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3D architectures are not just for microbatteries anymore

Building battery architectures with functional interfaces that are interpenetrated in three dimensions opens the door to major gains in performance as compared to conventional 2-D battery designs, particularly with respect to the battery footprint. We are developing 3-D solid-state Li-ion batteries that are sequentially assembled from interpenetrating and tricontinuous networks of anode, cathode, and electrolyte/separator materials. We use fiberpaper- supported carbon nanofoams as a massively parallel, conductive, ultraporous base platform within which to create the 3-D cell. The components required for battery operation are incorporated into the x,y,z-scalable papers and include nanoscale coatings of metal oxides that serve as Li-ion-insertion electrodes and ultrathin, electroninsulating/ Li-ion conducting polymer coatings that serve as the electrolyte/separator.