{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014319809069212411, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0007955449482895784, 'mean_word_length': 4.824074074074074, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Local Loop Unbundling in Europe

Introduction Unbundling in Europe is still in the early stages and is often seen as a purely economical and legal matter, but it has a large impact on both the deployment rules and the engineering of broadband systems. The focus of the unbundling process in Europe is turning toward broadband access. Here, xDSL services over the unbundled local loop is a central theme [1]. With broadband transmission over the local loop, principal technical difficulties appear. The local loop becomes a shared media where the signal on one loop appears as additive noise on neighbouring loops through crosstalk. The available capacity over any given loop becomes limited by crosstalk from other loops as soon as a critical number of broadband systems are present in the same cable binder or bundle. Thus, with more than one telecommunication operator deploying broadband systems in the same bundle, their systems will limit each other’s capacity in terms of available bit rate and quality of service. This is the foremost difficulty inherent in the unbundling of the local loop. In this paper we discuss this limiting crosstalk from a systems and unbundling point of view. We also survey the progress of the unbundling process in Europe.