{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015682174594877155, 'fraction_numerical': 0.020909566126502875, 'mean_word_length': 5.532423208191126, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Vineyard monitoring of fluoride in the Hunter Valley during and after an aluminium smelter operation

The Kurri Kurri, New South Wales, aluminium smelter operated from 1969 to 2012. Environmental monitoring included monthly growing season collections of leaves from representative grapevines at 12 vineyards in the lower Hunter Valley between 1981 and 2013, supplemented by continuous monitoring of gaseous and particulate fluorides at six of these vineyards between 1997 and 2013. The final growing season of the survey followed the cessation of aluminium production. Ambient fluoride concentrations at different vineyards were approximately related to distance and direction from the smelter. The maximum seasonal concentration at one vineyard in one year (0.22-/+0.04 mug F m-3) showed that air quality goals were achieved at all monitoring sites within the vineyard area. After the smelter closed, ambient fluoride concentrations throughout the vineyard area were about 0.05 mug F m-3. Grapevine foliar fluoride concentrations were approximately related to the seasonal cumulative fluoride exposure; concentrations up to 45 mg F kg-1 dry weight were observed without reported adverse effects on grapevine growth, fruit yield or product quality. Foliar fluoride concentration was an imprecise indicator of immediate fluoride exposure but seasonal trends were consistent between vineyards. If interpreted cautiously, foliar monitoring of intensively managed plant species is a valuable supplement to air monitoring that can identify local variations in exposure as well as providing an early indication of possible adverse effects. The sampling variation observed in grapevines, a highly selected and intensively managed crop species, suggests that the measurement of foliar fluoride concentrations in native or unmanaged vegetation can provide only a general confirmation of the existence of a fluoride source.