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EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG IV. THE SIGNrFmANCE OF THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE TO VASCULAR AND TO PAI~NCH~L DISTURBANCES IN THE KIDNEY* BY JEAN OLIVER, M.D

The fundamental problem which in the last analysis confronts both the clinical and experimental investigator of the kidney is the deduction of the future state of the organ's activity from its present status. I t is thus only a special case of the general principle of scientific prediction of future phenomena from present observable conditions. The two methods which have been evolved to meet this problem may be summarized as the anatomical and the functional approaches. Whereas the first of these deduces from the observation of structural alterations the probable course of the organ's future activity, the latter by an immediate examination of function measures activity directly and claims therefore to speak more authoritatively. The dictum that "it is more important to know what the kidney is doing than what it looks like" is an aphoristic summary of this attitude, a statement which at its face value would seem to be almost self-evident, until one is confronted by the confusion that has followed when the results of its application have been compared with those of the anatomical method. Such attempts at correlation of structure and function must of necessity be made since they are the basis of modern medicine, but before proceeding to the investigation by either method of multiple and highly complex details it would seem wise to examine this fundamental problem in as exact a manner as possible. Though it will be manifestly impossible for one limited group of observations to more