{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0148861646234676, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0035026269702276708, 'mean_word_length': 5.568965517241379, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Congestive Heart Failure: Understanding the Pathophysiology and Management

Purpose To explain key concepts involved in the development and management of congestive heart failure (CHF). An overview of medications commonly used in the treatment of CHF is also presented. Data Sources Selected clinical articles, major research studies, and clinical guidelines. Conclusions The prevalence of CHF continues to increase and in the United States alone accounts for more than two million outpatient clinic visits per year at a cost of more than $10 billion annually. With the growing number of people over age 65, coupled with the advances in medical technology, primary care providers are treating many more patients with CHF. Implications for Practice A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology, especially the compensatory neurohormonal systems and ventricular remodeling that are the hallmarks of CHF, is essential for consistent application of the principles of management of this complex condition. Multidisciplinary approaches led by advanced practice nurses have excellent outcomes and improve the quality of life of patients with CHF.