{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.011325028312570781, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.452554744525547, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Numerical modeling and simulation of laser beam welding for production engineering and design development

The theoretical basis for the self-consistent numerical simulation of laser penetration welding is presented. The model is based on the equations of energy transport and of equilibrium at the free surfaces for balancing vapor pressure, capillary pressure and a correction term. The correction term allows balancing the metal volume taking into account thermal expansion and shrinkage during welding and the gap width between the parts to be joined. The model was verified with welding experiments on steel and aluminium alloys. The uncertainties of the simulation and verification of the cross-sectional geometric parameters of welds are investigated. The associated software DB-LASIM is presented and its industrial applicability demonstrated for the butt and overlap joints.