{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03058321479374111, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 6.2153846153846155, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Transdermal delivery of beta-blockers.

Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (beta-blockers) are one of the most frequently used class of cardiovascular drugs that are mainly used in conventional dosage forms., which have their own limitations including hepatic first-pass metabolism, high incidence of adverse effects due to variable absorption profiles, higher frequency of administration and poor patient compliance. Essentially, attempts have been made to develop novel drug delivery systems for beta-blockers, including transdermal delivery systems, to circumvent the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery. However, so far none of the beta-blocker drugs have been marketed as transdermal delivery systems. Nevertheless, there have been noteworthy research endeavours worldwide at the laboratory level to investigate the skin permeation and to develop transdermal formulations of beta-blockers including: propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, timolol, levobunolol, bupranolol, bopindolol, mepindolol, sotalol, labetolol, pindolol, acebutolol and oxprenolol. Innovative research exploiting penetration-enhancing strategies, such as iontophoresis, electroporation, microneedles and sonophoresis, holds promise for the successful use of these drugs as consumer-friendly transdermal dosage forms in clinical practice. This paper presents an overview of the transdermal research on this important class of drugs.