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The Borrowed Meaning: Grammar, Logic and the Problem of Theological Language in Twelfth-Century Schools

He sees the qualities which are to be desired in a trained mind in very much the light in which twelfth-century scholars were beginning to see them. Exactly this concern with precision of usage was bred by the increasingly widespread and detailed study of the arts of language of the trivium and the mathematical arts of the quadrivium in twelfth-century schools. By thinking hard about the words they were using the scholars of the day began to see more deeply into the philosophical and theological problems with which they were dealing. As Jolivet has put it, la précision des termes est une condition de Vapprofondissement du problème. Of the arts of language, grammar and dialectic were by far the most developed and influential in the twelfth century. The two arts shared certain technical terms, and a number of new lines of thought were prompted by the attempt to explain discrepancies between the use of a given term in grammar and its use in dialectic. According to the grammarians names normally signify both substance and quality, but dialectical tradition restricts the signification of such words as 'white' or 'literate' to quality only. 'A white' is not a substance. Nomen, verbum, substantia, qualitas,