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All that is swollen and red is not infection!

Unilateral upper limb extremity swelling and pain are common presentations in clinical practice whose differential diagnoses include cellulitis, abscess, lymphoedema, and venous thrombosis. We report here the case of a renal transplant recipient with an unusual cause of upper extremity swelling and pain. His condition of native radiocephalic, arteriovenous (AV), fistula-related, venous hypertension was misdiagnosed and managed as cellulitis. This case illustrates the importance of an index of suspicion and careful clinical examination for diagnosis and thus, avoid potentially dangerous and distressing symptoms. The patient improved with a surgical AV fistula ligation.