{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03695301773028476, 'fraction_numerical': 0.028714703599785087, 'mean_word_length': 5.1520381931692985, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 6, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Expression of XBP1s in peritoneal mesothelial cells is critical for inflammation-induced peritoneal fibrosis

Intraperitoneal inflammation is the most important determinant of peritoneal fibrosis in patients with long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Spliced x-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s), a major proximal effector of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, plays an indispensable role in inflammation. Our study demonstrated that the inflammatory factor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) dose- and time-dependently induced XBP1s upregulation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion, as well as the expression of the fibrotic marker fibronectin. However, these effects were prevented by the IRE1 endonuclease inhibitor STF083010 since it time-dependently reduced IL-1β-induced Xbp1 mRNA splicing, XBP1s protein expression, inflammatory factor IL-6 secretion and the expression of the fibrotic marker fibronectin in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). The overexpression and knockdown of XBP1s in HPMCs had a similar effect on fibronectin expression. In a rat model of peritoneal inflammation, STF083010 significantly attenuated chlorhexidine digluconate-induced XBP1s and α-smooth muscle actin expression, as well as fibrotic tissue proliferation, in the peritoneum. Our results suggest that XBP1s is a strong pathogenic factor that mediates inflammation-induced peritoneal fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis.

blocks IL-1β-induced Xbp1 mRNA splicing and alleviates inflammation and fibrosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). The fibrotic factor fibronectin was also found to be regulated by XBP1s through the gain and loss of XBP1s in HPMCs. In a rat model of peritoneal inflammation, STF083010 significantly attenuated chlorhexidine digluconate (CG)-induced XBP1s expression, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and fibrotic tissue proliferation in the peritoneum. Our data strongly imply that XBP1s is a pathogenic factor that may mediate inflammation-induced peritoneal fibrosis in PD.  IL-1β induced XBP1s and inflammatory cytokine expression in HPMCs. Xbp1s mRNA was detected by real-time PCR after HPMCs were treated with IL-1β at different concentrations (A) and for different times (B). XBP1s protein expression was also detected by western blotting after HPMCs were treated with 2 ng/ml IL-1β for different times (C). Inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression was detected by real-time PCR after HPMCs were treated with 2 ng/ml IL-1β for different times (D). *P < 0.05 compared to the control group (n = 3 for each experiment). The full-length blots for (C) are shown in Supplementary Figure 1A. Cell culture and treatment. The immortal human peritoneal mesothelial cell (HPMC) line (ATCC, Rockville, MD), which is an untransformed HPMC line with properties similar to those of primary cells, was cultured in Earle's M199 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator as described previously [11][12][13][14][15] . Prior to all experiments, the cells were synchronized for 12 h in serum-free medium. Then, the cells were incubated in serum-free medium containing a normal level of glucose in the absence or presence of various concentrations of IL-1β (0.5-5 ng/ml; Pepro Tech, USA) for different incubation periods. A specific inhibitor of Xbp1 splicing, STF083010 (60 μmol/L; Sigma, USA), was added to the cells 30 min before IL-1β treatment 16 . For XBP1s overexpression or XBP1 knockdown experiments, we used a lentiviral system according to our previous report 17 .

Materials and Methods
Real-time PCR. Real-time PCR was performed as described previously 17 . Briefly, total RNA was extracted from human peritoneal mesothelial cells and reverse transcribed into cDNA using MMLV reverse transcriptase (Promega). Three separate cDNA samples were used, each one was measured in triplicate. Target-specific primers and Precision Master Mix with SYBR green (Primer Design) were added to each cDNA sample. The PCR reactions were run under the following cycling conditions: an initial denaturation step of 95 °C for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of 15 seconds denaturation (95 °C) and 35 seconds annealing/elongation at 60 °C. 18 S RNA was used as an internal control. The relative level of or fold change in target gene expression was normalized to the level of 18 S RNA and compared to a control sample. The PCR primers 10,[17][18][19] used in this study are listed in Table 1.
Western blot analysis and ELISA. The expression of XBP1s and fibronectin was assessed by western blot analysis using a modified protocol 17,20 . HPMCs were harvested at different time points and lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 5 mol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 150 mol/L NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, and 0.5% Triton X-100) containing a cocktail of protease inhibitors (leupeptin, aprotinin, antipain, and PMSF). Protein concentrations were measured with the Bradford assay. A total of 40 μg of total protein of each sample was separated by 8-10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Glostrup, Denmark). The membrane was blocked overnight at 4 °C in blocking solution (1 M Tris-buffered saline with 5% non-fat milk and 0.02% Tween 20 (TBST)) and incubated for 4 h at room temperature with a primary antibody in TBST containing 1% bovine serum albumin. After three washes with TBST, the blots were incubated for 45 min at room temperature with HRP-conjugated IgG secondary Abs (1:2000; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and then washed three times with TBST. Detection was performed using an ECL kit (Santa Cruz Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The western blots shown are representative of at least three independent experiments. The primary antibodies used were as follows: anti-XBP1 (sc-7160, Santa Cruz, 1:1000), anti-fibronectin (F3648, Sigma, 1:500), and anti-β-actin (A5316, Sigma, 1:2000).
To measure IL-6 secretion by HPMCs, supernatants from the cell cultures were collected and analyzed with IL-6 ELISA kits (eBioscience) according to the kit instructions and well-established methods 20,21 .

Animals. Twenty-five 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 to 230 g body weight) (The Fourth Military
Medical University Animal Lab Center, Xi'an, China) were used in the present study; five were assigned to the control group, ten were assigned to the CG group, and ten were assigned to the CG and STF083010 treatment group. Peritoneal fibrosis was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 0.1% CG in 15% ethanol dissolved in saline every other day for 3 weeks, as described with slight modifications 22,23 . STF083010 (1 mg/kg) was injected 2 h before CG injection. The control rats were injected with the same volume of saline. The rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks, and the peritoneal tissues were collected for western blot analysis, histological assessment and immunohistochemical analysis.
Histological assessment and immunohistochemistry. The rat peritoneal tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and then embedded in paraffin. The 4-μm sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome as previously described 22 .
Immunohistochemical analyses of XBP1s, F4/80, CD31 and α-SMA were performed by the same protocol used in the laboratory. Peritoneal tissue sections were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min at room temperature. After washing with PBS 3 times, the tissue sections were blocked for 20 min with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS. Primary antibody in 1% BSA in PBS was added overnight at 4 °C. Afterwards, the sections were washed twice in PBS and then incubated with secondary antibody in 1% BSA in PBS for 1 h at RT in the dark. The tissue sections were washed twice with PBS and mounted in Vectashield mounting medium. The sections were imaged on an upright fluorescence microscope (Leica). www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Statistical analysis. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and unpaired t test were used to test statistical significance. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

IL-1β-induced XBP1s expression in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. To mimic inflammation
in peritoneal dialysis, we treated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) with the inflammatory factor IL-1β to identify whether XBP1s is involved in this inflammatory process. The results indicated that IL-1β-induced Xbp1s mRNA expression in a concentration- (Fig. 1A) and time- (Fig. 1B) dependent manner. IL-1β also significantly induced XBP1s protein expression (Fig. 1C) in HPMCs. These results suggest that XBP1s is likely involved in the inflammatory process in HPMCs in peritoneal dialysis.

XBP1s mediates IL-1β induced-inflammation and fibrosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells.
To identify the function of XBP1s in IL-1β-induced inflammation and fibrosis, we first detected the gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα. The results indicated that IL-1β strongly induced the expression of these cytokines (Fig. 1D). When the IRE1 endonuclease inhibitor STF083010 was used to inhibit Xbp1 splicing, IL-1β-induced XBP1s protein expression ( Fig. 2A), as well as inflammatory factor IL-6 secretion (Fig. 2B) and fibrosis factor fibronectin expression (Fig. 2C), was significantly attenuated.
To further verify that STF083010 does inhibit IRE1 RNase activity and therefore inhibit XBP1 splicing to block inflammation-induced fibrosis in HPMCs, we directly interfered with XBP1s expression with gain and loss strategies using a lentiviral system. The results indicated that the overexpression of XBP1s strongly induced fibronectin expression, while the knockdown of XBP1 significantly decreased fibronectin expression (Fig. 2D).
These results demonstrate that XBP1s is critical in inflammation-induced fibrosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells.
XBP1s is involved in the inflammatory process in rat peritoneal tissue. We injected the inflammatory reagent chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) into the rat abdominal cavity to mimic the inflammatory process in PD patients. The results of western blot analysis (Fig. 3A,B) and immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 3C,D) both indicated that XBP1s was strongly induced after 3 weeks of CG treatment, and this effect was dramatically inhibited by the intraperitoneal pre-injection of STF083010 2 h before the injection of CG, suggesting that XBP1s is involved in the inflammatory process of the rat peritoneum. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ XBP1s mediates chlorhexidine gluconate-induced inflammation and angiogenesis in rat peritoneal tissue. To identify the function of XBP1s in CG-induced inflammation and angiogenesis in the rat peritoneum, the macrophage marker F4/80 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/ CD31) were detected by immunohistochemical staining of tissues from CG-treated rats and rats intraperitoneally pre-injected with STF083010. The results indicated that CG significantly induced F4/80 (Fig. 4A,B) and CD31 (Fig. 4C,D) expression, while the upregulation of these proteins was obviously attenuated by the pre-injection of STF083010, suggesting that XBP1s mediates CG-induced inflammation and angiogenesis in the rat peritoneum.
XBP1s mediated chlorhexidine gluconate-induced fibrosis in rat peritoneal tissue. To verify the function of XBP1s in CG-induced rat peritoneal fibrosis, the fibroblast marker α-smooth muscle-actin (α-SMA) was first detected by immunohistochemical staining of tissues from CG-treated rats and rats intraperitoneally pre-injected with STF083010. Then, the peritoneal thickness and peritoneal fibrosis were also measured by H&E staining and Masson's staining, respectively. The results indicated that CG significantly induced α-SMA expression (Fig. 5A,B), peritoneal thickening and peritoneal fibrosis (Fig. 5C,D), while these alterations were obviously attenuated by the pre-injection of STF083010. These results demonstrate that XBP1s is critical in inflammation-induced peritoneal fibrosis.

Discussion
The greatest challenge for long-term peritoneal dialysis is inflammation-induced peritoneal fibrosis that results from the continuous exposure of the peritoneum to high glucose dialysate with low pH 24 . Therefore, a thorough understanding of the molecular changes of inflammation and fibrosis in the peritoneum is essential for reducing PD-related peritoneal fibrosis. In the present study, we showed that the UPR signaling molecule XBP1s was induced both at the mRNA (Fig. 1A,B) and protein (Fig. 1C) levels in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) upon treatment with the inflammatory factor IL-1β. The mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα was also induced by IL-1β treatment (Fig. 1D), which is consistent with previous reports 25,26 . Moreover, IL-6 protein secretion and the expression of the fibrotic factor fibronectin were also synchronously induced by IL-1β. STF083010 is a specific blocker of IRE1α endonuclease activity, which inhibits IRE1α kinase activity therefore inhibits XBP1 splicing and without affecting IRE1α kinase function 27 . When exposed HPMCs to STF083010, the IL-1β-induced XPB1 splicing, as well as IL-6 secretion and fibronectin expression were greatly attenuated ( Fig. 2A-C). These results suggest that IL-1β induced IRE1α-XBP1s pathway activation with activating IRE1α endonuclease activity and therefore induced XBP1 splicing. The XBP1s then www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ promoted expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα, and finally facilitated expression of fibrotic factor fibronectin in HPMCs. Further XBP1 overexpression and knockdown experiments in HPMCs indicated that XBP1s positively controls fibronectin expression directly (Fig. 2D), suggesting that STF083010 attenuated fibronectin by inhibiting Xbp1 splicing. These observations clearly demonstrate that XBP1 signaling is involved in inflammation and fibrosis in HPMCs.
To identify the important role of XBP1s in PD-related peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis in vivo, we injected the inflammatory reagent chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) into the rat abdominal cavity to mimic the inflammatory process in PD patients. The results showed that CG dramatically induced XBP1s expression in rat peritoneal tissue, and this elevation was significantly suppressed by the Xbp1 splicing inhibitor STF083010 (Fig. 3A,B). Meanwhile, XBP1s also mediated CG-induced peritoneal fibrosis and the thickening of the peritoneal tissue (Fig. 5). These results demonstrate that XBP1s mediates inflammation-induced peritoneal fibrosis not only in vitro in HPMCs but also in vivo. It will be important to determine whether other cellular components of the peritoneal membrane, such as macrophages, also display enhanced XBP1s protein expression and whether XBP1s also plays a role in their involvement in peritoneal fibrosis in future studies.
To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of peritoneal fibrosis by XBP1s, we also detected another important inflammatory marker of macrophages, F4/80 28 , and the vascular endothelial cell marker CD31, which is a marker of angiogenesis in the process of peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis 22,23 , in peritoneal mesothelial cells. The results indicate that CG strongly induced F4/80 and CD31 expression in rat peritoneal tissue, while these effects were attenuated by the Xbp1 splicing inhibitor STF083010. Our data demonstrate that XBP1s is a pathogenic factor of peritoneal fibrosis that contributes to inflammation and angiogenesis in peritoneal dialysis.
As one of the most important pathways of the UPR, the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway plays a critical role in inflammation and cell survival 10,29 , and XBP1s controls inflammation through both UPR-dependent and UPR-independent pathways 10,30 . However, whether XBP1s also plays a critical role in peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis is still unclear. In the present study, we established a novel role for XBP1s in promoting peritoneal fibrosis by regulating inflammation and angiogenesis. Our results provide a clue for the search for therapeutic agents to potentially treat peritoneal dialysis-related peritoneal fibrosis by targeting XBP1s in future studies.
Nevertheless, we did not investigate the relationship between the XBP1s expression level in patient peritoneal tissues and peritoneal fibrosis. In vivo XBP1s loss-and gain-of-function studies are essential to further verify the critical role of XBP1s in peritoneal dialysis-related peritoneal fibrosis.