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The Exorcism of Isaac Russell: Diabolism and Nineteenth-Century Mormon Identity Formation*

In the summer of 1837, a small contingent of Mormon missionaries had taken up residence in a boardinghouse located at 21 Wilfrid Street in Preston, England. It was there, on the night of July 30, that a frightened missionary charged up the steps to the third floor where the leaders of the group slept and begged them to cast out the evil spirits possessing him. By the end of the evening, the men had performed two exorcisms—one for the original victim, IsaacRussell, and, afterhis liberation, another forhis exorcist,HeberC. Kimball. Reports of the evening’s supernatural activities varied. Some accounts referred to the horrific sounds the missionaries heard as their unseen opponents “foamed and gnashed their teeth upon us.” Other sources recounted a vision shared by two of the missionaries who saw into the “infernal world” for a total of ninety minutes—timed by the pocket watch of another missionary present. Mormons believed that Victorian England was filled with demons and evil spirits, invisible to the naked eye, but present all the same. Missionaries often fell victim to supernatural assault. Their journals and correspondence described sleep paralysis, beds shaking, levitation, unseen attackers, sudden jolts of fear, and sensing evil spirits in the hearts of their critics. The demonic seemed intimately connected to even mundane efforts to thwart the missionaries’ progress. The devil influencedmembers of the clergy who united against themissionaries’ preaching.His reach extended to the wide range of