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Theory of cosmic ray modulation

Abstract This work aims to give a brief overview on the topic of cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere. The heliosphere, heliospheric magnetic field, transport parameters and the transport equation together with modulation models, which solve this equation in various degree of complexity, are briefly discussed. Results from these models are then presented where first it is shown how cosmic rays are globally distributed in an asymmetrical heliosphere which results from the relative motion between the local interstellar medium and the Sun. Next the focus shifts to low-energy Jovian electrons. The intensities of these electrons, which originate from a point source in the inner heliosphere, exhibit a unique three-dimensional spiral structure where most of the particles are transported along the magnetic field lines. Time-dependent modulation is also discussed where it is shown how drift effects together with propagating diffusion barriers are responsible for modulation over a solar cycle.