{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03530895334174023, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010718789407313998, 'mean_word_length': 5.322709163346613, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Modified ‘sandwich’ injection with or without ligation for variceal bleeding in patients with both esophageal and gastric varices: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Objectives Esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) is a serious disease with high mortality. Endoscopic therapy has long been shown to be effective but the optimum technique is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the efficacy, safety and predictive factors of 1-year rebleeding of modified ‘sandwich’ injection combined with esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) for treating EGVB. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 100 patients with EGVB who underwent modified ‘sandwich’ injection with or without EVL (EVL + and EVL – group). Patient follow-up was 1 year. Outcomes such as control of bleeding, rebleeding, complication rate and mortality were compared. Further, prognostic factors for rebleeding at one year were estimated. Results No significant differences between two groups regarding initial bleeding control, complications, 6-week rebleeding or mortality in 1-year were observed. Rebleeding rate at 1-year of EVL – group was significantly higher than EVL + group (40 vs 20%, p = .029). Independent predictors of rebleeding at 1-year were gender, bilirubin and whether EVL was combined with injection. Conclusions Based on this single-center retrospective study, both of the two kinds therapies appeared to have relatively favorable outcomes. With respect to the rebleeding rate at 1-year, modified ‘sandwich’ injection combined with EVL may be superior to modified ‘sandwich’ injection alone.