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Metal-free, Solid-state, and Paper-like Rechargeable Batteries Consisting of Redox-active Polyethers.

Metal-free and totally organic-based batteries are fabricated using functional polyethers. Aliphatic polyethers, where TEMPO and viologen are introduced with high density, are used as the cathode- and anode-active materials, respectively. By stacking the nanosheets of the polymers and imidazolium-substituted polyether as the electrolyte, an only 2 μm-thick solid-state cell is made. The anion-type rocking chair cell displays the reversible charge/discharge even at a high rate of 5 C without adding any solvents or plasticizers. Although the unsealed cell is measured under ambient conditions, no significant side-reactions (including self-discharging and capacity decay) occur, while the conventional electrodes are sensitive to air and water in the charged states. The intrinsic plasticity of the polyethers is also compatible with making free-form, 3D printable batteries.