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Crystal Chemistry and Vapor Growth Application to Ternary Semiconductors

Many ternary semiconductors do not melt congruently. For these compounds, vapor could be a reliable method to grow single crystals, although it may introduce deviations from the stoichiometry and unintentional doping. The vapor transport of ternary compounds can be predicted with good accuracy from a thermodynamic analysis when data are available. Most chalcopyrite semiconductors have been grown from vapor. To overcome the difficulty of growing chromium chalcogenide spinels that results from the low vapor pressure of chromium chlorides, H and Cl were used as transport components to grow FeCr2S4 and CoCr2S4. HgCr2Se4 crystals were grown using Al and Cl; a volatile complex, CrAl2Cl8, is formed that allows the transport of chromium. As-grown ternary semiconductors have vacancies of the volatile element. Annealing of vapor grown ternary semiconductors significantly changes the electronic properties.