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Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous soluble tumor antigen fused to the B‐fragment of Shiga toxin

Targeting exogenous antigen into the MHC class I‐restricted presentation pathway is a prerequisite for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which have been shown to represent an important component of the protective and therapeutic immune response to viral infections and tumors. In this study, we produced recombinant proteins composed of the receptor‐binding non‐toxic B‐fragment of bacterial Shiga toxin derived from Shigella dysenteriae associated with an epitope from a model tumor antigen, Mage 1. We show that Shiga B‐Mage 1 fusion proteins carrying an active or inactive endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal (the C‐terminal peptides KDEL or KDELGL, respectively) could be presented by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an MHC class I‐restricted manner to Mage 1‐specific CTL. After pulsing B lymphoblastoid cells or dendritic cells with Shiga B‐Mage 1 fusion protein, activation of the MHC class I‐restricted Mage 1‐specific CTL was also demonstrated. In further analysis, we showed that treatment with brefeldin A or paraformaldehyde fixation of Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed B cells prevented the presentation of the Mage 1 T cell epitope, which excluded extracellular processing of the antigen. Immunofluorescence analysis also revealed that the Shiga B‐Mage 1 fusion protein was largely excluded from Lamp‐2‐positive lysosomal structures. Therefore, the ability of Shiga toxin B‐fragment to target dendritic cells and B cells and to direct antigen into the exogenous class I‐restricted pathway makes it an attractive non‐living and non‐toxic vaccine vector.