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Comparative Analysis of Main Clinical Features and Survival in Patients with Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma with and without Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy is fundamental in the treatment and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The aim of this study is to identify differences in baseline clinical characteristics and survival of patients with melanoma with and without sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) performed. Methods In 2018, a retrospective study of 151 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) was conducted. The patients were hospitalized at the Second Clinic of University Hospital – Pleven, for the period 2012 to 2017. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A included 58 (38.4%) patients with SLNB performed; Group B included 93 (61.6%) patients who did not undergo SLNB. A double-detection method was used while performing SLNB. Results


Background
The term melanoma was rst employed by René Laennec, who in his manuscript in 1812 describes a case of disseminated disease [1]. Cutaneous malignant melanoma develops after malignant transformation of its pigment-forming melanocytes [2] Australia and New Zealand are world leaders in terms of morbidity and mortality rates of 54/100,000 and 5.6/100,000, respectively, for 2015 [3]. In Bulgaria, morbidity rate for the same year is 6.5/100,000, and the mortality rate is 2.1/100,000. The main risk factors for its development are: exposure to ultraviolet radiation [4], skin phototype [5], presence of pigmented nevi [6], severe sunburn [7], and geographical location [8].
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is fundamental in the treatment and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Sentinel lymph node is de ned as the rst stop for metastases accumulation from a malignant tumor process. Depending on the detection method used, the rst sentinel lymph node detected is described as a hot node (radiocolloid labelled), or blue stained (Patent Blue V marked) [9]. Its histological examination provides an accurate prognosis of the involvement of other nodes in the lymphatic chain. During SLN biopsy the sentinel ymph node(s) is surgically removed. Patients with a histologically positive for metastases sentinel lymph node undergo compulsory complete lymph node dissection of the entire basin.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of cutaneous malignant melanoma was rst performed by Donald Morthon and team in 1992, in order to avoid the frequent postoperative complications occurring with the previously used elective lymph node dissection [10,11].
The aim of this study is to identify differences in baseline clinical characteristics and survival rates of two groups of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma -with and without sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) performed.

Methods
In 2018, a retrospective study of 151 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) was conducted. The patients were hospitalized at the Second Clinic of University Hospital -Pleven, for the period 2012 to 2017. Patients with a diagnosis other than MM were excluded from the study.
The patients were divided into two groups: Group A included 58 (38.4%) patients with SLNB performed; Group B included 93 (61.6%) patients who did not undergo SLNB (Table 1). A double-detection method was used while performing SLNB with the application of Technetium Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid radiopharmaceutical and Patent Blue V staining dye.
The documentary method is used to extract primary sociological information. Data is collected on: age, sex, Breslow thickness, level of tumour invasion (Clark level), histologic variant, lymph node dissection performed, stage of disease (TNM classi cation), and survival (expressed in months).
The statistical software used for data processing is SPSS v.24.0. Descriptive statistics are applied.
Pearson's chi-squared test (χ2) is used to identify differences in the groups, and Spearman's Rank correlation coe cient is used to measure correlation dependencies. Statistically signi cant are considered the results at a p-value signi cance level (p) less than or equal to 0.05. Survival estimates for both groups of patients with MM are computed by log rank test and Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Table 1 shows the distribution of patients in the two groups -total, by age and sex. The incidence of achromatic malignant melanoma ( Fig. 1) is signi cantly higher in patients without SLNB performed (12 or 12.9%), than in patients with SLNB performed (2 or 3.4%) -χ2 = 3.796, df = 1, p = 0.051. There is a weak correlation (r = 0.159, p = 0.050, N = 151).

Melanoma thickness (Breslow classi cation)
The mean melanoma thickness is 2.50 mm (Mdn, 0 ÷ 11 Min, Max) in patients in Group B, and is higher than in patients in Group A (1.8 Mdn, 1 ÷ 5 Min, Max).
Using Breslow classi cation, we report that the proportion of patients with melanoma thickness greater than 4.1 mm in Group B (32.2%) is approx. three times higher compared to Group A (13.8%).  Table 2). There is no correlation between the two variables (p = 0.547).

Performed lymph node dissection
Lymph node dissection was performed in 48 (31.8%) of patients with MM, respectively in 18 (31.0%) of patients in Group A and 30 (32.3%) of patients in Group B (Table 2). Causes for lymph node dissection were different in two comparative groups. The cause in non-SLNB patients was the discovery of a clinically positive lymph node, whereas in SLNB patients the cause was a positive sentinel lymph node identi ed by histological analysis. There were no statistically signi cant differences between the groups studied. When staging the patients according to the TNM system, we found that every fourth patient with MM was in stage IV, respectively 20.7% of Group A and 28.0% of Group B (  Figure 2).

Discussion
For a sentinel lymph node biopsy to be performed, the sentinel node must be stained with a lymphotropic agent which makes it easier to detect. It is a molecule weighing more than 5000 D, which is injected intradermally and reaches predilectionally the lymphatic system. Patent blue V and radioactive Technetium 99Th Sulfur Colloid are used as tracers [12,13]. -It is a very sparing operative procedure [14,15] There is a direct correlation between the thickness of cutaneous malignant melanoma and the percentage of sentinel lymph nodes affected by the metastatic process, which is shown in Table 3. A comprehensive analysis of data regarding patients' distribution by sex shows a slight prevalence of males 78 (51.7%). The differences are minimal and nonsigni cant, however, still presenting a higher risk of developing malignant melanoma in men. This trend is re ected in other similar, large-scale surveys conducted in Australia and New Zealand [16,17].
The sex distribution of our patients in the two groups shows prevalence of women in the SLN biopsy group -32 (55.2%), whereas men are predominant in the non-SLN group 52 (55.9%). The results of a multicenter study with 612 patients by Gershenwald et al. [18] are opposite to ours and demonstrate a predominance of men (57.5%) in the SLN biopsy group. The data is not straightforward and the differences are not signi cant. This suggests that no signi cant causal link can be drawn.
The median age of 65.0 years in our patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma is higher than that reported by Ali et al. [19] -57.0 years, in a worldwide study of the epidemiology of malignant melanoma. The majority of our patients are older, which should not reassure us because our youngest patient is only 17 years old. This a particular concern meaning that the disease is affecting much younger people.
The differences between the median age of our patients in the two study groups are not signi cant, which correlates with the results of a multicenter study by Gutzmer et al. [20] involving 673 patients.
The signi cantly higher percentage of patients with achromatic melanoma in the non-SLN biopsy group (12.9% to 3.4%) is due to the fact that this histologic variant of cutaneous melanoma is diagnosed on a later clinical stage because of its atypical clinical manifestation, which in most cases does not allow for SLN biopsy [21].
We report a lower mean Breslow tumor thickness of 1.8 mm (Mdn, 1 ÷ 5 Min, Max) in the SLN biopsy group, compared to an average thickness of 2.5 mm (Mdn, 0 ÷ 11 Min, Max) in the group without SLN biopsy. Additionally, we observe a signi cantly lower percentage of patients with a melanoma thickness greater than 4.1 mm -13.2% in the same group, compared to 32.2% for the other one. This indicates that we have met precisely one of the main indications for performing SLNB, namely, Breslow thickness of malignant melanoma to be between 0.75 and 4.1 mm. [22,23,24,25].
Statistical data analysis of performed lymph node dissection in the two groups studied by us shows that their frequency is very close, and is getting on for 31 -32%. This is 10% higher than the data of 20.8% reported by Morton et al. [26] in the nal results of the largest MSLT I study to date, and indicates that the majority of our patients are in advanced stage of the disease when melanomas have already spread to lymphatic metastases. This is a very negative trend shown in our study, in all likelihood related to the late diagnosis of the disease.
Comparing our data regarding MM stage for SLNB group to those in the non-SLNB group, we observe that the percentage of patients in the rst two and the last two stages of the disease is signi cantly higher in the non-SLNB group. This shows once again that we have strictly adhered to the rule that SLN biopsy is not recommended for patients with tumor thickness < 0.75 mm, and stage 0 and IA, respectively, as the risk of lymphatic metastases is below 5%. Same refers for the cases with tumor thickness > 4.1 mm, since the risk of lymphatic metastases is greater than 40% and the bene t of SLN biopsy is unclear [22,23,24,25].
Statistical analysis of mortality in the groups with and without SLN biopsy shows slightly lower rates for the rst one (27.6% to 32.3%), the differences are not signi cant. We did not nd any signi cant differences between the groups in the survival rate. This matches the conclusion of Sladen et al. made upon summarizing data from the largest MSLT I study so far, that there is no signi cant difference in survival and mortality of patients from the two groups [27].

Conclusions
Patients with achromatic melanoma have signi cantly fewer SLN biopsies performed because of a late diagnosis.
Most of our patients are diagnosed at a later stage when lymphatic metastases are already present which leads to a signi cant increase in lymph node dissections performed.
There is no signi cant difference in mortality and survival in the SLNB and non-SLNB groups. The research was conducted in accordance with the updated Declaration of Helsinki and all patients, whose data are used for analysis, have signed an informed consent.

Consent for publication
All patients have signed an informed consent for publication of their data.

Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declaration of authors competing interests
The Authors declares that there is no competing interests.

Funding statement
This research received no speci c grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-forpro t sectors.