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Post-Truth and Hoaxes: Instagram's Fact Checking of Content on Vaccines in Indonesia

The interconnected world creates a post-truth society. Everyone stands for their truth, whether it has a strong basis in facts or not. The COVID-19 pandemic created uncertainty due to its novelty. Tempo is one of Indonesia’s media outlets and it is affiliated with the International Fact Checking Network, which is committed to promoting media literacy. This article aimed to conduct a framing analysis about how Tempo combats hoaxes about vaccines in Indonesia through its Instagram account. Data were collected from Tempo’s Instagram postings related to vaccines in Indonesia from January 2021 to September 2021 (n = 25). Gamson-Mogdialni’s framing analysis was used in this study. Aspects that were analysed in this framing analysis included metaphors, examples, catchphrases, depictions, visual images, roots, and appeals to principles. According to the results, most of the hoax information referred to health workers, the government, and conspiracy theories. Moreover, the results suggested that a fact checking system could provide a reference for mass media framing, which could increase public trust about an issue, especially COVID-19 vaccine safety.


Introduction
Sylvie Briand, Director of Management of Dangerous Infectious Diseases at the Health Emergencies Program -WHO stated, "every outbreak of an outbreak is always accompanied by a tsunami of information. A tsunami of information is usually followed by misinformation and rumours. This is normal in a pandemic, even since the Middle Ages because of its 'novelty"' (1). In the post-truth era, the presence of social media makes everyone compete to provide information related to COVID-19 and its handling, ranging from authorities, health workers, religious leaders, to laypeople (2). . IAPA The dangerous character of COVID-19 is its ability to spread quickly. Only three months since being discovered in Wuhan, Hube Province, China; This virus is spreading all over the world. Moreover, infected people may show "asymptomatic" symptoms. For this reason, countries in various parts of the world have taken policies to close border access, regulate mobility and business of citizens locally and internationally, promote socialization to stay at home, and various actions that can be indicators of preventing the spread of the virus (4).
The spread of COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) is considered a global threat, along with the accompanying flow of information, known as an infodemic.
Infodemic refers to the excessive and inaccurate spread of pandemic information that makes it difficult for people to identify the reliability of the source (5). The impact is anxiety, public confusion regarding knowledge and preventive measures for the spread of the virus (6).
The government and health workers are experiencing a period of stress due to the infodemic, especially misinformation, disinformation and malinformation related to COVID-19. Diffuse COVID-19-related hoaxes revolve around distrust of governments and healthcare workers, conspiracy theories, death and total case statistics, and vaccine safety. The most appropriate platforms for monitoring hoaxes are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and online news portals (7).
Tempo.co through Tempo Media Group which since August 16, 2018 has been verified by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) is committed to providing public education regarding hoaxes circulating on social media and the public (8). This study discusses the framing of the @tempo.cekfakta Instagram account for the Sinovac vaccine.
The topic of Sinovac vaccine was chosen because the Indonesian government requires vaccines for its citizens. Sinovac is the most ordered vaccine brand by the Government of Indonesia. In more detail, the vaccines that will come in 2021 are Sinovac with 116 million doses, Novavax with 52 million doses, Astra-Zeneca with 50 million doses, Pfizer/BioNtech with 45 million doses, and Covax with 12 million doses (9). Therefore, the researcher wants to examine how Tempo Cekfact's news framed in straightening out hoaxes related to the COVID-19 vaccine The purpose of the study is to explain the media framing of the issue of the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine with a literacy approach and clarification of circulating hoaxes.
Significance of research related to group research performance, to provide a reference that agenda setting through framing of the mass media can increase public trust in the government. The media relations approach with media that has been verified by IFCN DOI  Another research that will be used as a reference is the research conducted by (12) (5) is also interesting to serve as a reference. This study explains the information overload about COVID-19 in Instagram.
They chose the 10 most popular instagrams every 10 days in the period 21 April 2020 to 30 April 2020 with hashtags #hoaxs, @governmentlies, #plandemic and managed to collect as many as 300 Instagram posts. Using content analysis as their research method, they grouped the unit of analysis consisting of from images and text captions.
Their research results show that the issue of COVID-19 arises with frequent frequency with associations questioning government authorities in handling it. They argue that public and health policy makers need to understand how the public shares misinformation related to COVID-19 (conspiracy theories) and disbelief of authority). This is necessary to prevent and minimize the spread of health misinformation that can endanger the safety of the lives of its citizens.
The four studies above are used as references in this study due to the similarity of topics they have. The novelty offered from this research is that there is no research with a combination of topics, methods and issues similar to that carried out with this research. Packaging can be seen from the existence of a central idea which is then supported by discourse devices such as words, sentences, the use of certain images or graphics,

Methods
propositions and so on. Core frames basically contain core elements to provide a relevant understanding of events and direct the meaning of issues that are constructed by condensing symbols (symbols that are 'compressed'). Condensing symbol is the result of observing the interaction of symbolic devices. There are two sets of how this central idea is translated into text, namely through framing devices and reasoning devices.
A framing device structure that includes metaphors, examples, caches, depictions, and visual images emphasizes how to view issues. The structure of reasoning devices emphasizes aspects of justification for the way of looking at 'issues' , namely roots (casual analysis) and to principle (moral claims) and consequences (14).
In line with Sobur's idea, (13) states that framing devices are related and directly related to the central idea or frame that is emphasized in a text. The framing device is characterized by the use of certain words, sentences, graphics/pictures and metaphors.
All elements can be found and marked, referring to a particular central idea or idea.
While the second device, namely the reasoning device, relates to the cohesion and coherence of the text referring to certain ideas. An idea does not only contain words or sentences, the idea is also always marked with a certain basis of justification, certain reasons and so on. The basis of justification and reasoning does not only confirm an idea or view, but further makes the opinion or idea appear true, valid and so. Through this aspect of reasoning, the audience accepts the message as true, natural, and natural.

Results
The @tempo.cekfakta Instagram account is owned by Tempo Media Group and is integrated with the tempo.co news web portal. In line with the credible and critical character of the media under Tempo Media Group, @tempo.cekfakta invites the public to think critically when receiving information from the media and the surrounding environment by questioning the truth. The @tempo.cekfakta account presents information that has been verified to be true for encounters with doubtful news. The credibility of @tempo.cekfakta can also be accounted for because Tempo Media Group is a member of the International The following is sampling of coding result for the COVID-19 vaccine safety news framing on the @tempo.cekfakta Instagram account:  This screenshot of the news on the Al Jazeera news site shows a news headline from Al Jazeera and is used to support the fact that WHO does not say the Sinovac vaccine is the weakest.

Roots
WHO called the Sinovac vaccine the weakest COVID-19 vaccine circulating on Facebook. The conclusion was taken after the WHO was said to have compared the effectiveness of 10 Covid-19 vaccines that were ready to be circulated.

Framing: Public Opinion and Public Communication
Framing theory aims to identify how individuals perceive world. The root of framing theory is the interpretive design of Erving Goffman. He argues that framing is our everyday way of perceiving reality. Frame helps us to interpret and reconstruct reality.
Framing theory appears in 1970s on the development of mass media. Media research at that time was trying explain how the mass media in shaping political issues in the national public. Audience continuously exposed to the flow of information so as to form the perception and reality of political discourse. Benjamin Cohen in Ingrid Volkher argues that the media do not specifically effective at telling us to think. But the media tells us to think about which topic to think about (17) This is called forming public opinion through mass media framing.
News Framing makes a character, issue, policy worth discussing rather than an issue others that are worth ignoring and not. Framing is an interpretive (qualitative) scheme that adopted to cover political news by simplifying issues accordingly interests of media owners and advertisers. Frame (frame) refers to simplification, and narrowing the point of view, and invites attention to certain problems. Creating a causal connection with the solutions they have directed, providing assessment (value judgments). However, framing can have a positive effect if it provides education about various aspects of issues and policies, criticizing the simplification of issues by authorities and politicians, present arguments and facts to an audience that can they consider (18).
Public communication is the delivery of information to certain publics. Even though often is one-way or one-way, audience analysis is needed so that the message can be received accordingly with the character, needs and desires of the audience (19). PR level government, otherwise known as Government Public Relations; the government needs to do cooperation with press institutions to disseminate information on government programs to society. Public perception of government performance is determined by information media (20). The existence of fact-checking certified media by International Fact Checking Networks, such as tempo.co, should be looked at by the government to gain trust public.
This is because this media tries to maintain its neutrality and is acceptable by an increasingly critical society. Media relations in the form of press releases and press conferences are obsolete because they are rigid, very formal, and ceremonial for contemporary society today. The community is now active and can tell which news that is organic and not. On the other hand, by establishing a good relationship government can get organic media coverage on earned media by provide the resources and access the media need. Like for example in this study regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.

Fact-Checking: Diffusion of Innovation, Post-Truth and Hoax
Fact-checking is the process of seeking information to verify with the purpose of promoting truth and accuracy in reporting (22). Fact-checking can be done before (ante hoc) and after (post hoc). Internal fact-checking usually done by in-house such as the publishing department. While the analysed text by a third party is called external factchecking. Ante hoc fact-checking aims to identify errors that can be corrected before being disseminated, or even rejected for distribution. Post-hoc fact-checking often followed by a written report with a report of inaccuracies, and sometimes accompanied by visual metrics from fact-checking organizations (23). Some the organization has been fully committed as a post hoc fact-checking organization, such as factcheck.org, Hoaxes arise due to the ease of access to information in the community. Digital culture makes hoaxes are growing. Hoax can be interpreted as information or news that contains uncertain, or not the real fact (25). Hoax consists of three types, they are malinformation, disinformation and misinformation. Malinformation is information that has the truth, but is presented to the detriment of certain parties or conditions. Disinformation has the meaning of false information that is deliberately disseminated to deceive.

Conclusion
After all, the significance of this research is to provide a reference that agenda setting through framing of the mass media can increase public trust in the government. The media relations approach with media that has been verified by IFCN can be used for public communication by the government in crisis management, especially the case of COVID-19