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The Conjunctive Expressions and Their Types in Arabic News Discourse: A Case Study on Indonesia Al-Youm Arabic News Website

The purpose of this research is (1) to reveal the use of conjunctive expressions in Arabic news discourse by taking sample on Indonesia al-Youm Arabic news website and (2) to reveal their types on that discourse. As for what is meant by conjunctive expression in this paper is linguistic or grammatical units used to combine words with words, phrases with phrase, clauses with clauses, sentences with sentences, or paragraphs with paragraphs. Thus, the conjunctive expression has the main function as a determinant of a discourse coherence and cohesiveness since it is linking the ideas between sentences or paragraphs. The result of the research showed that conjunctions in the Arabic news discourse, especially in Indonesia al-Youm Arabic news website, were expressed in several grammatical units such as words and phrases. The words capable of delivering the conjunctive expression are the particles of conjunction itself and some particular adverbs. The phrases capable of delivering the conjunctive expression are prepositional and adverbial phrases. Furthermore, the conjunctive expressions found in this Arabic news discourse are divided into four types, they are additive (idhāfī ), adversative (idhrābī ), causal (sababī ), and temporal (zamanī ).


Introduction
Indonesia al-Youm (abbreviated as IY) is a news website in Arabic that has been launched since April 2014. The name is taken from Arabic, which means Indonesia Isolec an event in the community and is presented with a certain formula. The language used in the news is included in the category of transactional language that has characteristics and is more oriented towards delivering a message effectively (Badara, 2013:26).
To be able to convey the message effectively, the important thing that needs to be considered carefully is about arranging sentences and paragraphs as a whole discourse.
This arrangement of sentences and paragraphs is related to one of the most important language functions, namely the textual function of language, because this function allows us to organize what we say or write into a coherent and cohesive piece of text (Morley, 2000:7;Halliday, 2014:30). Morley (2000:14) emphasizes that through the textual function the speaker is able, firstly, to give a thematic structure to the elements of the clause content, thereby highlighting one or other element in first position and giving it thematic prominence. Secondly, the speaker is able to organise the clause content in terms of information units. Thirdly, the speaker is able to use pro forma expressions to refer to one or more elements previously mentioned in the discourse without having to repeat their information content in full. Fourthly, through ellipsis, the speaker can omit entirely repeated mention of those elements which he/she considers to be recoverable from an earlier part of the discourse. Lastly, through the resources of conjunction the speaker can insert words and phrases to mark different types of cohesive relationships between clauses and sentences (Morley, 2000:14-17).
This paper discusses the conjunctive expressions and their types in Arabic news discourse, especially in Indonesia Al-Youm Arabic news website. The main purpose of this research is to reveal and map the conjunctive expressions in Arabic news discourse. Indeed, there are some notions in Arabic grammar itself that discuss about the conjunction. However, the Arabic news discourse as part of the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) have some expressions that are found (other than those already discussed in traditional Arabic grammar) which also can be functioned as conjunctive expressions.
Thus, there needs to be a further and deeper study about the conjunctive expression in Arabic news discourse.
The previous researches related to the conjunction in Arabic have been done by Alazzawie (2014) in his article "The Discourse Wa in Standard Arabic; A Syntactic and Semantic Analysis", Hussein (2008) in his article "Discourse Marker "But" in English and Standard Arabic; One Procedure and Different Implementations", and many more.
However, these studies are highlighting the conjunction as the discourse marker in Arabic rather than specifically discussing its expressions and types. Isolec In order to spell out the conjunction devices found in the Arabic news website, this research is, mainly, using the work of Halliday and Hasan's Cohesion in English (1976) related to the discussion of types of conjunction. In addition, this research is also considering the traditional Arabic grammar notions related to the conjunctive expression (particles of conjunction) which known as term "Athaf " or Churuf al-'Athaf (Haywood & Nahmad, 1962:436; Abdul-Ghani, 2011:363). The conjunction is somewhat different from the other cohesive relation (reference, substitution, and ellipsis) (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:226). According to Kridalaksana (2002:130), a conjunction is a particle used to combine words with words, phrase with phrase, a clause with clause, a sentence with sentence, and paragraph with paragraph. A conjunction is considered to be one of the most important cohesive devices, since it is linking ideas between sentences and paragraphs. Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly by virtue of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the preceding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:226).

Research Method
This research is a qualitative one, and it is using the descriptive method in delivering the result of the analysis because it is only focused on the circumstance of conjunctive expression appearance and its type in Arabic news discourse, not in quantity or amount of both elements. Qualitative research is an attribute of social action that stresses on the way people analyze and make sense of their experiences to understand the social reality of individuals (Mohajan, 2018:2). The purpose of qualitative research is to describe and interpret issues or phenomena systematically from the point of view of the individual or population being studied and to generate new concepts and theories (Mohajan, 2018:2).
The source of data in this research is Indonesia al-Youm Arabic news website. In this case, the research uses purposive sampling and limits his study to a certain period ( June 2019) due to the data adequacy. In the process of collecting data, the combination of uninvolved conversation observation (Simak Bebas Libat Cakap) and note-taking techniques are used. This method is carried out by observing the use of language without being directly involved in the formation and appearance of prospective data formed from linguistic events that were examined, while the note-taking technique is done by taking notes the data on the data card which is followed by classification immediately (Sudaryanto, 1988:2-5). Isolec In the analysis stage, distributional and identity methods of analysis are used. The distributional method is used because some of the determinants of data analysis in this study are basically become the parts or elements of the research object itself, while the identity method is used because some of the determinants of data analysis are outside or not being a part of the concerned language (Sudaryanto, 2015:15&19). In this case, English is used as a reference and comparison to determine the conjunction types in Arabic.

Findings and Discussion
There are several conjunctive expressions in Indonesia al-Youm Arabic news website.  (  This paragraph uses the adverbial phrase "bainamā" which is compounded by word "bainā" and "mā" as the conjunctive device between the two sentences above. In  This research is a preliminary one. It means that this research can be developed by expanding the sources of the data and exploring a stronger and sharper analysis. It is not something impossible that if the collected data here is much larger and more various it can be recorded or printed into a pocket dictionary that is useful and applicable for students or anyone to make it easier for them to make an essay in Arabic.