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The Grammar of Discourse Referents in Homer

While many areas of Homeric grammar (especially phonology and morphology) have been explored in substantial detail, the study of Homeric syntax and discourse has arisen but recently, and has been rather unsystematic in its coverage (much attention has been devoted to the syntax of " second position " clitics, after Hale 1987's work on Indo-Iranian; see Taylor 1990, Goldstein 2010; for a study of discourse particles, see Bakker 2007). In particular, the topic of referent realization in Homeric discourse remains largely untouched (apart from general observations concerning the article and particle paradoxical, since many of the most well explored areas of formulaic technique (Parry's noun-epithet formulas) precisely serve to introduce (or reintroduce) new referents to the discourse, and are mostly employed in larger constructions that serve to manage the transition from one referent to another. This can readily be seen in the following lines: (1) τὸν δ' ἄρ' ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς· (Il. 1.148) (2) τὸν δὲ ἰδὼν ᾤκτιρε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς (Il. 16.5) Here, an old referent is realized pronominally at the left edge of the line, and the new(er) referent is introduced with a full NP (the noun-epithet formula) in post-verbal position at the right edge of the line. These highly formulaic constructions serve to achieve a discourse transition. In fact, referential management is one of the most strictly regulated areas of Homeric technique (this may have to do with easing the cognitive load at scene boundaries, see Chafe 1980:40-7). The aim of this paper is to outline this area of Homeric grammar (namely, how Homer introduces, maintains, and reintroduces referents in the discourse), and to highlight some interesting features thereof. In the process, this paper discusses a number of constructions that are used for specific discourse purposes. One such construction involves " right dislocation, " and is used to reintroduce a