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Mini review of parasitoids collected in the Cerrado Biome in Brazil

The climate is predominantly hot with a rainy and a dry season. Second only to the Amazon, the Cerrado occupies an area of more than 2 million km, corresponding to about 25% of the national territory. It is not only the second largest ecosystem in Brazil, but also in all South America. It is known as such in our country, but in other parts of the world it occurs under the name of savannas, which are characterized by vegetation with low trees, spaced shrubs, and grasses. For the elaboration of this mini review, which consists of the construction of a bibliographic summary of the main groups of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera, with an emphasis on the hymenopterans parasitoids collected in the Cerrado Biome (savanna). A bibliographic search was carried out that contained papers published from 2001 to June 2021 on the quantitative aspects of Superfamilies, Families, Subfamilies, Genera and Species. The mini review was carried out from February to June 2021. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. By definition, insect parasitoids have a free-living adult stage and an immature life stage that develops on or within an insect host and ultimately kills it. After feeding on host body fluids and organs, most parasitoids leave their hosts to pupate or emerge as adults. Parasitoids have a free-living adult stage and an immature life stage that develops on or within an insect host and ultimately kills it. They are effective control agents in pest population. Keywords— Agriculture, Biological control, Biological Sciences, Insect pests.


I. CERRADO
It is known as such in our country, but in other parts of the world, it occurs under the name of savannas, which are characterized by vegetation with low trees, spaced shrubs, and grasses. The climate is predominantly hot with a rainy and a dry season. Second only to the Amazon, the Cerrado occupies an area of more than 2 million km, corresponding to about 25% of the national territory. It is not only the second largest ecosystem in Brazil, but also in all South America. In the Cerrado domain, the rivers that form the main hydrographic basins in the country are born. They are: Parnaíba, Paraguay, Paraná, Tocantins-Araguaia, São Francisco, and Amazônia. Paraguay and Paraná join the Uruguay River and form the La Plata basin, which is of great economic importance for Brazil and the bordering countries. In its area there are also three large aquifers: Guarani, Bambuí and Urucuia. The Cerrado is considered a global hotspot -an area that is home to great biological diversity and endemic species, that is, they are not found anywhere else in the world (Costa 2019).
It is estimated to have more than 6,000 species of trees and 800 of birds. Approximately 40% of woody vegetation species and about 50% of bees are endemic species. Regarding insects, there are more than 14 thousand species, representing 47% of the insect diversity in Brazil. Research claim that 20% of native and endemic species no longer occur in protected areas and that at least 137 species of fauna present in the Cerrado are threatened with extinction. After the Atlantic Forest, the Cerrado was the Brazilian biome that received the most exploitation by human activities. Agricultural and livestock expansion is largely responsible for this occupation, along with the use of firewood to produce charcoal (Costa 2019).
Despite the unique characteristics of biodiversity, the Cerrado, along with the Caatinga, is the least protected area by the government. This biome has 8.21% of its territory legally protected by conservation units; of this total, 2.85% are full protection conservation units, in which only indirect uses are allowed; and 5.36% of sustainable use conservation units, in which the use of natural resources is compatible with nature conservation (Costa 2019).

II. PARASITOIDS
Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. By definition, insect parasitoids have a free-living adult stage and an immature life stage that develops on or within an insect host and ultimately kills it. After feeding on host body fluids and organs, most parasitoids leave their hosts to pupate or emerge as adults.
Parasitoids have a free-living adult stage and an immature life stage that develops on or within an insect host and ultimately kills it. They are effective control agents in pest population (Gibb 2015).
Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids as well. Parasitoids usually complete their life cycles much more quickly and increase their numbers faster than predators, even though a parasitized host does not die as quickly as those eaten by predators (Gibb 2015).
Parasitoids are often the most effective natural enemy of pest insects, even though they may not be readily visible.
Sometimes pest populations increase after pesticides are applied. This can happen when a chemical insecticide poisons the parasitoids before they can kill the pest insect host. Once free of the natural parasitoids (Figure 2), the pest insects are then free to increase in number (Gibb 2015).

Study 5
The aim of this study was to know the parasitoid hymenopteran fauna in an agricultural area. The survey was carried out between May 2003 and June 2004 in an area of 24.2 hectare located in the municipality of Rio Claro, SP, Brazil during this period, the cultivation of sorghum, corn, beans and wheat was carried out in a rotation system under no-tillage. Collections were carried out every two weeks, using 17 Moericke traps (Souza et al. 2006).
A total of 5,308 parasitoid hymenopteran were collected belonging to 22 families distributed in 8 superfamilies.

Study 6.
This work presents a survey of the entomofauna associated with the fruits of the bacupari (Salacia crassifolia) (Ippocrateaceae family) in the cerrados of Goiás. The fruits were collected from September 1995 to December 1999, at the time of fruiting (Rocha et al. 2001).
A total of 1,090 insects were obtained from 2,898 fruits in 11 municipalities of the State of Goiás. The flies collected were from the families Tephritidae (54.22%), Lonchaeidae

Study 7.
This work aimed to carry out a survey of winged aphids and parasitoids associated with wheat crop in a Cerrado area in the state of Minas Gerais. Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) were the most collected aphid species during the three years of study. The largest aphid population observed in 2014 in Uberaba, when compared to 2013 and 2015, may be related to the lower rainfall that occurred that year, during wheat cultivation. Six species of parasitoids associated with wheat aphids were recorded, with Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) being the most collected species during the two years of study (Júnior et al. 2021

Study 11.
The objective of this study was to verify whether fruit flies present seasonality in three contiguous orchards, relating these data to host phenology and to parasitoids. The study was conducted,

Study 12.
The purpose of this paper is to report the parasitoids of dipterans in poultry farms in Brazil. The experiment was carried out in two poultry farms in the Midwest Region in Brazilian territory. Feces were removed from the farm sheds placed in 10 basins to be transported to the laboratory for removal of pupae. In the laboratory, pupae were obtained. The pupae were removed and placed on absorbent paper for drying and later individualized in glass capsules for the emergence of adult flies or parasitoids. The collections were carried out monthly from January to December 2007. From 10,608 pupae of dipteran collected 816 parasitoids emerged from 540 pupae (Marchiori 2021

Study 13
The objective of this study was to verify the parasitoid species of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and their biological characteristics collected in an urban area in Brazil. This experiment was conducted in the urban area near Botafogo River, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Parasitoids were collected by exposing larvae of M. domestica and its breeding substrate (bovine beef liver) outdoors, in containers filled with sand that were placed next to garbage containers. The parasitoids were collected by using four traps. The following items were used as baits: human feces, cattle kidneys, cattle liver and fish which were placed inside the cans, over a layer of earth. To obtain the parasitoids, the contents of the traps were placed in plastic containers with a layer of sand for use as a substrate for transformation of the larvae into pupae (Marchiori 2019).

Study 14.
This work aimed to evaluate the frequency and distribution of natural enemies of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from artificial infestation with pest postures in maize crops, in order to associate the presence of biological control agents to the different stages of development of the host insect. The experiment was carried out in the summer crop, in a cerrado area, in Sete Lagoas, MG. At each collection, 20 plants from each plot were randomly covered with a plastic bag and then cut at the base, thus allowing the collection of all insects present on the leaves. Plants were collected in the morning, starting at eight o'clock, and then taken to the laboratory (Figueiredo et al. 2006).
Each plant had its leaves detached and evaluated for the presence of insects. The eggs and caterpillars of S. frugiperda were placed in 50 ml cups containing artificial diet; the other insects present in the plants were placed in a 70% alcohol solution. Natural enemies, coming from the different stages of pest development, were separated, and grouped according to their entomological classification (Figueiredo et al. 2006

Study 15.
The present study aimed to analyze the parasitoid insects and their interactions with endophytic insects in Stryphnodendron adstringens (Family: Fabaceae) (Mart.) Coville fruits in an area of Cerrado in southwestern Minas Gerais, located in the vicinity of Serra Nacional Park of Canastra. This Park is the second largest conservation unit in the Southeast, located in the southwestern portion of the state of Minas Gerais, between the municipalities of São Roque de Minas, Delfinópolis, Sacramento, São João Batista do Glória, Capitólio and Vargem Bonita. The fruits were randomly collected from one or several plant specimens, at heights distinct from the crown and at different stages of development. Both immature but developed fruits, ripe and still closed fruits and ripe ones starting to dehiscence were collected, selecting those with traces of insect attack. To remove fruits from the upper regions of the crown, long-stemmed pruning shears and pruning shears were used (6 meters) (

Study 16.
The aims of this study were to characterize galls of three species on this genus, Copaifera depilis Dwyer, Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms and Copaifera sabulicola Costa & Queiroz (Leguminosae), which occur sympatrically in Western Bahia and compare their abundance. This municipality is located in the Cerrado Biome and presents two well defined seasons, a dry and rainy. The collections were carried out from December 2012 to January 2013 ).
In the three Copaifera species, a total of 23 gall morphotypes were obtained, 9 morphotypes found on C. sabulicola, 7 on C. luetzelburgii and 7 on C. depilis. In the present study, we observed that five morphotypes were induced by Cecidomyiids and the gallers of 18 morphotypes cannot be determined, because the gall samples were collected occupied by parasitoids or without dweller. Cecidomyiidae are the most important galler in all zoogeographic regions. Microhimenopterans identified represents possibly parasitoids, natural enemy of Cecidomyiidae (Hymenoptera, except for ants (Formicidae, predator), which were found on abandoned galls, being considered in this study as a successor for

Study 17.
The main purposes hereof were: 1) to correlate climatic factors (specify rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity) with the incidence of fruit flies and their parasitoids under the conditions of the region Cariri, Ceará; 2) to estimate the fruit fly species infestation rates in guavas, and 3) to determine the natural parasitism rates and the frequency of native parasitoids. The guava sampling was performed every week, randomly, and according to the fruit development period, from September 2013, to August, 2014, collecting every fruit of the trees, totalizing 167 trees in the whole orchard Of these, 12 species were registered as host plants of fruit flies, belonging to the families Anacardiaceae, Malpighiaceae, Myrtaceae and Oxalidaceae. Fruits were collected according to field availability, which influenced the diversity of plant species sampled in each municipality. Myrtaceae was the family with the highest number of species sampled (9), followed by Anacardiaceae (4) and Rutaceae (4). From the collected samples, 2,709 specimens of fruit flies (five species) and 179 specimens of parasitoids (three species) were obtained (Silva et al. 2019 The host showing the highest percentage parasitism was P. chrysosotoma in cattle liver, and this was probably due to the seasonality factor presented by this species. The percentage of parasitism observed in O. thornax, P. chrysosotoma and S. lambens was 24.6%, 35.7% and 17.0%, respectively. The total percentage parasitism observed was around 25.0%. The host showing the highest percentage parasitism was P. chrysosotoma in cattle liver and this was probably due to the seasonality factor presented by this species. The percentage of parasitism observed in O. thornax, P. chrysosotoma and S. lambens was 24.6%, 35.7% and 17.0%, respectively ).

Study 20
This study had the objective of determining the species of parasitoids of dipterous insects that were present in bovine feces collected in Goiânia Goiás, Brazil. Every fortnight, 10 plates of fecal cake produced from fresh bovine feces that were collected immediately after defecation in pastures and in corrals. The feces remained exposed (a total of 10 plastic basins, five in the pastures and five in the corrals) for 15 days. After this period, the feces were taken to the laboratory for extraction of pupae by means of the flotation method. The pupae were removed with the aid of a sieve; they were counted and individually stored in gelatin capsules until the flies and/or parasitoids emerged (Marchiori et al. 2013).

Study 21
The objective of this study was to understand the main species of parasitoids of frugivorous flies in southern Goiás and west Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study was conducted at the farm in Santa Therese in this region west of Minas Gerais (MG). In southern Goiás (GO) Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the farm of the Faculty of Agronomy. Each week the carrabolla and cherry fruits collected were deposited on a 5cm layer of fine sand, in plastic containers, cylindrical, transparent, and open at the top. The openings of the containers were sealed after placing the fruit with organza secured with elastic to prevent the entry of other insects (Marchiori 219).
Weekly substrate pupae were separated by flotation bucket with water removed with the aid of a sieve, dried, counted and packaged in glass bottles with fine sand kept at room temperature until the emergence of the flies and/or their parasites. Regarding the total percentage of parasitism west region of Minas Gerais was 14.8% and southern Goiás 5.5%. Probably related to the low synanthropy of the species of dipterans and parasitoids collected in the southern region of Goiás studied the locality is now surrounded by human populations on all sides. Trichopria anastrephae Lima showed most percentage of parasitism in western Minas Gerais of 6.6 % in southern Goiás was D. areolatus with 5.0%. T. anastrephae was obtained from Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in guavas, with a parasitism rate of 5.8% (Marchiori 2019).

Study 22.
The objective was to identify species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) collected in the savanna forests and pastures in Itumbiara County, State of Goias, Central Brazil using yellow pan traps. The experiment was carried out at the Agronomy College Farm, located near the Paranaiba River shore, 5 km from downtown Itumbiara County, State of Goias, Central of Brazil. The farm has approximately 12 alqueires. The sampling area had 1.5 alqueires constituted of ciliary forest along the Paranaiba River, gradating to mesophytic semi-deciduous forest and savanna. The area had a background of selective deforestation and forest burning and was circled by sugar cane cropping and pastures.
The samplings were conducted Moericke traps10 traps randomly placed at the soil level, totaling five traps in the pasture and five traps in the woods for each sampling (Marchiori et al. 2003).
In the 520 samplings performed during the period of January to December 1998, 121 specimens of Chalcididae from five different genera and 25 different species were collected. From these individuals 73.6% were collected in the pastures and 26.4% in the forests. The Chalcididae fauna in the pastures and forest were similar between each other at the 92.0% level. Among the Chalcididae specimens collected, the species most frequently found was Haltichella sp.4 (15,7%), followed by Conura sp.1 (13,2%) (Marchiori et al. 2003).

V. CONCLUSION
Currently, Brazil has many laboratories that work with biological control contributing to several programs of great success, mainly in the control of insect pests. Several recent works have questioned the safety of classical biological control and, specifically, the use of generalist natural enemies. There are many examples of introductions that have resulted in severe impacts on untargeted organisms, extinctions, biodiversity loss and imbalance of native communities