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Fleeing the West, Making Asia Home: Transpositions of Otherness in Japanese Pan-Asianism, 1905–1930

China, Japan owes much of its cultural heritage to the rich and respected tradition of China. In the modern era, however, when the superiority of Western civilization was powerfully demonstrated by its military might, Japan turned away from China and looked instead to the West as a model for "progress." Japan became the first Asian nation to modernize, and one of a handful among the non-Western nations to successfully escape the colonial control of the West. However, this turning away from Asia to the West contributed to the developing ambiguity of Japanese national identity, an ambiguity that has haunted Japan throughout its modern history. Modernization for the Japanese was much more than the mere adaptation of Western institutions and technologies; it involved the voluntary participation in an alien game played by "the logic of civilization," in which the Japanese adopted the struggle to overcome their inferiority in the hope of sustaining the political and cultural autonomy of their nation. Once the Japanese were convinced that modernization did not lead to this goal, their images of themselves and their past went through a revision; their past became not something to be overcome but rather a source of inspiration. This romantic yearning for a "lost" cultural tradition became manifest in the discursive trend of "re-