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Excess female mortality in India: the case of Himachal Pradesh.

Excess in female mortality is among the leading problems in health and social well-being in the world. Yet concern about this issue has been limited. This editorial examines sex ratios in India with particular emphasis on the state of Himachal Pradesh where dramatic and positive changes in rates of excess female mortality are possible. In particular it considers the causes of excess of female mortality and the reason for the steady decline in sex ratio between 1901 and 1991. As of 1991 there were only 929 females for every 1000 males in India suggesting that 22-37 million Indian women were missing. Some of the factors contributing to this trend have been the systematic neglect of the health and nutrition of girls and women high rates of maternal mortality and female infanticide and abortion of female fetuses. However contrary to predictions that the sex ratio for all of India will be 912 females per 1000 males by 2001 the case of Himachal Pradesh suggests that the sex ratio has continued to rise toward parity or even to surpass it. Here the female-to-male ratio rose from 884 per 1000 males in 1901 to 912 in 1951 to 976 in 1991. This is attributed to increases in female literacy improvements in health care female participation in the labor force and economic developments.