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Book Review: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury

land, Wales, and Scotland (chapter 6). Each country delineated in the subsections has contributing authors native to that country. With respect to chapter 5, because of the inclusion of so many countries in Europe, it is not clear which countries still use carbofuran and in which countries it has been banned. Furthermore, the chapter needs a global conclusion to pull together the data from the various countries. After much debate in the European Union, authorizations for plant protection products containing carbofuran were revoked and products were to be withdrawn from the market by 2007. Notwithstanding this, as of April 2011, carbofuran products are still registered for use in some member countries. Yet, other countries such as Spain are using specialized canine units to detect poisoned baits that intentionally kill fox and mongoose populations. With respect to chapter 6, there are no editors for the chapter only contributing authors for each of the subsections presented. Products containing carbofuran were approved for use in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland until 2001 when approval expired. Carbofuran products were revoked in the Republic of Ireland in 2007. However, carbofuran is gaining increasing popularity as a means to poison wildlife and other animals throughout this region. The following chapter, chapter 7, is devoted to the use of carbofuran in Brazil with respect to the farming of wheat and rice. In the chapter, the 2 contributing authors wrote the entire chapter. Although the references are extensive, the chapter lacks a conclusion section which would clarify all the information contained in this chapter. The authors point out that very little scientific research has been done to assess the environmental impact of carbofuran use in Brazil to wild fauna. Given that Brazil is an emerging nation, it should follow the chapters presented for India and Kenya, as opposed to the Chapters following Europe and the United Kingdom; 2 countries that possess much data concerning carbofuran’s toxicity to wildlife. The last chapter devoted to a country is chapter 8, which focuses the reader’s attention to the United States and Canada. While usage began in the 1970s, it has been banned for all uses as of December 2009. The data presented demonstrate unequivocally the lethality of carbofuran to birds when used under operational conditions; the kills have been documented under every formulation. However, the ban of its use, sale, and distribution moved at a glacial pace with respect to bird protection in North America. The chapter is well written and extensively referenced by the authors of the chapter. The last chapter in the book, chapter 9, written solely by the editor presents conclusions and a pathway forward. This chapter delineates the weaknesses in data and information in developing countries and offers solutions and methods of improving the gaps. These pathways include the following: (a) address and mitigate the root causes of human–wildlife conflict, (b) increase grassroots educational initiatives, (c) enhance analytical capacity including sampling, testing, and monitoring efforts, (d) conduct field studies where necessary data are lacking, (e) coordinate international conservation and monitoring efforts, and (f) finally to address outstanding policy and accountability issues. The book accomplished its goal which was 3-fold. First, to provide an up-to-date account of the global impact of carbofuran use on wildlife, second to report on the responses and strategies adopted within the conservation community, and third, to share the relevant analytical and forensic methodologies used to detect carbofuran. These goals presented in the last chapter would be better served to be presented in the introduction under chapter 1. The reader would gain a better understanding of the goals of the book. Furthermore, 2 central themes are presented in the conclusory chapter; namely, first, the key driving force behind intentional poisonings is a human–wildlife conflict and that poisonings will continue unabated until the core factors that result in these conflicts are addressed and, second, the legal and labeled uses of carbofuran do pose a threat to wildlife that cannot be mitigated because the compound is inherently unsafe. These central themes would also be better served in the introductory chapter so the reader can follow with a deeper understanding of the conflict. The book presents a 2-page Appendix with information on 3 additional countries not covered in the book, namely Israel, Australia, and New Zealand. Carbofuran has never been registered in Israel, continues to be used in Australia, and has been registered in the past in New Zealand. Overall, the book provides the reader with current state of the scientific information regarding carbofuran’s usage and its inherent toxicity to wildlife. It is an eye-opener to a nonscience person and provides educational insight to global problems within the environment and its interface with man, and our limited resources, both natural and anthropogenic. The book provides a compelling read to nonscientists as well as scientists in the area of ecology and wildlife conservation, and its integration of the toxic effects of carbofuran to a country’s resources and ecological system.