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Restoring Misplaced Epistemology

Grounding Knowledge is written partly out of a sense of celebration and partly out of a sense of consternation. The celebration is generated by the feeling that epistemology has started to explore some fascinating territory. A whole range of contemporary epistemologists, from feminists to science studies theorists to cognitive scientists to phenomenologists, have become interested in studying knowledge as a thoroughly embodied and embedded phenomenon, contrived by fleshy and fallible humans operating out of social and institutional contexts that influence the kinds of things that they are likely to say. This seems like an important breakthrough. It is not that the more traditional analytic ‘S is justified in believing P if and only if . . .’ approach to epistemology is entirely wrong, it is just that such an approach simply cannot tell the whole story about the way people go about knowing things. An epistemic perspective is never as faceless, pure and detached as analytic epistemology pretends it to be and so those traditional approaches fail to illuminate a whole host of factors relevant to the knowledge process. There is something refreshingly real and down to earth about the turn towards embodied and embedded knowledge. Above all, it emphasizes the importance of worldly context. This means more attention paid to social, physiological and material considerations, connecting epistemology instantly to other areas in philosophy and also to other relevant disciplines, such as history, psychology and sociology. These changes all look like good reasons to celebrate. Alongside these reasons for celebration, there are also some reasons for consternation. For in the very moment that these new breakthroughs are connecting epistemology to real life situations and to a suite of other disciplines, the new directions often seem to unwittingly retain one of the worst features of epistemology’s previous detachment. Feminists and science studies theorists seem willing to talk about the social/political, the historical and the scientific contexts that