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Tuning 2D MXenes by Surface Controlling and Interlayer Engineering: Methods, Properties, and Synchrotron Radiation Characterizations

MXenes, layered transition metal carbides/nitrides, have already received considerable attention in various research areas including but not limited to energy storage/conversion and photo/electrocatalysis. In fact, the intrinsic property of MXenes is highly tunable by controlling the surface terminations and interlayer spacing. Moreover, synchrotron radiation X‐ray characterizations have shown high potential for exploring the causal relationship between the properties and structure of MXenes. Particularly, operando X‐ray measurements could provide useful insight for better understanding the dynamic process of MXene‐based energy materials. In this review, a comprehensive summary of recent studies on surface controlling, interlayer engineering, and the synchrotron‐based characterizations of MXenes is presented. The outlook of MXenes and applications of advanced X‐ray characterizations are also discussed.