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Impact of Historical Changes in Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gases on Tropospheric Composition

 Since the stratosphere-troposphere is a coupled system, any radiative, chemical, and dynamical changes in the stratosphere affect the troposphere and vice-versa. For example, CO2-induced cooling of the stratosphere leads to an increase in the upper stratospheric ozone (O3) resulting in enhanced stratospheric O3 transport into the troposphere particularly at mid latitudes (e.g. Fleming et al., 2011). Changes in stratospheric O3 alter tropospheric photochemistry by affecting the incoming UV radiation (e.g. Voulgarakis et al., 2013).