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High‐Voltage Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc‐Based Batteries: Latest Progress and Future Perspectives

The increasing requirement for green energy storage in largescale energy storage, electronic vehicles, consumer electronics, and other applications has promoted the exploration of stateof-the-art energy storage technologies. Electrochemical storage system devices (ESDs) have emerged as one of the most attractive options for storing renewable energy, such as tidal, wind, and solar power. Recently, extensive attention have been paid to aqueous batteries due to the merits of high power density, safe operation, and inexpensive nature. Among recently reported aqueous batteries, rechargeable aqueous zinc-based batteries (AZBs) have attracted great interest due to the following advantages of metallic zinc: 1) the high theoretical capacity ( 820mA h g ) and theoretical volume capacity (5854mA h cm ); 2) the suitable standard redox potential of Zn/Zn2þ ( 0.76 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) and being chemically stable in air; 3) the relatively lower polarizability compared with other metals (e.g., Mg and Al); and 4) the high natural abundance. Moreover, the electrolytes used in AZBs are usually cheap, such as ZnCl2 and ZnSO4. [7] In addition, compared with organic electrolytes, the ion conductivity of aqueous ones is substantially higher (about two orders of magnitude emhancement). All these excellent characteristics enable AZBs to function as a desirable option for largescale energy storage. Yet, the main obstacle hindering the practical application of AZBs is the energy density. Equation (1) shows the relationship between energy density and output voltage as well as discharge capacity.