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Settlement and Cultural Development at Chalcatzingo

Some of the earliest developments of social stratification and complex religious practices in Mesoamerica can be traced to the Olmec culture that existed on Mexico's southem Gulf Coast from about 1150 to 550 B.C. Possibly due to a belief that complex cultures cannot arise in tropical environments, some scholars have attributed Olmec origins to other regions and other cultures; however, the pre-Olmec stratigraphic sequence recently uncovered at San Lorenzo (1) suggests that Olmec cultural development is basically indigenous to the Gulf Coast region. Other new data indicate that we must not credit Olmec culture alone for developments in social and religious complexity early in the Formative period. Parallel developments may have taken place at least as early in Oaxaca, Chiapas, and possibly even western Mexico (2). By 1150 B.C., however, stylistic motifs that many scholars identify as Olmec were used on ceramics in widespread areas of Mesoamerica, and by 900 B.C. both portable and monumental 01mec-style stone art could be found in areas far distant from the Olmec heartland on the Gulf Coast. The actual nature of this cultural diffusion and the manner of its acceptance in other regions is still unclear and raises a number of questions. For instance, was cultural development in these other regions stimulated or influenced by Olmec culture? In this article we discuss research conducted at a major Formative period archeological site in highland central Mexi-