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SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS FOR THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MARINE RED ALGAE

Hovencamp (1997) recommends that geographical information can be extracted from cladistic analyses of phylogenetic data in which the Earth's history is resolved in terms of vicariance events that established barriers to migration. Nodes in a cladogram that specify two sister groups which do not overlap in their distributions are taken as evidence for a vicariance event and the sequential order of cladogram nodes leads to a procedure whereby the sequence of vicariance events can be reconstructed. For red algae, two such events are the persistence of the northward extension of the eastern end of Gondwanaland across a cool to warm temperature gradient with the formation of present‐day Australasia, and the opening of the Tethyan Ocean followed by closure of the Tethyan Seaway between Africa and Eurasia. Phylogenetic hypotheses related to the first of these events are seen among genera belonging to the Bonnemaisoniaceae, Gracilariaceae, Kallymeniaceae, Gigartinaceae, and Delesseriaceae. A Tethyan origin and distribution is exemplified in part by families that comprise the Solieriaceae complex. Orders such as the Rhodymeniales, Halymeniales and the families Ceramiaceae and Rhodomelaceae contain taxa that fall partly into the first and partly into the second category. Phylogenies are constructed from rbcL sequence data and compared to the morphological evidence. The biogeographical speculations resulting from these observations are preliminary in nature and can only be confirmed or refuted with addtional data and more refined analytical techniques.