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Regulation of Macrophage Polarization by Mineralized Collagen Coating to Accelerate the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Osteogenesis on the interface between the implant and host bone is a synergistic processing of multiple systems involved in immune response, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, etc. However, regulation of the osteoimmune microenvironment on the implant surface to accelerate the osteogenesis through manipulating the polarization of macrophage phenotype is still beginning to be explored. We here demonstrate that macrophage phenotype is able to be regulated by decoration of mineralized collagen (MC) coating on the titanium implant surface via triggering the integrin-related cascade pathway of macrophages. Furthermore, regulation of the macrophage polarization and construction of the osteoimmune microenvironment by MC coating would subsequently accelerate the osteogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells. This work therefore emphasizes the importance of the osteoimmune microenvironment on osteogenesis and provides a promising strategy to improve the osteointegration of implants.