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Age, Sex, and Cultural Differences in the Meaning and Dimensions of Achievement

The present study explored variations in the meaning and psychological dimensions of achievement among people of different ages, sexes, and cultures. Subjects were 504 British and Chinese males and females, aged 13 to 55. The repertory grid technique was used to elicit success situations and related constructs. A group grid was then constructed and administered to the subjects. Results revealed two major types of achievement situations (affiliative and individualistic/competitive) and three major dimensions of achievement (outcome/emotional state, instrumental activity, and causal attributions). Although these dimensions were the same for all, significant differences were found between groups on importance attached to success situations. The results are discussed in terms of sociocultural, situational, and developmental factors.