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The use of functionalized nanoparticles to treat Staphylococcus aureus‐based surgical‐site infections: a systematic review

Staphylococcus aureus‐based surgical site infections have become the leading cause of failure for total joint arthroplasty operations and remain a major issue across surgical specialties. Moreover, S. aureus‐based infections are becoming drastically more difficult to treat due to the development of antibiotic resistant strains and due to the bacteria's propensity to produce biofilms. The emergence of highly resistant S. aureus infections has created the need for a novel antimicrobial treatment. Functionalized nanoparticles have recently been suggested as being a viable option to fill this void due to their strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. However, said research remains a novel and developing field. The presented systematic review aimed to synthesize the best and most recent evidence available to accurately direct new research towards a viable treatment mechanism. In doing so, the authors performed a comprehensive literature search as directed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The results showed that nanoparticles—particularly those including an iron‐oxide component or acidic capping agent—are a viable treatment for S. aureus infections both in vivo and in vitro, and show even greater efficacy when combined with exposure to a magnetic field and irradiation.