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Retroviruses and the genetics of cancer.

Retroviruses cause cancer by several different mechanisms including addition of an oncogene, addition of a modified viral glycoprotein, activation of a proto-oncogene, transactivation of a proto-oncogene, immune depression, and stimulation of lymphoid cell proliferation. Both the evolution of oncogenes and tumor induction by most retroviruses is multi-step. Study of the evolution of a particular oncogene, v-rel, indicates that this evolution could not have been selection-driven, but that it resulted from the high rate of mutation in retroviruses replication, that is, it was mutation-driven. Argument is made that much other cancer is also mutation-driven.