{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.031327287716405604, 'fraction_numerical': 0.041220115416323165, 'mean_word_length': 5.039800995024875, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Potent apoptotic effects of saponins from Liliaceae plants in L1210 cells

We isolated eight saponins, a hexacyclic lanosterol tetraglycoside (1), a 27‐norlanosterol tetraglycoside (2) and six spirostanol oligoglycosides (3–8), from the plants of the family Liliaceae. In murine leukaemic L1210 cells, saponins 5 and 7 at a concentration of 1 μM showed potent cytotoxic activity and the activities were in the following decreasing order: 5, 7, 1, 3, 2, 8,4, 6. At a concentration of 10 μM, not only 5 and 7 but also 3 and 8 markedly caused cell death. The flow cytometric analysis indicated that 7 and 8 caused a concentration‐ and time‐ dependent apoptosis of L1210 cells (EC50 value = ∼5 μM). The morphological observation using a light microscope revealed that both 7 and 8 induced shrinkage in cell soma and chromatin condensation, suggesting apoptotic cell death. Moreover, in agarose gel electrophoretic analysis, a typical apoptotic DNA ladder pattern was observed after treatment with both 7 and 8. These results suggest that 7 and 8 caused the death of L1210 cells through the apoptotic process. These compounds may become powerful pharmacological tools for studying the molecular mechanism of apoptosis.