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Staphylococcus aureus Response to Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in A Novel Mechanism of Rapid Nuclear

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA covered with antimicrobial molecules that constitute a newly described killing mechanism in innate immune defense. Previous publications reported that NETs take up to 3–4 h to form via an oxidant-dependent event that requires lytic death of neutrophils. In this study, we describe neutrophils responding uniquely to Staphylococcus aureus via a novel process of NET formation that did not require neutrophil lysis or even breach of the plasma membrane. The multilobular nucleus rapidly became rounded and condensed. During this process, we observed the separation of the inner and outer nuclear membranes and budding of vesicles, and the separated membranes and vesicles were ﬁlled with nuclear DNA. The vesicles were extruded intact into the extracellular space where they ruptured, and the chromatin was released. This entire process occurred via a unique, very rapid (5–60 min), oxidant-independent mechanism. Mitochondrial DNA consti-tuted very little if any of these NETs. They did have a limited amount of proteolytic activity and were able to kill S. aureus . With time, the nuclear envelope ruptured, and DNA ﬁlled the cytoplasm presumably for later lytic NET production, but this was distinct from the vesicular release mechanism. Panton–Valentine leukocidin, autolysin, and a lipase were identiﬁed in supernatants with NET-inducing activity, but Panton–Valentine leukocidin was the dominant NET inducer.