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Central venous pressure monitoring.

Clinical management of the critically ill animal usually requires regular assessments of the adequacy of intravascular blood volume and cardiac preload. Hemodynamic instability may develop in many different ways. Excessive vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, hemorrhage, or body cavity effusion can result in hypovolemia. Sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome may alter vascular volume and tone. Central venous pressure (CVP) measurement can provide useful information in these and other situations. It represents the direct measurement of venous blood pressure from a catheter inserted into the cranial vena cava or, less commonly, into the caudal vena cava or the right atrium. When measured from the vena cavae, CVP is considered to be a close approximation of right atrial pressure, which in turn is a determinant of right ventricular preload. As a result, CVP measurement is widely used as an index of circulating blood volume to help guide fluid resuscitation and diuretic therapy in veterinary patients.