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Urban Upheaval and the Enduring Appeal of Law and Order

It is difficult to overstate the political impact of the urban unrest of the 1960s. The explosions in Newark and Detroit fifty years ago devastated those cities and sent shock waves across the country. The “long, hot summer” of 1967 also eroded popular faith in activist government and the Great Society, which never recovered from conservative claims that liberal programs had stimulated the civil disorders by encouraging the irresponsible and “rewarding the rioters.” The first major rebellion or riot of the decade erupted in July 1964, two weeks after President Lyndon Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act. On the same day that Arizona senator Barry Goldwater accepted the Republican nomination for president and presented the incendiary issue of law and order to a national audience, a white off-duty police officer in New York shot and killed a black teenager under controversial circumstances. Forty-eight hours later, a peaceful demonstration evolved into violent clashes and led to six nights of rioting and looting in Harlem and Brooklyn. Although historians have paid little attention to this pivotal moment until recently, the racial unrest in the symbolic heart of black America generated headlines across the nation and the world. In the White House, the president was deeply concerned about the future— of other cities, the freedom struggle, the Democratic Party, and the upcoming election. “Where all this Harlem stuff comes from,” he told a Texas congressman, “is that they’ve got no jobs. They can’t do anything and they’re just raising hell.” Johnson stressed that it was a local, not federal, responsibility—the liberal mantra on law enforcement—but promised that “I’m going to take tax-eaters and make tax-payers out of them, and I’m going to stop these damn riots.” To make good on his pledge, the president made three fateful choices in the fall of 1964. First, he declared a War on Poverty, vowing that it would address the “root causes” of urban unrest and constitute