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Influence of peripheral groups on the physical and chemical behavior of cinchona alkaloids.

While cinchona alkaloids play a key role in many applications, from medicine to catalysis, there is not yet a complete understanding of the reasons for their unique chemical behavior. Past studies have identified the chiral pocket formed by the two main constituting moieties of the cinchona, the quinoline and quinuclidine rings, as the main factor determining their physiological and enatioselective reactivity. That explanation, however, does not account for the differences observed among similar cinchona alkaloids. Here we show that subtle changes in the position of the substituent groups outside the central chiral pocket explain the disparities observed in basic physicochemical properties between pairs of near-enantiomers (quinine vs quinidine, cinchonidine vs cinchonine) such as crystal structure, solubility, and adsorption equilibrium. Both energetic and entropic factors need to be considered to fully account for the trends observed.