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Could ferritin level be an indicator of COVID‐19 disease mortality?

Abstract While the number of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) cases is increasing day by day, there is limited information known about the hematological and laboratory findings of the disease. We aimed to investigate whether serum ferritin level predicts mortality is a marker for rapid progression for inpatients. Our study included 56 patients who were died due to COVID‐19 as the study group, and 245 patients who were hospitalized and recovered as the control group. The laboratory data of the patients were evaluated from the first blood tests (pre) taken from the first moment of admission to the hospital and the blood tests taken from before the patient's discharge or exitus (post) were evaluated retrospectively. The mean age of the nonsurvivor group was 62.0 ± 15.7 and the mean age of the control group was 54.34 ± 13.03. Age and length of stay are significantly higher in the nonsurvivor group. When comparing the pre‐ and postvalues of ferritin, according to the two groups separately, there was no significant difference in the control group and a high level of significance was observed in the nonsurvivor group (p < .01). COVID‐19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 causes high mortality with widespread inflammation and cytokine storm. Ferritin is a cheap and widespread available marker, ferritin, which can be used for its predictivity of the mortality and hope it would be a useful marker for clinicians for the management of the disease.

While the disease may be asymptomatic, it can be encountered with severe ARDS, which is thought to be due to an inflammatory cytokine storm. Activation of the monocyte-macrophage system is existing just before the disease produces pneumonia. In this period, an increase in ferritin levels is observed in COVID-19 patients, along with an increase in many laboratory parameters such as D-dimer and fibrinogen. [7][8][9] In this study, we aimed to investigate whether serum ferritin level predicts mortality, is a marker for rapid progression for inpatients and has got a cutoff level to forecast the negative affect to the treatment of the patient diagnosed with COVID-19.

| MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three hundred and one patients who were hospitalized for COVID-19 according to who interim guidance to our education and research hospital, which was designated as Pandemic hospital between 11 March-20 April 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. Our study included 56 patients who were died due to COVID-19 as the study group, and 245 patients who were hospitalized and recovered as the control group. This study was approved by the Clinical Demographic data, medical history, laboratory findings, and thorax tomography of the patients were obtained from the hospital electronic information system retrospectively. The laboratory data of the patients were evaluated from the first blood tests (pre) taken from the first moment of admission to the hospital and the blood tests taken from before the patient's discharge or exitus (post) were evaluated. The hemogram data of the patients were studied in the biochemistry laboratory with the Beckman Coulter AU2700 device with the biochemical tests with the Sysmex XT4000i device. All patient data were double-checked and analyzed by the research team.
PCR tests were performed in our hospital and Istanbul Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty microbiology laboratory, which were both validated as Sars-CoV-2 laboratory. Swap samples were taken from the upper respiratory tract (naso-oropharynx) when the patient was admitted to the hospital and transported via viral-transport medium to the laboratory. All RNA extraction was obtained with the Genmark RNA Isolation Kit (Genome) previously described for the SARS-CoV-2 duration in 2 h. 10

| Statistical methods
All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21.0 software. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency rates and percentages (%), and continuous variables were expressed as median (interquartile range). Categorical variables between groups were compared using the χ 2 test or Fisher exact test.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normal distribution for continuous data. As the normal distribution hypothesis is not provided, the Mann-Whitney U test was conducted for the analysis of the differences between control and death groups.
The pre-and postvalues of ferritin were compared with the Wilcoxon test. In addition, logistic regression was made after determining the dependent variable as being dead or alive due to COVID-19 and independent variables as age, length of stay, and favipiravir. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the cutoff value of ferritin. A p value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.

| RESULTS
The demographic characteristics of our patients are summarized in Table 1, from the 301 patients, 56 (18.6%) of them died during the study. The mean age of the nonsurvivor group was 62.0 ± 15.7 and the mean age of the control group was 54.34 ± 13.03, and the nonsurvivor group was significantly older than the control group (p < .01). There was no significant difference in male/female ratio in the nonsurvivor group compared to the control group (p > .05).
As can be seen in Table 1  the rates of CVD and number of patients taken favipiravir treatment were found significantly higher in the nonsurvivor group. While comorbidity was present in 39.8% of the patients, only CVD was found to be significantly higher as comorbidity in the exitus group.
When Table 2    In Table 3 In Table 4 to ARDS and patients have to be intubated in intensive care. 4 In our study, the frequency of ARDS development and hematological abnormality was found to be increased in patients with a longer hospital stay, elderly and patients whose radiological involvement in CT is extensive so that treated with favipiravir. Our duration of hospital stay was determined in accordance with a multicenter study, and patients with an increased hospital stay had higher ARDS and increased ferritin levels. 13 While the correlation of lymphopenia from hematological abnormalities with disease severity is supported by the literature, it is emphasized that it is the first parameter that can be used due to being inexpensive, easy, and economical. 1,14 In our study, we think that lymphopenia may also be used with high ferritin levels in patients who have widespread inflammation leading to ARDS. In a meta-analysis in which a limited number of literature are examined, hematological findings detected in COVID-19 patients are considered as an indication of the increase in values such as D-dimer, troponin, IL-6, and the diffuse cytokine release in patients that led to multiple organ damage. 15 In our study, we have shown that the increase in the biochemical parameters such as ferritin, fibrinogen, D-dimer, troponin, measured at the first time of hospital admission, as well as the detection of lymphopenia are associated with mortality.
Favipiravir, which is effective on viral RNA is activated with the host's enzyme system. 16  | 1675 clinics in accordance with the recommendation of the scientific committee of our country. Since the course of the disease was poor in our patients using favipiravir, the change in ferritin value was clinically significant in these patients.
As a result, COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 causes high mortality with widespread inflammation and cytokine storm. A serious fight against the disease is active all around the world because of high mortality of this pandemic. In this pandemic period, we wanted to contribute to the literature with our study done with a cheap and widespread available marker, ferritin, which can be used for its predictivity of the mortality and hope it would be a useful marker for clinicians for the management of the disease (Figure 1).