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Motor cortex injury has different behavioral and anatomical effects in early and late adolescence.

Although there are many studies investigating the effects of early cortical injury on brain and behavioral development in laboratory animals, there are virtually no studies examining the effects of cortical injury in adolescence. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of unilateral motor cortex lesion received in early and late adolescence periods (Postnatal days 35 and 55 [P35, P55]) on spontaneous neural reorganization and behavioral recovery in adulthood. Rats were given unilateral motor cortex lesions at P35 or P55 and their motor behaviors were compared to sham controls in adulthood. The results of behavioral tests (skilled reaching, postural asymmetry, sunflower seed manipulation, forepaw inhibition in swimming) revealed that rats with P35 lesions had significant functional deficits whereas the rats with P55 lesions showed nearly complete recovery. Golgi-Cox analysis of pyramidal neurons showed bilateral hypertrophy of dendritic fields in the remaining sensorimotor cortex in P55 but not P35 rat brains. Thus, there appears to be an age-related pattern of morphological and behavioral changes in response to cortical injury in the early and late adolescent periods leading to better functional recovery from later injuries, much as is seen in human children.