{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03948025987006497, 'fraction_numerical': 0.04847576211894053, 'mean_word_length': 4.905604719764011, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Dung beetles of the Kibale Forest, Uganda; comparison between virgin and managed forests

It is commonly believed that the vast majority of insect species living in tropical forests do not survive in areas that have been clear-cut. Even species for which resources in clearings are suitable generally disappear. Tropical forest dung beetles exemplify this phenomenon (South America Howden & Nealis 1975, Africa Cambefort 1984, South-East Asia Hanski unpubl.), presumably because of the radical change in microclimate that occurs when forest is cleared (Howden & Nealis 1975). The effects of forestry practices less drastic than clear-cutting on insect faunas remain poorly known (Holloway 1987, Wolda 1987, Wolda et al. 1983). For dung beetles, there are no comparisons between the species assemblages of virgin and managed forests. Here we report such a comparison in the Kibale Forest region in Uganda. The Kibale Forest is a medium-altitude moist evergreen forest in western Uganda (00 27' N, 300 26' E, 1500 m altitude). The forest area is about 550 km2, and is isolated by about 50 km from other forest areas (Struhsaker 1975). The annual rainfall is about 1500 mm with two rainy seasons from late August to early December and from early March to early May. A long-term study of forestry practices in the Kibale Forest has yielded results on treefalls (Skorupa & Kasenene 1984), primates (Skorupa 1986, Struhsaker 1975), small rodents (Basuta & Kasenene 1987, Kasenene 1984) and on elephants, duikers and arthropods (Nummelin 1986, 1989). We trapped beetles with human dung-baited pitfalls in March-May and September-November in 1984-86, closely following the trapping procedure described in Hanski (1983). Traps were placed in two areas of virgin forest (K30 and Ngogo), at two sites of selectively felled forest (Kibale Forest Project study sites K14 and K15), and in two areas of non-native soft-wood plantations (about 20 years old,Pinus caribbaea Morolet and Cupressus lusitanica Mill.). The