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Passive behaviors in Alzheimer' disease: A descriptive analysis

Fifteen empirical studies investigating passive behaviors (PB) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined. Results indicated that PB are distinct from depression; they tend to increase over the course of the disease; and they can be related to cognitive status and personality changes. Absence of theoretical frameworks, lack of an instrument specifically designed to measure PB in AD, and no clearly established operational concept capable of describing and unifying behaviors into a syndrome of passivity represent problem areas for researchers. Future research to determine whether PB are a “default” mechanism brought on by AD itself or the result of a need to isolate or withdraw in order to cope with multiple stressors is indicated. Antecedent behaviors, those associated with passivity itself as well as caregiver responses and interventions also warrant investigation.