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China’s pragmatic experimentalism towards sustainable transition: Wind power and Sino-Danish collaboration

This transformation has been enabled through adaptive changes in Chinese policies and pragmatic governance of Sino-foreign relations. China started experimenting with wind resource mapping in the 1980s. However, the country’s early adventures in wind power were marked by a series of fragmented and scattered experiments, plagued by indecisiveness and ambivalence as to whether to make a coordinated and focused effort to nurture Chinese manufacturing capabilities in this area. It was only relatively late that China decided to enter the wind power market, but it proved to be a grand entry. With the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law (2005/2006), China’s wind turbine industry immediately started to grow at an unprecedented pace. China rapidly became the world’s largest wind power market in terms of installed capacity: China’s installed wind power capacity was only 0.8 Gigawatts (GW) in 2004 but reached around 45 GW by 2010, making China the world leader in total installed capacity, a position it still holds with 234 GW installed by the end of 2019 (Andrews-Speed 2012; GWEC 2020; Lewis 2007, 2013; Klagge et al. 2012; Kirkegaard 2019; Lema and Ruby 2007; Zhao et al. 2012). At the same time, Chinese wind turbine manufacturers emerged in large numbers, including Goldwind, Sinovel and Envision (Lewis 2013; Kirkegaard 2015). Meanwhile, the rapid boom in installed capacity caused a host of problems, particularly in terms of wind turbine quality, high rates of wind power curtailment and a significant number of wind turbines that were not connected to the grid. However, through agile government intervention in energy and science, technology and innovation. China’s wind turbine industry was rapidly steered from a trajectory of upscaling and poor quality towards one of upgrading and an agile ’turn to quality’ (Kirkegaard 2019). Today, China is greening its electrical power sector at an unprecedented rate through world record investments in renewable energy, and particularly in wind power. As a recent sign of its serious intent, China’s proclaimed ‘Energy Revolution’ (néngyuán gémìng, 能 源革命) strategy lays out the clear ambition to strengthen grid capacity, expand distributed generation and improve the integration of renewable energy into the electrical power system (Chung and Xu 2016; Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council 2015; Dupuy 2016; Liu and Kong 2016; NEA 2015; Kirkegaard 2019).