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The role of parental monitoring on alcohol use of school enrolled adolescents: a systematic review

Background:Teenage drinking has become a major public health concern. The behaviors involving alcohol use adopted at this age have short, medium and long effect on health, social outcomes, school attainment and deviant behaviors. Objective:To identify to what extent the patterns of alcohol use of school adolescents (13–19 years old) are influenced by parental monitoring. Methods:Searching, critical appraisal, data extraction, analysis and data synthesis and limits’ interpretation were done according to JBI methodology. Cross sectional and longitudinal studies in the last 15 years were identified and prevalence rate, correlation, OR and other associations measures related to exposure-effect variables were considered. Results:Different degrees of parental monitoring and communication (high, medium, decreasing and inconsistent) influence the age of onset, the alcohol use and the intensity of use. The strength of association is different by type of school and neighborhood. The effects of parental monitoring varied too accordingly with other factors as teenagers’ gender, type of school, siblings and peer example. Discussion:Child disclosure, parental solicitation and control, parental attachment, emotional closeness within biological/reconstituted/single parent families and different neighborhood environment are the aspects of parental monitoring taken into account. Teenagers exposed to decreasing and inconsistent parental monitoring were at significantly greater risk for recent (last 12 months and last 30 days) alcohol use. Effective parenting (including monitoring the child's activities) was revealed as a protection factor of adolescents from subsequent alcohol use. Conclusion:The findings including main effects of parental monitoring versus peer drinking networks on adolescents’ alcohol use onset, drinking progression, heavy/problematic use are presented in the form of recommendations for parental guiding.