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Breathing Nietzsche's Air: New Reflections on Morgenthau's Concepts of Power and Human Nature

The work of Hans Joachim Morgenthau, undoubtedly the most famous scholar of international relations (IR) this century, continues to attract attention nearly twenty years after his death.3 This does not mean that, some fifty years after the appearance of his defining works, his thought has been mastered or cleared of interpretative ambiguities. Perhaps this is inevitable; Morgenthau was, to use Walt Whitman's immortal words, large, and he no doubt contained "multitudes," and sometimes contradicted himself. However, from the publication of the first reflections on his work right up to the recent nouvelle vague, Morgenthau scholarship has been haunted by a contradiction so fundamental that it threatens to render his whole body of thought incomprehensible. What is not in question is that the basis of Morgenthau's political thought is made up of two claims. First, that "international politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power," and, second, that "politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature," which is defined as evil and driven by a lust