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Chapter 4: Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with CKD

 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are mainstays of heart failure therapy and were prescribed to 59.9% of CKD patients with HF, compared to 61.2% of non-CKD patients with HF. Although direct oral anticoagulants have been less studied among patients with CKD, these drugs were prescribed to 30.9% of patients with AF and CKD, as compared with 33.2% of patients with AF and no CKD (Table 4.4).