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Adaptive diversity in PSO

Spatial Extension PSO (SEPSO) and Attractive-Repulsive PSO (ARPSO) are methods for artificial injection of diversity into particle swarm optimizers that are intended to encourage converged swarms to engage in exploration. While simple to implement, effective when tuned correctly, and benefiting from intuitive appeal, SEPSO behavior can be improved by adapting its radius and bounce parameters in response to collisions. In fact, adaptation can allow SEPSO to compete with and outperform ARPSO. The adaptation strategies presented here are simple to implement, easy to tune, and retain SEPSO's intuitive appeal.