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An ovine model for delivery of alcohol and nicotine during gestation

Alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy are two well known factors associated with premature birth and numerous adverse health effects in newborn infants, including pneumonia. Sheep have similar lung structure, development and innate immune gene expression and can be delivered preterm. In a pilot study, in one pregnant ewe, ½” polyethylene cannula was surgically implanted in abomasal cavity (ruminant stomach). Ethanol (40% at 1mg/kg) was infused through the cannula and repeated 1 week later at 1.5 mg/kg. By headspace gas chromatography, the serum ethanol levels at 6, 12, 24 hr were: 198 +/− 9 mg/dl, 58 +/− 12 mg/dl, 8 mg/dl respectively and 250+/− 20 mg/dl, 109 +/− 10 mg/dl, 24 mg/dl respectively. In another ewe, the lateral neck region was clipped and fitted with transdermal nicotine patch (21 mg) and repeated 1 week later at 42 mg. By HPLC, cotinine plasma levels at 6, 12, 24 hr were: 25 ng/ml, 25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml respectively and 57 ng/ml, 44 ng/ml, 37 ng/ml respectively. The procedure was repeated in one pregnant ewe that received both, ethanol (40% at 1mg/kg) and nicotine (21 mg) and the serum ethanol levels at 6, 12, 24 hr were: 160+/− 11 mg/dl, 56+/− 5 mg/dl, not detected respectively. The plasma cotinine levels at 6, 12, 24 hr were: 76 ng/ml, 63 ng/ml and 31ng/ml respectively. These procedures were repeated in a group of 24 pregnant ewes that received either ethanol (7 ewes) or nicotine (8 ewes) or were controls (8 ewes). Lambs born from these ewes reached full gestation. This study demonstrates that the intra‐abomasal alcohol administration and transdermal nicotine patch application allow delivery of sufficient and reliable blood levels of both ethanol and nicotine in pregnant ewes and does not result in premature birth.