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Differences in follicular function of 3-month-old calves and mature cows.

After in vitro maturation, fertilization and development, the percentage of fertilized eggs developing to the blastocyst stage is usually lower in calves compared with cows. It is unknown whether this low ability to develop in vitro is inherent to calf oocytes or is caused by altered follicular maturation. The latter possibility was explored in the present study using two markers of follicle function: in vitro steroidogenesis by intact follicles and aromatase activity of follicular walls. Calf follicles > 9 mm in diameter had a low ability to produce oestradiol (ten times reduction compared with cows) despite a testosterone output by theca cells which was similar to that observed in cows. This finding is in agreement with the low aromatase activity of granulosa cells of calf follicles measured by tritiated water release assay. Qualitative and quantitative differences between calf and cow follicular fluids were assessed using western blotting (inhibin and activin, heat shock protein 90, Müllerian inhibiting substance) and assays (inhibin and activin) to determine whether this defective aromatase could be produced by alterations in the amounts of follicular proteins modulating aromatase (inhibin and activin, heat shock protein 90, Müllerian inhibiting substance). Western blotting of follicular fluid proteins demonstrated three main bands (59, 57 and < 30 kDa) and one minor band (34 kDa) with the anti-alpha inhibin antibody, whereas a single 18 kDa band was detected when an anti-beta inhibin antibody was used. Calf follicular fluid contained similar amounts of all main inhibin forms (alpha and beta) but a 34 kDa alpha inhibin form was missing. The amounts of dimeric inhibin were similar between cows and calves but small follicles from calves contained more activin. Single bands at 70 kDa (Müllerian inhibiting substance) and 90 kDa (heat shock protein 90) were detected by western blotting. Müllerian inhibiting substance was missing from calf follicular fluid and heat shock protein 90 was present in smaller amounts in calf versus cow follicular fluid. None of the above differences could explain the defective aromatase of calf follicles. Two-dimensional separation of the [35S]-labelled proteins secreted by follicular walls originating from calf or cow follicles matched for size and follicle health was performed and 151 spots were observed on the master gel, which summarized all the spots present at least once. Fifteen spots were present in calves and not in cows. Quantitative differences were also detected with three spots containing more proteins in cows than in calves. Whether some of these proteins can alter maturation of follicles or oocytes requires further investigation.