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Clinical Considerations in Specialized Nutrition in Critically III Patients

Specialized nutrition support (SNS) is required when oral intake is either limited or not possible for a prolonged period of time. Common indications for SNS include patients in critical care, those with dysphagia, unconscious patients who cannot be fed, severely malnourished patients, and those with intestinal malabsorption. The two forms of SNS are enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition. Enteral feeding is always preferred whenever possible, but parenteral feeding may be instituted if the patient has a nonfunctional GI tract (e.g., gastroschisis, short bowel syndromes), and/or if enteral feeding is contraindicated. Patients who are on SNS may develop several complications related to feeding tubes or intravenous catheters, as well as additional metabolic complications such as electrolyte imbalances, hyperglycemia, refeeding syndrome, gallstone disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.