{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.039180765805877114, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0017809439002671415, 'mean_word_length': 4.91578947368421, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 3, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparative Study on Determination of Selected Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in Ion Adsorption Clays Using Handheld LIBS and ICP-MS

The rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial components of green technology and are now considered critical raw materials. One of the emerging tools in mineral exploration, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), was used by several studies to determine the REE contents of different geological materials. In this study, the concentrations of selected REEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Yb) in 11 ion adsorption clays (IACs) from El Nido, Palawan, Philippines were determined using a handheld LIBS analyzer. The REE contents of the samples were also determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to compare LIBS with the established laboratory technique. The two-sided t-test shows no significant differences for the average La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd results of LIBS and ICP-MS, whereas Dy and Yb have significant differences. Based on these results, it can be concluded that LIBS can be an alternative to ICP-MS for the rapid determination of some REE in IACs.