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Ultrasound Biometric Parameters Differences Between Breech and Cephalic Presenting Fetuses: A Case-control Study

Introduction: Fetal presentation is usually determined by maternal abdominal palpation. The sensitivity of this examination was widely different between studies (57–70%), and this had a significant dependency on the skill and experience of the examiner. The study assesses the relationship between fetal presentation (cephalic or breech) and ultrasonic fetal biometric measurements. Methods: a case-control study involved 86 aberrantly healthy pregnant women whose gestational age ranged between 24 to 40 weeks divided into two groups according to fetal presentation. The first group, their fetus, was presented as Breech (n = 33); in the second group, their fetuses were in cephalic presentation (n = 53) as determined by abdominal and ultrasound examination. For both groups, ultrasonic assessment of fetal biparietal diameter, femoral length, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and estimated fetal weight was done. The results were expressed as weeks of gestation and compared them using Statistical Package for Social Science; SPSS version 24, a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant . Multiple pregnancies, maternal disease during pregnancy (complicated pregnancy). Fetus with growth restriction and fetuses with congenital abnormalities, and those in labor were excluded from this study. Results : In term pregnancy, no statistically significant difference in all biometric parameters between the two groups except femoral length, which was significantly lower in breech than cephalic presenting fetus (36.06 + 1.34 vs. 37.25 + 1.21, respectively). While in preterm pregnancy, all the parameters in the breech-presenting fetuses were lagged behind those of the cephalic group with very highly obvious statistical values. Conclusions : There is no statistically significant difference in biometric parameters between term breech and cephalic presenting fetus apart from femoral length, which is shorter in breech while preterm breech had significantly lower biometric parameters than a cephalic presenting fetus.