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A Preliminary Up-To-Date Review on Pakistani Medicinal Plants with Potential Antioxidant Activity

Background: There exist natural antioxidants in plants that scavenge harmful free radicals from the body. Free radicals are species of chemical origin with an unpaired electron and play a pivotal role in combating against health-related problems like lung damage, inflammation, and cardiovascular ailments etc. Antioxidants halt the development of these free radicals called the reactive oxygen species either by chelating the trace elements or by enzymes inhibition. Objectives: The aim of this present review was to collect information about Pakistani medicinally important plants with the exploration of their antioxidant potential. Methodology: A total of 206 papers were looked over, which were obtained from numerous sources like; Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: Overall, 95 plants representing 44 families with potential antioxidant activity reported from Pakistan have been presented in this review. Maximum number of species from Asteracea, Poaceae and Rutaceae families were scrutinized for their potential antioxidant activity from Pakistan. Conclusion: The present review clearly authenticates that the presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Pakistan vary with the species of the plants and material/extracts used. From this review, it is recommended to perform comprehensive experimental investigations based on toxicology and ethnopharmacology on these precious plants from Pakistan. It will be advantageous in the provision of trustworthy information to patients and determine further innovative compounds for safer and new drugs development with fewer side effects.


M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
The data on different Pakistani plants with antioxidant activity were assembled from search engines like Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Research Gate and Medline. Numerous indicators including "antioxidant activity", "phytochemistry" and "Pakistani medicinal plants" were used to search the data. The correct species names and taxonomic description with synonyms were confirmed from databases (http://www.theplantlist.org/) and (http://www.eflora.org/). About 206 research articles published on the antioxidant activity were studied, and information on the Pakistani medicinal herbs with potential antioxidant activity has been provided.

Pakistani Medicinal Plants with Antioxidant Activity
Data on 95 plants representing 44 families with potential antioxidant activity reported from Pakistan have been compiled here (Table 1 & Fig. 1). The assembled reported studies concerning antioxidant activities of plants from Pakistan are discussed in detail below:

Acacia leucophloea
Acacia leucophloea is a species from the Leguminosae family with ~650 genera and more than 18,000 species 11 . It is one of the major plant families with traditionally used plant species 12 having medicinal significance 13 . A study from Multan, Pakistan confirmed phenolic compounds existence in A. leucophloea bark methanolic extracts. Antioxidant capacity measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolex equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and Total peroxyl radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) assays indicated that the methanolic extracts of A. leucophloea stem bark are rich sources of natural antioxidants with acceptable antioxidant activity 14 .

Acacia nilotica
Acacia nilotica belongs to the plant family Leguminosae. In Bahawalpur, Pakistan, an in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial profile of A. nilotica methanolic leaves extract through 2,2-Diphenyl, 1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) inhibition assay showed maximum antioxidant potential with antibacterial activity among tested plant extracts of Leguminosae family 15 .

Adenium obesum (Forssk.)
Adenium obesum is a plant species from the family Apocynaceae 16 which is indigenous to South African regions 17 . This plant contains flavonoids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, triterpenes, pregnanes and steroids 18 . In a study from Karachi, Pakistan, the methanolic extracts of A. obesum leaves have been evaluated for antioxidant activity with DPPH free radical scavenging assay using standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoulene (BHT). The tested extracts of A. obseum leaves displayed inhibition and better antioxidant activity 19 . A. obesum methanol extract was assessed by Albizia lebbeck is a vital species from Mimosaceae family. In many regions of Pakistan, it is grown as an ornamental plant due to pleasant morphology 23 . The antioxidant activity with phytochemistry of A. lebbeck extracts was investigated from Pakistan 24,25 . In an inquiry from Multan city of Pakistan, the antioxidant activity of A. lebbeck (seed, flower and bark) methanol extracts validated greater phenols. Antioxidant activity estimated by TRAP, TEAC and FRAPS assays, substantiated that the investigated of A. lebbeck methanolic extracts are worthy natural antioxidants sources 24 . Another investigation from Multan, Pakistan displayed the antioxidant potential of aqueous methanol pods, stems, and roots extracts of A. lebbeck. Studies based on composition specified carbohydrates as the main constituents and saponins as chief antinutrient in both seeds and pods extracts of A. lebbeck. In the pods extract and seed oil of A. lebbeck, a major fatty acid linoleic acid is present. α-tocopherol is a major tocopherol component in oil. In vitro FRAP, TRAP and TEAC substantiates the aqueous methanol pods, stems and roots extracts of A. lebbeck with potent antioxidant activity 25 .

Aloe vera L.
The Aloe vera plant belongs to the plant family Liliaceae. This plant possesses almost 200 phytochemicals and 70-75 diverse nutrients like anthraquinones, amino acids, lignin, enzymes, minerals, saponins, sugars, salicylic acid and vitamins 26 . Antioxidant activity and phytochemistry of A. vera extracts from Pakistan have been described by Malik et al., 27 and Waris et al., 28 . A study from Bhimber AJK of Pakistan 27 exposed the presence of phytochemicals and nutrients like amino acid, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids, reducing sugar, tannins, saponin and terpenoids in the ethanol, aqueous and methanol and extracts of A. vera leaves. Waris et al., 28 from Peshawar, Pakistan documented the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and tannins in the A. vera plant extracts with antioxidant activity.

Artemisia L. species
Artemisia genus belongs to the family Asteraceae. Many Artemisia species are significant economically due to their antitumor, antispasmodic, antiseptic, antirheumatic*-and hepato-protective 86 , antioxidant, antihelmintic, anticancerous, antimicrobial and antimalarial possessions 87 . A lot of Artemisia species have been discovered from Pakistan and scrutinized for their antioxidant activity namely Artemisia annua 33 , Artemisia persica 30 , Artemisia roxburghiana 31 and Artemisia rutifolia 34 . An enquiry from the Islamabad region of Pakistan has been performed for antioxidant activity assessed with Trolox equivalent, DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation assay (LPD). As a result, the maximum total flavonoid contents (TFC), total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH and TEAC and minimum peroxidation of lipid for the methanol extracts were recorded, however, the aqueous extract showed maximum ferric reducing antioxidant power 33 . Akhtar et al., 31 checked the presence of phytochemicals with potential antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanol/chloroform extracts of Artemisia roxburghiana from Nathiagali region of Abbotabad, Pakistan. A study from the northern Pakistan displayed that the methanol extracts from leaves of A. persica contains phenolics and flavonoids with a startling antioxidant activity 30

Brassica campestris L.
Brassica campestris belongs to the family Brassicaceae. The samples of B. campestris from Shahdra, Pakistan showed promising antioxidant efficacy in the tested extracts with better reduction and total antioxidant activities due to phenolics and flavonoids presence 31 .

Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis sativa is an important dioicous species from the Cannabis genus of the family Cannabaceae. This plant is extensively distributed globaly 90 including Pakistan 91 . Many researchers 28,41,42,91 documented the antioxidant activity and phytochemical profile of C. sativa from Pakistan. An antioxidant investigation from Lahore, Pakistan using DPPH scavenging assay showed that the ethanol extracts of C. sativa leaves retain great antimicrobial activity and contains natural antioxidants 41 .
In Bajaur agency of Pakistan, the ethanol, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of C. sativa were scrutinized that validated the presence of important phytochemicals. The presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phlobatannins, proteins, phenols, saponin, terpenoids and tannins was confirmed in C. sativa leaf extracts 42 . Another phytochemical inquiry authenticated the presence of alkaloids, glycosides and saponins in extracts of C. sativa. Antioxidant activity with DPPH assay specified that this plant holds a promising antioxidant activity 28 .

Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew
Capparis decidua from Capparidaceae family is a drought resistant plant grown as dense tufts in dry areas of Pakistan 92 . In Pakistan, Akhtar et al., 31 , Imran et al., 24 and Haq et al., 43 documented the antioxidant activity and phytochemistry C. decidua extracts. An in vitro antioxidant investigation of roots methanolic extracts of C. decidua from Multan, Pakistan corroborated the phenolic compounds presence. Antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP, TEAC and TRAP assays indicated that the root extracts of C. decidua are good sources of natural antioxidants 24 . Another inquiry from Multan, Pakistan exposed presence of amino acids, proximate chemicals, fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols in seeds oil and TPC and Total Glucosinolates (TG) in methanol extracts of C. decidua. The antioxidant activity validated remarkable antioxidant activity of C. desidua extracts due to the presence of phenolics and glucosinates with potent antidiabetic and antihemolytic activity 43 . Akhtar et al., 31 validated bark extracts of C. decidua with antioxidant action from Mianwali city of Pakistan.

Carthamus oxyacantha (M.Bieb)
Carthamus oxyacantha belongs to the family Asteraceae. In Pakistan, Akhter et al., 31 have described the antioxidant potential of C. oxyacantha. They collected samples of C. oxyacantha from Mianwali city of Pakistan and checked the presence of phenols and flavonols in methanol/chloroform and aqueous extract with potential antioxidant activity. They confirmed presence of phenols and flavonoids in the C. oxyacantha plant with antioxidant activities in its methanol/chloroform and aqueous extracts due to reduction and total antioxidant capacity.

Catharanthus roseus (G. Don)
Catharanthus roseus belongs to the genus Catharanthus of the family Apocynaceae. It has wide-ranging biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidantal 71 . Akhtar et al., 31 reported the antioxidant activity of this important plant from Attock city of Pakistan. The extracts (methanol/chloroform and aqueous extract) demonstrated potential antioxidant actions due to their great reduction, total antioxidant capacity and scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don)
Cedrus deodara is a species of Pinaceae family. Flavonoid like quercetin, taxifolin and saponins are the major phytochemicals of C. deodara. Phytosterols present in this plant are very operative against hyperlipidemia 93 . C. deodara ethanol wood extracts also holds a significant anti-spasmodic activity 94 . The antioxidant activity and phytochemistry of C. deodara extracts have was studied by Zaman et al., 95 and Raza et al., 30 from Pakistan. An inquiry from district Poonch, Rawalakot Azad Kashmir, Pakistan evaluated the biological activities of C. deodara aqueous stem, leaves extracts and essential oil. The crude leaves and stem extracts and essential oil are authenticated with phenolics and flavonoids exhibiting metal chelating and antioxidant activity 95 . Samples of C. deodara collected from Northern areas of Pakistan showed flavonoids and phenolics presence in stems and leaves methanol extracts retaining antioxidant activity.

Centella asiatica (Linn.)
The plant Centella asiatica is from the Centella genus of the Apiaceae family. The phytochemicals present in this plant encouraged many researchers with the aim of exploring its antioxidant potential 96 . A study from Northern Pakistan suggests that C. asiatica extracts are good antioxidants source in food preservation because the leaves and stem methanol extracts hold antioxidant activity in foods rich with fats and oil 30 .

Chenopodium ambrosioides
Chenopodium ambrosioides is a species from Chenopodiaceae family containing ~103 genera and ~1300 species found all over the world. In Pakistan, 35 genera and 106 species of this family are present. They are mainly found along sea shores and in the desert or semi desert areas 97 . C. ambrosioides fruit and bark collected from Kotli, AJK, Pakistan were evaluated for antioxidant and antimicrobial potential using aqueous, chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol extracts. The fruit and bark aqueous extracts with greater antioxidant activity was documented 44 .

Cicer arietinum L.
Cicer arietinum belongs to the Leguminosae family. Legumes including C. arietinum possess polyphenolic compounds like flavone, glycosides, flavonols, polymeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins 98 . In Pakistan, C. arietinum (Chickpeas) are grown as major legume crop 99 and several chickpea varieties are prevalently consumed as a dietary protein source. Methanol/chloroform and aqueous leaves and stem extracts of this plant assessed from Mianwali, Pakistan corroborated the presence of antioxidant inducing flavonols and phenolic with great antioxidant and reduction abilities 31 . In an inquiry from Multan, Pakistan, an in vitro antioxidant activity of C. arietinum seeds methanol extracts corroborated the presence of phenols. Studies validated that C. arietinum extracts possesess great antioxidant potential 24 . Haq et al., 53 studied the antioxidant action of seed acetone extracts of four indigenous desi chickpeas varieties from Faisalabad, Pakistan showing total phenolic, condensed tannin and flavonoid content with antioxidant activity.

Cichorium intybus L.
Cichorium intybus is a species from the Asteraceae family. This plant holds great biological significance because of having flavonoids, alkaloids and vitamin A, E & C which are antioxidants in nature 35,100 . More specifically, the hydro-alcoholic extracts of C. intybus legitimate the presence of phytochemicals with potential antioxidant activity 100 . The antioxidant prospective of crude methanolic extracts of whole plant of C. intybus from Gujrat, Pakistan was evaluated through DPPH on TLC assay for their antioxidant actions. The Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) of C. intybus calculated and acknowledged as the rich source of innocuous natural antioxidants 35 .

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
Cirsium arvense plant belongs to the Asteraceae family also called creeping thistle. Samples obtained from Kalabagh, Pakistan revealed that the presence of flavonoids and phenolics in aqueous methanol extracts are crucil features providing antioxidant activity to this plant with great reduction potential 31 .

Citrus L. Species
The Citrus species belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is used as an anti-diabetic, antifungal, anti-microbial, antioxidant, hypotensive, insect repellent and anti-yeast agent. Investigations of Akhtar et al., 31 , Asjad et al., 75 , Shah et al., 76 and Mehmood et al., 101 validated the antioxidant activity of Citrus species from Pakistan. The Azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and DPPH free radical scavenging approaches with Citrus species unveiled their antioxidant and phytochemicals profile that could be fruitful in the prevention fatal diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disorder and diseases related to stress caused by radicals 101 . In Pakistan, C. sinensis species collected from Islamabad, Pakistan substantiated the presence of flavonoids in its crude methanol extracts from plants powder and their scrutiny revealed a potential antioxidant activity 76 . Samples of C. limo collected from Malakwal city were analyzed for antioxidant potential of aqueous and methanol-chloroform extracts where the presence of flavonoids and phenols validated antioxidant activities due to the reduction and total antioxidant abilities 31 . In Sargodha, Pakistan, the fruits and peels of different Citrus species like C. sinensis var. Washington Navel, C. sinensis var. Valencia, C. reticulata var. Page, C. paradise, C. aurantium and C. sinensis var. Sungin scrutinized with methanol proved promising antioxidant activity of the extracts 75 .

Colebrookea oppositifolia (Sm).
Colebrookia oppositifolia belongs to Lamiaceae family. C. oppositifolia root extracts contains flavones and are employed for epilepsy treatment 102 . In Pakistan, C. oppositifolia whole plant evaluated from Kotli, AJK confirmed cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and phenolics in ethyl acetate, n-butanol and chloroform fraction. The soluble ethyl acetate fractions showwed greater percentage inhibition of FRAP, DPPH value and inhibition of lipids peroxidation. The chloroform fraction also holds highest total phenolic contents with highest total antioxidant activity 103 . This species from Islamabad, Pakistan scrutinized for the antioxidant activity of its aqueous and methanol/chloroform leaves and flower extracts displayed phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant efficacy 31 .

Conocarpus lancifolius
The Conocarpus genus is from the Combretaceae family having only two species 104 . In a study from Pakistan, C. lancifolius collected from Pattoki and Lahore, elucidated the antioxidant potential of whole plant's methanol and dichloromethane extracts in correlation with total flavonoid and phenolic content. Presence of highest phenolic contents and flavonoid with greater hydroxyl radical and DPPH scavenging actions of the methanolic extracts has been validated 105 .

Convolvulus leiocalycinus
Convolvulus leiocalycinus is member of the family Convolvulaceae. Convolvulus is a genus consisting of nearly 200-250 species of flowering plants. A study from Hanna Quetta, Pakistan, assessed the antioxidant potentials of methanol extracts of C. leiocalycinus through the DPPH, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum assay. The DPPH assay showed C. leiocalycinus with activity of 97.16% at concentration of 1.0mg/ml. However, the increased FRAP value for C. leiocalycinus extract proved to have greater antioxidant activity 45 .

Cousinia minuta (Boiss.)
Cousinia minuta is a vital member of the family Asteraceae. A study from Kalabagh, Pakistan confirmed phenolic compounds and flavonoids presence in its aqueous and methanol/chloroform leaves extracts with potential antioxidant actions 31 .

Cydonia oblonga (Quince)
Cydonia oblonga belongs to the Rosaceae family. It is a significant dietary source of essential phytochemicals including phenolic acids and flavonoids 106 . In Pakistan, Rahman et al., 49 and Rasheed et al., 72 investigated the antioxidant activity of C. oblonga. An attempt from the Chitral valley of Pakistan performed a DPPH scavenging assay of C. oblonga crude ethanol extract that validated maximum activity of 27.18% at 500µg/ml and minimum activity 9.70% at 100µg/ml. It has been elucidated that C. oblonga plant possesses great free radical scavenging properties 49 . The mature fruits of C. oblonga collected from different locations of Poonch AJK, Pakistan, evaluated for physicochemical analysis revealed the presence of certain compounds and essential nutrients. The phenolic content (gallic acid) present in fruit of this plant possesses potential antioxidant 72 .

Dactyloctenium aegyptium L.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium belongs to the Poaceae family. It has antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. D. aegyptium is employed as a traditional medicine against smallpox and ulcers 107 . In an investigation from Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Fatima et al., 64 78 . In Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the antioxidant activity of D. innoxia leaves and fruits ethanolic extracts with 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was measured where maximum activity was validated in its ethanol fruits and leaves extracts 79 .

Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.)
Dichanthium annulatum belongs to the family Poaceae. In an inquiry from Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the aerial parts of D. annulatum extracted with ethanol and acetone showed secondary metabolites in the extracts of plant. Greater level of antioxidant activity with DPPH, ABTS, NBT and reducing power assay has been validated for ethanol and acetone extracts of D. annulatum 64 .

Elaeagnus species
Elaeagnus species are members of the Elaeagnaceae family. The fruits of many species of the genus Elaeagnus are sweet and contain vitamins C and vitamin E. Flavonoids and alkaloids are also present in it. Rahman et al., 49 documented the antioxidant action of crude ethanol extract of E. angustifolia from Chitral valley of Pakistan. Their results showed great antioxidant activity of this plant extracts. In one study, the radical scavenging activity and presence of phytochemicals from berries extract of Elaeagnus umbellate with methanol was validated from Rawlakot, AJK, Pakistan. A conspicuous DPPH scavenging activity and presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic, carotenoid, saponin and tannin contents made this plant a worthy natural asset with potential antioxidant activity 50 .

Eleusine indica L.
The plant Eleusine indica is from Poaceae family. Fatima et al., 64 screened and evaluated the aerial parts of E. indica plants form Bahawalpur, Pakistan, extracted with ethanol and aceton for phytochemical and antioxidant activity. Secondary metabolites presence has been confirmed in extracts of plant. An acceptable range of antioxidant activity and reducing power assay has been authenticated in the acetone and ethanol extracts of E. indica.

Euphorbia royleana
Euphorbia royleana from the family Euphorbeaceae has been utilized as traditional medicine against anemia, asthma, cough, and constipation, jaundice and skin problems 109

Fagonia cretica L.
Fagonia cretica is a vital member of the Zygophyllaceae family. In one study 85 from District Layyah, Pakistan, samples of F. cretica collected were assessed for antioxidant potentials of its methanol extracts of roots, fruit and upper parts. The total flavonoid and phenolic content values for methanol extracts and numerous fractions of roots and aerial part displayed prodigious total flavonoid and phenolic contents. All the tested extracts and fractions of F. cretica particularly, the root extracts have extraordinary antioxidant and radical scavenging capabilities 85 . Akhtar et al., 31 collected samples of F. cretica from Hazara, Pakistan and determined the antioxidant activity of the stem and spines methanol/chloroform extracts. They confirmed that the plant extracts contains flavonoids and phenols that gives antioxidant activity due to the reduction and total antioxidant abilities.

Ficus L. species
Ficus species belongs to the Moracea family. Species of this genus possess a material that provides self healing tendency and protection to the plant from foreign attacks 111 . Rauf et al., 32 and Akhtar et al., 31 have documented the antioxidant activity of Ficus species from Pakistan. In a study from Razagram Toormang Dir, KPK, Pakistan, the chemical test of aerial portion of Ficus sarmentosa plant showed presence of amino acids, anthraquinones, beta cyanin, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, phlobatanins, reducing sugars, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins in methanol extracts and ethyl acetate fraction with antioxidant activity 32 . Ficus carica is another vital species of the Moraceae family commonly found in the temperate parts of the world. Leaves and fruits of this plant possess great antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials 112 . Samples of F. carica, collected from Bannu, Pakistan confirmed the presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant action assessed with DPPH assay revealed promising outcomes. Results corroborated that the methanol extract of F. carica fruit is good source of flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins with potential antioxidant activity. Fruit of this plant is also a worthy source of chromium iron, copper, selenium, manganese and zinc 60 . Fiscus microcarpaa from Islamabad, Pakistan has been scrutinized for the free radical scavenging activity of its aqueous and methanol/chloroform extracts. Extracts of this plant validated the presence of phenolics and flavonols with greater antioxidant activities due to antioxidant and reduction possessions 31 .

Grewia asiatica L.
Grewia asiatica belongs to the family Malvaceae. Species of the Malvaceae family are significant medicinally because of the presence of effective antioxidant compounds in their extracts including melvin, phenols and vitamins A and C 35 . Akhtar et al., 31 pooled samples of G. asiatica from Mianwali, Pakistan and the antioxidant activity of its methanol/chloroform and aqueous extracts assessed ascertained significant antioxidant outcomes because of its wonderful reduction capacity. An investigation of methanol leaves extracts of G. asiatica from Multan, Pakistan evident the presence of phenolic contents. The antioxidant potential designated the leaves extracts of G. asiatica as beneficial assets with natural antioxidants 24 .
Baki et al., 45 informed the antioxidant activity of H. griffithii from Balochistan, Pakistan. They determined the antioxidant potentials of methanol extracts of H. griffithii spectro photometrically through the FRAP, DPPH and TAC of phosphor molybdenum assay. The values for DPPH assay of H. griffithii recorded were 95.03% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. Furthermore, the FRAP value of the H. griffithii extract of extract proved a high and persuasive antioxidant activity.

Hippophae rhmnoides L. (Sea buckthorn)
Hippophae rhmnoides is a bush species that belongs to the family Eleagneaceae. In Pakistan, Hippophae rhamnoides berries obtained from the Skardo district and their methanol extracts were scrutinized for potential antioxidant activity. The extract containing emulsions and polyphenol-rich plant-derived extracts from this plant have proved promising antioxidant possibilities 102 . Leaves samples of H. rhamnoides collected from Skardu, Pakistan were inspected for the antioxidant activity of their methanol, acetone, n-hexane, chloroform, aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and extracts where methanolic extracts displayed the highest activity. The leaves extracts of H. rhamnoides exhibited improved dose-dependent antioxidant activity and thus designated as precious natural antioxidant 52 .

Imperata cylindrica L.
Imperata cylindrica belongs to the family Poaceae. It is also called cogon or thatch grass. It possesses antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities 114 . Investigations of Fatima et al., 64 form Bahawalpur, Pakistan validated the ethanol and acetone extracts of I. cylindrica aerial parts with important phytochemicals having antioxidant activity. Secondary metabolites were confirmed with greater antioxidant action in acetone and ethanol extracts of I. cylindrical.

Ixora coccinea L.
Ixora coccinea belongs to the family Rubiaceae. This plant is a great source of essential compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids tannins and terpenoids 115 which gives antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-mitotic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular activities 116 . Various researchers 19,115,116 have acknowledged the antioxidant activity of this essential plant from Pakistan. In Karachi, Pakistan, the methanolic extracts, fractions and sub-fractions of I. coccinea were assessed for free radical scavenging activity based on DPPH assay. I. coccinea leaves methanol extracts showed greater antioxidant action among the tested extracts with values IC50= 0.00315 ± 0.0001mg/Ml. Twenty-six pure chemical compounds were obtained after further purification of the active fractions of I. coccinea where 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid was obtained from flower fraction showed better antioxidant activity with IC50= 0.0467 ± 0.0018mg/ml than standard antioxidants (BHT and ascorbic acid) 19 .

Jasminum L. species
Jasminum L. is from the Oleaceae family. About ~28 genera with ~900 species have been assigned to this family. The genus Jasminum contains ~200 species 117 . The methanol/chloroform and aqueous extracts of two Jasminum species like Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton and Jasminum officinale L. showed flavonols and phenolic compounds with antioxidant potencies because of the great antioxidant and reduction capacities 31 . Another Jasminum species, J. humile was collected from Abbottabad, Pakistan and assessed for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, NO scavenging and antibacterial profile of its flower extracts (n-hexane, nbutanol and ethyl acetate). These plant extracts have been designated with vital antioxidant action with better IC50 values. Furthermore, phenolic contents present in the extracts of J. humile flower with antioxidant activity are a natural asset to impede microbial growth and inhibition of oxidative degradation, particularly in the food industry 148 .

Juglans regia
Juglans regia is a member of Juglandaceae family. Its fruit used in the diet reduces the chances of coronary heart diseases 118 . Linoleic acid among the fatty acids is the most important one, followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid 119 . The antioxidant activity of J. regia from the Chitral valley of Pakistan was validated by Rahman et al., 49 where they confirmed that J. regia holds greater antioxidant potential. The DPPH scavenging possessions of methanol crude extract of J. regia revealed activities of 72.98% at a concentration of 100µg/ml and 95.42% at 500µg/ml concentration. Nevertheless, the lowest activity of 90% at 100µg/ml and highest activity of 98% at 500μg/ml was presented by ascorbic acid.

Justicia adhatoda L.
Justicia adhatoda of the family Acanthaceae grows wild in India, Nepal and Pakistan 120 . It is commonly called Malabar nut or Vasaka with bitter taste and unpleasant smell 121 . The medicinal significance and antioxidant activity of J. adhatoda from Pakistan have been reported by various researchers 19,31,40,83 . In a study from Soon Sakesar, Punjab, Pakistan, the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation exposed a very good range of phenolic compounds in ethanol or methanol fruit andflower extracts of J. adhatoda. Antioxidant potential of fruit and flower extracts authenticated moderate to good ability to DPPH free radicals scavangeing, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition with better antibacterial activity 83 . In vitro study from Islamabad, Pakistan also validated leaf extracts of J. adhatoda with total alkaloid, crude oil, dietary fiber, flavonoid, protein, phenols, saponins, tannins and essential and non-essential metal ions. The ethanol extract of J. adhaotda have been designated as a better antioxidant candidate than butanol, chloroform, methanol and water extracts 40 . Akhtar et al., 31 collected sample of J. adhatoda from Islamabad, Pakistan and the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanol/chloroform leaves extract demonstrated antioxidant potential due to its reduction capacity. Another study from Mardan, KPK, Pakistan focused on the pharmacological activities of Justicia adhatoda with antioxidant activity. The DPPH activities and concentration of fractions were proportional because when the concentration of fractions increases the percent scavenging activity also increases 19 .

Lantana camara L.
Lanata camara is a member of the Verbenaceae family. It is utilized as a traditional medicine in Pakistan and grows at in altitude of 1500m 58 . In one study, a phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluation from Soon Sakesar, Punjab Pakistan exposed a very good range of phenolic compounds in ethanol or methanol fruit and flower extract of L. camara. The flower and fruit extracts were authenticated to scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit linoleic acid peroxidation with better antibacterial activity 83 . In another inquiry from Karachi, Pakistan, the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts and its fractions with lantadene-A, lantanilic acid and oleanolic acid, from upper portion of L. camara have been endorsed with good DPPH activity. The methanolic extract, its aqueous, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions possess active antioxidant agents. One pure compound (oleanolic acid) was authenticated better antioxidant activity in contrast to ascorbic acid 84 .

Melia azedarach
Melia azedarach is a deciduous tree from the Meliaceae mahogany family. An investigation from Faisalabad, Pakistan M. azedarach leaves, stem bark and fruit aqueous and methanol extracts showed total flavonoid and phenols. A greater linoleic inhibition capacity and DPPH scavenging activity for sun-dried methanol extracts as compared to ambient dried extracts has been acknowledged and substantiated the potent antioxidant activity of M. azedarach 59

Mentha L. species
The genus Mentha L. is from the Lameaceae family. Species of this genus are commonly found in Central Asia, Europe, and non-tropical regions of Africa. Extracts from Mentha species are used against headache, cold, cough, indigestion and stomach cramps 122 .
Investigations of Andleeb et al., 57 , Akhtar et al., 31 and Waris et al., 28 acknowledged the antioxidant action of Mentha species from Pakistan. Mentha longifolia is another vital species of the genus Mentha. The phytochemical analysis of whole plant acetonic extracts of M. longifolia leaves from Peshawar, Pakistan corroborated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids and steroids. Moreover, the greatest scavenging of free radicals (%) of the acetonic extract of this plant measured was 59% at many concentrations (100-500μg/ml) 28 . Mentha piperita is a crucial species of the Mentha genus. Its methanol/chloroform and aqueous extracts were assessed from Rawalpindi, Pakistan where presence of antioxidants like flavonols and phenolic compounds provided great antioxidant capabilities in the tested extracts due to reduction abilities 31 . A study on Mentha spicata plant, collected from Muzaffarabad, AJK Pakistan revealed that its Diethyl ether, chloroform, ethanol and methanol extracts from leaves possess significant antioxidant activity 57 .

Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd)
Momordica charantia is from the Cucurbitaceae plant family. It is cultivated and eaten as a vegetable worldwide 123 . A study from Lahore, Pakistan assessed the antioxidant activity of this significant plant which proven to be a potent antioxidant candidate. The flakes extract retain potent free radical scavenging action of 63.20% followed by seed with 33.05%, DPPH % inhibition at 2mg/ml concentration related to BHT as a standard antioxidant 48 .

Moringa oleifera L.
Moringa oleifera is a member of Moringaceae family. M. oleifera leaves are rich in vitamins A and C 124 and other phytochemicals like flavonoid pigments such as rhamnetin, kaempferol, isoquercitrin and kaempferitrin 125

Origanum species
Origanum is a member of the Lamiaceae family with ~38 shrubby, perennial and annual plants species. The majority of species of this genus are native to East Asia, Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean area 129 . In a study 58

Oryza sativa L. (Rice bran)
It belongs to the family Poaceae. Rice bran comprises 100 different antioxidants including oryzanol, tocotrienol and tocopherol. Studies of Iqbal et al., 65 , Anwar et al., 66 and Zubair et al., 67 documented the antioxidant activity of Oryza sativa from Pakistan. The antioxidant potential of methanol extracts of indigenous varieties of rice bran was evaluated from Gujranwala, Pakistan. The presence of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity was observed. Rice Bran Variety (RB-kr) displayed the longest growth period with remarkable antioxidant activity 65 . Another assessment from Karachi, Pakistan revealed the antioxidant action of rice bran methanol extracts. Higher activity among the rice bran extracts was authenticated. Moreover, the activity of some extracts in substrate oils stabilization under ambient was significantly different during storage 66 . From Kalashahkako Lahore, Pakistan, 10 different varieties of rice screened with orbital shaker technique and the effect of pure and aqueous ethanol, methanol and isopropanol on phenolics was evaluated with antioxidant activity. The aqueous methanol and aqueous isopropanol as an effective solvent promoted higher content of total phenolics and a remarkable antioxidant activity through DPPH assay, ferrous ionchelating activity and reducing power, particularly in three rice varieties 67 .

Pentanema vestitum L.
Pentanema vestitum is a plant from Asteraceae family and sub family Inuleae 130 . The antioxidant activity of whole plant methanolic extracts of P. vestitum from Malakand Division Khyber Pukhukhwa, Pakistan on the basis of DPPH assay was acknowledged 29 . A non-significant difference in the inhibition percent at different concentrations of methanol extracts of P. vestitum and ascorbic acid at P<0.05 with IC50 value of 13.00ppm in P. vestitum and 15.09ppm of ascorbic acid demonstrated potential antioxidant efficiency of this plant 29 .

Periploca aphylla
Periploca aphylla belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. P. aphylla is medicinally employed for the treatment of swellings and tumors and its bark is specifically used in contradiction of fever 131 . Rauf et al., 32 acknowledged antioxidant potential of P. aphylla from Razagram, Toormang, Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where the photochemical of screening of aerial part of P. aphylla revealed the presence of amino acid, beta cyanin, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, comurrine, steroids, terpenoids and tannins. The DPPH assay validated methanol extracts and fraction of ethyl acetate of P. aphylla with significant scavenging activity among the entire fractions 32 .

Pistacia integerrima (Stew.)
Pistacia integerrima is a tree from Anacardiaceae family. It possesses promising biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activities 132 . Ilahi et al., 29 documented the antioxidant potential of P. integerrima from Malakand Division, Khyber Pukhukhwa, Pakistan, based on DPPH assay. Methanol extract from fruit of P. integerrima corroborated considerably maximum activity at different concentrations with IC50 value of 5.75ppm for P. integerrima and 15.09ppm for ascorbic acid.

Poa annua L.
Poa annua belongs to the Poaceae family. P. annua is cosmopolitan annual bluegrass with high phenotypic and genotypic variations. In Pakistan, an inquiry from Bahawalpur, appraised the aerial parts of P. annua plants with acetone and ethanol for the presence of phytochemical and antioxidant activity. Secondary metabolites in majority of plant extracts has been recorded with minimum ABTS, DPPH, NBT and reducing power assay in ethanol and acetone extracts of P. annua 64 .

Psidium guajava (Guava)
Psidium guajava belongs to the Myrtaceae family. P. guajava is utilized as a remedy to treat skin problems and healing wounds 133 . In Pakistan, Wadood et al., 61 and Rahman et al., 49 documented the presence of phytochemicals and assessed potential antioxidant activity of this plant. A study from the Chitral valley of Pakistan revealed DPPH scavenging possessions of P. guajava crude ethanolic extract. The maximum inhibition percent for the ethanol extracts noticed was 12.28% at a concentration of 500μg/ml and minimum was 4.91% at 100μg/ml. On the other hand, minimum activity of 90% at 100μg/ml concentrations and maximum activity of 98% at 500μg/ml concentration of ascorbic acid was recorded 49 . A similar study from Mardan, Pakistan reported phytochemical constituents like alkaloids terpenoids, flavonoids, phlobatannins and reducing sugars in the aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves 61 that gives potential antioxidant action.

Pteridium aquilinum
Pteridium aquilinum belongs to Dennstaedtiaceae amily and utilized as wild vegetable in few countries of the world. It is employed as a traditional medicine contrary to headache, high fever and rheumatism 126 . From North Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, the crude ethanolic extracts and various fractions of P. aquilinum were evaluated for antioxidant action with DPPH assay that revealed crude ethanol extract with a remarkable highest range (93.97%) of antioxidant activity 38 .

Quercus incana (Roxb.)
Quercus incana plant is from the Fagaceae family. This family is characterized by 8 genera containing ~900 plant species distributed in world temperate region. In Pakistan, species of two genera like Castana and Quercus represents this family. Six wild species of the genus Quercus are distributed in the northern Pakistan 54 . An inquiry from Abbottabad district of Pakistan examined Q. incana extracts for their potential antioxidant activity along with antimicrobial activity. The n-butanol fraction of this plant is considered as relatively good option for antioxidant activity with great IC50 value (55.4 + 0.21μg/ml). The ethyl acetate fraction has NO scavenging activity (IC50 = 23.21 + 0.31μg/ml) and is considered to be fairly good than other fractions. Moreover, Q. incana extracts (n-butanol) possess substantial antifungal and antibacterial actions against certain microorganism 54 . Likewise, the antioxidant activity of a compound (quercuschin) extracted from ethyl acetate fraction of Q. incana bark holds a remarkable antioxidant activity (51.2μg/10μl) as compared to standard butylated hydroxyanisole (45.9μg/10μl) 55 .

Rosa indica L.
Rose is from the genus Rosa of the Rosacea family. Species of the Rosa genus holds promising phytochemicals with biological activities 73 . Investigations of Akhtar et al., 31 , Khurshid et al., 74 and Zahid et al., 73 recognized the antioxidant activity of species of Rosa from Pakistan. In a study from Islamabad, Pakistan, the presence of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity of the methanol/chloroform and aqueous extracts of Rosa indica validated antioxidant and reduction capacities 31 . In Rawalakot AJK, Pakistan, the antioxidant activities of Rosa species aqueous extracts revealed inhibition against lipid peroxidation, in mice liver homogenate induced by prooxidants. Extracts of Rosa species validated high antioxidant and metal chelating activities in the phosphomolybdenum assay. It has been corroborated that the presence of extraordinary contents of favonoids and phenolics in aqueous extracts gives antioxidant potential to Rosa species 74 . In the ethanol leaves extracts of Rosa indica varieties, the presence of phytochemicals with potential antioxidant activity was confirmed. R. indica var cardinal red variety contains highest TPC (gallic acid) and TFC (quercetin) in its leaves extracts. Additionally, the phytochemicals present in the ethanol leaves extracts of R. indica var pink have highest percentage inhibition potency against free radicals 73 .

Saccharum spontaneum L.
Saccharum spontaneum is a member of the family Poaceae. A. spontaneum has a folk traditional medicinal uses against abdominal disorders, anaemia, obesity and vomiting. Roots of this plant are employed as diuretic, astringent, tonic, emollient and utilized against burning sensation, dyspepsia, respiratory ailments and piles 134 . In an inquiry form Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the aerial parts of S. spontaneum plants extracted with ethanol and aceton has been screened for phytochemicals and evaluated for antioxidant activity. Phytochemicals inquiry corroborated that secondary metabolites are present in the extracts of plant with high DPPH, ABTS, NBT activity and reducing power in ethanol and acetone extracts of S. spontaneum 64 .

Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum is a prevalent genus of the Solanaceae family. In Pakistan, 15 species of Solanum are commonly found and 11 of them are acknowledged as medicinally important 135 . A crucial water insoluble steroidal alkaloid called solasodine is used to synthesize steroid drugs like corticosteroids 136 . Solanum nigrum, an important species encompasses many important compounds like essential oils in different parts 137 . In Mirpur Bhimber, Pakistan, Mazher et al., 80 unveiled the phytochemical profile of fruit, stem, and leaf extracts of S. nigrum prepared in distilled water, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether. Phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids were observed in fruits extracts of S. nigrum. In Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the antioxidant activity of the fruits and leaves ethanolic extracts of S. nigrum with DPPH assay validated improved percentage of antioxidant activity. Hence, it could be substantiated that S. nigrum is a potential source of antioxidants 79 .

Stellaria media L.
Stellaria media of the family Caryophyllaceae is a small shrub with 20-30cm height. S. media is employed against inflammation, kidney problems, wounds, rheumatic joints and ulcers. S. media is also against bronchitis, skin diseases, rheumatic pains and period pain 138 . Study of Usman et al., 38 from North Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan evaluated the crude ethanolic extracts and various fractions of S. media for potential antioxidant activity with DPPH assay. It has been revealed that the ethanol crude extracts of S. media possess an acceptable range of antioxidant activity.

Swertia chirata (Roxb.)
Swertia chirata is a member of the Gentianaceae family. It is being employed as anthelmintic, antipyretic 139 and used for the treatment arthritis 140 . It is also used for disorders assossiated with urogenital or gastrointestinal tract disorders 139 and for the treatment of cancer 141 . In a study from Galyat region of KPK, Pakistan, methanolic extract fractions of Swertia chirata aerial parts confirmed flavonoid and phenolic compounds with significantly high DPPH scavenging action. Moreover, these fractions have active antileishmanial and antimicrobial activity 56 .

Terminalia arjuna L.
Terminalia arjuna from the family Combretaceae is commonly called as Arjuna. It is an extraordinary tree for having significant phytochemicals in its extracts 142 . In an inquiry from Faisalabad, Pakistan, the antioxidant activity of stem bark and leaves extracts of T. arjuna with aqueous methanol and ethanol were evaluated. The T. arjuna extracts contained considerable amount of total flavonoids as catechin and total phenolics as gallic acid equivalent. T. arjuna extracts also possesses a good DPPH activity with IC50 values of 2.71-7.68μg/ml. T. arjuna extracts also showed inhibition of lipid peroxidation (64.79-71.43%) and reducing power (0.001-1.584mg/ml) 47 .

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens is a member of the family Leguminosae. There are 103 species commonly found in Turkey. Trakya having 67 Trifolium taxa and is a centre of diversity 143 . In North Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, the crude ethanolic extracts and various fractions of T. repens were evaluated for antioxidant action with DPPH assay that revealed crude ethanol extract with an acceptable range of antioxidant activity 38 .

Typha domigensis (Pers.)
Typha domigensis is a member of the Typhaceae family. Pollen grains of Typha genus are utilized in diet to cure fever and injuries and to prevent wound bleedings. Sardar et al., 81 reported the inhibition of free radicals in various solvents with ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays from Pakistan. T. domigensis pollen extracts have better antioxidant action because of phenolic and flavonoid compounds which are are better candidates in the formulation of drugs against cancer and aging disorders.

Urtica dioica (L.)
Urtica dioica is a a plant species from the Urticaceae family. Leaf extracts of U. diocia are employed as an antihaemorrhagic to control nose bleedings and extreme menstrual flow. Roots of this plant are used against benign prostate hyperplasia. It is also utilized against rheumatic conditions and urinary tract disorders and allergies 144 . The distribution of phytochemicals from the aerial parts ethanol extracts of U. diocia from Islamabad, Pakistan authenticated the presence of important flavonoids like orientin and luteolin 82 . In the North Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, the crude ethanolic extracts and various fractions of U. dioica screened for antioxidant potential using DPPH assay showed ethanol crude extract with superior antioxidant activity 38 .

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)
Vetiveria zizanioides of the Poaceae family has thick adventitious roots. It is Vetiver grass traditionally used as stimulant and stomachic. It is used to treat inflammations and fevers. This grass has applications in perfume industry and also grown for oil production 145 . In an inquiry form Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the aerial parts of V. zizanioides evaluated for phytochemicals and antioxidant activity confirmed the secondary metabolites present in most of the plant extracts. The higher antioxidant activity with DPPH, NBT, ABTS and reducing power assay has also been documented in acetone and ethanol extracts of V. zizanioides 64 .

Withna species
Withna species belongs to the family Solanaceae. Species of the Withna genus have medicinal value and has been reported for their antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity 146 . In Pakistan, the antioxidant activity of two vital species of the Withna genus namely W. somnifera 29,79 and W. coagulans 29,31 have been reported. In a study from Malakand Division of KPK, Pakistan, Ilahi et al., 29 , estimated antioxidant action of W. somniferra with DPPH assay. The percent inhibition (IC50 = 46.85ppm) caused by methanolic extract W. somniferra fruits was worth noticing with great antioxidant potential. Akhter et al., 31 collected samples of W. coagulans from Mianwali, Pakistan and assessed the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanol/chloroform extracts. The tested extracts validated promising antioxidant actions due to its total antioxidant and reduction dimensions. In an inquiry from Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the antioxidant activity with DPPH assay corroborated enhanced percentage of antioxidant activity in the ethanol leaves and fruit extracts of W. somnifera 79 .

Zea mays (Corn)
Zea mays belong to the family Poaceae. Its extracts contain steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids which are significant source of natural antioxidants. Phenolic compounds can also be extracted from corn silk extract of Zea mays and these constituents possess great antioxidant activity in nature 147 . Various researchers 68,69,70 documented the antioxidant potential of Z. mays from Pakistan. An inquiry on corn silk from Multan, Pakistan showed worthy phytochemical composition with a robust antioxidant activity. A polarity dependent rise in extracts yield, free radical scavenging action and phytochemical content of extracts reinforced with regression analysis of experimental data 68 . Z. mays seeds collected from Sahiwal, Pakistan were screened for phytochemicals that showed coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannins. An increased TPC under lead stress and greater scavenging rate of maize seeds methanol extract sanctioned maize extracts with potential antioxidant activity 69 . A study from Faisalabad, Pakistan exposed three varieties of Z. mays including Golden, Sultan and Agatti: 85 containing phenolic compounds with effective inhibition in the oxidation process present in its ear tissues extracts. Maize hinders the oxidation reaction and decreases diabetes mellitus complications. The total phenolics content, SOD, peroxidase and catalase are the indicators for higher antioxidant activity in decreasing obstructions in diabetic patients 70 .

Ziziphus jujube (Mill.)
Ziziphus jujube belongs to the family Rhamnaceae. It contains simple carbohydrates (9%), protein (2%) and polysaccharides (2%) 144 . Investigations of Rasool et al., 149 , Shad et al., 60 and Rahman et al., 49 validated antioxidant activity of species of Z. jujube from Pakistan. The DPPH assay of crude ethanolic extract of this plant examined from Chitral valley of Pakistan exposed better antioxidant activity of 19.52% at concentration of 500μg/ml and 2.00% at 100μg/ml concentration). Lowest activity of 90% at concentration of 100μg/ml and maximum activity of 98% at 500μg/ml concentration was showed by ascorbic acid 49 . A study from Kohat, Pakistan corroborated that the methanol extracts of fruit of Z. jujube are good source of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids and saponins. Fruit of this plant has shown to be a good source of copper, iron, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc. The phytochemicals present are potential source of antioxidant agents 60 . In Faisalabad, Pakistan, the antioxidant effectiveness of Z. jujube showed the total flavonoid and phenolic contents in shoot extracts substantiated good DPPH inhibition (IC50) and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. Methanolic extract and chloroform fraction of the Z. jujuba shoots extracts have shown with highest antioxidant activity 149 .

C O N C L U S I O N
Since the last decade, phytochemical investigations with potential antioxidant action of plant extracts from different families have got substantial consideration. Antioxidants from plants origin, with free radical scavenging activity, have great applicability in the treatment and prevention of health-related complications caused by free radicals. Asteracea, Poaceae and Rutaceae are the prominent plant families whose species are maximally scrutinized for their potential antioxidant activity from Pakistan. The present review clearly designates that the presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant profile of medicinal plants from Pakistan vary with the species of the plants and material/extracts used. Consequently, this review determines the pharmacological significance of these plants which will be advantageous to discover further plant based chemicals for drug development with fewer side effects.