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Bare Ruined Choirs. The Dissolution of the English Monasteries. By David Knowles. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976. 329 pp. $16.95.

treatment is largely from the legal and institutional point of view and pays little attention to the crusade as a movement of piety. Indeed, the legal mentality dominates the book's approach. Two traditions are discerned in the just war theories of the middle ages: the canonical and the theological. Three chapters are devoted to each, and there is also a brief chapter on the views of the secular Romanist lawyers. The book is at its strongest and most detailed in the treatment of the canonists, this pride of place being justified by the fact that the canon lawyers were more positive, more practical and more prolix on the question of war than were the theologians. Russell has worked from a wide variety of published and unpublished materials. His dense analysis of the twelfth and thirteenth century canonists is accomplished with a thoroughness that can only be described as admirable. Especially impressive is the treatment of Gratian whose theory of the just war now takes its rightful place as the most influential of the medieval period.