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Medieval Contributions to the Search for Truth in Clinical Medicine

As these examples suggest, prescriptions used in Western Europe during the Middle Ages tended to be complex and expensive, often assembled from ingredients obtained over great distances. Although apothecaries became available in many cities toward the end of this era, often serving the dual role of compounders of medicines and purveyors of spices [3], physicians were expected to be able to compound many of their own prescriptions, and they may also have supervised the work of apothecaries. Fairly specific directions were provided in contemporary medical texts: