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Bulgarian species of genus Astragalus as potential sources of mauritianin

Mauritianin is a relatively rare flavonoid, but several studies revealed its pharmacological potential. In this study overground parts of ten Astragalus species were investigated for mauritianin content to find a reliable source of the compound. The quantity of the flavonoid in each extract was determined by a novel high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method. For the first time mauritianin is reported in A. cicer, A. onobrychis, A. glycyphyllos, A. glycyphylloides, A. corniculatus and A. ponticus. Only in A. depressus the compound was not found. Significant differences in mauritianin content (from 4 to 1642 ng/mg dry weight) of the samples were observed. Noteworthy, A. onobrychis var. chlorocarpus and A. cicer could be considered as a potential source of the compound, substituting the rare A. monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus.


Mauritianin
(kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-( 1 → 2 ) -[ α -L -r h a m n o p y r a n o s y l -( 1 → 6 ) ] -β -Dgalactopyranoside) was isolated for the first time from Lysimachia mauritiana (Yasukava and Takido 1987). Due to the relatively rare occurrence of mauritianin in the plant kingdom, only few studies of its pharmacological action have been conducted. A methanol extract of Swartzia apetala var. glabra, containing the compound, showed antifungal activity against nine strains of Candida spp. (de Araujo et al. 2013). Maurtianin, obtained from leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia exhibited significant gastro protective effect (Leite et al. 2013). The flavonoid isolated from leaves of Catharanthus roseus enhanced the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice, indicating that the compound may augment the immune resistance to cancer (Nishibe 2013). Mauritianin was found in Acalypha indica leaves as well (Nahrstedt et al. 2006). Lately, a DNA-topoisomerase I inhibition activity was proved for the compound, similar to that of camptothecin in higher concentration levels, making it a potential candidate for investigation of its antiproliferative effects (Ma et al. 2005).
Our previous phytochemical study of Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus afforded mauritianin and its cytoprotective effect was evaluated in a model of tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress on isolated rat hepatocytes (Krasteva et al. 2015). Due to the rare occurrence of A. monspessulanus in Bulgaria (Asyov et al. 2012), ten different species from genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) were examined in order to reveal the quantity of mauritianin and to select a reliable source of this flavonoid.

Plant material
The overground parts of ten Astragalus species (Table 1) were collected in two phenological phases (flowering and fructification), different years and localities in Bulgaria. The species were identified by Dr. D. Pavlova from Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Bulgaria and two of us (E. K. and S. S.). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Sofia University (SO) or at the Herbarium of the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SOM).

Extraction
Each plant sample (200 mg) was refluxed twice with 3 mL 80% MeOH on a water bath for 30 min each. The obtained extracts were filtered, combined in a volumetric flask and the volume adjusted to 10.0 mL with the same solvent. An aliquot of 2 µL was injected to the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UH-PLC-HRESIMS)
A Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap mass spectrometer with a heated electrospray ionisation (HESI) ion source (ThermoFisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) coupled with a UHPLC system (Dionex UltiMate 3000 RSLC, ThermoFisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) was used. The full scan MS was set at: resolution 70000 (at m/z 200), AGC target 3e6, max IT 100 ms, scan range 250 to 1700 m/z. The MS 2 conditions were: resolution 17500 (at m/z 200), AGC target 1e5, max IT 50 ms, mass range m/z 200 to 2000, isolation window 2.0 m/z and (N)CE 20. The ionization device (HESI source) was operating at: -2.5 kV spray voltage and 320 °C capillary and probe temperature, 38 arbitrary units (a.u., as set by the Extactive Tune software) of sheath gas and 12 a.u. of auxiliary gas (both Nitrogen); S-Lens RF level 50.0. UHPLC separations were performed on a Kromasil C 18 column (1.9 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm, Akzo Nobel, Sweden) maintained at 40 °C. The mobile phase was H 2 O + 0.1% HCOOH (A) and MeCN + 0.1% HCOOH (B) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Gradient elution was performed as follows: 10% B for 0.5 min, then increase to 30% B for 7 min, isocratic with 30% B for 1.5 min, increase to 95% B for 3.5 min, isocratic with 95% B for 2 min, then return to 10% B for 0.1 min.

Reference substance and calibration curve
Mauritianin ( Fig. 1) was used as a reference. It was isolated from the overground parts A. monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus (99.8%) and its structure was confirmed by MS and NMR analyses and comparison to the literature (Krasteva et al. 2015). The HRESIMS spectrum of mauritianin showed an ion [M-H]at m/z = 739. 2104 (calcd. 740.2164, C 33 H 40 O 19 ). The deprotonated molecule is suitable as a marker to perform quantitation. . Standard solutions of mauritianin were prepared in MeOH as follows: 1; 10; 50; 100; 600; 1000; 1500 and 2000 ng/mL. To obtain the calibration curve points 2 µL of each solution were injected in the UHPLC-HRESIMS system three times.

Detection
Detection of mauritianin in plant samples was performed by a set range of m/z 739.19 to 739.22 with an additional time filter, corresponding to the retention time of the standard (5.37 ± 0.02 min). Identification of the flavonoid was supported by a MS 2 experiments which revealed the aglycone part of the molecule as well as the successive loss of monosaccharides of the sugar moiety. The fragmentation pattern was compared to that of mauritianin.

Statistical analysis and calculation
The software Xcalibur, Version 4.2 (Thermo Scientific) was used to collect raw data, to obtain the calibration curve and to calculate the results. A -, as adopted from the fragmentation pattern, given by Fabre et al. (2001). The reference mauritianin maintained a retention time of 5.37 ± 0.02 min, which corresponded well to that of the flavonoid in the samples (5.35 ± 0.02 min) (Fig. 2). The equation y = 608416 + 24831.2 x (r 2 = 0.9976) was obtained from the calibration curve. The method was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) requirements (2005). Specificity was examined on blank solutions. There were no peaks in the chromatogram of the blank solution with t R simi-lar to that of mauritianin. The limit of detection, based on three times the signal-to-noise ratio, was calculated as 0.018 ng/mL by injecting 2 µL of standard solution. The linearity was studied in the interval 0.018 to 1800 ng/mL (r 2 > 0.99). The precision and accuracy were evaluated by spiking extract from A. monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus with mauritianin to obtain concentration of 5 and 1800 ng/mL. Method precision was 5% (as RSD%, by six replicates of each concentration level). The accuracy was 0.9%. The repeatability (SD%) on six solutions containing mauritianin was ± 1.2%.

Results and discussion
Liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry is considered to be one of the most accurate methods to identify multiple compounds in complex mixtures, including plant extracts (Tolonen and Uusitalo 2004).
The method was applied to examine mauritianin content of ten Astragalus species. The compound was detected in all species except A. depressus. MS 2 analysis was used to confirm its identity, taken together with the retention time and the m/z of the deprotonated molecule. Noteworthy, in the samples the cleavage of the sugar moiety attached to the third position of kaempferol was a two-step process, involving loss of the two rhamnose units (274 Da) (Cuyckens et al. 2000) and the galactose part (162 Da, Hvattum and Ekeberg 2003). The kaempferol aglycone was registered (285 Da) as well (Fabre et al. 2001). The MS 2 fragmentation pattern was identical to that of the reference substance mauritianin as described above.
Significant differences in mauritianin content of the samples were found. The highest amount of the compound was determined in A. monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus (1642 ng/mg), A. cicer (1472 ng/mg) and A. onobrychis (1009 ng/mg). The lowest quantity was found in A. glycyphyllos (4 ng/mg) (Table 1).
Although closely related, the subspecies of A. monspessulanus (monspessulanus and illyricus) were established to have different flavonoid composition (Krasteva et al. 2015). Moreover, the quantitative analysis of mauritianin is another factor to differ the subspecies. Results showed that subsp. monspessulanus had the highest mauritianin content, whereas subsp. illyricus accumulated only 6 ng/mg. There were no significant differences in mauritianin quantity in samples from A. glycyphyllos and A. onobrychis var. chlorocarpus, collected in different years and localities (Table 1). Fructification stage reduced significantly the amount of the flavonoid, compared to the flowering stage, as seen from the results for A. cicer and A. monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus. Nearly five times fold reduction in mauritianin content during fructification is in direct correlation with the general rule of collection of flavonoid-rich plant substances -only in the flowering stage (Koes et al. 1994).

Conclusion
Using a novel UHPLC-HRESIMS method mauritianin was determined in A. cicer, A. onobrychis, A. glycyphyllos, A. glycyphylloides, A. corniculatus and A. ponticus for the first time. The highest amount of the compound was found in A. onobrychis var. chlorocarpus and A. cicer. These species could be considered as a reliable source of this rare flavonol mauritianin.