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Locating Helplessness and Rage in the Matrix of Political Violence: A Commentary on Ernest Wolf's `Group Helplessness and Rage'

As I am in the process of trying to set up an institute for the study of political violence, torture and genocide, I am pleased that we are able to publish this contribution to understanding some of the psychosocial processes that underpin such violence. Although the article is eight years old, it nevertheless offers a refreshingly clear and succinct summary, which is as relevant today as when it was first written. Ernest Wolf focuses on the rage that follows from narcissistic injury and helplessness. He traces this back to infancy where the grandiose state of narcissism may either mature into healthy self esteem or, if such healthy development is prevented, it may produce a shame prone narcissist, ever likely to react to setbacks, frustrations, and slights with insatiable rage. He further points out an underlying demand in such individuals for idealized and perfect ‘others’ and an environment ever under their control. Any experience of not being fully in control produces intense feelings of powerlessness, which trigger the narcissistic rage with its necessity to annihilate the source of the offence.