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The Subtlety of State Action in Privatized Child Welfare Services.

In ever increasing numbers, public agencies are contracting with the private sector to provide services and benefits—once assumed to be governmental “duties”—that had long been delivered primarily through public channels. Examples include, among others, privatized nursing home care, privatized prisons, and private military forces. Despite some adverse outcomes, broad shifts in service delivery continue unabated, and, according to some, “seem to be occurring especially around collective commitments to provide for the basic human needs for food, shelter, education, medical care, and justice.”1 It is therefore not surprising that we are witnessing a significant increase in the rate of private participation in child welfare services,2 defined here as privately delivered out-of-home care for children formally placed by the state in the child welfare system and in the custody of the state.3 Far from a recent phenomenon, public-private partnerships have a