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CONTRIBUTION TO THE SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE OF ENDEMIC AUBRIETA PINARDII BOISS. (BRASSICACEAE) FROM TURKEY

The aim of this study was to document the taxonomical, morphological, anatomical, palynological and cytological characters, and geographical distribution of endemic Aubrieta pinardii Boiss. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. The description of the taxon was revised as a consequence of comprehensive assessments of many specimens. The surface pictures belonging to seed and pollen of the taxon were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope. The seed surface ornamentation was rugose. The pollen was radially and isopolar and prolate in forms, with polar axes of 19.52 ± 0.29 μm and equatorial axes of 13.04 ± 0.22 μm, with oval outlines in the equatorial axes, and elliptical in the polar axes. They were three–colpate and colpus sizes varied between 12.98 μm and 13.29 μm in length, and between 1.33 and 2.09 μm in width. Also, the anatomical structures of the root, stem and leaf of species were studied. In cytological studies, the chromosome number of species was found as 2n = 16 (x =8). This was the first work including taxonomical, morphological (macro and micro), anatomical and cytological data of endemic Aubrieta pinardi

The first exhaustive taxonomic research of Aubrieta was given by Boissier (1867). Afterwards, Mattfield (1937) worked on the taxonomical appearance of the genus. Al-Shehbaz (2010) informed the difficulties in determining reliable morphological characteristics that show variation. The taxonomy of Arabideae including genus Aubrieta has been compelling due to excessive similarity in macromorphological characters .
A number of studies on some Aubrieta taxa, like morphology of some Bulgarian taxa (Ančev and Goranova, 2009), morphology, anatomy and cytology of A. canescens subsp. canescens (Karaismailoğlu, 2016) and molecular data such as plastid matK and chloroplast gene ndhF of A. deltoidea (Koch et al., 2001) were conducted previously. Apart from these, there were no systematic studies directly related to the genus. The genus Aubrieta need to be studied in detail, owing to the paucity of information on its taxa.
In this study, taxonomical, macromorphological, micromorphological, anatomical, palynological, and cytological characters of endemic Aubrieta pinardii Boiss. have been revealed for the first time, and that have contributed to the systematics of the genus.

Materials and Methods
Specimens were collected by the second author and housed in the herbarium of the Science Faculty of Selçuk University (KNYA) (Locality: Konya, Beyşehir, Başarakavak crossroads, stony places, 1350 m, 11 April 2018, E. Şirin 708 H. Günal). At least ten seeds or anthers for each species were dehydrated in alcohol series (70%, 80%, 96% and 100%) in SEM analyses for cleaning process. Seeds were coated with gold under ZEISS EVO LS-10 model SEM highvacuum mode for observing their surface at 30X, 1000X and 2000X magnifications. The terminology of micro characteristics was performed according to Stearn (1992) and Koul et al., (2000). In addition, the stereo microscope images of the seeds were photographed with the LEICA DFC295 digital camera attached to the LEICA S8AP0 microscope.
For the anatomical examinations, cross-sections from the root, stem, and leaf were collected using a fully automatic microtome (Thermo Shonda Met Finesse). Later, they were treated through a ethyl alcohol and xylene series and stained with hematoxylin or methylene blue in a dying apparatus (ASC 720 Medite) and covered with Entellan to examine their anatomical structures (Karaismailoğlu, 2015a(Karaismailoğlu, , 2015b(Karaismailoğlu, , 2016(Karaismailoğlu, , 2019. The anatomical characters were observed with utilizing an Olympus CX21FS1 microscope and Kameram Imaging Software. Primary root meristems obtained by germinating seeds were utilized for chromosomal analyses. The protocol of Karaismailoğlu (2016) was followed with some modifications in preparation of the slides. The root tips were pretreated in 5% a-bromonaftol solution for 4 h, allowed to stand 24 h in Carnoy (3:1 = ethyl alcohol:glacial acetic acid), hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl for 6-8 min at 60°C, and stained with aceto-orcein for 3 h. Eventually, preparations were coated with Entellan to make them permanent. The best metaphase images were photographed with an Olympus CX21FS1 light microscope (Tokyo, Japan) attached to a digital camera.
Pollen morphology: Pollens were radially and isopolar and prolate in forms, with polar axes of 19.52 ± 0.29 µm and equatorial axes of 13.04 ± 0.22 µm, with oval outlines in the equatorial axes, and elliptical in the polar axes (amb) (Fig. 3). They were three-colpate. Also, colpus sizes varied between 12.98 µm and 13.29 µm in length, and between 1.33 and 2.09 µm in width. The margins were organized. The exine thickness varied between 1.05 and 1.48 µm, and it was usually thicker in the apertural sections. Additionally the intine thickness ranged from 0.32 to 0.48 µm. A. pinardii was of coarse reticulate ornamentation type with somewhat meandering muri. The lumina comprised of polygonal or irregular cells; its diameter ranged from 0.48 to 1.52 µm.    Root, stem and leaf anatomy: An exodermis, consisting of flat cells with 1-3 layered was placed on the outermost surface of A. pinardii (Fig. 4). The thickness of this layer ranged from 21.43 µm to 50.65 µm. Under exodermis, cortex contained of multilayer scleranchymatic cells between 15 µm and 38 µm in diameter. Endodermis layer is not pronounced. The most enclosed space in the roots was shaped by secondary xylem. Pith rays extended from large parenchymatic cells (Fig. 4). The palisade parenchyma in the mesophyll layer covers more space than spongy parenchyma.
In cross-sections of the stem, 1 layered epidermis consisting of flat or rectangular cells was detected in outermost ( Figure 4). The dimensions of epidermis cells were recorded as 8-18 µm in length, and 3-6 µm in width. Under the epidermis layer, there was a cortex with 5-9 layered, consisting of ovoid or flat shaped cells. Its thickness was in 70.59 and 81.96 µm. The xylem and phloem elements were indistinct. The vascular bundle was open collateral type. The vessel member diameter showed variations between 11.72 and 26.08 µm. Innermost, there was also a layer consisting of large parenchymatous cells (Fig. 4). In the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf, single-layer epidermis cells consisting of irregularly flat or polygonal cells were detected. The leaf was bifacial. The mesophyll layer was noticed as having 2-4 spongy layers and a thickness of 35-55 µm, and 1 layered palisade parenchyma with a thickness of 65-85 µm. The leaves were of collateral vascular bundles, which were surrounded by parenchymatic cells (bundle sheet) (Fig.4).
Cytology: The chromosome number of A. pinardii, 2n = 16, counted in root tips, is also reported and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 5).
Aubrieta is problematic in terms of its systematics, and frequent field examinations are necessary to define the limit of taxa belonging to the genus (Cullen, 1965). Description of A. pinardii was very narrow-scope in Flora of Turkey and it has been updated and revised with intensive field works ( Table 1). The taxonomic characterization of the species was updated by addition of more characteristics from a significant number of plants taken from the native populations, in comparison with characters in Flora of Turkey (Cullen, 1965). Morphological characters reported for the first time are stem and leaves indumentum and measurements, filaments, anthers, style, stigma and seeds features (Table 1). In this study, information on the distribution of Aubrieta pinardii have been provided for the first time. Table 1. New characters for the examined taxon (A. pinardii) and their comparison with the relevent descriptions in the Flora of Turkey (Cullen, 1965).
The data about pollen morphological characters can permit us to better recognize the pragmatism of pollen works in separating the correlated taxa. The pollen shape observed in A. pinardii is the most common type in its family and is consistent with the findings of Khalik and Maesn Van Der (2002), Mutlu and Erik (2012), and Karaismailoğlu (2017b and2019). The aperture and exine features of A. pinardii were explained as the important standard for the categorization of phylogenetic correlation in many studies (Kuprianova, 1967;Cronquist, 1968;Takhtajan, 1980;Karaismailoğlu 2019).
The pollen surface ornamentation is useful for delaminating some closely-related taxa belonging to various genera in the family (Khalik and Maesn Van Der, 2002;Karaismailoğlu, 2017bKaraismailoğlu, , 2019. The coarse reticulate type of pollen ornamentation found in the studied species is in accordance with the findings of Anchev and Deneva (1997), Mutlu and Erik (2012), and Karaismailoğlu (2017bKaraismailoğlu ( , 2019. Mutlu and Erik (2012) have informed that pollen including coarse reticulate (lumina of more than 1 µm) are generally found in humid areas unlike others, which is supported by the findings of this study.
The systematic use of anatomical features is useful in the taxonomy of the family Brassicaceae (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1957). The anatomical characteristics of the root, stem, and leaf of A. pinardii have been given in this study for the first time ( Figure 4). A. pinardii cortex cells are subsequent to a thin epidermis layer in the stem which seems to be similar to the relevant images of some Alyssum, Erysimum, Aubrieta species (Orcan and Binzet, 2003;Cansaran et al., 2007;Karaismailoğlu, 2016) and Pachypragma macrophyllum (Karaismailoğlu, 2019).
Chromosome numbers in the Brassicaceae are mostly different for taxa within genera and they are important in terms of the evaluation of systematics and evolution in this family (Karaismailoğlu, 2018). Chromosome numbers of seven out of 12 species of Aubrieta in the world is known so far (Warwick and Al-Shehbaz, 2006). The chromosome counts of Aubrieta canescens subsp. canescens in Turkey reported as 2n = 16 (Karaismailoğlu, 2016) is is consistent with our study.