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Best management practices for riparian areas

Forest streams, lakes, and other water bodies create unique conditions along their margins that control and influence transfers of energy, nutrients, and sediments between ‘aquatic and terrestrial systems. These riparian areas are among the most critical features of the landscape because they contain a rich diversity of plants and animals and help to maintain water quality and terrestrial and aquatic habitats (Hunter 1990; Gregory et al. 1991). These fragile areas are easily disturbed, and caution is needed whenever forest management occurs within them. Riparian areas are often linear features of variable width that have high edge-to-area ratios but generally occupy only a small part of the landscape. However, the linear nature of riparian areas means that resource managers and loggers, either through active management or the need to gain access to a site, will invariably come into contact with these features. Therefore, the proper management tools are needed to maintain the functions of riparian areas and minimize disturbance to the terrestrial and aquatic systems. Best Management Practices (BMPs) are developed to prevent or minimize the adverse impacts of forestry activities on water quality while permitting the intended forest management activities to occur. They serve as the cornerstone for most state water quality protection programs ( NCASI 1994; Phillips 1995; Stuart 1996). Possibly the earliest effort to establish BMP guidelines was the “Criteria for Managing the National Forests in the Appalachians” (1971) by Regions 8 and 9 of the USDA Forest Service. The development of BMP programs has been a collaborative effort among state agencies and organizations (both public and private) and federal ,agencies to identify practices that reflect the particular physiographic, economic, technical and political considerations of each state. Monitoring has