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Human ribonuclease Dicer – structure and functions

Endoribonuclease III Dicer plays a crucial role in the biogenesis of small regulatory RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small inter­fering RNAs (siRNAs). However, this is not the only role that Dicer plays in cells. For example, it has been shown that Dicer is involved in processing of diverse classes of RNA, including tRNA and snoRNA, cleavage of repeat-element-derived RNAs, and maintenance of genome integrity. Dicer has also been found to participate in the chromosome fragmentation during apoptosis or in the inflammatory processes. More­over, a recent discovery of Dicer-binding passive sites in mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, and its putative nucleic acid chaperone activity, has pointed out a novel regulatory role of the enzyme. Here we focus on human Dicer and review its structure and function including recent findings on miRNA-independent roles and their impact on cell biology.