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Genes, Receptors, Signals and Responses to Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin

C3H/HeJ inbred mice have been very useful for identifying genetic elements responsible for endotoxin‐mediated responses. Depending on the type of assays employed, Tlr‐2, Tlr‐4 and Lps/Ran have been shown to be important in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐mediated responses. The concept of a single LPS gene being responsible for the genetic defect found in C3H/HeJ mice should therefore be re‐examined more closely. Given the most recent discoveries, it is probable that more than one signal transduction pathway is involved. One is a CD14‐dependent pathway, the other a CD14‐independent pathway. Identification of the genetic elements involved in these pathways will be beneficial in designing therapeutic strategies for treating patients with endotoxic or septic shock.