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Adrenal cancer in neurofibromatosis type 1: case report and DNA analysis

Summary Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) has previously only been reported in eight patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1). There has not been any clear evidence of a causal association between NF1 gene mutations and adrenocortical malignancy development. We report the case of a 49-year-old female, with no family history of endocrinopathy, who was diagnosed with ACC on the background of NF1, due to a novel germline frame shift mutation (c.5452_5453delAT) in exon 37 of the NF1 gene. A left adrenal mass was detected by ultrasound and characterised by contrast computerised tomography (CT) scan. Biochemical tests showed mild hypercortisolism and androgen excess. A 24-h urinary steroid profile and 18flouro deoxy glucose PET suggested ACC. An open adrenalectomy was performed and histology confirmed ACC. This is the first reported case with DNA analysis, which demonstrated the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the NF1 locus in the adrenal cancer, supporting the hypothesis of an involvement of the NF1 gene in the pathogenesis of ACC. LOH analysis of the tumour suggests that the loss of neurofibromin in the adrenal cells may lead to tumour formation. Learning points ACC is rare but should be considered in a patient with NF1 and adrenal mass when plasma metanephrines are normal. Urinary steroid metabolites and PET/CT are helpful in supporting evidence for ACC. The LOH at the NF1 region of the adrenal tumour supports the role of loss of neurofibromin in the development of ACC.


Background
Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy. The diagnosis of this condition is challenging and it is often difficult to differentiate between ACC and adrenal adenoma. Urine steroid metabolomics is being used increasingly for both diagnosis and follow-up of people with ACC (1). About 60% of those with ACC have evidence of hormone excess on biochemical analysis. Not all of these are clinically manifested, primarily because of de-differentiation and thus incomplete steroidogenic enzyme expression in malignant cell. This results in increased excretion of steroid precursors in urine. Arlt et al. (1) suggested that more than 95% of those with ACC had increased urine excretion of precursor metabolites.
Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) (OMIM 162200) is an autosomal dominant disease with an incidence of one in 3-4000 (2). It is characterised by multiple café-au-lait spots, intertriginous freckling and neurofibromas. Cerebral and spinal tumours, skeletal dysplasias and ophthalmological abnormalities are also found. NF1 is well known to be associated with phaeochromocytoma (3).
ACC is a rare condition, which is associated with several familial cancer susceptibility syndromes, especially Li-Fraumeni, Beckwith-Wiedemann, Gardner and familial adenomatous polyposis coli syndromes (4), as well as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. The association with NF1 is not well reported and it is not clear whether this is an incidental finding or if there is a causal association.

Case presentation
A 49-year-old female of Afro-Caribbean origin with NF1, was under follow-up at the specialist neurofibromatosis clinic in our centre. Genetic analysis in 2011 demonstrated that she had a novel heterozygous mutation c.5452_5453delAT in exon 37 of NF1 (RefSeq NM_000267.3). In 2012, a routine surveillance ultrasound revealed a left adrenal mass, which on 123 I-metaIodo benzyl guanidine scan showed weak uptake.
She was referred to our joint endocrine-surgical service and found to have asymptomatic hypertension. There was no family history of endocrine malignancy or endocrinopathy of note. Her blood pressure in clinic was 150/99 mmHg, heart rate 86/min, BMI 31.5 kg/m 2 and weight 82.5 kg. Clinically, she did not have symptoms or signs suggestive of phaeochromocytoma, glucocorticoid or androgen excess. She had multiple cutaneous neurofibromas, café-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, kyphoscoliosis, and severe myopia. She also had a multi-nodular goitre.

Investigations
Plasma metanephrines were normal, as was aldosterone/ renin ratio. She had mildly elevated androstenedione level at 12.8 nmol/l (1.0-11.8). Her other androgen levels were within normal limits. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) revealed hypercortisolism excess, with baseline and post-48-h suppression cortisol of 523 and 140 nmol/l respectively. Other pre-operative biochemistry results are available in Table 1.
Her computerised tomography (CT) scan of the chest and abdomen showed an enhancing 8.7!8.6 cm left supra-renal mass with areas of heterogeneity (Fig. 1). The appearance of a large heterogeneous mass with normal plasma metanephrines and elevated androgen levels gave rise to the suspicion of ACC. We subsequently performed a whole-body 18 flouro deoxy glucose (FDG) PET/CT, which showed intense increased uptake of 18 FDG within the mass with a standardised uptake value (SUVmax) of 25, suggesting malignancy (Fig. 2).
Collating the information, a diagnosis of possible adrenocortical cancer with sub-clinical cortisol and androgen excess was made.

Treatment
The patient underwent an open adrenalectomy to remove the 9!10 cm adrenal mass. Histology confirmed adrenocortical carcinoma with a modified weiss score of 6. There was no evidence of tumour progression beyond the resected margins. The tumour had areas of confluent necrosis, severe nuclear atypia and increased mitotic activity with focal Ki67 index of 5-10%. Immunohistochemical staining showed calretinin positivity, suggesting cortical origin as opposed to medullary origin. Chromogranin was negative with positive staining for Melan A and inhibin.

Genetic analysis
The DNA from blood and adrenal tissue were analysed for sequence alterations in the region in which a germline heterozygous AT deletion, c.5452_5453delAT; p.Ile1818-Profs*22 in exon 37 of NF1 (RefSeq NM_000267.3), had been previously found by the Cardiff genetics laboratory. Germline DNA was extracted from EDTA blood using Illustra DNA extraction kit BACC2 (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Tissue DNA extraction from three parallel 5-mm sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissue was performed using DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR was performed using forward (5 0 -ACCTTCATGCACCAGGA-GTG-3 0 ) and reverse (5 0 -ACCGTAAACTGGGTCAGAAC-3 0 ) primers. The primers have been designed using Primer-Blast (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast) and synthesised by Sigma-Aldrich.
Genetic analysis of the tumour tissue confirmed the loss of the WT allele, therefore suggesting loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the NF1 locus (Fig. 4).

Outcome and follow-up
The post-operative period was uneventful and she did not display any symptoms or signs of adrenal insufficiency (0900 h cortisol 330 nmol/l). On review, 2 months after the surgery, she reported no symptoms. Her blood pressure was 120/75 mmHg (off all anti-hypertensive medications). She had lost 5 kg since surgery. A repeat LDDST showed no evidence of excess hormone secretion. Her repeat 24-h urinary steroid profile showed that the elevated androgenic and glucocorticoid precursor levels had now normalised. A whole-body 18 FDG PET/CT performed 6 months following the surgery did not show any increased uptake in the tumour bed or elsewhere.
As this was classified as European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) stage 2 ACC, the patient was initiated on adjuvant mitotane 500 mg once daily and the dose has been progressively increased to 5 g daily. Her most recent mitotane level was 12.6 mg/l (target 14-20). She was also started on hydrocortisone when the cortisol level dropped subsequent to starting mitotane. She has remained in remission 18 months after the surgery.

Discussion
We describe an unusual case of ACC in a patient with NF1. This is the ninth case of ACC reported in the NF1 in the literature and the first case that demonstrated the LOH at the NF1 locus in ACC.
NF1 results from a loss-of-function mutation or deletion in the NF1 gene located on chromosome 17. NF1 is a tumour suppressor gene encoding neurofibromin. Patients are susceptible to a variety of tumours, of which the most common malignant tumours are sarcomas (including leiomyosarcoma and neurofibrosarcoma), and carcinoma of the breast, lung and GI tract. Of the other tumours, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, optic nerve gliomas, phaeochromocytomas, parathyroid adenomas, carcinoid tumours and thyroid nodules are also common (5).
Neurofibromin is widely expressed in humans at the earliest stages of development, while in adults it is expressed mostly in neural tissues (neurons, Schwann cells and  oligodendrocytes) and in the adrenal medulla. Neurofibromin acts as a GTPase activator and is a negative regulator of the Ras oncoprotein involved in cell differentiation and proliferation that requires GTP for full activity (6).
In patients with a heterozygous germline NF1 mutation, the loss of the other (WT) allele will lead to the complete loss of neurofibromin function and the development of tumours, according to the Knudson two-hit hypothesis (7). This LOH at the NF1 locus has been found in both benign and malignant tumours associated with germline NF1 mutations. Interestingly, somatic NF1 mutations are common in sporadic phaeochromocytomas (8).
ACC has been reported in NF1. A literature search yielded five confirmed and three more possible cases of ACC in NF1. In 1967, Fraumeni & Miller (9) reported a case of NF1 associated with ACC in a 4.5-year-old girl who also had brain metastasis. In the report, there is also mention of two other cases (16-and 17-year-old girls) of ACC associated with café-au-lait spots. However, other than café-au-lait spots, no other features of NF1 were described and there are no follow-up data. In 1970, Fienman & Yakovac (10) reported one case of neurofibromatosis and adrenal carcinoma with a thalamic tumour, but the report did not have any further details. Sorensen et al. (11) followed up a cohort of Danish patients with NF1 who were identified 42 years previously and reported two cases of ACC in a series of 212 malignant tumours in patients with NF1. One was a 46-year-old female who also had reticulosarcoma and there are no clinical details on the second case. In 2005, Wagner et al. (12) reported the case of a 3-year-old girl with NF1 and ACC. She had a paraspinal metastasis and presented with the clinical features of cortisol and androgen excess. The last case is from Gutmann et al. (13) in which they found a LOH for the 17q region in the adrenal tumour in their patient with NF1.
Among the previously reported cases of ACC in NF1, in only one case has there been a loss-of-heterozygosity analysis performed on the tissue sample from the adrenal cortical tumour, it is not clear whether this was an ACC (13). Our analysis suggests that the LOH in the tumour may have a direct link with the development of her ACC.
In conclusion, we report herein an NF1 patient with a novel NF1 gene mutation and an ACC. LOH analysis of the tumour suggests that the loss of neurofibromin in the adrenal cells may lead to tumour formation.

Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.

Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.

Patient consent
The authors confirm that written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of the submitted article and the accompanying images.
Author contribution statement R K Menon and T-T L L Chung contributed to literature search and writing of the manuscript. F Ferrau and M Korbonitis provided the DNA analysis report and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All other co-authors contributed towards patient care and finalising the draft.