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Distributed Video Coding: Principles and Evaluation of Wavelet-Based Schemes

The current scenario considered for video coding and transmission, as assumed by the MPEG standards, uses complex encoding algorithms, including motion compensation and multi-hypothesis rate-distortion optimized procedures, to achieve high compression efficiency. This is the right solution when the encoding is carried out by high performance devices, while the receivers (e.g., handheld devices or mobile phones) should be kept as simple and cheap as possible. This scenario is rapidly evolving into a new one, where users have the interest to produce and transmit video and multimedia, possibly using their mobile and battery operated lightweight devices. Of course, this calls for new multimedia coding paradigms, where the encoder is as simple as possible to reduce the computational power requested for compression and radio transmission. Similar constraints should be considered in monitoring or surveillance applications, where a number of video sensors, with limited computational power, cooperate to send video information to a receiving station. Distributed Source Coding (DSC) refers to the compression of two or more correlated sources that do not communicate with each other (hence the term distributed coding). These sources send their information to a central decoder that performs joint decoding. In this situation, the challenging problem is to achieve the same efficiency (the joint entropy of correlated sources) while not requiring sources to communicate with each other. The Slepian-Wolf Theorem is a celebrated result of information theory which assures that this unexpected result is indeed achievable. In other words, it is possible to code two correlated sources (X,Y) one independently of the other, and achieve the same performance obtainable when a coder can exploit knowledge of both. For instance, in a conventional video coder, two consecutive frames can be compressed by computing the motion compensated difference between the first and the second frame, then transmitting the first frame in intra-mode and the inter-mode coded difference frame. The Slepian-Wolf result assures that, in principle, we can achieve the same coding efficiency by coding the two frames independently, i.e., without performing a costly motion compensation operation.