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Reciprocity and Open-Circuit Voltage in Solar Cells

The equation for open-circuit voltage of a solar cell based on optoelectronic reciprocity is combined with the standard textbook formula to obtain a general result that includes photon recycling as well as losses by carrier transport. It is shown that, in indirect-gap semiconductors, the general expression reduces to the “conventional” and “optoelectronic” expressions in the limits of low and high radiative efficiency.