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Integrated Literacy in Mali

The spread of literacy takes place through complex social processes that, in the twentieth century, involve activities at the international, national, and local levels. While literacy campaigns are tied to efforts to promote national consolidation, success at the local level is dependent on more than resource input. The degree of literacy itself, who becomes literate and how, and the uses literates make of their skills once they achieve them are very much outcomes of local perceptions about literacy as well as aspects of local social organization. Fieldwork in a village in Mali's third region revealed the importance of these local factors to the success of an integrated literacy project initiated under the auspices of Unesco's Experimental World Literacy Program (EWLP) and administered by a state organism, the Malian Textile Company (Compagnie Malienne de Textile, hereafter CMDT). The literacy effort was successful because it enabled villagers to organize a producers' and marketers' cooperative staffed by literate record keepers. This achievement was very much dependent, however, on the prior emergence of a literate ideology among the region's inhabitants, as well as on the flexibility with which a preexisting institution, male age-associations, was able to adapt to change. As fieldwork progressed, it became apparent that local people shared the developmental-economistic assumptions on which the literacy campaign was based but were motivated to use the increasingly limited resources offered to promote their own interests.