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Solar Irradiation Induced Transformation of Ferrihydrite in the Presence of Aqueous Fe2.

Ferrihydrite commonly occurs in soils and sediments, especially in acid mine drainage (AMD). Solar irradiation may affect Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation of metastable ferrihydrite to more stable iron oxides on AMD surface. We investigated the Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation process and mechanism of ferrihydrite under light irradiation. In nitrogen atmosphere, Fe2+aq could be oxidized to goethite and lepidocrocite by hydroxyl radical (OH•), superoxide radical (O2•-) and hole (hvb+) generated from ferrihydrite under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (300-400 nm) at pH 6.0, and O2•- and hvb+ were mainly responsible for Fe2+aq oxidation. In addition, the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) process between Fe(II) and ferrihydrite could be promoted by UV irradiation. Goethite proportion increased with increasing Fe2+aq concentration. Both visible (vis) and solar irradiation could also lead to the oxidation of Fe2+aq to goethite and lepidocrocite, and the proportion of lepidocrocite increased with increasing light intensity. Fe2+aq was photochemically oxidized to schwertmannite at pH 3.0 and 4.5, and the oxidation rate was higher than that under dark conditions in air atmosphere. The photochemical oxidation rate of Fe2+aq decreased in the presence of humic acid. This study facilitates a better understanding of the formation and transformation of iron oxides in natural environments and ancient Earth.