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Ethnic Identity Entrepreneurs: Their Role in Transracial and Intercountry Adoptions

Three attributes characterize ethnic identity entrepreneurs. First, ethnic identity entrepreneurs appeal to an essentialized image of identity in which ethnicity ‘trumps' all other bases of affiliation and authenticity. Second, ethnic identity entrepreneurs invoke this essentialized identity and group membership to justify a claim to, or, monopolization of, scarce resources and entitlements by way of a process of social closure. Third, the activities of ethnic identity entrepreneurs which are often initially motivated by the desire to open up options and to facilitate choice among members, induce conformity and functions as a mechanism of social control. In this paper I emphasize a particular subset of ethnic identity entrepreneurs, namely, those who represent subordinate/minority groups and who work in bureaucracies -whether governmental or community based- and who have acquired a very extensive power by virtue of their office and their professional expertise, which enables them to construct and enforce their specific conceptions of what ethnic identity is and the cultural requirements this essentialized identity entails. Illustrative of these processes is the role of the social worker ethnic identity entrepreneur in formulating policies inhibiting both domestic transracial and transnational adoption which more and more frequently is involving moving children without parents or a permanent home from the Asian Pacific region to families in the United States or Britain.