{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02235965746907707, 'fraction_numerical': 0.007136060894386299, 'mean_word_length': 5.592476489028213, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effects of dexamethasone on the expression of transforming growth factor‐β in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells

The central role of TGF‐β in the development of the embryonic palate has been well characterized. TGF‐β inhibits mesenchymal cell proliferation, induces medial edge epithelial cell differentiation, and modulates the expression of extracellular matrix proteins as well as the proteases that act upon them. Mechanisms by which TGF‐β expression itself is regulated are less well understood. Glucocorticoids are recognized in several cellular systems as able to regulate the expression of TGF‐β. This study was therefore designed to examine whether glucocorticoids affect the expression of TGF‐β isoforms in embryonic palatal cells. Based on flow cytometric analysis and viability determination, confluent primary cultures of mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells exposed to up to 10−6 M dexamethasone (dex) exhibited no signs of cytotoxicity after 24 hours of exposure. Northern blot analyses revealed that dexamethasone reduced steady‐state mRNA levels of TGF‐β3 in a dose‐dependent manner as early as 4 hours after treatment but had little effect on TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2 expression up to 24 hours of dex exposure. Dex also reduced the synthesis of both latent and mature forms of TGF‐β protein by approximately four‐fold as determined by the mink lung epithelial cell growth inhibition bioassay. Assessment of the ratio of mature to latent protein found in conditioned medium of control compared to dex‐treated cultures indicated that dexamethasone may reduce the activation of latent TGF‐β to mature biologically active TGF‐β. Dexamethasone inhibited the proliferation of MEPM cells despite the down‐regulation of TGF‐β suggesting that dex‐induced growth inhibition of MEPM cells is not mediated by TGF‐β. These data suggest that dex modulates TGF‐β signaling pathways directly by down‐regulating TGF‐β expression and possibly indirectly by altering the availability of mature TGF‐β necessary to exert its biological effects in the developing palate. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.