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MUSCULAR NATIONALISM: GENDER, VIOLENCE AND EMPIRE IN INDIA AND IRELAND, 1914–2004

discourses in an attempt to eschew the relativism and essentialism implicit in integrationist and assimilationist discourses. Gary Peller juxtaposes and finesses some of the contradictions of complex ‘race’ equalities debates that will no doubt irritate some on the enlightened left as well as those on the more conservative right as their location within dynamics of racialized power are revealed. Neat views on how racialized relations ought to work operating notions of integration and colour blindness are challenged here forcing a repositioning of left political activism. He does this by re-reading historical events and the assumptions that have underpinned dominant discourses of race relations, using techniques that emphasize the ambiguities and multiple readings of seemingly neutral and objective behaviours and events in the judiciary, politics and academia. In many instances, Black Nationalist critiques of the 1960s and 1970s are the starting points for a rationalizing of liberal left failings since then. The slow progress of conservatism, incrementalism of liberalism and the derailed progressive response to today’s racial power plays reinforces Martin Luther King’s 1963 I have a dream speech notion of the bad cheque that America has issued and fails to honour for its black and minoritized communities. As a Professor of Law in the USA, Peller’s book remains rooted in the American context yet there remains a raft of issues and ideas applicable across international settings. The use of US legal remedies such as Brown v. Board of Education, 1954; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 1897, as case studies for Peller’s analyses might be a challenge for those not au fait with critical race theorizing in critical legal studies. Though there should be no surprise at the centrality of legal cases the work would have been even more accessible had it drawn upon more from international examples or non-legal issues. Gary Peller concludes by stating what critical race scholars have argued for some time that a critical race consciousness has a duel role to not only debunk traditional disempowering social discourses but also to generate new knowledge. Gary Peller’s book goes some way to doing this.