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The hydrological setting of the 2013 floods in Mexico

There is increasing evidence that more frequent flooding, resulting from increases in the frequency and intensity of storms, is likely to be one consequence of anthropogenic climate change in many parts of the world (Feng et al., 2013; Kumar, 2013). In recent years, large-scale floods have been recorded in Australia, Brazil, Thailand and the United Kingdom; not to mention those associated with hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, which generated combined economic losses of hundreds of billions of dollars in the USA (Michel-Kerjan, 2012). In Mexico, flooding is currently the major and most costly natural hazard; its geographical location makes the country highly vulnerable to the strike of landfalling tropical cyclones along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Indeed, this was recently observed during September 2013, when the simultaneous occurrence of two tropical cyclones affecting both basins of the country was recorded (see Figure 1). Figure 1 shows the tracks of both storms as they travelled over the entire Mexican territory; the star represents the spatial location of both phenomena at the time at which the picture was taken. Tropical storm Manuel in the Pacific and Hurricane Ingrid (category 1) in the Gulf of Mexico made multiple landfalls between 13 and 20 September. Both systems affected 77% of Mexican territory, with heavy rainfall producing landslides and severe flooding along many of the country’s rivers; as a result, more than 45 000 homes were damaged or destroyed and 192 lives were lost (Aon Benfield, 2013). To give a specific example of one of the recorded impacts: in the tourist resort of Acapulco-Diamante the overflowing of La Sabana river left several residential and commercial properties flooded, including the international airport.