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Individualism from the New Woman to the Genome: Autonomy and Independence

Although it is always dangerous to write history while it is being lived, the current consensus is that in the last quarter of the twentieth century modern Western societies entered a third stage of technocracy. The first was the industrial revolution; the second was the mass transmission of cinema, television, and radio; and the most recent is called the Information Age. The first is associated with beautiful bourgeois individuals with deep subjectivities enabled, as we shall see, by a women's literature of intimate relationship. The second produced the sublime hopes of democracy, the masses, socialism, and fascism, in which the "rigors" of fascism opposed the threats of femininity and the masses. The third is in the process of producing biotechnological individuals, in which the eugenicists' dream of parthenogenesis attempts to erase the role of women. Inevitably, this is a study of national as well as gender stereotypes, of the ways that Britain, the United States, and Europe have modelled ideal types with competing national inflections. Yet if recombinance the effect of customizing or personalizing can be seen as postmodernity's contribution to such models, the components of ideal models of individualism in art, literature, and philosophy provide an index of possibilities.1 A number of these possibilities were in contestation from the fin de siÃ ̈cle to the Second World War. In political economy progressive individualism was manifest in the division of labor and competition on the market; in evolutionary biology, in the origins of species; in physiology, in racial differentiation; in literature and the arts in psychological realism, and so forth. Herbert Spencer's influential idea that all Progress was progress toward individualism implied at the