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Multi-year vector dynamic time warping-based crop mapping

Abstract. Recent automated crop mapping via supervised learning-based methods have demonstrated unprecedented improvement over classical techniques. Classification accuracies of these methods degrade considerably in cross-year mapping. Cross-year crop mapping is more useful as it allows the prediction of the following years’ crop maps using previously labeled data. We propose vector dynamic time warping (VDTW), an innovative multi-year classification approach based on warping of angular distances between phenological vectors. The results prove that the proposed VDTW method is robust to temporal and spectral variations compensating for different farming practices, climate and atmospheric effects, and measurement errors between years. We also describe a method for determining the most discriminative time window that allows high classification accuracies with limited data. We carried out tests with Landsat 8 time-series imagery from years 2013 to 2015 for the classification of corn and cotton in the Harran Plain of southeastern Turkey. In addition, we tested VDTW corn and soybean in Kansas, the US for 2017 and 2018 with the Harmonized Landsat Sentinel data. The VDTW method improved cross-year overall accuracies by 3% with fewer training samples compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.