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The Effect of Fertilisation and Weather Extremities Caused by Climate Change on Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield in Hungary

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of weather and nutrient replenishment on maize productivity. Examinations were performed in a moderately warm and dry production region in Hungary (47 33’ N, 21 26’ E, 111 m asl) on calcareous chernozem soil in 2016 and 2017. Non-fertilised (control) treatment and 10 different NPK fertiliser combinations were used under natural precipitation conditions. The 2016 growing season, which ended with a significant surplus of rainfall (+110 mm), provided the availability of nutrients. Due to the difference between the low amount of rainfall (349 mm) and high evapotranspiration (674 mm) during the growing season, yield was 37% higher in 2017. The impact of weather on yield was more significant in the case of the treatment combination of increasing N + constant proportion PK (4220 kg ha) in comparison with the increasing N + same proportion PK treatment combination (2165 kg ha). The difference between the two treatment combinations was significant at the level of 0.1%. The optimum yield level can be reached with the lower dose NPK treatment of 120:92:108 kg NPK ha in the case of favourable weather. However, under less favourable weather conditions, the higher dose NPK treatment of 180:184:216 kg NPK ha should be used. Fertilisation significantly improved WUE, considering the amount of precipitation in the growing season. In 2016, water use efficiency increased from 19 kg mm in the non-fertilised treatment to 29 kg mm in the 120:92:108 kg NPK ha treatment. In 2017, yield per 1 mm precipitation was 15 kg mm in the non-fertilised treatment and it significantly increased (32 kg mm) in the optimum treatment of 180:184:216 kg NPK ha.