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A two-phase dilatant debris flow model based on full scale shear stress and pore pressure measurements

Since 2004, observations of shear and normal stresses have been collected at the base of naturallytriggered debris flows at the Illgraben observation station (Wallis, Switzerland) [1]. Because flow height and the normal force are simultaneously measured, and limited observations of basal fluid pore pressure are available, it is possible to investigate how the solid/fluid contents of the flow influence the measured shear stress. The experimental results have emphasized two debris flow properties: (1) Debris flows are characterized by rocky or boulder-rich front, following by a fluidized tail. Consequently, the mass density varies from large values at the front of the flow to lower values towards the tail. A comparison between different debris flow events, however, likewise reveals that the streamwise change in density can vary dramatically between two different events. (2) The relationship between the measured shear and normal tress is highly non-linear.