{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03506574827802129, 'fraction_numerical': 0.021289918597370068, 'mean_word_length': 5.217898832684825, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expression of Th1/Th2 Cytokines in Whole Neonatal Cord and Adult Blood: Role of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and p38 MAPK

Background: Sepsis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Objective: As both nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) appear to be critical mediators in inflammatory response, we studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on expression and function of NF-ĸB and p38 MAPK in whole neonatal cord and adult blood. Methods:Th1/Th2 cytokine concentrations and phosphorylation of NF-ĸB and p38 MAPK were determined by flow-cytometric analysis. Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations were significantly elevated in supernatants of neonatal and adult blood after LPS stimulation for 4 h. IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-2 showed no significant alterations. Furthermore, TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in adult compared to neonatal blood after LPS stimulation. Stimulation with LPS resulted in significantly decreased activation of p38 MAPK in neonatal blood, whereas NF-ĸB showed no difference. Following inhibition of p38 MAPK with the specific inhibitor SB-202190, levels of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly decreased in neonatal and adult blood, whereas pharmacological inhibition of NF-ĸB with SC-514 showed no significant effect on cytokine expression. Conclusions: We conclude that p38 MAPK phosphorylation is crucially involved in LPS activation and could explain the differences in early cytokine response between neonatal and adult blood.