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The use of ‘ liver ’ in Dogon emotional encoding

The Dogon languages of Mali lack independent emotion vocabulary, instead encoding both emotions and character traits in idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘liver’. There are two main categories of constructions employed in these expressions: ‘liver’ modified by an adjective or ‘liver’ used as the patient of an intransitive or transitive verb. The former category can be further divided into canonical N+Adj constructions and bahuvrihi compound modifiers. This chapter investigates the strong correlation between the either emotion or character trait expressions and the choice of grammatical construction. Specifically, we found that bahuvrihi compound modifiers are used exclusively for expressing character traits, while verbal constructions are used exclusively for emotions; N+Adj constructions tend towards character traits, but may also encode emotions. We argue that a scale of predicativeness accounts for these facts, with character trait expressions on the low end of the scale and emotions on the other.