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Equivalent relationships of problem formulations optimizing forecast accuracy

This paper discusses the relationships among the optimization problem formulations which optimize the forecasting accuracy indices, MAPE, MAD and RMSE, respectively. The paper proposes the base optimization problem formulation that is equivalent to all the optimization formulations based on the forecasting accuracy indices, MAPE, MAD and RMSE. The findings of this paper ensure these different optimization problem formulations can be unified by defining the base optimization problem. Through three industry cases, the applications of the results are discussed.