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Effects of wildfire ashes on aquatic invertebrates: First molecular approach on Chironomus riparius larvae.

The wildfire magnification in recent years has raised increasing concern about their adverse impacts on the environment. Wildfires are recognized as an important source of diffuse pollution for the nearby aquatic systems being potentially toxic to aquatic life. Albeit previous studies with wildfire runoff/ashes observed effects in aquatic organisms, to date, different severity origins of ashes and their impact at the sub-organismal level on aquatic biota have not been assessed. In this work, the molecular response of Chironomus riparius exposed to wildfire with low (LS) and high (HS) severity ashes from burnt Pine plantations was evaluated by employing an array of 42 genes related to crucial metabolic pathways by Real time-PCR. IV instar larvae were exposed for 72 h to aqueous extract of ashes (12.5 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) prepared from LS and HS ashes. Mn, Zn, and Pb were the metals found at highest concentration in both ash extracts, with highest concentrations for HS notable for Cd, Mn and Cr. From the 42 genes studied only 4 were not altered (20 genes modulated their response by LS and 38 genes in the case of HS). Opposite gene response was detected with downregulated by LS and upregulated by HS. The 12.5 %, 25 %, 100 %HS and 25 % LS were the main modulators, confirmed by the integrative biomarkers response (IBR). Remarkable genotoxicity was generated by ashes even activating the apoptosis response, and endocrine disruption capacity could modify the development. Moreover, detoxification and stress response were strongly activated, could limit the organism's future response to external aggressions. The employment of this novelty approach based on molecular tools act as early alarm signal preventing future damages to organisms. Overall, wildfire ashes showed to be a significant environmental disruptor to C. riparius even at lower concentration and considering the short exposure time employed.