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Challenges and Opportunities of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Chemicals and Fuels.

The global temperature increase must be limited to below 1.5 °C to alleviate the worst effects of climate change. The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECO2R) into chemicals and feedstocks is considered one of the promising technologies for CO2 emission cuts at the industrial level. However, despite decades of studies, advances at the laboratory scale have not yet led to high industrial deployment rates. This Review discusses the practical challenges of the industrial chain hampering the scaling-up deployment of the ECO2R technology. For ECO2R-to-CO/HCOOH, Faradic efficiencies (FEs) of ~100% and current densities above 200 mA/cm2 were achieved, and the stability of the electrolysis system was prolonged to 2000 h. For ECO2R-to-C2H4, the extreme FE was over 80%, and the highest current density reached the A/cm2 level. Thus, it is believed that ECO2R may have reached the scale-up demonstration stage. We aim to provide insights that can accelerate the development of the ECO2R technology.