{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03333333333333333, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010784313725490196, 'mean_word_length': 5.0773809523809526, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Influence of Acoustic and Perceptual Factors on Perceived Hypernasality in the Vowel [i]: A Preliminary Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of acoustic and perceptual factors of speech on listeners’ perceived hypernasality in the vowel [i]. The isolated syllable [pi] produced by 22 children with hypernasal speech and 6 noncleft children was rated by 10 listeners. These speech samples were then divided into two groups: (1) the samples (n = 14) that received inconsistent ratings from each listener or variable ratings among listeners (i.e., unreliable ratings) and (2) the samples (n = 14) that received consistent ratings from each listener and similar ratings among listeners (i.e., reliable ratings). These results suggest that the severity of hypernasality was easy to rate in some speech samples and not in others. Voice quality deviation and a particular type of spectral change that related to the severity of hypernasality could be factors that influence perceived hypernasality.