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Soviet Theory of International Relations

the political independence of the Huguenot communities. Louis's attack on the Huguenots signaled the beginning of a comprehensive reform policy intended to centralize power in the hands of a loyal, nonhereditary bureaucracy. Louis XIII's Keeper of the Royal Seals, Michel de Marillac, not Cardinal Richelieu, was the driving force behind this effort to break the representative estates. Richelieu drove Marillac from power in 1629 and abandoned the reforms. Instead of vesting power in a nonhereditary bureaucracy and working with the representative estates, Richelieu politicized and corrupted the loyalties of the assemblies. Major considers Richelieu and his venal-minded successor, Cardinal Mazarin, the architects of the most destructive, absolutist policies which ultimately crippled the representative tradition. Under Richelieu, "the royal government for the first time began methodically to exploit the full possibilities of propaganda . . . to drown all opposing voices" (p. 621). Louis XIV (1643-1715) completed the extinction of the tradition of representative governance in France. The exigencies of thirty-eight years of European war pitted Louis's royal officials in a determined assault against the decaying tradition of provincial representation. Absolutism triumphed, though not without cost. Major ends his study with a melancholy reflection, suggesting that if the Bourbon kings would have combined the institutions and traditions of representative governance with their royal bureaucracy, perhaps the French monarchy could have survived much longer than it did. Today, French politicians of all stripes, unwitting heirs of this long, representative tradition, might well consider the implications of J . Russell Major's findings before performing any major surgery on the institutions and traditions of their beleaguered Fifth Republic.