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Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals’ experiences in the UK

Abstract In response to the COVID‐19 outbreak, the British government introduced a lockdown resulting in country wide restrictions on movement and socialisation. This research sought to explore individuals’ experience of the first lockdown in the UK. A qualitative online survey was conducted between April and June 2020. Using a convenience sample, 29 individuals participated in the study. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: ‘health and well‐being’, ‘social connectedness and belonging’, ‘employment and finances’ and ‘personal and collective values’. Participants’ experiences involved both challenges and opportunities. Participants reported challenges to their physical health, mental health, sense of connection to others as well as their employment and finances. However, they also viewed the lockdown as an opportunity to reassess their goals and values, and define a ‘new normal’ for society. Lockdown restrictions threatened individuals’ well‐being on many aspects of their lives. As anxiety, loneliness and a compromised grieving process may lead to severe mental health issues, early interventions are needed to prevent these and promote well‐being. Interventions may include traditional therapies (e.g. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), or focus specifically on developing social networks and social support (e.g. mutual help groups). These interventions may also be conducive to the experience of growth reported by some participants.

the Office of National Statistics (ONS) between 28 March and 26 April 2020 indicated that compared with the same period in 2014-2015, individuals from a low socioeconomic status (SES) spent an increased amount of time outside their home in paid employment (ONS, 2020a). This exposed them to higher risks of infection compared with people from higher SES, who could work from home. Data also suggested that although women decreased, and men increased the amount of time spent on unpaid work (e.g. caring responsibilities, housework), the gap between men and women remained substantial (ONS, 2020a). Claims of inequality have since been substantiated.
COVID-19 infection rates in England are higher among those from lower SES (ONS, 2021) and those living in the poorest 10% areas are almost four times more likely to die from COVID-19 (Suleman et al., 2021). There is also growing evidence of women bearing the brunt of the pandemic in terms of employment and domestic work (Andrew et al., 2020), with women 43% more likely to have increased their hours beyond (Murray, 2020).
Throughout the pandemic, the National Health Service's focus has been on preserving life. However, the mental health sequelae of the pandemic at both individual and collective levels are inescapable (Groarke et al., 2020). This is particularly relevant as mental health concerns have historically been the costliest burden of disease in the UK (Department of Health, 2011). Research examining the psychological impact of COVID-19 indicated that the UK population experienced varied levels of distress (Pierce et al., 2020), which may be linked to anxiety, substance misuse, sleep disorders and the disease itself (Ghebreyesus, 2020). Depression rates in the UK have more than doubled pre- COVID-19 levels, reaching 19% in November 2020and 21% in March 2021(ONS, 2021, and 13% of adults developed moderate or severe depression during the first lockdown (ONS, 2020c(ONS, 2021. Due to social distancing rules, travel restrictions and the need to self-isolate-sometimes on a recurrent basisisolation has become a primary source of distress (Cowan, 2020), with 23.8% of adults under 70 years old describing feeling lonely (ONS, 2020b), and those experiencing mental health issues facing even higher levels of isolation. Indeed, Wang et al. (2020) suggest that individuals experiencing pre-Covid mental distress are at greater risk of worsening symptoms, and those not previously unwell are at risk of developing mental ill health.
With the high COVID-19 death rate in the UK, grief is likely to be implicated in mental health challenges (Wallace et al., 2020).
Bereavement is a time when people would ordinarily reach out to others for social support; however, lockdown restrictions have meant that they are unable to do so (Burrel & Selman, 2020). Restrictions may further exacerbate distress as family and friends are unable to say goodbye to loved ones in a way that satisfies their personal, cultural or religious practices (Johns et al., 2020). As such, they disrupt the process of mourning, which has been shown to prevent grief from becoming pathological (Diolaiuti et al., 2021).
The decision to 'lockdown' the country also negatively impacted the employment market (Bell & Blanchflower, 2020) with worries about employment may lead to anxiety, depression and/or post-traumatic stress symptomology (Morris et al., 2012). As new variants of the virus regularly emerge (e.g. Delta, Omicron), the expectation is that coronavirus is here to stay (Mahase, 2021), and further lockdown/restrictions are likely despite the roll out of the vaccination programme. Indeed, at the time of writing, 56% adults in the UK remain worried about the pandemic's impact on their life and almost 40% do not expect life to return to normal for at least another year (up by 18% compared with December 2020) (ONS, 2021).
This qualitative study explores individuals' experiences of the first and most restrictive lockdown in the UK and the impact these had on their life, in terms of challenges and opportunities. It is hoped that understanding individuals' experiences will contribute to informing practice and policy aimed at supporting individuals through future waves.

| ME THOD
This study employed a qualitative approach. It is part of a larger research project which examined perceptions of lockdown policies,

What is already known on this subject?
• The COVID-19 pandemic can negatively impact on individuals' well-being.
• The lockdown restrictions have exacerbated these issues.
• As future waves of infection and related restrictions are likely, interventions are needed.

What does this study add?
• The lockdown presented challenges related to health, connectedness, employment and societal impact.
• It also brought opportunities to reassess personal values and define a new normal for society.
• Early interventions targeting social support may alleviate distress and promote positive outcomes. mental and physical well-being, resilience and the coping strategies employed during lockdown. The larger research project comprised an online quantitative survey and an online qualitative study, which is the focus of this article.
Participants were recruited through researchers' personal and professional networks, and social media such as LinkedIn and Facebook. To be included in this study, participants had to be over 18 years and live in the UK. Altogether, 213 participants completed the quantitative online survey, with 136 indicating being willing to take part in the online qualitative survey. Of those, 29 completed it (response rate 21.32%). Participants' demographic profile is displayed in Table 1.
Data were collected online using the Qualtrics software.
Individuals were directed to the Qualtrics website (www.qualt rics. com) where they were given information about the survey, and asked questions to elicit their consent to participate. The survey comprised demographic questions and measures of well-being, coping and resilience. On completing the survey, participants were asked if they would be willing to participate in the qualitative study, the focus of this paper. and 'To what extent do you feel connected to others?' A pilot study estimated the study completion at 20-30 min. Data were exported to Microsoft Word for analysis. Responses from participants were connected to their answers to demographic questions. Participants' responses varied in length from one-word answers to paragraphs comprising several sentences, with most responses providing rich enough data to convey participants' experience.

Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics
Committee of the University of West London. In accordance with the British Psychological Society (BPS) guidelines on Internet research (BPS, 2017), participants were informed they could skip questions and withdraw from the study at any time. They were also informed that data would be anonymised, kept confidential and stored in line with the Data Protection legislation. Participants were given pseudonyms to ensure confidentiality. Given the potential for distress, a list of support organisations was supplied at completion of the study.
An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns in the data (Braun & Clarke, 2006). This approach has been used successfully with data collected online (Malik & Coulson, 2008). Braun and Clarke (2006) guidelines were closely followed. The analytical process is displayed in Table 2. Author 1 familiarised herself with the data, coded the data and created an initial coding framework. This was discussed with Author 2, and themes were further refined to ensure congruence with the analytic 'story'. Authors 2, 3 and 5 also coded a subsample of the data independently. Disconfirming cases were also given voice to ensure rigour and breadth. The coding framework was reviewed by the whole research team, with amendments agreed through discussion.

| FINDING S
Four themes were identified that illustrate that participants encountered both challenges and opportunities: 'health and wellbeing', 'social connectedness and belonging', 'employment and finances' and 'personal and collective values'. Figure 1 provides an illustration of the themes and subthemes identified in the data.

| Health and well-being
Both physical and psychological health and well-being featured prominently in participants' narratives.

| Physical health and well-being
It is acknowledged that COVID-19 can have extensive negative effects on the human body; however, participants mentioned additional physical health challenges relating to the lockdown, including the ability to exercise. Although the public could leave home to undertake daily exercise, many participants felt this allowance was inadequate. This was partly because the restrictions did not allow them to engage in the type of exercise that suited It was also evident that with juggling work, family, household responsibilities and home-schooling commitments, finding time to exercise at all was also a challenge: "I can't fit a run/walk in without extending the day further, but the lack of sleep would undo anything gained from the exercise!" (Liz).
Nonetheless, some participants identified new exercising opportunities including attending "exercise classes on zoom" (Faith) which meant that they felt "fitter as can exercise more" (Robert).
Participants also identified the absence of a vaccine for COVID-19 as an important challenge and did not see an end to the pandemic without a suitable vaccine: "At the moment there are still many uncertainties about the reality of the virus we are dealing with, such as whether a reliable vaccine is possible within the next year or so." There were concerns about the "increasing death toll" (Annabel).
However, not everyone thought that the vaccine was the solution, but rather that the new normal might involve learning "to understand HOW TO LIVE as a community WITH the disease among us" (Tony).

| Mental health and well-being
Concerns about mental health were common among participants, with many reporting a range of mental health difficulties. Some indicated that the lockdown made them "stressed at times" (Abdul) or "really anxious" (Donatella), whilst others pointed to more severe experiences: "I feel like my insides are constantly shaking" (Charlene).
There was also evidence that participants were experiencing symptoms that could be linked to depression: "the lockdown is pretty awful … I now find it hard to concentrate, and constantly feel tired and anxious" (Anna).
Participants' anxiety levels seemed to be impacted by the extent to which they felt in control of their lives: "I feel out of control of something all of the time and I like to have control" (Liz). In an attempt to regain control, some engaged in compensatory behaviours including shifting their focus onto areas they could mas- 1. Familiarising yourself with the data Transcribing data, reading and re-reading the data, noting down initial ideas.

Generating initial codes
Coding the data across the data set, gathering data for each code

Searching for themes
Grouping codes into potential themes, gathering data for each theme.

Reviewing themes
Checking that the themes work in relation to the codes (Level 1) and the entire dataset (Level 2), generating a thematic "map" of the analysis.

Defining and naming themes:
Ongoing analysis to refine each theme, and the themes narrative; defining and labelling the themes 6. Producing the report Final opportunity for analysis. Selection and final analysis of extracts, relating the analysis to the research question, report writing Note: Adapted from Braun and Clarke (2006).

F I G U R E 1 Themes and subthemes relating to the experiences of the lockdown
Psychosocial impact of lockdown Theme 1.

Health and Wellbeing
Physical Health and Wellbeing

Mental Health and Wellbeing
Theme 2.

Social connectedness and belonging
IsolaƟon ConnecƟng to others Theme 3.

Employment and finance
Job uncertainty and demands Work-life balance challenges Theme 4.

Reassessing personal values
Acknowledging the pandemic's long-term impact society with multiple losses, including the loss of social support from family and friends. Faith disclosed that having been "widowed 3 weeks before lockdown" she was "living alone", was "depressed and lonely" and had not "been able to get over or deal with that situation." Hazel also reported struggling with not seeing "family and friends". She In addition to physical and mental health challenges, participants also expressed concerns about their ability to maintain connections with others.

| Isolation
Isolation related to participants' physical confinement, estrangement from loved ones and the psychological distress created by a lack of emotional connection. Several participants reported struggling with "loneliness" (Alan), feeling "isolated" (Melanie) or "miss [ing] human contact" (Beverley), particularly those who were single.
Latoya, an unemployed single mother, identified loneliness as the most difficult aspect of the lockdown. Whilst being single could result in feeling lonely, 'having people around' or being in a relationship did not necessarily preclude the lack of intimacy or connectedness to others: "Sometimes I feel very lonely, despite never being alone" (Liz).
Participants wanted quality connections, which they felt being confined to their homes prevented. Hence participants sought out a myriad of technological ways to connect with others. Participants also made connections with new people, some would talk to "neighbours and anyone they meet when out" (Emily). For Helen "getting to know neighbours and building a local sense of community" had been a positive experience, and like many other participants she hoped to keep these connections once the lockdown lifted.

| Connecting to others
Without the distractions from the outside world, many participants were also able to dedicate more time to their family, which resulted in them feeling more connected to others, including their children: " through this pandemic, I feel more connected with my daugh- ter" (Beverley), and reporting more "meaningful interactions" (Anna).
Joy indicated that she felt that the lockdown presented her family with a unique opportunity to spend "fun" time together: For me it's been so far and continues to be a blessed time. Mine and my family's health is great; we all have food; we work remotely so we continue to get paid.
We have a gazillion ideas for fun to try and we now have time to go through them all.
Liz also recognised that the lockdown has benefited her family, a positive change she hoped to retain after the lockdown: "it has been great to spend this time together and I hope when work returns, school returns, etc. we can continue to spend quality time together." Although the lockdown presented participants with the opportunity to spend more (quality) time, together, for many, employment and financial matters were a major source of concern.

| Employment and finance
Participants saw lockdown as a significant 'financial' setback. Several participants were met with financial uncertainty, job insecurity and/or changes in their employment which impacted on their work-life balance.

| Job uncertainty and demands
Whilst some were able to access the Government job security schemes, participants were concerned about the impact of the lockdown on employment: "I am also concerned about the economic impli-

cations of the lockdown as my husband works for a global business which
is suffering in the current economic climate" (Hazel). Concerns about job security were widespread: "At the moment I do not know. I do not know if I will still have my job" (Donatella) as were those relating to their ability to cover their expenses: "trying to work to make sure there is enough for the rent." (Charlene).
In the study, participants who self-identified as keyworkers tended to be in the lower economic brackets. They often found themselves overwhelmed with work due to a 'sudden' increase in their workload, and an expectation that workers would work longer hours to meet the growing demands of the job: It's all quite stressful. Mostly because for me, this has meant going from working 3 days (24 hours) a week to working 5 days (and 50 hours) per week. As I work at a warehouse in food import and distribution, we have more work than we can handle and not enough people to do it. (John) Keyworkers were also at increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and some expressed concerns about having access to personal protective equipment. John also disclosed that what worried him most was "travelling to work every day".

| Work-life balance challenges
Maintaining a work-life balance was another challenge identified by participants, and not only by those going out to work. Some women working from home with childcare commitments found the lockdown particularly difficult, and reported feeling that they had fallen short of both their work and family commitments: Beyond the challenges reported by participants regarding their health, their connections to others, their employment and finance, the lockdown also presented them with a unique opportunity to reassess and reflect on personal and collective values.

| Reassessing personal values
Being confined to homes with limited novel activity created the

| Acknowledging the pandemic's long-term impact on society
Participants felt that the pandemic and the lockdown would have a longstanding psychological effect upon society, which would "be incredibly hard to measure" (Gina).
I am afraid the society will live with several ghosts … I am worried that people will remain fearful long after More generally, participants felt that the country was unprepared for the scale of the pandemic and that the government needed to have systems in place to minimise the impact of future disasters.
Abdul felt that the government needed to "create emergency funds" in preparation for future calamities. However, Tony indicated that he hoped that lessons would be learnt: "society will have a better understanding of what a disease is and how we should prevent it with very little things engrained in our behaviour (e.g. washing our hands)." Alongside acknowledging the negative impact the lockdown and the pandemic may have on themselves and society as a whole, participants also expressed hope and optimism.

| Defining a new society
Participants saw the lockdown and the pandemic as unique oppor- This gives me hope that people will be more willing to stand up for others in the future, pushing for more protection from the government for the poorest and most disadvantaged in our society. (Laura) Many also saw the lockdown as a welcome reprieve for nature, with the environment benefitting from the reduced mobility and human confinement. Dayo thought it was important for society to come together to prioritise people and the environment over the economy: One of the 'benefits' of COVID-19 has been the effect of shutdown on air quality in major cities around the world. I hope we can collectively come together and find ways to prioritise humanity and the environment over monetary returns (…) I live in hope.

| DISCUSS ION
This study aimed to explore individuals' experiences of the first lockdown in the UK. The findings indicate that the lockdown presented some challenges and opportunities. Participants reported challenges to their physical health, mental health, sense of connection to others, as well as their employment and finances. Some of these findings support the current literature on the pandemic, particularly in relation to anxiety, loneliness and the experience of bereavement.
Anxiety was commonly reported in this study. As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio-economic concerns. Participants also specifically reported struggling with maintaining a routine, balancing work and home responsibilities as well as having financial and employment security concerns. Participants' uncertainty about their ability to meet their financial commitments was also highlighted within the ONS surveys (ONS, 2020). Although being part of the furlough scheme appeared to alleviate anxiety for some participants, that experience was not uniform as long-term prospects remained uncertain. Importantly, many of those employed during the lockdown reported feeling overworked and appeared to be at risk of burnout. Without the customary division between home and work life, some individuals struggled to separate professional and personal identities and commitments, which negatively impacted on their well-being (Kossek, 2016;Wepfer et al., 2018). Women, in particular, expressed difficulties in managing work, home-schooling and childcare commitments. This is supported by national data showing that women were more to bear the increase of workload in terms of employment and domestic work during the pandemic (Andrew et al., 2020;Murray, 2020) Loneliness was another challenge reported by participants, an issue also identified by the ONS as a significant risk to mental wellbeing (ONS, 2020c). Indeed, loneliness has been shown to correlate with negative health outcomes including increased morbidity and mortality . In line with the literature, the experience of loneliness among participants was not premised upon physical isolation (Matthews et al., 2016), but rather upon the assessment that interrelationships were not satisfying intimacy needs .
Some participants experienced bereavement during the lockdown and identified it as a significant stressor. They were often distressed due to the social distancing rules which meant that they were unable to be with their family and friends to give or receive the social support they needed. Furthermore, they were unable to adhere to usual bereavement rituals (Unützer et al., 2020). This is particularly important as the inability to hold a funeral, and thus honour the deceased, has been shown to increase the risk of complicated grief (Burrell & Selman, 2020). Furthermore, participants expressed concerns about the long-term impact of the lockdown restrictions, and the pandemic more generally, on society in terms of disrupted education for the young, negative socio-economic consequences and the legacy on human interactions (e.g. avoiding others).
However, the lockdown also provided participants with some opportunities, an area seldom addressed in the current literature.
Whilst many found the experience challenging, some appeared to enjoy it and somewhat thrive under the circumstances. One factor for this improved well-being related to being 'a master of their own time', which enabled some individuals to have a better work life balance. Participants welcomed this (new) sense of agency and the freedom it offered them. For some, this translated into an opportunity to become physically fitter. Being at home also meant that participants could spend quality time with family; this was often accompanied by a sense that this was 'time they would not get back'. The lockdown also provided opportunities to deepen existing relationships (albeit remotely) and/or create new ones.
Importantly, being in 'lockdown' provided participants with the time, space and impetus to reassess the assumptions they held about their lives and priorities. Many asserted developing new perspectives which they indicated would change the way they would live in future, and a renewed appreciation for family and friends. Some participants also questioned their vocation, expressing a desire to engage in more meaningful work. These findings are consistent with the literature on posttraumatic growth, which proposes that some individuals undergo positive transformation in self-perception, relationships and life philosophy through their attempt to adjust to difficult events (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004 (Grieve et al., 2013) and its value has been particularly acknowledged during the recent pandemic (Wiederhold, 2020) and traditional self-help groups successfully moving online (e.g. Milani, Keller, & Roush, 2021). Mutual aid groups have also played an important role, with many groups created during the pandemic (Covid-19 Mutual Aid UK, 2020). Social prescribing could also play a significant role in this process by signposting individuals to appropriate community interventions. In fact, a recent study showed that greater social connectedness during lockdown was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, lower COVID-19 related worries and feeling less fatigued, demonstrating that social connections play an important role in promoting resilience by buffering against negative physical and mental health outcomes (Nitschke, et al., 2021).
The shift to online delivery of many services observed during the lockdown could lead to support being more readily available, to a wider audience and in a more timely manner. It may also ensure sustainability of service provision in the long term (Aknin et al., 2021). In terms of implications for policy, the study findings underline the complexity for governments in making public health decisions. Although lockdowns have been shown to save lives, both their individual and collective cost is not yet understood. Beyond the economic costs, lockdowns have also been shown to have adverse corollaries in terms of non-Covid health outcomes, disruption to education and increase in domestic violence (Haug et al., 2020). It is therefore important that governments proceed with caution when deciding on the measures to combat COVID-19.
The study has a number of limitations. Relying on a convenience sample derived from researchers' personal and professional networks, resulted in a strong bias towards white, well-educated females participants. Therefore, the experiences reported in this study may not be reflective of the larger, more diverse, British population.
Additionally, the online survey format denied the participants and researchers the opportunity to clarify any particular experiences.
However, this also ensured that the feedback participants provided accurately reflected their preoccupations. The study also provides valuable insights into the early experiences of lockdown (and most restrictive lockdown). It adds to a growing body of knowledge demonstrating the negative impact of lockdowns and the wider pandemic on individuals' mental health. It also provides evidence of positive lockdown experiences, which to our knowledge, are seldom discussed. Further research is needed to ascertain how experiences evolved over time and whether any of the positive outcomes reported here were sustained through subsequent lockdowns.

| CON CLUS ION
This study explored individuals' experiences of the first national lockdown in the UK. Participants reported challenges centred around their physical and mental health, employment and finances and as well as their connection to others. However, they also viewed the first lockdown as an opportunity to reset priorities at both an individual and collective level. In the context of new variants emerging, travel restrictions back on the agenda and caution urged with regards to socialising, developing early interventions to prevent mental health issues and build resilience is paramount. Interventions that focus on building social networks, increasing social support and reframing experiences would be beneficial and make future lockdowns/restrictions less psychologically challenging. They may also be more conducive to experience of positive growth and promote well-being more generally.

ACK N OWLED G EM ENTS
The authors would like to thank all the participants who took part in this study.

CO N FLI C T O F I NTE R E S T
The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

AUTH O R S CO NTR I B UTI O N
Cheryl Taylor led the data analysis and drafted the initial manuscript.
Caroline Lafarge led the research design and data collection and contributed to the analysis and drafting of the manuscript. Raffaella Milani contributed to the research design, data collection and analysis and the drafting of the manuscript. Sharon Cahill contributed to the research design, data collection and analysis and the drafting of the manuscript. Anke Görzig contributed to the research design, data collection and analysis and the drafting of the manuscript.

DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.