{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03145478374836173, 'fraction_numerical': 0.001310615989515072, 'mean_word_length': 6.346153846153846, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Bone and Joint Disorders in Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a chronic, progressive disease caused by a growth hormone (GH)-producing pituitary adenoma, resulting in elevated GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations. Following appropriate therapy (surgery, radiotherapy and/or medical treatment), many systemic GH-induced comorbid conditions improve considerably. Unfortunately, despite biochemical control, acromegaly patients suffer from a high prevalence of late manifestations of transient GH excess, significantly impairing their quality of life. In this overview article, we summarize the pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical picture, disease course and management of skeletal complications of acromegaly, focusing on vertebral fractures and arthropathy.