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Coal tars and coal tar pitches.

Numerous studies, mostly case reports, have found that occupational exposure to coal tars or coal-tar pitches (coal-tar distillates) is associated with skin cancer, including scrotal cancer; workers in these studies have included patent-fuel (coal-briquette) workers, pitch loaders, workers in electrical trades, and optical-lens polishers (IARC 1985, 1987). A 1946 study in the United Kingdom found that patent-fuel workers were 500 times as likely as other workers to die of scrotal cancer. In addition, there have been many case reports of skin cancer among patients using therapeutic coal-tar preparations. Occupational exposure to coal tars or coal-tar pitches has also been associated with cancer at other tissue sites, including the lung, bladder, kidney, and digestive tract. Excesses of lung cancer were found in several epidemiological studies of workers exposed to coal-tar fumes in coal gasification and coke production, in studies of workers exposed to pitch fumes in aluminum production and calcium carbide production, and in a study of millwrights and welders exposed to coal-tar pitches and coal tars. The millwrights and welders also showed increased risks of digestive-tract cancer and leukemia. The risk of bladder cancer was increased in tar distillers and patent-fuel workers exposed to coal tars and coal-tar pitches and in aluminum production workers exposed to coal-tar pitches. The risk of kidney (renal-pelvis) cancer was increased in workers exposed to “petroleum or tar or pitch.” Studies of roofers, who are exposed to coal-tar pitches, have found increased risks of cancer at other tissue sites in addition to skin, bladder, and lung cancer and leukemia, including cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, and stomach; however, roofers are also exposed to other potentially carcinogenic agents, such as asphalt.