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Metaphor Analysis on Students’ English Poems

This study aims to know the students’ ability in using a metaphor for their English poems writing. Through the poem, the poet uses the metaphor to sharpen the ideas as the media to express the feeling, thought and life experience. In this case, love poems were written by the fifth-semester students using metaphor. This study uses a qualitative method to gain a description of the metaphor analysis in students’ English love poems. In research findings, the writer found that the students use several kinds of metaphor in semantic perspective and the mystical love metaphor represented in their poems.


INTRODUCTION
iterature is the unique combination between human's intelligence and art which represented human's idea and feeling through beautiful words and expression. Moody (1971, p. 3) explained that literary work is something more than the language from which it is constructed. A literary work is not just language that reflects the experience and thoughts of its users. Literary works are a complex language that bridged the ideas, the experiences, and the feelings of the author to his readers.
Literary work is the unique artistic product contains language to reflect human's feeling, thought and the experience and thoughts. Literary works are the complex language that bridged the ideas, the experiences, and the feelings of the author to his readers. One genre of literature is poetry; it is the arrangement of selected words to gain the message of the poem itself.
Poetry is about ideas, about feeling, about places, about people, and about events. It can explore feeling and create a picture of a human's experience. Gill (1995, p. 4) stated that poems are not like ordinary speech or writing; they are specially made objects in words. It means that poetry is the choice of words and their arrangement is made to draw the reader's attention to those features of the language in order to gain the message of the poem itself.
In poetry, there is a unique element called a figurative language which contains the figure of speech. Metaphor is a kind of figurative meaning L which is an explicit comparison in which two, unlike an object, are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Figurative language is a language that uses a certain word or expression which has the meaning with a different meaning from the literal meaning. A metaphor is a figure of speech which omits the comparative term (like, as, than) and implies that one thing is another: 'All the world's a stage'. This is a metaphor because it says one thing meaning another. A simile says that x is like y, but metaphor says x is y.
Metaphor analysis has been traditionally used in the study of literature especially poetry. Lakoff and Turner in Kamberi (2013, p. 92) explained that the natural of metaphor evolves to the point of it becomes unconscious or automatic to the word it replaces. The role of metaphor in poetic texts has been a matter of interest since Plato and it is still a challenging topic in literary and linguistic theories. The conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson in Jaberi, Ho-Abdullah, & Vengadasamy (2016, p. 144) presented the ability to produce poetic metaphors as a part of man's general ability to metaphorize the world around.
According to Parera (2004), there are four types of metaphor; anthropomorphic metaphor, animal metaphor, a metaphor from concrete to abstract, and synesthetic metaphor. An anthropomorphic metaphor is a natural phenomenon. It is used to compare the similar experience with what is found in their bodies. For example, Led by the Fawkes, whose wide scarlet wing emitted a soft golden blow in the darkness, they walk all the way back to the mouth of the pipe. The next is an animal metaphor is aimed to explain reality in a nature base by using animal's elements. In the example is Aunt Petunia was house faced and bony, Dudley was blond, pink and porky. A metaphor from concrete to abstract is the metaphor that appears because of experience transfer from abstract to concrete or the opposite. For example, Darkness was falling as they walked down to lock the office. The last is Synesthetic metaphor is created by the transfer of response. For example, From behind him, Harry could hear a funny rustling and clicking.
In the concept of love can be related to metaphor concept, it correlates the love expression with the with the metaphor concept in a unique way. The combination of love concept and metaphor referred to the mystical love metaphor concept. Kovesces in Jaberi et al (2016) stated that the term 'love' is the most highly metaphorized emotion concept which it designed the tight relation toward the human's emotion. Lakoff et.al in Jaberi et al (2016, p. 146) listed the kind of love metaphor; (1). Long-term purposeful activity is a journey (e.g. Love is a journey), (2). Strong emotions are madness (e.g. Love is madness), (3) Strong emotion is blinding, (4) Love is unity of two complementary parts, (5). Loved one is possession and (6) Love is a magic.
The use of metaphor in poetry is to explain and elucidate emotions, feelings, a relationship of other elements that could not be described in ordinary language use. The poet uses metaphor to create an effective way of explaining or referring to something in a brief. Writing English poem is not an easy writing activity for Indonesian students who use English as foreign language communication.
Writing English poems in love theme is a great challenge for them. In this case, the writer wants to analyze the form of the metaphor and the semantic meaning of its metaphor in their poems. Metaphor analysis will be the instrument to improve the students' ability in understanding the form and meaning in metaphor in order to decide better learning method in teaching English poem writing.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
he data for this study were taken from the fifth-semester students' poems of English Education Study Program, Education Sciences Faculty, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta academic year of 2016-2017 which were composed using metaphor concept. The subject of research is about 24 students divided into 6 male and 18 female students who wrote about the theme of love in universal meaning. For the purpose of the present study, only active aspects metaphorical expressions in a certain theme are examined. This study uses a qualitative research method in qualitative interpretation type. There are some steps implemented in this study; 1) identifying poems in semantic perspective, 2) identifying poems in mystical love metaphor, and 3) identifying poems in order to interpret the meaning of the metaphor in the poems. Table 1. The type of metaphor in a semantic perspective

Student
The Metaphor in Love Poems

Type of Metaphor
The table above revealed that the students' poems represented semantic perspective. There are 16 poems of abstract to concrete metaphor type, 3 poems of anthropomorphic metaphor type, 3 poems of synesthetic metaphor type, and 1 poem of animal metaphor type. In conclusion, 66,7 % of students' poems revealed abstract to concrete metaphor, 12,5% of students' poem revealed anthropomorphic metaphor, 12,5% of students' poem revealed synesthetic metaphor and only 4,1% of students' poems revealed animal metaphor. The data on the table above showed that the use of mystical love metaphor in students' poem is strongly revealed. There are 24 poems that revealed 6 kinds of mystical love metaphors. In details, there are 2 poems categorized as the kind of Strong emotion is blinding, 5 poems categorized as the kind of Long-term purposeful activity is a journey, 4 poems categorized as the kind of Strong emotion is madness, 3 poems categorized as the kind of Love is possession, 6 poems categorized as the kind of Love is unity of two complementary parts and 4 poems categorized as the kind of Love is magic. In the table presented below is the percentage of the use mystical love metaphor.

LM When I trust you crazily but, I'm blinded by the sun
Someone who gave the trustee but it is betrayed by her partner. She is blinded by her own trust.

AR
The long distance is killing me so deeply Long distance relationship is too hard to protect.

NK Even this unbearable pain is victim of a thousand rusty knife
Hidden heartbreak is painful. The pain that caused by thousand rusty knife.

RA And I'm your moon
The 'I' seems so charming and attractive like the moon.

BS Mom, your heart is a wing Your heart is a blanket
The mother always supports her daughter as same as the bird flies with its wing to achieve its goal. Besides, mother always warms and protects her daughter or son.

My hope is floating
The hope is unpredictable The table above described the interpretation meaning of 24 poems that were written by the students in Love theme. These poems revealed the various comparative objects to build the metaphor. The use of metaphor in students' poems mostly expressed their experience, though, and feeling about love. The students defined love as strong emotion of love that created irrational feeling caused by love, expressive emotion, madness and magical feeling.
Love also created possession attitude to own each other. In another side, love is defined as very long journey with great experiences, struggle, sacrifice, hope, patience, euphoria, magical feeling, or even regretless. In those 24 poems, the students are successful to reveal their mystical love experience in metaphorical forms.

CONCLUSION
oem is one of very unique literary work form. As the literary work, poem is the expression of feeling, thought and life experience of the poet. In this case, the poems were written by fifth semester students in selected theme of love. Their poems are not only expressed their feeling and experience in artistic words but it also contained the elements of poetry. The poetry element of figurative language used in the poems specifically metaphor. The analysis of metaphor in their poems reveals not only semantic meaning in semantic perspective.