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Musical Development Assisted by Technology

In Europe, the first millennium life and music were tightly controlled by religion. Instruments were limited, with major differences between folk music for the masses, the aristocracy, and the church. Much early music was just a single line sung in unison. Progressions to several lines, chords, and the complexity of polyphony developed in parallel with written works and printing of religious and secular music. This liberating feature stimulated a wide range of new types of composition. By around 1600, there was an Italian explosion into opera and a major demand for secular music. Mathematicians devised a scheme of equal temperament tuning, which replaced the earlier ‘natural’ musical scales and this enabled keyboard instruments to play in any key. Low-cost printed music was widely available. Despite the volume of compositions, a relatively small fraction has survived as performance music in the present day and the reasons for this are mentioned.