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Different Memory Systems Underlying Acquisition of Procedural and Declarative Knowledge a

Cognitive neuropsychological investigations of memory have begun to distinguish among different component processes and component systems of normal memory. In the present paper we show that amnesic patients with marked disorders of learning and memory demonstrate a striking dissociation between the memory processes or memory systems that support the acquisition of cognitive skills and the processes or systems that mediate the acquisition of new facts or other data-based knowledge. This dissociation is exhibited by normal control subjects as well. These data conform with a long tradition of introspectively based speculations on the difference between skill memory and memory for particular facts or events, and they suggest that this dissociation is honored by the nervous system. In-depth analyses of the knowledge acquired by amnesic patients and normal control subjects in learning the cognitive skills studied in this report permit some conclusions to be drawn about the characteristics of the dissociated memory phenomena, as they inform us about both the nature of preserved learning capacities in amnesia and the nature of the knowledge underlying skilled performance in all subjects, amnesic patients and control subjects alike.