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A Zn↔ZnO loop for terawatt-scale storage of solar electricity

In this paper an alternative to battery storage of solar electricity is proposed, in which storage and generation are performed by two separate devices. Storage is realized in an electrolytic cell which reduces a metal oxide to metal through solar electricity, and the produced metal anode generates electricity on demand in a metal/air battery. By separating storage and generation, this approach allows centralized storage and distributed generation with distributed optional grid connectivity. The theoretical performance is calculated for many metal↔metal oxide cycles. Based on material abundance, theoretical performance, process simplicity and technical readiness, the Zn↔ZnO cycle is proposed for this closed sustainable energy loop. The amount of Zn required for terawatt-scale storage of solar electricity is estimated.