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Surreptitiously Adding a Microcontroller to a Printed Circuit Board

Recent work has highlighted that printed circuit boards (PCBs, also known as printed wiring boards or PWBs) are quite vulnerable to malicious alteration. Because circuit-board design files are usually sent out to entities additional to the designer, these files can be readily obtainable and quite easily altered. A brief review of published work on this field is presented. To illustrate the ease with which boards can be altered, an experiment was conducted to add a fully functional microcontroller to an embedded system’s control bus. The microcontroller was easily added.