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Ballistic photons in tissue characterization study

We describe a new method to separate ballistic from the scattered photons in a tissue characterization study. It is based on the concept that the scattered photons acquire a phase delay whose magnitude depends on the number of scatterings and the resulting path increment for photons transmitted in the direction of incidence. All other photons are eliminated with physical apertures in his scanning arrangement. We propose a Mach-Zehnder experimental setup where the ballistic photons pass through the sample with the delay caused uniquely by the sample indices of refraction, assuming multiple layers. The method is based on the capability of the photons, passing through the sample without scattering or absorption to preserve their coherence. With the incorporation of a movable mirror on the piezoelectric actuator in the reference arm, this method allows measuring only those photons that suffer no phase delay upon passing through the sample. We present the theory that predicts the feasibility of this method to differentiate between classes of tissues. The method is feasible for samples with transmission of ballistic photons down to 10-18.