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To Conserve Unimpaired: The Evolution of the National Park Idea.

horticulturalist John Bartram, including that of his son William Bartram, who had recently published (in 1791) a list of over 200 species of birds in his influential travelogue through the American South. The move could not have been more serendipitous for Wilson. William Bartram, at age 63, became his mentor and teacher in natural history, ornithology, and art. Only 5 years later, Wilson published the prospectus for American Ornithology and began the task of obtaining subscribers as he traveled, researched, and perfected his craft of drawing, engraving, and hand coloring his images of birds. Wilson’s goal was ambitious. He wished to produce the scientific accounts of each species of bird, and he possessed the literary skills to offer a readable text. His narrative was focused on the bird’s diet, plumage, anatomy, behavior, niche, and economic impact—and to complement his scientific text were his illustrations. A great strength of Alexander Wilson is in its detailed account of the development of its subject’s art as it progressed from sketches to handcolored, copper plate engravings. Over 200 pages of text—nearly half of the book—are dedicated to the chapter “Illustrating American Ornithology.” Combining excerpts from American Ornithology with nearly 100 illustrations from the Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University (and various other repositories), authors Edward H. Burtt Jr. and William E. Davis Jr. go to great length to analyze Wilson’s choices of species and composition. Wilson tended, at times, to place birds in settings in a manner more reminiscent of eighteenth-century bird illustrations, which, today, strike the viewer as stylistically awkward. His illustrations evolved from placing birds on stump pedestals or branches to those with background (albeit stylized) landscapes and accompanying ecological information. It is abundantly clear from his sketches—some are stunning portraits—that Wilson possessed an eye for detail regarding THE BEST IDEA STILL BEING PERFECTED