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THE REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND THE NATURE OF SEXUAL SELECTION IN SCATOPHAGA STERCORARIA L. (DIPTERA: SCATOPHAGIDAE). IX. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FERTILIZATION RATES AND EVOLUTION OF MALE SEARCH STRATEGY WITHIN THE REPRODUCTIVE AREA

The present series of papers is aimed towards constructing a comprehensive model of sexual selection and its influence on reproductive strategy in the dung fly, Scatophaga stercoraria. The technique used links ecological and behavioral data obtained in the field with laboratory data on sperm competition, for which a model has already been developed (Parker, 1970a) . The reproductive behavior can be summarized as follows (see also Hammer, 1941, and previous papers in this series). Males wait around fresh cattle droppings for gravid females as they arrive to mate and lay their eggs in the dung. Females can mature several batches of eggs, but visit the dung only for mating and oviposition. Here males outnumber females by over 4: 1 (males spend much more time around the dung) and intra-male competition for females is intense. Mating may occur on the dropping or in the surrounding grass, and afterwards the male stays paired to the female (in a passive phase; Parker, 1970e) while she oviposits. Paired males guard females with elaborate reactions, but take-overs can occur in attacks from unpaired males. Here the new male mates immediately, before the female starts or resumes oviposition. The average number of eggs which will be fertilized by a given male as a result of a mating with a newlyarrived ("incoming") female can be calculated; so can egg gains due to take-overs either during mating or oviposition (Parker, 1970a). Evidence has been given (Parker, 1970b)