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Long term headache duration is a factor predicting nonresponse to detoxification and advice in medication overuse headache

Background Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a very heterogeneous disorder for which a recommended treatment is not yet available. The purpose of this study was to investigate any possible roles of demographic and clinical characteristics of MOH patients that might predict a response to detoxification and advice with or without preventive treatment. Findings This ancillary study is part of the Sodium vAlproate in the treatment of Medication Overuse HeadAche (SAMOHA) study that randomized 88 MOH patients for 3-month treatment period with sodium valproate (VPA) (800 mg/day) or placebo after a 6-day outpatient detoxification regimen. Demographic and clinical characteristics obtained on patients from both study arms were analyzed to point out an association with the response to the treatment. While for patients from VPA arm no significant results were obtained, comparing responders to non-responders to detoxification and advice to withdraw from MOH, a significant difference in headache duration was observed. Specifically, the efficacy of such treatment resulted ineffective in headache lasting longer than 30 years. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the benefit from detoxification and advice can be excluded in MOH of long duration. Therefore, a preventive treatment is suggested particularly for these patients.


Background
Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a secondary chronic headache having a relevant impact in clinical practice, with a prevalence of 1-2% in the general population [1][2][3]. MOH is a very heterogeneous disorder for which a recommended treatment is not yet available. The management of MOH currently represents a difficult challenge for clinicians and headache experts [4]. A possible treatment choice is detoxification and the initiation of a prophylactic therapy [5,6]. Nevertheless, the timing of this prophylactic treatment after detoxification remains one of the most debated aspects of MOH care [7] and a matter of concern among patients [8]. In a recent randomized open-label trial, a structured inpatient detoxification program, characterized by the immediate start of a preventive treatment, resulted more effective than advice alone or a structured outpatient program to achieve drug withdrawal [9]. Likewise, the Sodium vAlproate in the treatment of Medication Overuse Head-Ache (SAMOHA) study recently showed the efficacy and safety of sodium valproate (VPA), compared to placebo, after detoxification in the short-term treatment of MOH patients with a history of migraine without aura [10]. In light of this, we analyzed data obtained from patients in both arms of the SAMOHA study, in search of demographic and clinical characteristics which could predict a response to detoxification and advice to withdraw from drug abuse.

Subjects
This is an ancillary study related to the SAMOHA study, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. After a 4-week baseline period (during which no study medication was given) 88 MOH patients received a 6-day outpatient detoxification regimen and then a 3-month treatment period using VPA (800 mg/day), followed by a 3-month follow-up (to verify the possibility of a carry-over effect of treatment). After the detoxification phase, patients were advised to discontinue the overused medication. Although acute medications were consented, no specific symptomatic drugs were recommended during follow-up. The 3-month responder rate (the proportion of patients achieving ≥50% reduction in the number of days with headache per month) was 23.8% for the placebo arm and 45% for the VPA arm, while after the 3-month follow-up period this rate did not differ between the two groups [10].

Statistical analysis
Demographic (sex, age), clinical (body mass index, comorbidity, surgery) and headache characteristics (frequency, intensity, total and MOH duration, overused drugs) in Responders and Non-Responders (R and NR, respectively) from both study arms were compared.

Findings
For patients in the VPA arm, no differences between R and NR were observed fordemographic, clinical and headache characteristics (Table 1). Conversely, for patients in the placebo group, treated by detoxification and advice to withdraw from MOH, a significant difference between R and NR was found only for headache duration, while all the other variables were evenly distributed ( Table 2). Specifically, in MOH patients with a history of migraine longer than 30 years, the probability of response to detoxification and advice to withdraw from drug abuse was irrelevant.
With reference to psychiatric comorbidity and personality traits, none of the assessed inventories differed between R and NR (data not shown).

Discussion
To our knowledge, this is one of the few studies analyzing a possible correlation between demographic, clinical and headache characteristics of MOH patients and response to treatment. Our findings suggest that, in presence of a headache lasting more than 30 years, patients seem to have no benefit from detoxification and advice to withdraw from drug abuse, despite the possible placebo effect. Previously, in a cross-sectional epidemiological survey, the severity of dependence scale score could predict successful prognosis related to detoxification in MOH patients without other complicating secondary headaches [16].  The challenge of achieving a stable withdrawal from medication overuse is one of the most disputed aspects in the treatment of MOH. This lack of agreement is, for the most part, due to the heterogeneity of patients, overused medications, detoxification procedures and protocol designs [17].
Detoxification is often the first step in withdrawal from medication overuse. In this regard, some studies have suggested benefits from detoxification followed by advice for MOH [9]. Other studies have supported the efficacy of simple advice as a withdrawal strategy in MOH [18,19]. However, in most of these studies there were no controls nor comparisons between responders and non-responders.
The results from our study suggest that in MOH patients with a history of headache longer than 30 years, even in the absence of relevant comorbidities, there is no benefit from detoxification and advice without preventive therapy. This lack of benefit could be due to the lingering central sensitization underlying the pathophysiology of MOH [17]. In these cases, we would suggest an immediate initiation of a prophylactic treatment, to avoid a relapse of drug abuse. This therapeutic approach could lead to a swifter clinical response, better quality of life and economic savings. It is also interesting that MOH duration did not differ in R and NR; this aspect should be further investigated, in order to hypothesize common or different pathophysiological mechanisms for migraine and MOH.
Our study has some limitations. First, the available sample size is incompatible with definitive results regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics we investigated. Given the small numbers, we could not perform a multivariate analysis of our data. So, headache duration may be masked by other confounding variables. Second, some of the patients in our study were included in the placebo arm of the SAMOHA study and, as such, they did not know if they were untreated. Even if a placebo effect cannot be ignored in MOH patients, the validity of our research hypothesis is weakened but not entirely excluded. Third, as our study analyzed the short-term efficacy of treatment, the long-term response to detoxification and advise is unknown.
In conclusion, in the case of headache of long duration our findings suggest that the benefit from detoxification and advice can be excluded in MOH patients. Therefore, a preventive treatment is suggested for these patients. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed on this issue as their results could lead to a better management of MOH patients. Authors' contributions SC contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, acquisition of data, statistical analysis, study supervision or coordination and obtaining funding. EB contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis and interpretation of data and statistical analysis. LMC contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis and interpretation of data and acquisition of data. IC contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, acquisition of data, statistical analysis, study supervision or coordination and obtaining funding. EB contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis and interpretation of data and statistical analysis. PC contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, acquisition of data, statistical analysis, study supervision or coordination and obtaining funding. PS contributed in drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, acquisition of data, statistical analysis, study supervision or coordination and obtaining funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding
This project proposal was approved and funded (announcement year 2006) by "Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco" as part of the project AREA "Pharmacoepidemiological studies aimed at defining the benefit-risk profile of treatments and the impact of strategies for improving the appropriateness of drug use. TOPIC: Studies on pharmacological treatments of chronic headache". Dr. Sarchielli had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.