{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.011372251705837756, 'fraction_numerical': 0.016679302501895376, 'mean_word_length': 5.470588235294118, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Subcentres and Satellite Cities: Tokyo's 20th Century Experience of Planned Polycentrism

This paper examines the role of subcentres and satellite cities in the patterns of growth of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, first outlining the development of metropolitan planning ideas for the Tokyo region from the 1920s to the 1990s, and then examining empirical evidence on patterns of population and employment change that occurred from 1970 to 1995 to determine the degree to which a polycentric pattern of growth has emerged. Japanese planners initially adopted European greenbelt/satellite city schemes uncritically, and then gradually adapted them to circumstances in Japan, eliminating the greenbelt concept along the way. Metropolitan plans have since the 1970s instead proposed the development of a multi-polar metropolitan region as a way of reducing travel needs and distances while eliminating the need to prevent development in intervening areas. The data on patterns of change of population and employment suggests that there has indeed been a considerable tendency towards polycentric development in the Tokyo region, although not only in the planned subcentres, and even though the core area has maintained or increased its dominance as an employment centre. The implications of these findings are then explored.