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Social Mobility in Germany, 1900-1960

In modern German historiography social mobility has remained an underdeveloped field of research, especially in comparison with the United States and her wealth of urban studies.' There are various reasons for this which are closely linked to the political crises and breakdowns in German history before 1945 and which resulted in a weak interest in social history among German sociologists and in an unusually long and strong refusal of German historians to utilize social science approaches. Moreover, the successful exploration of social mobility in American empirical sociology and social history is not likely to stimulate intensive and controversial research on this issue in modem German history. Investigations of mere mobility rates of single towns and cities were and are of high interest in the history of the United States because they attack or back the legend of unbounded opportunities. Germany never was considered a country of unlimited opportunities, so nobody is surprised by low rates of social mobility. Nor did the big issue of postwar sociological mobility research-in the context of economic development and increase in rates of social mobility-challenge research on German history. Bendix and Lipset argued that for developed countries "social mobility becomes relatively high once their industrialization, and hence their economic