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Therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, chronic neurological and behavioral syndrome in children, adolescents, and adults. Research studies carried out with subjects referred to specialists for treatment of ADHD have shown that methylphenidate hydrochloride improves behavior and academic performance in both children and adolescents, at least in the short term. Dextroamphetamine sulfate, pemoline, and desipramine hydrochloride are reasonable second choices for those patients who cannot tolerate or do not respond to methylphenidate. Cognitive-behavioral and family therapies, while intuitively appealing, appear to have weak effects and little empirical validation. The long-term outcome of ADHD as seen in primary care settings is not predictable.