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Covariance-matrix-based uncertainty propagation analysis for complex-valued quantities throughout VNA S-parameter measurements and power-meter calibration

This paper proposes a covariance-matrix-based analysis method for the calculation of quantitative uncertainty propagations from VNA calibration standards to S-parameter measurements and finally to the power-meter calibration results. Complying with the functional relationships in practice, this analysis method can effectively preserve the correlation information both between variables at the same frequency point and between the quantities at different ones, which ensures the correctness and accuracy of uncertainty analysis for multi-variant quantities.