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Evaluation of Toxic Metals and Their Exposure via Drinking Water of Different Origin Using Multivariate Technique: Health Risk Assessment

Abstract In the current study, we monitored the potentially toxic level of lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd) and other physicochemical parameters in different types of drinking water samples of district Jamshoro. Moreover, the objective of this research was the possible risk assessment of hazardous metals level in different types of drinking water used in the local population. The concentrations of toxic metals in water samples of different origin were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. It was observed that the levels of Al, Cd and Pb in lake and ground water elevated as compared to the WHO recommended permissible level. Concentrations of toxic metals in lake and ground water were considerably elevated (p<0.001) as compared to domestic treated water. Based on concentrations of toxic metals; chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated as factors for health risk assessment. CDI and HQ for lake and ground water revealed that water is unsafe for human activities while the domestic treated water has lower CDI and HQ values. Furthermore, it was also exposed through results obtained with cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) that geogenic as well as anthropogenic actions is the major contamination cause in understudy area.