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Applied Ontology: A foreword by the new Editors-in-Chief

It might seem odd to speak about the history of a field as young as applied ontology, but given the rapid developments over the past thirty years, it is instructive to consider some of the themes that have motivated research since its inception. One of the earliest gatherings that focused on applied ontology was the ECAI 1994 Workshop on Implemented Ontologies. Each submission was required to include the specification of the ontologies discussed in the paper, so that discussions about the relationships among ontologies could be based on what was actually being represented rather than on vague unstated assumptions. In 1998, the first international conference on Formal Ontology for Information Systems was held in Trento and applied ontology started to be seen as a unifying discipline having a potential impact on the whole area of information systems, a focus on common scientific principles and its own methodologies, anchored to interdisciplinarity. In the Proceedings of ECAI 19941 and FOIS 1998,2 we can already see the diversity of domains that are addressed by ontologies. We can also see how the major research questions raised at that time continue to pose challenges to this day. Differences in domain and ontological commitments were exacerbated by the fact that each ontology was represented in its own language; although we have made progress on the standardization of ontology representation languages (such as RDF, OWL, and Common Logic), we cannot say that the problems of ontology shareability, integration, and reuse have been fully solved. Integrating sets of independently designed ontologies and managing the discrepancies among their ontological commitments remain open research problems. Related to the diversity of the domains in which ontologies are developed is the nature of their application, ranging from semantic annotation and search to semantic integration and automated reasoning. As a journal of applied ontology, it is important to stress how an ontology is actually being used. Each application imposes requirements on an ontology, and even with ontologies in the same domain, one may be adequate for a given application but not for another.