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Atherosclerosis in Primates 1

Atherosclerosis is of great interest because it is the main underlying cause of coronary heart disease (coronary occlusion and myocardial infarction) and stroke (cerebral thrombosis and cerebral infarction). Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the USA and many other technically advanced countries, and vascular disease of the central nervous system ranks third, after cancer, as a cause of death. Atherosclerosis research deserves high priority from the scientific community and governmental health agencies. Experimental investigation of atherosclerosis in human subjects is limited by ethical and practical considerations. Much valuable information has been obtained by using experimental animals; however, scientists are constantly trying to make their experiments more relevant to the human situation. As a result of these considerations, increasing numbers of investigators have turned toward nonhuman primates as experimental models for studying atherosclerosis. KAWAMURA [9] and HUEPER [8], prior to the 1950's, were not able to produce experimental atherosclerotic lesions in rhesus monkeys. MANN et ai, [11], in 1953, produced hypercholesterolemia and sudanophilic aortic lesions in cebus monkeys. They used high cholesterol diets deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. Since then, investigators have reported the production of experimental arterial lesions in many primate species by feeding diets high in fat and cholesterol but varying in other constituents.