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Italy: How could industrial relations help a return to economic and social convergence?

Convergence is a tricky concept. It can be achieved through either catching up or levelling down. Beta-convergence, synonymous with catching up, means that lower-income countries have a higher growth rate than high-income countries. Conversely, sigmaconvergence signifies convergence to a common level. A decrease in variance can derive from various situations; for instance, richer countries adjusting downwards and poorer countries adjusting upwards or not adjusting at all. In the latter case, the process of convergence is consistent with a worsening of conditions overall. According to the Bertelsmann Stiftung and Jacques Delors Institut report (2017), rapid convergence following the Single Market Act 1986 was reversed from the start of the monetary union, when a slow and steady process of divergence set in among the first 11 countries that adopted the euro. This divergence, observed the report, is