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Spontaneous Communicative Conventions through Virtual Bargaining

Human-like computing will require machines to communicate interactively with people, to take in human knowledge and preferences, to explain the machine’s actions, and to generally coordinate human and machine behaviour. But even the simplest communicative interactions raise deep theoretical challenges. Human and machine spontaneously have to “agree” on the mapping between possible signals and messages. Such mappings are extremely flexible and influenced by large numbers of contextual factors in real-world interactions. Typically, there are many candidate signal-message mappings. Successful communication requires that both parties agree on the same mapping. We outline experimental and theoretical work exploring an approach to these problems based on “virtual bargaining,” according to which each communicative party attempts to infer which mapping would be agreed were prior communication possible. This chapter explores how such problems are solved by humans, and suggests directions for building computational models of these processes.