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Measurement of the water droplet size in water-in-oil emulsions using low field nuclear magnetic resonance for gas hydrate slurry applications

Turbulent flow in oil and gas pipelines often results in the formation of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. Small water droplets in the pipeline provide a large total surface area for hydrate formation at the water/gas saturated oil interface, which can lead to full conversion of water to gas hydrate. As a result, this may prevent the formation of large hydrate aggregates that can cause hydrate particle settling and eventually plugging. It is thus of particular interest to determine the water droplet size of an emulsion. Since water droplet size of the emulsion provides information about the hydrate particle size in the slurry, it is crucial to determine the water droplet size in a W/O emulsion. In this work, the water droplet size of model W/O emulsion systems was measured using two techniques, diffusion-transverse relaxation (T2) experiments using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and optical microscopy image analysis techniques. The T2 distribution of the emulsion was also measured. The water vol...