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Phylogenetic analysis of deformed wing virus, black queen cell virus and acute bee paralysis viruses in Turkish honeybee colonies

Honeybees are the most important pollinators for food plants and flowering plants; and therefore they are indispensable for agricultural food cultivation and ecological balance (28). Unfortunately, great losses have recently been observed in honeybee populations (1, 20). There was a loss of approximately 10 million bees in the United States in the winter of 2006-2007 when a factor causing the sudden disappearance of all adult bees in a hive caused colony collapse disorder (CCD) in honeybees (11). It is believed that the reduction in honeybee populations is caused by parasitic diseases, genetic factors, severe seasonal weather conditions, malnutrition, and exposure to pesticides (13, 27). In addition, it is known that colony losses are caused by viruses that adversely affect bee health (10, 45). The field of bee viral ecology has expanded dramatically since the detection of the first honeybee virus in 1913 (8, 46). So far, more than 24 bee viruses have been detected. Most of them are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses of the Picornaviridae family (6, 8). The Picornaviridae family include the common bee viruses of the Dicistroviridae family, such as Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), kashmir bee virus (KBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV) as well as viruses of the Iflaviridae family, such as deformed wing virus (DWV), kakugo virus, varroa destructor virus-1/DWV-B, sacbrood virus (SBV), and slow bee paralysis virus (22). So far, DWV has been the most frequently detected bee virus in honey bees (9, 21, 33, 36, 37). It is a nonPhylogenetic analysis of deformed wing virus, black queen cell virus and acute bee paralysis viruses in Turkish honeybee colonies