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Prolonged sitting increases the risk of gallstone disease regardless of physical activity: a cohort study

Abstract Objectives: We aimed to examine the relationship between sitting time and the development of ultrasonography-diagnosed gallstone disease (GSD) in young and middle-aged Korean men and women. Material and methods: We conducted a cohort study of 147,237 participants without GSD at baseline who underwent a health checkup examination between 2011 and 2015 and were followed annually or biennially until December 2016. Sitting time and physical activity were measured using the validated Korean version of the international physical activity questionnaire short form. GSD was defined as either having had a cholecystectomy or having gallstones based on ultrasound. Results: During 486,376 person-years of follow-up, 2382 incident GSD cases were identified. Both prolonged sitting time and inactive physical activity had a significant independent association with the increased risk of GSD. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval for GSD comparing sitting times of 5–9 and ≥10 h/day with the sitting time of <5 h/day were 1.08 (0.97–1.21) and 1.15 (1.02–1.29), respectively (p for trend = .023). The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for GSD in both the inactive and the minimally active groups compared with HEPA group were 1.22 (1.08–1.38) and 1.13 (0.99–1.28, respectively (p for trend = .001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that sitting time may be associated with GSD risk regardless of physical activity. The findings of this study suggest that both increasing participation in physical activity and reducing sitting time may be independently important in reducing the risk of GSD.