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Impact of oil palm plantation on the butterfly diversity: a Case study in KGP & CNG, Ketapang, West Kalimantan

Oil palm plantation in Indonesia is rapidly growing, encouraging the expansion of oil palm plantation area. The expansion estimated may decrease the biodiversity including the butterfly diversity. The research aimed to see the impact of oil palm plantation on the butterfly diversity that occurs in KGP and CNG oil palm plantation. The research was conducted in July 2018 by strip transect method. Impact of the establishment oil palm plantation on butterfly diversity was determined by comparing the current butterflies found on oil palm plantations area with the butterflies found on the baseline (shrub area). The result showed an increase in butterfly diversity and species richness index in KGP and CNG oil palm plantation. Total number of species and richness index in both oil palm plantations area were higher than the baseline area. The establishment of oil palm plantation in KGP oil palm plantation result gaining 22 species and losing 2 species, while in CNG oil palm plantation result is gaining 31 species and losing 5 species.


Introduction
Expansion of oil palm plantation in Indonesia according to data Directorate General of Plantations 2016 has increased significantly by approximately 10 million hectares in the last 20 years. The expansion is encouraged by the high economic value of palm oil [1]. Extensive growth has implications for increasing outcome that support the national economy and as a people's livelihood [2]. The expansion was obtained from conversion of various types of land cover. However, the controversy over changing land cover into oil palm plantations was already familiar and often debated. The issue of land conversion was often accused by several experts as one of the main factors causing deforestation and decreasing biodiversity [2]; [3]; [4]. [5] stated that primary and secondary forest converted into oil palm plantation lowered the butterfly species richness by around 79-83%.
The paradigm change towards the sustainable oil palm plantations can be achieved by considering aspects of economic, social, cultural and environmental policies, especially the ecological aspects that are the main of international attention. Consideration of the policy aspects related to the economy, socioculture, and environment which are the most important parts of the HCV Classification (High Conservation Values) and Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) are certainly worth noting towards the management of sustainable oil palm plantations [6]. Butterflies are part of the biodiversity that must be preserved from extinction and species diversity decline. Butterflies have important values, such as ecological values (pollinators), endemism, conservation, education, culture, aesthetics, and economics [7]. Therefore, research about the impact of oil palm plantations on biodiversity including butterfly is important to carry out. The aim of this research is to (1) Identify the impact of oil palm plantation on a total number of butterfly, and (2) Identify the impact of oil palm plantation on species composition on the butterfly.

Time and Location
The study was conducted in Ketapang, West Kalimantan Province, in July 2018. There were 2 types of land covers: (1) baseline area (Shrubs area); and (2) Oil palm plantation area (young-aged oil palm plantations, middle-aged oil palm plantations, old-aged oil palm plantations and high conservation value area).

Data Collection
Historical data of land cover before the establishment of the plantations were collected by literature study, interview with manager and local communities around the plantation and interpretation of satellite imagery one year or 2 years before establishment. Based on the satellite imagery interpretation, the baseline (a type of land cover that dominates the area before the development of oil palm plantations) namely shrubs area. The observation was conducted using transect method from 09.00-11.00 with 3 repetitions simultaneously in all research location. Observations were carried out at a constant speed by using a butterfly net to catch butterflies directly and also helped by a butterfly trap which was installed at ± 1m height, there are 6 traps on each observation track. The conditions that were also observed such as the condition of undergrowth vegetation, canopy cover, the presence of water sources, temperature and humidity.

Data Analysis
Data analysis that used to find out the variety of species diversity in various types of land cover is the number of species, species richness index (Margalef index) and Evenness index and species similarity index.

Number of Species (S).
The number of species is the number of all types of butterfly found in PKWE plantation.

Species Richness Index (Dmg).
Species Richness Index serves to show the number of species in a certain type of habitat using Margalef index [10], with the formula as follows: =   While in the CNG oil palm plantation, this research found 41 species of butterfly from 193 individuals and 5 families, namely Papilionidae (3 species), Pieridae (6 species), Nymphalidae (26 species), Lycanidae (4 species), Riodinidae (1 species), and Hesperidae (1 species). Data about butterfly species found in CNG oil palm plantation as presented in table 2: The dominance of the Nymphalidae family can be seen on both plantations, in KGP found 73.74% of the family Nymphalidae, whereas in CNG found 63.21% of the family Nymphalidae. This is because this family has the largest members and the widest distribution. [9] stated that Nymphalidae is a family of butterflies that has the highest number of species and cosmopolitan properties, the distribution of families spread in many regions of the world, has a high ability to survive in various types of habitats because it is polyphagic. Polifag is a group of animals that live and eat on various types or many types of plants from various families [10]. The number of family members that produce from this family is also getting bigger, and the nature of the polyps due to this family is not only in one feed plant which varies more in various environmental conditions. According to [11], host plants of the family Nymphalidae are Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae and Anacardiaceae. In addition, reference [12] stated that the food of butterfly from the family of Nymphalidae was Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Solanaceae, and Poaceae.
A total number of species on both plantations, KGP oil palm plantation and CNG oil palm plantation implicate to the species richness index value. Comparison of total number of species, species richness index value and evenness index value on both plantations as presented in the following figure 1: In KGP oil palm plantation, the highest number of species and richness index values were found in the Young-aged oil palm (S=19 and Dmg=4.34), this result were similar as at the CNG oil palm plantation that the highest number of species and species richness index was in the young-aged oil palm (S = 20 and Dmg = 5.26). Even though, if we look at the number of species in HCVA in CNG plantations it is also 20 species but the value of species richness in young-aged oil palm higher than HCVA area. The highest number of species and species richness in the young-aged oil palm is because this area has water source from the river located in the north of the young-aged oil palm area, as it is known that butterflies like areas that have water sources [13]. In addition to water sources, the presence of butterflies is also affected by canopy cover [14]. The young-aged palm oil has more open canopy cover compared to other oil palm canopy cover. Although the shrubs area in the KGP plantations has more open than the area of the young oil palm because reeds dominate it, but this area has no water source and has very dry soil conditions, so the number of butterflies was found less.  Meanwhile, the lowest number of species and species richness in KGP plantations are found in old oil palm areas (S = 9 and Dmg = 2.29). These results are different from CNG plantations, namely the area with the lowest number of species and species richness value was in the area of scrub (S = 10 and Dmg = 2.91) which is the original land cover. This difference can be due to differences in habitat conditions in each location. The old oil palm area on the KPG plantation has tight canopy cover conditions while the butterflies like the open area so that the butterflies found in this area are less than another land cover in the KPG plantation. Whereas on CNG plantations, the area of shrubs has the lowest number of species and value of species richness because no water source was found in the area and the canopy cover was very tight with rocky soil conditions. Habitat area of CNG bushes is not suitable as a butterfly habitat. Optimal habitat characteristics for butterflies is sufficient light factors, clean or unpolluted air and water as material needed for the humidity of the environment where butterflies live [15].
Generally, the evenness value of both plantations shows a variety of values with the lowest evenness value is 0.64. Evenness values of these types can be classified into evenly categories because the values obtained are high or close to the maximum evenness value (E = 1). The type evenness value can be used to see the distribution of the number of individual species in each type of land cover, the high evenness value means that no particular species dominates a particular habitat. The establishment of oil palm plantations requires a land conversion that is the impact on changes its biodiversity [16]. The results of the comparison between the baseline data and the land area in both of plantations showed the same results as the number of species in the plantation area was higher than the baseline area. Likewise, the richness values of butterflies in the plantation area higher than the baseline area. Comparison of the total number of species, species richness index and Evenness index in baseline and both of plantation presented on (figure 2). In the KGP population, there were 30 species of butterflies were found with a value of Dmg = 8.53 at the plantation area while the number of butterflies found at the baseline (Shrubs area) was 10 species with the Richness value or Dmg = 3.91. In the CNG plantations found 36 species of butterflies with Dmg = 9.77 in the plantation area, while the number of butterflies found at the baseline (Shrubs area) was 10 species with the richness value Dmg = 3.91. Evenness values for both oil palm plantations showed that the lowest value was 0.76 which indicated that no butterfly species dominated in both oil palm plantations. According to [17] the high evenness index indicates that locations have similar habitat or even abundance of individuals.
Overall, changes the land cover from shrubs to oil palm plantations in KGP plantations (into types of young oil palm cover, medium palm oil, palm oil and HCV areas) show a loss of 2 butterfly species (Junonia orithya and Moduza procris), gain of 22 species (Amathusia phidippus, Rapala   Base on the data in figure 3, both of KGP plantations and CNG plantations have various land coverings, including coverings by young-aged oil palm, medium-aged palm oil, old-aged palm oil and HCV areas. Both plantations also come from the same land cover (baseline), namely the scrub area. In KGP oil palm plantations, changes baseline to plantation areas have led to the lost butterfly species lower than gained butterfly species in young-aged oil palm, medium-aged oil palm, and HCV area, while in the old-aged oil palm has the lost butterfly species higher than gained butterfly species. This is because the old palm area has the least number of species and has a closed canopy cover which prevents sunlight from entering while the butterfly likes an open place [18].
In CNG oil palm plantations, all types of land cover after becoming plantations area (young-aged oil palm, medium-aged oil palm, old-aged oil palm, and HCV area) has gained butterfly species higher than lost butterfly species. This shows that the habitat formed from new land cover after the conversion of land from shrubs to plantation areas on CNG plantations still has sufficient ability to support the presence of butterflies including having the availability of living resources such as feed, host plants, shelter and breeding enough for various types of butterflies found.   Generally, the results of analysis similarity value on both plantations with baselines are quite low, both the plantation area as a management unit or based on the type of land cover that is value below 0.5. Low species similarity values indicate that most species of butterflies found in the plantation area were not found at the baseline (bush area) and vice versa. The similarity between the 2 locations is influenced by the habitat characteristics of each location. According to [19], the low similarity coefficient causes species that are found to be different or almost not in the same composition at these 2 different locations, this indicates that the greater the similarity of species, the greater the similarity of habitat characteristics or vice versa. This is also in line with [20] statement that different habitats have low similarities in species.

Conclusion
The highest butterfly diversity was found in oil palm plantations area, both on KGP oil palm plantation and CNG oil palm plantation. The total number of species found in baseline and oil palm plantations area in KGP oil palm plantation was 8 species on each. Conversion of Shrubs area to oil palm plantation has resulted in the gain of 22 species of butterfly and loss 2 species of butterfly. The total number of species found in baseline and oil palm plantations area in CNG oil palm plantation were 5 species on each. Conversion of Shrubs area to oil palm plantation has resulted in the gain of 31 species of butterfly and loss 5 species of butterfly.