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Social comparison of grades: the influence of mode of comparison and Machiavellianism.

Summary The following hypotheses were tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in which Performance Outcome and Mode of Comparison were manipulated: (a) Subjects evaluated with reference to social comparison display a greater preference for their mode of comparison (grading system) than subjects evaluated by self-comparison of grades, and (b) Machiavellian subjects show a greater preference for social comparison of grades than for self-comparison of grades. An analysis of variance of scores of preferred mode of comparison yielded support for both hypotheses, suggesting that the preference for explicit interpersonal comparisons between students may be an outgrowth of the competitive nature of American education.