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Investigating the assumption of homogeneity of treatment effects in clinical studies with application to meta‐analysis

An important part of the evaluation of a therapy is an investigation of the assumption of homogeneity of its effect across pre‐defined subpopulations. In this paper we describe simple graphical presentations that could be used to assess the homogeneity of treatment effect and identify outliers. The emphasis in the paper is on meta‐analysis but the methods described can be generalized to other investigations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.