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Nutrient sensing in plants by O‐GlcNAcylation and O‐Fucosylation

Plant photosynthesis coverts carbon dioxide into sugar. Sugar not only fuels life on earth but also have a central regulatory function in plant and animal growth and development. One control mechanism is to modify proteins with sugar molecules, including O‐linked acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc). Very few O‐GlcNAc modified proteins have been identified in plants. Using an improved lectin weak affinity chromatography enrichment protocol followed by reverse‐phase high pH HPLC fractionation, we have reported the first large‐scale identification of O‐GlcNAcylated peptides in plants (1). These identified O‐GlcNAc modified peptides represent 262 proteins with key regulatory functions in Arabidopsis. To dissect its regulatory mechanism, we have focused on one of modified target proteins, AtACINUS, which is an evolutionarily conserved protein. With combination of genetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, we have demonstrated ACINUS regulates transcription and alternative splicing of regulators of reproductive transitions and have also showed a function of O‐glycosylation in regulating alternative RNA splicing (2). We have recently identified hundreds of O‐fucosylated proteins, which opens an exciting new area of exploration into the regulation of nutrient sensing in plants. Xu SL, Chalkley RJ, Maynard JC, Wang W, Ni W, Jiang XY, Shin K, Cheng L, Savage D, Hühmer AFR, Burlingame AL, Wang ZY. (2017) Proteomic analysis reveals O‐GlcNAc modification on proteins with key regulatory functions in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610452114. Bi Y, Deng Z, Ni W, Shrestha R, Savage D, Hartwig T, Patil S, Hong SH, ZZ Zhang, Oses‐Prieto JA, Li KH, Quail PH, Burlingame AL, Xu SL‡, Wang ZY‡. (2020) Arabidopsis ACINUS is O‐glycosylated and regulates transcription and alternative splicing of regulators of reproductive transitions. Nat. Commun. (‡corresponding authors). In press.