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Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Phenological, Agronomic and Morphological Traits of Cumin and Ajwain Populations in Iran

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) and Cuminum cyminum area herbaceous herbs belong to the family of Apiaceae and vastly grows in Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Turkey as well as European region. In medical and pharmaceutical manuscript of medieval Persia, seeds of Ajwain and Cumin were highly administered by traditional healers and were traditionally employed for different ailments. The herb seeds were also evaluated for their essential oil percentage. They are widely used in foods, beverages, perfume, and pharmaceutical industries. This research was carried out at Research Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Khorasan Razavi, Iran during 2012-2013 crop years. In this experiment, genotypes of Ajwain (27) and   Cumin (24) from different parts of the country were collected by the Natural Resources Genes Bank of Iran. This study aims to evaluate the morphological and phenological traits and also to measure essential oil percentage, yield and yield components of herbs for achieving superior germplasms. It was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seed samples were first cultivated in the greenhouse and then transferred to the field and cultivated in drip irrigation conditions. Studies showed there was a difference among investigated ecotypes of Ajwain and Cumin for following characters including plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, number of umbellate in umbels, biological yield, single plant yield, and for number of secondary branches and oil content at 5% probability level.  In Ajwain genotypes, the highest direct positive effect (39%) on the essential oil yield was observed for the total plant weight, which had a positive and high correlation (53%) with day to maturing stage. The number of branches and number of umbels per plant had the most direct effect on grain yield and essential oil , and therefore were identified as a suitable criterion for determining the production ability of cumin genotypes.  As plant biomass has the highest positive direct effect on the yield of essential oil of genotypes, the selection of these traits should be considered with greater attention and emphasis in breeding programs.