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Violet laser diodes in flow cytometry: An update

In previous studies we and others have demonstrated the usefulness of violet laser diodes (VLDs) as replacement laser sources for krypton‐ion lasers on stream‐in‐air cytometers. Previously available VLDs had a maximum available power of less than 25 mW; this was sufficient for excitation of densely labeled cell surface antigens using fluorochromes such as Cascade Blue or Pacific Blue, but may have been insufficient for applications requiring higher levels of photon saturation, such as low‐level expression of Cyan Fluorescent Protein (ECFP) in CFP‐YFP FRET applications. In this follow‐up study, we have tested more powerful VLDs emitting at 55 mW, and a beam‐merged dual module VLD with 100 mW combined output, for their ability to excite a variety of violet‐excited fluorochromes, including CFP.