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Watermarking algorithm based on permutation and PDF417 coding

This paper represents a new spatial domain digital watermarking method, which can trade off between spatial domain and frequency domain approaches. This technique produces a watermarked image that closely retains the quality of the original host image while concurrently surviving various image processing operations such as lowpass/highpass filtering, lossy JPEG compression, and cropping. This image watermarking algorithm takes full advantage of permutation and 2-D barcode, which is PDF417 coding. The actual watermark embedding in spatial domain is followed using permutated image for improving the resistance to image cropping. Much higher robustness of watermark is obtainable via forward error correction (FEC) technique, which is the main feature of PDF417 codes. Additional features of this technique include the easy determination of the existence of the watermark and that the watermark verification procedure does not need the original host image.