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3D Imaging of the Early Embryonic Chicken Heart After Altered Blood Flow with Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy

Introduction: Embryonic heart formation is a finely orchestrated interplay between genetic and environmental factors, with rapid transformations that occur at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels. Myofibrils play an essential role in cardiac tissue remodeling as hemodynamic load increases throughout development. Myofibrils mature by aligning in the direction of stretch and increasing the amount of contractile units [1]. Concurrently in early development, a portion of endocardial cells in the cushion bulges of extracellular matrix transform into mesenchymal cells that invade the cardiac jelly through the process of endothelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). As EMT progresses, the original plump and tightly organized endocardium disassembles and rearranges to form an intact flattened layer [2]. Endocardial and myocardial cell changes during development ultimately shape the heart.