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Efficient Optical Modeling of VCSELs using Full-Vectorial FDFD method

In this paper, the FDFD is used to analyze Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL). Based on the structure of the VCSEL, two main models can be used; the 2.5D and the 3D Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD). The full vectorial solver is well suited for the fundamental as well as the higher-order modes and includes different field polarization. The method was used to solve both the reference VCSEL and the Surface-Relief VCSEL.