{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04630715123094959, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02813599062133646, 'mean_word_length': 4.728187919463087, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Possible local adaptation of early stages of corals to ocean warming and acidification in north-western Philippines

Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are two major impacts of global climate change as a result of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Sea surface temperature (SST) is expected to increase by at least 2°C and ocean surface pH to decrease by 0.3 to 0.4 units by 2100. Early stages of corals are vulnerable to changes in temperature and pH however, the impacts on Philippine corals are largely unknown. The effects of OW (-3 o C, control, +3 o C and +6°C) and OA (pH 8.1, 7.8, 7.6) on fertilization, embryo development, larval survival and larval settlement of Acropora tenuis and A. digitifera were examined in north-western Philippines in 2013 and 2014. Results showed that while OW (+6°C) greatly reduced fertilization, survival and settlement rates, OA had no effect. Development of embryo was slower in colder temperature (-3°C = 25.5°C) and faster at OW (+3 ° C = 31.5°C) conditions. Temperature tolerance for successful coral development from fertilization to larval settlement is ≥ 31.5°C and < 34°C. Moreover, larval survival of A. tenuis (during 2013) was unaffected by OW (even at +6°C), suggesting that this cohort might have been acclimatized or adapted to high temperature. Early stages of corals in north-western Philippines could be locally adapted to the effects of OW and OA with some cohorts to extreme temperature. This suggests that although mean SST during spawning season reaches a maximum of 32.5°C, there is still a high probability for successful development and consequent recruitment of corals in north-western Philippines under climate change scenarios.