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Micronutrients and Their Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Function, Assessment, Supplementation, and Impact on Clinical Outcomes Including Muscle Health.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to rise worldwide, and patients with IBD are at increased risk for malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The etiology of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in IBD is multifactorial and includes reduced oral intake, increased intestinal loss, malabsorption, increased nutritional needs in the setting of a hyper catabolic state, medication effects, and altered anatomy after luminal surgery. In patients with IBD, malnutrition has been associated with poor clinical outcomes, including poor response to biologic therapy, higher rates of hospitalization, increased postoperative complications, and reduced quality of life. While vitamin D, vitamin B12, and iron deficiencies have been well described in the literature, deficiencies in other vitamins and minerals are also common in IBD and can have a significant impact on clinical symptoms and outcomes. Therefore, this review will highlight the importance of these less well studied micronutrients, provide guidelines on assessment and supplementation, and discuss novel testing and treatment strategies.