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Selective induction of the Notch ligand Jagged‐1 in macrophages by soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma mansoni involves ERK signalling

Soluble egg antigen (SEA) from the helminth Schistosoma mansoni promotes T helper type 2 (Th2) responses by modulating antigen‐presenting cell function. The Jagged/Notch pathway has recently been implicated in driving Th2 development. We show here that SEA rapidly up‐regulated mRNA and protein expression of the Notch ligand Jagged‐1 in both murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMs) and human monocyte‐derived macrophages (HMDMs). Another potential Th2‐promoting factor, interleukin (IL)‐33, was not transcriptionally induced by SEA in BMMs. Up‐regulation of Jagged‐1 mRNA by SEA was also apparent in conventional dendritic cells (DCs), although the effect was less striking than in BMMs. Conversely, SEA‐pulsed DCs, but not BMMs, promoted IL‐4 production upon T‐cell activation, suggesting that Jagged‐1 induction alone is insufficient for instructing Th2 development. A comparison of the responses initiated in BMMs by SEA and the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed common activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐1/2 (ERK‐1/2) and p38 phosphorylation, as well as induction of Jagged‐1 mRNA. However, only LPS triggered IκB degradation, phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (Jnk) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) Tyr701, and IL‐33 and IL‐12p40 mRNA up‐regulation. Inducible gene expression was modified by the presence of the macrophage growth factor colony‐stimulating factor (CSF)‐1, which inhibited Jagged‐1 induction by SEA and LPS, but enhanced LPS‐induced IL‐12p40 expression. Unlike LPS, SEA robustly activated signalling in HEK293 cells expressing either Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4/MD2. Pharmacological inhibition of the ERK‐1/2 pathway impaired SEA‐ and LPS‐inducible Jagged‐1 expression in BMMs. Taken together, our data suggest that Jagged‐1 is an ERK‐dependent target of TLR signalling that has a macrophage‐specific function in the response to SEA.