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Court and Nobility in Early Modern Denmark

In Denmark the 400th-anniversary of the accession of King Christian IV was celebrated in 1988. This event resulted in several investigations that threw new light on the King and on the history of early modern Denmark. However, several topics still need to be studied more carefully, including the relationship between court and nobility. At the time of King Christian IV, Denmark–Norway was approximately half a million square kilometres in area, equivalent to present-day France. The population of the region was no more than one and a half million, with 400,000 of the inhabitants living in Norway, which formally had been subordinated to Denmark since 1536 on the grounds that the Norwegian Council of the Realm had been seditious on two occasions. Furthermore, Norway was unable to maintain a king. Another 400,000 inhabitants lived in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein; the latter being a German fief. Denmark–Norway was sparsely populated and possessed no minerals apart from small deposits of copper and silver in Norway, but the Danish king commanded an important source of revenue, as he exercised control of the much-frequented Sound (Øresund) and thus the traffic by sea to the Baltic area. The Danish monarch exploited this “external” source of revenue to strengthen the economy of the kingdom as well as his own financial position. Denmark’s advantageous strategic position made it a much-courted partner in the turbulent 17th century. King Christian IV’s claim to dominium maris baltici as well as his selfimage as Neptune demonstrated that the King consciously played on this position. Neptune is a recurrent motif in relation to Christian IV. At the royal palace of Frederiksborg a fountain was built, adorned with a figure of Neptune. It may be conceived as a victory memorial to commemorate the defeat of Sweden in the Kalmar War. Little wonder that in 1659 the Swedish army moved the figures to Drottningholm outside Stockholm. This event was symbolic of the fact that the Danish king had lost the dominium. At the wedding of Prince Christian, the successor