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Partially independent variables and internal logic in classical Marxist economic analysis

(1) Capitalist production is generalized commodity production. Commodity production is impossible without the parallel circulation of commodities and money (a special commodity serving as a general equivalent for all other commodities). Commodities therefore always have prices and can only be acquired through their exchange against money. These prices might fluctuate in the short run under the pressure of market laws (the law of supply and demand). But these fluctuations are around an axis in the last analysis determined by value of these commodities, i.e. by the costs of production measurable in abstract human labour (hours of labour). Production in the long run determines circulation and consumption, and not the other way around.