{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03737740366051433, 'fraction_numerical': 0.023051973125337865, 'mean_word_length': 5.124142823362497, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 2, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 3, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Genome-wide in silico identification and expression analysis of beta-galactosidase family members in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]

Background Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) serves as an important food source for human beings. β-galactosidase (bgal) is a glycosyl hydrolase involved in cell wall modification, which plays essential roles in plant development and environmental stress adaptation. However, the function of bgal genes in sweetpotato remains unclear. Results In this study, 17 β-galactosidase genes (Ibbgal) were identified in sweetpotato, which were classified into seven subfamilies using interspecific phylogenetic and comparative analysis. The promoter regions of Ibbgals harbored several stress, hormone and light responsive cis-acting elements. Quantitative real-time PCR results displayed that Ibbgal genes had the distinct expression patterns across different tissues and varieties. Moreover, the expression profiles under various hormonal treatments, abiotic and biotic stresses were highly divergent in leaves and root. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggested that Ibbgals might play an important role in plant development and stress responses, which provided evidences for further study of bgal function and sweetpotato breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07436-1.

Plant bgal genes are widely involved in the modification of the architecture of cell walls and intercellular attachments [14,15]. bgal genes also respond to plant growth and development including fruit development and ripening [16,17], seed germination [18,19], and root development [20,21]. In most fruits, bgal genes exhibit differential expression patterns during flowering and fruit development [12,16]. In Cicer arietinum, Canbgal-5 expression is relevant to young and meristematic stages with a high cell division rate, while CanBGal-1 and CanBGal-4 are strongly related to later stages of epicotyl growth [3]. In addition, bgal genes can be regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses [22]. For example, Atbgal1 was reported to be induced by salt stress or pathogen attack [23]. Likewise, the transcription level of β-galactosidase in cowpea is reduced under salt treatments [24], and the bgal mRNA level in peach is highly suppressed by water stress [25]. In addition, bgal genes have been found to play a role in a variety of biological processes through ethylene signal transduction [11,26]. However, the function of bgal has not been studied in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam).
Sweetpotato is an important food crop which is widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Due to its outcrossing hexaploidy (2n = 6 × =90), the genomic research in sweetpotato is very complicated [27,28]. So far, no highquality genome sequence of sweetpotato has been available. Although bgal genes are widely isolated from many plant species, its function in sweetpotato remains unknown. In the present study, we firstly identified 17 bgal genes (Ibbgal) in sweetpotato, and then investigated their phylogeny, motif compositions and predicted ciselements using various bioinformatics tools. In addition, the expression patterns of these 17 Ibbgal genes in different tissues of two cultivars were investigated under three exogenous hormones, two abiotic and one biotic stress conditions. Our study will lay the foundation for further research on the function of bgal gene in plants, and provide new insight into different regulatory mechanisms in plant growth through bgal-mediated responses to environmental stresses in sweetpotato.

Identification and characterization of Ibbgal genes in sweetpotato
A total of 17 Ibbgal genes were isolated from sweetpotato after local BLAST using the conserved bgal domain. The deduced amino acid sequences of the Ibbgal proteins were used to predict their protein lengths, signal peptides, pI values, molecular weights, sub-cellular localization and the possible N-glycosylation sites (Table 1). Characteristic analysis showed that these 17 Ibbgals were 673 to 1110 aa in length, the predicted MWs and pIs ranged from 74.8 kDa to 125.1 kDa and 5.31 to 6.16, respectively. The predicted localization of most Ibbgals varied and included the chloroplast, vacuole, and nucleus. Only one Ibbgal, Ibbgal7, was found to be located in the extracellular. Signal peptides analysis revealed that all Ibbgals, except for Ibbgal4, Ibbgal5, Ibb-gal10, Ibbgal13 and Ibbgal17, contained a signal peptide. The number of N-glycosylation sites varied from 1 to 6, wherein Ibbgal13 and Ibbgal16 contained 6 N-glycosylation sites.

Conserved motifs and phylogenetic analysis of the Ibbgal proteins
In this study, the β-galactosidase active site was found in all Ibbgal proteins. However, all but Ibbgal13 have the active site consensus sequence GGP [LIVM]xQxE-NE[FY] of the GH35 β-galactosidase family. In addition, all Ibbgal members carried a Gal-lectin domain at the Cterminus of the protein sequence, except for Ibbgal2, Ibbgal5, Ibbgal12, Ibbgal13, and Ibbgal17. Motif analysis showed that motif 1 was found in all Ibbgals except Ibb-gal13, and motifs 2-6 were found in all Ibbgals except Ibbgal11 and Ibbgal17 (Fig. 1). A total of 34 bgal genes from sweetpotato and Arabidopsis were classified into seven subgroups, designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and G using phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2). Among these groups, groups A and D were the largest groups with four Ibbgal genes in each. Groups B and E had three Ibbgal genes. However, Ibbgal9, Ibbgal17 and Ibbgal13 were classified into group C, F and E, respectively.

Cis-element prediction of Ibbgal genes
To understand the potential transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the Ibbgal genes, the cis-elements of each Ibbgal promoter sequences were predicted and analyzed ( Table 2). The promoters of Ibbgals were classified into at least four types of cis-elements, including plant hormone responsive elements, light responsive elements, stress responsive elements, and other elements. Most Ibbgal promoters had the GARE (gibberellin-responsive element), ERE (ethylene-responsive element) ciselements, AuxRE and CATATGGMSAUR motifs which were involved in plant hormone response. Most Ibbgal promoters, except Ibbgal6, Ibbgal16 and Ibbgal17, contained circadian and EE elements participated in circadian regulation. In addition, at least five light response elements were found in each Ibbgal gene, which might be essential for plant growth and development. Interestingly, the Ibbgals contained the MYC-like and ABRE (Abscisic acid response element) cis-elements mediating the response to abotic stresses.

Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in tissues and different root development stages
To identify the potential functions of Ibbgal genes, we analyzed the transcript levels of Ibbgals in various tissues of cv. Jishu25 and Jishu29, including leaf, stem lip, stem, fibrous root, and storage root. 47% of Ibbgals had similar expression patterns in five tissues of two cultivars (Fig. 3a). For example, Ibbgal4, Ibbgal10, Ibbgal13 and Ibbgal17 were highly expressed in five tissues, whereas Ibbgal14, Ibbgal15 and Ibbgal16 were poorly expressed in these tissues. Intriguingly, the expression of Ibbgal4 in fibrous root was significantly higher than that of storage root, while Ibbgal3 and Ibbgal10 were expressed at higher levels in lip than other tissues. However, the transcript of Ibbgal17 mRNA in cv. Jishu25 was prominently higher in storage root than fibrous root, whereas that in cv. Jishu29 had no significant difference in the roots. Similarly, the expression of Ibbgal11 had the opposite pattern in the storage and fibrous roots between cv. Jishu25 and Jishu29. In root development stages, 6 (35.3%) Ibbgal transcripts were down-regulated including Ibbgal2, Ibbgal3, Ibbgal4, Ibbgal6, Ibbgal10, and Ibb-gal16, whereas 6 Ibbgal transcripts were up-regulated, two Ibbgal genes (Ibbgal14 and Ibbgal15) were not detected in root development. It is interesting that the Ibbgal11 and Ibbgal12 transcripts had the opposite expression pattern between cv. Jishu25 and Jishu29 (Fig. 3B).

Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses
Besides their functions in plant growth and development, Ibbgal genes may also be involved in response to biotic and abiotic stressses. For sweetpotato, salinity and drought are the most dominant factors which limit the growth and yield among various abiotic stresses. Under salt stress, all Ibbgal genes were up-regulated in these two cultivars (Fig. 4). Some genes had the highest expression levels at 12 h in the leaves, whereas other Ibbgal genes in roots were expressed at a high level at 6 h and 48 h after salt stress. In addition, Ibbgal2, Ibbgal4, Ibb-gal5 and Ibbgal13 in the leaves were up-regulated remarkably by at least 10-fold induction after salt stress. These results indicated that Ibbgal genes were involved in salt stress response in sweetpotato. Under drought stress (Fig. 4), all Ibbgal genes were up-regulated in the leaves and roots of cv. Jishu29, while Ibbgal3, Ibbgal6, Ibbgal10, and Ibbgal17 were down-regulated in the leaves of Jishu25, Ibbgal1, Ibbgal3 and Ibbgal16 expression were also reduced in the root of Jishu25. Amongst "+" means contain signal peptide, "-" means lack signal peptide f Predicted using NetNGlyc1.0 the up-regulated genes, the expression of Ibbgal2, Ibbgal4, Ibbgal8, Ibbgal9 and Ibbgal13 reached the peak at 12 h after stress, and Ibbgal4 was the most up-regulated gene with at least 81-fold induction in the two cultivars leaves, suggesting that Ibbgals in the different cultivars responded to drought treatment differently. Black spot, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata(C. fimbriata), is one of the main diseases in sweetpotato production, which seriously affects the quality and yield of sweetpotato. After the pathogen infection, Ibbgal genes had different expression patterns in the leaves and roots of these two cultivars (Fig. 4). Ibbgal5, Ibbgal10, Ibbgal11 and Ibbgal16 transcripts were induced by the pathogen infection in these two cultivars. It is worth noting that Ibbgal15 expression in the leaves and roots of cv. Jishu25 was up-regulated, whereas downregulated in cv. Jishu29. Collectively, these results implied that Ibbgal genes in the different cultivars might have different functions under abiotic and biotic stresses.

Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in response to various hormone treatments
To survey the role of Ibbgal genes in plant hormone response, the expression patterns of Ibbgals were analyzed under three different hormone treatments. After the uniconazole treatment, the expressions of eight Ibbgal genes (including Ibbgal3, Ibbgal6, Ibbgal9-12, Ibbgal16 and Ibbgal17) were induced to the varying degrees in the leaves and roots of these two cultivars (Fig. 5). Interestingly, Ibbgal4 and Ibbgal8 expression were up-regulated in cv. Jishu25, whereas down-regulated in cv. Jishu29 after the uniconazole treatment, indicating that the same bgal genes of sweetpotato could respond to uniconazole treatment differently in the different genotypes. After the GA 3 treatment, the accumulation of four Ibbgals (including Ibbgal4, Ibbgal6, Ibbgal11, and Ibbgal12) were unregulated, while Ibbgal5 was down-regulated in two cultivars (Fig. 5). Among these Ibbgals, Ibbgal4 was the most up-regulated gene, whereas Ibbgal12 was the least up-regulated gene. In addition, GA 3 treatment increased the expression of Ibbgal5 and Ibbgal10 in cv. Jishu29, but decreased the expression in cv. Jishu25. For the ABA treatment, most Ibbgal transcripts were induced in the leaves of these two cultivars (Fig. 5). In the roots, most Ibbgal transcripts were up-regulated under the stress, except for Ibbgal1 and Ibbgal15. Among the upregulated genes, Ibbgal4 was significantly induced in cv. Jishu25, while it was slightly up-regulated in cv. Jishu29. These data indicated that sweetpotato bgal genes might play pivotal roles in hormone-response pathways.
Discussion β-galactosidase participates in cell wall biogenesis and modification during plant growth [15,17]. In this study, 17 β-galactosidase cDNAs were isolated from sweetpotato, which have the same number of β-galactosidases as in Arabidopsis, tomato and peach [17,29]. All Ibbgals except Ibb-gal13 had the active site consensus sequences GGP[LIVM]xQxENE [FY]. Most Ibbgal members contained a Gal-lectin domain at the C-terminus, which might be responsible for substrate specificity of bgals [11,29]. In addition, most Ibbgals were predicted to have signal peptides in the N-terminus, which might be involved in cell wall-related biological processes [29]. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the bgal proteins from sweetpotato and Arabidopsis, which was similar to those of tomato and rice [13,29]. This result implied that the bgals in the same branch might have similar and distinct functions, and bgal diversification might occur in the early stage of plant evolution. Ibbgal4 and Atbgal1 of groups A shared the same clade, suggesting that they might have similar functions.
In a previous study, Esteban et al. (2005) found that bgal genes participate in the development of vegetative organs in Cicer arietinum [3]. Atbgal genes were reported to have differential tissue-specific expression patterns [11]. Similarly, the expression patterns of Ibbgals were distinct in different tissues of sweetpotato in this study. Most Ibbgal genes were expressed in all tissues, whereas Ibbgal14, Ibbgal15 and Ibbgal16 had low expression levels in five tissues. The results are consistent  Superscript numbers represent the repeats (2 or more than 2) of each cis-element in the Ibbgal promoter, while the others only contain one copy of corresponding cis-element ABRE and ACGT cis-acting elements involved in the abscisic acid responsiveness, AuxRE cis-acting regulatory element involved in auxin responsiveness, AAGAA-  [30]. A number of cis-elements related to development, such as GCN4_motif, TATA box and RY-element, were found in the promoter of Ibbgal genes [31,32], suggesting that these genes might be related to the development of sweetpotato. Ibbgal2-4, Ibbgal6, Ibb-gal10, Ibbgal12 and Ibbgal17 were highly expressed in the early stage of root development. Previous reports have shown that Atbgal5 is involved in root elongation through modifying the cell wall [21,33]. Lovas et al. (2003) found that Stubgal83 might participate in root and tuber development by altering the metabolic sugar status of the leaves [34]. Thus, we deduced that Ibbgals might be associated with root development by modifying the cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism. Further study is needed to investigate the function of Ibbgal genes during root development in sweetpotato.
To date, increasing evidences manifest that bgal genes are involved in response to various hormone, biotic and abiotic stresses. PaGAL3 and PaGAL4 trancripts in avocado fruit were found to be inhibited by ethylene and ripening signals [26]. In plant coleoptile tissues, auxininduced increase of elongation rate is closely associated with the β-galactosidase activity [3,35]. Li et al. (2003) reported that the β-galactosidase genes in calamander were down-regulated through IAA, JA and ethylene after infection by fungus C. acutatum of citrus flower [36]. Our study showed that the upstream region of all Ibbgals contained three to seven cis-elements related to phytohormone responses, such as GARE, ERE, AuxRE, CATATGGMSAUR. GARE and PYRIMIDINEBOXH-VEPB1, which are involved in plant hormone responses [37,38]. In this study, the expression of eight Ibbgal genes was significantly up-regulated by the uniconazole treatment. Meanwhile, the majority of the Ibbgal genes were regulated by the GA 3 treatment in leaves and stems of these two cultivars. ABA is a requisite factor in response to stress, senescence, and fruit development [39,40]. We found that most Ibbgal genes were induced under ABA treatment. These results revealed that Ibbgal genes mignt play important roles in phytohormone responses. Spadoni et al. (2014) found that the expression levels of bgal genes decreased in peach fruit after hot water treatment [25]. Several bgal genes are regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses in A. thaliana and Brassica campestris [12,23,41]. In addition, the cis-elements related to stress responses, such as MYC-like, LRT, W-BOX, MBS and ACGT-motif, have been found in the promoter region of Ibbgal genes, which might regulate gene expression during biotic and abiotic stresses [42,43]. Similarly, our result showed that most Ibbgal transcripts were related to salt stress, drought stress, ABA treatment and pathogen infection. For example, the expression of all Ibbgal4 was greatly up-regulated by salt and ABA treatments in the leaves of sweetpotato. Taken together, these Ibbgal genes play essential functions in response to biotic and abiotic stresses and their related signal transduction pathways.
In particular, Ibbgals exhibited different stress and hormone response patterns between leaves and roots, and have distinct expression profiles in the two cultivars. There are different in root pectin content from sweetpotato cultivars. β-galactosidase functions in the degradation of galactan side chains of pectin leading to cell wall loosening and softening [44,45], suggesting that βgalactosidase may be involved in the regulation of the pectin content, and different bgal-mediated pathways might be activated in the storage root development. In respond to stresses, the accumulated sugar has been reported to involve in osmotic adjustments to sustain cell structure and photosynthesis in plant [46,47]. Pandy et al. (2017) found that loss of sugar was the key regulator for activation of the cell wall hydrolase during senescence [48]. βgalactosidase under abiotic and biotic stresses might be induce the initial structural modification of cell wall and activated to degrade cell wall polysaccharides for producing sugar. Therefore, Ibbgal genes were mainly up-regulated expressed under abiotic and biotic stresses. Further studies need to be performed to investigate the functions of bgals on the stress-response system in sweetpotato.

Conclusion
We characterized 17 Ibbgal genes and then analyzed their motif compositions and N-glycosylation site. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the bgals were divided into seven subgroups. We also investigated their promoter regions and sub-cellular location. In addition, we systematically investigated the expression profiles in different tissues, and different development stages of storage roots, as well as the expression of the bgals under six different environmental treatments. The diversification of the bgal genes provides a solid foundation for further elaborating the bgal-mediated stress-response system in sweetpotato.

Identification and isolation of Ibbgal genes in sweetpotato
To identify Ibbgal genes, we performed local BLAST and domain search for genes containing the conserved domain of bgals in two transcriptase databases (SRP068179 and CRA000288). The obtained transcript sequences were translated and analyzed by the PFAM program (http:// element cis-acting regulatory element involved in seedspecific regulation, TATA-box core promoter element around −30 of transcription start, TATC-box cis-acting element involved in gibberellin-responsiveness, TBOX part of a light responsive element, TCT-motif part of a light responsive element, TGACG-motif cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA-responsiveness pfam.xfam.org) to examine the presence of the bgal conserved domains. The transcripts encoding proteins which were less than 120 amino acids were removed. The bgal domain was confirmed by analyzing transcripts deduced proteins screened in the NCBI BLAST. If two or more transcripts had the identity of amino acids equal to or higher than 97%, only one of these transcripts was kept in the final list of the genes. Pooled samples including 9 tissues of shoot, leaf, stem, fibrous root, storage toot, flower, salt-treated, drought-treated and ABA-treated plants were collected from two sweetpotato cultivars (Jishu25 and Jishu29). The total RNA was isolated from the pooled sample using TRIzol, and cDNA was synthesized using a reverse transcription Kit (Transgene, China). To isolate the Ibbgal genes, the gene-specific primers were designed used for PCR amplification (Additional file 1). The obtained sequences were compared to the corresponding transcripts, and the related protein data are summarized in Table 1.

Protein properties, N-glycosylation site and subcellular location of the Ibbgal proteins
The molecular weights (MW) and isoelectric points (pI) of Ibbgal genes were analyzed using the ExPasy server (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 3 Expression profiles of Ibbgal genes in tissues and storage root development of two sweetpotato varieties. a. Expression profiles in the tissues. These tissues include the leaf, tip, young-stem, old-stem, fibrous root and storage root. b. Expression profiles in the storage root development. Gene expression was detected by qRT-PCR. Log-transformed fold-change data were used for creating the heatmaps by TBtools (v1.059). The coloured scale varying from blue to red indicates relatively low or high expressionv Fig. 4 Expression analysis of Ibbgal genes under salt, drought stress and balck spot pathogen infection in the leaves and roots of the two cultivars. Gene expression was detected by qRT-PCR. The y-axis represents relative expression, and the data were analyzed using the 2 −△△CT method. Bars represent the mean of three biological replicates ± SE. The asteridk indicated that the expression level between the treatment times is significantly different (P < 0.05) (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/) [49]. N-glycosylation site analysis of Ibbgal genes was conducted using the NetNGlyc 1.0 server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ NetNGlyc/) [12]. The WoLF PSORT tools (https:// wolfpsort.hgc.jp/)were used to predict the subcellular location of the Ibbgal proteins [50].

Conserved motifs, phylogenetic analysis and promoter region prediction of the Ibbgal proteins
The conserved domains were identified by the online program SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/). These 17 Ibbgal protein sequences were aligned with the MEME server (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme). The protein sequences of Ibbgals were aligned, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method of MEGA software 7.0 [51]. The bgal protein sequences from different species, including Arabidopsis [29], were obtained based on the description in the literature or downloaded from the Plantgdb database (http://www. plantgdb.org/). The promoter sequences (1.5 kb) of Ibbgal genes was obtained from sweetpotato genomic DNA (https://ipomoea-genome.org/#), and then the cis-acting elements were predicted using the PLACE tool (http:// www.dna.affrc.go.jp/PLACE/) [52].

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis
To investigate the function of 17 Ibbgals in sweetpotato, the expression patterns were analyzed in various organs, hormone treatments, abiotic and biotic stresses using qRT-PCR. The primer sequences of the examined genes  Table S2 (Additional file 2). Total RNA was extracted from the frozen samples by using an RNAprep pure plant kit (TIANGEN, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. qRT-PCR was performed using a Roche LightCycler® 480II system under the following conditions: 95°C for 15 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, 55°C for 15 s and 72°C for 15 s. The Ib-Actin gene was used as an internal reference to evaluate the relative gene expression level. The experiments were conducted for three replicates, and the data were calculated according to the 2 −△△CT method [53].

Plant materials and stress treatments
The seedlings of two sweetpotato cultivars (cv. Jishu25 and Jishu29) were collected from the Crop Ressearch Institue, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China. The uniform seedlings of the two cultivars were grown in the Hoagland solution at 26°C under a photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark. When the seedlings had five to six functional leaves and adventitious roots of 8 to 10 cm, these seedlings were subjected to six different stresses, respectively. To study the expression patterns under these stresses, the adventitious roots of seedlings were submerged in the solution containing 150 mM NaCl, 20% PEG 6000, 100 mM ABA, 50 mg/L uniconazole, and 50 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) respectively [54]. For black spot pathogen treatment, C. fimbriata conidia was collected after growing in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C for 7 days, then were diluted to 1 × 10 4 spores/mL with sterile water, and then the roots of sweetpotato seedlings were cultivated in the 1 × 10 4 spores/mL conidia suspension. The treated roots and leaves were collected after 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. To investigate the Ibbgals transcript levels in different tissues, the fifth expanded leaves, lips, stems, fibrous roots and storage roots of the two cultivars were sampled at 125 days after transplanting, and the storage roots were sampled at 40, 55, 70, 95, 110, 125 and 150 days after transplanting in the sweetpotato field.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (v13.0), and the datas were presented as means of three replicates. Differences between means were subjected to ANOVA, and the statistical significance of the difference between means was calculated with Duncan's new multiple ranges test and marked with asterisks at p < 0.05.

Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.