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The Functional Reorganization of the Metropolis

In recent years, many major central cities in metropolitan areas have declined as sites for employment and residential ctivities. Kaufman and Schnore (1975) report, for instance, that most central cities in the United States failed to gain residential population during the 1960s, once changes in central city and suburban boundaries had been controlled. Guest and Cluett (1974: 501) reported that he absolute value of Central Business District retail sales in metropolitan areas typically declined in the post-World War II period. And the popular press is filled with reference to housing and business abandonment in the central city. At the same time, suburban rings have generally been growing rapidly in all types of activities. Two major perspectives have emerged to explain these changes. Drawing its inspiration from traditional views of urban ecological structure, one perspective attributes some central city troubles to old age or a distant period of development. The other perspective challenges this view, arguing that central city problems are a unique consequence of changes in the technological and social organization of urban society. In this paper, we evaluate the utility of these "aging"