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Biological Resource Allocation Algorithms for Heterogeneous Uplink PD-SCMA NOMA Networks

Due to their ability to multiplex users on a resource element (RE), Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques have gained popularity in 5G network implementation. The features of 5G heterogeneous networks have necessitated the development of hybrid NOMA schemes combining the merits of the individual NOMA schemes for optimal performance. The hybrid technologies on 5G networks make complex air interfaces resulting in new resource allocation (RA) and user pairing (UP) challenges aimed at limiting the multiplexed users interference. Furthermore, common analytical techniques for evaluating the performance of the schemes lead to unrealistic network performance bounds necessitating alternative schemes. This work explores the feasibility of a hybrid power domain sparse code non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-SCMA). The scheme integrates both power and code domain multiple access on an uplink network of small cell user equipments (SUEs) and macro cell user equipments (MUEs). Alternative biological RA/UP schemes; the ant colony optimization (ACO), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a hybrid adaptive particle swarm optimization (APASO) algorithms, are proposed. The performance results indicate the developed APASO outperforming both the PSO and ACO in sum rate and energy efficiency optimization on application to the PD-SCMA based heterogeneous network.