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The Struggle for Control of George I's Northern Policy, 1718-19

When George I came to London in 1714, he brought with him a German chancery to deal with Hanoverian business. At its head and acting as his Premierminister in England was the sixty-five-year-old Andreas Gottlieb von Bernstorff, who in effect directed George's policy toward northern Europe before and after his accession to the British throne. Intent on Hanoverian expansion, Bernstorff tried to use the new crown for Hanover's benefit and was determined, being pressed here by George himself, to employ the resources of any power but Hanover for this. Together, he and George took Hanover into the Great Northern War in 1715 on the side of the anti-Swedish coalition, which had existed in various forms since 1700. They wanted the Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden1 and were able'to make unofficial use of the English fleet in the'Baltic to further the aims of the northern allies.2 By 1716 the coalition had expelled the Swedes from all their trans-Baltic possessions but then began to break Up.3 The allies split in two-Prussia and Russia on the one side and Hanover, with a very uneasy Denmark, on the other;4 the remaining ally, Augustus II of Saxony-Poland, stayed uncommitted. The coalition collapsed not so much over the division of the spoils as over the threat of Russian military control of Poland and north Germany. In April 1716 Peter the Great married his niece to the Duke of Mecklenburg, and Russian troops supported Duke Charles Leopold in his long-standing constitutional struggle with his Ritterschaft and the estates. The tsar hoped to turn the duchy into a political and economic