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Conceptualizing norm fusion through environmental rights

ABSTRACT What happens when environmental protection is framed using human rights language? Here, a new type of norm change – norm fusion – is conceptualized. Linking norms derived from different issue areas, it is realized through continuous use of strategic frames obtained from various issues, acceptance of the norm by society, and action in accordance with the new norm. The fusion process is decentralized and dynamic, does not proceed at the same speed everywhere and involves norm contestation. Norm fusion is discussed through the example of human rights and environmental norms. Environmental activists increasingly use a rights-based discourse, environmental cases are brought before human rights tribunals, and various international documents recognize the link between human rights and the environment. However, due to problems in the implementation of environmental rights in a neoliberal economic framework and clashes between environmental and human rights norms, fusion between environmental and human rights norms remains contested.