{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.06592939174819226, 'fraction_numerical': 0.04636324968098681, 'mean_word_length': 4.560283687943262, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effects of feed removal on thermoregulation and intestinal morphology in pigs recovering from acute hyperthermia.

Feed consumption increases body temperature and may delay a return to euthermia and exacerbate intestinal injury following acute hyperthermia recovery in pigs. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the effects of feed removal on body temperature and intestinal morphology in pigs exposed to acute hyperthermia and then rapidly cooled. Twenty-four gilts (78.53 ± 5.46 kg) were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12 pigs; 21.21 ± 0.31°C; 61.88 ± 6.93% RH) conditions for 6 h, or heat stress (HS; 38.51 ± 0.60°C; 36.38 ± 3.40% RH) conditions for 3 h followed by a 3-h recovery period of rapid cooling (HSC; n = 12 pigs; TN conditions and cold water dousing). Within each recovery treatment, one-half of the pigs were provided feed ad libitum (AF; n = 6 pigs/recovery treatment) and one-half of the pigs were not provided feed (NF; n = 6 pigs/recovery treatment). Gastrointestinal (TGI), vaginal (TV), and skin (TSK) temperatures, and respiration rate (RR) were recorded every 15 min. Pigs were video-recorded to assess feeding and drinking attempts. Immediately following the 6-h thermal stress period pigs were euthanized, and intestinal samples were collected to assess morphology. During the HS period, Tv, TGI, TSK, and RR were increased (P < 0.01; 1.63°C, 2.05°C, 8.32°C, and 88 breaths per minute, respectively) in HSC versus TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. Gastrointestinal temperature was greater (P = 0.03; 0.97°C) in HSC+AF versus HSC+NF pigs from 45-180 min of the recovery period. During the recovery period, feeding attempts were greater (P = 0.02; 195.38%) in AF versus NF pigs. No drinking attempt differences were detected with any comparison (P > 0.05). A decrease (P < 0.01) in jejunum and ileum villus height (24.72% and 26.11%, respectively) and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (24.03% and 25.29%, respectively) was observed in HSC versus TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. Ileum goblet cells were reduced (P = 0.01; 37.87%) in HSC versus TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. In summary, TGI decreased more rapidly following acute hyperthermia when feed was removed, and this may have implications towards using feed removal as a strategy to promote acute hyperthermia recovery in pigs.