{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0470359862625056, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009419640635110249, 'mean_word_length': 3.6851862647933307, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 8, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 8, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 14, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Stable maps and Quot schemes

In this paper we study the relationship between two different compactifications of the space of vector bundle quotients of an arbitrary vector bundle on a curve. One is Grothendieck's Quot scheme, while the other is a moduli space of stable maps to the relative Grassmannian. We establish an essentially optimal upper bound on the dimension of the two compactifications. Based on that, we prove that for an arbitrary vector bundle, the Quot schemes of quotients of large degree are irreducible and generically smooth. We precisely describe all the vector bundles for which the same thing holds in the case of the moduli spaces of stable maps. We show that there are in general no natural morphisms between the two compactifications. Finally, as an application, we obtain new cases of a conjecture on effective base point freeness for pluritheta linear series on moduli spaces of vector bundles.


Introduction
Let C be a smooth projective curve of genus g over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic, and E a vector bundle on C of rank r. The main theme of this paper is the relationship between two different compactifications of the space of vector bundle quotients of E of fixed rank and degree. The first is Grothendieck's Quot scheme Quot k,d (E) of coherent quotients of rank k and degree d, while the second is a compactification M g (G(E, k), β d ) via stable maps into the relative Grassmannian G(E, k) of k-dimensional quotient spaces of E. Quot schemes have played a central role in the "classical" study of vector bundles on curves, in particular for constructing moduli spaces (see e.g. [23]) and for understanding their geometry (see [11]). In some general sense, any construction or computation in this area depends on geometric or dimensional properties of (subsets of) Quot schemes. The main product of the study of the relationship with the corresponding space of stable maps will be a surprisingly good understanding of these properties, as we will explain below.
Before the availability of stable maps, Quot schemes have also been used in Gromov-Witten theory as a way to compactify the space of maps into Grassmannians and thereby compute intersection numbers (most notably in [3], [4], [5] and subsequent extensions [8], [9], [10], [15]). The introduction by Kontsevich of the moduli space of stable maps now gives an alternate setting for these calculations; however in this paper we follow in some respect an orthogonal direction by showing how an understanding of the stable map space leads to good results about Quot schemes. For instance, we establish an essentially optimal upper bound on the dimension of M g (G(E, k), β d ), which gives as an immediate consequence an identical upper bound on the dimension of Quot k,d (E). Based on this, we prove what should be seen as the central result of the paper -apparently not even conjectured before -namely that for every vector bundle E, Quot k,d (E) is irreducible and generically smooth for d sufficiently large, and we precisely describe all the vector bundles for which the same thing holds for M g (G(E, k), β d ). (We also make these results effective in the case of stable bundles.) We show that, despite their similar behaviour, there are in general no natural morphisms between these two compactifications. Finally, as a second application of the dimension bound, we obtain new cases of a conjecture on the effective base point freeness of linear series on moduli spaces of vector bundles on C.
We now turn to a more detailed discussion of the results of the paper.
In recent literature there has been some interest in finding practical dimension bounds for families of sheaves or vector bundles on curves, most notably for Quot schemes (see e.g. [7], [14], [21] or [25]). Our first goal in this paper is to give a good answer to this question for an arbitrary vector bundle E. We do this by considering the second compactification of the space of quotient bundles of E of rank k and degree d, namely the Kontsevich moduli space M g (G(E, k), β d ) of stable maps of arithmetic genus g to the relative Grassmann bundle G(E, k) over C. Here β d ∈ H 2 (G(E, k), Z) denotes the homology class of a section corresponding to such a quotient of E. Set i.e. the minimal degree of a quotient bundle of rank k. Our first main result is: The advantage of using the stable map space comes from the possibility of applying methods characteristic to the study of families of curves. The idea is that once the space of maps is large enough, the Bend and Break Lemma of Mori ensures the existence of degenerate curves related to quotient bundles of smaller degree, and this gives an inductive bound. We expect that this approach might be useful in other situations involving fibrations over curves.
Going back to Quot schemes, the theorem above implies almost immediately the analogous statement: The case d = d k of this result was first proved by Mukai-Sakai [19] and was generalized to the setting of G-bundles in [14]. The general statement improves a similar result found in [21] by different methods. It is worth emphasizing that while this is the statement which will be used in subsequent results, it is also here that it is particularly important to first go through the study of the space of stable maps: we don't know how to prove the estimate by looking only at the Quot scheme.
We next look at some examples showing certain aspects of the behaviour of M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Quot k,d (E). These show that the bounds above are essentially optimal if we are not willing to impose extra conditions on the bundle E (and close to optimal even if we are). An illustration of this is the fact that the difference between our upper bound and the usual deformation theoretic lower bound rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) gives: which is precisely a theorem of Lange and Mukai-Sakai generalizing a well known result of Segre and Nagata on minimal sections of ruled surfaces (see §5).
The dimension estimates also allow us to understand the component structure of M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Quot k,d (E). For an arbitrary vector bundle, the picture turns out to be as nice as one could possibly hope for.
Theorem. For all large d there is a unique component of M g (G(E, k), β d ) whose generic point corresponds to a smooth section (i.e. a vector bundle quotient); this component is of dimension rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1).
Our main result gives an even stronger statement in the case of Quot schemes. Note that it is easy to (and we will) construct examples where the Quot scheme is reducible for low degree.

Theorem. For any vector bundle E on C, there is an integer
For any such d, Quot k,d (E) is generically smooth, has dimension rd−ke−k(r −k)(g −1), and its generic point corresponds to a vector bundle quotient.
In the case when E is the trivial bundle (and over the complex numbers), this result was proved by Bertram-Daskalopoulos-Wentworth (in [5] Theorem 4.28), and it was used to produce an effective way of computing Gromov-Witten invariants on the space of holomorphic maps into Grassmannians.
The proofs of the two theorems rely on the estimates above and on some vanishing results of independent interest, involving stable quotients of arbitrary vector bundles. These are quite elementary, but seem to have been overlooked in the literature. Note also that an immediate consequence of the theorem is that every vector bundle can be written as an extension of generic stable bundles (see Corollary 6.3).
The next natural question to ask is if it is possible to give a precise description of all the bundles for which the spaces M g (G(E, k), β d ) are irreducible for all k and all large d. It turns out that, in contrast with the Quot scheme situation, they are all stable bundles of a very special kind. It is shown in [25] that there exists a nonempty open subset of the moduli space U s C (r, e) of stable bundles of rank r and degree e whose elements E satisfy the properties that d k (E) is the smallest value making the expression d k r − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) nonnegative, and that dim Quot k,d (E) = rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) (this also applies to M g (G(E, k), β d )). This subset is contained in the better known open subset of Lange generic stable bundles (for precise details see Example 5.4). Our result is: Theorem. For any vector bundle E the spaces M g (G(E, k), β d ) are connected for all large d. They are irreducible for all k and all large d if and only if E is stable bundle, generic in the above sense.
For stable bundles the invariants involved in the proof can be controlled, and in fact a d which guarantees irreducibility can be expressed effectively. This is the content of Theorem 6.8. A number of other effective statements are given at the end of §6.
Our methods show that in most situations it is more convenient to work with stable maps with reducible domain rather than quotients with torsion. In the hope for a best possible picture, we can ask whether there is always a morphism M g (G(E, k), β d ) → Quot k,d (E) extending the identification on the locus corresponding to vector bundle quotients (or, equivalently, smooth sections). We prove that in general this question has a negative answer, and so a relationship between the two compactifications, if any, has to be more indirect. More precisely: extending the map on smooth curves.
Our final application of the dimension bound discussed above is to derive bounds on base point freeness for linear series on the moduli spaces of vector bundles on curves. The fact that uniform (i.e., independent of special conditions on E) estimates of this type produce base point freeness bounds is explained in [21] §4. If SU C (r) is the moduli space of semistable bundles of rank r with trivial determinant, and L is the determinant line bundle, then (cf. §8.): Theorem. The linear series |L p | is base point free on SU C (r) for p ≥ [ r 2 4 ]. This can then be used to show a few new cases of the Conjecture 5.5 in [21] on optimal effective base point freeness on the moduli space U C (r, 0) of semistable bundles of rank r and degree 0, generalizing the classical case of Jacobians. Namely, if Θ N is the generalized theta divisor on U C (r, 0) associated to a line bundle N ∈ Pic g−1 (X), then we have: The paper is organized as follows. In §2 we describe the basic setup for moduli spaces of stable maps in the case of relative Grassmannians. The dimension estimate for M g (G(E, k), β d ) is proved in §3. In §4 we show the analogous bound for Quot schemes. In §5 we give a series of examples leading to a discussion of the optimality of the bound. The study of the irreducibility of M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Quot k,d (E) appears in §6, and in §7 we show that there are in general no natural morphisms between the two compactifications, except in the case k = (r − 1). We conclude in §8 by using the dimension estimate to prove the result on base point freeness on moduli spaces. us to improve the results in §6 and to avoid an error. We also thank M.S. Narasimhan and M. Teixidor i Bigas for some very useful conversations. The second author would also like to express his gratitude to the Max-Plank institute for a wonderful working environment. Finally, we are grateful to the referee for some very useful suggestions which led to an improvement of the exposition.

Basic Setup
Let C be a smooth projective curve of genus g . Suppose that E is a vector bundle of rank r and degree e on C. For any k, 1 ≤ k < r, let G(E, k) be the relative Grassmannian of k-dimensional quotient spaces of E; the fibre of G(E, k) over a point p of C is the Grassmannian G(E p , k) of k-dimensional quotient spaces of E p . Let π be the projection The quotient bundles F of E of rank k are in one to one correspondence with sections σ F of π. We want to compactify the space of quotient bundles by compactifying the space of sections. One thing we will do to begin with is see how the data of the section σ F determines the only other piece of numerical data about F , its degree.
Let T V be the vertical tangent bundle relative to the map π. Also, for any quotient bundle F , let S F be the induced subbundle of E: . This shows that: Alternatively, if β F is the homology class σ F * [C] ∈ H 2 (G(E, k), Z) of the section, then we can also write this as: The second cohomology group H 2 (G(E, k), Q) is generated (over Q) by c 1 (T V ) and the class of a fibre of π. The class of any curve β in H 2 (G(E, k), Q) is therefore determined by the intersection of β with these two classes. Any section of π will have intersection number one with the class of a fibre, and we have seen above that the degree of the quotient bundle F determines the intersection with c 1 (T V ) for the corresponding section class β F . The conclusion is that if we fix the degree of the quotient bundle d, then there is a unique class β d such that β d = σ F * [C] for all sections σ F corresponding to quotient bundles F of degree d.
From the point of view of sections of the relative Grassmannian, one natural way to compactify the space of quotient bundles of degree d is to look at the Kontsevich space of stable maps M g (G(E, k), β d ).
A point of M g (G(E, k), β d ) corresponds to the data of an isomorphism class of a stable map (C ′ , f ), where C ′ is a complete connected curve of arithmetic genus g, with at most nodes as singularities, and f : For more details about spaces of stable maps, see [12] or [13] 2.E, and for a construction in arbitrary characteristic see [1]. In the case of characteristic p > 0, the homology group , and β d by the corresponding cycle class in that cohomology group.
The fact that β d is the class of a section, and that C ′ is of the same arithmetic genus as C puts strong conditions on C ′ and on the map f . First of all there must be one component, C ′ 0 , of C ′ mapping isomorphically to C under the composition π • f . The condition on the genus now means that the other components of C ′ can only have genus 0, forming trees of rational curves hanging off of this distinguished component. The map f must send C ′ 0 to a section over C, and map the rational tails into the Grassmannians G(E p i , k) over various points p i of C. Also, it cannot completely collapse any tree of rational curves (by the stability condition) but it can map a rational component multiply onto its image. A basic picture of one of these maps is shown below.
The previous description is slightly more confusing than it needs to be. Nodes connecting two rational curves can always be smoothed, owing to the fact that the tangent bundle to the Grassmannian is generated by global sections. This means that the general point of any component of M g (G(E, k), β d ) consists of a section C ′ 0 mapping isomorphically to C, along with a certain number of rational tails, each one hanging off of C ′ 0 . None of these tails are collapsed under the map to the relative Grassmannian, and if the fibres of the relative Grassmannian have dimension greater than two the map will be an immersion at the general point of the component.
On each G(E p i , k) above a point p i of C, the vertical tangent bundle T V restricts to the tangent bundle of this Grassmannian. The determinant line bundle of this tangent bundle on the fibre is ample (more precisely, it is r times the line bundle corresponding to the Plücker embedding).
and so the quotient bundle F 0 represented by the section C ′ 0 is of degree less than d.
As a conclusion, from the discussion above we get the following useful Observation: The boundary points of M g (G(E, k), β d ) are constructed from sections σ F 0 corresponding to quotient bundles of degree strictly smaller than d, along with attached rational tails which function to increase the total degree of intersection with c 1 (T V ).
Remark. The terminology that a stable map with reducible domain is a boundary point is standard but potentially slightly misleading. It is possible (and common) that there are components of M g (G(E, k), β d ) such that every point of the component is a boundary point. We will also use the name reducible map for such a point.
For later reference, we end this section by recalling the existence of the more general moduli space M g,n (G(E, k), β d ) of stable maps with n marked points (see [12] §1). This comes with a natural forgetful morphism to M g (G(E, k), β d ).

Dimension Estimates for Spaces of Stable Maps
For each fixed rank k, there is a lower bound on the degrees d of possible quotient bundles F of that rank. For instance, it is a simple consequence of Riemann-Roch that d ≥ (e + (r − k)(1 − g) − h 0 (C, E)); if F were a quotient bundle of smaller degree, then the kernel S F of the map to F would have at least a dimensional space of sections, which is a contradiction.
For each rank k, let This number will depend on the vector bundle E, and is lower semi-continuous in families of vector bundles.
The purpose of this section is to prove the dimension estimate: This estimate includes those components of M g (G(E, k), β d ) whose general points do not correspond to quotient bundles. For these the inequality is actually strict, as the proof will show.
The method of obtaining the bound is very simple. We will show how the bend and break lemma of Mori guarantees that once any component of M g (G(E, k), β d ) has dimension strictly greater than k(r − k), there is a divisor in that component corresponding to reducible maps (i.e., stable maps with reducible domain curves). From the previous analysis, these correspond to quotients of lower degree, and this will inductively give us the dimension bound. This application of bend and break is the content of the following lemma.
, β d ) whose generic point corresponds to a map with irreducible domain, and dim X > k(r − k), then there is a (nonempty) divisor Y ⊂ X consisting of reducible maps.
Before proving the lemma, let us use it to prove the dimension bound.
Proof of Theorem 3.1 (using lemma): First of all, suppose that d = d k . Every point of M g (G(E, k), β d k ) corresponds to an irreducible map -since a reducible map would give a quotient bundle of strictly smaller degree. The lemma then shows that no component of can have dimension greater than k(r − k) (the key is that Y is nonempty). This gives the base case for the induction. This set of reducible maps can be built up in the usual way by using smaller spaces of stable maps, and this will give us the inductive dimension bound.
Let α δ be the homology class in H 2 (G(E, k), Z) corresponding to curves of the same type as these rational tails -these are curves contained in a fibre of the map π : G(E, k) −→ C, and which have intersection rδ with the vertical tangent bundle. The space of maps M 0,1 (G(E, k), α δ ) of rational tails with a marked point is of dimension rδ + k(r − k) − 1.
where we glue together the maps whose marked points are sent to the same point of G(E, k). This fibre product has dimension Since Y ′ is in the image of this map, the dimension of Y ′ is less than or equal to the dimension above. Hence: Using the inductive dimension bound for the dimension of M g (G(E, k), β d−δ ) this gives us which is exactly what we wanted.
This shows why the lemma gives us the dimension bound, at least as long as we consider components X of M g (G(E, k), β d ) whose generic map is irreducible. In the case that X is a component whose generic point does correspond to a reducible map, we can express X (as above) as being in the image of a product of spaces parametrizing rational tails, and a space where d ′ is of smaller degree. If the generic point of X consists of a map with l rational tails, then the same kind of argument as above shows that This finishes the proof of the theorem using Lemma 3.1 .
The only step remaining is to prove the lemma.
Proof of Lemma: Let X be a component satisfying the conditions of the lemma. It is easier to pass to the space M g,1 (G(E, k), β d ) with a single marked point; let X be the inverse image of X under the forgetful map M g,1 (G(E, k), β d ) −→ M g (G(E, k), β d ). It is sufficient to prove that there is a nonempty divisor Y in X consisting of reducible maps. (In fact it would be sufficient to prove that this component has at least one point corresponding to a reducible map, since the locus of nodal curves in a family is always of codimension at most one, provided it is nonempty.) The advantage of passing to the space with a marked point is that we have an evaluation map ev : X −→ G(E, k). By hypothesis, X has dimension strictly greater than k(r − k) + 1. Since G(E, k) is of dimension k(r − k) + 1, we see that all the fibres of the evaluation map are at least one dimensional. To show the existence (and dimension) of Y , it is sufficient to show that each fibre has a nonempty set of reducible maps, of codimension zero or one.
Pick a point p of C, and let F p be a k dimensional quotient of the vector space E p . Let be the fibre of the evaluation map over this point in G(E, k). If Z Fp is empty there is nothing to prove. If Z Fp consists completely of reducible maps, then there is still nothing to prove. The remaining possibility, which has to happen generically over the image, is that Z Fp has some points which correspond to maps with an irreducible domain curve. If the locus of reducible maps is not a (nonempty) divisor, then we can find an irreducible complete curve B ′′ in Z Fp such that every point of B ′′ corresponds to a map with irreducible domain curve. (Also note, by the discussion in §2, that these curves are all isomorphic to C). It is now easy to show that the existence of B ′′ leads to a contradiction.
Let B ′ be the normalization of B ′′ , so that we can work with a smooth base curve. We have a map Since the moduli space of maps is only a coarse moduli space, this might not correspond to an actual family. However, there is a finite cover B −→ B ′ so that the induced map B −→ M g,1 (G(E, k), β d ) does come from a family C over B. This family is isotrivial, since all fibres are isomorphic to C.
At this stage we have the family C over B, along with a section s : B −→ C corresponding to the marked point, and a map f : C −→ G(E, k) inducing the stable maps on the fibres. The combination of the map f followed by the projection π from G(E, k) to C gives an isomorphism of each fibre of the family with C, and so we see that C is the trivial family C = C × B over B.
The section s is sent to the point F p under f , since B ′′ is contained in the fibre Z Fp of the evaluation map. This shows that the images of the maps C → G(E, k) parametrized by B go through the fixed point F p . Now this family of stable maps over B induced by f is not the constant family, since B ′′ was a nontrivial curve in the moduli space. This contradicts the bend and break lemma of Kollár and Mori (see [16] 1.7), which asserts that in the given situation at least one of the image curves should "break" and have a rational component passing through F p . We conclude that the curve B ′′ could not exist, and therefore that the locus of reducible curves in Z Fp is a nonempty divisor .
Remark. What we use is actually only the rigidity part of the bend and break lemma, and not the full strength of Mori's arguments. The referee has pointed out that the rigidity statement can be proved directly in this case, as follows: The family C × B −→ G(E, k) gives a short exact sequence of bundles over For the special point p of C, the hypothesis is that Q restricted to {p} × B is the trivial bundle, which implies that Q has degree zero when restricted to {q} × B for any point q ∈ C.
For any such point q, the restriction of pr * 1 (E) to {q} × B is the trivial bundle. The only degree zero quotients of the trivial bundle are themselves trivial bundles, via trivial quotients, i.e., quotients which do not depend on the point of B.
This means that for each q ∈ C, the family of quotients parameterized by B is constant, and therefore that the whole family of quotients on C does not vary over B, contrary to the way that B was initially chosen.
Remark. Often in arguments using degeneration the difficult part is proving that a one parameter family actually has to degenerate. In our situation, the degeneration argument is very easy, the advantage coming from the fact that the curves in our families do not vary in moduli.
Some variations on this bound. Let m k be the dimension of the space of stable maps in the case of rank k quotients of minimal degree. i.e.: In order to use induction in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we need that at each stage the dimension of the component we are considering be greater than k(r − k). Therefore, whenever m k ≥ k(r − k) − r, the same argument also gives the slightly better result There is also a lower bound on the dimension of M g (G(E, k), β d ) involving the same number m k (and which does not require that m k ≥ k(r − k) − r). The bound is obtained by taking sections C ′ 0 corresponding to minimal quotients and gluing on a single rational curve which maps to one of the fibres, with the degree of the rational curve chosen to make up the difference between d and d k . There are m k parameters for the choice of C ′ 0 , 1 parameter for the choice of where to glue the rational curve onto C ′ 0 , and (d − d k )r − 2 parameters for the choice of the map of the rational curve into the Grassmannian fibre. This gives: Remark. Going back to the case m k ≥ k(r − k) − r, the upper bound there is one more then this lower bound, and this leaves only two possibilities for the dimension of M g (G(E, k), β d ). Which possibility occurs depends on whether or not it is possible to smooth the nodes in the families above.
The same trick of gluing on a rational curve to make up the difference in degree gives an inequality between the dimensions of any two of the stable map spaces, namely Combining this information about the growth of the dimensions with the same inductive argument of Theorem 3.1 gives the following other variation: If d ′ is the first degree so that dim Our basic picture in these upper (and lower) bounds is that the dimension grows by r when the degree increases by 1, at least once the dimension of the space is large enough. It is tempting to wonder if this is always the case (even when the dimensions are small), and if, for example, inequality (1) might be true in all cases. This is in fact not true, as Example 5.3 will show.

Dimension Estimates for Quot Schemes
We now switch to looking at the other, more familiar, compactification of the space of vector bundle quotients of a fixed vector bundle E, namely Grothendieck's Quot scheme. Let Quot k,d (E) be the the scheme parametrizing coherent quotients of E of generic rank k and degree d. A general introduction to the theory of Quot schemes is given e.g. in [18] §4 and §8. We would like to prove the identical dimension estimate: Proof. If Q is a component of Quot k,d (E) whose generic point parametrizes vector bundle quotients, then there is nothing to prove, since it is birational to a component of M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Theorem 3.1 applies. As in the case of M g (G(E, k), β d ), however, there are usually components whose general point does not correspond to a locally free quotient, and, as in the case of M g (G(E, k), β d ), we will show that for these the inequality is always strict.
Let Q be a component of this type. Every non locally free quotient F determines a diagram: ) and τ , the torsion subsheaf of F , is given by a nontrivial zero-dimensional subscheme, say of length a > 0. We can stratify the set of all such F 's in Q according to the value of the parameter a, which runs over a finite set. If we denote by {F } a the subset of Q corresponding to a fixed a, this gives: Assuming the dimension bound true for smaller d, we get the inequality: Letting a run over all possible values (or the minimum value) which occur for the component Q finishes the proof of the bound .
Remark. With only slight rewording the proof also gives the stronger As in the case of M g (G(E, k), β d ) (see 3.2), we can easily produce a lower bound for the dimension of Quot k,d (E), this time by starting with vector bundle quotients of lower degree and going up via elementary transformations. Again, it may well be the case that the components achieving such a bound consist entirely of non-locally free quotients. .
Proof. We only need to consider the diagram in the proof of Theorem 4.1 when F ′ runs over the family of quotients of degree d ′ . This gives at most dim Quot k,d ′ (E) parameters, and the other δ(r − k) parameters come from the fact that S F is an (inverse) elementary transformation of S F ′ of length δ. The last statement follows by making d ′ = d k .
Remark. Propositions 3.2 and 4.2 show that in general there is more flexibility in dealing with stable maps with reducible domain rather than non-locally free quotients. In section §7 we will show that there is always a surjective morphism M g (G(E, k), β d ) −→ Quot k,d (E) extending the map on smooth curves if k = (r − 1), and no such map if k = (r − 1). In general the relation between the two compactifications seems a bit mysterious.

Examples and Optimality of the Bound
Example 5.1: Let E be the trivial bundle of rank r on C, and let k be any number from 1 to (r − 1). A "section of the relative Grassmann bundle" in this case is just the graph of a map from C to the usual Grassmannian G(r, k). The degree of the corresponding quotient bundle is the degree of the linear series associated to the map from C to P N with N = r k − 1 induced by the Plücker embedding.
The minimal degree of a quotient bundle is zero (i.e. d k = 0 for all k) and in this case we have dim M g (G(E, k), β 0 ) = k(r − k). For d = 1, there will be no vector bundle quotients unless the genus of the curve is zero, since for g ≥ 1 there are no maps from C to P N of degree 1. If g ≥ 1, all the points of M g (G(E, k), β 1 ) correspond to maps mapping C to a point, and mapping an attached rational curve in as a line. In the Quot scheme case, all the degree 1 quotients are torsion.
For degree d = 2, there will again be no vector bundle quotients, unless the curve is hyperelliptic, but there will always be reducible maps or torsion quotients as above. For other low d, the geometry of both the stable map and Quot scheme depend on the particular special linear series that live on the curve.
For large d, the behaviour of linear series on C is regular, and there will be components of both spaces corresponding to vector bundle quotients, of dimension dr−k(r−k)(g−1). The behaviour of the largest components, however, are different in the two cases. Following the constructions of Proposition 3.2, M g (G(E, k), β d ) has a locus of dimension rd + k(r − k) − 1 constructed by mapping C to a point, and mapping an attached rational curve as a curve of degree d. If g = 0, this is larger than the dimension of points parametrizing vector bundle quotients, and so constitutes a separate component. On the other hand, if we apply Proposition 4.2 to the Quot scheme, we get a torsion locus of dimension d(r − k) + k(r − k). For large d this is a sublocus of the component of Quot k,d (E) whose general point parametrizes vector bundle quotients (see Theorem 6.4) and not a new component at all.
This example shows that there are vector bundles E where the bound is exact for d = d k , and gives an example of a case where the families constructed in Proposition 3.2 form components of the moduli spaces, i.e. where it is impossible to smooth the nodes of the family from Proposition 3.2.
Example 5.2: On a curve C of genus g ≥ 2, let L be a line bundle of degree 1 with no global section, and let G 1 be a generic extension of the type If g ≥ (r − 1) then the usual dimension counting shows that the generic extension of this type is a stable bundle (see also [6] §5 for more general counts of this kind).
The minimum degree of any quotient is d k = 1, and for any k from 1 to (r − 1) there is at least a (k − 1)(r − k) dimensional family of degree d = 1 quotients obtained by dividing out by a rank (r − k) subbundle of the direct sum (if g ≥ r then these are the only quotients of degree 1).
In most uses of a bound for the dimension of the quotients of a fixed bundle E, what is really needed is a bound for the moduli of the bundles F , i.e. the dimension of the isomorphism classes of F , throwing away the data of the particular morphisms E → F which express F as a quotient.
In this example, (d = 1, g ≥ (r − 1), and the extension generic) it is not hard to check that all the quotients are nonisomorphic, and this provides an example of a family of quotients with maximal variation in moduli (so that the dimension of the space of quotients is the same as the dimension of the moduli of F 's) as well as an example of a stable bundle where the dimension in the case d = d k is close to the upper bound.
A similar example is to take a generic extension with L * the dual of the line bundle L above. For g ≥ r this extension is also stable, and provides an example of a stable bundle with trivial determinant with a large family of quotients of degree 1 (which also vary maximally in moduli, since they are the same quotients as above).
Example 5.3: For any r ≥ 11, pick k with r/2 < k < r such that (r − k)(2k − r − 1) > r (this works out to be any k between (r + 5)/2 and (r − 2)). Let G 1 be a bundle of rank k of the type from Example 5.2, and let H be a stable bundle of rank (r − k) and degree 1. Set which is a bundle of rank r and degree 2.
By the stability of G 1 and H, E can have no quotients of degree 0. If F is a quotient bundle of rank k and degree 1, then the kernel bundle S F fits in the following diagram (where the vertical arrows are injections): This shows that the slopes of S ′ F and S ′′ F are less than 1/(r − k) and 1/k respectively. Since 1/k < 1/(r − k) and the slope of S F is 1/(r − k), the only possibility is S ′ F = H and S ′′ F = 0, so that G 1 is the only quotient bundle of rank k and degree 1. Or, in the notation of §3, we have might be true in all cases. In this example, for d = 2, this would give the bound dim M g (G(E, k), β 2 ) ≤ r.
One way to get quotient bundles of degree 2, rank k is by taking quotients of G 1 which have degree 1 and rank (2k − r). We know the dimension of this family by the calculation in Example 5.2, and this shows that dim , which we chose at the beginning to be strictly larger than r.
Remark. The idea of the proof of the bound is to use degeneration to relate bundles of higher degree to bundles of lower degree, which allows us to see that the dimension goes up by r as the degree increases. The only way that (1) might not be true in general is if there were families of quotients which have no relation to each other at all, and that is what this example provides.
Example 5.4: Let E be a generic stable bundle of degree e and rank r on a curve C of genus g ≥ 2. The behaviour of the dimensions of the Quot schemes (which also applies to M g (G(E, k), β d )) in this situation has been worked out in [25], and a summary is the following: • The invariant d k is the smallest value which makes the expression The bundles satisfying the first condition are sometimes called Lange generic and were first studied in [17]. If a bundle satisfies all three conditions above, we will say that it is generic in the sense of example 5.4, or sometimes just 5.4 stable.
The expression dr − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) appearing repeatedly above is the cohomological lower bound for a quotient bundle F of rank k and degree d: This example shows both that there are situations where this lower bound is achieved, and where formula (1) in §3 may be valid without the condition m k ≥ k(r − k) − r. Most importantly, in §6 we will see that these are precisely the bundles for which M g (G(E, k), β d ) is irreducible for large d. Further evidence that the constant term is good is that the difference between upper and lower bounds gives the inequality: which is a theorem of Lange [17] and Mukai-Sakai [19] generalizing a rank 2 result of Segre and Nagata [20] on minimal sections of ruled surfaces.
One appealing aspect of the upper bound is that it depends on very little data. The rank and degree (k and d) of the quotients and the rank r of the bundle are the basic numerical invariants of the problem, and the only thing which really ties the formula to the particular vector bundle E is the (admittedly sometimes hard to understand) invariant d k (E). In particular, the formula is independent of the genus of the curve, the characteristic of the field, or any other conditions on the bundle E (including its degree).
Even with extra conditions on the bundle E, the only possible improvement is better (and somewhat limited) control over the behaviour of the constant term. On the other hand, it is exactly the lack of extra conditions on E that is one of the strongest features of this bound. This lack of restrictions makes it very useful in computations; Lemma 6.3 in the next section is an illustration of this.
6. Components of Quot and M g (G(E, k), β d ) for large d Let E be a bundle of rank r and degree e on a curve of genus g > 0. We start by proving a slightly weaker version of the theorem we are aiming for. .
We will need two vanishing lemmas.
Proof. Let L be a line bundle of degree 1. For any bundle F ′ , there is a number n so that E * ⊗ F ′ ⊗ L ⊗m is globally generated, and so that H 1 (E * ⊗ F ′ ⊗ L ⊗m ) vanishes for all m ≥ n.
The condition we want is open, and so given any family X of vector bundles F ′ , the data of the minimum possible n x for each member F ′ x of the family stratifies X into locally closed subsets. In particular, this function has a maximum value on X, and so taking n equal to this shows we can choose an n which works for all members of the family.
Apply this to the moduli spaces U s C (k, j) of rank k stable bundles for degrees j = 0, . . . , (k − 1), and choose an n which works for all of these families. Set d 1 = nk.
Any stable bundle F of rank k and degree d ≥ d 1 can be written as F = F ′ ⊗ L ⊗m for m ≥ n (the n above) with F ′ a stable bundle of rank k and degree between 0 and (k − 1), which proves the lemma .
Remark. Considering filtrations shows that it is possible to choose a d 1 so that Lemma 6.1 holds for all semi-stable bundles F of rank k, degree d ≥ d 1 . 1)).
Proof. Since the proofs in the two cases are very similar, we only look at the case when F (as opposed to S F ) is semistable. In this case, the result follows immediately from Lemma 6.1 and the long exact sequence of cohomology, if we choose d 2 to be equal to the d 1 we obtain in the above Remark .
Proof of Proposition 6.1. Let F be a stable bundle of rank k and degree d ≥ max(d 1 (E), d 2 (E)). Lemma 6.1 guarantees that Hom(E, F ) is globally generated, and since k < r it is not hard to see that the generic homomorphism is a surjection, which means that both Quot k,d (E) and M g (G(E, k), β d ) contain a point corresponding to the quotient Remark. The proof shows in particular that, as long as d is large enough, every semistable bundle of degree d is a quotient of E and moreover, all such quotients correspond to points in the smooth locus.
The uniqueness in Proposition 6.1 is true even if we ask just that the general point of the component parametrize vector bundle quotients (without necessarily being stable). To prove this we will use the proposition and the following lemma on avoiding quotients. Definition. The expression "general quotient" means that F is a general point of any component of either M g (G(E, k), β d ) or Quot k,d (E) (and such that the component actually has points corresponding to vector bundle quotients).
Proof of Lemma 6.3. If we count dimensions for the space of the possible F 's which do have a quotient F → F 0 to a bundle F 0 of degree d 0 and rank k 0 , then (viewed as a function of the degree d) we have: • The dimension of the choice of bundle F 0 is constant as a function of d. Any quotient of such an F is also a quotient of E, so the choice of F 0 is at most the dimension of M g (G(E, k 0 ), β d 0 ).
• Fixing an F 0 and the kernel S F 0 of the surjection E → F 0 , we can construct an F by taking a subbundle of S F 0 of rank (r − k) and degree (e − d), and then dividing E by this subbundle. Applying theorem 3.1 to the bundle S * F 0 we see that the dimension of the choice of subbundles of S F 0 is bounded above by a linear function of d with slope (r − k 0 ). This shows that the dimension of possible F 's with the kind of quotient we are trying to avoid is bounded above by a linear function of d with slope (r − k 0 ). On the other hand, the dimension of the components parametrizing vector bundle quotients is bounded below by a linear function of d with slope r (the cohomological lower bound). Therefore, for large enough d, no general point of any of these components can have a quotient of degree d 0 and rank k 0 .
Remark. This proof shows the utility of Theorems 3.1 and 4.1. It is important that the theorems put no special condition on the bundle, since no matter what conditions we put on E we have little control over S F 0 , and it is important that the "slope" of the upper bound be the best possible, since it is exactly a small difference in slopes which leads to the proof of the lemma.

Proof.
The key observation is that there are only a finite number of possible pairs (d 0 , k 0 ) such that E has a quotient bundle F 0 of degree d 0 and rank k 0 which also injects into E ⊗ ω C . If we fix k 0 , then the degrees of possible quotients of E of rank k 0 are bounded from below, and similarly the degrees of possible subbundles of E ⊗ ω C are bounded above. This shows that the number of possible d 0 's for a fixed k 0 is finite, and therefore there are only a finite number of possible pairs, since k 0 can only run between 1 and (r − 1).
The reason that this is useful is that if F is any quotient bundle of E, then any map from F into E ⊗ ω C must factor through one of the bundles F 0 of the type above. If F has no such F 0 quotient, then the only map from F to E ⊗ ω C is the zero map, and this amounts to a vanishing theorem as in Lemma 6.2.
Apply Lemma 6.3 to all the possible pairs (d 0 , k 0 ) above, and pick a d 3 which works for all of them. For any d ≥ d 3 , pick any component of Quot k,d (E) or M g (G(E, k), β d ) whose general point corresponds to a vector bundle quotient. By Lemma 6.3, the general point F of this component has no map to E ⊗ ω C , and so (by Serre duality) both h 1 (E * ⊗ F ) and h 1 (S * F ⊗ F ) are zero.
Pick a deformation (as an abstract bundle) of F over an irreducible base B so that the generic member of the deformation is a stable bundle. Throw away the closed set of points of B where We now have h 1 (E * ⊗ F b ) = 0 for all b in B, so that the vector spaces Hom(E, F b ) form a bundle over B. The condition of being a surjection is open, so that we can also deform the surjection E → F to a surjection E → F b for any general point b of B. The deformation was constructed so that for general b, the bundle F b is stable.
Since h 1 (S F b ⊗ F b ) = 0 for all b in B, this deformation always stays in the smooth locus of M g (G(E, k), β d ) or Quot k,d (E), therefore in deforming this surjection we remain on the same component that we started on.
This shows that as long as d ≥ d 3 , the condition that the general point of a component correspond to a vector bundle quotient is enough to imply that the general quotient on that component is actually stable. From Proposition 6.1 we know that once d is large enough, there is a unique such component, of dimension rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1), and this proves the theorem .
Remark. As the referee points out, the last part of the proof above can be simply summarized as follows: we have that the Kodaira-Spencer infinitesimal deformation morphism at a point of the corresponding component chosen as above is surjective, and thus a generic quotient has to be stable.
Remark. The condition d ≥ d 3 is already enough to guarantee the uniqueness of the component parametrizing vector bundle quotients, since (as the proof shows) every such component has quotients which form an open set of the set of rank k, degree d, stable bundles. Since this set is irreducible, and these quotients lie in the smooth loci of the components, the uniqueness statement follows.
The theorem immediately implies the following useful Corollary: Corollary 6.3. Every vector bundle E on C can be written as an extension with E 1 and E 2 generic stable bundles of prescribed ranks.
Note that we are free to choose what we mean by generic, that is, we may specify ahead of time any open condition on the space of stable bundles (for example 5.4 stable) and then express E as an extension where both E 1 and E 2 satisfy that open condition. Similarly, we can freely specify the ranks r 1 , r 2 of the bundles E 1 , E 2 involved in the extension.
We now study when the spaces Quot k,d (E) or M g (G(E, k), β d ) can be irreducible for large d.
Our main result says that in the case of the Quot scheme the best possible result is true:

. For any vector bundle E on C, there is an integer
Remark. Of course, this unique component is generically smooth, of dimension rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1), and the general point corresponds to a vector bundle quotient, all of which follows immediately from Theorem 6.2.
Proof of Theorem 6.4. For simplicity, let us use Quot 0 k,d (E) for the open subset of Quot k,d (E) parametrizing vector bundle quotients (note that for some d this might miss entire components of Quot k,d (E)).
Also set: 1)) , i.e. the difference between the dimension of this subset and the expected dimension (the lower bound). We have w d ≥ 0 for all d ≥ d k , and the w d are eventually zero (by Theorem 6.2) for large d.
Let W be the set of d ≥ d k so that w d = 0, and define M by: Finally, set where ⌈M ⌉ is the smallest integer greater than M and d 3 (E, k) is the integer d 3 appearing in the proof of Theorem 6.2 (i.e., such that there is a unique component corresponding to vector bundle quotients for d ≥ d 3 ).
The claim is that for all d > M , the general point of every component of Quot k,d (E) corresponds to a vector bundle quotient. Since, by Theorem 6.2 there is only one of these as soon as d ≥ d 3 , this proves the irreduciblity of the Quot scheme for all d ≥ d Q .
Suppose we pick a degree d ′ smaller than d and construct, as in Proposition 4.2, torsion quotients of degree d by introducing torsion of order δ = (d − d ′ ) (all torsion loci are produced by this kind of construction). The torsion quotients we get this way have dimension or, another way to write this (using the w's) is The difference between this dimension and the lower bound rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) is: But, by assumption, d > M , which means that d > d ′ + w d ′ k , or equivalently w d ′ − δk < 0 (or, if d ′ / ∈ W , then w d ′ = 0 and what we want is automatic). In other words, the dimension of the space of quotients with torsion is strictly lower than the lower bound, so the general point must be an actual vector bundle quotient, which finishes the proof .
Remark. We will use Theorem 6.4 at the end of the next section to show that M g (G(E, k), β d ) is connected for large d (see Proposition 7.5).
Remark on g = 0. In the genus zero case, when E is the trivial bundle, Strømme [24] has shown that the Quot scheme is smooth and irreducible for every k and d. For a general vector bundle E over P 1 , neither statement need be true. However, the asymptotic results of Proposition 6.1 and Theorems 6.2 and 6.4 still remain valid for genus zero, with a slight modification in the proof. The modification is necessary because there are not many semistable bundles on genus 0 curves (if d is not a multiple of r, E cannot be semistable) and we use the semistable bundles as a means of connecting and analyzing the components. To replace them, for each d and each k ≥ 1, let F k,d be the unique (up to isomorphism) bundle of rank k and degree d on Then the results in the proposition and theorems listed above are true in genus zero, the only changes being that the words "stable bundle" used in the statements and arguments should be changed to "of type F k,d ".
We now study the irreducibility of the spaces M g (G(E, k), β d ). Unlike the case of Quot k,d (E), it is typical (even for large d) that there are components of larger dimension consisting entirely of reducible maps. If we want to ensure that M g (G(E, k), β d ) has no other components, then we must put strong conditions on the vector bundle E. (We assume in what follows that g ≥ 2, see the remark after the proof for a discussion of g = 0, 1.)

is irreducible for all k and all large d, then E is a stable bundle, generic in the sense of Example 5.4.
Proof of Proposition 6.5. Let E be a vector bundle of rank r and degree e satisfying the conditions of the proposition. Consider k fixed; we will show that (at least as far as rank k quotients are concerned) E is a generic stable bundle in the sense of Example 5.4. Since it holds for all k this will prove the proposition.
For d large we know that there is a component of dimension rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1), and since we are assuming M g (G(E, k), β d ) irreducible, this is the only component. Let m k be (as in §3) the dimension of M g (G(E, k), β d k ).
In Proposition 3.2 we constructed a family of reducible curves of dimension m k + (d − d k )r − 1. This family has to lie in the unique component, and since the curves constructed have generically only one node, it is a divisor in this component, which gives us Since m k is nonnegative, the right hand side of the equation is as well. (The fact that the subset above is a divisor is not really necessary for the argument -we only need a proper subset, as the reader can easily check.) For the fixed numerical data of r, e, g, and k, let D k be the smallest integer so that D k r − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) is nonnegative. By the results in [25] this is the smallest degree in which a generic stable bundle of rank r, degree e has a rank k quotient.
The fact that m k is nonnegative gives us d k ≥ D k , but since the number d k (E) is lower semicontinuous in families of vector bundles, and since any bundle can be deformed to a generic stable bundle, we always have d k (E) ≤ D k , and this gives d k = D k .
This also shows that E has no rank k destabilizing quotient bundles, either from the fact that (d k r − ke) is positive, or from the fact that the degrees of its rank k quotients are the same as that of a generic stable bundle of the same rank and degree.
To see that E is 5.4 stable (that is, has the same properties listed in example 5.4) we need to show the following additional two things: 2. There are no components of larger dimension.
Remark. We really only need to show this for "small d", since for large d this is a consequence of the assumptions and of Proposition 6.1.

The families of nodal curves constructed in Proposition 3.2 are of dimension
The deformation theoretic lower bound for this family of curves is dr − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1), which is one larger. Therefore M g (G(E, k), β d ) has a component of dimension at least dr − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) for all d ≥ d k . We will be finished once we establish condition 2.
Suppose for some d 1 that there is a component of M g (G(E, k), β d 1 ) of dimension strictly greater than d 1 r − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1). Again by attaching a single rational curve mapping in with large degree we can produce nodal families of dimension at least dr − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1) for all d ≥ d 1 .
For large d, this is greater than or equal to the dimension of the unique component. By 6.2 there is also a component of this dimension where the general member of the universal family is a smooth curve. This contradicts the uniqueness assumption and gives condtion 2 .
The fact that the components are always of the same dimension as the deformation theoretic lower bound has an important consequence. Combined with Theorem 6.2 this consequence proves the converse of Proposition 6.5. Proof. Suppose that we have a component consisting entirely of reducible maps. We consider this to be built up (as usual) from a smaller component by attaching rational curves. We know the dimension of the smaller component, and if we compute the dimension of the family we obtain by gluing on the curves, we find that it is of smaller dimension than it is supposed to be .
Putting together Propositions 6.5 and 6.6, and Theorem 6.2, we arrive at Remark. In the case that g = 0 or g = 1, the proof breaks down at the following point: when we wanted to show that D k ≥ d k (E) we used the fact that d k is lower semicontinuous in families, and that we could deform E to a more general bundle E ′ with d k (E ′ ) = D k . In the case that g < 2, the gap is that we don't know that such a bundle E ′ exists. The rest of the argument still goes through, and shows that M g (G(E, k), β d ) is irreducible for large d if and only if all components of M g (G(E, k), β d ) have exactly the dimension of the lower bound, dr − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1). The only difference in the result is that we don't know when E starts to have quotients of rank k, i.e., we don't know what the value of d k (E) is -it could be strictly larger than D k . As an illustration, in Example 5.1 in the case that g = 0 the value of D k is negative, but d k (E) = 0 for all k. However, the dimension of M g (G(E, k), β d ) is the predicted value for all d ≥ 0, and these spaces are easily seen to be irreducible.
Since in the case of 5.4 stable bundles one has good numerical control over the invariants involved, all the steps in the proof can be made effective, and we have: In particular works for all k.
Proof. As noted after the proof of Theorem 6.2, all we need to do is to find an effective expression for the number d 3 appearing in Lemma 6.3 which works for all the possible pairs (k 0 , d 0 ) which are the rank and degree of quotients of E that are also subsheaves of E ⊗ ω C and such that k 0 < k.
Fixing such a pair (k 0 , d 0 ), we first bound the dimension of the space of quotients F of E which in turn have a quotient F 0 of rank k 0 and degree d 0 . These are themselves quotients of E, and since E is 5.4 stable, we have . Now each such F 0 determines an exact sequence and so the space of F 's which have F 0 as a quotient is determined by the space of subbundles of S F 0 of rank r − k and degree e − d. Its dimension is bounded above by the formula given in Theorem 4.1, and after a small computation we get that the dimension of the space of all F 's we are looking at is bounded by: On the other hand (since E is 5.4 stable) the dimension of degree d rank k quotients is exactly rd − ke − k(r − k)(g − 1), and so we want d large enough so that Again using the fact that E is 5.4 stable, we have Plugging this into the previous inequality and computing further, we obtain In the proof of Theorem 6.2 we are assuming that F 0 is a subsheaf of E ⊗ ω C (which is also 5.4 stable), giving the additional condition: And this gives us: Using the inequalities 1 ≤ k 0 ≤ k − 1, we see that this is satisfied whenever: which is the desired bound on d depending only on k, r and e.
Optimizing the terms involving k individually, we arrive at the final answer which works for all k: all spaces M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Quot k,d (E) are irreducible for: Remark. In the final two steps of the computation above we optimized each term containing k 0 and then k individually, rather than optimizing the whole expression as a function of k.
Although the bound obtained is weaker, we chose to do this in order to avoid some extra, not very illuminating, calculations. The reader can certainly find better approximations for any particular example, if needed.
In the case when E is only assumed to be stable, the number d 3 can still be approximated (thus making Theorem 6.2 effective), by simply changing the 5.4 stability condition into usual stability. We skip the computation, which is identical to the one above, but list the result: It is worth noting that, at least in characteristic 0, we only need E to be stable in order to perform some other effective calculations. We conclude with a sample such result, which essentially makes Proposition 6.1 effective: Proposition 6.9. Assume that C is defined over a field of characteristic 0, and let E be a stable bundle of rank r and degree e on C. Then, for a fixed k, all semistable bundles of rank k and degree d ≥ k(µ(E) + 2g) are quotients of E, and in fact smooth points of a unique component of Quot k,d (E). In particular d ≥ (r − 1)(µ(E) + 2g) works for all k.
Proof. Following the proof of Proposition 6.1 and the subsequent Remark, we see that we only need to bound the numbers d 1 and d 2 appearing in Lemmas 6.1 and 6.2 respectively. This involves only the well known facts that the tensor product of two semistable bundles is semistable (in characteristic 0) and that for a semistable bundle V , µ(V ) ≥ 2g − 1 implies h 1 (V ) = 0 and µ(V ) ≥ 2g implies global generation.
In Lemma 6.1 we had µ(E * ⊗ F ) = d k − µ(E), and since E and F are now both stable, E * ⊗ F will be globally generated and have vanishing H 1 as long as d ≥ k(µ(E) + 2g). Even simpler, the definition of stability for E implies that the sequence of inclusions in Lemma 6.2 cannot hold if d ≥ k(µ(E) + 2g − 2). This gives the desired bound .

Maps from M g (G(E, k), β d ) to Quot k,d (E)
We would like to try and extend the isomorphism between the open sets of M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Quot k,d (E) parametrizing vector bundle quotients to a morphism between the two spaces. Since the boundary loci of the stable map space are always of larger dimension than the boundary loci of the Quot scheme, the only possible direction for such a morphism is from M g (G(E, k), β d ) to Quot k,d (E).
The moduli functor for M g (G(E, k), β d ) classifies flat families C → B of nodal curves over a base B along with a map f : The corresponding moduli functor for Quot k,d (E) classifies flat families Q of quotients of E on C × B, such that over each point b the restriction Q b of the family to the fibre C over b is a coherent sheaf of degree d and generic rank k. (We will also use the symbol E for the pullback To give a morphism from M g (G(E, k), β d ) to Quot k,d (E) is to give a functorial way of producing a flat family of quotients Q on C × B from a family of stable maps over B.
The Grassmann bundle G(E, k) comes with the projection π : G(E, k) −→ C, and so given any family of stable maps over B, we can compose the morphism f : C −→ G(E, k) × B with π to get a map g = (π • f ) : C −→ C × B.
One way to produce sheaves on C × B is to push forward bundles from the family C, and we will use the following lemma (with g = (π • f ) as above).
Lemma 7.1. If V is a vector bundle on a family of stable maps over B such that R 1 g * V = 0, then g * V is a flat family of coherent sheaves on C × B, and formation of g * V commutes with arbitrary base change B ′ → B.
Proof. This is a relative version of the standard theorem on base change and cohomology, and the proof is almost the same. The bundle V is flat over B since C is a flat family and V locally free. We can compute the derived sheaves on C × B by means of the relativeČech complex, which is a two term complex V 0 → V 1 of quasi-coherent flat O B modules. The map of complexes is surjective since by hypothesis R 1 g * V = 0. This gives us the exact sequence Since both V 0 and V 1 are flat over B, g * V is as well. Computation of the kernel commutes with arbitrary base change induced from B, again since V 1 is flat, and finally, g * V is coherent over C × B since g is proper .
The map g from C to C × B is the contraction of all the "rational tails" on the curves, and the derived sheaf R 1 g * V vanishes whenever the bundle V has no H 1 when restricted to these fibres.
If it happens that V is trivial when restricted to the fibres, then the pushforward g * V is a vector bundle on C × B, a fact which we will use later on.
Given any family of stable maps, the exact sequence of tautological bundles k) pulls back via f to give a similar exact sequence on the family C. For any rational curve D mapping to a fibre of the relative Grassmannian, the pullback f * π * E is trivial; this means that the tautological subbundle f * S restricted to D decomposes as ⊕ i O(a i ) with all a i ≤ 0, and similarly that the pullback of the tautological quotient bundle f * F restricted to D decomposes as a sum The decomposition of f * F on the rational curves shows that this bundle has no H 1 on any of the fibres of the map g : C → C × B, and therefore Lemma 7.1 says that the sheaf g * (f * F) forms a flat (over B) family of coherent sheaves on C × B. On each fibre C b , the restriction is of degree d and rank k.
This family of coherent sheaves unfortunately does not in general give a map from M g (G(E, k), β d ) to Quot k,d (E). There are two ways to see this; the first is that when the subbundle f * S has higher cohomology on the rational fibres, the induced map from g * (f * π * E) = E to g * (f * F) on C × B is not surjective. This does not completely rule out this family, since it is conceivable that it might be a quotient of E in some other way. What really shows that this is the wrong construction is the following. If C b is a fibre where the family g * (f * F) has torsion, and x a local coordinate at a torsion point, then multiplication by x kills all torsion at that point. In general for quotients of E with torsion, we expect situations where multiplication by x 2 (or higher powers of x) is necessary to annihilate the torsion submodule.
In situations where the subbundle does not have higher cohomology along the rational fibres (for instance, if d = d k + 1, where the a i 's are all zero except for one −1), this does give the right morphism to Quot k,d (E).
The correct approach is to try and alter the subbundle f * S along the contracted rational fibres of g so that it is trivial along these fibres. The pushforward will then be a vector bundle on C × B which includes into E, and gives a flat family of quotients.
This is always possible in the case that k = (r − 1), when the subbundle is a line bundle. Proof. In order to describe a construction to be applied naturally (i.e., functorially) to all families of stable maps, we should describe the construction on M g,1 (G(E, k), β d ), the universal curve over M g (G(E, k), β d ). The idea is that the loci of rational tails form divisors in M g,1 (G(E, k), β d ) and twisting by these divisors will allow us to make the line bundle f * S trivial along all the tails. There is some awkwardness in the description because there can be components of M g (G(E, k), β d ) where the general map is reducible, and here the loci of rational tails we must twist by in M g,1 (G(E, k), β d ) occur as both divisors and components.
Let The fact that where the tensor product runs over all possible δ and all possible D δ with weight δ satisfying the conditions above.
For any family C of stable maps over a base B, this construction gives us a line bundle S ′ on C of degree 0 on all components of all rational tails. In addition, this bundle has a nonzero map S ′ → f * S obtained by multiplying by a section of ⊗ δ O(δ · D δ ).
By Lemma 7.1 the pushforward g * S ′ is a flat family of line bundles on C × B, and comes with a natural inclusion g * S ′ ֒→ E induced from the map S ′ → f * S on the family C. Let Q be the quotient.
By definition, Q is a family of quotients of E. If b is a point of the base B where the domain of the map C b is an irreducible curve, then the construction with S ′ changes nothing near C b and the quotient on the fibre C b is precisely the quotient we expect. The only step remaining is to see that Q is a flat family over B. It is easy to see what this construction is doing. Suppose that we start with C 0 , a section of the relative Grassmannian G(E, r − 1), and let S 0 be the universal sub-line bundle restricted to C 0 . Attach a rational curve to C 0 at a point p, and extend the inclusion C 0 ֒→ G(E, r − 1) to this reducible curve by mapping the rational component in so that it accounts for δ in degree. In this situation the construction produces the subsheaf S ′ of S 0 (on C 0 ) which vanishes to order δ at p. This bundle includes into E, and gives a quotient with torsion of order δ at that point.
This suggests how the "right" torsion quotient to associate to any stable map into the relative Grassmannian might look, in the general case (i.e., for arbitrary k).
Possible description of Quotient: Suppose that we have a reducible map consisting of a section C 0 and a single rational curve attached to C 0 at p mapping into G(E, k). Let S 0 be the restriction of the universal subbundle to the section C 0 and let S 1 be the restriction to the rational curve. The bundle S 1 on the rational curve breaks up into a sum We can identify the fibre of S 0 at p with the fibre of S 1 at the corresponding point of attachment.
The picture in the case k = (r − 1) suggests that we should be able to choose a local basis {s 1 , . . . , s (r−k) } for S 0 at p, compatible with the splitting on S 1 , so that if x is a local coordinate at p on C 0 , the subsheaf S ′ of S 0 generated locally by {x −a 1 s 1 , . . . , x −a (r−k) s (r−k) } gives the correct quotient.
This unfortunately is also not true in most situations (see Example 7.1 below). It is however true in two special cases, and these special cases will be sufficient to show that there is in general no map from M g (G(E, k), β d ) to Quot k,d (E) (if k = (r − 1)) which extends the map on smooth curves. Remark. The condition that both C and B are smooth means that the general fibre is as well, and this gives a generically defined map from B to Quot k,d (E); it is this map that we use to compute the one parameter limit.
Remark. In this case (that |a i − a j | ≤ 1) any choice of local generators of the sheaf S 0 at p (compatible with the splitting along the rational curve) gives the same subbundle S ′ . (See Proposition 7.3 for an example where this choice does matter).
Proof. Let D be the rational curve over b 0 on the smooth surface C. Suppose that the subbundle f * S restricted to D decomposes as with a ≤ 0 and m + n = (r − k).
The curve D is a (−1) curve on the surface; and so setting S ′ = f * S ⊗ O C (aD) we have If S 0 is the bundle f * S restricted to C 0 , then S ′ restricted to C 0 is generated by the sections of S 0 vanishing to order (−a) at p.
Shrink B so that b 0 is the only singular fibre. The bundle S ′ then satisfies the conditions of Lemma 7.1 and therefore g * S ′ gives a family of vector bundles over C × B. This bundle also has an inclusion into E induced by the map The quotient of E by g * S ′ gives (using the same argument as in Theorem 7.1) a flat family of quotients over B. Since the Hilbert scheme is proper, the quotient at b 0 must be the correct one parameter limit, and all that remains is to compute what this limit is.
To compare the restriction of g * S ′ to C b 0 (on C × B) and the restriction of S ′ to C 0 (on the family C) we use the fact that formation of g * S ′ commutes with base change from B, and so we only have to compute this for the contraction map Choose a local basis s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ (r−k) at p of S ′ restricted to (C 0 ⊔ p D), compatible with the splitting of S ′ along D. Since the bundle O D (−1) has no global sections, we see that g * S ′ is generated by {s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ m , x · s ′ m+1 , . . . , x · s ′ (r−k) }.
The image of S ′ | C b 0 in S 0 is (as mentioned above) all the sections of S 0 vanishing to order (−a) at p. The image of g * S ′ | C 0 is therefore m sections vanishing to order (−a) and n = (r − k − m) sections vanishing to order (−a + 1), as claimed in the proposition . This means that it is possible to choose a basis {s 1 , . . . , s (r−k) } for f * S restricted to C 0 (compatible with the splitting on the rational curve) so that the limit is the quotient by S ′ = {s 1 , . . . , s r−k−1 , x 2 s (r−k) }.
Remark. In this case the subbundle S ′ does depend on the basis chosen near p. For example, if (r − k) = 2 the bases {s 1 , s 2 } and {s 1 + xs 2 , s 2 } can both be compatible with the splitting (at p) along the rational curve, but the subsheaves generated by {s 1 , x 2 s 2 } and {s 1 + xs 2 , x 2 s 2 } are not the same.
Proof. Let D be the rational curve and C 0 the section as before. The restriction of f * S to D is Let S ′ be the kernel (on C) of the projection onto the O D (−2) factor, so that we have We restrict this defining sequence to D to get is just the projection we started with, and since T or This sequence splits, and the splitting is canonical, since the trivial subbundle of S ′ | D is exactly the subbundle generated by global sections.
Choose a basis {s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ (r−k) } near p for S ′ restricted to C b 0 compatible with the splitting on D (the basis element s ′ (r−k) should be associated to the O(−1) subbundle).
The image of S ′ in f * S restricted to D is This shows that we can pick a basis for the remaining basis element.
We again pushforward the bundle S ′ to get a bundle on C × B which we use to construct a flat family of quotients over B. Following the same type of argument as in Proposition 7.2, we see that g * S ′ |C b 0 is the subbundle of S ′ | C 0 generated by {s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ (r−k−1) , x · s ′ (r−k) }.
Using our previous description for the image of S ′ | C 0 in S 0 = f * S| C 0 we see that the image S ′ of g * S ′ in S 0 is {s 1 , . . . , s (r−k−1) , x 2 s (r−k) } .

Remark.
A combination of the arguments in Propositions 7.2 and 7.3 shows that the "rule" for computing the limit also works if the subbundle splits as m 0 copies of O D (a), m 1 copies of O D (a − 1), and m 2 copies of O D (a − 2).
The actual subbundle S ′ of S 0 produced depends on the bundle S ′ which is in turn dependent on the first order information of the curve C b 0 in the family. Different families can produce different limits, and this is the reason that we cannot in general define a morphism from M g (G(E, k), β d ) to Quot k,d (E).
The easiest way to see that the limit varies according to the family is to take a second limit consisting entirely of singular curves. If we stratify the singular curves by the way the restriction of the universal subbundle decomposes on the rational tails, then the reason why we cannot extend the map is very clear: the limit of the rules for computing the quotient on one strata is not the rule for computing the quotient on a limiting strata. Let b be a coordinate on the affine line, and define a family of inclusions S where σ p is the section of O C (p) and "·" indicates multiplication by the section. If x is a coordinate at p, then locally the inclusion is given by the matrix  If b = 0 then the inclusion is rank 2 everywhere, and gives a vector bundle quotient. When b = 0 the quotient has torsion, and looks like E divided by a subsheaf of the type {xs 1 , x 2 s 2 }.
For b = 0 we can consider this as a family of stable maps, and take the one parameter limit in M g (G(E, k), β d ). To do this, blow up the family C × A 1 b at (p, 0) and pull back both bundles to this surface. The inclusion of S into E now drops rank along the exceptional divisor D, and if we take the saturation of S in E on the blow up, this gives the subbundle of the limiting stable map. Computation in coordinates on the blowup shows that this subbundle restricted to D decomposes as O D ⊕ O D (−3).
Since we know that the corresponding torsion quotient is not of the type where we divide out by something of the form {s 1 , x 3 s 2 }, this shows that the decomposition of the subbundle on the rational tails has no relation in general to the corresponding limiting quotient in one parameter families.
Remark. In the proof of Proposition 7.3 there was one step where an exact sequence of bundles on D split. It is the failure of this kind of sequence to split in general which prevents the rule from being true. The example above is the simplest case where this splitting (and therefore the rule) fails.
To finish, here is a result that properly belongs in the previous section, but appears here because we need to use our picture of the relationship between M g (G(E, k), β d ) and Quot k,d (E), especially pushing forward vector bundles, and computing one parameter limits.
Proof. Choose d M so that it is larger than the d Q of Theorem 6.4 and also large enough so that every component of M g (G(E, k), β d ) has dimension at least k(r − k) + 1.
For any d ≥ d M , let X be a component of M g (G(E, k), β d ). By Lemma 3.1 X has a nonempty divisor Y of reducible maps. Suppose that a point of a component of this divisor is given by a section C 0 corresponding to a quotient of degree (d − δ) and an attached rational curve making up the difference in degree. By deforming the rational curve alone in the Grassmannian fibre, we can break it into a tree of δ rational curves, each accounting for one in degree (this is a degeneration, and the resulting stable map is still a point of X). Now move the δ rational curves "off" the tree so that they are connected to C 0 at δ different points (it is at this stage that we may be moving from one component to another). The result is a section C 0 with δ rational curves attached at {p 1 , . . . , p δ } on C 0 , and so that each curve accounts for one in degree. Let (C ′ , f ) be the resulting stable map into the relative Grassmannian. The claim is that this point is in the same connected component as the locus parametrizing vector bundle quotients.
To see this, we use the fact that the pushforward g * (f * F) of the pullback of the tautological quotient bundle on G(E, k) gives a quotient of E. This happens since (in this situation) the pullback of the canonical subbundle f * S decomposes as the sum of O's and one O(−1) on each of the δ rational tails (see the discussion after Lemma 7.1). The resulting pushforward F ′ is a quotient with torsion. The torsion free part is the vector bundle quotient corresponding to the section C 0 , and the torsion part is supported at the points p 1 , . . . , p δ , and is of length one at each of those points.
Since d M is larger than d Q , Quot k,d (E) is irreducible, and so we can find a smooth one parameter family B of quotients so that the general point is a vector bundle quotient and the special point q ∈ B is the torsion quotient F ′ . Since the general point of B is a vector bundle quotient, we can also consider this a curve in M g (G(E, k), β d ), and we take the one parameter limit approaching q ∈ B. To compute the limit we just need to blow up the family C × B at the points {(p 1 , q), . . . , (p δ , q)} since this is where the quotient map drops rank, and take the saturation of the universal subbundle pulled back to the blown up surface. The limit is not necessarily the stable map (C ′ , f ) but it is a stable map with section C 0 (the same C 0 ) and δ rational curves attached at p 1 , . . . , p δ each one accounting for one in degree.
This curve can be deformed (by moving the rational curves in the Grasmannian fibres) to (C ′ , f ), and so we see that the component X is in the same connected component as the locus parametrizing vector bundle quotients. Since X was arbitrary, this means that M g (G(E, k), β d ) is connected .

Application to Base Point Freeness on Moduli Spaces
In this section we assume that C is a smooth projective complex curve of genus g ≥ 2. Let SU C (r) denote the moduli space of semistable rank r vector bundles on C of trivial determinant.
The Picard group of SU C (r) is isomorphic to Z (see [11] Theorem B), with ample generator L (called the determinant bundle).
For any bundle E in SU C (r), if there is a bundle E ′ of rank p and slope (g − 1) such that h 0 (E ⊗ E ′ ) = 0, then E is not a basepoint for |L p |. (It is not known if the converse is true -this is the content of the geometric formulation of the Strange Duality conjecture, see e.g. [2] §8).
If we treat an element of H 0 (E ⊗ E ′ ) as a homomorphism from E * to E ′ , then we can factor the homomorphism as E * −→ F ֒→ E ′ , where the map to F is a surjection.
Suppose that we fix a quotient bundle F of rank k and degree d, then we can ask for the dimension of stable bundles E ′ of rank p and slope (g − 1) which fit in the diagram Counting dimensions of the quotient sheaf Q and the extension space Ext 1 (Q, F ) shows that these bundles are of codimension at least dp + 1 in the moduli space of bundles of rank p, slope (g − 1). (In fact, for the purpose of dimension counts, Q can be thought of a being a stable bundle -for details and further references related to all these facts, please see [21], especially §4).
This gives the following lemma on basepoint freeness: Moduli of rank k, degree d, quotient bundles F of E ≤ dp for all k = 1, . . . , (r − 1), and all d, then E is not a basepoint of |L p |.
The dimension above is the dimension of the moduli of the quotient bundles F , throwing away the data of the surjections E → F . The space of quotients (i.e., this time including the data of the surjections) provides an upper bound for the dimension of this moduli. We have d k (E) ≥ 1 for all k since E is stable of degree 0, and using our upper bound 4.1 gives the following (note that the argument works literally only for r ≥ 3, but it is well known that L is already very ample on SU C (2)): Remark. This is a small improvement on a similar bound in [21]. In the same paper, the following question appeared: Question. Is the series |L p | base point free on SU C (r) for p ≥ (r − 1)?
Even though we have examples of bundles with large families of quotients, we know of no potential counterexample (i.e. modulo Strange Duality) to this conjecture. There are two difficulties in constructing good examples in this situation. The first is that we would like the family of quotients to have maximal (or at least large) variation in moduli. The second (and more difficult) is that the dimension count in Lemma 8.1 does not take into account the fact that different extensions involving different Q's may produce the same stable bundle E ′ . This contribution is difficult to estimate.
For instance, the bundles G 0 constructed in Example 5.2 are stable bundles of rank r and trivial determinant with at least a (k − 1)(r − k − 1) dimensional family of rank k, degree 1 quotient bundles. As stated in the example, these families of quotients vary maximally in moduli, and so seem as if they should provide a potential counterexample to the conjecture. However, all the quotients F are extensions of the form where L is a fixed line bundle of degree 1. The general stable bundle E ′ of slope (g − 1) has no global sections, and also will not accept a nonzero map from L, and therefore any morphism of the type F → E ′ is the zero morphism.
In any construction we can make, either the dimension of the quotients is too small, or the quotient bundles produced are too special. The vague principle seems to be that quotients of a fixed bundle cannot be too general, and the Question above is a quantitative expression of this.
The improved upper bound also gives a few new cases of a conjecture made in [21] 5.5 about linear series on the moduli space U C (r, 0) of semistable vector bundles of rank r and degree 0 on C.
Once a line bundle N ∈ Pic g−1 (C) is fixed, we can define (see [11] 7.4.2) a generalized theta divisor Θ N on U C (r, 0), given set-theoretically by: The conjecture mentioned above asserts that the linear series |kΘ N | should be base point free for k ≥ r + 1. In the case r = 1, this is the classical statement that |2Θ N | is base point free on the Jacobian of C, and in [21] 5.4 a proof is also given for r = 2 and 3. By arguments in [22] 5.3, |kΘ N | is base point free as long as k ≥ r + 1 and |L k | is base point free on SU C (r). Concluding, Theorem 8.1 provides a solution to the conjecture up to the case of rank 5 vector bundles: Corollary 8.2. |kΘ N | is base point free on U C (r, 0) for k ≥ r + 1 if r ≤ 5.