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Impact Of Taxation On The Performance Of Small And Medium Enterprises In Aba, Abia State, Nigeria

This work aims at assessing the effect of taxation on the performance of SMEs in Aba Abia State. A survey approach was adopted while the questionnaire was used as an instrument. A randomly selected 162 employees and owners of 40 SMEs were used for the study. Collected data were analyzed using the multiple regression analysis and one sample t-test. Results indicate that significant and positive relationship exist between taxation and the performance of SMEs and that tax assessment, tax collection and tax utilization significantly influence the performance of SMEs in Aba. It was recommended among others that the Nigerian tax system must seek to protect and promote the SMEs for them to contribute meaningfully to economic growth and that they should identify the agents responsible for illegal, multiple tax collections that seek to frustrate SMEs and deal with them accordingly.


INTRODUCTION
Economic growth and development have become near synonyms to small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in countries where adequate level playing ground is provided for entrepreneurs. SMEs have been described as essential agents for delivering more inclusive globalization and growth, and key contributor to economic and social wellbeing (OECD, 2017). According to the OECD (20016) report, in the OECD area, SMEs are the pre-dominant form of enterprise, accounting for approximately 99% of all firms. They provide the main source of employment, accounting for about 70% of jobs on average, and are major contributors to value creation, generating 50% to 60% of value added on average. Corroborating with this is IFC (2010) as contained in the OECD (2017) report which asserts that for emerging economies, SMEs contribute up to 45% of total employment and 33% of GDP. According to the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (2013) and the National Bureau of Statistics (2013), there were 37,067,416 (Thirty Seven Million, Sixty Seven Thousand, Four Hundred and Sixteen) Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprise in Nigeria as at 2013 which employed over 84% of the total labour force, and contributing 48.47% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Today, 96% of businesses are SME's compared to 53% in the US and 65% in Europe (IFC, 2018). This, the International Council for Small Business (ICSB) affirms by asserting that MSMEs make up over 90% of all firms and account for an average of 50% GDP of any economy.
Given these global recognitions on the value of MSMEs in any economy, Nigeria inclusive, one wonders why SMEs in Nigeria struggle to survive and achieve these global goals. As rightly observed by Banji (2017), key building blocks for an enabling SME business environment in Nigeria include: basic science and technology knowledge base, legal and regulatory structure, basic physical and technological infrastructure and financial incentive structures. A key factor in the legal/regulatory and financial incentives structures is the tax system on the SMEs. Studies have shown that tax related issues have resulted in untimely exit of many SMEs in Nigeria. SMEDAN (2015) records that, 80% of SMEs in Nigeria die before their fifth year as a result of challenges faced by start-ups. Ochani and Gamade (2018) observed that multiple taxation and economic tax burdens have remained major challenges to SMEs. In fact when the tax system on Nigerian SMEs is weighed against the ancient Canons of equity, certainty, economy and convenience as enshrined in the Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" of 1776, it will be obvious that the system does not adequately support the SMEs to play their role. The Delloitte Nigeria SMEs report (2018) discloses that the Nigerian government tends to focus more on the welfare of large corporations with foreign investments to the detriment of the SMEs which are wrongly perceived to have insignificant impact on the economy. OECD, (2017) captures that SMEs have a high propensity to transform an economy if a conducive environment is created for them to grow through appropriate regulation and tax policies. The Delloitte report (2018) states, "In Nigeria, SMEs are subjected to multiple taxes by the different tiers of government, each with its own rigorous process and significant compliance cost.

Considering the size of their operations, the absence of harmonized tax regime increases the strain on cash flow and other limited resources of SMEs when compared to large corporations''.
The plight of SMEs in the face of the unfriendly tax policies being experienced and the effect of the scenario on the economy make this study imperative. There is the need to find out how the tax system has affected the financial and non-financial perform indicators of these SMEs judging from perceptions of the key players in the firms. Unlike extent studies that used pure secondary data, this study is based on primary sources in order to ascertain the perceptions, feelings and views of the entrepreneurs, owners of the SMEs and their managers on the subject matter. Again, this study compares both financial and non-financial performance indicators of SMEs to ascertain the impact of taxation on them. This is much unlike previous studies that either focused on pure financial indicators or non-financial indicators.

The Problem
Taxation is expected to contribute significantly and positively to the performance of SMEs in any economy. This however, seems to be largely far from reality in the Nigerian scenario, the establishment of the new National Tax Policy (NTP) which seeks to create robust and efficient tax system with focus on legislative amendments to reduce tax burden on MSMEs, notwithstanding. An interaction with most entrepreneurs in Nigeria shows a high level of displeasure with the tax system, especially at the state and local government levels. In most instances, thugs are used to harass and intimidate business owners to force them to pay, even in situations where it is obvious that such laws (taxes) are illegal and multiple. The level of corruption in the tax assessment, administration and utilization has denied the SMEs the benefit they ought to derive as tax payers. The Delloitte report (2018) has it that "…businesses that make profits are usually subjected to multiple taxation in their first three years of commencement due to the rules for taxation of a new business; thereby increasing the risk of failure of SMEs within the first few years of business. Also, exemption of companies with at least 25% imported equity from minimum tax is discriminatory to Nigerian owned businesses. More notably, it discourages investment and increases the risk of failure for companies in periods of little or no profitability in the case of SMEs. In the same vein, a good number of SMEs are not able to adequately benefit from tax incentives due to the small size of their operations''.
With a substantial fixed cost component to tax regulatory requirements and compliance costs (record keeping, filing and payment processes etc.) at national, regional and municipal levels, small businesses are at a disadvantage with respect to large enterprises. For young firms, which also tend to be small, high compliance costs can exacerbate the resource and cash-flow constraints often experienced in the early stages of business development, and may act as a deterrent to formalization. In some cases, tax compliance costs for small firms may even exceed their tax cash payments (OECD 2015c;Eichfelder and Vaillancourt, 2014). Furthermore, certain aspects of business taxation, including asymmetric treatment of profits and losses, the distribution of taxation between capital and labour income and the design of R&D tax credits and incentives, can unintentionally disadvantage some young and small firms (OECD, 2015c).
Given this situation one doubts the ability of Nigerian tax system on SMEs to encourage greater investments, transition from informal to formal, and impact significantly and positively on employment generation, sales revenue, innovativeness and profitability of the firms.

Study Objectives
This study aims at assessing the impact of taxation on the performance of SMEs in Aba, Abia State. The specific objectives are: 1. To know whether significant and positive relationship exists between taxation and SMEs performance. 2. To know whether the tax assessment system in Aba affects the performance of SMEs significantly. 3. To determine whether the tax collection system in Aba significantly affects the performance of SMEs. 4. To ascertain whether the tax utilization system in Aba significantly influence the performance of SMEs.

Scope of the Study
The geographical setting of this research study is Abia State Nigeria with particular attention on SMEs operating in Aba. This study is domiciled in the areas of entrepreneurship and corporate performance. The units of analysis in the study are owners, managers, marketers and accountants of select firms from the cosmetic, paint, shoes, chemical and clothing segments. Forty firms were chosen for the study. Abia State and indeed Aba is thickly populated with MSMEs in the various sectors of the Nigerian economy.

Concept of Taxation
Taxation is the primary source of governmental revenue. It is the act of laying a tax, i.e., the process by which a local, state and central government, through its law-making body, raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of the government. According to Anyanwu (1997), taxation can be defined as the compulsory transfer or payment (or occasionally of goods and services) from private individuals or groups to the government. Agyei (1983) as cited in Ekine (2007), defines it as the transfer of resources from the private sector to the public sector in order to accomplish some of a nation's economic and social goals.
The purpose and importance of taxation is to raise funds with which to promote the general welfare and protection of a nation's citizens, and to enable it to finance its multifarious activities and to redistribute wealth and management of the economy (Jhingan 2004, Bhartia, 2009Ola (2001) cited in Ogbonna and Ebimobowei,2012). Jhingan (2002) and Anyanwu (1993) pointed out several objectives of taxation, which include to: i. Put a curb on consumption and thus transfer resources from consumption to investment ii. Raise revenue for government iii. Reduces economic inequalities and iv. Control income and employment.

Challenges of Tax System in Nigeria
The Nigeria tax system is beset by a myriad of challenges, some of which are highlighted below (FRN i1997, 2002Ariyo 1997;Ola 2001;Odusola 2002Odusola , 2003; study group on tax reform 2003): non availability of tax statistics; inability to prioritize tax effort; poor tax administration; multiplicity of tax; regulatory challenges; structural problems in the economy; corruption; complexity of tax laws:

The Concept of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises
The Nigeria Bank for Commerce and Industry (as cited in Jimah, 2011) defined a small scale enterprise as one whose capital does not exceed N750,000. The above definition plays emphasis on the capital requirement in the formation of the business. Though capital is not the only consideration in determining whether a business venture is a SMEs or not. Agu (2001) defined SMEs as a business which is owned, led by one or a few persons, with direct owner(s) influence in decision making, and having a relatively small share of the market and relatively low capital requirement. Osazee and Anao (as cited in Inegbenebor, 2006) defined a small scale business is any business undertaken, owned, managed and controlled by not more than two entrepreneurs, has no more than twenty employees, has no definite organizational structure (that is, all employees report to the owners) and has a relatively small share of its market. In a similar vein, Inegbenebor (2006) opined that the current industrial policy of Nigeria, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) are now defined on the basis of employment. That is: i. Micro/cottage industries 1 and 10 workers ii. Small -Scale Industries 11 and 100 workers iii. Medium Scale industries 101 and 300 workers iv. Large scale industries 301 and above THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Many theories of taxation exist. However, in this study, the Benefit Principle or received theory: Also called vertical equity. Richard and Peggy (1973) noted that the benefit approach was initially developed by two economists of the Stockholm School; Knut Wicksell (1896) and Erik Lindahl (1919). This was in a bid to assess the efficiency of taxes and appraising fiscal policy. Thus, the theory stipulates that an individual ought to be taxed according to the benefits received from government provision of goods and services. This in other words, is a benefit cost approach in which tax is a cost and government amenities are the benefits (Bhartia, 2009;Anyanfo, 1996). This theory assumes a state of equality between the marginal tax rate (MTR) and marginal benefit received (MBR) to determine the amount of taxes to be paid (Bhartia, 2009). This is the basic philosophy that ought to guide taxation in Nigeria. This seems to be farfetched.

Empirical Framework
The study of Bosco (2011) aimed at assessing the performance of business enterprises in Ntungamo Town Council, finding out if tax payers are aware of all their tax obligations, policies and problems affecting them as well as their businesses. The findings revealed the problems faced by the tax payers as regards mode of assessment, collection and tax collectors, inefficiency by tax collectors, loss of equipment, loss of sales and loss of stock as a result of taxes. Adebisi and Gbegi's (2013) examined the effect of multiple taxation on SMEs survival. The study involved a survey research design with a population of 91. The researchers derived their sample size to arrive at 74 and a self administered questionnaire was used to collect data. These data were quantitatively analyzed with simple percentages and tested the research hypothesis with ANOVA. Findings revealed that multiple taxation has negative effect on SMEs' survival and the relationship between SMEs' size and its ability to pay taxes is significant. We therefore recommends that government should come up with a uniform tax policies that will favour the development of SMEs in Nigeria and government should put into consideration the size of SMEs when setting tax policies.
The study of Abata (2014) focused on the impact of tax revenue on Nigeria economy. Descriptive survey design was adopted and simple random sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample size. The findings show that tax revenue significantly impact on Federal Government Budget implementation in Nigeria, Tax administrative system significantly affected the revenue generated in Nigeria, Tax evasion significantly affected government revenue in Nigeria, and Lack of training on the part of tax officers significantly affected the generation of government revenue in Nigeria.

Conceptual Framework:
Based on these, we hypothesized thus: H01: There is no significant and positive relationship between taxation and SMEs performance in Aba.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this study, the survey research design was adopted. The study population is made up of SMEs in Aba Abia State. Records from the Aba Chambers of Commerce show that a good number of the MSMEs are not duly registered members. Thus, the exact population of the manufacturing firms was unknown. However, our interest is on 40 manufacturing firms from Tax Assessment Tax Collection Tax Utilization

Taxation
SMEs Performance

Sales Revenue Business Expansion Customer base Growth in Profit Employees
the chemicals, paint, shoes clothing and cosmetic segments. Hence, the sample size was drawn from the management, marketing and accounting units of the firms. Respondents were chosen from each of the 40 firms. Based on convenience reasons, the firms were selected. The researchers adopted the non-probability sampling technique, where units of analysis were selected based on convenience and availability. Copies of the questionnaire were issued through the company secretaries/receptionist to the managers (owners), marketing executives and accountants of the firms, and were retrieved after three working days. Majority of the firms are allocated within the industrial clusters of Osisioma and Ariaria.
Topman formula as cited by Ogbuji (2013) was applied to arrive at a sample size of 162. Thus:

Reliability and Validity of Instrument
The likert scale on dependent and independent variables are subjected to Cronbach Alpha test to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. This was done using the responses of the 10 respondents who were issued the questionnaire on a pilot test. The table below shows the result of the Cronbach Alpha test and the factor loading. The result shows that all the variables met the minimum threshold for acceptance since they are up to 70% (0.70). Based on the factor loadings, the instrument was se.
The equation for linear regression takes the form: Y = a + bX+ e Where:a = the Y intercept, b = the regression coefficient for the independent variable X. Y = the dependent/criterion variable (firm performance) X = the independent/predictor variables (taxation) that influence the dependent variable.
The direct effect research model for this study is of the form: FP = f(T).
Where: FP is Firm Performance and T is Taxation.

Model Specifications
The necessary models for our regression analysis are implicitly specified as followed: Firm performance = f(TA+ TC+ TU +e) Where: TA= tax assessment TC= tax collection TU= tax utilization The composition, direction and relative strength of each of the three independent variables on the single dependent variable (performance) would be determined.

Decision Rules:
In order to validate (accept) or nullify (reject) any stated hypothesis tested with the multiple regression, major attention was paid to the P-values of the tested constructs. Therefore, we rejected the null hypotheses where the SPSS p-values are less than alpha (0.05) and the alternative hypotheses accepted.
Also, the t-test was used ascertain the present tax system in Aba, in the opinion of the respondents, influence their firms' performance. Where the t-calculated is more than ttabulated value, the null hypotheses will be rejected otherwise it will be accepted.  Table 3 shows that out of the 162 copies of the questionnaire distributed, 153 (94%) copies were retrieved while 9 (7%) copies were lost. Also, of the 153 copies retrieved, 5 copies were incompletely filled and therefore were discarded. However, 148 (91%) copies were completely filled and found useful for analyses. Thus, further analyses in this study were based on the 148 copies retrieved and found useful.

Analysis of Major (Research) Variables
In this section, responses to the main questions were analyzed.   The information is further presented in figure 4.7 as shown below:  Table 7 and figure 4.7 show that an average of 87 (59%) respondents, 37 (25%) respondents, 14 (9%) respondents, 6 (4%) respondents and 4 (3%) respondent strongly agreed, agreed, had not decided, disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively on statements about the effect of taxation on business performance. The information is further shown in figure 4.8 thus:       21  32  21  34  40  148  Total  42  104  82  94  122  444  Average Total  14  35  27  31  41  148  Percentage  09  24  18  21  28  100 Source: Field Survey, 2018 The information above is further shown in figure 4.10 thus:  Interpretation: The R value (0.745) shows that a strong, positive and significant relationship exists between taxation and online SMEs performance. The adjusted R 2 value (0.545) reveals that 54.5% variation in performance is predicted by taxation. Also, the F value (59.70) and p value (0.000) which are greater than f critical value at 0.05 level of significance (6.39) and less than alpha (0.05) respectively are positive signs of relationship. The coefficients table shows that tax assessment (t=2.158; p=0.020) and tax collection (t=2.330; p= 0.021) and tax utilization (t= 2.133 ; p= 0.035 ) significant predictors of performance. This is because their p-values are less than alpha (0.05) and their t-values greater than t-critical.
Decision: Based on the above outcomes, we therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate which implies that there is a significant and positive relationship between taxation and SMEs performance..

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based on the analyzed data, the following key findings were made in this study; • It was discovered that there is a positive and significant relationship between taxation and the performance of SMEs. • It was equally discovered through the study that tax assessment significantly affects the performance of SMEs. • Also, it was discovered through the study that tax collection system significantly affects the performance of SMEs. • And that that tax utilization system significantly affects the performance of SMEs.

CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of the study, we can conclude that taxation is a key factor in the financial life of any SME. For the SMEs to perform satisfactorily, the tax system in place must promote the survival of such firms. Thus, the tax collection, assessment and utilization must be SMEs oriented as this will in turn impact on the growth of the economy.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are some of the recommendations from this study: • Nigerian tax system must seek to protect and promote the SMEs for them to contribute meaningfully to economic growth. • It is also advisable to identify the agents responsible for illegal, multiple tax collections that seek to frustrate SMEs and deal with them accordingly. • In order to give back to the tax payers and promote SMEs, the government at all levels must judiciously utilize taxpayers' money.