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An Integral Equation Modeling of Lossy Conductors With the Enhanced Augmented Electric Field Integral Equation

The formulation of the enhanced augmented electric field integral equation for dielectrics is generalized to conductor problems in this paper. The conductive region is simulated as a lossy dispersive medium using a full wave solver. In order to calculate the method of moments matrix elements in the conductive region accurately, we investigate the evaluations of the integrals of Green’s function in lossy media. After comparing with some other integration methods, we propose a new method to evaluate such integrals. This method turns out to improve the accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, the proposed formulation can be regarded as a generalized impedance boundary condition (IBC). This generalized IBC will become global if the skin depth is comparable to the size of the structures/details. The mixed-form fast multipole algorithm is employed for the simulations. Numerical examples of complex circuit structures are given to demonstrate the accuracy and capabilities of the proposed method.