{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018970189701897018, 'fraction_numerical': 0.008130081300813009, 'mean_word_length': 5.189944134078212, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Identification of visible industrial control devices at Internet scale

Nowadays industrial control devices are crucial for infrastructure-critical systems such as factories, power plants, and water treatment facilities. Devices with IP addresses are visible on the Internet and they connect cyber space and physical world. The first step in protecting devices from attackers is a deep understanding of the devices' characteristics in the cyber space. In this paper, we take a first step in this direction by investigating physical devices running one of the two specific protocols that are widely adopted in industrial control systems. In order to detect these devices in real-time, we propose a two-stage discovery mechanism: first filtering out unqualified hosts from 4 billion remote hosts and then identifying physical devices from qualified candidates. We have conducted a real-world experiment to verify the mechanism and identified dozens of thousands of physical devices from the entire Internet. Results show that our method discovers all devices in 20 hours with 89.5% precision and 79.3% recall.