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Study of Criminal Psychology in Indonesian Literature

: This criminal psychology research aims to explore the criminal behavior contained in modern Indonesian literature. This is based on the fact that literature is considered as a creative work that represents elements of criminal behavior that can be viewed from the perspective of criminal psychology. The research method used was qualitative by referring to the interpretation of the text in depth. The data used in the study were literary texts which represent criminal behavior. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of identification, classification, reduction, analysis, exposure, and verification. The result showed that criminal behavior in Indonesian literature is related to corruption, sexual crime, and transnational crime.


INTRODUCTION
Criminology studies can be viewed from the perspective of psychology (Skrzypiec, 2017), sociology (Kennedy, 2013), culture (Presser, 2015), and religion (Ronel & Yair, 2018). Recently, criminology studies can also enter the context of literature (Alshiban, 2012) and get attention among psychology researchers or literary researchers. It shows that the development of criminology studies is not only focused on formal scientific disciplines but can also enter the context of literature/humanism which is a creative study. Through criminology studies in literature will increase literary criticism through a new perspective (Colvin, 2015). Literature as the author's creative process cannot be separated from the synthesis between imagination and the reality of life. Therefore, literature shown the existence of evil that arises through psychology, sociology, or culture. Through literature, a reader can recognize and understand the evil contained in a narrative created by the author. The narrative about crime in literature can appear as follow.
First, the creative process of the author in writing literary works that are associated with crime. For example, an author who understands and recognizes crime in his country, writes novels in which elements of the crime are raised. In bringing out the element of evil, the author can openly use techniques. This technique is sometimes dangerous because it can cause the author prisoned. This is because some are offended by the criminal narration in literature. In addition to overt, the author can bring up the element of the crime with a metaphor. With this technique, crime is not raised explicitly in the literature, but the author uses the *Address correspondence to this author at the Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia; E-mail: anasahmadi@unesa.ac.id language of metaphors. Thus, the author can avoid the threat of imprisonment.
Second, the types of crimes contained in literature. The types of crimes in literature are related to any type of crimes that appear in a literary work. For example, white-collar crime, war crimes, theft, murder, transnational crime, sexual crime, corruption, fraud, property crime, or street crime. For this second type, the researcher can map out the types of criminologies that occur in many countries so that a common thread is found concerning criminology in literature. Also, the type of criminology in literature can be related to the context of psychology, sociology, anthropology, religion, or feminism.
Third, the study of reader responses related to criminology contained in literature. In this case, the researcher focuses on how the reader responds to those that have criminological content. Not only that, the researcher can also examine the effects of postreading literature which is related to the elements of criminologies whether the literature can make the readers aware so that they understand criminology and try not to commit a crime or even vice versa. After they studied literature in which there was a criminal element, they used it as a medium for learning to become criminals.
Criminological studies in the literature related to segmentation of war crimes (Ruggiero, 2018), crime and justice (Wilson, 2014), white-collar crime (Ahmadi, 2019a), crime with violence and sadism behavior (Alshiban, 2012), police and context crime sciencefiction (Wood, 2019), literature and learning criminology (Pérez, Linde, Molas-Castells, & Fuertes-Alpiste, 2019;Bowman, 2009;Engel, 2003;Frauley, 2010), author and criminology (Burney, 2012). Among these criminological and literary studies, no researcher from Indonesia has linked criminal psychology and literature. The study of criminal psychology is very interesting to study because it is related to a person's behavior concerning crime. Based on that, this article aims to explore crime in Indonesian literature through the perspective of criminal psychology.
In this article, criminal perspective psychology is used to explore crimes contained in Indonesian literature. Criminal psychology began to get the attention of researchers in this decade. This psychology is related to understanding/studying behavioral techniques and classifying criminal behavior (Godwin, 2001). Criminal psychology is a study in psychology that explains criminal behavior in various forms and conditions (Bonta & Andrews, 2017). Criminal psychology is not psychology that deals directly with criminal cases in society (Gross, 2020), but criminal psychology seeks to study psychological factors related to the development and maintenance of criminal behavior, both individual and group (Hayland, 2015;Canter & Alison, 1997;Canter, 2017) relating to criminal forms: murder, theft, rape, and white-collar crime. The criminal form can be raised manifest or latent.
Based on the exposure above, criminal psychology can be summarized as key terms: psychology that studies criminal behavior, criminal techniques, and criminal classifications that appear either manifest or latently. Criminal psychology cannot be separated from criminological studies. Therefore, several segments of topics in criminal psychology are part of criminology. Types of crimes in the general context, namely (1) white-collar crimes, crimes committed by officialscommitting corruption, collusions, nepotisms, (2) crimes with violence -murder, violence, ambushments, (3) property crimes -committing property fraud, (4) organized crimes, (5) political crimes, terrorisms, and (6) digital crimes (Hagan, 2018). The current crime rate is increasingly increasing along with technological advances and also the demands of life are increasingly high.
The study of criminal psychology in literature is based on the fact that psychology can be included in the literature (Ahmadi, 2015(Ahmadi, , 2019a(Ahmadi, , 2019b2020a;Ahmadi, Ghazali, Maryaeni, & Taufik, 2019;Ahmadi, 2020b;Hammond, 2014;Wellek & Warren, 2019). The inclusion of criminal psychology in the literature is associated with the behavior of the figures contained in the literature that indicate a crime. The form of criminal behavior is related to the type, classification, and practice of a crime. Aside from the character's behavior, the researcher also traces the criminal narrative that was raised by the author of literature, both manifestly and latently. The study of criminological psychology in literary research uses literary criticism with an interdisciplinary perspective because it uses criminological psychology as aids. Thus, it is hoped that the results of literary context research on criminal behavior in literature can be more in-depth and comprehensive. Besides, the results of this study can provide a new 'color' in interdisciplinary literary research.

METHOD
This study used a qualitative approach by referring to the interpretation of texts (Creswell, 2017;Creswell & Creswell, 2020) and descriptive exposures. Interpretation of the text should be done because the source of research data is in the form of literary technology. Literary interpretation is carried out through two stages, namely heuristic interpretation, and hermeneutic interpretation. Through these two stages of interpretation, it is expected that the interpretation between literature and criminology will be more holistic (Jones, 2017). The data source used in this study is a novel in modern Indonesian literature which has relevance to criminal psychology, especially those relating to criminal behavior, type, and classification.
Data collection techniques were done through a literature study. Research data analysis techniques used scenarios (1) identify the data related to criminal behavior in literature, (2) classify the data relating to criminal behavior in literature, (3) reduce the data related to criminal behavior in literature, (4) analyze the data which relates to criminal behavior in literature, (5) exposure the data relating to criminal behavior in literature, and (6) verify the data relating to criminal behavior in literature. The last stage is the evaluation of research data by conducting intersubjectivity techniques. The intersubjectivity technique is carried out to minimize the level of the subjectivity of the researcher in processing and analyzing data.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
As literature in general, Indonesian literature raises a picture of criminal behavior. The emergence of criminal behavior in literature -which can be viewed from the perspective of criminal psychology -cannot be separated from the author as a creator. The author raises criminal behavior in literature because literature is a medium for voicing the truths taken from reality. A truth that cannot be revealed directly through real life. Writers in Indonesia who are strong in bringing up criminal representations in his works are WS Rendra, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Okky Madasari, and Ramadhan KH. Those writers' works will be discussed in this article.
First, WS Rendra (November 7 th , 1935 -August 6 th , 2009). He is an Indonesian poet who is highly ranked in the poet category. He is referred to as the Indonesian poet president. In Indonesia, Rendra is a writer who gave birth to ballad poems. His poetry contained many protests and criticisms of the Indonesian government. Because of his strength in bringing up criminal elements in literature, Rendra was once imprisoned (1977). He was considered by the government provoking the community through his literary works which criticized the government a lot at that time. Not only that, but some literary activities carried out by WS Rendra were also banned by the government at that time. However, Rendra continued to struggle with literature. He voiced the truth through literature. One of his famous poetry collections is Potret Pembangunan Dalam Puisi (1993).

I write this pamphlet
Because of the institution of public opinion Covered by spider webs (I wrote this Pamphlet) Rendra's poem shows that the voices of the people silenced so they could not speak and issued opinions. The public was indeed given a thing to express opinions related to criticism of the government. However, the facts on the ground, people could not freely express opinions. If they (the public) thought freely about the government, especially less than optimal government performance and about rampant corruption, they would be arrested. People who liked to criticize the government were considered as an enemy of the government. Therefore, they might be jailed because they were considered undermining the government. In this context, the criminal behavior that appears in the poem is the silencing of people's opinions on the government. The silencing of freedom of opinion is carried out by the government. This is what is called criminal behavior in terms of authoritarianism towards society.
In the poem Sajak Sebatang Lisong, Rendra also gave rise to the criminal behavior of rich people and officials who had fun while many small communities had not received an education. The author, Rendra, in this case, wanted to show that there was a huge gap between rich people and officials and ordinary people who were not educated. This was very ironic because officials were just being lazy and taking lots of money from the people, while the people suffer. The author did not explicitly bring up criminal behavior in the poem, but he did it by using metaphorical language.
In Sajak Ibunda, Rendra showed ironically the description of a corrupt and tyrannical person when dealing with society. They would not present themselves as corrupt or tyrannical figures. They would show that he was a warrior and hero for his country. That is what is called a persona in the view of Jungian psychology (Jung, 2014). Someone will try to cover up his ugliness because he wants to be considered as a good person in front of other people or society. Therefore, a mask is used to cover up the ugliness. Likewise, corruptors, they will use masks of kindness, heroism, and intelligence so that they do not show their true selves. In another poem, Sajak Gadis dan Majikan, Rendra raised criminal behavior committed by a host to his maid. Criminal behavior committed by the host (male) to the maid (female) tends to be related to sexual crime. In this case, the host is sexually harassing his maid. Of course, the maid is difficult to dodge because she is his subordinate. In the real world, cases of sexual crimes committed by the host against maid are indeed dominant. The dominance of men over women workers is due to men being superiors, while women are subordinates so that women become objects and men are subjects.

Sucking a lisong
Cases relating to sexual crimes committed by men (perpetrators) to women (victims) are categorized into three segments, namely (1) cases of sexual crimes and reported by the victim. Then, the perpetrators were arrested based on sexual crime. For this category, it is indeed very hard because women as victims have to fight with all their strength so that the perpetrator can be jailed, (2) cases of sexual crimes and reported by the victim, but the perpetrators are not in prison because they are not supported by strong evidence, Saʻdāwī, & Ḥatātah (2015) shows that cases of sexual crimes committed by men against women are indeed difficult in proof. This is due to the occurrence of sexual crimes that occur in a quiet situation, and (3) cases of sexual crimes and the victim does not report because of fear (because of getting threats from the perpetrator). Until now, there are still many cases of sexual crime that are not reported because the victim is afraid of being threatened or embarrassed if the case is exposed. For some women, cases of sexual crimes are a disgrace. Therefore, they as victims try to cover up so that it does not become a disgrace.  2006). He is a writer who is almost the same life story as the writer WS Rendra, namely in prison for his thoughts and literary works. Nearly half of his life was spent in prison. He was jailed and exiled on Nusa Kambangan Island and Buru Island. Both are prisons on a remote island with strict security and difficult access to escape. As an Indonesian writer, Toer was once nominated for a Nobel Prize. However, the nomination failed. Even so, he won several international awards, such as the Ramon Magsaysay Award, 1995. Toer is a controversial Indonesian literary figure because among the authors, there are people who are pro to him, but some are not a pro with him. This is caused by his thinking. Toer was a writer who was considered to be leftist so that the government at that time considered his as a threat. Especially literary works written by Pramudya Ananta Toer that were considered leftist works that endangered state security. One of the strong works that gave rise to a narrative about corruption was the novel Korupsi (1954) which was reprinted (2002). The novel tells the life of an official named Bakir who feels not being rich because of the income he earns. Therefore, he committed an act of crime, that is corruption.
In criminology, corruption is a crime or a deviant principle (Rose, 2016) because it takes a right that is not his. The collection can be done individually or in groups. Usually, related to money. In a modern society as it is today, corruption rates are getting higher because many people feel that they are not economically sufficient. Not only that, when someone becomes an official by spending a lot of money, later when he is in office, he will commit corruption so that the money spent when running for office can be returned. // "Many of my friends who are effective in their lives are remembered by me. And finally intend it in the heart, as it has been common in this period: Corruption. " (Korupsi) // The excerpt from novel Korupsi shows that Bakir's character originally held the principle. Ethics. He does not want to commit acts of corruption because corruption is an ethical violation in society. However, over time, Bakir chooses corruption. He commits corruption so that his standard of living could rise, especially from an economic standpoint. Consumptive and glamorous modern life, especially among the elite, makes the people who become officials want to be like that. Can stand in line with people who are in the upper class. However, when salaries are inadequate, the quickest way is to commit acts of corruption.
Corrupt life among officials is not unusual because they are in a favorable position. If at first the people who will become officials are idealistic figures, but when they become officials, the idealism starts to disappear along with the ever-increasing lifestyle. Likewise with the demands of life which is also increasing. That becomes the main factor of an official committing criminal behavior, namely corruption. Prabowo (2014) shows that corruption in Indonesia by officials is more visible by the existence of luxurious and glamorous lifestyle changes. An official with a standard salary cannot buy super-luxury items, but with the results of corruption, he can do everything including buying luxury goods.
Through corruption, one can get a lot of money with shortcuts. One type of corruption is bribery -giving a certain amount of money in the hope that the person giving the money can get a project tender or something. Bribery can be committed by someone if there is an agreement between the two parties, namely the person who is bribed and the bribe. Through the process of bribery, usually, bureaucratic flow to get a project tender or certain things can be accelerated and launched. Bribery cases are more prevalent among government officials because those who have the power to determine a project tender can be obtained by certain companies. Also, officials are people who have power in terms of speeding up the process of receiving a file or recruitment.
Third, Okky Madasari (October 30 th , 1984 -now). She is a woman writer who is included in the 2000s category. Has been awarded the Kusala Sastra Khatulistiwa (2012) award. The figure of a woman writer who raised corruption in her work. In novel 86, Okky presents crime in Indonesian society. As an author who was once a journalist, Okky Madasari portrays crime in the real world and is used as creative writing. Novel 86 illustrates how a bribery mentality with the hope of entering into a recruitment // "I'm ready for a hundred million, Ma'am. Can be taken at any time. The important thing is that my child can become a court employee. " (Madasari, 2011). As a woman, Okky Madasari wants to fight to eradicate corruption through literature.
The dialogue in the novel 86 shows that the character is willing to issue a big one so that his son can be recruited as an employee. This shows the mentality of deviation and enters into criminal behavior. In Indonesia, bribery is indeed often the case concerning employee recruitment problems. The higher the salary level of the employee, the higher the bribe costs that need to be paid. To becomes an employee who does not need to bribe because there is indeed an official test that is opened to recruit employees. Through these tests, it is expected that employees who are accepted are truly competent. Do not let employees who do not have competence. However, when one cannot pass the official route, someone is still trying to pass the bribery route to pass the recruitment.  2006). He is the author who wrote the novel Ladang Perminus. The novel narrates the corrupt behavior carried out by figures who are officials in the oil company. The novel tells how an official marked up the price of land sold to a small community. Marked up prices are up to 50 percent. These markers are included in the category of criminal acts because they raise the price of goods or something for personal or group interests. Not only that, this novel also shows explicit transnational crime, which is to raise oil prices for self and group interests.
The criminal behavior in the novel Ladang Perminus (Ramadhan, 1990) related to corruption that occurred in oil companies was inseparable from the conditions of reality in Indonesia at that time. In the 1990s, there was corruption in the body of the state-owned oil company. The corruption was carried out by the assistant director. The corruption that occurred in the oil company was a transnational crime because it involved three other countries in terms of corruption and price increases so that the assistant director got a very large and unnatural commission.
Literature is indeed fictional and imaginative. However, literature is also not free from the context of psychological, sociological, and anthropological facts. Literature is a medium in bringing about criminal behavior. However, literature still cannot exceed the level of literature. As pure literature must pay attention to aesthetics. Therefore, the criminal element that is raised in literature is not as the main thing, but as an aesthetic enhancer of literature. If literature is too strong in bringing up criminal elements in it, it is considered to defeat the mass media in reporting about crime.

CONCLUSION
Based on the initial explanation, it seems that criminal psychology can enter the literature. Through the study of criminal psychology in literature, found criminal behavior ranging from national-level corruption crimes, sexual crimes, to transnational corrupt crimes. This shows that literature universally raises crime in it. The emergence of crime in literature is not something fictitious, but a truth contained in literature. An author who has a conscience about eradicating criminal behavior will try to bring up literature related to crime. This was done by the author as an attempt to record the crime in literature.
The big theme raised by Indonesian authors in literary works is more directed towards corruptive behavior. Recognized or not, indeed corruption is rampant among officials because they are people in power. As officials, they are not afraid in prison because the people in the court are also friends. Through friendship, officials who commit corruption can be released with or without guarantees. That is what causes corruption to run rampant. If someone in court, for example, a judge who tries to fight corruption, he must be strong because it could be life at stake. Judges who imprison an official who commits corruption can be killed because he jailed the official.
The writer who gave rise to crime in literature cannot be separated from criticism of society and the government. Until now, literature that dared to display criminal behavior related to corruption, sexual crime, white-collar crime, or murder has not been so much. This is due to the fear of the author when presenting reality in the world of literature. This is evident when there are writers who bring up corruption crimes committed by the authorities or criticism of governments who commit transnational crimes, the author is arrested or exiled. The author is trying to voice true truth through literature.