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Design and control of the head retractor muscle in a turtle, Pseudemys (trachemys) scripta: II. Efferent innervation

The head retractor muscle (RCCQ) of Pseudemys scripta is a useful model in which to study the mechanisms animals use to vary the force and timing of movement. Single fibers in this muscle differ significantly in attachments, length, diameter, taper characteristics, and histochemical properties, suggesting that they may be energetically and architecturally specialized for different roles in head movement. In the present paper, we report the peripheral and central efferent innervation of these diverse muscle cells, and we ask how the design of the neural apparatus is matched to the properties of its target muscle fibers.