{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029350104821802937, 'fraction_numerical': 0.029350104821802937, 'mean_word_length': 4.684523809523809, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Long‐term temperature trends in the ionosphere above Millstone Hill

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected on theoretical grounds to lead to a cooling of the upper atmosphere. Due to the close thermal coupling of the neutral and ionized components of the upper atmosphere the effects of this cooling are also expected to be seen in the ionospheric ion temperature. Long‐term satellite observations of neutral density show a trend consistent with the expected cooling. Temperature data from the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (46.2°N, 288.5°E) from 1978 to 2007 have been analyzed to provide a direct estimate of the temperature trend above the radar. The long‐term trend in the directly measured ion temperature Ti at 375 km is found to be −4.7 K/year with a 95% confidence interval of −3.6 to −5.8 K. The estimated trend in the neutral temperature Tn is −5.0 K/year. These are significantly larger than predicted by theory.