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Introductory Remarks on a Critical Symposium

Early in 1988, the World Bank published a major reassessment of education in sub-Saharan Africa.' This study resulted from a great deal of pessimism about the accomplishments not only of education in Africa but also of the economic and social development of African nations. The bank, which had lent funds for educational programs in Africa, was interested in knowing why progress had fallen short of expectations, particularly when Africa was compared to many Asian nations and some Latin American countries. The bank's report proved to be highly controversial. It analyzed some of the successes and failures of the bank's own lending for African education and also focused on broader educational issues, such as what was seen to be an overemphasis on higher education in Africa.