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Disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with an altered expression of low‐affinity Fcγ receptors and costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the interface between immunity and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. The capture of immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐containing immune complexes (ICs) by low‐affinity Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed on DCs may influence the immunogenicity/tolerogenicity of these cells, depending on the activating/inhibitory potential of FcγRs. Because of the key role that low‐affinity FcγRs play in determining the magnitude of the response in IC‐driven inflammation, these receptors are likely to play a role in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To evaluate if an altered expression of costimulatory molecules and/or FcγRs could account for disease severity, we evaluated the expression of these molecules on immature and mature DCs derived from peripheral blood monocytes of SLE patients and healthy donors. Our results show an increased expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86. Furthermore, the ratio of CD86/CD80 is higher in SLE patients compared with healthy donors. Conversely, while the expression of activating FcγRs was higher on DCs from SLE patients, expression of inhibitory FcγRs was lower, compared with DCs obtained from healthy donors. As a result, the activating to inhibitory FcγR ratio was significantly higher in DCs from SLE patients. The altered ratio of activating/inhibitory FcγRs on mature DCs showed a significant correlation with the activity of SLE, as determined by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score. We postulate that the increased ratio of activating/inhibitory FcγRs expressed on DCs from SLE patients can contribute to the failure of peripheral tolerance in the IC‐mediated phase of autoimmune pathogenesis.