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REGENERATION OF A CELL FROM PROTOPLASM

The poet: As written by the eminent poet William Butler Yeats, ‘Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world. . .’ While these may seem like prescient statements considering the current state of world affairs, we can take some comfort in the resilience of biological systems in which, in some cases, the center does hold. For example, one can squeeze the cytoplasm from the unicellular green alga Bryopsis plumosa, and just when you believe things are likely to fall apart, there is an aggregation of organelles into discrete foci of 10–100mm, a gradual slowing of the gyration of the organelles within these foci, and the contents of the cytoplasm become restructured, with a new cell wall and membrane forming for some of the cell. These newly formed cells can develop into giant, fully differentiated Bryopsis plants. The organism: Bryopsis plumosa, a member of the Class Bryopsidophyceae, offers a wonderful, if not extensively explored, biological system in which the center can hold, in spite of elimination of the plasma membrane. Almost all members of the Bryopsidophyceae reside in marine habitats, with many genera extending from tropical to warm temperate environments. Bryopsis plumosa often populates shallow coral reefs, tide-pools and lower intertidal habitats with mild wave action. The branching of some Bryopsidophyceae are attached to rocky substrates by a erect axes ramified or conoidal holdfast, but they may also emanate from creeping rhizome-like structures that develop from prostrate siphons. Bryopsis plumosa can become an enormous unicell that grows to lengths of up to 12 cm (Fig. 1). It forms an upright siphonous main axis with two opposite rows of short side branches that protrude from that axis, giving the organism a delicate, feather-like appearance (‘‘Pluma’’ comes from the Latin and means feather). This alga is a giant coenocytic cell with an outer sheath of xylan, cellulose and proteoglycan. The cell is filled with thousands of nuclei and chloroplasts. Older lateral branches from the main axis nearly always form a plug (septum) at their base, which is the basis for abscission and vegetative propagation. Furthermore, small lateral branches of the main axis often develop into male or female gametangia. While there has been considerable morphological information on the different Bryopsis species, there has been little characterization of these organisms at the molecular and biochemical levels. The giant algal cells contain a dominant central vacuole that pushes the cytoplasm to the cell periphery; a thin cytoplasmic layer is positioned between the vacuolar membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane. The cytoplasm contains numerous nuclei and chloroplasts, all present in a continuous cytoplasmic milieu, with the nuclei toward the cell periphery and the plastids positioned more centrally. The plastids within the Bryopsidophyceae can be homoplastidic, in which case all of the plastids are chloroplasts (this is the case for Bryopsis plumosa), or heteroplastidic, in which case the cell contains both amyloplasts and chloroplasts. The generally small chloroplasts are either ellipsoid or fusiform, and in some cases a