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Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of some range plants

This study was carried out to determine chemical composition and in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility of range plant species of the area. Samples were collected from range lands at full maturity stage, dried under shade and subjected to chemical analysis and dry matter and organic matter in vitro digestibility for Vigna sunhum, Andropogan gayanus, Pennisetum Pedicelatum, Shoenfeldia gracilis and Stylothanis ﬂ avicans were determined. The data was analyzed via analysis of variance and differences among means were determined using Least Signi ﬁ cant Difference (LSD) test. The results showed that the legumes ( Vigna sunhum and Stylothanis ﬂ avicans ) were signi ﬁ cantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) in their crude protein content and the percentage of crude protein respectively was 13.4% and 10.00% while the grasses were signi ﬁ cant (P ≤ 0.05) higher in Crude Fibre (CF), ash, Acid Detergent Fibers (ADF) and Neutral Detergent Fibers (NDF). Crude ﬁ ber % values were 41.78, 43.37 and 46.07% for Pennisetum Pedicelatum , Andropogan gayanus and Shoenofeldia gracilis, respectively. The acid detergent values were 53.85, 47.74 and 53.39 for the three weeds. (P ≤ 0.05), while the ratio of neutral detergent was signi ﬁ cantly higher (P ≤ .05) in grasses than in the two legume species; 87.22, 82.35 and 88.99% for the three grasses respectively. Similarly higher in vitro dry matter and organic digestibility coe ﬃ cients were obtained from legume species than grasses. The study concluded that, the studied grasses were higher in ﬁ ber content and lower in their protein content but, legumes grasses ( Vigna sunhum, Pennisetum Pedicelatum and Stylothanis ﬂ avicans ) had high nutritive value and in vitro digestibility which may provide ruminants with the needed protein and energy.

Range lands comprise 26% of the world's total land area and 80% of agricultural land, and represent a wide variety of ecosystems [1,2]. For millennia grasslands have been one of the foundations of human activities and civilizations by supporting production from grazing livestock. This is still the situation, particularly for developing countries including Sudan where 68% of range lands are located. From the perspective of animal scientists, the utilization of range lands has historically focused on their use for livestock, particularly to produce meat and milk and to lesser extents fi ber and draught power. This has arguably been at the expense of many other current and potential functions of range lands, and of many peoples who have historically derived their livelihoods and cultures from the same those natural resources [3,4] their role in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, as water catchments, and the preservation of ecosystem biodiversity [3]. At the same time increased global demand for food must be met without unacceptable adverse effects (Food and Agriculture Organization [4,5]. Solutions to such issues are complicated by the need to meet the short term and long-term needs of those whose livelihoods depend on range lands.
There are more than 800 million in the world with very low income, and an additional 200 million in the more marginal arid and semi-arid areas, who are highly dependent on range grasslands for their livelihoods [4,[6][7][8]. Because range lands are of such major global importance there are compelling reasons why they need to be better managed in order to best fulfi ll various functions. Knowledge is often lacking, particularly for tropical range lands in which our country lies. The knowledge that is available from the much more extensive studies of temperate range ecosystem often cannot be directly applied to tropical grass range lands. Optimal management of tropical range lands is challenging, especially given the diversity of agro-ecological contexts, the animal production constraints and soil-plant-animal interactions.
Optimal management for defi ned production, environmental and social targets will generally include inventories and assessments of the grasslands and grazing animals available and knowledge of the important herbage-animal relationships. The most important part that is tackled in this study is the assessment of nutritive value of some highly selected that are highly palatable hence selected and heavily grazed. This is essential for development of improved methods that are desirable to evaluate the current status and the potential of range lands' utilization systems and to guide management and may recommend domesticating some species.
As rangelands are communally used in Sudan in general and North Kordofan in particular, grazing areas are overstocked, continuously overgrazed. The livestock species usually select most palatable species and this leads to change of plant composition drastically. The annual range inventory conducted domination of unpalatable fl ora species and decreased population of palatable species [9]. The plant selected for this study are among most species that are subjected to heavy grazing and reduced sharply in plant composition. The overall objective of this study is to assist for improved sustainable methods for range lands' utilization in the State and the country.

The study site
The study commenced on 5 th November and until fi rst of December 2019 at the University of Kordofan farm in the city of Elobeid, which lies between the longitude (29 o -34', 30 o -30; East) and the latitudes (12 o -25', 13 o -30' North) with an area of 8080 km 2 . This City is the capital of Sheikan locality and North Kordofan State. Sheikan is characterized by undulating plains, depressions; sand covered with hilly areas and some mountain clusters. There are three climatic regions that cover North Kordofan State. These are dry, semi-arid dry and low rainfall savanna on sand areas where the study samples were collected from. The long term average rain is between 250-400 mm. The maximum temperature is 40° -42 ° C and the minimum is 13° C. In the semi-arid region, rainfall is between 300-600 mm and the maximum temperature is 39° C.
The humidity reaches 1175 during the dry season. In the autumn, the air humidity reaches 65-67% lobeid Meteorology Department offi ce, 1999). Rainfall starts as sporadic showers in May and becomes regular from June to October. It is usually heavier in July and reaches peak in August before declining in September to reach its lower pattern in October. Temperatures are modifi ed by rain at this time though it is hot and humid in general. Temperature and precipitation drops from the amount of evaporation in July and August and the highest rainfall recorded in 2010 was 620 mm (Sheikan locality, 2011).
This city is also considered the largest market for gum Arabic, as primary and important market of livestock brought from different parts of western and Southern Sudan in a continuous movement of the presence of different types of animals. There are some food industries and Agro-industrial companies such as vegetable oil production and fl our mills (Sheikan locality, 2011). Elobeid Petroleum Refi nery is set at 10 km from the city center. In general this city is a main marketing city for the country. Rural areas are farming and livestock producing areas.

Sampling the biomass of the studied species
Plant biomass of the following species was harvested at full maturity stage: grass species among them included Schoenfeldia gracilis Danabelnaga, Andropogon gayanus Abuelrakhees and Pennisetum pedicellatum Umdofofo while Sylothansis fl avicans Natasha and Vigna sunhun Lubia elghazal were among leguminous species. The biomass was cut at 5 cm height, sun dried and stored for chemical analyses. In vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility was determined for the biomass of the species mentioned.

Chemical analysis
The plant species biomass mentioned in previous section was analyzed using proximate analysis as described by the Association of the Offi cial Analytical chemists [10] and forage fi ber analysis was done according to Terrie [11]. In Vitro dry matter and organic matter was determined according to Goering and Van Soest [12].

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
The detergent fi ber system includes neutral detergent fi ber and acid detergent fi ber. NDF contains the major cell wall  in both ADF and NDF terms. ADF does the best job of describing the portion of feed it is designed to estimate (i.e., cellulose + lignin). The ADF and NDF terms have now largely replaced the crude fi ber term. By using this method, we can better predict the digestibility of forages for animals. Nowadays, most laboratories use NDF and ADF analysis instead of crude fi ber.

Nitrogen-free extract
The term Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE) is a misnomer, as there is no nitrogen or extraction process in this procedure.
Nitrogen-free extract is not determined analytically in the laboratory, as shown below. NFE supposedly represents the soluble carbohydrates of the feed, such as starch and sugar, and is the difference between the original sample weight and the sum of the weights of moisture (water), ether extract, crude protein, crude fi ber, and ash. Therefore, it accumulates the errors of the other analytical systems. It is an overestimate of true NFE. % NFE = (% DM − (% ether extract + % crude protein + % ash + % crude fi ber)

Statistical analysis
The experimental design was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) that had six treatments (plant species) with four replicates. The data on chemical analysis or nutrients' percent was analyzed using analysis of variance [13]. The data of in vitro DM and OM was also analyzed via analysis of variance.
The difference among treatment means were detected using least signifi cance difference [13,14].

Chemical composition of the studied plants
The chemical composition of range plants selected for this study is presented in Table 1  DM. Maximizing dry matter intake provides more nutrients to rumen microbes, which in turn provides more nutrients to animal production and composition, growth, reproduction and body condition [15]. Ash content was 9.4% in Vigna sunhum, 8

Conclusion
The study concluded that range plants under investigation had different chemical components. Grasses were higher in fi ber content and lower in their protein proportion. Some grasses (Andropogongayans) had substantial amounts of nitrogen free extracts and that could be attributed to their higher seeds. On the other hand legumes were superior in their protein content.
In vitro dry matter and organic digestibility effi ciency was increased by the increasing of protein contents and decreasing of fi bers contents of the plant. These species of high nutritive