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Duck Tembusu virus induces stronger cellular responses than Japanese encephalitis virus in primary duck neurons and fibroblasts

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito‐borne flaviviruses. These two viruses infect ducks; however, they show different neurological outcomes. The mechanism of DTMUV‐ and JEV‐induced neuronal death has not been well investigated. In the present study examined the differences in the mechanisms involved in virus‐induced cell death and innate immune responses between the DTMUV KPS54A61 strain and the JEV JaGAr‐01 strain using primary duck neurons (DN) and duck fibroblasts (CCL‐141). DN and CCL‐141 were permissive for the infection and replication of these two viruses, which up‐regulated the expression of innate immunity genes. Both DTMUV and JEV induced cell death via a caspase‐3‐dependent manner; however, DTMUV triggered more cell death than did JEV in both CCL‐141 and DN. These findings suggest that DTMUV infection causes apoptosis in duck neurons and fibroblasts more strongly than JEV. The levels of the mRNA expression of innate immunity‐related genes after DTMUV infection were generally higher than the levels after JEV infection, suggesting that DTMUV‐induced immune response in duck cells may exhibit toxic effects rather than protective effects.