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Body-worn enzymatic biofuel cell with automated pencil drawn bioelectrodes for energy harvesting from human sweat

Epidermal bioelectronics is a field of integrated electronic system which consists of conductive materials used in a variety of applications with external energy supply. Arguably, biofuel cells, which can produce energy directly from the physiological environment, are the best power sources for wearable bioelectronics. Optimized electrode materials, which are highly flexible, light-weight and disposable, are an key features to be considered. In this work, a novel method of developing enzymatic bioelectrode using automated pencil strokes for biofuel cell application is discussed. The developed lactate/O2 biofuel cell shows a maximum power density of 11.5 µW cm−2 and 7.8 µW cm−2 in the presence of lactate and human sweat, respectively with high open-circuit voltage. This cost-effective and straightforward electrode fabrication technique delivering enhanced performance without any metallic catalyst is commendable for future wearable devices.