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CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH CHONDROCALCINOSIS

Background. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease results from the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals and needs to fulfil McCarty criteria for diagnosis. Chondrocalcinosis is defined as cartilage and fibrocartilage calcification identified by imaging or histological examination. The presence of calcium-containing crystals in synovial fluid is associated strongly with the degenerative joint disease, but the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. Objectives. To compare the clinical and radiographic characteristics in patients with and without chondrocalcinosis. Material and methods. One hundred and forty-three patients, 86 with chondrocalcinosis and 57 controls with primary osteoarthritis were consecutively enrolled in this case-control, transversal, prospective study performed in the Rheumatology Department, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Romania, between January 2015 and January 2018. A subgroup of 39 patients fulfilled McCarty criteria for calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease. Demographic data, clinical data, laboratory data, knee radiographs, knee ultrasound, were recorded in both groups. Kellgren-Lawrence score was graded in all patients at the knee level. Results. The patients with chondrocalcinosis had higher tender joint count (3.1±6.8 versus 1.9±0.1, p<0.05), swollen joint count (1.37±0.9 versus 0.28±0.3, p<0.05), visual analogue scale for pain (7.72±1.28 versus 6.5±3.5, p<0.05). Kellgren-Lawrence score at the knee level was higher in the chondrocalcinosis group (p<0.05) comparing to controls, but not when comparing the CPPD group with the chondrocalcinosis group. Osteoarthritis was associated with chondrocalcinosis when compared to controls and with definite CPPD when comparing to chondrocalcinosis subgroup. Conclusions. Chondrocalcinosis was associated with pain, arthritis and higher Kellgren-Lawrence score than the controls.


INTRODUCTION
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease is due to deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and soft tissues. The definite diagnosis of CPPD is the fulfiling of McCarty criteria which includes identification of crystals in synovial fluid analysis and typical radiographic calcifications (1,2). The most affected joints by CPPD are the knees, symphysis pubis, wrists, hips, elbows. Abhishek et al found that in the absence of knee involvement, wrists and hips are the most affected (3). Radiographic evidence of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage calcification is named chondrocalcinosis. The radiological patterns de-scribed in patients with CPPD are a thin, parallel line with the articular surface in hyaline cartilage calcification; punctate fibrocartilage calcifications; calcifications of joint capsules, synovium, tendons, bursae and soft tissue. Resnick described that 98 % of the cases with chondrocalcinosis could be identified by knee and pelvis radiographs (4,5,6,7). In populational studies, radiography is used as a surrogate marker of CPPD.
Controversy still exists regarding the relationship between osteoarthritis and CPPD as a cause or consequence. The presence of calcium-containing crystals in synovial fluid is associated strongly with the degenerative joint disease, but the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. The reports regarding radiographic changes are still controversial in patients with osteoarthritis and CPPD. It is not established if structural changes are different, more severe than in patients with primary osteoarthritis. In Chinese people, the prevalence of CPPD is lower, but the prevalence of osteoarthritis is higher (8,9,10).
The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic characteristics in patients with and without chondrocalcinosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This was a case-control, transversal, prospective study performed in the Rheumatology Department, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Romania, between January 2015 and January 2018.

Chondrocalcinosis group
Patients presenting with evidence of CPPD (radiographic, by ultrasound or CPP crystal identification in synovial fluid) were consecutively included in the study. All patients had radiographic and ultrasound evidence of CPPD.

Controls group
Patients presenting with knee pain and primary osteoarthritis of the knee, without evidence of CPPD on ultrasound or on radiography at the knee level were consecutively included in the study.
From both groups were excluded patients with gout and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
Data about age (years), sex, weight (kg), height (m 2 ), body mass index (BMI), number of tenders and swollen joints, visual analogue scale for pain (VAS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were recorded in both groups. Also, information about joint trauma, meniscectomy, familial predisposition to CPPD and diuretics use.
The radiographic evidence of CPPD was considered a thin, parallel line with the articular surface (hyaline cartilage calcification) and punctate fibrocartilage calcification in the knees. The radiographs were taken in posteroanterior, weight-bearing semi-flexed view. Skyline view of patellofemoral joints was not taken in all patients, so we didn't consider them.
Ultrasound (US) examination was performed by the same rheumatologist using an Esaote My Lab 25 Gold with 5-10 and 10-18 MHz linear probes. The knees were examined by anterior scans with the knee in maximum flexion for the examination of hyaline cartilage and medial and lateral scans with the knee flexed at 30 0 for fibrocartilage examination. Ultrasonographic evidence of CPPD was considered according to Frediani's ultrasound patterns (15,16).
The synovial fluid analysis, when possible, was performed using polarized light microscopy. Calcium pyrophosphate crystals were considered the ones with weak birefringence and a rhomboid or parallelepipedic form.
All patients included in the study consented for participation and the approval of the University Ethics Committee was obtained.
Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. We considered a level of p<0.05 statistically significant.

RESULTS
The study included 143 patients, 86 with chondrocalcinosis and 57 controls with primary osteoarthritis, matched for age and gender. Thirty-nine (45.34%) of the patients with chondrocalcinosis had calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the synovial fluid and radiographic evidence of CPPD, fulfilling the McCarty criteria. The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1.

Clinical assessment
Regarding clinical characteristics, tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC) and visual analogue scale for pain (0-10) were higher in the chondrocalcinosis group comparing to controls (p<0.05). Patients from chondrocalcinosis group had a mild inflammatory syndrome, mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 22.89±458 mm/h (p<0.05) and mean C-reactive protein 2.54±39 mg/dl (p=0.2) but higher comparative with the control group. Risk factors evaluated in this study are also presented in Table 1. All four patients with meniscectomy and joint injury had only knee chondrocalcinosis and with a mean K/L score 3.16.

Radiographic characteristics
Mean K/L score in the right knee and the left knee was significantly higher than the controls score (p<0.05). Average K/L score calculated as the average between right knee score and the left knee score was also higher than the controls score (p<0.05), ( Table 2).   According to the type of diagnosis CPPD or chondrocalcinosis, there wasn't a significative difference between patients diagnosed by McCarty criteria and those diagnosed by imaging (Table 4).

DISCUSSION
This study examined clinical and radiographic characteristics in patients with and without CPPD. The existing studies are not homogenous because of the inclusion criterion which are based on different definitions and radiographic protocols.
The association between osteoarthritis and CPPD is established, but the most studies included patients with end-stage degenerative disease undergoing replacement surgery and different definition of osteoarthritis (17,18,8).
There are a few theories about osteoarthritis and CPPD. First theory considers the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals as a result of joint degeneration, joint damage and osteoarthritis (19,20). Another theory is that the calcium pyrophosphate crystals induce changes in chondrocytes and cause the release of inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases leading to cartilage degradation (21,22). The calcification process is very complex and takes place also in other places than articular cartilage with some common mechanisms like altered differentiation of chondrocytes, ageing, deficiencies of calcification inhibitors, low-grade inflammation, apoptosis (23,24). The processes described to promote both osteoarthritis and cartilage calcification are ageing, inflammatory cytokine expression, disordered chondrocyte differentiation, nitric oxide, dysregulated adenosine triphosphate and inorganic pyrophosphate metabolism and matrix modification (25). In the same editorial is explained why there are cases in which crystal deposition is not present in severe cartilage degeneration and cases in which crystal deposition is not associated with severe cartilage degeneration. This is explained by the predominance of the processes described above.
From a clinical point of view osteoarthritis associated with CPPD involves joints that are usually not involved in primary osteoarthritis like wrists, ankles, elbow.
Our results showed higher TJC, SJC, VAS and ESR in the chondrocalcinosis group. A similar result was found by Han et al regarding association with pain assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) score but not with arthritis (26).
This study results showed that the means of K/L score and the average K/L score (between the right and the left knee) are higher than the controls. We defined osteoarthritis as a K/L score ≥ 3 and we found an association between chondrocalcinosis and osteoarthritis in both knees when compared to controls. The findings are similar to those of previous studies (27,3).
Regarding the association with osteoarthritis in other joints in patients with chondrocalcinosis, we found the hand as the second site of osteoarthritis in patients with knee osteoarthritis. In another study, the hip was the second site followed by the wrist (28).
In our study, we did not find a significative difference in K/L score between patients with defined CPPD and chondrocalcinosis. There is known the fact that in patients with imaging of chondrocalcinosis can be also basic calcium phosphate crystals because radiography is less sensitive than synovial fluid analysis in detecting calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Also, there is known the fact that the presence of basic calcium phosphate crystals is associated with OA severity (29,30). Furthermore, K/L score ≥3 was associated with CPDD when compared with chondrocalcinosis.
Our study has some limitations. First, the absence of synovial fluid analysis in all patients and skyline view of patellofemoral joints. Also, we didn't analyze the structural phenotypes in the knee joint, only the K/L score (31). In a recent study were examined the structural phenotypes in patients with osteoarthritis and chondrocalcinosis. The study found an association with atrophic phenotype at the hip level and with attrition at the knee level. Also, at the knee level, there was no association between chondrocalcinosis and osteophytes and joint space narrowing (27).

CONCLUSIONS
Chondrocalcinosis was associated with more pain, arthritis and higher Kellgren-Lawrence score than the controls.