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To the issues of waste treatment as a promising source of thermal energy and improvement waste management system

. The paper discusses the organization and implementation of waste management activities based on territorial waste management schemes. The territorial waste management schemes of Vologda Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast, and Arkhangelsk Oblast (Russia) were analyzed and compared. The sources of municipal solid waste formation, their composition, and hazard class were considered. The authors propose a new approach for comprising the territorial waste management schemes. The obtained results can be used when adjusting territorial schemes, establishing differential standards for the accumulation of solid municipal waste.


Introduction
World experience shows that the most accessible and one of the most economically viable renewable energy sources is municipal solid waste (MSW), incinerated at thermal power plants (TPPs). Municipal solid waste is a fuel comparable in calorific value to peat and some brands of brown coal. It is formed where heat and electrical energy is most in demand, i.e. in large cities, and has a guaranteed predictable renewal.
The operation of solid waste TPPs does not depend on natural conditions (unlike, for example, solar or wind power plants) and geographic location (as compared with geothermal and tidal power plants). In addition to energy generation, TPPs solve an important social problem -recycling of household waste generated by human life activity.
In the Russian Federation, MSW will be used as secondary energy resources after the adoption of legislative documents aimed at a significant reduction of landfill disposal, at least for large cities, and increasing the interest of energy companies in the development of renewable energy sources.
The issues of waste management have been relevant for several decades [1][2][3][4]. In 2018, the Russian national project "Ecology" was approved, the key goal of which is the effective management of production and consumption waste. Amendments are being made to federal laws, government decrees, regional regulations, which are aimed at improving the management tools for the waste management sector [5][6][7]. With the adoption of amendments to the basic law governing waste management (No. 89-FZ "On production and consumption waste"), all constituent entities of the Russian Federation are obliged to develop and approve territorial waste (including MSW) management schemes (TWMS) [8,9]. This work is aimed at the formation of conceptual approaches to the development (updating) of the Russian territorial waste management schemes based on the differentiation of waste generation facilities and waste accumulation rates.

Materials and methods
In 2016 in the Vologda Oblast (Russia), a territorial waste management scheme was developed and approved based on the provisions of federal and regional regulations [8][9][10][11][12]. However, a detailed analysis of its sections (sources of waste generation, amount of waste, morphological composition of waste, norms of waste accumulation) shows that the territorial scheme does not include innovative scenarios for the development of waste processing industry. Moreover, it doesn't include the initial data for planning the industry development or these data are incomplete. For a more objective assessment of the territorial waste management scheme of the Vologda Oblast, the authors analyzed the territorial waste management schemes of the Yaroslavl Oblast and Arkhangelsk Oblast [13,14]. These regions were selected as objects for comparison due to several reasons. Firstly, these regions border with the Vologda Oblast. Secondly, the climatic conditions of the Arkhangelsk Oblast are similar to that of the Vologda Oblast. As a rule, climatic factors have a significant impact on the morphological composition of waste generated by the population. Thirdly, the population size of the Vologda and Yaroslavl regions differs by 6%, and the population density by 4 times. The density and nature of the population's distribution affect the decisionmaking on strategic planning of waste management activities. The characteristics of the objects of study according to data from [10,13,14] are presented in Table 1.
Territorial waste management schemes contain information about the sources of waste generation on the territory of the subject. Data on the sources of waste generation are necessary to determine, first of all, the morphological composition of waste. The number of sources of solid municipal waste generation on the territory of the constituent entities is presented in Table 2. The territorial scheme of Arkhangelsk Oblast does not contain these data.
The presented data shows that the territorial schemes do not take into account the following sources of MSW formation: orphanages, prisons, treatment-andprophylactic and medical-diagnostic institutions. For There is no data on train stations and airports. The correctness of the unit for measuring the waste accumulation rate of members of gardening partnership raises doubts, according to the authors, it is necessary to take into account the number of people living in summer cottages.

Addition of objects to the territorial scheme
We propose to add the following sources of waste accumulation to the territorial scheme: -Apartment residential buildings in settlements with a population of up to 50 thousand people; -Apartment residential buildings in settlements with a population exceeding 50 thousand people; -Apartment residential buildings in rural areas; -Individual dwellings with central heating in rural areas; -Individual dwellings with individual heating in rural settlements; -Individual dwellings with central heating in urbantype settlements; -Individual dwellings with individual heating in urban-type settlements.
This will result in a more differentiated calculation of standards for the accumulation of MSW and tariffs for garbage disposal. The proposed approach would remove social tension among the population, in particular, those living in rural areas. The waste generation rate and, as a consequence, the tariff for MSW management will become more reasonable.

Analysis of sources of other waste generation
Analysis of sources of other waste generation shows a wide scatter of information on the number of objects ( Table 3). The number of mining facilities in the analyzed territorial schemes is approximately the same and arises no discussion. However, the number of manufacturing, consumption, production, and nonproduction facilities, objects of other activities requires clarification. So, the amount of manufacturing facilities in Vologda Oblast and Yaroslavl Oblast is almost 6 times more than in Arkhangelsk Oblast. However, in Arkhangelsk Oblast, the amount of water supply and sewerage facilities is 2.4 times less than in Vologda Oblast and 8.2 times less than in Yaroslavl Oblast.
When assessing the impact of waste on the environment, one should take into account not only the amount of waste by weight, but also the degree of their negative impact (Table 4)

Morphological composition of waste
While planning measures and schemes for the treatment of municipal solid waste it is important to take into account the morphological composition of waste. Data on the composition of waste are relevant when considering the feasibility of introducing and arranging separate waste collection. One needs to know how many and what containers are needed to collect waste. The resource potential of waste is significant for the development of business plans for the construction of waste sorting facilities and waste processing plants [15]. It is especially important to separately treat polymer waste of various groups: polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, PET bottles, since the technologies for their processing differ and depend on the physicochemical structure of the polymer [2,4]. Comparative analysis of the structure of municipal solid waste in Vologda Oblast and Yaroslavl Oblast is presented in Table 5. The territorial waste management scheme of Arkhangelsk Oblast does not include the component composition of waste.
The authors believe that the territorial scheme of Vologda Oblast should be supplemented by information about hazardous waste (batteries, accumulators, containers from solvents, paints, mercury lamps, etc.), black scrap metal (including cans), non-ferrous scrap metal (including aluminum cans), tetrapak, polyethylene terephthalate (bottles, etc.), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and other plastics. This information will make it possible to assess the raw material potential of valuable secondary material and energy raw materials. It will also help to assess the possibility of developing processing industries on the territory of Vologda Oblast.

Comparative analysis of normative standards for waste accumulation
The issues of setting norms for MSW accumulation are now relevant for each territorial subject of the Russian Federation. The authors analyzed the waste accumulation standards in Vologda Oblast based on the data from the territorial scheme.  [16]. Thus, the waste accumulation standard for Vologda Oblast residents living in apartment buildings in Vologda and Cherepovets, has been increased by 12.5% in comparison with that given in the territorial scheme. For the residents living in apartment buildings in municipal areas it increased by 202%; for the residents living in individual houses decreased by 13%. The authors explain this situation by incorrect measurements of waste for objects of each category in each season, or the establishment of a standard based on estimated dataan average annual accumulation rate without measurements.
In accordance with the information provided in the territorial schemes and orders on the rates of MSW accumulation, the authors carried out an analysis by subjects: Vologda Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast (table 7).

Conclusions
Regional territorial schemes for municipal solid waste management should be improved. The results obtained are very relevant for Vologda Oblast, which is in the process of developing and approving a new Territorial Waste Management Scheme.
Therefore, to move to the real development of waste management industry, it is necessary to create waste management schemes that not only describe the current situation in the region but build a reliable and realistic forecast based on big data. The following should be done: 1) The range of waste generation sources should be expanded, and the sources of waste generation should be differentiated depending on the number of inhabitants in the settlement; 2) The standards for the accumulation of municipal solid waste should be differentiated according to the "population" category; 3) The standards for the formation of solid municipal waste in the region should be based on the indicators of territorial waste management schemes; 4) The indicators of the territorial scheme must be taken into account when setting the maximum tariffs in the field of solid municipal waste management.