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“ Modeling Decision Making under Risk using Neurochemistry ” , working paper ( 2010 ) by Chew , Ebstein , Zhong

Challenges to the descriptive validity of the expected utility model have led to the development of non-expected utility models of decision making under risk including prospect theory which incorporates psychological considerations to account for the loss-gain differentiation in risk attitude and overweighting of small probabilities associated with sizable outcomes. We propose a neurochemical extension of prospect theory by linking two evolutionarily ancient neurotransmitters – dopamine and serotonin – to the valuation and saliency of outcomes over gains and losses. This model provides a biological basis for the phenomenon of loss aversion, diminishing valuation sensitivity towards gains and losses, and nonlinear response to probabilistic stimuli. We derive its testable implications linking the decision maker’s genetic makeup modulating her dopamine and serotonin tones to her attitude towards the fourfold risks of moderate prospects, moderate hazards, longshot prospects, and longshot hazards. The empirical validity of our model is corroborated by evidence from within-subject correlations of attitude towards fourfold risks as well as evidence from recent published findings on the molecular genetics of risk taking. “Sex-Hormone Genes Predict Gender Difference in Ultimatum Game Responder Behavior, working paper (2010) by Chew, Ebstein, Zhong” Abstract. Despite a substantial literature on gender difference in preference, few findings have been conclusive. Combining the methodologies of experiment economics and molecular genetics, we find ultimatum game responder behavior observed in an incentivized choice setting is associated with wellcharacterized repeat polymorphisms of sex-hormone receptor genes. Specifically, androgen receptor gene is significantly associated with ultimatum game responder behavior of male but not female while estrogen receptor β gene is significantly associated with ultimatum game responder behavior of female but not male. Our finding seems to demonstrate conclusively a gender difference in fairness preference at the level of sex-hormone genes. Despite a substantial literature on gender difference in preference, few findings have been conclusive. Combining the methodologies of experiment economics and molecular genetics, we find ultimatum game responder behavior observed in an incentivized choice setting is associated with wellcharacterized repeat polymorphisms of sex-hormone receptor genes. Specifically, androgen receptor gene is significantly associated with ultimatum game responder behavior of male but not female while estrogen receptor β gene is significantly associated with ultimatum game responder behavior of female but not male. Our finding seems to demonstrate conclusively a gender difference in fairness preference at the level of sex-hormone genes. “Imaging Genomics supports Dual System for Utility of Risks over Gains and Losses”, working paper (2010) by Zhong, Chark, Ebstein, Chew Abstract. One tenet of behavioral economics is the asymmetry in how decision makers evaluate risks involving probable gains versus risks involving likely losses. Correspondingly, an increasingly important question has been on the neuroanatomical and the neurochemical correlates of valuation over gains and losses. This paper contributes to resolving this question by combining the methodologies of brain imaging and neurogenetics. We find enhanced striatal activation responding to increases in the magnitude of utility for risks over gains and in the magnitude of disutility for risks over losses, while increased amygdala activation correlates only with the disutility of loss oriented risks. Stratifying brain activation by genotype, we further find that the DAT1 and COMT dopaminergic polymorphisms mediate striatum responses for gain oriented risks while the SLC6A4 and MAOA serotonergic polymorphisms mediate amygdala responses for loss oriented risks. Together, they suggest the role of serotonin-amygdala system in evaluating losses, which supports the hypothesis of 5HT being been linked to DA in an “opponent partnership”. One tenet of behavioral economics is the asymmetry in how decision makers evaluate risks involving probable gains versus risks involving likely losses. Correspondingly, an increasingly important question has been on the neuroanatomical and the neurochemical correlates of valuation over gains and losses. This paper contributes to resolving this question by combining the methodologies of brain imaging and neurogenetics. We find enhanced striatal activation responding to increases in the magnitude of utility for risks over gains and in the magnitude of disutility for risks over losses, while increased amygdala activation correlates only with the disutility of loss oriented risks. Stratifying brain activation by genotype, we further find that the DAT1 and COMT dopaminergic polymorphisms mediate striatum responses for gain oriented risks while the SLC6A4 and MAOA serotonergic polymorphisms mediate amygdala responses for loss oriented risks. Together, they suggest the role of serotonin-amygdala system in evaluating losses, which supports the hypothesis of 5HT being been linked to DA in an “opponent partnership”. “Genetics of Human Social Behavior”, Neuron (2010) by Ebstein, Israel, Chew, Zhong, Knafo Abstract. Human beings are an incredibly social species and along with eusocial insects engage in the largest cooperative living groups in the planet's history. Twin and family studies suggest that uniquely human characteristics such as empathy, altruism, sense of equity, love, trust, music, economic behavior, and even politics are partially hardwired. The leap from twin studies to identifying specific genes engaging the social brain has occurred in the past decade, aided by deep insights accumulated about social behavior in lower mammals. Remarkably, genes such as the arginine vasopressin receptor and the oxytocin receptor contribute to social behavior in a broad range of species from voles to man. Other Human beings are an incredibly social species and along with eusocial insects engage in the largest cooperative living groups in the planet's history. Twin and family studies suggest that uniquely human characteristics such as empathy, altruism, sense of equity, love, trust, music, economic behavior, and even politics are partially hardwired. The leap from twin studies to identifying specific genes engaging the social brain has occurred in the past decade, aided by deep insights accumulated about social behavior in lower mammals. Remarkably, genes such as the arginine vasopressin receptor and the oxytocin receptor contribute to social behavior in a broad range of species from voles to man. Other