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Administrators and Accountability: The Plurality of Value Systems in the Public Domain

Procedural arrangements that safeguard accountable conduct of civil servants generally assume a univocal set of moral values. Yet public administration is characterized by a plurality of sets of values. The problems of the "many hands" and the "dirty-hands" make clear that activities of officials involve contrasting moral values. The absence of moral consistency is attributed to the fact that officials have to pursue the public interest, an intrinsically ambiguous concept. Accountability arrangements that acknowledge ethical plurality have to provide mechanisms for evaluating administrative judgments beyond conduct codes of legitimate and illegitimate activities.