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Topic Inflection in Mapudungun Verbs

0. Introduction. The verb in Mapudungun of south central Chile1 includes a number of inflectional subsystems expressed by suffixes. Two of these are tightly related to each other in that both associate discourse referents with the verb, and one of them depends on the other; the rest are relatively independent of each other. The key insight into the two referential subsystems was provided by Salas (1970a; 1970b; 1971a; 1971b, 1974; 1978a; 1978b; 1981), who pointed out how the reference embodied in these suffixes differs from the simple cross-reference to clause subjects and objects that is found in many languages.2 It reflects instead a person-oriented hierarchy of participants that is nearly independent of their grammatical relations. This article builds on Salas's work in two ways. First, the essential simplicity of his formulation is enhanced by a more compact presentation (1). Second, I found evidence both in his data and in texts provided me by Robert Croese that the participant ranking on which the system depends is really a special case of a topic hierarchy for discourse that has been found in other languages; for example, it coincides with Comrie's