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The Adenoid Microbiome in Recurrent Acute Otitis Media and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the microbial flora of adenoids from patients with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).


MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was prospective and controlled. Adenoids were obtained from children undergoing adenoidectomy for recurrent AOM (n=7) or OSA (n=13). Specimens were processed for total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation. 16s DNA 454-pyrosequencing was performed on AOM (n=5) and OSA (n=5) specimens. All specimens were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the quantification of the oral commensal bacteria, Streptococcus salivarius.


RESULTS
All adenoid specimens had evidence of microbes. Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were among the dominant species in all samples. S. salivarius, Prevotella sp. and Terrahaemophilus aromaticivorans were more common on adenoids from OSA patients (p<0.05). Bradyrhizobium sp. was more common on adenoids from patients with recurrent AOM (p<0.05). The microbial profiles associated with recurrent AOM were different from, but overlapped with OSA. S. salivarius quantified by real-time PCR was not different between the two groups.


CONCLUSION
Microbes are present on all adenoid specimens, though the microbial profile differs between recurrent AOM and OSA. The clinical significance of these differences remains to be determined.