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The Names of the Gold Mines of the Barguzin District of the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries: Topological Aspect

The article is devoted to the analysis of the names of the gold mines of the Barguzinsky district in the late. 19 - early. XX centuries The research material was previously unpublished archival sources and field materials of the author in 2018-2019. According to the archival records of the Barguzin district, about three hundred names were considered, taking into account their location, area, owner data and registration dates of the site. The names of the gold mines in the Barguzin District were studied in the context of the topological tradition of cultural geography. The typology of names is carried out, the differentiating factors of the nomination of the socio-cultural space in the private gold industry are highlighted. Relationships between the subjects of gold mining are considered through the prism of names of mines. The characteristic features of nominating mines in the context of the cultural landscape are shown. The growth of mines and the expansion of the types of their nomenclature were noted. An analysis of the names of the mines showed the importance of gold mining in increasing the number and strengthening of the Barguzin Jewish community, the growing role of gold mining in the livelihoods of Jewish and Russian peasants. The increase in their number reflects the expansion of the areas of gold mining and is directly related to the migration process in the second half. XIX century. The repetition of names indicates a massive increase in the number of gold miners and their role in the formation of toponymy. The system of creating new names borrowed to a lesser extent the indigenous toponyms of the region. Most of them arose as a result of a rethinking of the name by a native speaker.


Introduction
During the period under review, the Barguzinsky District was part of the Trans-Baikal Region, with its center in the city of Barguzin. The okrug included the Barguzinskaya volost, the Bauntovskaya foreign council, the Bodonskoye, Muiskoye and Nizovskoye separate rural societies, three clan administrations of the Verkhneangarskoye -Chilchigir, Nizhneangarskoye -Kindgir, Podlemorsko-Shemagir.
In 1913, the Barguzinsky district was divided into 1 volost and 2 rural communities. This included the Chitkanskaya volost, with the center in the village. Bolshe-Chitkanskoe, Verkhneangarskaya volost with the center of Irkona settlement, and Goryachinsky rural societies -with. Goryachinskoe [1].
"Topological tradition is the most important line of cultural and geographical research. It is distinguished by the richness and variety of thematic and conceptual approaches, being, in fact, at the The place, the key category of this geographical tradition in different approaches was interpreted in different ways: as an imaginary, elementary piece of human space, as a unique environment of life, arena and stage, process and structure " [2, p. 93]. M.V. Golomidova, considering the names of gold mines as part of the cultural capital of the territory, highlights their role in the reconstruction of the unique cultural portrait of the territory [3].
The name of the mine is a subjective image that became a marker and mediator between a person, his picture of the world, his everyday life and society, reflecting historical and political events. The names made it possible to reconstruct the features of the cultural landscape, which appeared under the influence of gold mining. Geographical names are sensitive to changes in society. Like a threedimensional picture, the names are first viewed from a distance as a whole in order to understand the general content, then, gradually approaching, they examine the details; In this aspect, the names of gold mines clearly reflect the history of the gold mining and the formation of the local community, social and cultural ties of native speakers, recording life events. The Barguzinsky District belonged to the gold mining regions of the Russian Empire. Most of the mines were located in the northeastern part of the district. A significant contribution to the organization of gold mining was made by the Jewish community, in the second half of the 19th century, followed by the Barguzin merchants opened trade in distant northern villages, traded in the mines, built food warehouses [4].

Objects, data and methods
The main area of the mines included the mountain-taiga regions of the Vitim and Indigirskaya river systems. Long, more than six months, severe winters, when the temperature reached -60 ° C, and a short dry summer of one and a half months, served as a limiting factor in gold mining. Nevertheless, the wealth of the region attracted industrialists, and the Jewish population provided a kind of trade and communication role in the ethnocultural landscape. The names of the mines, as an indicator of the connection between a person and a place, created a special anthroponymic space.

Main part
The gold industry, along with the fur trade, since the second half of the 19th century, has become the main branch of the economy of the Barguzin Territory. Throughout its entire area, the small indigenous population was mainly engaged in hunting and cattle breeding with seasonal summer, autumn, winter and spring camps. The peasant agricultural area was relatively small. Gold mining begins to develop actively since 1844, from the first mine in the Vitim taiga. By 1862, there were already twenty-six mines in the region, and by 1900 their number had increased to two hundred and fifty. The mines were in need of workers' hands, and the exiled Jews arriving en masse in the Barguzinsky district were involved in gold mining, along with Russian peasants who lived from the second half of the 18th century in the Bolshechitkansky, Malochitkansky, Suvinsky, Kokoysky and Urinsky villages [5, p. 52 -53].
Thus, in 1897, of the total population, 25,474 people, 6489 people. was employed in agriculture, i.e. 25.5% [6]. By 1911, 80% of the agricultural population of the district was involved in gold mining and lived on the territory of the Barguzin mines, while the main share in the class relation was the Barguzin bourgeoisie. Chitkanskaya volost, the main area of compact residence of Russian peasants, also became a place of concentration of the Jewish population (88% of the total number of Jews in the district). In addition, horse and reindeer Evenks, who worked for hire in logging, made up for the shortage of labor in the mines. The owners of the mines, along with the organization of gold mining in the mines, were also involved in ensuring their uninterrupted operation (maintenance, transport, fishing, buying furs) and organizing the infrastructure.

Results and discussion
According to the book of accounting of gold mines of the Barguzin district (1856 -1912), 285 names were recorded, a small part of which uses toponyms without radical morphological transformations: Tsipikansky, Oronsky, Korolonsky, etc. The bulk of the names reflect the mental connection with the environment, and the immediate economic need and activity of the imyatvorer. So, the analysis showed the basic types of thematic nomination: 1) focused on the economic characteristics of the object -evaluates the financial and economic characteristics of the object: Drazhny, Golden Arrow, Millionny, Chervonny.
The names of this thematic group served to attract and increase interest in renting from private entrepreneurs. By the end of the 19th century, more than 70% of the gold mines were in the hands of local tenants. In addition to Russian tenant companies, a foreign partnership Cooper-Jackson and K0 was attracted to the Barguzinsky District, which a few years later registered ownership of three mines. Later, a successful attractive name was given even where there were obviously no developments yet, symbolizing the benefits of the planned activity.
2) topographic -indicates a landmark in relation to other objects and landscape features of the territory; Upper, Water pipeline (located next to the water source), Mountainous, Additional, Additional (2) In the same group, we included homonymous (from the root toponym) names of mines, which make up a relatively small part of toponyms. The number of such toponyms decreases closer to the twentieth century, mostly the names that are genetically Evenk geographical terms -hydronyms are used as the basis: Ammanovsky, Verkhne-Talalinsky, Verkhne-Itykitsky, Ingudsky, Itykitsky, Korolonsky, Oronsky, Paramsky, Turukchinsky, Ust-King , Tsipikansky. Thus, in this group, the structural core of the names is the geographical criterion.
3) socio-onomastic -by status and belonging. From this group, the names dedicated to the reigning persons are distinguished: Alexander Nevsky (2) The high proportion of personal names indicates a massive increase in the number of gold miners. Despite the frequent repetitions of some names (from 2 to 7 times), their location is varied. However, there is no clarification in the name giving a geographic "tie" to the terrain in the design. This was due to managerial and economic considerations, since by the end of the 20th century, the Barguzin taiga was teeming with gold prospectors [7]. In the modern landscape, there is a connection with the mine in the following place names: Varvarinsky, Ivanovsky, r. Glick, etc. 4) the spiritual and religious theme in the title reflected the patronage of the saints, the "consecration" of the place of activity with a timed to coincide with the dates of "church" holidays or linking to the nearby church facilities of settlements: Vladimir-Uspensky, Voznesensky, Uspensky (3),  (2), Staro-Uspensky, Troitsky, Troitsko-Sergievsky.
The stimulus for the appearance of this group of names was the increased involvement of workers and peasants. Thanks to the name, in the minds of the hired workers, the name of the mine seemed to be a life-giving principle, which had the universal property of giving auspiciousness to everything that exists. Thus, the peasant was in a godly environment, and the mine was a kind of source of a good "holy" deed. This is confirmed by an archival source, according to which, at the beginning of the 1860s, gold miners turned to the Diocesan Authorities with a request to send them a clergyman consisting of a priest and a psalm-reader, so that the latter would be missionaries among local pagan aliens and at the same time fulfill spiritual demands from the Orthodox, working in the mines, and the gold miners took on their own funds to build a church and maintain a clergy. First, the parish was organized at Lake Bount, and later in the village of Bogdarin.
Gold producers, according to the condition, gave funds for the maintenance of the mill, 1400 rubles. per year, of which the psalmist received 360 rubles, 300-400 rubles were spent on heating and hiring a watchman, the rest of the money was received as a salary by a missionary priest [8].
5) emotional-figurative -an assessment of the qualities of an object, including in the methods of metaphorization, which most economically and simply creates a vivid image of the object, reflecting the emotive to it. This group includes: Silent, Blessed, Abandoned, Faithful, Cheerful (4), Auxiliary (2), Playful (2), Alluring (2) V.N. Telia notes that "it is the breakthrough of the emotional, personally experienced, actually subjective attitude to the signified in the utterance that constitutes the effect of expressively colored meaning and its expediency in language" [9]. Using abstract concepts in the names that usually express positive qualities, the owners-creators of these names tried to predetermine a favorable development for the created gold mining object. The toponym Stolichny is included in the same group, denoting the significance of the mine on the scale of the Russian Empire; Apparently, active migration and the struggle for property boundaries were a component in the creation of the names Macedonian and Serbian. The informants report about this: "… to show that the place is occupied, they put up a pole. It was necessary to "stake out" the plot, and then applications were submitted. The one who staked out earlier mines gold there "(s. Barguzin).
6) general chronological -the time of object creation: September, November, Vysakosny.
The typification carried out out of 285 toponyms on the territory of the Barguzin Okrug, taking into account their nominal material and the time of creation, showed that the names of the mines serve as a source of the local picture of the past, help to reveal the spatial and ethnic representations of landscape development. In comparison with the documents of the XIX-early. Of the twentieth century, the dynamics of toponyms shows typical and rare toponymic models, contributes to the understanding of the evolution of toponyms and their prototypes, allows chronologizing place names and interpreting their origin, recreating the situation at the time of creation.

Conclusions
Thus, analyzing the names of the gold mines, we found that the subject records the natural characteristics of the place least of all. The name is based on a predetermined scheme, thanks to which the desired characteristics are given. At the initial stage of gold mining, there were absolutely no mines that were absolutely not important, directly or indirectly not attracting interest. All this was taken into account in the specifics of their nomination. The fact that the natural characteristics of the object are reflected to the least extent is confirmed by the risky nature, high labor costs and an intense rhythm of gold mining, which significantly differs from the measured and subordinate to natural processes of ethnic environmental management of the Evenks and Buryats. In the picture of the world of the indigenous inhabitants of the territory, natural and genealogical features of the nomination of the habitat prevail.
In gold mining, other features that characterize the mine come to the fore. This is a deliberately constructed image that should have attractiveness, thanks to the promise of wealth, or the patronage of a saint, a royal person, or a geographical name can reflect an emotional assessment of the success or failure of the results of gold mining. It seems that the material presented makes it possible to expand the toponymic picture of the cultural landscape.