{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04355866845046038, 'fraction_numerical': 0.018218304871330762, 'mean_word_length': 5.229166666666667, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 2, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Improved retinal and visual function following panmacular subthreshold diode micropulse laser for retinitis pigmentosa

Objectives To examine the effect of subthreshold diode micropulse laser (SDM) on pattern electroretinography (PERG) and visual function in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods The records of all patients (pts) undergoing SDM in a vitreoretinal subspecialty practice were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included the presence of RP evaluated before and after SDM by PERG. As a secondary outcome measure, the results of automated omnifield resolution perimetry (ORP) were also reviewed. Results All eyes undergoing SDM for RP were eligible study, including 26 eyes of 15 pts; seven male and eight female, aged 16–69 (avg. 47) years. Retinal function by PERG improved by all indices, with significant improvements in the 24° field signal latency measures; the MagD(µV)/ Mag(µV) ratio (P < 0.0001) and the MagD(µV) amplitude (P = 0.0003). ORP significantly improved by all indices (p = 0.02–0.002). Average best-corrected chart visual acuities improved from 0.6 to 0.4 logMAR units (p = 0.02). There were no adverse treatment effects. Conclusions SDM significantly improved chart visual acuity, mesopic logMAR visual acuity perimetry, and retinal function by PERG in RP without adverse treatment effects. Treatment responses indicate a significant capacity for rescue of dysfunctional retina. These results suggest that early and periodic treatment with SDM might slow disease progression and reduce long-term vision loss.


Introduction
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the fourth leading cause of irreversible visual loss in the world [1]. Over 150 different genotypes have been identified which may lead to the clinical picture of RP, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges [2]. Currently, despite great advances in drug, genetic, and immunotherapy, there is no generally effective treatment [3].
Recently, improved retinal and visual function were reported in patients receiving panmacular subthreshold diode micropulse laser (SDM) as retinal protective therapy for dry AMD and inherited chronic progressive retinopathies (CPRs), including retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's disease, and cone degeneration [4]. This report focuses on the electrophysiologic and visual responses to SDM in a larger group of patients with RP.

Methods
This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Following approval by an investigational review board, the records of all patients undergoing SDM in a private vitreoretinal subspecialty practice were identified and eyes treated for RP identified. Each patient had been evaluated prior to treatment by clinical examination, fundus photography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). The diagnosis of RP had been previously confirmed in each patient by electroretinography (ERG). All patients exhibited typical clinical features of RP, reported nyctalopia, and circumferential peripheral visual field constriction confirmed by prior to conventional automated threshold perimetry. Each eye was evaluated by pattern electroretinography (PERG) 1 week prior, and 1 month after, SDM treatment [5][6][7][8][9]. All, but the initial two vpatients were also evaluated by Omnifield resolution perimetry (ORP) concurrent with PERG testing. Four eyes of two patients reported previously are included in this report [4].
Exclusionary criteria included other obfuscating ocular disease; inability to perform or cooperate with diagnostic testing or treatment; poor signal quality and/or excessive (>3) PERG testing artifacts per study; and failure to followup for postoperative evaluation and testing.
Untreated fellow eyes served as controls.

PERG testing
PERG was performed using standard protocols of a commercially available and FDA approved system (Diopsys Nova-ERG, Diopsys Corp., Pine Brook, New Jersey) according to the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards [5]. Both eyes were tested simultaneously and recorded individually, undilated, and refracted for the 60 cm testing distance. For all visual stimuli, a luminance pattern occupying a 25°visual field is presented with a luminance reversal rate of 15 Hz. The PERG "concentric ring" (CR) visual stimulus was employed, presenting alternating (pattern reversal) CR of contrasting luminance. The CR stimulus used two sub-classes of stimulus area, with the circle occupying a visual field of either 16°, or 24°, respectively. The stimuli used a mean luminance of 117.6 cd/m 2 with a contrast of 100%.
Patient and equipment preparation and testing were carried out according to Diopsys manufacturer guidelines. Signal acquisition and analysis followed a standard screening protocol [6]. Test indices available for analysis included "Magnitude D (MagD(µV))", "Magnitude (µV)", and the "MagD(µV)/Mag(µV)" ratio. [MagD(µV)] is the frequency response of the time-domain averaged signal in microvolts (µV). Mag(D) is a measure of signal latency caused by inner retinal and/or ganglion cell dysfunction resulting in both magnitude and phase variability that reduce MagD by phase cancelation. Magnitude (µV) (Mag (µV)) measures the frequency response of the total signal in microvolts (µV). Mag (µV) reflecting the signal strength and electrode impedance of the individual test sessions, as well as a gross measure of inner retina and ganglion function. The MagD(µV)/Mag(µV) ratio provides a measure of patient response normalized to that particular test's electrical quality, correcting for inter-test variation. In the healthy eye, MagD(µV) should roughly equal Mag(µV). Thus, the closer MagD(µV)/Mag(µV) to unity, the more normal retinal function. If testing revealed poor signal quality or excessive artifacts (>2 total), testing was repeated until the best quality study could be obtained. This study was used for analysis.

Omnifield resolution perimetry
ORP is United States Food and Drug Administration approved (Sinclair Technologies, Media, PA) for automated perimetry. ORP measures best-corrected logMAR visual acuity (BCVA) under mesopic conditions. In addition to measuring visual acuity at fixation, the BCVA is measured at various locations (17-24 intercepts) throughout the central 20°of visual field. Landolt C's are presented on a monitor for 250 ms in one of four positions. Corrected for the 1 m testing distance, the patient signals their recognition of the correct "C" position by deflecting a joystick in the direction of the "C" opening on a response pad. Fixation is monitored automatically and an interactive algorithm adjusts the size of the Landolt C's to determine the threshold of the letter size below which the patient can no longer correctly respond, to arrive at the best corrected logMAR visual acuity for that intercept. The data are stored digitally and used to build a false-color map of mesopic BCVAs throughout the central 20°. Digital reporting includes the central acuity; the BA6 (the best visual acuity at any intercept within 6°of fixation); the global macular acuity (GMA, or the average acuity from all intercepts weighted inversely from fixation), and the visual area (the area under the curve plotting thresholded BCVA versus intercept area), giving the area of various levels of measureable visual acuity. ORP was performed coincident with PERG testing.

SDM treatment
The treatment technique and laser parameters were identical in all patients. Following informed consent and pupillary dilation, topical proparacaine was applied to the cornea. A Mainster macular contact lens (Ocular Instruments, Mentor, Ohio, magnification factor 1.05×) was placed on the cornea with the aid of viscoelastic. Under minimum slit-lamp illumination, the entire posterior retina, including the fovea, circumscribed by the major vascular arcades was "painted" with 1500-2000 confluent spot applications of SDM ("panmacular" treatment). The laser parameters used were 810 nm wavelength, 200 um aerial spot size, 5% duty cycle; 1.4 Watt power, and 0.15 s duration (Oculight SLx, Iris Medical/Iridex Corp, Mountain View, California) [4]. Thus, each patient received identical treatment employing identical laser parameters.

Statistical analysis
All the data were de-indentified prior to statistical analysis. Frequencies, means, and medians were calculated to summarize the data. Hierarchical linear models were performed to assess the association between the various measures before and after the treatment. The models included fixed eye effects and a random patient intercept to account for inter-eye correlation. Additional hierarchical linear models to explore the association between the difference (postminus pre-treatment) and pre-treatment values were also performed. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute; Cary, NC). Untreated fellow eyes of each patient served as controls.

Results
All patients presenting with RP since 2015 were offered and elected SDM treatment. All eyes were eligible and included for study, and none were excluded or lost to follow-up. This included 26 consecutive eyes of 15 patients, eight female and seven male, aged 16-69 years (avg. 47). (Table 1 in Supplemental Material)

Retinal function by PERG
No patient had significant cataracts or other media opacity that might interfere with PERG testing [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The PERG of all eyes was abnormal before, and after, SDM treatment [9]. PERG was improved by all measures following SDM treatment compared to fellow eye controls. Significant improvements (19/26 eyes, 73%) were found in signal latency measures of the 24°testing field. These included the direct latency measure, the MagD(µV) (p = 0.0003); and the MagD(µV)/Mag(µV) ratio (p < 0.0001). (Table 2,  Linear regression analysis of the PERG indices showed significant negative correlations of all measures, indicating that the worse the pre-treatment values, the greater the post treatment improvements. (Table 3, supp)

Visual acuity
Best-corrected Snellen visual acuity was significantly improved following SDM compared to fellow eye controls, averaging 0.6 logMAR units prior to treatment and 0.4 after (p = 0.02). (Table 1,

supp)
Omnifield resolution perimetry ORP testing was available on 23/26 eyes. In two eyes of one patient, ORP testing was within normal limits. Of the remaining 21 tested and improvable eyes, 3 eyes were worsened, 1 was unchanged, and 17 (81%) eyes were improved by all measures compared to control eyes. Overall, the BA 6 (p = 0.02), GMA (p = 0.002), and visual area (p = 0.005) were significantly improved following SDM. (Table 4, supp) (Figs. 2b,c and 3).
Linear regression analysis of ORP data revealed significant associations in the negative direction of BA6 and visual area values, indicating that the worse the pretreatment values, the greater the post treatment improvements. (Table 5, supp)

Subjective outcomes
No patient reported subjective worsening after SDM. 19/26 eyes (73%) were reported by patients to be subjectively improved after treatment. In all but one eye for which ORP testing was unavailable, subjective improvement was associated with improvement of the PERG and/or ORP. Subjective improvement was often noted within hours of treatment. The most common reports were of "brighter" vision; improved contrast; improved peripheral vision; and improved night vision, often marked by the renewed ability to see stars at night. Several reported improved color vision. Functionally, patients described increased ease of reading, navigating in low light, and less frequent stumbling over unseen objects. Dark adaptometry was not available to test these reports. Several patients reported that the improvements they noted following SDM treatment restored vision to levels not previously enjoyed for decade.
All patients reporting subjective improvement after treatment also reported loss or diminution the treatment effects, from 2 to 12 months postoperatively. In each case, repeat PERG and ORP testing confirmed a drop in retinal and visual function, compared to the first postop studies. In Fig. 1 Bar graph summarizing responses to SDM in RP by pattern electroretinography (PERG); omnifield resolution perimetry (ORP); and subjective patient experience each case, re-treatment restored both subjective and ORPmeasured visual improvements, as early as the following day. (Figs. 1, 3, and 4) (

Discussion
Eyes with RP may have measureable and potentially useful pattern electroretinography (PERG) responses despite severely subnormal to extinguished ERGs [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10]. While the ERG measures electrophysiologic activity by various methods (flash/Ganzfield, focal, and multifocal) in the photoreceptor layer, the PERG measures a steady-state response from the inner retina and ganglion cell layer to a continuous pattern reversal stimulus. Because PERG signals reflect input from mid-and outer retinal layers to the inner retina, the PERG has been used to evaluate RP [8,9].
The PERG is generally abnormal in RP, reflecting disease severity. The PERG in RP may also be variable; in one study reproducible in only a third of eyes tested [9]. A number of factors may contribute to variable, and thus potentially unreliable, PERG results [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. These include disease severity, media opacity, patient anxiety; and lack of uniformity in testing equipment, protocol, location and environment, and testing personnel [11]. To address intertest variability, averaging of several tests has been recommended [9]. As this is a report of outcomes from a clinical practice, serial testing was not a practical possibility, for a number of reasons. These include cost, time, and patient availability. However, testing was performed with single machine in a single location operated by a single-technician employing a single protocol with uniform methods. If a test result showed poor signal quality or excessive artifacts (two or more), testing was repeated to obtain a better quality study. A proprietary measure designed to adjust for intertest variability, the MagD(µV)/Mag(µV) ratio, was also used. Untreated fellow eyes served as controls, and statistical methods were employed to evaluate the results. Rather than finding no pattern of response, such as would result from the "noise" of randomly variable and arbitrary results, analysis finds highly significant improvements in both the direct and inter-test adjusted measures of PERG signal latency after treatment; as well as highly significant correlation, by linear regression analysis, with disease severity. Thus, these results indicate that SDM improved retinal function in these eyes with RP; and that the possibility that this finding is accidental is remote.
PERG findings in RP have been correlated with macular morphology. Robson, et al. [8], found that in eyes with retinal degenerations, including RP, retinal preservation within areas of the macula surrounded by rings of hyperautofluorescence correlated with preservation of the PERG P50 component. As RP tends to progress centripetally, retinal function is maximally preserved in the macula until late in the disease. Thus, it should be expected, as demonstrated by ORP testing, that visual function of the central macula is best preserved [8,9]. It is interesting, then, that while all PERG measures in this study improved following treatment, only the latency measures from the larger 24°fi eld, roughly corresponding to the broad panmacular treatment area, improved significantly; more than the smaller 16°field to which the macula makes a proportionally greater contribution.
Two factors account for this finding. First, what is being evaluated in the current study is not absolute level of function, but change in function after treatment. As discussed above, the central macula, which in geographic area has a greater relative contribution to the smaller 16°field, is    4 Fifty-one-year-old man with RP initially treated by SDM RPT 2 years previously, without baseline perimetry. Visual acuity 20/200. After initial treatment the patient reported subjectively improved peripheral, night, and color vision. Fifteen months later the patient returned, reporting recurrent visual loss, in his left eye only, for 3-4 months. a ORP of the left eye that day demonstrating poor visual function. SDM was performed. One day following re-treatment, the ORP is improved by all measures. b Subjectively, the patient reported recovery of his prior level of visual function within a few hours of re-treatment. Chart visual acuity was unchanged at 20/200. BA6 best logMAR visual acuity within 6°of fixation; GMA global macular logMAR visual acuity most normal prior to treatment. This "ceiling effect" leaves relatively less potential for improvement following treatment centrally; compared to the larger 24°field which samples a larger area of retina that is also more dysfunctional, and thus has a greater capacity for improvement. In this study, and a prior study of dry AMD, linear regression analysis reveals that the most dysfunctional eyes improve the most after SDM [4]. (Table 3, supp) In dry AMD, these are the eyes with the most extensive geographic atrophy [4]. It is important to understand that the improvements in PERG and ORP reported here and in dry AMD are not generally improvements from very bad to very good; rather,  (Figs. 2b, c, 4, and 5) An effect of SDM is to restore function to non-or severely dysfunctional areas of the retina. This phenomenon can be seen clearly in the improvements in ORP visual area, the most improved measure. (Figs. 2b, c, 4, and 5) This reflects rescue of highly dysfunctional, but still viable, cells. Thus, as the sampling area of the 24°stimulus field is over twice that of the 16°fi eld and encompasses more severely dysfunctional retina, the 24°field improves more than the 16°field in response to panmacular SDM treatment for RP.
ORP is a VA test. It uses correct identification of the position of a Landolt "C" to obtain the best-corrected log-MAR VA. Chart visual acuity may be insensitive to various types of visual dysfunction. Thus, ORP testing is done under mesopic conditions, improving both sensitivity to retinal disease and relevance to real-life visual requirements, including reading indoors [13][14][15]. In addition to fixation, ORP measures VA at various locations throughout the central 20°of the visual field. Recorded data are then used to build a false-color map of VA throughout the central 20°o f the visual field ("resolution perimetry"). This facilitates topographic correlation of VA with retinal morphology. ORP is thus simple in conception and intuitive, rather than abstract, in interpretation. ORP has not been studied in comparison with traditional forms of automated perimetry, such as the Humphrey field analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditech, Dublin, California). Thus, the results we report represent neither absolute values, nor results directly comparable to other testing methods. In this study, ORP was found to be sensitive to SDM treatment effects and clinically useful. (Figs. 2b, c-4) Comparisons of ORP results before and after treatment show consistent and significant improvements after treatment compared to control eyes; improvement in the central mesopic visual acuity (BA6) on the same order as improvements in chart acuities; and, paralleling PERG  Table 5, supp) Because central visual function is best preserved in RP, the capacity for improvement is generally less in the fovea than from the more severely affected retina outside the fovea. Thus, ORP measures that include measures outside the fovea, where pre-treatment responses may be nonrecordable (the GMA and visual area), show the greatest magnitude of improvement after SDM treatment.  All patients reporting subjective improvement after treatment also reported diminution or loss of the treatment effect as early as 6 weeks, and as late as 12 months after treatment, but usually within 2-3 months. These losses could be confirmed by ORP and PERG. (Fig. 3) Retreatment restored these losses, both subjectively, and by ORP and PERG testing. (Figs. 3, 4) SDM employs a low-duty cycle micropulsed laser ("low intensity") applied over a wide area of confluent application ("high density") to achieve reliably safe (sublethal to the RPE) and effective treatment [16]. In almost 20 years of clinical use, SDM has been found to have only therapeutic effects. For conventional retinal laser applications, SDM is comparable to photocoagulation, but with better visual results [17][18][19][20][21][22]. In the absence of laser-induced retinal damage, SDM produces prompt improvements in retinal electrophysiology and visual function [4,23]. The effectiveness of SDM has lead to a new understanding of the mechanism of retinal laser treatment, described as a "reset to default" phenomenon, drawing an analogy to the reset function common to electronic devices [24]. Reset theory postulates that the principal effect of SDM is to address the commonalities of CPRs by activating retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) heat shock proteins (HSPs), leading to normalization of RPE and retina function, RPE cytokine expression, retinal autoregulation; decreasing chronic inflammation, and stimulating systemic immunomodulation [4,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].
Each of these effects has been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies of retinal laser treatment [29][30][31][32][35][36][37]. Acute inflammation is the most effective treatment for chronic inflammation [42]. In a recent study by Caballero, Kent and associates, SDM treatment in a murine model was found to elicit an acute inflammatory reaction in the absence of laser-induced tissue damage [37]. This same study documented recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells to the retina and RPE of both eyes, following SDM to just one eye [37]. These observations, as well as the findings of the current study, reflect the restorative "reset" processes initiated by sublethal laser treatment of the RPE [4,24]. Such effects may, by improving retinal health and function, slow disease progression and thus be preventative with regard to the long-term risk of visual loss [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. All patients in this study had flat ERGs, nyctalopia, clinical findings consistent with RP, and prior demonstration of concentric peripheral visual field loss by conventional automated perimetry. The degree of retinal and visual dysfunction varied according to disease severity. In one patient, ORP of both eyes (measuring the mesopic visual function within 10°of fixation) was in the normal range prior to SDM. Treatment of such patients, with less advanced disease, reflects the primary precept of preventive treatment: to safely improve (retinal) function in hopes of slowing disease progression and the risk of functional (visual) loss [43]. Finally, reset theory also predicts that the effects of SDM in CPRs, such as RP will diminish with time; but that these effects should also be renewable and sustainable, without adverse effect, by periodic treatment [4,24]. The findings in this study support this notion. However, further investigation and confirmation by subsequent study is required. (Figs. 3 and 4) This report is limited by retrospective data collection, small sample size, short follow-up, and the experience of a single-surgeon employing a novel treatment. However, the results are controlled, consistent, and robust. Significant improvements in retinal function measured by PERG, and visual acuity and function measured by ORP were observed in RP following panmacular SDM [4,24]. These findings are consistent with all prior studies of SDM [4,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. In the absence of other effective therapies, the safety, efficacy, low cost, and simplicity of SDM suggest it may be useful in the treatment RP. Improved retinal and visual function, such as observed in this study, have been suggested as a reliable surrogate indicators of slowed disease progression [38]. If confirmed by larger randomized prospective studies, the findings of this study may lead to new areas of study and therapy not previously considered for RP, and other chronic progressive retinopathies. Further study is warranted.

Summary
What was known before • To date, there is no non-specific treatment of any benefit to patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
• Functional improvement is a reliable surrogate for prevention and/or slowed disease progression.

•
Retinal laser treatment has no role in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa.
• No treatment improves electrophysiology in RP.

•
No treatment improves visual fields in RP.

No treatment improves visual acuity in RP.
What this study adds • SDM appears to improve RP independent of underlying genomics.

•
The improvements in retinal and visual function in RP produced by SDM may slow progression and reduce visual loss.

•
The unique characteristics of SDM may create a role for SDM in the treatment of RP.
• SDM improves retinal function by electrophysiology in RP. This suggests that the promise of new RP treatments should be evaluated by confirmation of improved retinal electrophysiology function • SDM improves mesopic visual fields in RP.
• SDM improves mesopic and photopic VA in RP.