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Principal Component Analysis and Optimization: A Tutorial

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most widely used multivariate tech- niques in statistics. It is commonly used to reduce the dimensionality of data in order to examine its underlying structure and the covariance/correlation structure of a set of variables. While singular value decomposition provides a simple means for identi- cation of the principal components (PCs) for classical PCA, solutions achieved in this manner may not possess certain desirable properties including robustness, smooth- ness, and sparsity. In this paper, we present several optimization problems related to PCA by considering various geometric perspectives. New techniques for PCA can be developed by altering the optimization problems to which principal component loadings are the optimal solutions.