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Evidence for Changes in Climate and Environment in 1816 as Recorded in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap , Peru , the Dunde Ice Cap , China and Siple Station , Antarctica

The climate and environmental records preserved in three ice cores from three quite different sites (the tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap , Peru , the subtropical Dunde Ice Cap , China, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Siple Station) are examined for the period 1808-21. Emphasis is placed upon identifying potential changes in climate following the eruption of Tambora in 1815. Ice cores provide a multifaceted record of past variations in the Earth's climate and environment. Historical documentation is scarce or absent for these three sites where the dust concentrations, electrical conductivity , net accumulation, oxygen isotopic abundances and seasonal ranges for 1808-21 are compared with the modern levels . For Siple Station ce-and so-4 levels are included as polar precipitation most closely represents atmospheric background levels. The climatic and environmental variations of the early 1800s are discussed in the perspective of variations over the last 500 years available from each of these three ice-core sites . These records indicate that while there is an apparent global signal produced by the 1815 eruption of Tambora as recorded in the ice cores , the climatic response at each site is quite complex . The Dunde and Quelccaya sites reveal a cooling trend underway before the eruption; although the eruption may have strengthened the cooling trend that culminated in the coldest isotopic year (1819 at all three sites) of the decade 1810-20. Moreover, the year 1819-20 is the isotopically coldest year in the entire 1500-year record from the two Quelccaya ice cores. On the other hand, the mean isotopic temperatures for the 1810-20 decade appear to have been warmer at Siple Station in comparison to the modern "norm". Dust records indicate no significant signal in insoluble particle concentrations above the high levels that characterized much of the Little Ice Age. A significant peak in conductivity for the Dunde Ice Cap, China records and in sulphate, excess sulphate and conductivity for the Siple Station, Antarctica records occur in 1817. Introduction Reliable meteorological observations for climate reconstruction prior to 1850 are scarce or absent for most of the globe . Ice caps and ice sheets provide an archive of atmospheric history which pre-dates human observations. It is recognized that much of the important climatic history of the Earth never reaches the polar regions and thus, would be lost if the poles were the only sites from which ice cores were recovered. Ice-core records from three sites : the Quelccaya Ice Cap , Peru (13°56'S; 70°50'W: 5670 m a.s .1.) , the Dunde Ice Cap , China (38°06'M; 96°24'E: 5325 m a.s .1.) and Siple Station, Antarctica (75°55'S; 84°15' W: 1054 m a.s.l., Figure 1), are examined on an annual basis from 1808 to 1820 to ascertain the potential impact of the 1815 eruption of Tambora on climate and the environment. 1 Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus , Ohio 43210, U.S.A. 479