{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03626943005181347, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011658031088082901, 'mean_word_length': 5.574468085106383, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effect of variable retention forestry on wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in early successional boreal mixedwood forests

Variable retention forest harvesting aims to reduce negative effects of harvesting on forest biodiversity, but knowledge gaps remain regarding its effects on some taxa over longer post-harvest timeframes. To better understand effects of variable retention and environmental features on amphibians, we used pitfall traps to capture wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus, (LeConte, 1985)) across 4 levels of retention (clearcut [0%], 20%, 50%, and unharvested control [100%]), and 2 forest types (deciduous and coniferous), in 17-year post-harvest forests in northwest Alberta. We mapped breeding sites and used a LiDAR-based terrain moisture index (Depth-to-Water) to examine relationships between relative abundance, breeding site proximity and soil moisture. Retention level alone had no effect on relative abundance of adult wood frogs, but in late summer (July and August) there was a significant interaction between retention level and forest type: capture rates decreased with retention level for deciduous forests, but increased with retention level in conifer forests. During late summer, capture rates were higher in conifer forests than deciduous forests, with soil moisture (lower Depth-to-Water) positively related to capture rates. Though timber retention may be beneficial to wood frogs in the short-term, any impacts of forest harvesting on wood frog abundance was undetectable in stands 17 years post-harvest.