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Controlling the Morphology of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites through Dual Additive-Mediated Crystallization for Solar Cell Applications.

To realize a high-efficiency perovskite solar cell (PSC), it is critical to optimize the morphology of the perovskite film for a uniform and smooth finish with large grain size during film formation. Using a chemical compound as an additive to the precursor solution has recently been established as a promising method to control the morphology of the perovskite film. In this study, we propose a new method to achieve an improved morphology of the methylammonium lead iodide perovskite film by simultaneous addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methoxyammonium salt (MeO) (dual additives). We demonstrated that an appropriate amount of the MeO additive helps the precursors form a stable intermediated PbI2-DMSO adduct during film formation and enlarges the perovskite grains by retarding the kinetics of conversion of the adduct to the perovskite. Furthermore, we experimentally observed that the optical band gaps and crystal structures of perovskite films are reasonably unaffected by the MeO additive because MeO is almost eliminated during annealing. By optimizing the amount of MeO, we achieved improved device performances of the PSCs with a high power conversion efficiency of 19.71% that is ∼15% higher than that obtained for the control device (17.15%).