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Programmable and scalable transfer printing with high reliability and efficiency for flexible inorganic electronics.

Transfer printing that enables heterogeneous integration of materials in desired layouts offers unprecedented opportunities for developing high-performance unconventional electronic systems. However, large-area integration of ultrathin and delicate functional micro-objects with high yields in a programmable fashion still remains as a great challenge. Here, we present a simple, cost-effective, yet robust transfer printing technique via a shape-conformal stamp with actively actuated surface microstructures for programmable and scalable transfer printing with high reliability and efficiency. The shape-conformal stamp features the polymeric backing and commercially available adhesive layer with embedded expandable microspheres. Upon external thermal stimuli, the embedded microspheres expand to form surface microstructures and yield weak adhesion for reliable release. Systematic experimental and computational studies reveal the fundamental aspects of the extraordinary adhesion switchability of stamp. Demonstrations of this protocol in deterministic assemblies of diverse challenging inorganic micro-objects illustrate its extraordinary capabilities in transfer printing for developing high-performance flexible inorganic electronics.