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Cathodoluminescence Phase Extraction of the Coupling between Nanoparticles and Surface Plasmons Polaritons.

Nanoscale gaps between metals can strongly confine electromagnetic fields that enable efficient electromagnetic energy conversion and coupling to nanophotonic structures. In particular, the gap formed by depositing a metallic particle on a metallic substrate produces coupling of localized particle plasmons to propagating surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Understanding and controlling the phase of such coupling is essential for the design of devices relying on nanoparticles coupled through SPPs. Here, we demonstrate experimental visualization of the phase associated with the plasmonic field of metallic particle-surface composites through nanoscopically and spectroscopically resolved cathodoluminescence using a scanning transmission electron microscope. Specifically, we study the interference between the substrate transition radiation and the field, resulting from out-coupling of SPP excitation and giving rise to angle-, polarization-, and energy-dependent photon emission fringe patterns from which we extract phase information. Our methods should readily be applicable to more complex nanostructures, thus providing direct experimental insight into nanoplasmonic near-fields with potential applications in improving plasmon-based devices.