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New Vary‐Chap profile of the topside ionosphere electron density distribution for use with the IRI model and the GIRO real time data

A new Vary‐Chap function is introduced for the empirical modeling of the electron density N(h) profile in the topside ionosphere that uses a shape function S(h) in the generalized Chapman function. The Vary‐Chap profile extends the bottomside profile that is specified by the IRI model or measured by the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) to the altitude of the ISIS‐2 satellite. Some 80,000 topside profiles, measured by the topside sounder on the ISIS‐2 satellite were analyzed, and the shape function S(h) was calculated for each profile. A parameterized function S*(h), composed of two sub‐functions S1(h) and S2(h), is fitted to the measured S(h) profile using three free parameters. At altitudes just above the F2 layer peak height hmF2, the shape function S1 controls S(h), and at greater altitudes S2 controls S(h). The height of the intersection of S1 and S2 is defined as the transition height hT indicating the transition from an O+ to an H+‐dominated profile shape. The observed transition heights range from ∼500 km to 800 km.