{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.053833605220228384, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02936378466557912, 'mean_word_length': 4.73208722741433, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
[Subjective daytime sleepiness in community-dwelling elderly in Japan].

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of subjective daytime sleepiness among the community-dwelling elderly population in Japan using the Japanese version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (JESS) and to investigate the correlates of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS).


METHODS
Subjects aged 65 years or older, born between April and September, living independently, who resided in 1 district of Tokyo, Japan, were recruited. A total of 3195 subjects meeting the inclusion criteria were mailed a questionnaire that inquired about the JESS, socio-demographic factors, and health-related factors. Of the 2034 elderly individuals who responded to the survey (response rate, 63.7%), 1494 subjects (652 men, 842 women) who completely answered the questionnaire were included in the study (valid response rate, 46.8%).


RESULTS
The mean (+/- standard deviation) JESS score was 5.0 +/- 3.8 (men 5.6 +/- 4.1, women 4.4 +/- 3.4, P <0.01). The prevalence of EDS (a cut-off score>10) was 8.8% (men 12.7%, women 5.7%, P< 0.01). The male gender, being employed, having poor mental health and well-being, having lowered activity of daily living (ADL), or having subjective memory impairment were significantly associated with EDS. In the gender-specific models, low social network and subjective memory impairment in men, whereas obesity and lowered ADL in women, were significantly associated with EDS.


CONCLUSION
EDS was more frequently observed in men than in women among the community-dwelling elderly population in Japan. A substantial gender difference was found in correlates of EDS. This finding is useful in the clinical management of patients who complain of daytime sleepiness; moreover, it is useful for the management of public health.