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Non‐invasive imaging of oxygen concentration in a complex in vitro biofilm infection model using 19F MRI: Persistence of an oxygen sink despite prolonged antibiotic therapy

Oxygen availability is a critical determinant of microbial biofilm activity and antibiotic susceptibility. However, measuring oxygen gradients in these systems remains difficult, with the standard microelectrode approach being both invasive and limited to single‐point measurement. The goal of the study was to develop a 19F MRI approach for 2D oxygen mapping in biofilm systems and to visualize oxygen consumption behavior in real time during antibiotic therapy.