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Mechanistic Overview of Phototriggers and Cage Release

tages and limitations of a particular cage, and how cages can be applied. With the resurgence of interest in photoremovable protecting groups since their initial introduction for the release of ATP by Kaplan and cAMP by Engels in the late 1970s, there has also been a renewed interest in understanding the mechanisms for photoactivated release of substrates for biological studies. An overview of studies on these mechanisms has not been published since 1993. It is timely to provide this information to the biological and chemical communities. The scope of this review is limited to recent developments on those major functional groups that have been successfully employed as photoremovable cage chromophores. While not intended to be comprehensive, this review will focus on several selected examples of studies on successfully deployed protecting groups. The limiting rates for substrate release and the quantum efficiencies will be the primary focus of each review. In addition, details concerning the overall mechanism and the methods available to study the reaction will also be included. An attempt will be made to list the advantages and disadvantages for the photodeprotection reaction of each photoremovable protecting group.