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The Artist as Biblical Humanist

Albrecht Dürer played a significant role in the emergence of the Renaissance Bible, promoting a new perception of its authority at a pivotal moment in the history of Christianity: the beginning of the age of print, followed by the onset of the Protestant Reformation. For artists across Europe, the breakthrough that suddenly raised the woodcut to the status of high art was Dürer’s 1498 publication of illustrated editions of the Book of Revelation, usually called the Apocalypse. During the decade 1494–1504, he developed a methodology for imitating classical art that represented the Bible as part of classical antiquity (Fall of Humanity, 1504). In these efforts, he worked to validate and advance the philological and historical methodologies of biblical humanism, the innovative academic discipline that revolutionized European Christianity and politics. The chapter analyzes Dürer’s Apocalypse, his representations of St. Jerome (author of the Vulgate translation), and his classicizing adaptations of the biblical Passion.