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Classification in object-oriented systems

We characterize object-oriented systems by their classification mechanisms because they are prescriptive in their classification paradigm but permissive in their communication and message passing mechanisms. They extend the flat classification mechanism of traditional type systems to tree-structured collections of types with common operations and attributes. We review the relation between biological and object-oriented classification, relate the classification paradigm to communication and state transition paradigms, and explore its realization by calculi and algebras. Object-oriented type systems determine a calculus of classes weaker than calculi for computing with values that can be modelled either algebraically [BW] or by the second order, polymorphic, lambda calculus [CW]. A fuller discussion with more technical details can be found in [We].