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Local recurrence, distant recurrence and survival of rectal cancer.

PURPOSE
To assess our institution's ability to minimize local and distant recurrence with a preference for sphincter preserving surgery in the management of rectal cancer.


METHODS
A retrospective analysis of all patients treated between 1982 and 1998. Patients with Stage 0 (AJCC) disease and those treated for palliation were not included. Clinical and pathologic stage, operation type, adjuvant therapy, recurrence, and survival were compared. Kaplan-Meier analysis was also performed.


RESULTS
Rectal cancer was identified in 332 patients (mean follow-up: 5.5 years). One hundred and seventy-three patients (52.1%) underwent low anterior resection, while 107 patients (32.2%) required abdominoperineal resection, 6 patients (1.8%) required exenteration to control disease, and 46 (13.9%) patients were treated with local excision. Of the 332 patients, 63 (19.0%) received adjuvant radiotherapy alone, 85 (25.6%) received combination chemoradiotherapy, and 4 (1.2%) received chemotherapy. Sphincter preserving procedures were used more frequently in the later half of the experience. Local/regional recurrences occurred in 5 patients (3.3%) treated with adjuvant therapy, and in 16 patients (8.9% of total) who did not receive adjuvant therapy (p=0.02, Chi-square test) although the total risk of recurrence (local and/or distant) was not different (30.2% vs. 27.7%, p=0.54). The actuarial rate of local recurrence (regardless of adjuvant therapy) for all stages was 7% at 5 years, and the risk of any recurrence (local or distant) was 21.1% at 5 years. Cancer specific 5-year survival was 77% overall.


CONCLUSIONS
In rectal cancer, the therapeutic objectives are to control disease, limit recurrence, and preserve sphincter function; these goals were met for many patients at this institution. These data compare favorably with the current literature. Careful surgical technique and adjuvant therapy can allow successful treatment, even of advanced rectal cancers.