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Reconfiguration Control Networks for TMR Systems with Module-Based Recovery

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) provide ideal platforms for meeting the computational requirements of future space-based processing systems. However, FPGAs are susceptible to radiation-induced Single Event Upsets (SEUs). Techniques for dynamically reconfiguring corrupted modules of Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) components are well known. However, most of these techniques utilize resources that are themselves susceptible to SEUs to transfer reconfiguration requests from the TMR voters to a central reconfiguration controller. This paper evaluates the impact of these Reconfiguration Control Networks (RCNs) on the system's reliability and performance. We provide an overview of RCNs reported in the literature and compare them in terms of dependability, scalability and performance. We implemented our designs on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA to assess the resulting resource utilization and performance as well as to evaluate their soft error vulnerability using analytical techniques. We show that of the RCN topologies studied, an ICAP-based approach is the most reliable despite having the highest network latency. We also conclude that a module-based recovery approach is less reliable than scrubbing unless the RCN is triplicated and repaired when it suffers configuration memory errors.