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Sexually transmitted diseases and reproductive health.


 The most common group of notifiable diseases in most countries are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), particularly among 15-50 year old people In fact, 356,000 new STD cases occur daily. The incidence of gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid has fallen, especially in developed countries, but the incidence of chlamydial infections, herpes, human papillomavirus, an AIDS/HIV has risen. Pubic health workers often refer to this latter group of STDs as the second generation of STDs. They are especially troublesome because they are more difficult to identify, treat, and control. Further, the second generation of STDs can result in serious complications leading to chronic ill health, disability, and death. Most developing countries continue to have considerable problems with both the first and second generation STDs. Contributing factors to the high incidence of STDs in developing countries include urbanization, unemployment, poverty, breakdown of traditions which limited sexual activity, antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, and large numbers of people in the sexually active age group. WHO approximates the lowest annual number of new cases of STDs worldwide to be 120 million for trichomoniasis, 50 million for chlamydial infections, 30 million for genital human papillomavirus infections, 25 million for gonorrhea, 20 million for genital herpes, 3.5 million for infectious syphilis, and 2 million for chancroid. STDs are hyperendemic in rural areas of developing countries where people do not have access to health facilities for diagnosis and treatment. Even though STDs are common in both men and women, their sequelae are more serious in women. Specifically, STD related lesions are often located in the inner genitalia and the women do not experience any other STD symptoms. So the infection often spreads to the pelvis causing pelvic inflammatory disease which can lead to infertility. The best means to prevent the spread of and to protect against STDs is the condom.
