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Wisdom in Jewish Theology

Two major strands articulating wisdom in Jewish theology appeared in the Middle Ages: the philosophical and the mystical. The greatest philosophical account of wisdom appears right at the end of The Guide for the Perplexed, by Maimonides. Maimonides offers an analytic treatment of verses from the book of Proverbs and uses of wisdom elsewhere in the Jewish Bible to set out wisdom as a distinct and valued human virtue. The greatest mystical treatment of wisdom appears in The Zohar, a tremendous Kabbalistic exposition of the Pentateuch. In The Zohar, wisdom is one of ten points of divine emanation called sefirot. Human attainment of wisdom requires ascetic and disciplined study of traditional Jewish sources, which brings intimate connection with divine emanation. In the eighteenth through twentieth centuries, new developments in Jewish thought brought renewed significance for wisdom in the writings of Hasidic Jewish leaders, Martin Buber, and Emmanuel Levinas.