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Trust after violations: Are collectivists more or less forgiving?

Trust violations occur during social interactions, yet little research has studied trust in the aftermath of violations. In this study, we examine how trustors respond to trust violations differently, depending on their levels of collectivism and whether the violation is from an ingroup or outgroup member. We argue that although highly collectivistic individuals are forgiving after minor ingroup trust violations, when ingroup violations are severe, they will react negatively – lose trust easily and restore trust with much difficulty – effectively treating the ingroup member as an outgroup member. Individuals who are low on collectivism, by contrast, do not differentiate the severity of violations from ingroup and outgroup members. Two studies, one online attitudinal study using scenarios and one laboratory experiment using an iterated trust game, were conducted to test this hypothesis. Study 1 illustrated these effects, mediated by trustor anger. Study 2 replicated these findings with actual behaviour in a trust game and further showed that trustor's group identification exacerbated these effects.