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The Emergence and Development of Protestantism in Macedonia

Protestantism as we know it today began to penetrate into Macedonia in the second half of the nineteenth century. As long ago as the tenth century, however, the Bogomil movement, which I regard as a variety of Protestantism, took root in Macedonia due to specific social and economic conditions and the exceptionally difficult circumstances in which most of the population lived.' The official church had to a significant extent 'subjected itself to the secular authorities'.2 The people turned spiritually to various heretical teachings, among which the Bogomil movement stands out as the most influential. The priest Bogomil based his teaching on dualism, on a belief in the existence of an opposition between good and evil, and completely rejected church hierarchy. Protestantism as we know it today came to the Balkan region with the first missionaries from America in 1831, who founded their first missionary training centre in Istanbul. British missionaries were also present in Macedonia from the Church of Scotland and the Bible Society, but the founders of Protestantism in Macedonia were the American missionaries sent by the American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions, founded in 1810-11. Its central body consisted of members of the Congregational Church, the Presbyterian Church and the Reformed Church of America. The opening of the first missionary headquarters in the Ottoman Empire made possible planned activities and the dissemination of Protestant ideas, primarily among the Christian population. From the very beginning, the missionary centre in Istanbul was engaged in three areas of activity: literature, education and the teaching of the Gospel. Literature in the vernacular was needed, so the centre began printing brochures explaining the contents of the Bible. It was necessary to raise the cultural level of the people and to educate them if they were to understand these texts, so the centre opened schools and organised courses and seminars. The aim of the missionaries was not directly to convert the people but to encourage them to develop their own spiritual life. Less than a decade after the founding of the first missionary centre in Turkey, the first Evangelical school in the Balkans was opened in Bebek, a suburb of Istanbul, in 1840. Its founder was Dr Cyrus Harnlin (1811-1900), a missionary in Istanbul. With funds donated by a rich merchant from New York, Christopher Robert, Dr Harnlin reconstructed the building and equipped the school with laboratories and instruments. Over the next 20 years the school grew into an important centre of progress and culture for the entire region. It developed into a college with a section for secondary