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Effect of protein type and quantity on growth and development of larval Heliothis zea and Spodoptera exigua and the endoparasitoid Hyposoter exiguae

Based on the use of casein, soy protein, and corn gluten in artificial diets, we show that larval growth of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is significantly reduced both by a deficit and surfeit of dietary protein. The optimal level of protein varies with protein type. Similar protein treatments were also used to examine the influence of host diet on growth and development of the endoparasitoid Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Dietary protein regimens reducing host larval growth to the greatest extent are most stressful to the parasitoid, irrespective of protein type. Parasitoid growth appeared to be regulated by the nutritional status of the host. The parasitoid required the host to reach ca 20 mg before it could successfully complete its larval development and pupate. This suggests that host hormones may also be involved in parasitoid development. The implications of these findings for theory of tritrophic interactions are discussed.