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Diane di Prima: Extending La Famiglia

In her scandalous little book Memoirs of a Beatnik (1969), Diane di Prima tells how one afternoon someone handed her a copy of Allen Ginsberg's Howl and Other Poems (1956); she kept thinking the phrase "breaking ground," and she felt she was about to meet her brothers.1 In fact, a year later she did meet Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. Another year later Lawrence Ferlinghetti, introducing her book This Kind of Bird Flies Backward (1958), wrote: "Here's a sound not heard before. The voice is gritty. The eye turns. The heart is in it." Di Prima was meeting brothers members of the Beat confraternity. Reacting to postwar consumerism, conformity and boredom, they were in spiritual crisis. They reacted with wild expenditures of energy: fast cars, wild parties, jazz, sex, drugs and kicks. This is the confraternity of John Clellon Holmes' novel Go (1952), generally credited as the first and most vivid literary account of early Beat life. Characters can be recognized as Ginsberg and Kerouac, with portraits too of Herbert Huncke, Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs. Kerouac's On the Road came out in 1957. The media promptly promoted the movement. By 1958, when Ferlinghetti's A Coney Island of the Mind appeared, Esquire also published "The Philosophy of the Beat Generation." In 1959, when Burroughs' The Naked Lunch was issued, so was di Prima's 13 Nightmares. Mainstream and counterculture seemed in competition to perpetrate the outrageous and the perverse and in competition to define basic values. As a difficult daughter flouting parental standards, di Prima affirmed familial relationships; in both work and personal life she was seeking out a family of affinity. "Family" has multiple meanings and, as The New York Times has reported (September 2, 1988), family law is even now the battleground of social revolution. Biologically, the term is genetic and implies descent from a common ancestry. It also includes relationships recognized by law, such as marriage and adoption. Sometimes it refers to members of a household who function together as a family. The dispersed extended family of "blood" relatives and in-laws may include attached and honorary members. Most broadly, and especially in a religious spirit, one may