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Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic Revisited: Two Kinds of Bioethics

Trained as a professional forester, Aldo Leopold became widely recognized first as a proponent of "game management" [1], and then, in ever-widening circles of influence, he became conservationist, ecologist, administrator, lecturer, writer, philosopher, poetic spirit, and fountainhead for a "third step in a sequence" of ethics, which he viewed as "an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity" [2, p. 239], He was born on January 11, 1887, in Burlington, Iowa, where his father and grandfather were prominent citizens [3]. He did graduate work and obtained a master's degree in forestry at the Yale Forest School in June 1909. He entered the U.S. Forest Service at once and was sent to the new Southwestern District in Arizona and New Mexico. By 1912 Leopold was supervisor of the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico, "a million acres supporting 200,000 sheep, 7,000 head of cattle, 600 homesteads and a billion feet of lumber" [3, p. 9]. In April 1913, in a remote area, he was almost fatally exposed to wet and cold conditions and required 18 months for recuperation, during which time Flader notes that he may have read the 11 -volume Riverside edition of Thoreau's works, which he had received as a wedding gift. In her work on the life and work of Leopold "and the evolution of an ecological attitude toward deer, wolves and forests" [3], Susan Flader traces the evolution and adaptation of Leopold from his experience in the Southwest to his final position at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. She notes that Leopold is acknowledged as the "father" of the profession of wildlife management in America and that his book Game Management [1] "is still regarded as a basic statement of the science, art, and profession of wildlife management" and "has been continuously in