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REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL ETHNO-VETERINARY MEDICINE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN ETHIOPIA: PRACTICE AND APPLICATION SYSTEM

The objective of the review paper was to highlight indigenous practice to traditional veterinary medicine and medicinal plants used by indigenous people. Traditional medicine has been defined as the sum total of all knowledge and practices whether explicable or not, used in the diagnosis, prevention and elimination of physicals, mental or social imbalances which passes from generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing. The application of traditional medicine to veterinary medicine has been termed as ethnoveterinary medicine. In Ethiopia up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine due to the cultural acceptability of healers and local pharmacopeias, the relatively low cost of traditional medicine and difficult access to modern health facilities. Some of medicinal plants were Monopsis Sellariodes, solanium anguivi Lam, Vigina spp, Nicotiana tabacum L, Argemone Mexicana L, and Platostoma Rotundifolium etc. and they useful for different diseases. Traditional practitioners include bone setters, birth attendants, tooth extractors, (called yetirs awolaki, 'Wogesha' and yelimd awalaj' respectively in Amharic) herbalists, as well as 'debtera', 'tenquay' (witch doctors), and spiritual healers such as 'weqaby' and 'kalicha'. Healing in Ethiopian traditional medicine is not only concerned with curing of diseases but also with the protection and promotion of human physical, spiritual, social, mental and material wellbeing. Drugs were administered using different routes, the main ones being, topical, oral and respiratory and are stored usually in containers such as bottles, papers, pieces of cloth, leaves and horns, and were kept anywhere at home.


Introduction
Traditional medicine in Ethiopia has been widely used by various ethnic groups, about 90% of livestock population depends on traditional medicine and most of it comes from plants (Endashaw, 2007;Atinafu et al., 2017).
Ethnoveterinary medicine, the scientific term for traditional animal health care, provides lowcost alternatives to allopathic drugs. Research into ethnoveterinary medicine is often undertaken as part of a community-based approach that serves to improve animal health and provide basic veterinary services in rural areas (Shical et al., 2010). In addition to its focus on botanicals, ethnoveterinary medicine covers people's knowledge, skills, methods, practices, and beliefs about the care of their animals (Maine VAC, 2009). Ethnoveterinary medicine is frequently used for treating animal as well as human diseases by many different people around the world. According to the World Health Organization, at least 80% of people in developing countries depend largely on indigenous practices for the control and treatment of various diseases affecting both human beings and their animals (WHO, 2002).
Ethnoveterinary medicine provides valuable alternatives to and complements western-style veterinary medicine. Ethnoveterinary remedies are accessible and easy to prepare and administer, at little or no cost to the farmer (Jabbar et al., 2005) In many poor rural areas, ethnoveterinary medicine can play an important role in animal production and livelihood development, and often becomes the only available means for farmers treat ill animals (Tamboura et al., 2000, Jabbar et al., 2005, Shical et al., 2010.
Therefore, the objective this paper is to highlight indigenous practice to traditional veterinary medicine in local community people and review the medicinal plants used by indigenous people.

Definition of Some Phrases or Words
Traditional medicine has been defined by the world health organization (WHO,2008) as the sum total of all knowledge and practices whether explicable or not, used in the diagnosis, prevention and elimination of physicals, mental or social imbalances and relying exclusively on practical experience and observation handed down from generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing. This system of health care is also known as folk medicine, ethno medicine, or indigenous medicine (Belay, 2016).
Traditional (Indigenous) means something which is communicated from ancestors to descending; only by oral means. Thus the knowledge of traditional medicine both for man and animal is handed down from one generation to another through practical demonstrations or through oral communications. Ever since the life started on the earth, diseases and death coexisted with him and with their animals. Therefore efforts have been made to get relief out of it by using herbs in various forms as medicine from the very beginning of human civilization (Belay, 2016;Kathmandu, 1991). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses and maintain well-being (WHO, 2001). The world health organization (WHO) (2001) defined traditional medicine as the total combination of knowledge and practices that can be formally explained or used in prevention and elimination of physical, mental or social imbalance and relying exclusively on practical experience and observation handed down from generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing (Fassil, 2001). Traditional medicine is mainly concerned with folk beliefs, knowledge, skills, methods and practices which are used in the healthcare of animals. The knowledge varies from region to region, and from community to community (Fassil, 2001

Traditional Ethno Veterinary in Ethiopia
Traditional veterinary healthcare has enormous potential; however, this potential has not yet been exploited at the national level (Tilahun and Giday, 2007 In Ethiopia as well as in most developing countries, animal disease remains one of the principal causes of poor livestock performance, leading to an ever increasing gap between the supply of, and the demand for, livestock products (Sori et al., 2004). In Ethiopia, livestock production directly constitutes important (Yeneayehu and Girma, 2017). Traditional medicine has maintained its popularity in all regions of the developing world and its use is rapidly spreading in the industrialized countries. WHO estimates that in several African countries traditional birth attendants assist in a majority of births (WHO, 2002).
In Ethiopia up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine due to the cultural acceptability of healers and local pharmacopeias, the relatively low cost of traditional medicine and difficult access to modern health facilities. In 2000 only 9.45% of all deliveries in Ethiopia were attended by trained attendants and health workers. The rest were attended by traditional birth attendants or relatives (Kebede et al., 2006).
Ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) is a scientific term for traditional animal health care that encompasses the knowledge, skills, methods, practices, and beliefs about animal health care found among community members (McCorke, 1996). According to Misra and Kumar (2004), EVM is the community-based local or indigenous knowledge and methods of caring for, healing and managing livestock. This also includes social practices and the ways in which livestock are incorporated into farming systems.

Traditional ethno veterinary medicine practice in Ethiopia
Indigenous traditional medicinal practices were carried out essentially based on private practice, i.e. private agreement between consenting parties, and the knowledge of traditional practice in most cases has descended through oral folk lore (Asfaw et al., 1999). The secret of information retained by traditional healers is relatively less susceptible to distortion but less accessible to the public (Dawit, 2001;Abbink, 1993). It is widely believed in Ethiopia that the skill of traditional health practitioners is 'given by God' and knowledge on traditional medicines is passed orally from father to a favorite child, usually a son or is acquired by some spiritual procedures. Traditional Healing knowledge is guarded by certain families or social groups (WHO, 1990). The traditional knowledge on ethnoveterinary practices by local healers who are knowledgeable and experienced in traditional systems of treatment is important, but their knowledge are not documented and is dwindling fast .

Some of Medicinal Plants Practiced and their Veterinary uses in Ethiopia
Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists rely on traditional knowledge, practices and locally available materials, plants in particular, to control and manage domestic animal diseases (Giday and Ameni, 2003

Traditional Medicine Practitioners and Practices
Healers obtain their drugs mainly from natural substances and in descending order of frequency these constitute plants, animals and minerals. Drugs are prepared in various dosage forms including liquids, ointments, powders and pills. Drugs are also prescribed in a non-formulated form and additives are usually incorporated and more than one drug is used in a single dosage form (Dawit, 2001;Kebede et al., 2006). In addition to traditional medicinal practices by professional healers, there is also an old tradition of self-care in the home and another, more recently evolved subsystem of lay care of transitional medicine (Fassil, 2001). Religious practices play a large part in the healing process for Ethiopians such as praying and going to church. Holy water for Orthodox Christians (called 'tsebel' in Amharic) or 'zemzem' in the case of Moslems is also frequently used for a wide varity of illnesses. Ethiopians believe that holy water cures when it is drunk or bathed in (Kebede et al., 2006). The ways are also as diverse as the different cultures. Healing in Ethiopian traditional medicine is not only concerned with curing of diseases but also with the protection and promotion of human physical, spiritual, social, mental and material wellbeing (Beshaw, 1991;Kebede et al., 2006). Members of the Orthodox Christian clergy are called the debteras and members of the Muslim community are known as kalichas. Debteras usually look upon mental disorders as possession by evil spirits, which are thus treated mostly by praying and using holy water or eventually exorcising the evil spirit. By means of the degmit, the debteras claim to have the ability to perform miracles, which are believed to be manifested by the reactions of their patients. Tsebel is commonly used to ward off evil spirits from patients who are believed to be possessed by the devil. Kitabs are worn for the purpose of protecting oneself against the evil eye or buda, as well as snake and scorpion bites (Kebede et al., 2006;Jacobsson and Merdasa, 1991).

Routes of Application of Traditional Ethnoveterinary Medicinal in Ethiopia
Ethnoveterinary medicines can be administered in many different ways including drenching, bath, fumigation, spray, injection and topical application (Toyang et al., 2007). Drenching is applying medicine in liquid form through the mouth using a spoon, dropper or sorghum straw; on skin application a poultice, soft heated preparation (applied to a sore or abscess using wet cloth), warm stone or direct application; fumigation (the use of smoke to kill insects); steam (applied to affected part); hanging bouquet (when plants parts are bound in to a bouquet and hanged inside poultry house); in the eye application (medicine is dropped into the eye of the bird) and lastly medicine can be applied through feeds or water by mixing them with medicine (Fitsum and Amare, 2017). The application of traditional medicines to veterinary medicine has been termed as ethno veterinary medicine. Ethnoveterinary medicine has been defined as an indigenous animal healthcare system that includes the traditional beliefs, knowledge, skills, methods and practices of a given society (McCorkle, 1996). The knowledge varies from region to region and from community to community (Fekadu, 2010). In general, ethno veterinary practices have been developed by trial and error and by actual experimentation (Bekele et al., 2012). The studies conducted on the traditional remedies used in animal healthcare in Ethiopia are inadequate when compared with the multiethnic cultural diversity and the diverse flora of Ethiopia, about 6500 species of higher plants, with approximately 12% of these endemic (UNEP, 2008).
Drugs were administered using different routes, the main ones being, topical, oral and respiratory. When side effects became severe, antidotes were claimed to be used. The healers imposed restriction when certain types of drugs were taken by patients. Drugs are stored usually in containers such as bottles, papers, pieces of cloth, leaves and horns, and were kept anywhere at home (Dawit, 2001;Kebede et al., 2006). A single medicinal plant was found to be applied in different routes depending up on the preparation and type of the disease needed to be treated. Of these, oral complementing each other, application was the highest and most commonly used

Advantages of Medicinal Plants as Traditional Medicine
Ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) is the use of medicinal plants, surgical techniques and traditional management practices to prevent and treat spectrum of livestock diseases (Negussie 1988).
In It is not enough that they are useful but has disadvantage. One of the main disadvantages of traditional medicine is the lack of scientific proof of its efficacy. Lack of precise dosage which could lead to toxicity is also the other disadvantage of traditional medicine (Dawit, 2001; Getu, 2010).

Components of Ethno Veterinary Practices
Ethno veterinary term does not only comprise of herbal and traditional medicines but it also constitutes information, practices, beliefs, skills, tools and technologies, selection of breeds and human resources/traditional healers.

Conclusion and Recommendations
In Ethiopia, modern investigation on herbal remedies for human ailments has been going on for a while. On the other hand, similar efforts in the area of research on plant remedies for livestock diseases seem to be lagging behind. Traditional veterinary medicine, especially, the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of livestock diseases, needs to be scientifically explored. The application of traditional medicine to veterinary medicine has been termed as ethnoveterinary medicine which is mainly concerned with folk beliefs, knowledge, skills, methods and practices which are used in the healthcare of animals and comprises of traditional surgical techniques, traditional immunization, magico-religious practices, and the use of herbal medicines to treat livestock diseases. Ethiopia is believed to be home for about 6,000 species of higher plants with approximately 10% endemism. Traditional practitioners include bone setters birth attendants, tooth extractors, (called 'yetirs awolaki' 'Wogesha' and yelimd awalaj' respectively in Amharic) herbalists, as well as 'debtera', 'tenquay' (witch doctors), and spiritual healers such as 'weqaby' and 'kalicha'. Religious practices play a large part in the healing process for Ethiopians such as Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [116] praying and going to church. Drugs were administered using different routes, the main ones being, topical, oral and respiratory. Generally, based on this review, the following recommendations are forwarded:  Since ethnoveterinary medicinal plants were mostly found in nature, everybody and stakeholders (forestry and environmental protection office, departments and bureau) should give attention to protect from destruction.  All traditional medicines were given through indigenous and traditional people so that they need to be approval (their residual effect).  Application and recommended dose size should be adjusted be administration in to the body.