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Polymorphism, Expression of Natural Resistance-associated Macrophage Protein 1 Encoding Gene (NRAMP1) and Its Association with Immune Traits in Pigs

Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 encoding gene (NRAMP1) plays an important role in immune response against intracellular pathogens. To evaluate the effects of NRAMP1 gene on immune capacity in pigs, tissue expression of NRAMP1 mRNA was observed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the results revealed NRAMP1 expressed widely in nine tissues. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) in exon1 and one SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) in intron1 region of porcine NRAMP1 gene were demonstrated by DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis. A further analysis of SNP genotypes associated with immune traits including contain of white blood cell (WBC), granulocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte (MO), rate of cytotoxin in monocyte (MC) and CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte subpopulations in blood was carried out in four pig populations including Large White and three Chinese indigenous breeds (Wannan Black, Huai pig and Wei pig). The results showed that the SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) was significantly associated with level of WBC % (p = 0.031), MO% (p = 0.024), MC% (p = 0.013) and CD4−CD8+ T lymphocyte (p = 0.023). The other SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) was significantly associated with the level of MO% (p = 0.012), MC% (p = 0.019) and CD4−CD8+ T lymphocyte (p = 0.037). These results indicate that the NRAMP1 gene can be regarded as a molecular marker for genetic selection of disease susceptibility in pig breeding.


INTRODUCTION
The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 encoding gene (NRAMP1) belongs to a large gene family encoding divalent cation transporters that are localized to late endosomes/lysosomes (Blackwell et al., 2000). The NRAMP1 protein is targeted to the membrane of the microbe-containing phagosome, where it may modify the intraphagosomal milieu to affect microbial replication (Canonne-Hergaux et al., 1999). The NRAMP1 gene also called solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1) gene and is the first positional cloned gene related to infectious disease susceptibility in mouse (Vidal et al., 1993). In mammals, NRAMP1 gene is associated with the transport of iron and other divalent cations, and the transition metal irons are essential for maintain divalent metal homeostasis, including regulation of transcription through DNA binding proteins and metal response elements (Blackwell, 2003;Courville et al., 2006).
The NRAMP1 protein has 12 conserved transmembrane domains, two N-linked glycosylation sites, and a transport motif. These conserved domains perform various important functions. Mutations of these conserved domains are associated with various diseases in human. Polymorphisms of the human Nramp1 gene are significantly associated with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection (Tanaka et al., 2007), Crohn's disease (Gazouli et al., 2008), rheumatoid arthritis (Ates et al., 2009), type 1 diabetes gene has been reported and several single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) were also detected and some were found to be associated with the fecal bacteria counts of piglets after challenging with Salmonella cholevasuis (Tuggle et al., 1997;. Considering the important role of NRAMP1 gene in defending bacterial and viral infection, in this study, we investigated its mRNA expression in different tissues, identified the polymorphisms of porcine NRAMP1 gene, and then analyzed their association with some immune traits to evaluate its potential effects in four pig populations including Large White and three Chinese native breeds (Wannan Black, Huai pig, and Wei pig).

Animals
The animals used in this study were 466 pigs, including Large White (140) and three Chinese indigenous breeds, Wannan Black pig (118), Huai pig (105), Wei pig (103). All pigs were raised in 2012 and 2013 under standard indoor conditions at the experimental farm of Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Anhui province, China. After the vaccination with classical swine fever live vaccine, blood samples were collected (day 35). All blood samples were directly injected into VACUETTE Serum Clot Activator tubes. Ear tissue samples of all pigs were also collected for DNA extraction. Eight different tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, lymph node, brain and thymus, were collected from three 35-day-old Huai pigs. For each tissue, three samples were collected, then immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for spatial expression analysis.

Total RNA extraction and genomic DNA isolation
The total RNA was extracted from different tissues with a TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA). In order to prevent serious contamination with genomic DNA, DNase I treatment of the total RNA was carried out before firststrand cDNA synthesis. The RNA quality was checked by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, stained with 0.5 μg/mL ethidium bromide, showing the 28S and 18S rRNAs clearly. Then reverse transcription was performed for the firststrand cDNA synthesis. All supplies and reagents were RNase-free. First, we incubated the total RNA at 70°C for 5 min to destabilize the secondary structure of RNA, and then immediately put it on the ice for at least 2 min; second, thoroughly mix various reagents (moloney murine leukemia virus [M-MLV] Buffer, dNTP, M-MLV reverse transcriptase, Oligo(dT) and RNAsin) (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) with the total RNA on the ice; finally, the mixture was placed in the thermal cycler to accomplish the first-strand cDNA synthesis followed by the program: 42°C 1 h, 95°C 10 min. Genomic DNA was isolated from the ear tissue samples of Large White, Wannan Black, Huai pig and Wei pig using phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation (Sambrook et al., 1989).

Measurement of immune traits in blood
Immune traits were contain of white blood cell (WBC), granulocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte (MO), rate of cytotoxin in monocyte (MC) and CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte subpopulations, All blood samples were directly injected into VACUETTE Serum Clot Activator tubes for detection of blood parameters and T lymphocyte subpopulations; All these hematological parameters were measured by MEK-6318K type full automatic Hematology Analyzer (Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). Rate of cytotoxin in monocytes was detected by rapid colorimetric assay of a multiwall scanning spectrophotometer (Mosmann, 1983). The percentages of various CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte subpopulations were obtained by the double cytofluorometric analysis. The blood cells were incubated with 10 μL of mouse anti porcine CD4-FITC (Serotec, Oxford, UK) and 10 μL of mouse anti porcine CD8-RPE (Serotec, UK) for 30 min, and then washed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH7.2), containing 0.3% bovine serum albumin). The stained cells were detected by EPICS Flow Cytometer (Beckman-Coulter Company, Brea, CA, USA).

mRNA expression by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Based on the NRAMP1 gene mRNA sequence (ENSEMBLE Transcript ID: ENSSSCT00000024413), the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method was used to detect mRNA expression of the NRAMP1 gene. The first strand cDNA was synthesized in the presence of 2 μg total RNA, 0.5 μM oligo(dT)18, 200 μM dNTPs, 10 U RNAsin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), 1×M-MLV RT buffer, and 300 U M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, USA) in a volume of 50 μL at 40°C for 1 h. A specific primer setting for NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression analysis was designed to eliminate potential confounding results from genomic DNA contamination (Table 1). Another specific primer set (GAPDH-F1 5′-TGAGACACGATGGTGAAGGT-3′ and GAPDH-R1 5′-GGCATTGCTGATGATCTTGA-3′) was designed to amplify the porcine house-keeping gene glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA (GenBank accession number: AF017079) as a positive control. The PCR experiments were performed with an ABI Prism 7900 HT sequence-detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA), using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix according to the manufacturer's protocol. In each assay, 1 μL of cDNA was added to 19 μL of mix containing 10 μL 2×SYBR green SuperReal PreMix (Tiangen, Beijing, China), 0.4 μL of each primer and 8.2 μL RNase free H 2 O. The reaction was amplified at 95°C for 15 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C 10 s and 56.5°C 30 s. For each miRNA, three replicates were performed, and all of the reactions were run in triplicate. The cycle threshold was collected from each reaction, and the relative expression level of NRAMP1 gene mRNA to GAPDH mRNA was evaluated using the 2 -ΔΔCT method (Hellemans et al., 2007).

SNP identification and genotyping of the porcine NRAMP1 gene
The porcine NRAMP1 genes consist of four exons and three introns (ENSEMBLE gene ID: ENSSSCG00000025058), and using porcine genomic DNA, we designs five primer pairs for the NRAMP1 gene including all exon regions (Table 1). All PCR fragments were purified with a Gel Extraction Mini Kit (Beijing Tiangen Biotechnology, Beijing, China) and then sequenced directly. Polymorphisms of NRAMP1 gene were identified through sequence comparison of the obtained same PCR fragments from two Large White, two Wannan Black and two Huai pigs using DNAMAN (version 5.2.10, Lyn-non Biosoft, Quebec, Canada). In order to detect the SNPs, direct sequencing of the PCR fragments and PCR-RFLP methods were used. For the PCR-RFLP method, at first, the PCR products (12 μL) were digested with 10 U of restriction enzyme, mixed with 2 μL of 10×T buffer and 2 μL 0.01% bovine serum albumin, and added water up to 20 μL. The mixtures were incubated at 37°C overnight, then the digested PCR products were analyzed by 3% to 4% agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. The gel was visualized by Gel Doc XR system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The genotypes were identified according to the restriction fragment patterns with Sma I restriction enzyme and later confirmed by sequencing in ABI 377 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA).

Association analysis
Statistical analysis between the polymorphisms of the NRAMP1 gene and the immune traits were performed using PROC MIXED of SAS9.13 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The model was as below following: where Y ijklmno is the observation on the 35th day immune traits; μ is the overall mean; S i is the effect of the season; Sex j is effect of the sex; B k is the effect of the breed; G l is the effect of genotypes of the SNP; p km is the random effect of the sire within breed; q kmn is the random effect of the dam within breed and sire; e ijklmnop is the random residual effect.

Tissue expression of porcine NRAMP1 gene
To determine tissue distribution of the porcine NRAMP1 gene, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was applied on nine different tissues of samples. Results showed that the mRNA of NRAMP1 was expressed in all analyzed tissues (Figure 1). The levels of NRAMP1 expressed in liver, spleen and lymphoid were higher, comparatively, while the levels in brain and kidney were lower. NRAMP1 gene expression has been observed by RT-PCR in different tissues from chickens where higher expression levels were found in liver, spleen, thymus and much lower expression levels in brain, kidney, which is consistent with our results in pigs (He et al., 2013).

Polymorphisms detection of porcine NRAMP1 gene
Sequence comparisons of the same PCR fragment among four pig populations detected one SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) in exon1 and one SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) in intron1 region of the porcine NRAMP1 gene. The two SNPs were both synonymous mutations, did not induce substitution of an amino acid. The SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058:g.130 C>T) was genotyped by directly sequencing the PCR products and the other SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method in all 466 pigs (Figure 2). The genotypes and allele frequencies of the identified SNPs in four different pig populations are presented in Table  2. For the SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058:g.130 C>T), the allele T has higher frequencies than allele C in Wannan Black, Huai and Wei pig populations, but have lower allele frequencies in Large White population. In addition, for the SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G), the allele G was obviously with high allele frequencies, the allele A has lower frequencies and AA genotype is not detected in four pig populations.

Association analysis of porcine NRAMP1 gene in four pig populations
Base on the aforementioned work, we performed association analysis to confirm whether the identified SNPs from the four breeds have relationship with immune traits. Results showed that all the traits among four breeds were significantly different except ratio of CD4  CD8  T lymphocyte (p<0.05) ( Table 3). The MO% levels of Large White was significantly higher than those of Huai and Wei pig ( Table 3); The CD4 + CD8  , CD4 + CD8 + T lymphocyte levels of Large White was significantly higher than those of Wannan Black, Huai and Wei pig (Table 3); In contrast, Wannan Black, Huai and Wei pigs had a significantly higher WBC, CD4  CD8 + T lymphocyte level than Large White (p<0.05) ( Table 3). As reported in a previous study, the results implied that genetic background is one of important factors that influence the immune capacity (Liu et al., 2011).
The results of association analysis between SNPs and immune traits also showed that the SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) of NRAMP1 gene was significantly associated with level of WBC%, MO%, MC% and CD4  CD8 + T lymphocyte (p<0.05) ( Table 4). The other SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) was highly significantly associated with the level of MO%, MC% and CD4  CD8 + T lymphocyte (p<0.05) ( Table 4). In further multiple tests for the SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T), the levels of MO% and MC% of pigs associated with genotype CC were significantly higher than with genotype TT (p<0.05), but the levels of WBC% and CD4  CD8 + T lymphocyte with genotype CC were significantly lower than those with genotype TT (p<0.05). For the other SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G), the levels of MO%, MC%, and CD4  CD8 + T lymphocyte of pigs associated with genotype GG were significantly higher than those with genotype AA (p<0.01).
The NRAMP1 gene was firstly isolated by positional cloning the host resistance locus Bcg/Ity/Lsh, and mutations at this locus impair the resistance of mice to infections with intracellular parasites, such as Salmonella, Leishmania and Mycobacterium (Vidal et al., 1993). NRAMP1 gene is expressed in monocyte/macrophages and has key roles in phagosome maturation and cell activation. Moreover, NRAMP1 gene has an important role in activation of a large subset of innate lymphocytes that are critical sources of interferon -γ (Hedges et al., 2013). In humans, mutations in NRAMP1 gene are associated with T1D (Yang et al., 2011), tuberculosis risk (Meilang et al., 2012) and pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection (Sapkota et al., 2012). In pigs, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth intron of the NRAMP1 gene has been found to be significantly associated with polymorphonuclear leukocyte levels, cytotoxin on monocytes and 180-day-old body weight (Wu et al., 2008). In our study, the SNPs of NRAMP1 gene were significantly associated with monocytes traits and CD4  CD8 + T lymphocyte. Monocytes play critical roles in immunopathology. NRAMP1 mediates the iron homeostasis in monocytes/macrophages and hence modulates their response to acute inflammatory stimuli (Wyllie et al., 2002). So the higher percentage of monocytes in animals with CC genotype in our study may imply that the CC genotype enhances the activity of the monocytes by mediating iron homeostasis. On the other hand, the CD4  CD8 + T lymphocytes are also important traits in disease resistance and could mediate the activity of the CSFV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (Pauly et al., 1995). The differentiation of the T lymphocyte into CD4/CD8 subpopulations is induced by the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages, which in turn are regulated  by the NRAMP1 gene (Smit et al., 2004). Therefore, the higher CD4  CD8 + percentage in animals with GG genotype in our study indicate that GG genotype may enhance the differentiation of the T lymphocyte into CD4  CD8 + by regulating the activity of APCs. As the immune system plays an essential role in disease resistance of animals, genes involved in the response of immune system could be regarded as the candidate genes for selection (Crawley et al., 2005). The two SNPs were not missense mutations or induced amino acid substitutions. However, the synonymous SNPs can also affect protein expression by alteration or increasing the stability of mRNA (Capon et al., 2004). Additionally, a ''silent'' polymorphism can change substrate specificity (Kimchi-Sarfaty et al., 2007). Our results provided a straightforward insight that NRAMP1 gene which has effects on levels of WBC%, MO%, MC%, CD4  CD8 + T lymphocytes and it could serve as a genetic marker for immune traits. But the number of pigs analyzed in our study was restricted, further investigations are needed to confirm the relationships between the SNPs with immune traits among other pig populations.
In summary, the mRNA expression results revealed that the porcine NRAMP1 gene was expressed widely in liver, spleen, lymphoid, kidney, thymus, lung, brain and heart. One SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) in exon1 and one SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) in intron1 region of porcine NRAMP1 gene were found. The further association analysis showed that the two SNPs were significantly associated with level of WBC%, MO%, MC% and CD4  CD8 + T lymphocytes respectively. The results indicated that NRAMP1 gene could be regarded as a genetic marker for these immune traits in porcine disease resistance breeding.