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Physode formation in embryos of Phyllospora comosa and Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae)

Abstract Phenolic compounds, packaged within vesicles known as physodes, are a major cytoplasmic constituent of eggs and zygotes of the Australasian fucoids Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne and Phyllospora comosa (Labillardière) C Agardh. Light and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with the actin inhibitors cytochalasin and latrunculin and the Golgi disruptor Brefeldin were used to investigate physode biogenesis in Hormosira and Phyllospora zygotes and embryos. Our results show that physodes are formed in the perinuclear region of the cell. Contrary to many early reports, no evidence was found that physode genesis is associated with chloroplasts. Instead, the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum are implicated in physode formation. Physodes are produced in large quantities around the nucleus just before periods of active wall deposition, particularly during rhizoid initiation and crosswall formation. Subsequently, they move from their central location to the sites of wall deposition.