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Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Contribute to Chondrogenesis in Coculture with Chondrocytes

Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) have been shown as the most potential stem cell source for articular cartilage repair. In this study, we aimed to develop a method for long-term coculture of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) and hUCB-MSCs at low density in vitro to determine if the low density of hACs could enhance the hUCB-MSC chondrogenic differentiation as well as to determine the optimal ratio of the two cell types. Also, we compared the difference between direct coculture and indirect coculture at low density. Monolayer cultures of hUCB-MSCs and hACs were investigated at different ratios, at direct cell-cell contact groups for 21 days. Compared to direct coculture, hUCB-MSCs and hACs indirect contact culture significantly increased type II collagen (COL2) and decreased type I collagen (COL1) protein expression levels. SRY-box 9 (SOX9) mRNA levels and protein expression were highest in indirect coculture. Overall, these results indicate that low density direct coculture induces fibrocartilage. However, indirect coculture in conditioned chondrocyte cell culture medium can increase expression of chondrogenic markers and induce hUCB-MSCs differentiation into mature chondrocytes. This work demonstrates that it is possible to promote chondrogenesis of hUCB-MSCs in combination with hACs, further supporting the concept of novel coculture strategies for tissue engineering.


Introduction
Repair of cartilage defects represents a significant orthopedic challenge due to the limited healing capacity of mature cartilage; therefore, the development of new tissue engineering strategies is of major importance for cartilage repair [1]. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has long been considered the gold standard to treat cartilage defects [2]. However, use of autologous chondrocytes has disadvantages that limit potential clinical applications, including donor site morbidity and dedifferentiation of the harvested chondrocytes after ex vivo monolayer expansion [3]. Recent studies have shifted focus from ACI to mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, which has been shown as effective for articular cartilage repair [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Additionally, MSCs have already shown safety and efficacy in a variety of regenerative medicine clinical trials [12][13][14]. In particular, human umbilical cord bloodderived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) could serve as a promising cell source for in vivo repair of cartilage defects due to advantages of noninvasive collection, high proliferative potential, lower immunogenicity, and chondrogenic potential in vitro [15][16][17].
However, strategies employing hUCB-MSCs for cartilage regeneration are problematic due to the low induction efficiency of hUCB-MSCs alone, in the absence of growth factors and/or gene delivery systems to signal the stem cells to undergo chondrogenesis [18,19]. An approach that supplements an abundant stem cell source with prochondrogenic signals and cell adhesions needs to be optimized before hUCB-MSCs can be applied therapeutically. Combining progenitors with mature chondrocytes may provide a solution, as coculture of hUCB-MSCs and chondrocytes in vitro has previously been shown to promote hUCB-MSC chondrogenesis and inhibit MSC hypertrophy through specific chondrocyte-secreted factors [20].
It was reported that coculture of HUCB-MSCs and rabbit chondrocytes could induce the differentiation of hUCB-MSCs into human chondrocytes, and the author also obtained the more suitable seed cells ratio [21]. In their study they seeded cells at the density of 2.4 × 10 6 cells/cm 2 . They stated that density of chondrocyte seeding is 1-3 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 ; however, this could lead chondrocytes to a fibrotic phenotype. The aim of our study was to explore whether coculture at the density less than 1-3 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 could induce more chondrocytes and avoid fibrosis. If low density seed cells could induce hUCB-MSCs differentiation into enough chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering, the cartilage extracted from patients for chondrocyte proliferation in vitro could be greatly lessened.
Direct coculture and indirect coculture are usually adopted in MSCs chondrogenic differentiation induced by articular chondrocytes (ACs). However, the mechanisms of interaction between ACs and MSCs in coculture have not been fully characterized. It is speculated that both physical and paracrine interactions between these two cell types are important in maintaining the chondrogenic phenotype which results in induction of hUCB-MSC chondrogenesis [22]. Chondrocytes also secrete autocrine growth factors such as transforming growth factor-(TGF-) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and the chondrogenic factor (SOX9) can induce chondrogenic cells [23,24].
The effect of coculture on hUCB-MSC chondrogenesis using hACs, in particular at the low density culture, was investigated in this study. Our work also compared direct cell-cell contact and indirectly coculture of hUCB-MSC and chondrocytes for improving the coculture system. In addition, the role of TGF-in the coculture system was determined. Results of this study demonstrated that low density coculture model could maintain the chondrocyte phenotype and minimize donor site injury; thus it provided an alternative chondrocytes induction and proliferation system for cartilage tissue engineering.

Collection of hUCB and
Cartilage. The collection of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) and cartilage was approved by Shenzhen Second People's Hospital. Informed consent was obtained before the operation from all individuals included in the study. According to the institutional guidelines, hUCB units were obtained from normal fullterm and preterm deliveries without complications throughout pregnancy, in a physiological saline system containing heparin anticoagulant, and were processed within 6 hr of collection. The units were stored and transported at 4 ∘ C. No complications were encountered upon hUCB collection, and none of the samples had signs of coagulation or haemolysis. Cartilage samples were obtained from donors after trauma patients, in a physiological saline system containing penicillin/streptomycin (P/S), and were processed within 6 hr of collection.

Isolation and Culture of hUCB-MSCs and hACs.
After hUCB was diluted 1 : 1 with 100 U/mL heparin-saline, hUCB-MSCs were isolated using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) and resuspended in MesenGro5 human mesenchymal stem cell medium (StemRD, America) that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Australia) and 10 g/L basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (Gibco, Australia). Mononucleated cells were seeded into T25 cell culture flasks (Nunc, USA) at 2 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 and cultured at 37 ∘ C in a 5% CO 2 incubator. Five days after the cells were seeded; nonadherent cells were removed and fresh medium was added to the flasks. Medium replacement was carried out every 72 h until the cells reached an 80% confluent layer. Cells were digested with 0.25% (w/v) trypsin plus 0.02% (w/v) EDTA (HyClone, USA) and subcultured at a density of 1.0 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 . Medium was changed twice a week. The hUCB-MSCs of passage 3 were used for chondrocyte induction [25,26].
Cartilage specimens were collected, minced to 1 mm 3 , and digested in the chondrocyte growth medium containing 1 mg/mL collagenase type II (Worthington Biochemical Corporation) for 8 hr at 37 ∘ C in a shaker. After filtration, cells were harvested and plated at a density of 1 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 and subcultured in chondrocyte growth medium (DMEM-F12, 10% FBS, 10 g/L bFGF, and 0.1 mg/mL P/S). Chondrocytes of passage 2 were used for chondrocyte induction [27].

Identification of hUCB-MSCs.
After the isolation of mesenchymal cells using the adherence criteria, the second passage of hUCB-MSCs was analyzed to confirm their identity. MSCs do not express CD34, CD45, CD117 (cKit), HLA class I, and HLA-DR antigens, whereas they are positive for CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 [40]. Surface markers considered positive for the mesenchymal cell lineage (CD73, CD105) and negative for the hematopoietic lineage (CD34, CD45) were used to characterize hUCB-MSCs. As shown in Figure 1, the flow cytometry analysis revealed that the isolated hUCB-MSC population had high expression of CD105 and CD73 and low expression of CD34 and CD45. Furthermore, these cells had acquired the fibroblastic morphology that is characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells, thus confirming the existence of mesenchymal stem cells in human umbilical cord blood. The proportion of stem cells met the identification criteria [41].

Immunofluorescence
Staining of Collagen. COL2 protein was minimally detectable by immunofluorescence staining in cultures containing only hUCB-MSCs, but significant levels of COL2 protein were detected in direct cell-cell contact coculture, indirect coculture, growth factor-supplemented hUCB-MSC culture, and hACs cultured alone. In all groups, COL2 protein was mainly distributed in the extracellular  matrix (ECM). Coculture with direct cell-cell contact had stronger COL2 staining than the TGF 1-induced group. The TGF 1-induced group exhibited similar staining as compared to the indirect coculture group, and both stained more strongly than hUCB-MSCs cultured alone. The hUCB-MSCs cultured alone exhibited the weakest fluorescent signal among all the experimental groups, indicating that these progenitors do not undergo significant chondrogenesis in the absence of external signals. The hUCB-MSCs and hACs cocultured with direct cell-cell contact in a ratio of 3 : 1 stained stronger than the other ratios and conditions tested. However, all coculture groups with direct cell-cell contact showed signs of fibrosis. Immunofluorescence images of all groups stained for COL2 are shown in Figure 2

Quantitative Analysis of mRNA Expression for Chondrocyte and Cartilage-Matrix-Related Genes.
To evaluate chondrogenesis, the mRNA levels of several chondrocyte marker genes-Col2a1, Col1a1, and SOX9-were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR after 3 weeks of culture in vitro. The hACs cultured alone had higher SOX9 expression than hUCB-MSCs cultured alone or any of the cocultured groups ( < 0.05, Figure 3(A)). Col2a1 and Col1a1 expression in the direct cell-cell contact group was significantly upregulated relative to hACs alone (Figures 3(B) and 3(C)). Interesting, the Col2a1 expression in indirect coculture did not show any significant change relative to hACs and the Col2a1 expression was higher in the direct group than in the indirect coculture group. The hUCB-MSCs and hACs cocultured with direct cell-cell contact at the ratio of 3 : 1 had the highest Col2a1 expression overall (Figure 3(C)).

Analysis of Chondrocyte and Cartilage-Matrix-Related
Protein Production. To evaluate chondrogenesis in all groups, the production of chondrocyte marker proteins COL2, COL1, and SOX9 were analyzed by western blotting after 3 weeks of in vitro culture. SOX9 and COL2 proteins were upregulated in both direct cell-cell contact and indirect contact cocultures relative to monocultures. All three proteins were more abundant in cocultures with indirect cell-cell contact than in hUCB-MSC monoculture with supplemented growth factors, which actually had the lowest COL2 and SOX9 levels of any group. COL1 levels were highest in hAC monoculture, while indirect cell-cell contacted groups presented higher COL2 content than other groups (Figure 4).

ELISA Quantification of TGF-1.
The TGF-1 protein expression level secreted into the medium was measured using ELISA after 3 weeks of in vitro culture. Secreted TGF-1 was significantly upregulated in direct cell-cell contact coculture relative to hUCB-MSC monoculture supplemented with growth factors, which in turn was higher than in the indirect contact coculture ( < 0.01). TGF-1 levels in indirect contact coculture were comparable to those in hACs cultured alone. The hUCB-MSC monoculture had the lowest TGF-1 levels out of all groups. TGF-1 concentration in the 3 : 1 direct contact coculture was highest among the groups tested ( Figure 5).

CCK-8 Analysis of Cell Proliferation.
Total cellular proliferation in each of the different coculture conditions and with supplemental growth factors was quantified using a CCK-8 cell proliferation assay after 15 days of in vitro culture. The cell proliferation rates in the direct and indirect cell-cell contact coculture and hACs monoculture were similar. Cell proliferation was significantly stimulated in both coculture conditions and hAC monoculture relative to hUCB-MSC monoculture with growth factors, which had the lowest cell proliferation rate. Cellular proliferation in the direct cell-cell contact coculture at a ratio of 3 : 1 hUCB-MSCs to hACs was the greatest of all the tested conditions ( Figure 6).

Discussion
Over the last two decades, there have been great improvements in the tissue engineering field for clinical repair of cartilage defects using autologous chondrocytes. However, the loss of phenotypic functions during chondrocyte expansion in monolayer culture has led to the search for an alternative cell source for cartilage tissue engineering. For example, BMSCs are currently undergoing trials for clinical practice in articular cartilage repair. However, BMSCs collection needs an invasive and painful process. hUCB-MSCs have numerous advantages over BMSCs, including convenient collection, better retention of their multipotency over several passages, reduced immunogenicity, absence of tumor cell contamination, and lower risk of latent virus and pathogenic microorganism transmission. The hUCB-MSCs can be easily induced to differentiate into mature bone and cartilage cells by stimulation with growth factors, particularly with members of the TGFsuperfamily. Consistent with previous studies, chondrogenic induction by TGF-1 and ITS could differentiate hUCB-MSCs into chondrocytes in vitro, although these cultures exhibited a fibrotic phenotype and limited cell proliferation rate after chondrogenic induction. In our study, COL1A1, a fibrosis marker, was significantly upregulated in hUCB-MSCs cultured with growth factors. The presence of type I collagen could impair the development of cartilage-specific matrix architecture and result in functional impairment. Therefore, our findings indicate that the commonly used chondrogenic induction medium for hUCB-MSCs is not optimal for cartilage regeneration and a better strategy to provide a more stringent control of hUCB-MSC chondrogenic differentiation can be achieved. Recently, coculture systems for MSCs and chondrocytes were developed to enhance the chondrogenesis of MSCs [42]. Previous reports have demonstrated that coculture of hUCB-MSCs and rabbit chondrocytes could induce greater differentiation of hUCB-MSCs into chondrocytes [21]. However, the ratio of hUCB-MSCs to chondrocytes is an important element in coculture systems, and establishing the optimal ratio is crucial to successful coculturing and construction of cartilage tissue engineering [29]. But these methods barely exhibit the primary culture of hUCB-MSCs at low densities (≤10 4 cells/cm 2 ) for 1 month. We knew that the lower the cell density is, the more difficult it is to maintain the cells in culture. In this study, we performed the low density of hUCB-MSCs at 0.6 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 . The density at 2.4 × 10 6 cells/cm 2 used by Zhang et al. was much higher than that (about 400fold) adopted in our study. Our studies showed that low density coculture could induce hUCB-MSCs differentiation into chondrocytes, which resulted in high levels of COL2A1 mRNA and protein as well as increased COL1 expression. Thus, low density direct cell-cell contact could stimulate fibrocartilage-associated Col1a1 expression, which cannot meet the goal of hyaline cartilage for cartilage repair. However, compared with direct coculture, COL-1 expression was lower in the indirect coculture group. Interestingly, western blotting result showed that indirect coculture enhanced COL-2 expression while it inhibited COL-1 expression. Indirect coculture expresses type II collagen but not type I collagen, suggesting that indirect coculture has potential to induce hUCB-MSC differentiation into hyaline chondrocytes.
The mechanisms that contribute to enhancement of chondrogenesis in this hUCB-MSC and chondrocyte coculture system are unclear. Previous studies have shown the crucial role of the signaling cascade activated by TGF-, which promotes the expression of genes specific to cartilage [23]. In several coculture experiments without direct cell-cell contact, TGF-or other soluble factors alone contribute to cartilagematrix formation and promote chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs [29]. Based on our in vitro studies, we found that hUCB-MSCs and hACs cocultured with direct cellcell contact at ratio of 3 : 1 could secrete large amounts of TGF-1. However, the relative importance of TGF-1 and direct cell-cell contact in enhancing cartilage-matrix formation remains unclear. In this study, the concentration of TGF-1 quantified by ELISA in culture media was generally much lower than that used for conventional chondrogenic induction and is most likely too low to induce efficient chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs on their own [24]. Although direct coculture secreted more TGF-1 compared to indirect coculture, the Col1a1 expression was high, which means that the role of TGF-1 may be also involved in the induced Col1a1 expression. And we found different expression levels of SOX9 between direct coculture and indirect coculture. Thus SOX9 may be involved in the induced chondrogenic differentiation of indirect coculture group. Additional studies have shown that SOX9 facilitates the COL2 expression, which promotes chondrogenesis [43], while another study found that SOX9 overexpression at high levels could exert an inhibitory effect on Col1a1 gene expression [44]. In this study, the SOX9 expression is higher in indirect coculture than in direct coculture or growth factor-inducing group. And the indirect coculture shows more COL2 expression. Thus, we presume that appropriate SOX9 in indirect coculture group could play an essential role in hUCB-MSC differentiation into chondrocytes and maintain chondrocytes phenotype. However, the exact role of SOX9 in coculture remains undefined, which needs further investigation.
In conclusion, indirect coculture at low density has potential to induce hUCB-MSC differentiation into hyaline chondrocytes. TGF-1 may play a role in direct coculture that induces hUCB-MSCs into chondrocytes. SOX9 may be involved in the indirect coculture system that induces hUCB-MSCs into chondrocytes. Indirect coculture at low density could be a promising approach for repair of cartilage lesions.

Ethical Approval
All the studies were approved by Shenzhen Second People's Hospital.