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On Physico‐Chemical and Technical Limits in Clean Steel Production

Great progresses in steel cleanliness have been attained during the last decades. In the measures of oxygen the lowest levels are approaching 5 ppm in Otot i.e. close to the thermodynamic limit of Al deoxidation. As the thermodynamics of the reaction system is firmly anchored to the steel chemistry and thus to the properties of steel and the final product, it is useful to examine the thermodynamic constraints for selected steels in the refining and casting processes. In most steels Al‐O equilibrium determines the limit of deoxidation. Calculations by applying thermodynamic software showed that in selected “common” steels the equilibrium oxygen content varied from below 5 ppm up to 30 ppm or higher depending on the aluminium content, interaction effect of other alloying elements and temperature.