{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014619883040935672, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.339506172839506, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Active suspension for a two-axle railway vehicle

The aim of this paper is to investigate how the ride quality of a two-axle railway vehicle with single-stage suspension might be improved by the use of active control, compensating for the lack of the double suspension stage, and thereby taking full advantage of vehicle lightweight construction. The basic requirement is to improve the ride quality on random track unevenness while keeping suspension deflection within acceptable levels when the vehicle negotiates deterministic track features such as a gradient. Two active suspension configurations are considered – skyhook damping and linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control. Finally, actuator dynamics are included in the analysis, to assess the impact on the overall success of an active suspension implementation. The paper shows that both skyhook and LQG control strategies offer significant improvements in ride quality and also that careful design of the actuators and their force control loops is essential.