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An integrated meso-scale numerical model of melting and solidification in laser welding

The authors present an integrated numerical model for the simulation of laser spot welding of an aluminium alloy at meso-scale in 2D. This model deals with the melting of the parent materials which form the weld pool and the subsequent solidification of the liquid metal in the pool, during the welding process. The melting of the parent materials due to the applied heating power is an important phenomenon, which determines the conditions at the onset of solidification, such as the geometry of the weld pool and the distribution of the temperature field. An enthalpy method is employed to predict the melting during the heating phase of welding. A Gaussian distribution is used to model the heat input from the laser. Once the laser beam is switched off and the melting halts, solidification commences. The UCD front tracking model [1,2] for alloy solidification is applied to predict the advancement of the columnar dendritic front, and a volume-averaging formulation is used to simulate nucleation and growth of equiaxed dendrites. A mechanical blocking criterion is used to define dendrite coherency, and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition within the weld pool is predicted.