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5. MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Radiation ionizes cellular atoms and molecules; if immediate recombination does not occur, these can manifest as some type of molecular, cellular, or organic system alteration. An ionizing event can cause a variety of damage scenarios: (1) no damage if the ionized molecule reforms immediately; (2) repairable damage that causes no clinical effects if repaired; (3) repairable damage to DNA, which can be tumoriginic or carcinogenic if not repaired prior to cell division; (4) irreparable small-scale damage which causes cell death to a small population of cells that is insignificant and produces no clinical effects; and (5) irreparable large-scale damage that kills enough cells within an organ system to produce deterministic threshold effects such as cataracts and acute radiation syndrome