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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Tregs and cancer.

The IDO pathway is implicated in a number of settings which lead to acquired peripheral tolerance. One such setting may be the functional tolerance displayed by tumor-bearing hosts toward tumor-associated antigens. Foxp3(+) Tregs are now recognized as a major contributor to tumor-induced immune suppression and functional tolerance. Emerging evidence links the IDO pathway with Treg biology at several points. The first is the ability of IDO-expressing DCs to drive the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells toward a Foxp3+ (inducible Treg) phenotype. The second link is the ability of IDO-expressing DCs to directly activate mature, pre-existing Tregs for markedly enhanced suppression of target cells. And the third link is the ability of IDO to prevent the inflammation-induced conversion ("reprogramming") of Tregs into pro-inflammatory T-helper-like cells in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that IDO may represent an important regulatory checkpoint influencing Treg activity: both by stabilizing and augmenting the suppressive phenotype, and by preventing Treg reprogramming into non-suppressive helper-like cells.