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Florida Residents' Constraints to Parks and Public Lands Visitation: An Assessment of the Validity of an Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Structural Model

Abstract The purpose of this study was to empirically test Crawford, Jackson and Godbey's (1991) constraints model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) for construct validity within the context of visiting parks and public lands among the residents of Florida, U.S. Respondents were asked to respond (major reason, minor reason, not a reason, and not sure) to 17 perceived constraint statements that represented the three theoretical constraint constructs. A statewide survey (n=3610) that employed random digit dialing of households was conducted. Descriptive statistics identified the constraints that had the most influence: lack of time, too busy with other activities, lack of information, and preference to do other forms of recreation. Conversely, the constraints that had the least influence were lack of transportation, skills, and the dislike of participating in the outdoors. Data were analyzed employing the structural equations modeling package (EQS). Besides few differences between the hypothesized model and the actual model, overall, the results provided empirical support for the validity of the theoretical constraint model. Future efforts should introduce and test additional indicators of interpersonal, intrapersonal and structural constraints. Also future research needs to address and establish the validity of the hierarchical characteristics and the processes of constraint negotiation.