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Preliminary thoughts on Hindi popular music and film production: India's ‘culture industry(ies)’, 1970–2000

The unique nature of the relationship between popular film and music production in India has defined the nature of popular music as an industry and as a cultural commodity from 1931. This relationship solidified during the first roughly 25 years of Indian independence in response to specific industrial, regulatory, and cultural conditions; but as those conditions began to shift after 1970, the relationship became increasingly fluid. This study offers an initial understanding of the complex set of industrial, musical and cultural changes in the world of Indian popular music during a period of unprecedented change in film industry personnel, industrial structure and logic, music and film recording and consumption technologies and governmental regulation. I argue that these ultimately resulted in a series of shifts in the ideological and cultural position of film music in India's popular music culture.