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Systemic Metal Ion Concentrations in Patients With Hip and Knee Megaprostheses: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background Local tissue and serum metal ions have been shown to be elevated in some metal-on-metal and metal-on-polyethylene joint replacements. Local elevations have been linked to adverse local tissue reactions in some patients, and systemic elevation has been less commonly implicated cardiac and neurologic issues. Using a prospective study design, we aimed to identify the changes in serum metal ion levels after hip or knee megaprosthesis reconstruction. Furthermore, we will evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects and complications, possibly linked to metal ion elevation. Methods Fourteen consecutive patients receiving a Modular Universal Tumor Revision System megaprosthesis were enrolled. Blood samples were collected preoperatively and postoperatively to determine the serum ion concentrations of aluminum, chromium, cobalt, and silver. To evaluate the safety of the megaprostheses and the subsequently possible related (elevated) serum metal ion concentrations, all adverse effects and complications were registered until last outpatient clinic visit at the time of this study. Results Compared to the preoperative median serum concentrations, the postoperative median serum concentrations of chromium, silver, and cobalt increased 11-fold, 62-fold, and 64-fold, respectively. The median serum concentration of aluminum increased with 16%. Elevations were primarily noted in patients with knee prostheses. Eight patients had no adverse effects or complications during the period between preoperative and postoperative blood sampling. One adverse effect directly related to the serum metal ion concentrations, namely argyria, was observed. Conclusions This study documents significantly elevated concentrations of the metal ions, but only one adverse effect directly related to the metal ion concentrations was observed. Future studies are needed to further assess the impact of elevated metal ion levels after megaprostheses, specifically knee implants, which are metal-on-metal.


Introduction
Metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings have been developed to increase the mechanical durability of the prosthesis compared to the conventional metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) bearings [1,2]. MoM hinges are used, among other things, in megaprostheses about the knee to reconstruct osseous defects after tumor resections as they have clear benefits preserving function and quality of life [3,4].
Several studies documented elevated serum metal ion levels and (local) adverse reactions to metal debris in patients with MoM prostheses, such as metallosis, osteolysis, and pseudotumor formation [5e10]. Furthermore, revision surgery and a higher mortality have been described as well [2,11]. Mechanisms contributing to metal ions release include MoM articulation, corrosion of nonarticulating surfaces, fretting of modular junctions, and abrasive wear of soft tissues [5]. These concerns have led to questions about the use of MoM hinged megaprostheses about the knee and general megaprostheses containing large surfaces of metal.
A limited number of studies intended to describe and quantify the systemic metal ion concentrations and the effects of several metal ions from corresponding alloying elements in megaprostheses [1,5,10,12]. Metals often used in alloying elements of megaprostheses are aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V) [13]. Among these metals, silver is an encouraging option to reduce the rate of infection because of its relatively low toxicity and high level of antimicrobial activity [14e16]. However, silver ions are reported to cause adverse effects, such as argyria, neuropathy, hepatic failure, and renal failure [17]. In the case of cobalt, mainly cardiovascular and neurologic adverse effects are reported [18]. For other metal ions, such as aluminum and titanium, little data are published about systemic concentrations and their possible adverse effects.
This prospective study documents the change in serum metal ion levels preoperatively and postoperatively in patients with megaprostheses. As the global utilization of megaprostheses is usually confined to patients suffering from malignant bone tumors, data on metal ion dissemination up till now remain limited. We aimed to investigate several serum metal ion concentrations from corresponding alloying elements in patients with hip and knee megaprostheses, before and after surgery. Furthermore, we looked at factors correlating to metal ion release and the occurrence of adverse effects and complications.

Design and patients
This is a prospective cohort study describing metal ion concentrations in blood serum before and after megaprostheses implantation in 14 consecutive patients. Secondary, adverse effects and complications were recorded. Between August 2017 and May 2020, all consecutive patients in the Leiden University Medical Center aged !18 years and receiving an endoprosthetic reconstruction using Modular Universal Tumor Revision System (MUTARS®; Implantcast GmbH, Buxtehude, Germany) hinge were considered for the study. Exclusion criteria were anamnestic use of metal-containing nutritional supplements or medications, contact with metal ions in the work environment, an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60, any other in situ prosthesis containing metal, and revision surgery of any metallic prosthesis. A total of 28 patients receiving a megaprosthesis within the study period were included. Before the postoperative blood sampling, 10 patients had died due to progression of the sarcoma, 2 patients were lost to follow-up, 1 patient underwent amputation after tumor recurrence before postoperative blood sampling, and 1 patient had withdrawn from the study (Fig. 1).
Eleven patients requiring a knee megaprosthesis, received the total knee arthroplasty (TKA) GenuX® MK System (Implantcast GmbH, Buxtehude, Germany) ( Fig. 2) [19]. The coupling mechanism and tibial and femoral components of the MUTARS® GenuX® MK are made of a CoCrMo alloy according to the International Standard Organization (ISO) 5832/12 [19]. The offset adapter and femoral and tibial spacers used in these prostheses are made of a TiAl6V4 alloy (ISO 5832/3). In this cohort, only cementless stems made of a TiAl6V4 alloy were used (ISO 5832/3).
Three patients requiring a hip megaprosthesis received the MUTARS® proximal femur (Implantcast GmbH, Buxtehude, Germany) (Fig. 3) [20]. According to the ISO, the MUTARS® proximal femur, the extension piece, and the connecting part are made of a TiAl6V4 alloy, as well as cementless stems (ISO 5832/3) [20]. All stems were uncemented. Furthermore, 1 patient received both a MUTARS® LUMiC and a MUTARS® proximal femur of the hip. In this cohort, all femoral heads were bipolar heads and consisted of CoCrMo alloy and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Therefore, these proximal femur megaprostheses are MoP prostheses, unlike the MoM knee megaprosthesis used in this study. All prostheses used in this study thus contained components made of both CoCrMo and TiAl6V4 alloys and all prostheses, except 1, were silver coated. No implant loosening was observed.

Outcome measures
The primary outcomes were changes in serum concentrations of Co, Cr, Al, and Ag following surgery with a MUTARS® megaprosthesis. Blood samples of all patients were collected preoperatively on the day of the surgery and postoperatively during outpatient clinic visits. The blood samples were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS 350D) (PerkinElmer, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA).
All serum metal ion concentrations were expressed as nmol/l or mmol/l. To convert mmol/l to part per billion (ppb), the concentration of the metal ion (in mmol/l) was multiplied by the molar mass [21]. Reference values of the laboratory for the metal ion concentrations in serum were 0.32-1.74 ppb for Cr, <9.98 ppb for Al, <5.00 ppb for Ag, and 0.30-1.02 ppb for Co. The secondary outcome was the safety of (MoM) MUTARS® megaprostheses by evaluating all adverse effects and (mechanical) complications of the prosthesis, including reported local and systemic responses following MoM hip implantations such as pseudotumor formation, argyria, blindness, and cardiopathy, until last outpatient clinic at the time of this study [22]. Radiographical images were assessed for mechanical failure, osteolysis, and implant loosening. Serum tests were analyzed to assess possible systemic adverse effects. The complications were recorded and, if possible, classified according to the Henderson classification, version 2.0. All complications were eventually divided into 2 groups: (1) adverse effects and complications from the implantation of the prosthesis until the postoperative blood sampling and (2) adverse effects and complications from the postoperative blood sampling until last outpatient clinic [23].

Statistics
Means and standard deviations or 95% confidence intervals were used for normally distributed descriptive variables. Medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) or ranges were used for skewed data. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the median preoperative and postoperative metal ion levels. SPSS (IBM Ethics, registration, funding, and potential conflicts of interest Approval for the present study was waived by the Medical Research Ethics Committee Leiden-Den Haag-Delft, the Netherlands (P17.058) and informed consent was acquired from all patients prior to inclusion. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki (October 2013) and in accordance with the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act. No funding was obtained for the present study, and none of the authors have reported a potential conflict of interest.

Results
A total of 14 patients with a MUTARS® tumor prosthesis participated in the follow-up (Fig. 1). The median age of all patients was 54.5 years (IQR 40.5-68.0), 7 patients (50%) were men, and the median body mass index was 25.2 kg/m 2 (IQR 23.5-28.8) ( Table 1). The median time to postoperative blood sampling was 17.5 months (IQR 15.5-27.0). The primary tumor was located in the proximal tibia in 4 patients (29%), in the distal femur in 7 patients (50%), and in the proximal femur in 3 patients (21%). Four patients (29%) were diagnosed with osteosarcoma, 2 patients (14%) with giant cell tumor, 5 patients (36%) with chondrosarcoma,1 patient with leiomyosarcoma (7%),1 patient (7%) with undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and 1 patient (7%) was diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Two patients (14%) underwent preoperative chemotherapy, 3 patients (21%) underwent postoperative chemotherapy, and 1 patient (7%) underwent postoperative radiotherapy. Ninety-three percent of the patients had a silver coating on the body of the prosthesis. In Table 2, the lengths of the components of the protheses are reported for all patients.

Metal ion concentrations
The preoperative median concentrations of Cr, Al, Ag, and Co in the serum of patients with a MUTARS® megaprosthesis were 0.78 (IQR 0.59-1.01), 6.75 (IQR 5.13-7.49), 0.10 (IQR 0.10-0.13), and 0.31 (IQR 0.27-0.56), respectively (  Fig. 4). Three patients (21%) had a postoperative serum ion concentration within the reference values for Cr. All of them had a megaprosthesis of the hip. Eight patients (57%) had a serum ion concentration within the reference values for Al, although the concentration of 1 patient was missing. For Ag, 5 patients (36%) were within the reference values. The Ag concentration of 1 patient was missing. Three patients (21%), of whom all had a megaprosthesis of the hip, were within the reference values for Co (Fig. 5). Compared to the upper limit of the reference values, the postoperative median serum concentrations of Cr and Co, were 5-fold and 20-fold, respectively. The postoperative median serum concentration of Ag was 26% higher than the upper limit of the reference value. The postoperative median serum concentration of Al stayed within the reference values. Compared to the preoperative median serum concentrations, the postoperative median serum concentrations of Cr, Ag, and Co increased 11-fold, 63-fold, and 64-fold, respectively. The median serum concentration of Al increased with 16%.

Complications and adverse effects
A total of 8 patients (57%) had complications or adverse effects during the total follow-up. One patient (7%) developed argyria, which was directly related to the elevated serum concentration of metal ions ( Table 2). The serum Ag concentration of this patient was 10.99 ppb. One patient (7%) had a complication according to Henderson type 1B (wound dehiscence), 1 patient (7%) according to Henderson type 3A after a car accident (revision of the hinge and the liner), 1 patient (7%) had a complication according to Henderson type 4A (periprosthetic joint infection requiring debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention), and 3 patients (21%) according to Henderson type 5 (tumor recurrence). None of these patients had outlying postoperative metal ion concentrations. Eight patients (57%) had neither any adverse effects nor complications during the period between the preoperative and postoperative blood sampling.

Discussion
The present study assessed the change in serum metal ion concentrations preoperatively and postoperatively and the adverse effects and complications in patients receiving a MUTARS® megaprosthesis. Compared to the preoperative median serum concentrations, the postoperative median serum concentrations of Cr, Ag, and Co increased 11-fold, 63-fold, and 64-fold, respectively. The median serum concentration of Al increased with 16%. Postoperatively, only the median serum ion concentration of Al stayed within the reference values. Eight patients (57%) had no adverse effects or complication during the period between the preoperative and postoperative blood sampling. One adverse effect, which was   supposed to be directly related to the serum metal ion concentrations, was observed. To our best knowledge, limited data have been published concerning serum metal ion levels after implantation of a knee megaprosthesis.  Table 1). Compared to previous studies, our postoperative median serum Co and Cr concentrations (19.97 and 8.87 ppb) are relatively high. Although the median follow-up of all studies differs, which could contribute to the difference in Co and Cr ion concentrations between the studies, Laitinen et al. showed that the median Co concentration increased between 1 and 2 years postoperatively. This may suggest that postoperative serum Co concentration measured in our study might even increase when the follow-up would be extended. However, none of these studies included the preoperative serum metal ion concentrations. Therefore, the absolute differences could not be compared.
In this relatively short-term study, metal ion release of especially Co and Cr from the MoM knee megaprostheses appeared to be substantially higher than released from the hip megaprostheses. This can be attributed due to fact that the articulating part of these prostheses were made of both ultra-high-molecular-weight  polyethylene and a CoCrMo alloy and not MoM. Contrarily, the hinge in the MUTARS® megaprostheses of the knee is exclusively made of a CoCrMo alloy, which we expect as the main cause for elevated levels of Co and Cr. As inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is not able to discriminate between various atomic (ie, ionized/nonionized/nanoparticulate, etc) forms of metals, it was not feasible to differentiate for possible other mechanisms contributing to the (differences in) metal ion release. Only 1 adverse effect directly related to elevated metal ion concentrations was observed, namely argyria. This patient had a postoperative serum Ag concentration of 10.99 ppb. However, other patients with a postoperative serum Ag concentration above this value (up to 30.06 ppb) did not show any signs of argyria. Moreover, the patients with the highest postoperative serum Ag concentrations did not have the largest Ag-coated surfaces. Glehr et al. (2013) [17] also concluded that the length of the Ag-coated implant did not influence the development of local argyria. In this study, 23% of the patients developed local argyria. The levels of Ag in the blood of patients with and without argyria were comparable. Although no other cases of adverse local tissue    [27], the relationship between serum and intra-articular Co and Cr were examined, showing intra-articular levels 100 times higher than serum levels. This may explain adverse effects in patients with relatively low metal ion serum values. One limitation of this study is the absence of uniform postoperative follow-up moments for all patients. Subsequently, the time between the preoperative and postoperative blood sampling is not equal and the postoperative serum metal ion concentrations are not directly comparable. Another limitation is the small study population, predominantly caused by death of patients before the postoperative blood sampling. Therefore, the statistical comparisons should be made with caution. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the associated scaling down of regular care contributed to both limitations. In addition, the follow-up is relatively short, and thus, the total course of the serum metal ion concentrations in this study could not be followed up extensively. A long-term prospective study with fixed follow-up moments would result in better understanding of this course.
To date, metal ion monitoring is only recommended for patients with MoM hip prostheses [28,29]. On MoM knee prostheses, and especially megaprostheses, as in this study, no guidelines or recommendations have yet been published. Since the patient group receiving megaprostheses often undergo (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy and the adverse effects related to elevated metal ion concentrations partly overlap with the adverse effects related to chemotherapy, this situation of MoM hip prostheses and (MoM) megaprostheses is not comparable. Therefore, the recommendations regarding metal ion testing in patients with MoM hip prostheses cannot directly be applied for megaprostheses, and more research with larger patient groups and longer follow-up on metal ion release following (knee) megaprostheses should be conducted in order to create guidelines for metal ion testing in patients with a (MoM) megaprosthesis.

Conclusions
To conclude, this study documents elevated serum metal ion concentrations in especially Ag, Cr, and Co compared to the preoperative concentrations in patients with a megaprosthesis. The metal ions released by the megaprostheses seemed to be well tolerated in most patients; the most pronounced adverse effect in this case series was 1 case of argyria out of 11 patients that had a silver-coated prosthesis. Therefore, long-term prospective studies in larger patient groups are needed to further assess the relation between (MoM) megaprostheses and local and systemic metal ions.