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Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Data Center Cooling System under Fault Conditions

If a data center experiences a system outage or fault conditions, it becomes difficult to provide a stable and continuous information technology (IT) service. Therefore, it is critical to design and implement a backup system so that stability can be maintained even in emergency (unforeseen) situations. In this study, an actual 20 MW data center project was analyzed to evaluate the thermal performance of an IT server room during a cooling system outage under six fault conditions. In addition, a method of organizing and systematically managing operational stability and energy efficiency verification was identified for data center construction in accordance with the commissioning process. Up to a chilled water supply temperature of 17 °C and a computer room air handling unit air supply temperature of 24 °C, the temperature of the air flowing into the IT server room fell into the allowable range specified by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers standard (18–27 °C). It was possible to perform allowable operations for approximately 320 s after cooling system outage. Starting at a chilled water supply temperature of 18 °C and an air supply temperature of 25 °C, a rapid temperature increase occurred, which is a serious cause of IT equipment failure. Due to the use of cold aisle containment and designs with relatively high chilled water and air supply temperatures, there is a high possibility that a rapid temperature increase inside an IT server room will occur during a cooling system outage. Thus, the backup system must be activated within 300 s. It is essential to understand the operational characteristics of data centers and design optimal cooling systems to ensure the reliability of high-density data centers. In particular, it is necessary to consider these physical results and to perform an integrated review of the time required for emergency cooling equipment to operate as well as the backup system availability time.