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Morphogenetic Signals from Chondrocytes Promote Osteochondrogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in vitro and in vivo

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including cartilage, bone, and fat. Recent advancements in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have shown that MSCs are potentially useful cells for regeneration of cartilage in conjunction with biomaterials. However, controlling MSC differentiation and tissue formation in vivo have been challenging, thus far needing for a well‐defined and efficient protocols for directing the differentiation of MSCs into the chondrogenic lineage. We hypothesize that morphogenetic signals from chondrocytes may regulate MSC differentiation, and our study reveals that these factors promote osteogenic as well as chondrogenic potential of MSCs in vitro micromass culture. Moreover, when MSCs expanded with chondrocytes conditioned medium were encapsulated in hydrogel and subsequently implanted into athymic nude mice, basophilic extracellular marix deposition characteristic of neocartilage was evident. These results indicate that articular chondrocytes do possess suitable morphogenetic factors that induce differentiation program of MSCs in vitro and in vivo.