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Culture, survival, and family size.


 Judith Jacobson, senior researcher at the Worldwatch Institute which analyzes economic and social issues, states that people have large families for about as many reasons as there are different cultures. The reasons include carrying on the family name, show of "macho" by the father, or force of habit, i.e., doing what their poverty stricken families and neighbors have always done. These traditions did not simply develop by chance. Throughout history, a high death rate coincided with the high birthrate. If a couple wanted 2 or 3 children, they had several more, assuming -- often correctly -- that at least a few of their children would die of any number of diseases. In addition there were and continue to be economic reasons for big families. Working children add to thefamily income, and they are a kind of pension plan, looked to for support during old age. Thus, the desire for big families is deeply rooted in many cultures. At present, in less developed nations, medicines and pesticides have eradicated many diseases and increased life expectancy. Infant mortality has dropped markedly in the last 25 years, but there has not been a matching drop in birthrates, especially in rural areas. The result is that poor nations' populations are growing about twice as fast as needed to replace those dying. The result in some rural areas has been hunger and even starvation. Rural people and their problems are often easier to ignore than the unrest of city dwellers. Many governments provide jobs and keep food prices low in cities where political opposition is more likely to start. This urban rural gap tends to widen as population grows. Low wages for the poorest rural residents drop when there are more available workers for the same amount of land. This creates another dimension of the population problem -- migration to the cities and to foreign countries.
