{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.032551051508686375, 'fraction_numerical': 0.017555623285583664, 'mean_word_length': 5.228549734244495, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Procalcitonin, a Biomarker for Diagnosing and Differentiating Infection among Liver Transplant Recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Infection has long been the major cause for death after liver transplantation. Diagnosing this deadly disease in time can be of great help to support the patients in intensive care units. However, tests like blood culture would take too much time to generate an outcome. Procalcitonin seems to be a promising biomarker in such clinical settings these days. To evaluate its diagnostic value as a biomarker in identifying and differentiating infectious complications in liver transplant recipients. Methods PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library were searched for articles published from January 1990 to September 2019 without language limitation. Cohort or case-control study investigating the value of PCT in distinguishing postoperative infectious complications among liver transplant recipients were included, followed by measurement using QUADAS-2 tool to estimate the risk of bias of each study. Bivariate approach and random-effects model were performed to generate the pooled outcomes. Results 8 studies (studying 560 liver transplant recipients) from 6 populations were reviewed and included, one of which is later excluded due to huge heterogeneity it caused. No significant threshold effect was found, suggesting that heterogeneity returned by the I 2 was not due the various cutoff values. The pooled DOR was 18.65 (95%CI 9.85-35.31) and the area under HSROC was 0.857 ( θ =-0.024; β =-0.203). The positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio are 3.472 (95% 2.352-5.127) and 0.289 (95% 0.192-0.434). Conclusion Current articles suggest a reasonable diagnostic value for the procalcitonin test in identifying infectious complications among patients undergoing liver transplantation. However, the reason why no threshold effect was found remained explored. the article: ZWZ, WD, DYW; and abstract screening: WD, DYW, XZ, XYL, YMW; Full-text WD, DYW; Data extraction: WD, DYW, XYL, YMW; Evaluating risk bias: WD, DYW, MF; Data

investigating the value of PCT in distinguishing postoperative infectious complications among liver transplant recipients were included, followed by measurement using QUADAS-2 tool to estimate the risk of bias of each study. Bivariate approach and random-effects model were performed to generate the pooled outcomes.
Results 8 studies (studying 560 liver transplant recipients) from 6 populations were reviewed and included, one of which is later excluded due to huge heterogeneity it caused. No significant threshold effect was found, suggesting that heterogeneity returned by the I 2 was not due the various cutoff values. The pooled DOR was 18 Conclusion Current articles suggest a reasonable diagnostic value for the procalcitonin test in identifying infectious complications among patients undergoing liver transplantation. However, the reason why no threshold effect was found remained explored. Background Significant infection accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT) [1], risk factors of which relate to operation procedures, recipients and donors. Specifically, these include intra-operative ischemia-reperfusion damage, quality of donated organs, level and type of immunosuppression, preoperatively impaired nutritional status, as well as recipients' scores of Model 3 for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) or other criteria [2,3]. Following this multi-factorial disease, lung infection, sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) tend to arise in clinical settings, causing an inflammatory cascade of vicious circles [4].
Early recognition of an altered inflammatory condition, timely diagnosis, and prompt treatment with antimicrobial agents in the post-transplant period are therefore for improving post-transplant outcomes. However, being not capable of individually identifying post-transplant infections, current clinical manifestations and laboratory tests like as white blood cells (WBC) or C-reactive protein (CRP) generally fail to satisfy such needs. Thus, inflammatory markers of higher sensitivity and specificity are needed to provide prompt diagnosis and treatment. More importantly, a biomarker with ability to differentiate post-transplant complications, such as rejection and infection, could provide further guidance on regimen design and therefore improve their prognostic performance.
Serum Procalcitonin (PCT) seems to meet these requests in intensive care and emergency room settings due to its pathophysiological characteristics [5,6]. In conditions like allergy, virus infection, local fungal infection and chronic inflammation, serum PCT concentration tends to remain steady. On the contrary, it will soon be secreted by macrophages and monocytes in different organs when subjects are under severe bacterial-or fungi-induced infection like sepsis, SIRS or MODS [7][8][9][10].Another advantage of PCT over other biomarkers such as CRP, ILs, and WBCs lies in its rapid rise following an inciting physiological insult (6-hour peak) and relatively shorter half-life (24 hours) [11,12]. In recent literature, PCT has shown relatively good sensitivity and specificity for demonstrating infectious complications among organ transplant recipients [13][14][15][16]. Of note, early detection of infection and differentiation from non-infectious complications, such as rejection was also addressed [17][18][19]. However, due to substantial heterogeneity of current publications, its role among liver transplant recipients has not been well established. Therefore, this article performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the published studies to determine the diagnostic value of PCT in post-liver-transplant infectious complications.

Guideline and Search Strategy
This meta-analysis was strictly carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [20], checklist of which is presented in Additional file 1: Table S1, S2. Studies conducted before July, 2019 were systematically searched on PubMed, Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded from Web of Science and Cochrane Library without language limitation. Detailed search strategy, terms and queries are presented in Additional file 1: Table S3.
Additional articles were identified through a manual search of the reference lists of the papers obtained.

Literature selection
Before this procedure, definitions for certain items were set to avoid unnecessary discrepancies: index test was defined as a method using PCT alone or combined with other inflammatory markers; and gold standard was referred to microbiological detection or combined with other clinical evidence.
Rejection is defined by histopathology criteria for the biopsy specimen, and infection is defined by clinical symptoms with pathologic proof from culture of blood or body fluid specimens.
Articles were reviewed by two authors (WD, DYW) independently. Potentially relevant studies with cohort or case-control design were then included if comparison between index tests and gold standards were made. Ultimately, articles were excluded if data can't be extracted to set 2 × 2 contingency table. After the selection, evidence qualities were accessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool [21]. Of note, every unclear item was marked as "no" and therefore, the final result presents the floor level of the study quality.
Any discrepancy between reviewers was resolved by an additional reviewer's (ZWZ) assessing.
Corresponding author would be contacted if any information was missing.

Data analysis
The following data was extracted from the primary papers: author, year of publication, patient characteristics, study design, number of subjects etc (Additional file 1: Table S4). Separate diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of each study was then calculated to generate pooled variables with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curve was generated and the area under the curve (AUC) as well as the DOR was considered as the main indicator of the diagnostic performance. P-value less than 0.05 is recognized to be of statistical significance and an AUC more than 0.8 indicates a good diagnostic accuracy. Statistical analysis was carried out using the R software/environment (version 3.4.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing) [22]. The numerical and graphical outputs were obtained by using mada [23], and metaphor [24]R packages. For additional analysis, Spearman correlation was generated by Meta-DiSc (version 1.4) software to measure the threshold effects of the included studies.

Results
After removing duplicates from the 311 articles identified, 34 studies were assessed for eligibility (Additional file1: Table S5). On detailed full-text reading, 8 pieces of research [17][18][19][25][26][27][28][29]representing 6 distinct populations of 560 recipients were included (Fig. 1). All evaluations were observational and single center in nature, with 6 prospective and 2 retrospective designs. Main characteristics of the selected studies, including study design, etiology of transplantation, cut-off value, sampling time and diagnostic accuracy parameters, were summarized in Additional file 2: Table   S1. Grammatikopouslos et. al. [27] has potential bias related to patient selection as it was a case-control study. There were 4 articles that were judged as having high bias in the index tests for not prespecifying a cutoff value. None studies were considered to have potential bias in reference test and flow and timing sections. In terms of applicability, only four articles raised certain concerns related to patient selections. No concerns about index test as well as reference test were proposed.

Quality of Study and risk of bias
Of note again, the results of QUADAS-2 tool show the worst condition of each study as an uncertain domain was marked as "high risk" rather than "unclear".

Publication bias and heterogeneity of the included studies
Publication bias was not tested as false positive result is likely to come out when less than 10 articles are used for analysis. The Spearman correlation and p-value for PCT were 0.595 and 0.12, suggesting that no significant threshold effect existed. Then we computed the pooled DOR. An I 2 measuring 41.66% was returned by the mefor R package, suggesting the moderate heterogeneity. We also 6 generated the Cochran's Q reaching 12.5354 with a p-value of 0.0843, furthering confirming the heterogeneity among the included studies. Sensitivity analysis was then carried out. By deleting the included studies one at a time, we found that when a study [17] in which the sampling time was before the transplantation was deleted, the I 2 dramatically dropped to 0.00%, and the Cochran's Q as well as the p-value showed corresponding changes, which became 5.148 and 0.525. As the article raised huge heterogeneity that can't be ignored, we removed it and conducted another analysis, results of which are described below.

Overall analysis of Individual Studies
We identified 7 studies that simultaneously estimated sensitivity and specificity among liver transplant patients with suspected infection. Overall, the studies' pooled DOR was 18.65 (95%CI 9.85-35.31) (Fig. 4). HSROC curve for the PCT test was shown in

Discussion
Studies have shown that PCT can effectively diagnose infectious complication among solid organ transplant recipients [30][31][32]. Unfortunately, these studies were sporadic and there were few analyses focusing on single organ, liver, for example. Worse still, drawbacks such as certain methodological flaw, small sample size and lack of united cut-off value existed in these published articles. In this study, we managed to perform a random-effects model analysis on 7 clinical trials from 6 countries to investigate PCT's utility in differentiating infection among LT recipients. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous evidence on this field of concern.
Our results presented a pooled DOR of 18.65 (95%CI 9.85-35.31), suggesting a good diagnostic accuracy for PCT, which was further confirmed by an AUC measuring 0.857, strengthening its reliability for diagnosing infectious complications following LT. Apart from demonstrating the diagnostic value, more importantly, the article also reveals several meaningful but not well understood aspects of PCT's utility.
Before performing the meta-analysis, PCT concentration, a continuous variable whose cutoff varied 7 among studies, was considered as a potential resource for heterogeneity. Surprisingly, Spearman correlation returned by the Meta-DiSc suggested that no significant threshold effect existed, which meant that different thresholds of various studies were not the main causes for heterogeneity. One possible explanation is that the methods to detect PCT concentration in the included studies somehow neutralized the effect due to the different cutoff settings, leaving an evenly balanced result that passed the threshold effect test which produced a Spearman correlation measuring 0.429 with a pvalue of 0.337. Unfortunately, the true reason of it remains unknown and therefore wide discussion as well as more studies is needed. Of note, we found the cutoff value set in the early years are relatively high, which gradually fell down at 0.5 ng/ml in the recent years which presented a high DOR as well as the AUC. Hence researchers are advised to adopt this standard and to verify it in the following studies.
Sensitivity analysis showed that the research conducted by Hara et al [17] led a huge heterogeneity, by deleting which, the I 2 was reduced to 0%. The reason accounting for it may be that it's the only one study evaluated the PCT value as a predictive biomarker. Hara sampled the patients on the day before transplantation while others sampled on the day of diagnosis of infectious disease. It's a retrospective cohort of 136 liver transplant patients which demonstrated that, to some degree, sepsis can be predicted by pretransplant serum PCT level, for which the authors suggested a re-evaluation of the general condition and rescheduling of LT of a patient whose pretransplant serum PCT > 0.5 ng/ml. Though this study was not included into the meta-analysis due to heterogeneity, it still remains a positive direction to explore.
However, a note of caution is due here since some limitation existed. Due to the inherent flaws in study design, this meta-analysis can only evaluate and combine the size effects measuring the diagnostic accuracy instead of the clinical benefits. Therefore, we call for more studies using random control design with double-blind method to provide solid evidence so as to evaluate the clinical effects from which LT patients may benefit. Besides, as shown in Fig. 3, certain studies have high risk in index test in terms of risk of bias. It is because that in the early years, the universal cut-off was not settled for reasons like different testing methods and incomplete understanding of PCT, resulting in 8 the wide usage of receiver operating characteristic curve for generating an optimal cut-off, which has been overcome in the recent years. Another limitation in this article was that the amount of the included studies is very limited, lowering the level of evidence.

Conclusions
Still, in conclusion, PCT can serve as a biomarker for infectious complication among liver transplant recipients. Importantly, further studies are warranted to provide corroboration due to the small sample size and heterogeneity of these included studies. Besides, the reason why no threshold effect was found remained explored.

Ethics approval and consent to participate
Formal ethical approval was not required as primary data were not collected.

Consent for publication
Not applicable as no personal data is presented in this meta-analysis.

Availability of data and materials
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files.

Additional Files
Additional file 1: Table S1. PRISMA-DTA checklist. Table S2. Abstract checklist for PRISMA-DTA.    Risk of bias and applicability concerns -summary  DOR in studies examining PCT testing.