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I’m not Alone: A Phenomenological Study of Psychological Help Sources in Suicide Crisis

This research was conducted to explore the experiences of suicidal survivors in seeking psychological help for their crisis. A descriptive phenomenological study was chosen to get the dynamics of mental health help-seeking. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with youth participants who had previously experienced a suicide crisis. Seven participants (5 women; mean age 26 years-old) were involved voluntarily through the snowball technique recruitment. Descriptive phenomenological analysis was applied to get the synthesis and meaning of experiences in psychological help-seeking. This study found psychological help sources: self-help, close relationships, socio-cultural, and institutional. This article highlighted that social relations played a crucial role in the success of seeking help. Suicide prevention should be carried out by campaigning for self-disclosure to seeking help by utilizing various available psychological help sources.

concluded that young people are less likely to seek help, instead of hiding or neglecting their problems. Most people who commit suicide do not seek help from a mental health professional at all, especially when they make a decision and plan on how to end their lives (Pitman & Osborn, 2011).
The help seeker faces complicated issues, internally and in the system structure. Czyz et al. (2013) reported that independent problem management is the main option, considering that the issues being faced are perceived to be too trivial to involve other people and professionals. The involvement of external parties is considered to have a consequence in the loss of money and time. Additionally, a low likelihood to seek professional psychological help seems to be caused by negative attitudes and doubt towards mental health institutions and the efficacy of interventions (David, 2010).
Help-seeking is an active effort in finding various resources that can act as the resolution for various problems being faced. Barker (2007) considered that help-seeking is an adaptive coping strategy to reduce distress and increase psychological welfare. This action is done to obtain advice, suggestions, information, intervention, to professional references. Help from a suitable source can prevent the onset of more complex distress, encourage adjustment, and reduce emotional and behavioral problems (Rickwood & Thomas, 2012). Help-seeking is a transaction between personal domain and social interaction that can facilitate or inhibit treatment-seeking (Seamark & Gabriel, 2018). By communicating problems and distressing experiences to others, an individual with a suicide crisis can obtain help or support in form of emphatic understanding and even therapeutic intervention.
The sources of psychological help-seeking are varied. Help-seeking generally refers to the utilization of support and aid from: 1) formal sector, which by Barker et al. (2005) is classified into various forms of health services or social institutions conducted professionally (psychiatrist, psychologist, counsellor, doctor, social worker); 2) source of informal help (family, friends, parents); and semi-formal (school, workplace). On the other hand, Barker (2007) categorized the source of help according to: 1) specific health needs (e.g., visiting doctor, psychologist, psychiatrist, and midwife); 2) help-seeking for general needs (e.g., asking help to finish tasks); and 3) help-seeking to deal with familial and relational problems).
Cultural difference influences the variations of help-seeking behavior concerning mental health issues. The differences in health beliefs also construct help-seeking behavior in solving psychological problems (Gilchrist & Sullivan, 2006). Javanese people, for example, use traditional, religious, or alternative treatments and therapies to solve various psychological crises (Subandi et al., 2020). The users of non-professional help also spread across varied backgrounds, not only from the illiterate or low socioeconomic circle (Nurhayati & Widowati, 2017). The help-seeking behavior also remains to have formidable issues, considering that the availability and ease of access to mental health services are very limited, and the distribution is unequal (Human Rights Watch, 2016). Suicide possesses several characteristics that have been occurring since the fatal wish and ideas arise, so the involvement of mental health personnel becomes really crucial in its treatment (Giner et al., 2016). However, the study of psychological helpseeking, particularly within the context of suicide has not been thoroughly explored yet.
Studies about help-seeking in mental health need to be done to identify various potentials and the source of success in psychological help-seeking for people who experience suicide crises and other mental health problems. It is necessary to conduct studies to understand the process of psychological help-seeking and factors that support or inhibit that action.
The study was done to explore the dynamic of seeking professional help done by suicide survivors with a phenomenological perspective. It focused on the survivors' responses when facing a suicide crisis, how they utilized aid networks to deal with their psychological issues, and the decision-making to look for mental health professional help.

Method
The study was a descriptive phenomenology study and aimed to uncover the experience of seeking psychological help in a small number of participants. The present study also elaborated on the challenges, obstacles, and risks experienced by the participants when they are looking for psychological help, as well as where they could obtain the help they were looking for.
The participants' experience in seeking help was explored with a phenomenological approach. Seven suicide survivors ( 26 years old) were involved in this study, obtained by snowball technique that emphasizes participants' involvement with maximum variation sampling. All participants were suicide survivors from the younger population and had accessed mental health service such as: primary care (Puskesmas), mental health clinic at the hospital, and crisis center that provides psychological counseling service. The participants' characteristics are presented in Table   1. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews, both in-person and via teleconference, from July 2020 to January 2021. The questions proposed centralized on the experience of a suicide crisis, the decision-making in help-seeking, and help evaluation.
For example "Tell me about what happened at that time?", "How did you decide to seek help to deal with those problems?", "What did you expect from that help?", and "How is your assessment about the advice or help that was given?" The interviews were done in 3 to 4 meetings for 50 to 70 minutes in each meeting. Written informed consent was given to each participant along with a verbal explanation. All participants received information about the study's objective, what was expected from the participants, potential risks, and the possibility to withdraw from the study. All of the participants also provided consent for interview recording before data collection was done. This study was reviewed and granted ethical clearance from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology at Universitas Gadjah Mada.
The data analysis was done using phenomenological descriptive analysis (Giorgi et al., 2017) with the objective to identify the meaning according to the essence of participants' experiences in looking for psychological help. The analysis was done in a collaborative-independent manner by involving trained assistants. The first step was reading the transcripts and interview notes several times to build familiarity and grasp the dynamics of the data. Then, the units of meaning were developed by employing psychological reduction in the transcript. After that, those meaning units were transformed into a psychological description. My team and I did intensive discussions to synthesize the themes and descriptive meaning of all of the participants. To guard the data rigor, the study conducted: participants' recruitment based on the study's objective, independent data analysis with colleagues, and participant involvement in confirming the themes and findings. Notes and the transcripts of participants' stories were input into the spreadsheet for further analysis by changing the participants' names and identities beforehand.

Results
Four themes are identified as domains that are related to the dynamic of help-seeking in facing suicide crisis and reconstructing resilience. The sources of help identified by the participants are meaningful in help-seeking: independent help, closest people, sociocultural resources, and institutional. Themes that are the essential meaning of experience will be explained further.
The sources of psychological help in the present study referred to the initial source of a person to obtain support or psychological help needed related to the mental health crisis that they experienced. It is necessary to note that although all participants were from the young group who was connected to virtual reality, but during the crisis, they did not utilize various online psychological services available in numerous platforms. Dysfunctional interpersonal skills did not affect the dismissive attitude towards suicide crisis, but it depends on the individual characters, whether the person is more closed off to others regarding the situation he is in. All names presented in this research report are in pseudonyms.

Self-help
This theme emphasizes the participants' efforts to handle a crisis on their own. The efforts done include relaxation, praying, increasing activities, or doing hobbies (e.g.: watching movies, sports, and arts and crafts). Self-help activities are done according to the common information or knowledge obtained from websites, podcasts, character development books, or suggestions from their close people. In addition to doing the activities to avoid stressful situations, they also direct the individuals to practice seeing problems in a broader perspective, accepting and loving themselves, and achieving self-recovery. An example was given by P4 who had been experiencing depression for a year. She joined meditation and yoga groups that made her have more activities.
"Those activities help me not to focus too much on (my) problems. So, I have more opportunities to do other things and rehabilitate myself." Self-help is done by combining common pieces of advice, character development, or hobbies with an objective to gain psychological compensation by reducing tensions as well as finding a sense of safety in personal space. Self-help is done without the need for professional assistance and done as a part of self-management strategies. Self-help also aims for achieving emotional and cognitive tranquility, therefore the person is not drifting in the problems and the sources of distress. The theme "self-help" actually explains the participants' attitude to solve problems independently before involving others. P1 revealed All participants experienced obstacles to telling or sharing their turmoil and bitterness with other people. They considered the problems that they faced were not worth acknowledgment by others or that those problems were not complicated enough to involve other people. This assumption was a form of shame that often inhibited participants to search for help. They were agitated by the general perception that expects someone to have the tenacity in facing burdens, instead of telling other people which may reflect the personality of a meek and pathetic.

Close relationships
Interpersonal relation encompasses factors that are paradoxical in the contribution to the suicide act. Participants perceived that their suicide crisis arose due to social stressors (e.g., family, parents, or partners). Nonetheless, the study found that participants with suicide crises also shared the burdens with their closest people. This closeness is not merely familial or blood relation and is instead marked by emotional relations, Or P4's experience in meeting several different religious scholars.
"At that time, I went to religious experts first, to Quran teachers, and also to a priest.

Because of them, all this time I can see my own blind spot, what if it is a God's test that I haven't realized? Only after that, after awhile consulting with them, I consulted to a psychologist."
An interesting finding related to the involvement of this health resource is that the participants' motivation was not only to resolve or reduce the crisis tension but also to receive structural support and practical solutions for the problems being faced.
Participants asked their lecturers' aid for solutions to the academic problems (P1, P3, P4).
P3, P4, and P7 also routinely visited spiritual teachers to receive spiritual support and enhancement through consultation, prayers, and recommended religious rituals.

Institutional
The last theme was revealed by all of the participants, namely their experience in accessing formal health facilities and psychological services. The study also noted that public health center is popular health institution that is used by most participants in finding professional help. Except for P6, all participants had accessed psychological help integrated into the local public health center's system. Most participants could receive professional mental health aid with this scheme and easily access it, from location and financial perspectives.
Institutional help-seeking proposes several obstacles; including barriers in information, accessibility, and financial. P6 was a psychology student at a university in Semarang. However, when she was struggling with her crisis, she never accessed the formal service. She herself realized that mental health personnel can offer help in the crisis that she experienced. However, P6 felt that she did not have enough money to access the help.
"I never went there because I don't have enough money. My problem will not be resolved in two or three meetings. It takes a lot of money."

Discussion
The study was done to explore the meaning and experience of suicide survivors when seeking psychological help. Through the descriptive phenomenology approach, the study synthesized four sources of psychological help: self-help, close relationships, sociocultural, and institutional. Inductive analysis revealed that the sources of psychological help for suicide ideation and crisis are the combination and compromise of individual beliefs, social influences, and professional competence.
Previous studies have mapped internal and structural factors as the source of mental health aid (Barker et al., 2005). This internal factor encompasses perception and belief related to mental health issues, personal coping skills, and mental health knowledge (Altweck et al., 2015;Kutcher et al., 2016), as well as attitude and openness on mental health issues (Cheng et al., 2015). On the other hand, structural factors such as perspective on cultural and communal norms towards help-seeking behavior, family and close people's facilitation, healthcare system within the community (school, workplace), to reference mechanism, insurance, and funding in the healthcare service (Barker et al., 2005;Call et al., 2010). Despite that, both individual and structural factors play a crucial role in determining when and how an individual with a suicide crisis decides to access psychological help and support resources.
Psychological help-seeking is every action done to obtain the help that is not only limited to formal health aid, but also affective, psychosocial, problem-solving, and social service supports that can improve one's welfare (Barker, 2007). The present study affirms previous findings that explained how psychological help-seeking contains potential plural and reflective help sources based on evaluation and the impact of help being received (Good et al., 2019;Subandi et al., 2020). Although Rickwood et al. (2007) had established that psychological help source is a combination of formal and informal help sources, but the argument over-simplified and overlooked the dynamics of psychological helpseeking. As the study showed, help-seeking has actually been kick-started when the tension resolution is done independently.
This study showed that psychological help-seeking in suicide crisis issues cannot be separated from the variety of help sources, complexity in the mental health service, and the increased stigmatization. This paper aims to establish that the source of psychological help for a person with a suicide crisis has started when the self-help is done with the involvement of close people, socio-cultural figures, and professionals. All of these efforts are done to receive support (affective, evaluative, and instrumental), based on the survivor's expectation.
Studies done in the Javanese context had explained that psychosocial stressors become the main source of mental health crisis and suicide ideation (Nurdiyanto, 2021;Nurtanti et al., 2020). Despite that, relationship intimacy and connection with close people can be a protective factor that develops self-resilience (Nurdiyanto, 2020). Relational closeness is a source of support as well as a social network that can build emotional ties, trust, and attachment. This finding also stresses that the openness of survivor towards their closest people contribute to preventing risky and more fatal behaviors The suicide crisis is also not only considered as a medical-physical problem but a comprehensive issue that involves spiritual and social aspects. Attributive knowledge and evaluation contribute to crisis resolution, treatment efforts, and mental health helpseeking (Good et al., 2019). The evaluation of the cause determines how a suicide crisis is managed by emphasizing social integration and a spiritual approach. We can understand that people who experience mental health crises often involve religious figures and key people in the community rather than resolving the mental health problems than professionals (Cakar & Savi, 2015;Widayanti et al., 2020).
Early assessment is a crucial phase at the beginning of help-seeking action to recover the patient's condition. Subandi et al. (2020) found that the analysis of the cause of the disorder becomes the starting point for the decision making in help-seeking, whether using professional (doctor, psychiatrist) or non-professional help. An analysis by Widayanti et al. (2020) also elaborated that help-seeking health behavior in Indonesian society is more fluid; medical treatment is considered complementary to the broader recovery effort. The selection of help source is also inconsistent; family or patient can switch from one source to another based on the evaluation towards the help or the help received from the source. Professional help would be utilized when the family realizes that non-professional treatment does not result in improvement, so is otherwise. The selection of help sources does not only aim to alleviate the crisis, but also restore biological, mental, social, and spiritual harmony (Subandi et al., 2020).
Other than using professional sources of help, the study found that help-seeking in non-professionals and self-help are more common to be done. Although participants revealed dissatisfaction with the results and evaluations towards the non-institutional source of help, they still made them their primary options. Some of the reasons include: having personal closeness, considering the source of help (close relationships and sociocultural) as an integral part of the community, and the presence of trust towards figures that can reduce psychosocial stressors. Nurhayati and Widowati (2017) had estimated that around 30.4% of the respondents preferred traditional health services. So are Balinese (Kurihara et al., 2006); when it comes to treating a psychotic disorder, they choose to go to a traditional healer (balian) first before going to psychiatry service. Additionally, professional help is believed to incite negative views from the community which leads to labeling the person as "insane" or "troubled" (Rasyida, 2019). This study showed that mental health professionals are yet to be considered as the primary resource to solve psychological problems and suicide crises. Psychological help by mental health institutions still presents cultural discrepancies with the people and health system.
The researcher admits several limitations in the study. Data collection was done during the Covid-19 pandemic, therefore the interview could not be done face to face, which might lead to technical difficulties and issues in rapport building. Then, although a descriptive phenomenological study does not demand a certain number of participants and instead emphasizes the depth of its dynamic (Giorgi et al., 2017), the study suggests more experience elaborations of participants from different backgrounds (gender, setting).
The present study also involved a small number of male participants which might imply the underrepresentation of suicide crisis in men. In addition, four of the participants had a background in psychology education that could be considered in influencing their conscience to seek psychological help. The study only captures the psychological help-seeking as an adaptive coping strategy and does not report on seeking professional help or contra-productive mechanism of crisis resolution. In the end, with the large variations of culture in Indonesia, studies about psychological help-seeking must be broadened by encompassing sectors that have yet to be studied.

Conclusion
The study found phenomenological themes that are identified as the sources of psychological help when a suicide survivor experiences suicide crisis: self-help, close relationships, sociocultural, and institutional. Before deciding on using the help provided by professional and formal personnel, they make an attempt to deal with crises independently or involving non-professionals. Despite that, the help-seeking process in suicide crisis is not linear. Instead, it happens spirally and reflectively, based on the perception of the cause of crisis and evaluation towards the help received. The inductive analysis also underscores that the four sources of psychological help are the combination and compromising mechanism of an individual's belief, social influences, and perception of professional competence.

Suggestion
The study proposes several practical recommendations. An individual with a suicide crisis is encouraged to utilize various help sources, instead of bottling up the problems and letting them pass. Then, the mental health campaign and literacy programs should encompass the development of adaptive coping skills, openness in help-seeking, and the anti-stigmatization of mental health. The study also provides crucial suggestions for cross-sector efforts; providing psychological service that can be accessed by many people.

Acknowledgement
Thank you for all participants who allowed me to hear about their experiences. For this kindness, I feel deeply indebted. Also thanks to Arka Nareswari (Center for Indigenous & Cultural Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada) who was also involved in the data analysis.

Conflict of interest
I also declare no conflict of interest that can influence this study.

Funding
The study did not receive or use funding from any party.