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A P-Band Signals of Opportunity Synthetic Aperture Radar Concept for Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Snow

A spaceborne P-band signals of opportunity synthetic aperture radar concept is proposed for the remote sensing of terrestrial snow. We have completed a performance analysis assuming a formation flight of 3 to 5 SmallSats on one orbit plane. The spacing between the SmallSats is chosen so that their ground tracks will be separated by 50 to 100 m to allow the use of interferometric synthetic aperture radar processing technique to obtain a spatial resolution of a few hundred meters. A point system design has been completed to determine the antenna concept and to indicate the dependence of spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio on the number of receivers. The performance for range delay determination was analyzed to assess the impact of various error sources, including instrument receiver noise and ionospheric delay. The dominant error source is the ionospheric delay, which will be corrected using the split-spectrum algorithm. Our overall error budget analysis indicates that an accuracy of about 3 cm for the snow water equivalent in dry snow and 5 cm for the snow depth of wet snow can be achieved.