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Madhubani Painting Motifs: A Source of Design Inspiration for Traditional to Contemporary Designs

India is a territory of diversity, extending from Himalaya in North to Kanyakumari in South, from Gujarat in West to Arunachal Pradesh in East. Each state of India has its uniqueness in terms of residing communities and their cultural aspects like costumes, traditions, rituals, attitudes, beliefs, language, arts and crafts. Cultural and traditional diversity make India multicultural nation where culture and people are very closely related with each other. The arts and crafts reflect rich heritage of India through beautiful designs inspired from monuments, architecture, religion, nature, etc. Arts and crafts define the cultural layers of a particular place and community. Every corner of India reflects definite International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 11 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Introduction
India is a territory of diversity, extending from Himalaya in North to Kanyakumari in South, from Gujarat in West to Arunachal Pradesh in East. Each state of India has its uniqueness in terms of residing communities and their cultural aspects like costumes, traditions, rituals, attitudes, beliefs, language, arts and crafts. Cultural and traditional diversity make India multicultural nation where culture and people are very closely related with each other. The arts and crafts reflect rich heritage of India through beautiful designs inspired from monuments, architecture, religion, nature, etc. Arts and crafts define the cultural layers of a particular place and community. Every corner of India reflects definite There is a living tradition in the art field of Bihar that is called Madhubani painting which enlightened about the social structure as well as cultural identity of Bihar and the styles of painting has been changing from generation to generation. Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or measurable human interaction. Taking inspiration from Madhubani paintings the present study was conducted on adaptation of Madhubani motifs for development of innovative designs. 120 traditional Madhubani motifs were collected from secondary sources like books, journals, magazine and internet etc. The identified motifs were sketched manually and scanned from books, magazines etc. which were recreated and modified in CorelDRAW X5 and Adobe Photoshop softwares to get the required complexity and elegance. The selected motifs were categorized in four categories viz. floral & foliage, geometrical, animal & bird and religious motifs and four top preferred motifs from each category were selected for development of designs. Total thirty designs were prepared using selected sixteen motifs and five top preferred designs were selected for varied application. Madhubani paintings, one of the most celebrated work of art from Bihar are accomplished by generations of skilled artists. Being vibrant and symbolic at the same time, these successfully depict all aspects of tribal life. In other words, these are the representative of folk art in visual form. Madhubani painting is also known as Mithila painting due to practicing in Mithila region of Bihar and Nepal.
The Indian arts and crafts can play an important role in fashion world. As now a day's fashion trends are fragile and consumer constantly demand innovative design and change over existing fashion trends. Designers and manufacturers constantly face the challenges of providing new designs to suit the rapidly growing fashion consciousness in the market. It is important to keep innovative but at the same time taking inspiration from the rich treasure of our traditional textiles and crafts will help to keep them alive, relevant and marketable (Vaishnav, 2015). Thus the present study was conducted to adapt traditional motifs of madhubani painting for development of designs for contemporary applications.

Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted in the Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.

Collection of Motifs
A total of two hundred sixty four traditional Madhubani motifs were collected from various secondary sources like books, journals, encyclopedia, magazines, web sites etc. All the collected motifs were analyzed critically and on the basis of their suitability to develop innovative designs, 120 motifs were screened and were classified as floral & foliage, geometrical, birds & animals and religious motifs.

Selection of Motifs
A preferential choice index was prepared, to obtain the preferences regarding selected motifs on three point rating scale i.e. highly preferred, preferred and least preferred. Weighted Mean scores were calculated for all the motifs according to the preferences obtained. On the basis of weighted mean scores, ranks were assigned to the motifs. Total sixteen motifs i.e. four motifs from each category were selected to develop designs for varied application.

Development of designs
The selected sixteen motifs were used for creation of innovative contemporary designs. The simulation of motifs was done with the help of CorelDRAW X5 using various software tools for enlargement/reduction of size, transformation, modification, rotation, editing until an aesthetically pleasing and required arrangement of motifs was obtained. A total of thirty designs were developed from the selected sixteen motifs using two to four motifs as per their compatibility and harmony.

Selection of designs
A preferential choice index was used for selection of designs and individual score of each created design was calculated as weighted mean scores. Ranks were assigned according to their weighted mean scores and the top preferred five designs were selected for contemporary application.

Collection of Motifs
Total one hundred twenty traditional motifs of Madhubani painting comprising of floral & foliage, geometrical, birds & animals and religious motifs etc. were collected personally through photographs from the market of Hisar city and secondary sources of data like books, journals and internet. The collected motifs were refined/ recreated in Corel DRAW X5 to get the required intricacy and fineness (Plate I).

Selection of motifs
The collected motifs were shown to thirty experts for selections of motifs for design development. The results obtained are presented in Table 1 to 4 and selected motifs are shown in Plate 2.
The data pertaining to preferences of experts for selection of motifs depicted in

Development of designs
The selected sixteen motifs were combined in systematic manner using CorelDRAW X5 software for design development for stoles. Total thirty designs were developed using selected motifs and presented in Plate-3.

Selection of designs
All the developed designs were visually evaluated by thirty experts and their preferences were obtained for selection of designs for contemporary applications ( Table  5).
The data in Table 5  Each motif, like the fabric itself has an origin, evolution and variety in shape and presentation. In designing, a weaver, embroiderer, dyer or printer creates dreams of beauty using motifs familiar through culture, religion, environment and history on textiles. Development in any field is essential and continuing process so in the field of textile designing.
It is concluded from the present findings that traditional Madhubani motifs can be adapted through CorelDRAW software for development of innovative designs for varied application. Developed designs can be applied to textile products through different techniques of surface enrichment like digital embroidery, hand embroidery, printing, painting and combination of printing and embroidery.
The developed designs can be given to entrepreneurs for mass production to help them in establishing small scale enterprises for developing a wide range of textile items. Further, this effort will help to preserve the traditional art form of Bihar state.