{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.022354694485842028, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0022354694485842027, 'mean_word_length': 5.958549222797927, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
What should be the criteria for application of modified Hodge test for carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Carbapenems are the beta lactam antibiotics with the broadest spectrum of antibacterial activity and are used for management of a wide variety of infections by Extended spectrum beta lactamasesESBLs and Ambler Class (AmpC) enzymes producing enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. involved in lower respiratory tract, intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections and infections of skin, soft-tissue, bones and joints. Carbapenems are especially useful for cephalosporin resistant nosocomial bacteria such as Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter. Production of carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes, carbapenemases and resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins with porin loss are the major mechanisms involved in carbapenem resistance. In Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC) belong to AmpC A, KPC, class B metallo beta lactamases (MBL) and class D oxacillinases. Though AmpC A KPC type enzymes are the major carbapenemases involved in carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, emergence of AmpC B MBL[1] and oxacillinases[2] has been reported recently. Thus, the detection of carbapenem resistance has become important to prevent treatment failure and limiting the spread of enzyme producing strains.