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Cracks and Plasticity

The paper gives a review of the state‐of‐the‐art of modeling deformation, damage, and fracture of ductile metals on various length scales, namely numerical simulation of micro‐void nucleation and growth, porosity‐based constitutive equations, the cohesive zone model and the macroscopic fracture‐mechanics approach. Links between the various models are outlined and their respective favorable and preferential applications are discussed. The potential of a hierarchical modeling approach from the micro‐ to the macroscale is emphasized.