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Incidence of rough and irregular atmospheric ice particles from Small Ice Detector 3 measurements

The knowledge of properties of ice crystals such as size, shape, concavity and roughness is critical in the con- text of radiative properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds. Limitations of current cloud probes to measure these proper- ties can be circumvented by acquiring two-dimensional light- scattering patterns instead of particle images. Such patterns were obtained in situ for the first time using the Small Ice Detector 3 (SID-3) probe during several flights in a variety of mid-latitude mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. The patterns are analysed using several measures of pattern texture, se- lected to reveal the magnitude of particle roughness or com- plexity. The retrieved roughness is compared to values ob- tained from a range of well-characterized test particles in the laboratory. It is found that typical in situ roughness corre- sponds to that found in the rougher subset of the test particles, and sometimes even extends beyond the most extreme values found in the laboratory. In this study we do not differentiate between small-scale, fine surface roughness and large-scale crystal complexity. Instead, we argue that both can have sim- ilar manifestations in terms of light-scattering properties and also similar causes. Overall, the in situ data are consistent, with ice particles with highly irregular or rough surfaces be- ing dominant. Similar magnitudes of roughness were found in growth and sublimation zones of cirrus. The roughness was found to be negatively correlated with the halo ratio, but not with other thermodynamic or microphysical properties found in situ. Slightly higher roughness was observed in cir- rus forming in clean oceanic air masses than in a continental, polluted one. Overall, the roughness and complexity are ex- pected to lead to increased shortwave cloud reflectivity, in comparison with cirrus composed of more regular, smooth ice crystal shapes. These findings put into question sugges- tions that climate could be modified through aerosol seeding to reduce cirrus cover and optical depth, as the seeding may result in decreased shortwave reflectivity.