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The Pillage of the Ancient Tombs in the Crimea

Archaeologists in Russia have been long aware of the illicit excavation and theft from ancient burial places in the Crimea. In fact, the history of robbery from the tombs commenced during ancient times, the perpetrators being contemporaries of the dead either from the same tribe or incursory aliens. For example, the stone vaulted tombs built by Greek colonisers in the third century B.C. and situated in the northwest of the Crimea were pillaged by the Scythians, who then re-used the structures for their own dead. Later, in the fourth century A.D., invading Huns robbed the tombs and buried their fellow tribesmen in the same stone vaults. The burial mounds of south Russia are also examples of funerary structures which were robbed in antiquity. Their original builders were contemporaries of the creators of the three great pyramids at Giza in Egypt (c. third millennium B.C.); these mounds were plundered by later waves of invading nomads and adapted for their own purposes. The tradition of burial in mounds was maintained in the Caucasus region until the eighteenth century A.D. The motivation for tomb-robbing was not restricted to the hunt for 'treasures'. The Greek cemetery at Chersonesos, with its remarkable stone monuments often covered with delicately carved inscriptions, was used effectively as a quarry by the Scythians in order to build the foundations of a tower (the 'tower of Zenonos') as a response to military threat in the second century B.C. The scale of pillage from the ancient tombs in the Crimea and south Russia accelerated during the nineteenth century in response to the demand from Europe for the fabulous types of finds known to be contained in some of the great barrows. Treasure hunters were known locally as the 'lucky men' and their activities included forgery of artefacts as well as the systematic plunder of ancient sites. Some of the objects in the south Russian collection of the Louvre are now thought to be examples of these nineteenth century fakes. During the last five years, there has been a considerable increase in tomb-robbing in south Russia. The relaxation of travel restrictions