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Education, migration and the ‘failure’ of multiculturalism

The attack on the World Trade Centre in 2001 and the London tube bombings in 2005 heralded an intense public debate on migration and integration. Within the United Kingdom, the 7/7 tube bombings have been seen as evidence of a general failure of multiculturalism and have led to calls for an increasing emphasis to be placed on the ‘integration’ of migrants into British society. These calls were not confined to the United Kingdom and were reflected widely across Europe, North America and Australia. In October 2010 the German Chancellor Angela Merkel added her voice, declaring the death of multiculturalism in Germany by saying that it had ‘failed utterly’ in what has been interpreted as a startling shift from her previous views (The Guardian, 18 October 2010). Instead of realizing a vision of communities living harmoniously side by side, commentators confronted the public with a spectre of migrant communities turning in upon themselves and maintaining and developing identities and affiliations often antagonistic to those predominant in host societies. Multicultural policies were, in this context, often seen as, at best, naïve and at worst contributing significantly to a breakdown in social cohesion. As a consequence of this reaction, multicultural policies have been often