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Circadian variation in urinary adrenaline levels in the rat after swimming exposure.

It has been reported that stress induces an increase in catecholamine release from sympathetic nerve endings and the adrenal medulla, resulting in enhanced levels of catecholamines in plasma and urine. Our previous study'' demonstrated that plasma levels and urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the rat are markedly increased by exposure to swimming for 3.5 hours. The study also indicated that 24-hour urine adrenaline levels remain elevated for at least 2 days after swimming. This finding suggests that the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system of the rat is still activated several days after swimming exposure and that recovery from swimming stress takes more than 2 days. The aim of the present study was to investigate more precisely changes in catecholamine excretion in a