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Graphic representation of CO2 equilibria in biological systems.

As biology advances and multicomponent systems with wide pH, PCOZ, and temperature changes are encountered, it is necessary to extend the rather limited acidbase formulations of medicine and yet somehow retain comprehensibility. For example, in Rahn and Reeves’ analysis (12) of water-ion (OH-/H+) ratios in the animal kingdom and in its clinical applications (16), one must keep track of a bewildering array of reactants, products, and ionization constants, each varying differently with temperature. Even everyday cardiorespiratory problems arising from the difference between systems open and closed to COt (4,10,11) need clarification. We present the log C-pH diagram (l-3,9,14) as extended to open and closed biological systems (6) and derive a new water-ion balance method for determining equilibrium pH. The water-ion formulation allows hydroxyl ion and proton-transfer reactions to be treated with equal emphasis. The diagram makes immediately obvious which products of OHtransfer and H+ transfer reactions are the “controlling products” in the sense that they determine pH. This approach may serve as an introduction to acid-base states in hypothermia and in organ systems in which the OH-/H+ratio is considered to be important (12).