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Thymoquinone inhibits angiogenesis and prostate tumor growth by suppressing MAPK signaling pathways

Thymoquinone (TQ), the main component of Nigella sativa (a herb medicine used for anti‐inflammatory for thousands of years), has been reported to inhibit proliferation of many tumor cells by suppressing TNF‐induced NF‐kB signaling pathway and arresting androgen receptor and E2F‐1 expression. In this study, we examined the effects of thymoqinone on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis using in vitro and in vivo approaches. We found that TQ dramatically inhibited HUVEC proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation at significantly lower concentration (∼10 fold lower) compared to human prostate cancer cells. 100 nM TQ activated apoptosis in 45 ± 2.6% HUVEC cells, but in only 4.8 ± 1.8% PC3 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TQ dramatically inhibited HUVEC invasion, tube formation, and angiogenesis in vitro by aortic ring assay and in vivo by matrigel plug assay. In a xenograft prostate tumor model, we found that TQ significantly inhibited tumor angiogenesis and prevented tumor growth by inhibiting the activation of FAK, c‐Src, ERK, and MAPK signaling pathway.