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Gene therapy as a cure for color blindness

Red‐green color blindness most often results from the absence of the long‐(L) or middle‐(M) wavelength sensitive visual photopigments. It is the most common single locus genetic disorder. Recent advances in the development of gene therapy vectors have offered the promise of gene therapy cures for inherited vision disorders; however, classical visual deprivation experiments show that for at least some features of the visual system, there is a “critical period” in development in which visual input is required for proper circuitry to form. Here, we performed subretinal injections of a gene therapy vector designed to introduce a third cone type in the retina of dichromatic (color blind) squirrel monkeys. The vector was adeno‐associated virus carrying the gene for a human L cone opsin under control of an L/M cone specific enhancer and promoter. The effects of the gene therapy treatment were monitored using color vision behavioral testing and electroretinography. Results indicate that trichromacy can arise from a single addition of a third cone class and it does not require an early developmental process. This provides a positive outlook for the potential of gene therapy to cure adult vision disorders and as a tool for exploring neural plasticity of the visual system.