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Evaluation of the Audio Beat Tracking System

BeatRoot is an interactive beat tracking and metrical annotation system which has been used for several years in studies of performance timing. This paper describes improvements to the original system and a large-scale evaluation and analysis of the system’s performance. The beat tracking algorithm remains largely unchanged: BeatRoot uses a multiple agent architecture which simultaneously considers several different hypotheses concerning the rate and placement of musical beats, resulting in accurate tracking of the beat, quick recovery from errors, and graceful degradation in cases where the beat is only weakly implied by the data. The original time domain onset detection algorithm, which caused problems for beat tracking music without prominent drums, has been replaced with a more robust onset detector based on spectral flux. Other new features include annotation of multiple metrical levels and phrase boundaries, as well as improvements in the user interface. The software has been rewritten entirely in Java, and it runs on all major operating systems. BeatRoot is evaluated on a new test set of 1360 musical excerpts from a wide range of Western musical styles, and the results are compared with other evaluations such as the MIREX 2006 Audio Beat Tracking Evaluation. Beat tracking is the task of identifying and synchronising with the basic rhythmic pulse of a piece of music. It often takes place in natural settings, for example when people tap their feet, clap their hands or dance in time with music. At first sight this task does not appear to be particularly difficult, as it is performed by people with little or no musical training, but despite extensive research (see Gouyon & Dixon, 2005, for a review), computational models of beat tracking still fall short of human beat tracking ability (McKinney, Moelants, Davies, & Klapuri, 2007). In previous work (Dixon, 2001a) we presented an algorithm for beat tracking of music in audio or symbolic formats using a two-stage process: tempo induction, finding the rate of Preprint for Journal of New Music Research, 36, 2007/8