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Representing Time Series Data in Intelligent Training Systems

Many of the most popular intelligent training systems, including driving and flight simulators, generate user time series data. This paper presents a comparison of representation options for two different student modeling problems: 1) early failure prediction and 2) classifying student activities. Data for this analysis was gathered from pilots executing simple tasks in a virtual reality flight simulator. We demonstrate that our proposed embedding which uses a combination of dynamic time warping (DTW) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) is valuable for both student modeling tasks. However, Euclidean distance + MDS was found to be a superior embedding for predicting student failure, since DTW can obscure important agility differences between successful and unsuccessful pilots.