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Nano-antimicrobials: A new paradigm for combating mycobacterial resistance.

BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium group contains several pathogenic bacteria including M. tuberculosis where emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is alarming for human and animal health in all geography around the world. The condition has further aggravated due to the speed of discovery of the newer drugs has been outpaced by the rate of resistance development in microorganisms, thus requiring alternative combat strategies and nano-antimicrobials has emerged as potential option.


OBJECTIVE
The current review is focused towards providing a detailed account of nanocarriers like liposome, micelles, dendrimers, solid lipid NPs, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-suspensions, nano-emulsion, mesoporous silica and alginate based drug delivery systems along with the recent updates on developments regarding nanoparticle based therapeutics, vaccines and diagnostic methods developed or under pipeline with their potential benefits and limitations to combat mycobacterial diseases for their successful eradication from the world in future.


RESULTS
Distinct morphology and underlying mechanism of pathogenesis and resistance development in this group of organisms urges improved and novel methods for early and efficient diagnosis, treatment and vaccination to eradicate the disease. Recent developments in nanotechnology have the potential to meet both the aspects: nano-materials are proven components of several efficient targeted drug delivery systems and the typical physico-chemical properties of several nano-formulations have shown to posses distinct bacteriocidal properties. Along with the therapeutic aspects, nano-vaccines and theranostic applications of nano-formulations have grown in popularity in recent times as an effective alternate means to combat different microbial superbugs.


CONCLUSION
Nanomedicine holds bright prospect to perform key role in global tuberculosis elimination program.