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Regional Changes in Shell Thickness, Shell Conductance, and Pore Structure during Incubation in Eggs of the Mute Swan

Shell thickness, water vapor conductance, pore density, and pore structure were examined in three regions (blunt pole, equator, sharp pole) of both unincubated and hatched mute swan eggs. There was a trend for shell thickness to increase from the blunt pole to the sharp pole in unincubated eggs. During incubation, shell in the equatorial and sharp pole regions was eroded so that shell thickness in all regions was similar in hatched eggs. Pore density and water-vapor conductance of unincubated eggs were significantly smaller in the equatorial region, compared with that in either the blunt or sharp pole regions, but increased during incubation. Pore structure of unincubated eggs was similar in all three regions. The removal of the mammillary knobs from the equatorial and sharp pole regions during incubation caused the shell to thin but had a negligible effect on pore structure. Therefore, the increase in water-vapor conductance in the equatorial region during incubation was directly related to the increase in pore density that occurred in this region.