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Scintillation scanning of the brain.

During the last twenty-five years the use of radio nuclides for diagnosing disease has become a very significant part of the diagnostic process. Radionuc1ide tracer techniques are used routinely and with a high degree of reliability in most hospitals today, The development of radionuc1ide techniques and instrumentation has been based from its beginning on an interdisciplinary approach to complex problems. This area has established one of the primary interfaces through which physical scientists and members of the medical profession interact. The human brain is well suited to radionuclide studies for several reasons. First, it is isolated from other organs and therefore background from these organs can easily be minimized, and second, radiation detection devices can easily be brought to the vicinity of the head. Also, other techniques for the definitive location of brain lesions have a high degree of risk associated with them (e.g., neuroangiography), whereas brain scanning is a noninvasive technique. Because of the above facts, brain scanning has become a widely used tool for the screening of patients with suspected neurological disease and for the monitoring of patients undergoing various forms of treatment. A typical brain scan is performed in the following way: A pharmaceutical that has been tagged with a radio nuclide is introduced into the body by intravenous injection. In principle, this radiopharmaceutical is chosen so as to have the properties that it [i] concentrates in brain tissue and [ii] concentrates differently in damaged or diseased brain tissue than it does in normal tissue. Most desirable is that the radiopharmaceutical concentrate only in diseased tissue in proportion to the extent and nature of the disease. Next, after time is allowed for the radio­ pharmaceutical to reach equilibrium in the brain, the intensity and spatial distri-' butions of the radiation emanating from the head are measured with a radiation detection device. Finally, the detected radiation distribution is translated into an image that can be interpreted by a physician.