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A study of implemented international standards and infrastructural system for electric vehicles

The impending environmental issues and growing concerns for global energy crises are driving the need for new opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly the higher demand of cleaner and sustainable energy systems. This necessitates the development of transportation and power generation systems. The deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered as an emergent solution to meet the current and future energy crises and environmental issues. The electrification of transportation system is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment and challenging issues in implementation of EVs infrastructural and charging systems in conjunction with several international standards and charging codes. In this study, the on-board and off-board categories of charging systems with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow are shown. Unidirectional charging offers hardware limitation and reduce interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging offers the fundamental feature of vehicle to grid technology. Cost issues and requirements for on-board energy storage systems are reduced with the accessibility of charging infrastructures Furthermore, an extensive analysis of international standards which are implemented for deployment of EVs are explained. Our study also compared and evaluated infrastructural and charging systems based on equipment, location and time of charging, cost, amount of power, impacts on the gird and other aspects.