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Biomaterials for tissue regeneration: From basic research innovation to clinical application

Biomaterials are the focus of material science and life science, as tissue repair and regenerative medicine research have been regarded as the resolution of the increasing need in national health care. Biomaterials have been developed into biodegradable and bioactive third-generation materials after the first generation of inert materials and the second generation of active or degradable materials. In recent years, with biomaterials been developing into artificial extracellular matrix, the usage of biomaterials to build cell tissue microenvironment plays an important regulatory role in promoting cell ad-hesion, morphology, proliferation and differentiation, and tissue structure and function of repair and reconstruction of organs. At present, with the advance of surface modification and genetic engineering technology at home and abroad, synthesis of fusion protein biomaterials with compound functions, cell specificity of polysaccharide and dynamic way of the combination of intelligent hydrogels, such as bionic cells and bionic extracellular microenvironment, provide a new design method and technology. In addition, through three-dimensional (3D) structure which could simulate cell microenvironment in order to promote cell growth, it can not only provide enough space for cells, but also favor the growth of cell adhesion, matrix deposition, oxygen and nutrients, and conducive to blood vessels and nerves. Because of the com-plexity of the human body, using cultured cells and bioactive materials to replace or regenerate tissues and organs in-volves interactions between cells and materials. Besides, partial repair and regeneration of single tissue components have been achieved in numerous organs. However, complex tissue structures need synchronous