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Phase shifter models for steady state analysis

Phase shifting transformers are widely used for control of active-power-flows in power systems. Modern variant of phase shifting transformer is (semiconductor-controlled) static phase shifter. All the mentioned devices allow changing phase shift between the voltages at the interconnected busbars. Those devices called as phase shifters play the important role in a power system. The paper deals with modeling of the phase shifter for the aim of steady state analyses such as (optimal) power flow, state estimation. In the paper, after a review of the phase shifters is presented, critical review of their models for steady state analyses is given. For each model, its features are discussed. At the end, attention is paid to the comparison of the considered models.