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A Digitalized Farm Management Support System Using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

The major challenge of irrigation farming is not having full control over the activities on the farmland and its unpredictable environment factors which in most cases, if not well managed, brings about low agricultural productivity. In this paper, as against the traditional manual control procedures which are time consuming, labor expensive, and most time led to taking bad key decisions concerning the three important environmental factors vis: temperature, humidity, and moisture of the farmland, we presents the design and implementation of farm management support system using WSN to sense and sent SMS about these three important farm field parameters to farmers using ATMEGA 328 controller. The system is designed to allow remote tracking of the parameters via an IoT cloud computing platform (ThingSpeak) and perform some Statistical analysis like temperature humidity variation and difference at a particular point in time on the sensed data using matlab. The developed system is scalable to incorporate the tracking of many other parameters and actions such as soil fertility, required soil nutrient, or trigger actions such as releasing water valve or activate alarming unit if certain parameter/s cross defined threshold. This research shows the importance of using wireless sensor network in precision farm field as the system solves the problem of continuous monitoring of data acquisition.


Introduction
With the dwelling oil revenue Nigerian government had shifted it priorities to agriculture, because agriculture is considered to be the sector of the economy that has the capacity to give jobs to millions of people. So many programs such as Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GES), Anchor Brower's Program (ABP), Rural Finance Institutions Building Program (RUFIN), The Nigeria Incentive-Base and Risk-Sharing for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) etc. are currently run by federal ministry of agriculture, CBN, States governments, in order to encourage the people to venture into agriculture. So far, about 78,000 farmers were trained and benefited in Kebbi state under the ABP Program alone and the program is extended to 14 other states. With these developmental plans of the government, modern agricultural technology obtainable in WSN technology can be utilize to improve the entire farm management efficiency and aid in decision making for better production yield in crop quality, assist in mitigating disaster and flooding risk using smart metering to monitor water flow, leakages and pollution extent in dams, river and other water sources, optimize precision in applying the right amount of farm inputs such as water, fertilizer, pesticides at the right location and at the right time, the technology can further help in keeping track of soil moisture, temperature, humidity and entire climate change on site and from meteorological network center.

Theoretical Background
In this section, comprehensive information about Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the existing applicable solutions with WSN have been described.

Overviews of Wireless Sensor Network
It has been pointed out that Wireless technologies have been under rapid revolution recently. Variety of wireless technologies being developed range from simple and short range (IrDA) that uses infrared light, point-to-point communications, to another short range wireless personal area network (WPAN) for point-to multi-point communications, such as Bluetooth (which uses line of sight) and ZigBee, to mid-range, multi-hop wireless local area network (WLAN), to long-distance cellular phone systems, such as GSM/GPRS and CDMA. Among the advantages of Wireless sensors when compares to wired sensors, is that the reliability of signal transmission is enhanced because wires are not used in the transmission process [13]. An insight to the general architecture of a wireless sensor node as shown in figure 1. It can be seen from the diagram that a wireless sensor node is made up of four major components, the sensing unit, the processing unit, the power unit and transceiver unit. The sensing unit is responsible for converting the measured physical quantities such as humidity, pressure, temperature, fluid level, rate of flow, position, moisture, pollution extent and concentration, etc. into a voltage signal and subsequently, passes it through digitalization process in order to produce digital output for processing. While in the other hand, the processing unit is equipped with a microcontroller which controls all of the functions of the sensor node and manages the communication protocols to carry out specific tasks. To make communication between the WSN node and network possible, a wireless transceiver unit is provided for that function. And lastly, the power unit, being the most critical component of a sensor node, supplies the necessary energy to bring life into all of these mentioned units [8]. Besides these major components, a sensor node may be customized to also include application depended components like power generator, location finding system and mobilizer. Power generators, such as solar cells, may be utilized to provide redundancy to the main power unit for prolonging the sensor node lifetime. When two or more wireless sensor nodes are joined or connected together, they formed a network called wireless sensor network (WSN), the SNs are mostly composed of four subsystems comprising of power supply unit, sensing unit, processing unit, and radio communication unit. It was pointed out that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are rigorously utilized in many applications area in order to optimize procedure or solve unresolved problems due to their capabilities [10]. One of its most widely employed ability is sensing. WSN has the ability to sense a surrounding physical phenomenon such as temperature, pressure, moisture, fluid level, contamination, etc.; and send the captured parameter as an input data for processing and onward transmission as processed information to the gateway via neighboring nodes/multiple-hops for wireless radio communication to the destination host. WSN has also been described as consisting large amounts of wireless sensor nodes, which are compact, light-weighted, and battery-powered devices that can be used in virtually any environment [2]. It is these special characteristics that made the sensor nodes to be usually deployed near the targets of interest in order to do close-range sensing. The data collected will undergo in-network processes and then return to the user who is usually located in a remote site. Most of the time, wireless sensor nodes are located in extreme environments, where are too hostile for maintenance. Therefore, WSNs consist of multiple sensor nodes (SNs) for sensing and measurements collection, a gateway that is responsible for aggregating, processing, and analyzing the measured data, and software/MAC protocol which manages the allocation and operation of SN resources in a controlled manner. These capabilities make the technology as an ideal solution for applications in control system, systems monitoring and surveillance, smart homes, smart cities and many more. Some of the most critical areas of concern in wireless sensor networks deployment in any application area is that of coverage, connectivity and desire for high energy efficiency since sensor nodes are ordinarily energized by batteries that are characterized with low power and limited stored energy, which cannot be conveniently replaced or recharged. The main friction or challenges suffered by WSN technology are Resources limitation. Lifetime inadequacy, Diversity in Design, Quality of Service (QoS) requirements [12].

Existing Applicable Solutions with WSN
Applications of WSN can be classified into five categories: In Spatial data collection; a mobile field data acquisition system was developed to acquire data for crop control and spatial-variability analysis. The system is made up of a data collection sub system, a manager sub system and data acquisition and control systems farm machines. The system succeeded in carrying out local field survey and gathered data of soil water availability, soil compaction, soil fertility, biomass yield, leaf area index, leaf temperature, leaf chlorophyll content, plant water status, local climate data, insect-disease-weed infestation, grain yield, etc. [6]. In another effort, a silage yield mapping system, which comprises a GPS, load cells, a moisture sensor and a Bluetooth wireless communication module was designed. The moisture sensor and the Bluetooth transmitter were installed on a chopper. Signals from the moisture sensor was transmitted via a Bluetooth receiver on a host PC at a data rate of 115 kbps and was used to correct the yield data [9]. Similarly, a joined effort with a private company led to a wireless, infrared thermometer system for in-field data collection. The system consisted of infrared sensors, programmable logic controllers and low power radio transceivers to collect data in the field and transmit it to a remote receiver outside the field [12].
Precision irrigation; However, in applying WSN in precision irrigation cumulate to a designed and evaluated an automatic and distributed irrigation system that remotely controlled, a 1500 ha irrigated area in Spain. The farm land area was divided into seven sub-regions with a total of 1850 hydrants (an upright water pipe) installed. Each sub-region was monitored and controlled by a control sector. The seven control sectors communicated to each other and with a central control through a WLAN network. Field tests showed 30-60% saving in water usage [4].
For Variable-rate technology in precision agriculture, WSN technology has been applied through the development of an automated fertilizer applicator for tree crops. The system comprised an input module for GPS and real-time sensor data acquisition, a decision module for calculating the optimal quantity and spread pattern for a fertilizer, and an output module to regulate the fertilizer application rate. Data communications among the modules were established using a Bluetooth network [3].
Supplying data to farmers; in optimizing data gathering procedure, the developed web server helped as information bank to famers with respect to pest and disease infestation and weather forecasts. Farmers can download the information directly via Internet and use them for operation scheduling [7]. USDA conducted a research in Mississippi to develop a high-speed wireless networking system to help farmers download aerial images via WLAN to their PCs, laptops or PDAs. The images were mainly used for precision farming applications [5]. WSN was designed for potato farming with the aim of tracking the potato field humidity. The WSN node is consisting of intelligent humidity sensors, microcontroller and low power radio transceivers to collect data in the field and transmit it to a remote receiver outside the field [8]. A framework of a wireless sensor network system was proposed to monitor various parameters on agricultural farmland in order to improve the yield. The sensors on the field are to sense environmental parameters which are transmitted to the base station and stored in the database [15]. In the work of Sherine, et.al, "precision farming solution in Egypt using wireless sensor network technology", the sensing modalities adopted is made up all in one sensor module which contain sensors for temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil pH, and soil moisture [11]. The propose irrigation management system for controlling irrigation schedules of container grown crops by Khan, et.al, 2013, is based on temperature, air humidity and soil moisture. There are two basic units in the system design, the hardware unit and the software unit. The hardware unit comprises a wasp mote agriculture sensor boards that is specially designed for handling different agricultural activities. It can support up to 14 different sensors at the same time and switches to different operational modes for prolonging batteries lifetime, a wasp-mote gateway that acts as a bridge between sensor nodes and server [14]. Getha, and Priya, presented a smart irrigation control using WSNs, GSM and Android phone. It supports android phone applications for plant diseases monitoring and uses fuzzy logic techniques implemented with Arduino UNO board to check plant leaf infection and abnormality from its image, the image processing techniques is achieved with MATLAB [16]. A system that deals with efficient irrigation water management using distributed in-field sensor-based irrigation systems was developed to support site-specific irrigation management, the system allows farmers to maximize their productivity while saving water [18]. Also, in Mobile Network Supported Wireless Sensor Network Services, a Wireless Sensor network architecture that focused on the integration of WSNs into existing networks infrastructures that can interconnect independent WSN is used to provides sensor based and enhanced services such as data aggregation and actuators control services to remote users; primarily mobile network users [17].
In view of the endless applications of WSN in the literature, we present in this write up, a digitalized system for monitoring and controlling farmland activities and generate data in a digitized form as against the existing traditional wired form which consumed more time and less efficient.

Materials and Method
In this section, various aspects of the proposed digitalized farm management support system are presented.

Flowchart of the System Plan
The diagram below gives the flowchart of research plan.

Design Requirements
The following hardware, software and other supporting tools were used to achieve the aim and objectives earlier outlined; Arduino Uno board (Figure 3  ii.) ATMEGA 328 controller iii.) The Sensors Sensor nodes contained sensors for temperature, humidity and soil moisture. These sensing modalities exists in market in variations of hardware, for example, one sensor board such as MTS400 contains sensors.
a. The Temperature Sensor LM35 IC is used for sensing the temperature. It is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in °C). The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc. it has a converter that accurately provides linear and directly proportional output signal in mill volts over the temperature range of 0°C to 155°C.
b. The Humidity Sensor The humidity sensor HIH4000, manufactured by Honeywell is used for sensing the humidity. It delivers instrumentation quality RH (Relative Humidity) sensing performance in a low cost, solderable SIP (Single Inline Package). The voltage is converted to the digital form by the ADC and then sent as input to the microcontroller which reads the data.

Programming Used Include: Arduino IDE, C, and Node. Js
The software includes the reading of various measurements from sensors, converting analog to digital values, displaying in the LCD module and sending the data to PC via HTTP port for monitoring the farm parameters from the webpage. Arduino Integrated Development Environment (Arduino IDE): Arduino IDE is used to program the microcontroller. The PC have the programming software Arduino c, this provides programming capabilities topology map, data export capability, mote programming and a command interface to sensor networks, web browser. A ThingSpeak. An open source Internet of Things (IoT) platform and API that lets you receive and mine sensor data in the cloud and develop IoT applications. It is also an IoT analytics platform service that allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze real time data streams in the cloud using HTTP OSI application layer protocol over the Internet. ThingSpeak provides instant visualizations of data sensed and posted by the sensor device from the field. It also allow you to do the statistical analysis and visualization your data in MATLAB. It is used for prototyping and proof of concept of the developed system "The farm management support system".

Architecture of the Designed System
The system is made up four different layers, as shown in Figure 5.
i.) The Physical layer. The Physical layer is comprised of the sensor-nodes deployed in the farm field which is made up of Soil Moisture Sensors Module, Temperature Sensor Module, Humidity Sensor Module, respectively. The Sensor-nodes are responsible for sensing different physical parameters in the farm field. The sensor-node sends the sensed information to the mote nodes through a physical serial interface. The mote nodes will be configured an adaptive energy efficient MAC protocol. The sensed 6LoWPAN packets will then be forwarded to the Edge Router acting as the Sink or Gateway.
Dual Stack protocol will be configured on the Edge Router, which gives it ability to communicate with the mote the IP Network. The Edge Router performs packet transformation from the 6LoWPAN packets to the IPv6 packets which is then sent to the IP-Network (Internet). ii.) Application Layer Interface Configuration (ThingSpeak IoT Cloud Interface) The Application layer was designed to read the sensed parameters. Thus, the UDP payload will appear to the CMC with IP capability depicting the moisture, humidity, and temperature readings respectively. ThingSpeak IoT platform API and interface was used for integration of the system with IPv4-based Control Management center. The diagrams in figures 6, 7, 8 and 9 illustrate the configuration of the application layer/user interface of the farm management support system. It shows how a channel is created and setup to collect the farm parameters of interest and how the channel is linked with the generated API keys to view the captured data privately or publicly. The summary of the configuration is given in table 1.      Figure 10. Conceptual System Design layout.

Results and Discussion
This passage shows the results of implementations for the proposed Digitalized Farm Management System. The variability of the resulting data has been analyzed using Matlab. The screenshots in figure 11 show the picture of the finished and final working farm management system. The LCD is used to display messages that can be view onsite. For example, one of the display a message shows the value of Humidity, Temperature and Soil moisture at some point in time.
In the event that the farm manager is not onsite or any authorized person with necessary credentials can track the parameters from anywhere remotely via a web browser as show in figure 12  The ThingSpeak platform is so rich and flexible in such a way that one has the option to view the captured data in three (3) different file format viz: XML file, Java script object notation and one can choose to extract the data in csv (excel) format and present it in a tabular form. A Sample csv data obtained from the sensors is presented below and further statistical analyze in line graph as shown in figure 12. Erleaved modular multiplication method which requires 257 clock cycles. This modular multiplier need 1470 slice LUTs and 514 LUT-FF pairs with a total time of 2.09 ps. Graphical display of the variability of generated data for the farm parameters is as given in figures 13, 14, 15 and 16 below. While figure 13 presents the variability of the farm parameters jointly, figures 14, 15, and 16 give separate display of variability in each of the farm parameters.

Conclusion
This paper shows the importance of using wireless sensor network in precision farming field. The importance of optimized and efficient management support system in agriculture cannot be overemphasized especially the dry season farming (irrigation system) that takes decisions over crops with respect to soil water level and environmental parameters very seriously. While the traditional manual procedures are time consuming, labor expensive that usually leads to bad judgment in taking key decisions, in the other hand, the designed system will enhance farming techniques and help to solve or mitigate the identified contemporary problems and consequently improve the crops yield and reduce wastage of resources.

Recommendations
Presently, wireless sensor-based systems comprising of microprocessors with communication capabilities can connect to an infinite network of THINGS to monitor, track and affect changes and actions on behalf of humans. This concept can be applied to any field, including agriculture as demonstrated in this paper. Wireless sensors and sensor networks have entered farms and from the look of things they will have a bright future, I therefore, recommend our farmers to embrace it and enjoy the benefits it provides. But before, usage we need to validate and verify these models for use in different environments, equally important, I recommend cost benefit of WSNs analysis to farmers. There is a need to asses, evaluate and quantify profit or the return on investment that a farmer could be attracted to, and to be able to scale those benefits for small medium and large producers, with respect to WSN scale.