{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.021739130434782608, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0034782608695652175, 'mean_word_length': 5.466292134831461, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Kenya in the 1980s

This chapter describes the interplay between foreign aid and state policies in Kenya that together contributed to the emergence of a small yet robust locally owned pharmaceutical sector. Most important was a “ration kits” program that helped rationalize the procurement and distribution of drugs in rural areas. As part of that program, a government-funded component was used to specifically purchase locally produced drugs. This proved critical for the emergence and growth of the Kenyan pharmaceutical sector. Other policies in support of the state-owned pharmaceutical firm also indirectly pushed for and later assisted privately owned pharmaceutical firms. With the support of foreign aid, then, the Kenyan government was able to create a market for local producers. Foreign assistance did not come with technology transfer (mentoring), and access to technical know-how was predominantly available to Kenyans of Indian origin, whose social position during colonialism and after independence granted them educational, commercial, and cultural ties abroad. Moreover, there was little attention to quality standards (monitoring).