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Averell Harriman has changed his mind: the Seattle speech and the rhetoric of Cold War confrontation

American W. Averell Harriman's many diplomatic activities have received considerable attention from historians. However, one of his most important contributions to the United States' early Cold War policy largely has been overlooked. On 18 August 1947 Harriman delivered a speech in Seattle calling for more confrontational Soviet policies, making a case for the Marshall Plan that successfully appealed to Americans even in ‘isolationist’ or conservative parts of the country. In the process, Harriman helped Truman overcome the effects of wartime pro-Soviet propaganda and helped mobilise support for active policies at a time when the legacy of the 1930s left some skeptics doubting democracies could mobilise before bombs began raining on them.