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Nanostructure of native pectin sugar acid gels visualized by atomic force microscopy.

Height and phase shift images of high methoxyl sugar acid gels (HMSAG) of pectin were obtained by atomic force microscopy in the tapping mode. Images revealed that pores in these gels were fluid and flattened out when measured as a function of time. These images revealed for the first time the structure of adsorbed sugar on pectin in the hydrated native gels and how the pectin framework is organized within these gels. Segmentation of images revealed that the underlying pectin framework contained combinations of rods, segmented rods, and kinked rods connected end to end and laterally. The open network of strands was similar to pectin aggregates from 5 mM NaCl solution imaged earlier by electron microscopy (Fishman et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1992, 294, 253). Area measurements revealed that the ratio of bound sugar to pectin was in excess of 100 to 1 (w/w). Furthermore, images indicated relatively small differences in the organization of native commercial citrus pectin, orange albedo pectin, and lime albedo pectin gels at optimal pH as determined in this study. The findings are consistent with earlier gel strength measurements of these gels. In addition, values of gel strength were consistent with values of molar mass and viscosity of the constituent pectins in that they increased in the same order. Finally, we demonstrated the advantage of simultaneous visualization of height and phase shift images for observing and quantitating the nanostructure of relatively soft gels which are fully hydrated with a buffer.