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MODERN METHODS OF TREATMENT OF THYROID BENIGN TUMORS

One of the significant problems of endocrine surgery is the treatment of benign thyroid tumors. With the development of technology, modern therapy methods have appeared that have been used along with traditional ones. This article provides a review of the literature on conservative, surgical, and alternative methods of treatment. Manifestations of benign tumors can be different, the applied medical tactics depends on the course of the disease and the volume of the lesion. If an asymptomatic course is detected and there is no significant growth, dynamic observation is recommended. In the past, hormone therapy with thyroid drugs has remained, in view of their low effectiveness and severe complications, with the exception of some cases. The use of surgical treatment methods - thyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy is considered the gold standard of treatment. Endoscopic methods can reduce tissue damage compared with open surgery, reduce the period of postoperative rehabilitation of the patient and avoid gross cosmetic defects. The use of radioactive iodine is an alternative to surgery, but its use is limited by the size of the tumor. The most promising are minimally invasive treatments, such as laser-induced thermotherapy, radiofrequency ablation and ethanol ablation. Laser-induced thermotherapy has good clinical results; the effect on the required tissue site is provided by laser light, which focuses on it, acting first on the surface layers, then on the deep ones. Radiofrequency ablation is used for lesions of the thyroid gland, including large nodes. A small risk of complications and a good cosmetic effect allow it to be used in the treatment of benign neoplasms in the first place. Ethanol ablation is less expensive than radiofrequency ablation, it should be considered as a first-line treatment for cystic thyroid nodules.