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Rheum ribes extract‐loaded nanoliposome as a novel phytogenic antibiotic alternative in mice challenged by Escherichia coli (O157:H7)

This study was performed to compare the noncapsulated with nanoliposome‐encapsulated phenolic‐rich fraction (PRF) obtained from Rheum ribes as a dietary additive and to assess their health‐promoting potentials in the mice infected by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (O157:H7). Upon fractionation, the ethyl acetate fraction with 46.9 ± 2.17 mg GAE/g DW was found as a highest phenolic content. The PRF successfully loaded into nanoliposome structure with a nanometer in size (193.2 nm) and spherical shape and homogeneous dispersion. The gallic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, and ferulic acid are bioactive phenolics present in the nanoliposome‐loaded PRF; however, the main bioactive compounds are cinnamic acid (911 μg/g DW) and ellagic acid (826 μg/g DW). The infection caused by E. coil impaired the weight gain and food intake, liver function, morpho structural characteristics of jejunum, upregulated the expression of inflammatory genes (Cox2, iNOS), downregulation of antioxidant‐related genes (SOD, GPX), and increased the ileal population of E. coil. The addition of nonencapsulated PRF and nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day improved these parameters although the nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF revealed more potential as compared with the nonencapsulated PRF in improving the health parameters in mice. The higher health‐promoting activity of nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF could be associated with its enhanced intestinal absorption, bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and bioactivity. Consequently, the nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF could be considered as a promising phytobiotic against E. coil infection in mice.