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Stress Scale in the Context of Online Learning among Junior High School Students (ages 11-17): Development, Validity, and Reliability

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted an
unprecedented shift from face-to-face to online learning. Considering the
impact of this transition, the researchers developed a scale measuring the
stress levels of 319 junior high school students. Based on the evaluation of
experts, the item content validity index (I-CVI) proved the validity of each
item. From the original 32, 20 items were retained after conducting exploratory
factor analysis (EFA). A new clustering was derived from the results, namely:
(1) physical health, (2) task management, (3) valuing, and (4) relating to
oneself and others. The final 20-item scale was proven to have internal
consistency among items with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.923. The results of
measurement invariance (MI) tests indicate that the newly developed four-factor
stress scale in the context of online learning measure the same underlying
constructs across sex, grade level, and age groups. Consequently, the
differences in stress levels among the groups were also determined.