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Potential use of a caspase against HIV.

At present, treatment of HIV infection uses small inhibitory molecules
that target HIV protease; however, the emergence of resistant HIV strains
is increasingly problematic. To circumvent this, we report here a new ‘Trojan
horse' strategy to kill HIV-infected cells by exploiting HIV protease. We
engineered a transducing, modified, apoptosis-promoting caspase-3 protein,
TAT–Casp3, that substitutes HIV proteolytic cleavage sites for endogenous
ones and efficiently transduces about 100% of cells, but remains inactive
in uninfected cells. In HIV-infected cells, TAT–Casp3 becomes processed
into an active form by HIV protease, resulting in apoptosis of the infected
cell. This strategy could also be applied to other pathogens encoding specific
proteases, such as hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus and malaria.