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Incidence of complications in 25 adult patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia.

CONTEXT
Adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) present complications other than osteomalacia.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the incidence and severity of comorbidities in adults with XLH.


DESIGN
Observational retrospective study.


PATIENTS
A total of 25 adults with XLH with thorough investigations, including spinal computed tomography scans, X-rays of hip/knee joints and Achilles tendons, abdominal ultrasounds and audiograms.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The index of ossification of the anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament and yellow ligament (OA/OP/OY index) and the sum of OA/OP/OY index (OS index) were utilized to evaluate the severity of spinal ligament ossification. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification was adopted to evaluate the severity of the hip/knee osteophytes.


RESULTS
The participants consisted of 13 male patients and 12 female patients from 21 families, with a median age of 43 (range, 18-72) years. In all, 20 patients (80%) showed spinal ligament ossification. The median OA/OP/OY/OS indices were 2 (0-22), 0 (0-15), 6 (0-13) and 12 (0-41), respectively. Hip/knee osteophytes were reported in 24 (96%) and 17 cases (68%). The median KL grade was 3 in the hip joint and 2 in the knee joint, and 18 cases (72%) developed enthesopathy in the Achilles tendon. Nephrocalcinosis and hearing impairment were observed in 18 (72%) and eight (32%) cases.


CONCLUSION
This study revealed a high prevalence and severity of ectopic ossification and disclosed the incidence of nephrocalcinosis and hearing impairment in adults with XLH. In cases with severe spinal ligament ossification or noticeable osteophytes around the hip/knee joints, undiagnosed XLH should be considered as a possible underlying condition.