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The mentoring of livestock areas in East Nusa Tenggara

The aims of mentoring program are (1) farmer who want to apply new technology; (2) extension workers for field area; (3) the agricultural officer; and (4) other parties who involved in technology innovation and decision making to recommend and utilize the new technology. This study uses a farmer group-based adaptive research approach with descriptive methods and survey techniques implemented in Kupang District, North Central Timor, and Malacca in 2018. East Nusa Tenggara Assessment Institute has applied several mentoring formats for agricultural technologies, including (1) coordination, socialization, and also synchronization with local government; (2) becoming a resource person and giving the workshop; (3) the technology innovation demonstration through demonstration plot as the example of technology dissemination; (4) Becoming the initiator and facilitator for discussion; (5) the provider of dissemination material. Site-specific technological interventions are used in animal technology assistance to support beef self-sufficiency programs in East Nusa Tenggara. The result of this program makes the differences indicated by the increase in each stage of assistance. The indication of the program is a better cattle production performance compared to existing farmers. The Mentoring on livestock area in East Nusa Tenggara had been reaching eight districts, 11 sub-districts, 16 villages, and 22 farmer groups.


Introduction
One of the biggest challenges that is still faced by various research institutions in Indonesia is how to accelerate the innovations so that it quickly reaches the community, effective, and efficient to overcome existing problems. The type of technology that will be implemented at the farm level should be based on needs rather than wants. Thus, the biggest challenge is how to accelerate the innovation produced so that the technology transfer process can also run fast. Technology assistance, supporting the development of animal husbandry areas in East Nusa Tenggara, aims to create a model of community farms based on technological innovation in a sustainable and specific location in East Nusa Tenggara. It can be expected that the mentoring will benefit farmers, business partners, and local governments as policymakers in overcoming problems in the livestock subsector. Also, the expected impact is the development of cattle breeding technology innovation in the area of development of community farms in a sustainable and location-specific manner.
The mentoring pattern directly influences the application of technology significantly in raising cattle, which is in turn effects on improving the performance and ability of farmer group members in raising Through mentoring activities and innovations, the technologies that are taught can be spread and adopted, especially in the area of community farm development. The results of the application of innovation will ultimately have an impact on improving cattle business in the area of development of community farms. In the long term, mentoring will have an impact on increasing livestock production in community centers based on technological innovation and leading to increased regional income [1].
There are two aspects of livestock business improvement: (1) producing good quality livestock; and (2) able to meet market needs on an ongoing basis. The first aspect will be realized through male and parent selection and continuous feed availability throughout the year. The second aspect will be realized if it can produce high-quality livestock for fattening and high-fertility breeds. There are 10 to 13 beef cattle development areas, and three buffalo, which are three of them are in East Nusa Tenggara. Meanwhile, there are 230 livestock rescue groups and rewarded pregnant cows as much as 158 groups (Animal husbandry Department of East Nusa Tenggara).
Based on some of the results of studies that have been carried out on Timor Island [2-7], the improvement of rearing system from extensive to semi-intensive using farmer group's approach will give a positive effect when a consistent act and application happens. Focusing on Timor Island studies, there were some farmer groups which had a significant result in the period of 2004 to 2009, i.e.: (1) The growth of fattening business owned by the farmer groups gave better revenue for its member according to the cooperation, caring, and positive competition of its members; (2) farmer's bargaining position became stronger because of group of sales; (3) Higher probability of potential business partners to capitalize group activities, so farmers' income will be better because their livestock can be sold without going through intermediary traders; and (4) livestock manure became more valuable by being used for alternative energy sources and food crops or horticulture that could increase the farmers' income.

Materials and methods
This study uses a farmer group-based adaptive research approach with descriptive methods and survey/monitoring techniques implemented in Kupang District, North Central Timor, and Malacca in 2018. The aims of mentoring program are (1) farmers, as well as farmer groups, who want to apply new technology to their businesses; (2) extension workers for field area; (3) the agricultural officer; and (4) other parties who involved in technology innovation and decision making for new recommended and utilized technology. Innovation-technology interventions are applied in the form of assistance for technology through participatory farmer institutions, involving farmer groups that implement development assistant programs.
Primary data were collected from mentoring activity such as breeding technology, feedlot technology tarramba introduction and livestock management. Primary data and information gathered through multiple visiting during the program implemented. Secondary data gathered from Statistical Bureau and interview with farmer group and other relevant/related sources. Data were analyzed descriptively.

Livestock population's growth in five years period
Livestock population provides positive development, although not yet optimal for all types of livestock. The development becomes inefficient due to the still high mortality as a result of non-intensive farming on community farms. Health problems occur in locations where conditions are quite prominent related to the pattern of raising livestock by the community, while the age of large livestock businesses requires approximately five years so that it requires responsible mid-term management. Livestock population growth in East Nusa Tenggara in the last five years can be seen in Base on table 1, the population tends to increase every year, especially in cattle, buffalo, horses, goats/sheep, and pigs. The increase occurred because there were technological changes at the institutional level of farmer groups and community farms, which is indicated by the increasing population of livestock each year.
Since 2015, assistance activities for technology in the animal husbandry area in East Nusa Tenggara has begun with coordination of the relevant Dinas of each district. Subsequently, the activity continued with the selection of prospective farmers for the destinated location. Also, there are discussions and decisions for choosing the proper form of mentoring, which met to the real situation. Because of the innovation mentoring is based on farmer's needs, then the dissemination media varies from leaflet, brochure, and poster. The mentoring varies, i.e., technical workshop, technical assistantship, and demonstration plot [9 -11].
Strategic plans for beef cattle development in East Nusa Tenggara are needed to enable in accelerating the achievement of development goals and objectives according to national and regional strategic policies. Technology assistance in supporting the development of animal husbandry areas in East Nusa Tenggara is expected to benefit farmers raising livestock for breeders, cattle farmers, business partners, and local governments. In this case, the local government has a role as a policymaker in overcoming problems in the livestock subsector.

Animal husbandry technology innovation
Animal husbandry technology innovations were introduced in three different districts, depending on the needs of farmers. Some types of the introduced technological innovations are:

Breeding technology innovation.
Technological innovation focuses on raising female cows by improving the pattern of breeding using communal cages. Female cages are made for ten females, and a single cage will be used for pregnancy examination. The cage includes a feed bank and fence. The intention of building this is to give space to the cows and its calf. The length of the cage is 10 m, and the width of 2 m with a length of 2 m per partition will be sealed into individual barriers to accommodate one female. While the staple cage for pregnancy inspection has a width of 2 m and a length of 5 m and can also function for weighing livestock.

Fattening technology innovation.
Fattening technology innovation using group cages has a capacity of 10 fattening bulls. The feedlot is 10 m long, 2.5 m wide, and 3.5 m high for the capacity of 10 bulls. Cage group is divided into ten parts. Each part is 1 meter long and 2.5 m wide. Group cages are used throughout the fattening period of about 4 to 7 months. During fattening, cattle are kept in cages throughout the day, and feeding is given in cut and carry from 2 to 3 times per day. The group cage is equipped with a feed container, a cement floor, and the roof was made from dried cogon grass. The group cage unit is also equipped with a pinch cage for weighing and landfill measuring with the size of 3 x 2 x 1.5 m. Fattening technology innovation is beneficial including (1) increasing productivity through improving the maintenance system through the group cage approach will have a positive impact, because the development of dryland farming increasingly requires the division of agricultural land and livestock; (2) improving management of feed for fattening cattle using a combination of natural grass, legume and local concentrates is available on site. Provision of legumes and concentrates as additional feed, especially in the dry season so that livestock do not lose weight; (3) the potential of cow manure collected in group cages can be used as biogas (biogas) material because generally, farmers allow cow manure to mount around the cage, although some farmers use it as fertilizer for food crops, still much left and not utilized.

Technology innovation on the improvement of feed quality.
The innovations are through the introduction of herbaceous legumes and tree legumes (Lamtoro tarramba). Herbaceous legumes can be planted as a conservation plant on the contour path and on the flat land (between plants on the contour path). Herbaceous legume plants will be pruned more often to the speed of plant growth (30 to 40 days, by rotating pruning so that there is always something that can be pruned every day to ensure the availability of feed). Tree legumes (lamtoro tarramba) were firstly planted in plastic containers because of the nature of this plant that is difficult to compete in the early growth. After the plants in kokeran reach 50 to 100 cm high, then it is planted at a distance of 2 m between plants, pruning will be carried out on lamtoro plants after the second year of planting. Rotational pruning will also be carried out under the speed of regrowth.

The performance of animal husbandry technology assistance in Kupang Regency, North Central Timor and Malaka
Implementation of livestock assistance is carried out in three districts involving several groups of farmers in 2018. The form of mentoring depends on the needs of the farmer groups. The program dynamically adapts to the conditions and abilities of farmers.   Table 2 shows the types of livestock accompaniment activities carried out in the "Fajar Pagi" farmer groups in three communal enclosure locations spread over two hamlets, which are monitored every month