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Speaking for the Dying: Life-and-Death Decisions in Intensive Care

Americans raised funds and opened the Broadway Federal Bank in 1947. As a community bank, the goals focused on providing services that mainstream banks were reluctant to offer to better the lives of residents. For example, the bank offered home mortgages to help increase homeownership and student loans to help residents gain an education. Considering the long history of redlining that forced minorities to use predatory home loans with high interest rates and fees, the bank served an important role in the community. Rosas examines how the bank adjusted to changing demographics and worked to survive financially and attract Latino customers, while retaining and not alienating its original African American clientele. As Rosas explains, the bank hired Latinos and in the 1990s, 25 percent of its workers were Latino, including three of the five branch managers, which raised concerns among African Americans. Whereas the bank worked to serve African Americans, to combat the history of neglect and predatory practices of ‘‘mainstream’’ banks, and to transmit this message to African Americans, Rosas points out that it did not try to educate Latinos about its community mission. The failure to do this may have led to the bank’s destruction in 1992. In an oral history, the bank chairman explains that the bank survived the 1965 Watts rebellion but was burned down in the 1992 civil unrest (and rebuilt). He noted that the ‘‘Hispanic population didn’t really get the history of the bank’’ and that ‘‘instead of seeing us as a community bank, they saw us as a federal bank’’ (p. 180). As Rosas points out, the bank could have educated the Latino population about the bank’s community mission. In fact, during her interviews with Mexican immigrants, when she shared the bank’s history, the immigrants responded that this was ‘‘good to know’’ and ‘‘things make sense now’’ (p. 190). Rosas notes that even as the bank focused on the needs of Latinos as clients and hired Latino staff, it overlooked one important area: transferring funds to other countries, a service offered by Bank of America and Wells Fargo. In California, about $10 billion dollars were sent in 2004 to Latin America. Not only did the bank fail to provide this critical service; the bank also missed a major source of profit. There are some areas where Rosas could have provided more information and analysis to better develop her key concept of relational community formation. She describes conflict between the groups, and more could have been said about how the community dealt with these issues, especially from the perspective of African Americans who were seeing a decline in resources. For example, how did the community address funding and hiring for bilingual classes and teachers in the Head Start program? Her portrayal of the bank shows that there was little interaction between the African American and Latino clientele. While this can be a form of accommodation and a way of handling conflict, especially considering the concerns of African Americans over the increasing number of Latinos hired by the bank, Rosas could say more about the overall process of community formation at the bank. While she provides important examples of community formation in particular arenas, such as in the local Head Start councils and among residents, her discussion is less clear about how these different arenas contribute to relational community formation for South Los Angeles as a whole.