for the same time period but without subsequent LTP induction. TBS in oriens-alveus had no effect on Schaffer collateral fEPSPs recorded for a similar duration (102.2 Ϯ 2.6% of baseline; n ϭ 4; paired t test, p ϭ 0.5794 v ; Fig. 6D-F). These results indicate that TBS in oriens-alveus does not affect basal transmission at CA3-CA1 synapses, but has a long-lasting effect to enhance LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway.

TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral LTP is mediated by SOM-INs
The observed TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral pathway LTP is consistent with TBS inducing mGluR1a-mediated Hebbian LTP at SOM-INs synapses, and resulting in increased SOM-IN facilitation of LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway from CA3 (Leão et al., 2012). We next investigated whether the TBS-induced enhancement of CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway LTP was dependent on SOM-INs in SOM-IRES-Cre;ArChR3/GFP mice using optogenetics to selectively hyperpolarize SOM-INs during TBS. In control whole-cell recordings from GFP-expressing SOM-INs in slices from SOM-IRES-Cre;ArChR3/GFP mice, yellow light (591 nm wavelength) illumination of the slice through an optic fiber induced membrane hyperpolarization for the duration of light stimulation ( Fig. 7A; 1.5 s, n ϭ 5 cells).
Next we examined the TBS-induced modulation of Schaffer collateral pathway LTP in the presence of yellow light stimulation. First as control, we verified that prior application of light alone (1.5 min duration) did not affect Schaffer collateral pathway LTP (Fig. 7B). In these conditions, illumination did not affect fEPSPs during the baseline period and HFS caused an increase in fEPSPs slope (112.7 Ϯ 1.5% of baseline at 30 min postinduction; n ϭ 9; paired t test, p ϭ 0.0001 w ; Fig. 7E,F) similar to previous results testing HFS alone (Fig. 7F). Interestingly, TBS in oriens-alveus given during light stimulation did not affect fEPSPs during the baseline period, but failed to enhance HFS-induced LTP (Fig. 7C). HFS given 30 min after TBS in oriens-alveus during light stimulation, resulted in an increase in fEPSP slope (110.1 Ϯ 2.3% of baseline at 30 min postinduction; n ϭ 7; paired t test, p ϭ 0.0030 x ; Fig.  7E,F) that was not different from that without TBS (ANOVA, p ϭ 0.0751 y ; Fig. 7F). Light stimulation alone had no effect on Schaffer collateral fEPSPs recorded for a similar period (103.6 Ϯ 1.1% of baseline; paired t test, pϭ0.0690 z ; n ϭ 3; Fig. 7D LTP is prevented when TBS is given during light-activated hyperpolarization of SOM-INs, suggesting that SOM-INs activation during TBS is required for TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral LTP.

TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral LTP is mGluR1a-dependent
The impairment of TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral pathway LTP by light inactivation of SOM-INs during TBS provides further support that TBS may be inducing mGluR1a-mediated Hebbian LTP at SOM-INs synapses to result in increased SOM-IN facilitation of LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway from CA3. Therefore we next investigated if TBS-induced enhancement of CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway LTP required activation of mGluR1a, using the mGluR1a antagonist LY367385, which blocks LTP in SOM-INs (Figs. 3, 5). Application of LY367385 did not affect Schaffer collateral pathway LTP (Fig. 8A). In the presence of LY367385, HFS caused an increase in fEPSPs slope (112.2 Ϯ 4.5% of baseline at 30 min postinduction; n ϭ 8; paired t test, p ϭ 0.0050 aa ; Fig. 8D,E) similar to previously found with HFS alone (Fig. 8E). Importantly, TBS in oriens-alveus in the presence of the mGluR1a antagonist LY367385 failed to enhance HFS-induced LTP (Fig. 8B). HFS given 30 min after TBS in LY367385 resulted in an increase in fEPSP slope (116.0 Ϯ 3.0% of baseline at 30 min postinduction; n ϭ 9; paired t test, p ϭ 0.0005 ab ; Fig. 8D,E) that was not different from that without TBS (ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple-comparison test, p Ͼ 0.05; Fig. 8E). Application of LY367385 alone had no effect on Schaffer collateral fEPSPs recorded for a similar period (97.6 Ϯ 9.0% of baseline; paired t test, p ϭ 0.4856 ac ; n ϭ 4; Fig.  8C-E). These results indicate that mGluR1a activation during TBS is required for TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral LTP.
Collectively, these series of experiments show that TBS-induced enhancement of Schaffer collateral pathway LTP is prevented by light inactivation of SOM-INs and by mGluR1a antagonism (Figs, 7, 8), suggesting TBS in oriens-alveus produces mGluR1a-mediated Hebbian LTP at SOM-INs synapses and results in a long-term upregulation of LTP in CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway (Table 1).

Discussion
In the present study, we have demonstrated a Hebbian form of LTP occurring at excitatory synapses onto identified SOM-INs in the hippocampal CA1 area. This form of LTP was dependent on mGluR1a and did not occur in PV-INs. In addition, our results revealed that prior induction of mGluR1a-dependent LTP in SOM-INs enhanced the magnitude of LTP at SC synapses in pyramidal cells. These results uncover a novel metaplastic function of O/A SOM-INs conferring to them the ability to modulate durably CA1 network activity and plasticity.

mGluR1a Hebbian LTP at excitatory feedback synapses onto SOM-INs
The large diversity of interneurons within the cerebral cortex has been a major hurdle for the detailed investigation of the function of synaptic plasticity in various interneurons. The emergence and development of Cre-lox system for recombination of reporter genes has made possible to target selectively interneuron classes by taking advantage of their specific pattern of protein expression. This approach allowed us to visualize and target two major, mainly nonoverlapping, classes of hippocampal CA1 interneurons: (1) the dendrite-targeting SOM-INs of the O/A region, corresponding largely to the OLM and bistratified cells; and (2) the perisomatic projecting PV-INs located within and nearby the pyramidal layer, corresponding mainly to the basket and axoaxonic cells (for review, see Freund and Buzsáki, 1996;Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008;Tricoire et al., 2011). We demonstrated that TBS episodes delivered to the O/A region, to stimulate CA1 pyramidal cell axon collateral excitatory inputs, induce LTP in O/A SOM-INs but not in PV-INs. This result extends the interneuron subtype specificity of LTP that has been previously described in the heterogeneous interneuron population of the O/A region (Perez et al., 2001;Lapointe et al., 2004;Croce et al., 2010).
As previously demonstrated, this type of LTP was induced in O/A SOM-INs by pairing presynaptic theta-burst stimulation in the O/A region and postsynaptic depolarization, and was dependent on mGluR1a (Perez et al., 2001;Lapointe et al., 2004). Independent on NMDARs, this form of LTP has been called mGluR1a Hebbian LTP, in contrast to the canonical Hebbian NMDAR-dependent LTP (Ouardouz and Lacaille, 1995;Lamsa et al., 2005) and to the anti-Hebbian CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP requiring postsynaptic hyperpolarization (Lamsa et al., 2007). These three distinct types of LTP occur at excitatory feedback synapses from CA1 pyramidal cells onto interneurons in the O/A region (for review, see Pelletier and Lacaille, 2008;Kullmann et al., 2012;. PV-INs also receive such feedback excitation and it has been reported recently that these synapses display both canonical Hebbian and anti-Hebbian LTP (Le Roux et al., 2013). However, we show here that brief theta-burst stimulation episodes failed to induce Hebbian LTP at excitatory feedback synapses onto PV-INs, probably because this class of interneurons mainly expresses mGluR5 rather than mGluR1 (van Hooft et al., 2000). Our findings thus reveal that theta-burst stimulation induces cell-typespecific mGluR1a-mediated Hebbian plasticity at the excitatory inputs onto SOM-INs, but not PV-INs. We observed mGluR1a Hebbian LTP in approximately 65% of the synaptic connections tested in SOM-INs with minimal stimulation and voltage clamp recordings, consistently with previous findings (Lapointe et al., 2004). This may be due to the fact that, in addition to the predominant feedback pathway, the O/A region also contains fibers from CA2/3 pyramidal cells (Ishizuka et al., 1990;Blasco-Ibáñez and Freund, 1995;Wittner et al., 2007)

Metaplasticity in the CA1 hippocampal network
Understanding the specific contributions of the various GABAergic interneuron subtypes in the control of information flow within the cortico-hippocampal network is an important question. SOM-INs constitute a group of interneurons sharing the property to inhibit pyramidal cell and interneuron dendrites conferring them a crucial role in regulating the gain of pyramidal neuron input-output transformations (Pouille and Scanziani, 2004). Experiments using pharmacogenetic and optogenetic approaches have demonstrated that a specific silencing of hippocampal CA1 SOM-INs increases pyramidal cells firing rates and burst spiking during SC stimulation in vitro (Lovett-Barron et al., 2012; but see Wilson et al., 2012 for an opposite role in the visual cortex) and during spatial mapping in vivo (Royer et al., 2012).
However, SOM-INs are a nonhomogeneous population. For example, in hippocampal CA1, OLM cells densely synapse within the SLM to inhibit the pyramidal cell distal Table 1. Statistical table  dendritic tuft, at the level of their temporo-ammonic inputs from the entorhinal cortex, whereas bistratified cells inhibit more proximal pyramidal cell dendrites in the stratum radiatum where they receive their inputs from SC (for review, see Klausberger, 2009;Müller and Remy, 2014). It has been shown that OLM neurons, themselves being less homogeneous than initially thought (Chittajallu et al., 2013), restrict voltage signals by providing a direct inhibition to the pyramidal cell dendritic tuft in response to temporo-ammonic stimulation, preventing their propagation along proximal dendrites (Leão et al., 2012). In addition, specific optogenetic stimulation of OLM cells increase SC-evoked excitatory synaptic responses and LTP by disinhibiting these synapses in pyramidal cells (Leão et al., 2012). Indeed, OLM cells also inhibit several classes of interneuron (Katona et al., 1999;Elfant et al., 2008; for review, see Chamberland and Topolnik, 2012), including SC-associated interneurons at the border of the stratum radiatum and the SLM, and to a lesser extent, bistratified cells (Leão et al., 2012), that are both coaligned with SC inputs. The present results reveal a form of metaplasticity in which mGluR1a LTP occurring at excitatory synapses onto SOM-INs specifically increases LTP magnitude at SC-PC synapses. This suggests that mGluR1a-mediated LTP induction in SOM-INs provide a disinhibition of SC-PC synapses, likely via the inhibition of interneurons in the stratum radiatum, and support an interneuron input-specific control of pyramidal cell integrative function. In our field potential recording experiments, TBS in oriens may have induced NMDARmediated LTP at synapses onto PV-INs (Le Roux et al., 2013). However, because selective optogenetic inactivation of SOM-INs during TBS or antagonism of mGluR1a receptors prevented the metaplasticity of LTP in the SC pathway, our results suggest that non-mGluR1amediated LTP at synapses onto PV-INs may not contribute to this metaplasticity.
Other forms of disinhibitory metaplasticity have been reported in CA1 PCs, but with a direct disinhibition of SC-pyramidal cells synapses through LTD of inhibitory synapses (I-LTD), i.e. plasticity of the output synapses of interneurons. They involve a specific contribution of cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons of the stratum radiatum in the dynamic segregation of SC and temporoammonic inputs (Basu et al., 2013), with a prominent role of group I mGluRs (Chevaleyre andCastillo, 2003, 2004;Basu et al., 2013;Xu et al., 2014), associated with the ability to support temporal associative memories (Xu et al., 2014). Taking into consideration that a learning episode increases intrinsic excitability in CA1 SOM-INs (McKay et al., 2013), this suggests that these interneurons may be endowed with multiple plasticity mechanisms to increase output function (input synapses, intrinsic excitability, and output synapses), probably acting in concerted fashion.

Consequences for learning and memory
A growing body of information is accumulating about the specific role of SOM-INs in cognitive abilities, mainly occurring via disinhibition mechanisms. In the anterior cingulate cortex, they participate in decision making  and they support and modulate sensory processing in different neocortical areas through a VIP-SOM-IN-dependent disinhibition of principal cells (Lee et al., 2013;Pi et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2014). They mediate precise visual processing by inhibiting PV-INs in the primary visual cortex (Cottam et al., 2013). They are inhibited by PV-INs to disinhibit PC dendrites in the basolateral amygdala during auditory-cued fear conditioning (Wolff et al., 2014); they mediate fear learning and produce fear expression through disinhibition mechanisms in the central amygdala (Li et al., 2013;Penzo et al., 2015). Within the hippocampus, CA1 OLM and bistratified cells rhythmically modulate pyramidal neurons activity in vivo (Klausberger et al., 2003(Klausberger et al., , 2004Katona et al., 2014). During fear conditioning, SOM-INs from the CA1 area, in particular the OLM cells, are believed to respond specifically to the unconditioned aversive stimulus, and by a direct inhibition, restrict the size of the coding pyramidal cell population (Lovett-Barron et al., 2014). Similarly, contextual fear conditioning increases the number of mossy fibers synaptic contacts onto interneurons in CA3, restricting the size of the coding pyramidal population and promoting memory precision (Ruediger et al., 2011). In the present study, we show that LTP occurring at excitatory synapses onto SOM-INs increases the magnitude of subsequent LTP at SC-PC synapses. This suggests that a disinhibition might occur in a subpopulation of principal neurons displaying an increased LTP (see above in Discussion). However, it does not exclude that repetitive pyramidal firing could also durably increase feedback and lateral direct inhibition to a different subpopulation of pyramidal neurons (Dupret et al., 2013).
Finally, a late form of LTP, induced by mGluR1a activation, dependent on transcription and translation via the mTORC1 pathway and lasting at least 24 h, has recently been shown in CA1 O/A INs (Ran et al., 2009(Ran et al., , 2012, suggesting that a persistent form of LTP may play a crucial role in the long-lasting metaplastic regulation of CA1 network activity during hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.