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Diffusion Modeling of Electrons in the Inner Zone and Slot Region

Wabs. Plasmaspheric hiss constitutes one of the main components of the waves, but lightning and VLF ground transmitters also make important contributions to the wave population. Benchmark models for each of these types of waves, pre-VAP but post-CRRES, were given by Abel and Thorne [1998]. Much work on refining these estimates has been done since then, using wave measurements from VAP as well as Cluster, THEMIS, and others. (The bulk of these observations have been equatorial, though informed by ray tracing.) The effects of very low frequency hiss, highly oblique whistlers, and magnetosonic (MS) waves have come to be recognized as significant. MS waves particularly come into consideration in discussions of butterfly pitch angle distributions. Of greater global significance is the presence or absence of MeV electrons at L <= 2, for which wave-particle interactions are likely to be crucial. Indeed, one set of arguments is based on a “VLF bubble” tied to VLF transmitters.