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Friedrich Wolter (1893-?1944): the last anticontagionist.

Friedrich Wolter of Hamburg was the most fervent, and the last, protagonist of the aberrant doctrine of Max von Pettenkofer on the mode of transmission of cholera, and later of typhoid. Pettenkofer's doctrine, and his autoexperiment intended to demonstrate its truth, were described in 1973.1 It therefore suffices to say here that, despite his important other contributions to public health, Pettenkofer persistently repudiated, in numerous and voluminous publications that started in 1855,2 the idea that man could be directly infected by the cholera vibrio by ingesting faecally contaminated food or drink. Pettenkofer had many followers in the whole English-speaking world, as also in continental Europe, but by the end of the nineteenth century these had become a shrinking, although vocal, minority. Nevertheless, until his suicide in his 83rd year on 3 February 1901, Pettenkofer continued to pour scorn on "drinking-water theoreticians" who were blind to "epidemiological reasoning."