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Dysfunctional breathing in children and adolescents

Niggemann et al. (1) have addressed an important issue, dysfunctional breathing as a cause of respiratory discomfort. They give as examples vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), hyperventilation syndrome, habit cough and sighing dyspnoea. These disorders must be considered in the differential diagnoses of respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents. While there are no controlled clinical trials evaluating treatment for these disorders, there is considerable observational experience to provide guidance for clinicians encountering one of these.