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Homer's Argument with Culture

The Iliad at once defines a culture and subjects it to a set of fundamental criticisms. That Homer should accomplish the former occasions no surprise, for he works within a poetic tradition that grew up over a period of centuries for the celebration of the heroic culture he presents. But that he should be able simultaneously to criticize that culture is on the face of it very surprising indeed, for he speaks exclusively in an epic language the very function of which is to constitute this culture in verse: it has its own terms of fact and value, its own procedures for combination, and its own highly stylized modes of expression.' The resources of this language are copious and varied, wonderfully suited to the creation of a heroic world and to the depiction of heroic character and action, but the language certainly suggests no methods by which the imaginary culture it defines can be criticized or judged. Homer's is an inherited language expressing an inherited world; how can he possibly use it to make a poem that is critical of its culture? Criticism requires both terms