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Persistent reading difficulty despite improved focus on a stimulant medication

Specific learning disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties learning a specific academic skill (reading, written expression, or mathematics), leading to substantially reduced achievement compared to same-age peers. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common comorbidity. Low academic performance must not be attributable to a more general condition such as intellectual disability, lack of educational opportunity, or low language proficiency. The learning difficulties are present from the early school years. The diagnostic assessment includes standardized academic achievement testing, review of academic records, and cognitive testing to rule out intellectual disability. Treatment includes specialized multimodal educational interventions in conjunction with academic accommodations. Pharmacologic treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders may provide indirect benefit by helping the child better access educational interventions.