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Conjoint Treatment: A Novel Approach to Target the Syndemic Conditions of Trauma, Substance Abuse, and HIV in Women Living with HIV

Impact of HIV Among Women in the United States The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that in the United States, 1.2 million adults and adolescents are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a span of 15 years, from 1985 to 2000, the proportion of women living with HIV more than tripled. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that by the end of 2013, 232,511 women were living with HIV in the United States. Today, of all of the individuals living with HIV in the United States, 25% are women, a figure that is even higher in some states. There are many converging factors that make women especially vulnerable to HIV. These include but are not limited to increased disparities and needs they face because of socioeconomic and structural barriers, competing needs of taking care of family and children, an unequal role and power within a relationship, and biological differences that make them more susceptible to HIV. Many women combat cooccurring substance abuse and psychiatric symptoms that are largely the result of complex trauma from intimate partner violence or physical, sexual, and psychological violence by an intimate partner, The syndemics or confluence of these factors creates a synergy between coexisting health and social problems and factors that exacerbate and perpetuate health risks and poor health outcomes. These syndemic conditions also undermine