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Triazinone herbicide metribuzin induced acute liver injury: A study of animal model

Agricultural pesticides contribute to increasing agricultural productivity but at the same time pose potential risks to human health and the environment[1]. Algeria is ranked among the countries that use the largest quantities of pesticides, including the Algerian Association for the Protection of the Environment. Algeria is a major consumer of pesticides, 30 000 tons are applied every year[2]. Each food is likely to contain different pesticide residues[3]. Sanitary control of food products is an important part of the program of activities of the Public Health Committee of the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field[4]. The limits for pesticide residues in food should be contingent on control and should take into account the maximum international limits recommended for pesticide residues developed by the Codex Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity effect of metribuzin at low dose on liver of mother rabbits and its fetus. Methods: Pregnant female rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were divided into three groups (n=5). The first group of non-treated pregnancy rabbits served as control; the second group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/100 LD50 of metribuzin and the third group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/50 LD50 of metribuzin. Metribuzin was added in their drinking water for 60 d before and during pregnancy. Levels of liver malondialdehyde, liver glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase were determined. Liver reduced glutathione level was also determined by a colorimetric method. And hepatic homogenate was analyzed by HPLC analysis to determine the existence of traces of metribuzin. Results: Results revealed a significant increase in level of liver malondialdehyde, glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in mother and fetuses rabbits of both metribuzin treatment groups as compared to the control group. However the level of reduced glutathione was decreased in mother and fetuses rabbits of both groups treated with metribuzin compared to control group. Also, the results obtained by HPLC technique showed the presence of trace metribuzin in liver cells of mothers and fetuses rabbits of the both metribuzin treated groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study shows that exposure to metribuzin at low concentrations causes a acute toxicity in liver of mother rabbits and its fetus, also the trace of the metribuzin detected in the liver is the origin of possible malformation of the fetuses or abortion of the rabbits. J Acute Dis 2018; 7(4): 152-157


Introduction
Agricultural pesticides contribute to increasing agricultural productivity but at the same time pose potential risks to human health and the environment [1]. Algeria is ranked among the countries that use the largest quantities of pesticides, including the Algerian Association for the Protection of the Environment.
Algeria is a major consumer of pesticides, 30 000 tons are applied every year [2]. Each food is likely to contain different pesticide residues [3]. Sanitary control of food products is an important part of the program of activities of the Public Health Committee of the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field [4].
The limits for pesticide residues in food should be contingent on control and should take into account the maximum international limits recommended for pesticide residues developed by the Codex Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity effect of metribuzin at low dose on liver of mother rabbits and its fetus. Methods: Pregnant female rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were divided into three groups (n=5). The first group of non-treated pregnancy rabbits served as control; the second group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/100 LD 50 of metribuzin and the third group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/50 LD 50 of metribuzin. Metribuzin was added in their drinking water for 60 d before and during pregnancy. Levels of liver malondialdehyde, liver glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase were determined. Liver reduced glutathione level was also determined by a colorimetric method. And hepatic homogenate was analyzed by HPLC analysis to determine the existence of traces of metribuzin. Results: Results revealed a significant increase in level of liver malondialdehyde, glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in mother and fetuses rabbits of both metribuzin treatment groups as compared to the control group. However the level of reduced glutathione was decreased in mother and fetuses rabbits of both groups treated with metribuzin compared to control group. Also, the results obtained by HPLC technique showed the presence of trace metribuzin in liver cells of mothers and fetuses rabbits of the both metribuzin treated groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study shows that exposure to metribuzin at low concentrations causes a acute toxicity in liver of mother rabbits and its fetus, also the trace of the metribuzin detected in the liver is the origin of possible malformation of the fetuses or abortion of the rabbits.
Alimentarius Commission [5]. Pesticides can be very harmful and are suspected to pose a risk to human health and the environment by accumulating in ecosystems [6]. They are frequently implicated in the degradation of the quality of fresh and coastal waters, air and soil, in the reduction of terrestrial biodiversity found in agricultural areas and in contaminated natural environments or Even in cases of excess mortality of bees and decreased production of hives [7]. The access of pesticides to living structures is either voluntary (experimental toxicology, suicide) or involuntary (accidental exposure). There are generally three main modes of access: inhalation (vapors, aerosols), contact (topical application) (skin, mucous membranes) and oral ingestion (spontaneous or forced, including criminal acts) [8]. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5-one] is used worldwide as a pre-and post-emergence selective herbicide on grasses and Broadleaf weeds. It is applied to various crops, including alfalfa, asparagus, corn, potatoes and tomatoes [9].
Metribuzin has moderate acute oral toxicity (LD 50 322 mg/kg bw) and low dermal and inhalation toxicity (LD 50 > 5 000 mg/kg bw and LC 50 > 2.0 mg/L, respectively). It is neither an irritant to the skin and eyes nor a skin sensitizer [10]. The aim of this study is to estimate the toxicity effect of pesticides Metribuzin on liver in mother rabbits and its fetus .

Animals
In our study we used female rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus with initial weight between 1 240-1 776 g. They were placed in three groups of 5 rabbits in each and kept in animal's house of Department of cellular and molecular biology, University of El Oued, Algeria.
The animals are carried in a laboratory place for adaptation with conditions of temperature (18.08±0.62) 曟 , humidity (64.59±1.14)% and photoperiod (12 hours of light/12 hours of black). Access to Standard diet and water is free for animals ad libitum during the experiments. The realization of the experimental part is respect to the ethical approval. Metribuzin solution was prepared by dissolving in distilled water in concentrations of 3.22 mg/kg and 6.44 mg/kg of metribuzin respectively. The metribuzin solution was prepared every 2 days to minimize the metribuzin precipitates. Evaluate the body weight and food intake were controlled during the experiment.

Blood collection and tissue preparation
After of 8 weeks of metribuzin treatment and on day 20 of gestation, rabbits were fasted for 16 h, then sacrificed, the blood was collected in tubes without anticoagulants. The serum was obtained by centrifuging the blood at 3 000 rpm for 10 min and then stored at −20 曟 , and used for transaminases activities assay. Then, the abdominal cavity was opened and the fetuses were gently removed and weighted separately ( Figure 1). The liver of mother rabbits and fetuses of different groups was rapidly excised, weighed and stored at-20 曟 until use for HPLC analysis and oxidative stress evaluation.

Preparation of homogenates
One gram of liver from each mother rabbit and fetuses of the different experiment groups was used. The tissues were milled and homogenized in 9 mL of buffer solution of TBS (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4). The tissue suspension was centrifuged at 9 000 rpm for 15 min at 4 曟, the supernatant obtained was stored at -20 曟 until use for the oxidative stress marker assay.

Determination of lipid peroxidation
Liver lipid peroxidation levels was measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) which measured according to the technique of Sastre et al. [11]. The method is based on the reaction between the carbonyl compounds of malondialdehyde with thiobarbituric acid to give absorbent pink chromophores at 532 nm. MDA level was expressed as nmol of MDA/mg prot.

Level of reduced glutathione (GSH) assay
Liver GSH level was determined by a colorimetric method according to the technique described by Ellman [12], the measurement of optical density results from the formation of thionitrobenzoic acid from the reduction of 5,5'dithiodis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, which is called the Ellman reagent with the SH groups exist in GSH, which has an absorbance at 412 nm. Total GSH level was expressed as nmol GSH/mg prot.

Activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) assay
The activity of GST in Liver was measured spectrophotometrically by the method of Habig et al [13]. based on the formation kinetics of a complex between a GST substrate: 1-chloro-2-4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and GSH. The complex formed can be visualized by increasing the optical density at a 340 nm. The GST activity was expressed as nmol CDNB /min/mg prot.

HPLC analysis
The hepatic homogenates were filtered before injection. An HPLC system was used with a detector at λ = 238 nm, the column used

Statistical analysis
The statistical evaluation was carried out by the student's t test using The values were given as mean±standard deviations (SD) for three groups of 5 rabbits each. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.

Initial body weight, body weight gain, relative liver weight and food intake
The results in the Table 1 showed that the body weight gain and food intake were significantly decreased (P<0.05 and P<0.001) in M 1/100 LD 50 and M 1/50 LD 50 groups compared to the control respectively. In another side, the results also showed that the relative liver weight was significantly increased (P<0.01) in animals contaminated with 1/100 LD 50 and 1/50 LD 50 of metribuzin compared to the control group.

Transaminases activities
The results in Figure 2 showed that the activities of the transaminases were significantly increased (P<0.01 and P<0.001) in the M 1/100 LD 50 and M 1/50 LD 50 groups for GOT activity respectively and highly significant increased (P<0.001) in the two groups treated with metribuzin for GPT activity compared to the control group. Table 1 Initial body weight, body weight gain, relative liver weight and food intake of control and experimental animals.

Oxidative stress parameters
As regards the results of oxidative stress, the Table 2 showed that the liver concentration of MDA and GST activity were significantly increased (P<0.01 and P<0.001) and the level of GSH was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in liver of mother rabbit group exposed to metribuzin at dose 1/100 LD 50 . MDA and GST activity were significantly increased (P<0.01 and P<0.001) and the level of GSH was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in liver of mother rabbit group exposed to metribuzin at the dose 1/50 LD 50 compared to the control rabbit. Table 2 Liver oxidative stress parameters of mother rabbits.
As shown in Table 3, concentration of MDA and GST activity were significantly increased P<0.01 and P<0.001) and the level of GSH was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in liver fetus of rabbit exposed to metribuzin at dose 1/100 LD 50 . MDA and GST activity were significantly increased (P<0.01 and P<0.001) and the level of GSH was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in liver fetus of rabbit exposed to metribuzin at the dose 1/50 LD 50 compared to the control rabbit. Table 3 Liver oxidative stress parameters of fetal rabbits. Significance compared with control: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Discussion
Metribuzin is a selective thiazine herbicide used mostly on vegetable crops. There is evidence from animal studies that metribuzin may cause adverse health effects, such as liver enzyme activities, endocrine modifications and fetus toxicity [16]. The objective of our study is to evaluate the acute toxicity of metribuzin to liver of mother rabbit and its fetus. The results of the effect of metribuzin on the body weight of rabbits show that there is a significant decrease, probably due to reduced food intake during the experiment, Results is consistent with the study of MORGAN, which used rabbits treated with metribuzin for 6-18 d. This study reported a correlation between decreased food intake, along with losing body weight of female rabbits during the period of treatment [17].
However, this weight loss is probably due to anorexia induced by the ingestion of this xenobiotic following continuous exposure over a long period [18]. The elevation of the relative weight of the liver of the M 1/100LD 50 and M 1/50 LD 50 groups indicated in our study may be due to liver necrosis due to the accumulation of lipid and metribuzin in hepatic cells [19]. This is in line with the presence of liver metribuzin reported in our results. Moreover, our results also show that there is an increase in the transaminases activities (GOT, GPT) in the two groups treated with metribuzin compared to the control group. These results are consistent with the study by Merzouk et al. which showed an increase in plasma transaminases activities (GOT and GPT) in rats exposed to low dose metribuzin [20].
These results can probably be explained by the acute cytotoxic effect of metribuzin on liver cells. Transaminases are essential enzymes of cytolysis [21], they are active in the liver, heart and muscles. They pass into the serum in case of hepatic or muscular cytolysis. An important increase is observed in the cytolysis of toxic hepatitis [22].
The results of hepatic HPLC analysis show that there is a trace of metribuzin in the livers of treated rabbits and shows that hepatic cells are targets of metribuzin which is the pathogen responsible for Toxicity and hepatic lysis confirmed by the elevation of serum transaminases. Our results are in agreement with the study of EFSA Scientific Report, which shows that the liver is the important organ targeted by metribuzin [10]. The presence of metribuzin peak in the fetal liver also shows that this pesticide can cross the blood-brain barrier and rejoin the fetal bloodstream, which is metabolized in the liver, causing several pathologies or fetal-maternal complications induced by metribuzin. The results of the effect of metribuzin on the oxidative stress parameters show an increase in the concentration of hepatic MDA in all the groups studied including the mother rabbits exposed to metribuzin and its fetuses. These results are in agreement with the study of Kadeche et al. which shows an increase in tissue MDA concentration in rats exposed to low dose of metribuzin [23].
Oxidative stress at the cellular level reflects an increase in MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation of membranes [25], which occurs at the level of membrane structures in cells (rich in phospholipids containing Unsaturated fatty acids) which are responsible to be altered by the radical forms. In the presence of free radicals and oxygen derivatives, the unsaturated fatty acids undergo oxidative degradation [26]. The free radicals that leads to lipid peroxidation are just inflammation, macrophages and neutrophils can produce very high amounts of reactive oxygen species, which produces via membrane NADPH oxidases [27]. The results of the effect of metribuzin on antioxidant parameters also show an increase in GSH level and GST activity in the liver. GSH is a non-enzymatic antioxidant that contributes to the defense system in the body against oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species [28].
The decrease in GSH is probably due to the appearance of a large amount of peroxides under the influence of metribuzin. The ability of glutathione to reduce The hydroperoxides formed during the metribuzin metabolism under the action of glutathione peroxidase lead to the massive oxidation of glutathione to oxidized glutathione leading to an imbalance in the GSH/GSSG ratio [29]. This leads to the consumption of GSH which is the reason for the significant decrease in its level. The involvement of antioxidant enzymes such as GST as protective factors of cells and organs against toxic agents and oxidative stress [30]. The enzyme that catalyzes GSH conjugation to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds is GST, which possesses the detoxification capability where their role in the cellular protection of oxidative stress appears [31]. The conjugation of metribuzin metabolites with GSH followed by the conversion of mercapturic acid derivatives appears to play a major role in detoxification and excretion [32].
The present study exhibits the toxic effects of metribuzin on liver by induced oxidative stress in mother rabbits and its fetus. From the study, it can be further concluded that the trace of the metribuzin detected in the liver is the origin of possible malformation of the fetuses or abortion of the rabbits.