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Democratic Ideals in a Non-Ideal World

The book concludes with a discussion of the real-world implications of pursuing a politics of listening. Does the expectation to fairly consider the inputs of others apply equally to members of a minority or marginalized group as it does to the relatively powerful and privileged members of society? Chapter 7 explains how to pursue the ideal of uptake and a politics of listening while remaining sensitive to the non-ideal conditions of the present. The chapter draws on political behavior research to show that people are capable of meeting the demands of citizenship laid out in this book. Nonetheless, this chapter also defends the practical value of the ideal of uptake, even when our efforts to attain it fall short. Discussing what to do when listening and uptake are consistently denied or beyond our reach, the chapter concludes by considering the critical value of ideal theory in a non-ideal world.