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Assuring generation adequacy through call option obligations

Restructuring of the electricity industry was a means to an end. The goal was improved efficiency in investments and operations, and improved customer satisfaction from lower rates and expanded service options. The means included regional wholesale markets managed by regulated transmission system operators and competitive markets for retail service, including open access to transmission for independent power producers and their industrial customers. Incentives were strengthened by requiring non-utility generators to bear investment and operating risks, and by requiring retailers and/or their customers to bear price risks. These risks were to be moderated by long-term procurement contracts and financial hedges. This restructuring paradigm was guided by the notion of an ideal competitive energy market.