{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02656669443673054, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009626955475330927, 'mean_word_length': 4.9493392070484585, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
ELECTROSURFACE PROPERTIES OF NANOPOWDER SYSTEM BASED ON ZIRCONIA

For investigation of the influence of temperature of nanopowder calcination on adsorption properties of zirconiananoparticles, the pH-metry method was used. As a result, structure and parameters of double electric layer surrounding zirconia nanoparticles under wetting were calculated. According presented data, titration curves of suspensions based on zirconia nanoparticles at different electrolyte concentrations intersect at values other than σ0 = 0, which indicates the occurrence of specific sorption on the surface of zirconia nanoparticles.


INTRODUCTION
Zirconia is widely used in various fields of science and technology due to the unique combination of physical and chemical properties. The variety of applications is determined by the zirconia polymorphism and a wide range of surface properties. The surface properties caused by the presence of a hydration layer formed during various forms of adsorption of water molecules and other ions [1,2]. According to the Bronsted-Lewis theory, the surface of metal oxides is described as a polybasic acid or base, i.e. is a collection of different acid-base centers. The acid-base surface properties will be determined by the ratio of such centers. Studies of acid-base properties make it possible to obtain patterns of changes in acidity depending on the conditions of preparation and composition, and to obtain information on the structure of active centers.
The properties of the surface and the phase boundary of hydrated zirconia play an important role in determination their main sorption properties. The surface properties of hydrated metal oxides, such as the number of acid-base centers, surface charge, etc., change when exposed to external factors: temperature, the presence of impurities in the solution and their concentration, medium acidity, etc. Investigation of the dependence of the surface charge of hydrated metal oxides in an aqueous medium from the pH of solutions by establishing a zero charge point (ZP) is important for determining their sorption characteristics, studying the selectivity with respect to anions or cations and operating pH ranges. The point of zero charge can be determined by potentiometric titration of samples of hydrated metal oxides in solutions with different ionic strengths. The pH value at the intersection of several potentiometric titration curves obtained at different ionic strengths of the solutions corresponds to the pHzp value [3], at which the surface charge of the hydrated oxide is 0 (σ0 = 0) and does not depend on the concentration of the background electrolyte [4].
Investigation of the electrosurface properties of hydrated zirconia nanoparticles with different annealing temperatures by acid-base titration was the aim of this paper. The main task is to determine the point of zero charge at different concentrations of the background electrolyte.

EXPERIMENTAL
Nanoparticles of composition ZrO2-3%Y2O3 with a different calcination temperature were used as an object of investigation. The technology of nanopowder obtaining by the method of co-precipitation from chloride raw material is identical to [5]. The sintering conditions of the nanopowder are 400 °C, 2hours and 700 °C, 2 hours.
The results of investigation of nanopowders for temperature of calcination of 400 °C and 700 °C by TEM method are shown on Figure 1a and Figure 1b respectively. The powder is relatively well distributed spatially the particles are individualized or formed small aggregates (60-70 nm). The diffraction pattern corresponds to a tetragonal modification of the zirconia crystal lattice. According to the TEM data, the size of nanoparticles was 11 and 18 nm for nanoparticles with calcination temperature of 400 °C and 700 °C respectively.
Basic parameters of investigated nanopowders are presented in Table 1. As can be seen from Table 1, size of nanoparticles is increases and its specific surface area is decreases with increasing of calcinations temperature. Difference in the properties of nanoparticles causes a difference in the adsorption capacity of their surfaces.

Results of previous investigations shows a different mechanisms of sorption on surface of nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles with different calcinations temperature has diferent mechanisms of water orientation -in case of particles obtained at 400 °C -mechanism of water orientation by Oxygen, at second case -by Hydrogen.
This differences can caused different dielectric constant of water that surrounding of nanoparticle.
(a) (b) Figure 1 The TEM images of the nanopowder of composition ZrO2+3mol%Y2O3, with temperature of calcination 400 °C (a) and 700 °C (b) To confirm this assumption, the influence of annealing temperature of nanoparticles (i.e., different particle sizes and sorption mechanisms) on their acid properties was studied. For this, the pH-metry method was used. The Eutech pH 700 equipment was used. To determine the pH of zero point (pHzp), the technique developed by Parks [6] was using. Each experiment on titration of a suspension of a sorbent in a solution corresponded to a "blank" experiment of titration of an electrolyte solution under the same conditions. The pHzp value for sorbents was found graphically as the point of intersection of the curves of the dependence of the surface charge density on the pH of solutions: σ = f (pH). The following media types were used: H2O, HCl 0.1 %, HCl 0.01 % [7].

The structure of a double electric layer on a surface of nanoparticles
Upon contact of a solid with an electrolyte solution, a number of processes occur leading to charging of a surface. Near the charged surface, the ion concentrations changes: ions of opposite sign are attracted to a surface from a solution and ions of the same sign with the charge of a surface are repelled. As a result, a socalled double electric layer is formed in the solid body / electrolyte system. In case with zirconia nanoparticles, surface charging occurs due to the polarization of the surface of nanoparticles. Allocate 1) a dense part of the double layer (Stern layer) and 2) diffuse part [8]. The dense part is generally represented in the form of inner and outer parts. The inner part is formed by dehydrated ions adsorbed on a given surface. Since the ions have a finite size, there is a difference between the potential of the wall φ0 and the potential φd in that layer (the internal Helmholtz layer) in which the adsorbed dehydrated ions are located (in the Stern layer). The potential φd is often called Stern potential. The outer part of the dense layer is formed by hydrated ions, the interaction of which with the surface is practically devoid of specificity. The so-called outer Helmholtz layer is associated with the position of these ions. Behind the outer Helmholtz layer is the diffuse part of the double layer (the Gui layer), into which sometimes the ions located in the outer plane of Helmholtz are included [9,10].
In this case, the structure of the double layer determines not only thermodynamic, but also electrokinetic characteristics of the surface of colloidal systems. That is, different mechanisms of water sorption on the surface of nanoparticles with different calcination temperatures should influence the parameters of the double electrical layer surrounding the nanoparticle, which may be important for determining of the mechanism of generation and transfer of charge by zirconia nanoparticles.

pH-metry ivestigation
Using the technique [6], the zero charge point was defined as the intersection point of the curves obtained with increasing the volume of the acid component in the presence of a nanopowder in the suspension composition and with its absence. The results of the study are shown on Figure 3. The data showed that the zero-charge point differs for different types of powders. This point determines the point of the surface potential of the nanoparticle. For the first type of nanoparticles, the zero charge point is 6.8 mV, for the second type -9.6 mV. The procedure for calculating the basic parameters of a double electric layer is based on these measurements. The main parameters of the double electrical layer are [11,12,13,14]: where Ni is number of adsorption sites available per square metre of surface to ionic species i assumed that each site occupied by a water molecyle in a monolayer is a potential cation site, hence N, = 1019/m 2 , and we found that the results of potential computations are insensitive for N; M is the formula of molar weight of electrolyte (kg/mol); ν is the density of solvent (kg/m 3 ); c is the molarity (molar concentration) of ions in solution (mol/m 3 ), assuming the electrolyte is symmetrical, i.e., c,+ = c-; φ is the specific adsorption potential (J) (φ = 0 may be assumed for simplified cases); φd is the Stern potential (V); z is the valence of cations and anions, assuming electrolyte is symmetrical,' i.e., z+ = z-; F is the Faraday constant; R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature (K); Km is the relative permittivity of solvent medium (note the term dielectric constant is used in some literature); and ε0 is the permittivity of vacuum.
As can be seen from the equations, the values of dielectric permittivity are of great importance in determining the parameters of the double electric layer.
The results of calculations are given in Table 2. There are significant changes in the parameters of the double electron layer for different types of nanoparticles.
The main differing parameters are the density of the electric charge (twice as high for a nanopowder with a large particle size). A consequence of the different orientation of the water molecules on the surface of the nanoparticle is the different value of the dielectric constant for each of the sublayers of the double electric layer. For particles with a smaller particle size (i.e., when the surface is oriented with oxygen), the values are higher.
According presented data, titration curves of suspensions based on zirconia nanoparticles at different electrolyte concentrations intersect at values other than σ0 = 0, which indicates the occurrence of specific sorption on the surface of zirconia nanoparticles.

CONCLUSIONS
The acid-base properties of the surface of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles with different particle sizes were studied. It was shown that particles of different sizes have different sorption surface properties, which is manifested in the difference in the main parameters of the double electric layer of nanoparticles. Structure and parameters of double electric layer for different types of zirconia nanoparticles was established. It shows that the value of surface potential at operated pH levels is higher for particles with larger particle size.