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Word Formative Structure of Words with the Root Lěp- In Old Russian Written Records

System of derivational morphology of the Old Russian language has its own characteristics based on the origin of the book vocabulary, which consisted mainly of Proto-Slavic words and calques from Greek words. The main morphological way of word formation was the heritage of the ProtoSlavic language, which developed together with the formation of morphemes as a language unit. Active derivation took place during the formation of the Old Russian book vocabulary. During this period an uninterrupted process began the creation of book translations from the Greek into Church Slavonic. The ancient scribes made extensive use of Greek words calquing, which especially intensified the creation of compound words. Compound words were formed according to the models of Greek composites, but using Russian morphemes. As a result of this process, the lexical fund of the literary language was created, which included words with the root *lěp-. Such words are contained in ancient Russian written records (“Life of St. Sava the Sanctified”, composed by St. Cyril Skifopolsky, “The Life of St. Andrew the Fool”, “The Chronicle” by John Malalas, “The Chronicle” by George Amartol, “History of the Jewish War” by Josephus Flavius, Christianopolis (Acts and Epistles of the Apostles), Uspensky Сollection of XII-XIII centuries etc.). In the article will be considered the word formative structure of words with the root lěp-.


Introduction
The words with the Proto-Slavic root *lěp-contained in the Old Russian written records had a developed word-formation structure, which included different ways of creating such words and their word-formation motivation. The purpose of this paper is to show the development level of the word-formation structure in Old Russian period using the example of the words with the root *lěp-. The article considers the relationship between word-formation motivation of derivatives with the root *lěp-, their word-formation meanings and derivational formants. As is known, a new concept formation, which is embodied in the word meaning, takes place on the basis of the available linguistic material. The word-formation system is based on the word, which is in a relationship of word-formation motivation with the producing word.
There are full and partial motivation, in each of which there are three types of wordformation motivation. Direct, transferred and peripheral motivation belong to the full motivation. Indirect, metaphorical and associative motivation -to the partial one. Selecting these types of word-formation motivation is due to the correlation of the producing word meaning with the derivative meaning.
Direct motivation is characterized by complete entry of the direct meaning of a producing word into the derivative meaning, and it forms the core of the lexical meaning in the derivative (see Shirshov, 1999: 156). (cf. каменный "stony" (abounding in or having the nature of stone) (URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stony)).
Full transferred motivation is observed when the figurative meaning of the producing word is completely included in the derivative meaning (cf. in Russian derivatives of the verb кусать "bite". Their meanings are motivated by the second meaning of the producing verb кусать "to grasp with the teeth; to take a bite of something to eat": обкусать "gnaw round", откусить, "bite off").
In the case of peripheral motivation, the producing word forms only a narrow section of the semantic space or the edge of the semantic field. Motivational meaning moves to the periphery of the semantic space and the core takes on a meaning that has a paradigmatic relationship with motivational meaning, most often -in genus-species relations (cf. белье "white goods". Its motivating core is the generic meaning "color", and the specific meaning "white" moves to the periphery).
Indirect motivation is observed when a direct reference to the producing word is impossible, and semantic relations manifest themselves indirectly through the lexical meaning of the producing word, or rather through its part (see Shirshov, 1999: 199).
Metaphorical motivation is characterized by the fact that only one semantic component is taken from the lexical meaning of the producing word, which becomes the basis of a new nomination (this happens through transferring by similarity). Thus, a new word is born and it is the carrier of the metaphorical meaning. Moreover, comparisons are an intermediary between the producing word and the derivative: "when a word is created, it turns into a metaphor, when describing the derivative meaning, the metaphor unfolds into a comparison" (cf.: каменеть "to turn to stone") (Shirshov, 1995: 52).
Associative motivation might occur in instances where "the lexical meaning of the derivative is based on an associative feature which is in the semantic structure of the producing word in a latent state" (Ibid.: 53). An associative feature is usually not present in the interpretation of a word but accompanies it (ex. gr. сова "owl" is a nocturnal bird with large eyes and a hooked nose". Its associative feature "the way of functioning in the daytime" is in a latent state, however, this feature is used as a basis for the new nomination советь "grow drowsy", i.e. to be in a drowsy state like an owl in the daytime.
When a new word is created, it acquires a derivational meaning that belongs to all words of the same word-formation group within the grammatical class.
M. Dokulil distinguishes the following types of derivational meanings for simple words: transpositional, modificational, and mutational.
Analysis of the word-formation structure taking into account the types of their wordformation motivation and derivative meaning carried out within the etymological group with the root *lěp-, showed the following results.

Discussion
We classify the simple words with the root *lěp-by types of motivation.
Cf.: безлѣпицю молвилъ (<he> talked nonsense) [Поуч. Вл. Мон.] (СлРЯ XI-XVII, Вып. 1: 112) Thus, we find the unity of word-formation motivation, word-formation meaning and derivational formants in the word-formation structure. It is observed in the words with the root * lěp-used in Old Russian written records. A significant number of new words with the root *lěp-were compound words. One part of such words were calques of Greek complex words and the other compound words were not directly copies, but owed their origin to the influence of the Greek language. However, "the phenomena of calquing were most characteristic feature of Old Slavonic word formation in the creating of two-root lexemes -both in a suffixal-addition way and in a addition method» (Efimova, 2007: 223).
A distinctive feature of compound words is the subordination of the components that make up their composition. Compound words include a supporting component and a previous stem of a "concretizing character", which are combined with the connecting vowel -о-(-е-) (Nizametdinova 2013: 81). where R₁ and R₂ -root morphemes, S -suffix, n -ending of a compound word.

Models of compound words included in
The study of the etymological group with the root *lěp-showed the presence of a large number of compound words in it. The scale of word-formation motivation for such words in 11-17th centuries included two stages: 1. Combination of the direct motivation with the direct one; 2. Combination of the indirect motivation with the direct one.
The first stage of motivation includes composites, the meanings of which are formed on the basis of direct meanings of their producing words.
The addition of the third component -славьныи 'glory' is probably associated with the syntagmatic neighborhood and an indication of the importance of the word glory (вельлѣпославьны славы = μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης 'excellent glory' ) (see Novak 2004: 85-86).
The second stage of motivation includes compound words in which one of the components is motivated by a figurative meaning, and the other by a direct meaning.
The first component of such words may be motivated by its producing word in analogy with metaphorical relations.
As a rule the metaphorization sources are semantic spheres related to the material and animal worlds as well as the human world. Moreover, the most frequent cases of metaphorical transference are observed in spatial and anthropological vocabulary describing the human physiology. Consequently the diachronic analysis of the metaphorical system makes it possible to understand the metaphorization process and its role in the development of the lexical-semantic system (see Balashova, 2014: 55).
An analysis of the compound words with the root *lěp-in Old Russian written records and lexicographic sources shows that metaphorized words were classified as social and family relations as well as religious beliefs.