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Men’s knowledge, attitude, and barriers towards emergency contraception: A facility based cross-sectional study at King Saud University Medical City

Background Male partners have a considerable role in influencing women’s contraceptive decision making to reduce the chance of unintended pregnancy. Most studies are focused on women’s knowledge and barriers for emergency contraception (EC) use. There is limited research on this topic from the male perspective. This study aimed to gather baseline data on men’s knowledge, attitudes and barriers about EC. Methods Descriptive analytic cross-sectional study was conducted from Dec 2019 –May 2020 at the King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH); a teaching facility with general and subspecialty medical services in King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a structured pretested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were used. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to find significant predictors for EC awareness and use. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 461 participants completed the questionnaire (response rate 86%). The majority (82%) of the participants were unaware of EC; with only 18% having some knowledge. Knowledgeable men had positive attitudes (73.5%) about EC as compared to non- knowledgeable ones (55.0%). Factors found to be associated with less knowledge of EC were cultural [0.46, 95%CI 0.22. 0.96] and religious unacceptability [OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.29, 0.89)]. Higher level of education [OR 1.83, 95%CI 0.94, 3.53] was associated with more knowledge regarding EC. The study showed that correct information about using contraceptives within 3 days of unprotected sex [OR 4.96, 95%CI 1.81, 13.60]; availability without prescription [OR 5.06, 95%CI 1.68, 15.30], EC advertisement [OR 4.84, 95%CI 0.96, 24.27] and receipt of information from family/friends [OR 18.50, 95%CI 5.19, 65.93] were factors that contributed to men using EC. Conclusion The current knowledge of EC among men is limited. Social determinants affect these levels of knowledge, as well as the usage of EC. Factors that were associated with the use of ECPs were correct knowledge, advertisement, availability and receipt of information from family/friends. The findings highlight the need to educate men on this important topic to avoid unintended pregnancy, keeping in view cultural and social values. Future qualitative studies are needed to understand the male perspective.


Introduction
Many couples desire small families and space out their children by preventing unintended pregnancies, but don't always succeed. Worldwide, approximately 40% of all pregnancies are unintended [1,2] of which 30%, are due to contraceptive failure [3]. It could be either due to method or user failure. Emergency contraception is a therapy used to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected or inadequately protected act of sexual intercourse [4]. Despite the many documented benefits of emergency contraception, its use continues to be less in Muslim countries, compared to the West [5,6].
In contrast to most Muslim countries, the awareness and use in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) (especially the Arab world) of emergency contraception (EC) methods is even lower [7,8]. The preferences for contraceptive methods in this region are also different than those in the West [9].
Effective contraception method use in the Muslim world is important because of the religious and cultural reasons forbidding the termination of pregnancies [10][11][12]. EC use is a prominent topic of debate and controversies exist that may be due to lack of knowledge and conflicting views about contraception and abortion [12]. Contraception is considered primarily a women's issue [13]. Mirroring a common trend in contraceptive health, majority of research on EC is centered around females' perspectives towards its usage. Although, men also have a vital role in preventing unintended pregnancies [14].
A study on Muslim womens' positions in deciding on the use of contraceptives found that most women considered it natural to involve their partner in the decision [7]. This finding is in line with the literature on contraceptive decision making [15]. A step that men can take is to encourage their partner to use EC, as timely use may prevent unintended pregnancy by 89-95% [16].
Individuals sexual behavior and preferences are influenced by many factors at multiple levels such as personal attitude, beliefs, community gender norms and partners influence over method selection [17,18]. While most couples do utilize a method of contraception, consistent use is affected by numerous barriers such as a dislike of method side effects, lack of information, cost of contraceptive methods, and culture [19]. This indicates that many couples may face periods of unprotected intercourse and the risk of unintended pregnancy.
It is important to consider men's attitudes and behaviors, more specifically their level of awareness, when it comes to contraceptive use as it can either enable or inhibit contraception use and healthy sexual behaviors. There are several gaps in the literature on contraceptive use among men that analyzes the issues inherent in this process and very few studies have dealt with this topic [20]. Notably, studies that do report the male reproductive behavior about EC, limit findings to Western perspective only. The extent to which these findings can be generalized to men in other low and middle income countries is unclear. There is a pressing need to investigate males' conceptualization of EC in other parts of the world, as unintended pregnancies and EC use is not restricted by gender or geographical boundaries.
Hence, based on the research gaps discussed above, this study was designed to explore knowledge, attitude and barriers about EC among men. In this study the Ecological Systems Theory (EST) [12]and Gender Systems Theory (GST) [21] was utilized.
EST hypothesizes that an individual's development and behavior is defined through an interrelationship between the individual and different environments that can influence an individual response at different levels. This framework emphasizes that individual behaviors and perceptions are influenced by intra and interpersonal attributes and wider societal-community contexts [22,23].
Gender to a great degree is involved in reproductive behaviors. A couple's decision to use contraception is situated within a gendered system; an individual's education, culture norms and family are a few of the determinants.

Study design and setting
KKUH, KSUMC is a multi-disciplinary teaching facility with general and subspecialty medical services; situated in the capital city Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It offers outpatient and inpatient facility, laboratory, radiology, and pharmacy services, a dedicated home healthcare program and free primary, secondary & tertiary care to its patients. Over a six-month period (Dec 2019-May 2020), a cross-sectional study was conducted at major outpatient clinics at the hospital. The clinics included the General out-patient Clinics; Family Medicine and several specialty clinics including Surgery, Medicine, Dermatology, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Psychiatry, Gynecology, ENT, Eye, Oncology, Pain Clinics, Emergency Care Clinics, Dental Clinics and Physical Therapy Clinics.

Target population/sampling
The target population were men attending the out-patient Clinics.
The Good Calculators [24] website was used to estimate the required sample size using the formula: n = (Za/2)2 p(1-p) / d2, based on previous study findings [14] which indicate that the knowledge for the emergency contraceptives among the male population ranges between 22% to 98%. We estimated the sample with the following assumption: prevalence of knowledge at 22% (a figure chosen because we did not find any prior published studies on knowledge in a similar setting) with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%; the required sample size was estimated to be 385. Adding a 25% expected nonresponse or refusals due to the sensitive topic, the total sample size was 480 (�500) men.
A systematic sampling technique was used to approach the participants. The researchers used a fixed pattern and selected every third person in the clinic waiting area to be included in the study. Men who were in the reproductive age group (16-60 years) and were able to speak either English or Arabic consented to participate and were enrolled. Men with any kind of mental illness or problem with understanding were excluded to decrease redundancy of information.

Data collection
All the members of the study project were trained for the data collection process.
The instrument was initially pilot tested. Participants were screened for eligibility by the research team members. The instrument in a printed format along with a covering letter; highlighting the aims and objectives of the study was used. These were filled through personal face to face interviews with emphasis on the understanding and importance of the topic.

Emergency contraception knowledge
For our study we defined knowledge as familiarity, awareness, or understanding of something or what a person knows. We used a faceted approach of classification as it does not require the full extent of knowledge, just the declarative (one's point of view); thus, it is particularly useful for new and emerging topics [25,26].

Data collection tool
A team of three clinicians who had experience in research and six medical students reviewed the literature and a questionnaire was developed which was relevant and easy to complete. The literature search on validated inventories for the measurement of emergency contraception knowledge among men is sparse. We adapted the questions from the previously published studies [7,27,28]; as it was the best available option on the topic. Additionally, few questions were added to cover the male perspective and rephrased to make it easy to respond. The first draft was developed by the principal investigator and an initial review was done by the other two clinicians and students. For data quality, the English questionnaire was translated into the local language, Arabic, then re-translated to English by another translator to check the consistency of the original meaning. After the initial pilot testing, necessary modifications were made to improve the clarity and understandability of the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 26 items/ statements. The first part of the questionnaire included questions on socio-demographic characteristics (age, marital status, level of education, occupational status, income, nationality) and reproductive characteristics (number of children). The second part included questions on knowledge, attitudes towards contraceptive use, and barriers/reasons for not using contraceptives.
We used a quasi-filter and framed the topic in terms of an opinion question which required a "yes", "no", or "don't know" answer [29]. The topic was posed in the form of a question; "if a woman has unprotected sex, is there anything she can do in the first three days after intercourse that will prevent pregnancy"? The other question was posed in statement form; "Ever heard of EC?". By adopting this opinion statement frame-work we hoped to reduce the threat to the respondent when the issue was unfamiliar.
The knowledge on Emergency Contraceptives was based on the participants' response to the question: "if a woman has unprotected sex, is there anything she can do in the first three days after intercourse that will prevent pregnancy"? and question "Ever heard about EC?". Those who answered "yes" were considered to have knowledge, while those who answered "no" were considered as not having any knowledge of EC. Those who said that they "didn't know" or gave an ambiguous answer were also considered not to have knowledge of EC. Those who had knowledge were asked when women can use EC, what they can do to prevent pregnancy and what is the correct timing for its use? Further, their knowledge was assessed for its availability and any pre-requisites before its use and the source of their knowledge. The rest of the questions were about participants' attitudes and perceived barriers towards EC use respectively. The questions related to barriers were classified as religion, culture, difficulty to access, drug side effects, and cost.
To assess the attitudes among participants who had no knowledge about EC, the interviewer gave them an explanation on the topic and reassured them that their answers will be kept private. Further questions were only asked once the participants agreed to answer the questions. In an attempt to make the respondent willing to voice their opinion, the interviewer read a series of statements about EC use. After each one, the participants voiced a true opinion for each.
In the administration of the scale, the attitudes were evaluated by using a "yes", "no", or "don't know" format. There were ten statements given, along with the options of yes (1), no (2), don't know (0). The lowest score obtainable was 0, whereas the highest score 10. The cutoff value was taken as "5". A higher score (>5) was taken as positive/favorable attitude and a lower score (score = or <5) as not positive/unfavorable attitude towards EC use. The alpha coefficient for our variables was 0.50. From the social-ecological perspective [18], questions were asked to cover the following four domains: Intrapersonal level: characteristics of the individual such as demographics, knowledge, attitudes, behavior, perceptions.
Interpersonal level: with whom the at-risk people associate like family, friends; partner's approval and involvement in contraception use.
Organizational level: health care infrastructure, access to health care.
Community level: common values and mutual concern, culture, gender norms, barriers, information available about family planning.

Data analysis
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) [version 23] was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were calculated for socio-demographic data, sources of ECP education and responses to questions about ECP knowledge. The Chisquare test was used to test the association and estimate the statistical significance. The univariate analyses were computed using descriptive statistics. To identify factors that may be associated with the awareness and utilization of EC, we employed multivariate logistic regression. For the analysis of factors affecting its usage, we used the number of participants with the correct information about using contraceptive within 3 days of un-protective sex. Pvalues less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical permission for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine; KSU (Research Project no E-19-4404 dated 08-12-2019). Informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants by informing them that participation was voluntary and by completing the survey, they were giving consent to participate in this study. The Institutional Review Board determined that this was adequate for obtaining informed consent and waived the requirement for written consent. Anonymity and confidentiality were assured. Participants were given assurance that the information gathered will be used exclusively for research purposes.

Key social determinants affecting knowledge and use of EC
Intra personal-level influences on contraceptive use. Awareness of the existence of EC was very low (18%, n = 83), with 82% (n = 378) of men never having heard of EC prior to the study. Men who were young, those with a higher education level, those with a lesser desire for children, and those with a few number of children were more likely to have knowledge of EC. A statistically significant association was found between knowledge and age (P = 0.04), level of education (p = 0.03), number of children (p = 0.02) and desire for children (p = 0.04) ( Table 2).
The correct timeframe of effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) (up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse) was identified by sixty percent (n = 50). Out of 83 men who were aware of ECP, only 25 (30%) had used ECP. Majority thought that a pregnancy test is necessary (71%, N = 59) and physician consultation is needed (86%, n = 71) before using ECP. Missed contraceptive pills (49%), failure of barrier contraceptives/ withdrawal method (36%) and condoms breaking during intercourse (15%) were chosen as appropriate situations for ECP use (Table 3).

Men attitudes, beliefs and barriers towards emergency contraception
Regarding the level of attitude, 269 men (58.4%) had favorable/positive attitudes towards ECPs. Participants' attitudes and barriers towards ECP have been analyzed. The attitude for all individual questions were significantly higher (positive) for knowledgeable than non-knowledgeable men (Table 4).  Among the total participants, 87% (n = 403) reported that they would mutually discuss it with their partners before beginning usage. Overall, majority (73%, n = 336) were not shy to ask for ECP in case of need. More than half (69%) of the knowledgeable men were of the opinion that ECP should be freely available over the counter, without prescription in order to avoid unwanted pregnancy. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). When asked about their preference to use ECP if it reduces the chance of pregnancy by 75%, majority of them were in favor (p = 0.001). Men who had knowledge were also in favor of buying it and having it on hand prior to an episode of contraceptive failure (p = 0.01), preferred their partners to get the pill from the pharmacy/clinic (p = 0.03), and were in favor of advertising ECP (p = 0.08). They would also recommend it to other men at risk (p = 0.000) ( Table 3).
Organizational and community level factors. Majority (66%, n = 55) of men knew that ECP was available at pharmacies and were in favor of their partners (63.3%, n = 292) and themselves (72.4%, n = 334) having access to pharmacies to get it if the need arose.

Barriers to ECPs use
The main reasons deterring men not to use EC were medicine side effects (40%), fear of religion (34%), difficulty to access (20.3%), culture (19%) and cost (11%) ( Table 4). A significant association was found between the religion, culture, cost and the presence of knowledge (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, 0.05), respectively.
Factors/Predictors associated with the knowledge and use of EC among men. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to find the significant predictors for knowledge of ECP ( Logistic regression analysis was carried out to find the significant predictors for utilization of EC (Table 6). Presented in Table 7

Discussion
This is the first study on knowledge, attitude, barriers and use of ECPs as well as factors associated with it among men in the Arab region. The study found an alarmingly low level of knowledge and understanding among Saudi men. As theoretically expected, our findings indicated that participants' affective and cognitive beliefs were significantly associated with intentions to use, highlighting its importance over the behavior.
Studies investigating gender differences have confirmed that knowledge of EC was lower among men than their counterparts [14]. However, it is not surprising that males know less than females about emergency contraception as reproductive health policies such as marketing strategies, counselling, and in general dissemination of knowledge regarding fertilization and contraception continue to be more focused on women [14].
With respect to the knowledge of EC, it is clear that the men knew little about its indications and effectiveness. Although they did have positive attitudes about emergency contraception, improvements in their knowledge for the use of the method is needed.
This study conjures a snapshot of the factors that can influence the contraceptive knowledge and use. Studies have shown that gaps in contraceptive knowledge could be explained by the key social determinants [7,30]. A significant association between knowledge and level of education, culture, and religious beliefs was found and is consistent with studies done in the Arab region with similar cultural background [31][32][33][34]. Higher level of education was associated with more knowledge of ECP and more positive attitudes towards actual use.
The study findings indicate that religious and cultural values were the source of knowledge proscriptions for many individuals. A probable explanation could be that individuals who value religion and culture in their lives (have greater religious commitment) are more likely than others to not indulge themselves in seeking knowledge of contraception and accept religious doctrines.
Further, our findings indicate that older men were less knowledgeable about EC than younger men, probably because the younger generation is better educated, more technologically savvy, has greater exposure to social media and is more open to talking about sex. This is in line with a recent assessment which found that knowledge of EC among men varied according to age, location and community setting [14]. An overall pattern of partial knowledge was observed throughout the responses. Inadequate knowledge about contraceptive methods has been cited as one of the major reasons for the lack of its use [7], and knowledge had a statistical effect on EC use in our population. The participants were familiar with at least one modern contraceptive method, with the condom being the most commonly known method and EC the least. The higher familiarity of condoms is in line with reported studies which found that men focus primarily on condom use and see this as a male partner's only available contraceptive contribution [16]. This illustrates a probable lack of male participation in reproductive health discussions. In contraceptive socialization, the most important sources of information on EC in this study were friends/family members followed by physicians /family planning providers. Further confirming our findings, logistic regression analysis indicated that participants whose source of information were family/ friends were more likely to use it. We assume that men felt it easy to discuss this topic with people from their social network, most likely another man close enough to them that they felt confident in asking about contraceptive matters. This finding is consistent with local studies [7,35,36]. Our findings highlight the need to include counseling as group sessions with men of common beliefs as it may provide an opportunity for accurate information to be disseminated to the group at large. It is both concerning and unfortunate, as health care providers can be a source of reliable information related to EC. As reported in literature [37], male physicians tend to not offer discussion on contraceptive methods. Research is needed to ascertain whether or not providers themselves have enough knowledge and are happy to counsel men about EC.
Previous studies have shown that physicians were unsatisfied with their current knowledge of EC and felt uncomfortable due to inexperience with its use. They also felt it an inappropriate topic to be discussed at routine consultations due to religious/ethical/cultural reasons as it could promote promiscuity [22,38]. Unwillingness at the provider level can have significant implications as couples might not be able to obtain timely information to initiate contraception. Increasing conversations between providers and male patients may positively affect both mens' knowledge and their comfort. Our findings call for future research on understanding the socio-cultural underpinnings of health behaviors, motivations, clinicians' counseling and behaviors of involving males in provision of EC. However, religion is embedded in all global cultures and can have a sizable impact on couples' adoption of EC. There have been significant research efforts on womens' perspectives globally but the male perspective on contraception is an underrepresented issue in the scientific research field. Only a few studies have been conducted with dissimilar cultural settings [39]. The results of this study revealed that knowledge of EC among Saudi men was much lower than the studies in other countries [19,40,41]. However, it was similar to a study published among Turkish men [40,42]. This similarity could be due to religion, although, cultural backgrounds differ significantly from one society to the other [43,44].
Much to our surprise, religious and cultural convictions were not strong imperatives for men to not use contraception. This can be a result of modernization and transformation in Saudi Arabia, akin to what has been seen in other nations. Another possibility could be due to the notion that using it is allowable in comparison to abortion, which is not allowed in Islamic prophetic text (Quran and Sunnah).
Arab culture promotes a patriarchal society where men determine most of the family issues. A study in an Arab country has shown that contraceptive use is increased many folds with the husband's approval [33]. Contraceptive responsibility has shifted from individuals to couples and is no longer gendered labor. This study revealed that men supported mutual decisions for contraception. They expressed a desire for wide advertisement and easy availability/ purchase of ECPs which is contrary to their counterparts, a finding reported by others [7,45]. This dissociation needs further exploration. A future qualitative study can identify the hidden concerns.
There was broad acceptance of using EC once the method and its effectiveness was explained. This shows system-related barriers such as the lack of appropriate information and minimal educational resources available in the native Arabic language [46]. In line with other studies, men were willing to recommend it to others at risk and use it in the future if the need arises [20]. This indicates that being well informed is a prerequisite for effective action and desired outcomes [47].
In light of this finding, educational leaflets and awareness sessions can be provided as part of reproductive health counseling, as reported in the literature [30,48]. Moreover, contraception knowledge remains a sensitive religious and cultural issue with a raft of challenges. Thus, religious leaders should be involved as they can also act as agents of change. Involving them can bring additional attitude change in the social norms and practice.

Strengths and limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it provides important evidence that may be used as a baseline for further educational campaigns. Due to rapid economic and informational revolution, we anticipate a more positive change in future.
This was a cross sectional study conducted in only one of the prominent hospitals in the capital city of Saudi Arabia, covering a small group. Hence, it is not representative for all men and cannot establish causality. Therefore, generalizing the results of this study to other settings must be done with caution. Due to the sensitive nature of the topic, the respondents' honesty and disclosure may be constrained. However, we tried to minimize this through building a good rapport by ensuring confidentiality and privacy.
Another limitation of our study is the low reliability of the questionnaire; which could be due to a relatively small sample size and the fact that we used items from existing questionnaires, as there were no reliable gold-standard contraceptive questionnaires to measure the individual's knowledge, attitude and barriers. The current questionnaire includes only two items to measure knowledge and an opinion format was used to elicit information. Future assessments could include more items to assess knowledge. Additionally, the questionnaire in the current study addressed the barriers generally without classification into psychosocial, physical, medical, administrative and cultural aspects. Future clarification qualitative studies are needed to explore the barriers and concerns regarding the use of ECP in depth.
A larger sample size and a broader geographical distribution is recommended for further studies to gain more insight on this important reproductive health subject.

Conclusion
The level of knowledge and awareness about EC among Saudi men was very low. Poor knowledge and EC use is affected by inter/intra-personal and socio-cultural factors. The major barriers identified were concerns about the possible side effects of EC. The findings highlight the need to educate men on this important topic in order to avoid unintended pregnancy, keeping in view culture and social values. Efforts to improve affective, cognitive, and partner-specific dimensions are promising directions for future improvements. Health care professionals can play a vital role. Future qualitative studies are needed to understand men's perspective.

Recommendations and implication statement
The findings of the study reveal some important policy implications that are useful for health authorities to take up the challenge of improving the quality of reproductive health services within Saudi Arabia.
Our findings regarding the importance of a social network also highlights that it may be beneficial to consider group counseling sessions with men of similar demographic backgrounds, which can provide an opportunity for accurate information to be disseminated to the group. This would increase the likeliness of relaying this information to other men. Strategies need to be undertaken to develop community-based, confidential and friendly clinic services which can offer reproductive care and planned parenthood. Health care professionals can provide appropriate counseling tailored to social norms and religious values. Larger surveys can be used to assess knowledge and dispel any myths and misconceptions.