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Chapter 32: An analysis of environmental impacts of timber exploitation on indigenous communities’ land in Cameroon

Cameroon is known by different monikers as ‘Africa in miniature’ (because of its diversity in landscapes); ‘Mecca of African soccer’ (because of its legendary performance in soccer); and ‘Africa’s crossroads between west and east Africa’(because of its strategic location).1 These appellations are fuelled by its ethnic, ecological, climatic, cultural, linguistic, and religions diversity.2 The country stretches from 2°N to 13°N latitude between 8°25’E and 16°20’W longitude, covering an area of 475,440 square km.3 The moist tropical rainforest area of Cameroon is positioned in Central Africa, precisely in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea.4 The country is surrounded by other African countries: to the north by Chad, to the east by the Central African Republic, to the south by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea.5 To the west is the Federal Republic of Nigeria.6 With a population of over 22 million people, it comprises over 250 ethnic groups that speak over 270 different languages whose speakers exhibit various cultural practices and institutions to which indigenous peoples are inclusive. The official languages are English and French.7 English is spoken in the southern part of Cameroon, while French is the dominant language used in the eastern part of the country. The rich and diverse ecosystem surrounding the tropical rainforest in Cameroon has attracted plenty of attention at the international and national levels, owing to its climatic conditions and biological diversity. Among the vast and assorted forest resources is the lowland humid timber rainforest consisting of 58% of the total surface area of the country, where the Baka, Bakola and Bagyéli indigenous communities have