{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03596368715083799, 'fraction_numerical': 0.034217877094972066, 'mean_word_length': 5.255458515283843, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Dentoskeletal Morphology in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Compared with Healthy Children

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic pediatric connective tissue disease that affects joints, influences function, and can lead to growth disturbances or disability. To confirm the diagnosis of JIA, the disease must occur before the sixteenth year of age, it must be present in one or more joints, and it should persist longer than 6 weeks (Cassidy et al., 1986). According to the type of onset of the disease and the joints affected during the first 4–6 months, JIA is classified as pauciarthritis or oligoarthritis when four or less joints are involved, and polyarthritis when five or more joints are involved. Large joints such as knees, wrists, and ankles are prominently involved in JIA. This chronic disease often involves the craniofacial complex and particularly the temporomandibular joint. The prevalence of JIA varies from between 50 and 110 per 100,000 children. Girls are more susceptible than boys (Andersson-Gäre and Fasth, 1992). The treatment of JIA includes an attempt to control the clinical manifestations, that is suppressing the articular inflammation and pain, preserving joint mobility, and preventing deformity. When managing the disease one has to take into consideration the importance of fostering normal growth patterns (Wallace and Levinson, 1991). This is particularly important for the facial region because of the possible effects on the temporomandibular joint (Rönning et al., 1974; Larheim et al., 1981a,b; Karhulahti et al., 1990), as well as the craniofacial morphology, and the occlusion (Lahrheim and Haanaes, 1981; Lahrheim et al., 1981c; Stabrun, 1985, 1991; Jämsäa and Rönning,1985;Stabrun et al., 1988;Kreiborg et al., 1990; Rönning et al., 1994). According to these studies, the JIA patients demonstrated an increased mandibular posterior rotation, a retrognathic mandible, and increased vertical growth in the anterior part of the face. In most studies, the aberrant facial morphology has been associated with condylar destruction (Bache, 1964; Barriga et al., 1974; Rönning et al., 1974, Rönning and Väliaho, 1975; Lahrheim et al., 1981c; Forsberg et al., 1988; Stabrun et al., 1988). However, the possible relationship between the effects of the types of JIA and facial morphology is, as yet, undetermined and needs further investigation. The aim of this cephalometric study was to evaluate the dentoskeletal morphology in children with JIA, to investigate the possible effects of the type of the disease, as well as the presence of condylar affection on the facial morphology as shown in lateral cephalometric radiographs and to compare their craniofacial structure with that of healthy children. Dentoskeletal Morphology in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Compared with Healthy Children