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Parasitic transport paths in two-well scattering-assisted terahertz quantum cascade lasers

Using nonequilibrium Green’s functions, possible parasitic paths are identified in two-well scattering-assisted terahertz quantum cascade lasers operating at 3.5 THz. The majority of electrons in the upper laser state can escape through these paths, causing a 66% loss of population inversion at 50 K. Three types of paths are clarified: one is responsible for non-selective injection via LO-phonon scattering, the other two lead to leakages via high-lying states to downstream periods by sequential tunneling. Finally, several ways of suppressing these paths are suggested by having small oscillator strength (<0.3), or employing asymmetric structure.