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Howard Kimeldorf, Reds or Rackets? The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. 242 pp.

Why some socialism in America? This provocative response to Werner Sombart's question, why no socialism in America?, provides the framework for Howard Kimeldorf's study of East and West Coast longshoremen. Kimeldorf explores the question through what he calls "a deviant case analysis" of the West Coast longshoremen's union (ILWU). For most of the twentieth century, the West Coast longshoremen have been organized into one or another union led by radicals. Prior to the 1930s the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) gained a foothold on the docks from San Pedro to Seattle and achieved considerable influence in locals of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA), the dominant union on the docks at that time. In 1934 the West Coast longshoremen struck. In the aftermath of that bloody event, the radicals were able to pull the vast majority of the West Coast dockers away from the ILA and, in 1938, formed a new union, the ILWU, affiliated with the CIO. Led by Communist party activists and the legendary Harry Bridges, the ILWU maintained a militant posture toward both employers and government foreign policy for the next half-century. The ILWU was expelled from the CIO in 1949 for non-compliance with the anticommunist provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act.