{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02463768115942029, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010144927536231883, 'mean_word_length': 4.876595744680851, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Agglomeration Control of Ice Particles in Ice-Water Slurry System Using Surfactant Additives

An ice-water slurry system with surfactant additives is a potential working fluid for transporting thermal energy in an air-conditioning system. In this paper, two types of surfactant additives have been studied: (1) a nonionic surfactant additive (Tween® 80 system) and (2) a mixture of zwitterionic surfactant, cetyl dimethyl betaine, and sodium oleic acid as an anionic surfactant additive (betaine system). Sodium chloride is added as a supplementary agent in both of the systems. The ice-water slurry with the betaine system produced smaller ice particles than the Tween 80 system. Thus, the betaine system in the ice-water slurry can better prevent the growth of agglomeration of ice crystals than the Tween 80 system. The relative viscosity of the ice-water slurry with the betaine system is lower than that of the Tween 80 system, which means that the ice-water slurry with the betaine system is more dispersed than in the Tween 80 system. Also, the betaine system causes drag reduction in the pure liquid phase at room temperature, whereas the Tween 80 system shows no drag reduction. Therefore, it can be expected that the betaine system can better prevent the growth of agglomeration of ice crystals and control the dispersion of ice particles in the ice-water slurry system.