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Surface modification, topographic design and applications of superhydrophobic systems.

The superhydrophobic surface with expanded wetting behaviors, like tunable adhesion, hybrids surface hydrophobicity and smart hydrophobic switching etc., have attracted increasing attention due to their broad applications. The construction method, mechanism and advanced applications of special superhydrophobicity are reviewed, and the hydro/superhydrophobic modification are categorized and discussed based on their surface chemistry, and topographic design. The formation and maintenance of special superhydrophobicity at the meta-stable state are examined and explored. In addition, particular attention is paid to the utilization of special wettability in various applications, such as membrane distillation, droplet-based electricity generator and anti-fogging surfaces. Finally, the challenges for practical applications and future research directions are discussed.