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Induction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early gene expression by a cellular activity expressed in Vero and NB41A3 cells after growth arrest-release

Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), a major immediate-early regulatory protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), activates expression of all classes of HSV genes as well as a variety of heterologous viral and cellular genes. Previous studies have shown that a cellular activity expressed maximally in Vero cells 8 h after release from growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle can enhance plaque formation and gene expression of a mutant virus (7134) lacking both copies of the gene encoding ICP0 (W. Cai and P. Schaffer, J. Virol. 65:4078-4090, 1991). This observation suggests that the cellular activity can substitute for ICP0 to activate viral gene expression. To further characterize this cellular activity, Vero and NB41A3 (mouse neuroblastoma) cells were transfected at various times after release from growth arrest with promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs containing promoters representing the major kinetic classes of HSV genes, and CAT activity was measured from 2 to 24 h postrelease. The results of these tests demonstrate that CAT expression from immediate-early promoter-CAT plasmids was enhanced 10- and 3-fold when Vero and NB41A3 cells were transfected at 6 and 2 h postrelease, respectively. In contrast, only low levels of immediate-early promoter-driven CAT activity were apparent when cells were transfected at later times postrelease. No significant stimulation of CAT activity was observed from promoter-CAT plasmids containing representative early or late HSV promoters or a heterologous viral (simian virus 40 early) promoter. Differences in the efficiency of uptake of plasmid DNA by cells at various times postrelease did not account for the observed differences in CAT expression. Unlike Vero cells, in which cell division resumed after release from growth arrest, division of NB41A3 cells did not resume. Rather, these cells displayed morphological features suggestive of a differentiated phenotype. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a cellular activity expressed in Vero and NB41A3 cells after release from growth arrest can activate HSV gene expression by enhancing immediate-early gene expression.