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Evolution of Environmental Protection Regulation

There is a pattern of evolution in the style of environmental regulation. In the 1870s, it was essentially a reaction to local health and nuisance problems, smoke and odours. Industry had been perceived as unresponsive, ignorant and cavalier. Government saw that technological fixes were available to secure health and nuisance benefits, using tall stacks and bag filters. It was advised by relatively new professional scientists in the civil service as ‘inspectors’. Best practical means were introduced to fix the technology, policed by an inspectorate. Air monitoring was scientifically feasible, but complicated, in contrast to water, where simple aqueous chemistry tests could measure end-of-pipe discharges.