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Effects of partial infrastructure on indoor positioning for emergency rescue evacuation support system

Indoor positioning is a key component of an Emergency Rescue Evacuation Support System (ERESS). However, there has been limited works on evaluating indoor positioning schemes in consideration of emergency situations such as fire and earthquakes. Especially, some or all of the indoor infrastructures (e.g. WiFi APs) could be unavailable due to the disasters, which are reference points of the schemes. We design and implement a realistic simulation to evaluate the schemes with ignition of fire, spread of smoke, and malfunction of infrastructure. In the simulation, positioning accuracy of two representative bases of indoor localization schemes is evaluated, which are Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) and Wi-Fi fingerprinting based on Received Signal Strength (RSS). In both techniques, we use the Particle Filter algorithm to improve the accuracy of localization. For realistic simulations, we model a WiFi infrastructure and its breakdown process using the Anylogic software with smoke propagation data with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). We also compare the real time pedestrian trace with the estimated locations obtained by the schemes.