{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02833459746451403, 'fraction_numerical': 0.014763246288872035, 'mean_word_length': 4.771888680425266, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Analysis of the temperature- and fluence-dependent magnetic stress in laser-excited SrRuO3

We use ultrafast x-ray diffraction to investigate the effect of expansive phononic and contractive magnetic stress driving the picosecond strain response of a metallic perovskite SrRuO3 thin film upon femtosecond laser excitation. We exemplify how the anisotropic bulk equilibrium thermal expansion can be used to predict the response of the thin film to ultrafast deposition of energy. It is key to consider that the laterally homogeneous laser excitation changes the strain response compared to the near-equilibrium thermal expansion because the balanced in-plane stresses suppress the Poisson stress on the picosecond timescale. We find a very large negative Grüneisen constant describing the large contractive stress imposed by a small amount of energy in the spin system. The temperature and fluence dependence of the strain response for a double-pulse excitation scheme demonstrates the saturation of the magnetic stress in the high-fluence regime.


I. INTRODUCTION
Magnetic stresses in laser-excited materials are interesting because they potentially allow one to manipulate the ultrafast, nanoscopic strain response by changing macroscopic parameters such as temperature, laser fluence, or applied external fields. The identification of the magnetic contributions, however, requires a dissection of the total stress into the contributions from different energy reservoirs that also include phonons and electronic excitations. Additional stresses may arise from an unbalanced in-plane expansion that couples, via the Poisson effect, to the out-of-plane direction.
In general, the laser-induced strain represents the deterministic elastic response to the stress that originates from the energy transfer to different degrees of freedom in a solid. In the case of metals without magnetic order, this stress originates from the energy transfer to the electrons and phonons. 1,2 In typical pump-probe experiments, the laser pulse is initially absorbed by the valence electrons, and the subsequent transfer of energy to phonons determines the depth-and timedependent stress. A useful concept to describe the stress is based on subsystem-specific Gr€ uneisen constants that linearly relate the deposited energy density in the energy reservoirs to the induced stress. 3,4 In contrast to the prediction of a simple two-temperature model, modespecific electron-phonon coupling can result in non-thermal phonon distributions for tens of picoseconds described by mode-specific temperatures. [5][6][7] The non-thermal occupation of phonon modes may influence the induced stress under the condition of different modespecific Gr€ uneisen constants. [8][9][10] However, in many materials, the induced stress can be approximated by a macroscopic Gr€ uneisen constant because also typical non-equilibrium distributions that deviate from the Bose-or Fermi-distributions average over the various degrees of freedom that receive the energy. In recent publications, subsystemspecific Gr€ uneisen constants have been used to rationalize the strain response to electron-phonon stresses [11][12][13][14] and ultrafast energy transport in metallic heterostructures. 15,16 Historically, the Gr€ uneisen constant describes the simultaneous contribution of quantum excitations in various phonon modes to both the heat capacity and the thermal expansion. 17 This thermodynamic concept was further generalized to electronic 18 and magnetic stresses, 4,18-20 negative thermal expansion, 21 and anisotropic expansion. 4,22,23 Magnetic excitations in solids represent an additional energy reservoir and are expected to exert a stress upon energy transfer. The resulting magnetostriction changes the atomic arrangement both in equilibrium [24][25][26][27][28] and in ultrafast experiments. 8,[29][30][31] In SrRuO 3 (SRO), temperature-dependent experiments show a direction-dependent invar behavior due to an anisotropic contractive magnetic stress. [32][33][34] One of the first time-resolved studies of ultrafast magnetostriction demonstrated that the strain of SRO layers within a SrRuO 3 -SrTiO 3superlattice is reduced by a contribution that acts already within the first picosecond and follows the squared magnetization M 2 ðTÞ. 29 Recent studies in heavy rare earth metals introduce magnetic Gr€ uneisen constants to discuss the spatiotemporal stress that arises from magnetic excitations and its contribution to laser-induced strain dynamics. [35][36][37] An analysis of the stress contributions to the strain response of the magnetic perovskite SRO using the concept of Gr€ uneisen constants was so far not attempted although this material is frequently used as opto-acoustic transducer in femtosecond laserexcitation experiments. [38][39][40][41] Here, we present a discussion of the stress contributions to the temperature-dependent ultrafast strain response that is measured by ultrafast x-ray diffraction (UXRD) on a 19 nm thin SRO film for two different fluence regimes. We analyze the expansion driven by two delayed pump pulses as a function of the temperature-dependent magnetic order. For both fluences, we observe a significant decrease in the expansion below the Curie temperature T C because the contractive magnetic stress counteracts the expansive phonon stress. For the lower fluence, the total stress exhibits a step-like decrease if the initial temperature is lowered below the phase transition. This decrease is continuous for the higher fluence and mimics the M 2 ðTÞ dependence. We explain both observations by a Gr€ uneisen model, which relates the ultrafast expansion to the subsystem-specific heat capacities and Gr€ uneisen constants that are anisotropic for the spin system and isotropic for the combined electron-phonon system. These Gr€ uneisen constants are extracted from the available thermal expansion of bulk SRO by subtracting the Poisson contribution that arises from the in-plane expansion.
The observed fluence dependence is then rationalized by the saturation of the magnetic stress, which is especially pronounced in the strain response to a second, approximately 10 ps delayed, pump pulse. In the limit of small fluences, the temperature dependence of the stress is given by the temperature-dependent magnetic heat capacity, whereas in the case of a transient heating above T C (high fluence limit), it is determined by the integral of the remaining magnetic heat capacity.
We emphasize that our modeled stress allows extracting the relative energy dissipation by the spin system and the electronphonon system. Here, we do not attempt to gain insights into microscopic non-equilibrium processes that may influence details of the strain dynamics in the first picosecond. This has advantages and disadvantages: While the model is universally applicable for predicting a first-order approximation of ultrafast lattice dynamics from static equilibrium data in complex magnetic systems, it does not yield details of the magnetization dynamics.
This paper consists of three main parts: In Sec. II, we present the relevant equilibrium thermodynamic properties from which we extract the anisotropic magnetic and phononic Gr€ uneisen constants of SRO along the out-of-plane direction of the thin film. Section III presents the experimental results on the picosecond strain response of a thin SRO film. Section IV provides the modeling of the strain response based on the anisotropic Gr€ uneisen constants from Sec. II and discusses the extracted fluence-and temperature-dependent magnetic stress contribution.

II. EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES A. Sample characterization
The investigated sample shown in Fig. 1(e) consists of a continuous 19 nm thin SRO film grown on a SrTiO 3 (STO) substrate using pulsed laser deposition. 42,43 The sub-percent in-plane lattice mismatch between the pseudocubic unit cells of the film and the substrate leads to a coherent growth of ð001Þ c -oriented SRO on ð001Þ c -oriented STO 44 as it is typical for functional perovskite heterostructures. 45 The orientations of the SRO unit cell in orthorhombic and pseudocubic notation in the transducer-substrate system are shown in Fig. 1(f). In agreement with the literature, 46,47 the orthorhombic ½110 o unit cell direction of SRO points out-of-plane. The reciprocal space map (RSM) measured by a microfocus Cu-K a x-ray source shown in Fig. 1(b) displays the barely separated ð004Þ c Bragg peaks of the SRO film and the substrate as diffraction maxima. Note, the complicated shape of the substrate Bragg peak corresponds to the instrument function of two rotated twodimensional Gaussian functions. 48 Integrating the RSM along the q x -direction shows the SRO peak as a shoulder of the substrate peak. The small contribution at 6:36Å À1 hints at a strained surface layer of the STO substrate. 49 In the time-resolved experiment discussed later, we exploit that the Bragg peak position of the SRO layer shifts upon laser excitation as shown in Figs. 1(c) and 1(d). The transient shift of the center-of-mass (COM) along the q z direction (black symbols) yields the average, time-dependent strain ðg 3 ðtÞ ¼ DdðtÞ d0 Þ in the SRO film from the relation q z ¼ 2pn d between the out-of-plane lattice spacing d and the reciprocal coordinate q z with the diffraction order n. The thin film only partially absorbs the 800 nm laser pulse, so that the reflection from the backside of the 0.6 mm thick, transparent STO substrate leads to a delayed second excitation as shown in Fig. 1(e).
In the following, we provide an overview of the temperaturedependent thermodynamic and magnetic properties of SRO. We determine the phononic and magnetic anisotropic Gr€ uneisen constant from equilibrium thermal expansion and the subsystem-separated heat capacity, which are used in the analysis of the time-resolved measurements presented in Sec. III.

B. Temperature-dependent properties of SRO
The metallic perovskite SRO changes from the paramagnetic state to ferromagnetic order below its Curie temperature T C ¼ 160 K. 50,51 For thin films, T C is reduced to 150 K by the tetragonal distortion of the pseudocubic unit cell via a substrate-induced stress, which is especially pronounced for SRO-nanodots. 43,44 The strong link between the lattice and magnetic degrees of freedom in SRO is supported by the observation of an unusually high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which indicates a strong spin-orbit interaction. 52,53 In the case of a thin film on STO, the magnetization of SRO points in the ½010 o -direction at the transition temperature, i.e., it is at 45 with respect to the surface normal of the pseudocubic film. This angle changes to 30 with decreasing temperature. 54,55 Furthermore, the magnetic order below T C induces a freezing of the oxygen octahedral rotation as observed in neutron diffraction experiments. 33,34 This pronounced interplay of the structure and the itinerant ferromagnetism of the hybridized Ru-4d and O-2p electrons 50,57 reduces the expansion of bulk SRO in the ferromagnetic phase. [32][33][34] The temperature-dependent orthorhombic lattice strains ðgðTÞ ¼ DdðTÞ dð20 KÞ Þ along the ½100 o and ½001 o directions depicted in Fig. 2 scitation.org/journal/sdy essentially constant up to T C , whereas the strain along ½010 o shows a positive thermal expansion. The vanishing strain along ½100 o and ½001 o indicates an anisotropic compensation of the thermal expansion by a contractive magnetic stress that vanishes above T C . The corresponding pseudocubic equilibrium lattice strains in Fig. 2(c) are defined by the orientation of the orthorhombic unit cell depicted in Fig. 1(f). By the definition of the pseudocubic unit cell, the strains g 1;c ¼ g 3;c are equal, and g 2;c is different. The magnetic origin of the expansion anomaly is corroborated by the heat capacity, 56 which also yields a clear macroscopic signature of the magnetic phase transition in form of a peak at the transition temperature. We separate the total bulk heat capacity at constant volume C tot into the contribution of electrons, phonons, and the magnetic subsystem. The Sommerfeld model is used to approximate the electronic heat capacity to C el ¼ c S T with the Sommerfeld constant c S ¼ 30 mJ mol À1 K À2 ¼ 0:8 mJ cm À3 K À2 . 56 Instead of using a Debye model, the phonon contribution C ph is calculated as the weighted sum of the heat capacities of the oxides SrO 58 and RuO, 59 which is fitted to the total heat capacity above T C reduced by the electron contribution. This is necessary because the widely dispersed phonon density of states makes the Debye temperature T D of SRO strongly temperature-dependent. 56,60 The magnetic contribution results from the difference between the total heat capacity and the sum of electronic and phononic contributions. The separated subsystem contributions for bulk SRO shown in Fig. 2(a) are used to determine the Gr€ uneisen constants in Sec. II C.
As mentioned earlier, in thin films, the substrate-induced deformation of the unit cell reduces the Curie temperature to T C ¼ 150 K, and the decrease in this deformation near the surface broadens the phase transition. We account for these changes by determining the magnetic heat capacity of the thin film from the magnetization measurements via the molecular field approximation. 61 We relate the magnetization of a comparable film 43,54 to the magnetic heat capacity The amplitude is determined by fitting the temperature-dependent shape resulting from Bloch's T 3 2 law to the bulk magnetic heat capacity below 50 K. The resulting heat capacity determines the magnetic excitations in the analysis of the pump-probe experiment in Sec. IV.

C. Anisotropic subsystem Gr€ uneisen constants
The thermal expansion g i ðTÞ of the pseudocubic unit cell of SRO is the elastic response to a stress r i ¼ r ext i À r poi i originating from the excitation of phonons and spins and additional Poisson stresses r poi i induced by the thermal expansion along the orthogonal directions g j6 ¼i . The direction-dependent thermal expansion of SRO indicates underlying anisotropic stresses r ext i . To capture the anisotropic stress driving the anisotropic thermal expansion, we introduce anisotropic Gr€ uneisen constants of the subsystems r, which linearly relate the deposited energy density q Q r as a scalar quantity to a directiondependent uni-axial stress r ext i;r . 4,23 In the following, we limit the discussion to the out-of-plane stress, which drives the out-of-plane strain response that we observe in the pump-probe experiment by UXRD. The total out-of-plane stress is the superposition of the stresses r ext 3 ¼ P r r ext 3;r , which are linearly related to the energy density stored in each subsystem q Q r by a subsystem-specific Gr€ uneisen constant C 3;r . In a cubic crystal, this Gr€ uneisen constant is given by 4,23 where c 13 and c 33 are the elastic tensor elements in Voigt notation and a i is the cubic thermal expansion coefficients in thermal equilibrium. For a sufficiently small temperature change DT, Eq. (1) transforms to Structural Dynamics ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/sdy using the thermal expansion coefficients a i ¼ @g i =@T and the energy density q Q r ðTÞ ¼ Ð TþDT T C r ðT 0 ÞdT 0 . In consideration of the Poisson stress r 31 the bracket in Eq. (2) describes the strain g f 3;r for fixed in-plane lattice dimensions. Thus, the Gr€ uneisen constant C 3;r linearly relates the energy density q Q r to the external out-ofplane stress r ext 3;r . Following Eq. (2), we calculate the thermal expansion g f 3 driven by the uni-axial external stress r ext 3 , which is depicted in Fig. 2(c) as black line. We use the elastic constants c 13 ¼ 132 GPa and c 33 ¼ 252 GPa of bulk SRO. 62 The corresponding temperaturedependent stress r ext 3 ¼ c 33 g f 3 is the superposition of stress contributions from phonons and magnetic excitations. The decomposition into these two stress contributions using subsystem-specific Gr€ uneisen constants is shown in Figs. 2(e) and 2(f). Above 170 K, the total stress originates exclusively from phonons because the magnetic heat capacity converges to zero.
In Fig. 2(e), this phonon-related stress is depicted as a function of the energy density stored in the combined electron-phonon system The nonlinear temperature dependence of the stress measured at discrete temperatures in Fig. 2(e) can be read from Fig. 2(d). The linear slope of the total stress on the energy density beyond 170 K yields the phononic Gr€ uneisen constant C 3;ph ¼ 1:6 according to Eq. (2). This temperature-independent Gr€ uneisen constant allows for determining the phononic stress over the full temperature range as depicted by the red solid line in Fig. 2(d). The difference between the phonon and the total stress defines the magnetic stress contribution, which is depicted in Fig. 2(f) as function of the magnetic energy density q Q mag obtained from Fig. 2(a) by integration. Disregarding small deviations from a linear function that may result from uncertainties in the extraction of the small magnetic heat capacity, we again fit the linear slope to obtain the out-of-plane magnetic Gr€ uneisen constant C 3;mag ¼ À26. Its very large negative value indicates that even small amounts of energy in the magnetic excitations of SRO lead to a pronounced out-of-plane contraction, which partially compensates the normal thermal expansion. The finite integral of the magnetic heat capacity limits the energy storable in the magnetic degrees of freedom that results in a saturation of the magnetic stress above 170 K.
The resulting separation of the total stress into the contribution of phonons and magnetic excitations based on the Gr€ uneisen constants is depicted in Fig. 2(d) and provides insight into the origin of the temperature-dependent expansion. Although the magnetic excitations and phonons lead to non-linear functions of their thermal expansion a r ðTÞ and their heat capacity C r ðTÞ (Fig. 2), the situation can be approximated by two simple numbers, the Gr€ uneisen constants, which linearly map energy density in the energy reservoirs to stress and-according to Hooke's law-also to strain.

III. TIME-RESOLVED EXPERIMENTS
In the UXRD experiment, the sample is excited by a p-polarized, 100 fs-long optical laser pulse with a central wavelength of 800 nm at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The incident fluence F is calculated from the laser power and the two-dimensional Gaussian beam footprint of 0:9 mm Â 1:1 mm full-width half-maximum (FWHM) assuming a top-hat profile and in consideration of the incident angle of 19 with respect to the surface normal. The temperature-independent optical penetration depth of 52 nm (Ref. 63) exceeds the layer thickness. Thus, the SRO layer is nearly homogeneously excited, and a fraction of the pump pulse is transmitted through it. The backreflection from the sample holder leads to a second excitation after 10 ps with a fluence of 0:6 Á F [see Fig. 1(e)].
Using UXRD, we observe the laser-induced, out-of-plane strain g 3 ðtÞ, which is driven by an out-of-plane stress gradient @r ext 3 =@x 3 according to the inhomogeneous elastic wave equation. 1,2 The inplane strain vanishes, due to the laterally homogeneous excitation of the probed volume by a pump pulse with a beam footprint that is large FIG. 2. Determination of the out-of-plane Gr€ uneisen constants using temperaturedependent thermodynamic properties of SRO: (a) subsystem contributions to the total bulk heat capacity 56 provide the temperature-dependent energy distribution q Q r ðTÞ by integration. The orthorhombic lattice strains 32-34 (b) define the pseudocubic strains (c) according to the orientation in the thin film. Here, g f 3 ¼ r ext 3 =c 33 denotes the response under the condition of fixed in-plane lattice constants to (d) the external stress r ext 3 ðTÞ. Panel (e) shows the total stress r ext 3 as the function of the phonon energy density q Q ph ðTÞ above 170 K, where the magnetic heat capacity has no contribution (panel a). The linear slope yields the phonon Gr€ uneisen constant C 3;ph ¼ 1:6 which determines the phonon stress r ext 3;ph ðTÞ (red line in panel d) for the entire temperature range. Panel (f) displays the resulting magnetic stress contribution r ext 3;mag ðTÞ ¼ r ext 3 ðTÞ À r ext 3;ph ðTÞ as function of the magnetic energy density. The slope of the linear fit yields the giant magnetic Gr€ uneisen constant C 3;mag ¼ À26.

ARTICLE
scitation.org/journal/sdy in comparison to the probe-spot. Since the in-plane expansion is prohibited on picosecond timescales, the Poisson stress r poi 3 vanishes and the strain response is exclusively driven by the uni-axial stress r ext 3 described by the previously derived Gr€ uneisen constants C 3;r . The absence of the Poisson stress on the picosecond timescale qualitatively changes the strain response with respect to equilibrium thermal expansion as indicated by the difference between the black and the red line in Fig. 2(c).
The time-resolved out-of-plane strain is probed by 200 fs long X-ray pulses with a photon energy of approximately 8 keV that are generated by a laser-based table-top plasma X-ray source (PXS). 64 We measure for each pump-probe delay a reciprocal space map and determine the position of the SRO Bragg peak along q z . This requires the subtraction of the underlying substrate peak [ Fig. 1(a)] that is considered as a static Lorentz profile describing the diffraction of the crystal truncation rod of the STO substrate. The center-of-mass analysis of the SRO Bragg peak yields the transient scattering at q z ðtÞ [black symbols in Figs. 1(c) and 1(d)] that determines the transient strain by g 3 ðtÞ ¼ ÀDqzðtÞ qz . The measured transient strain for the two excitation fluences of F ¼ 6:3 mJ cm À2 and 1:4 mJ cm À2 for two representative initial temperatures T ¼ 250 K and T ¼ 20 K is summarized in Figs.

3(a) and 3(d).
For each pump pulse, we observe a fast expansion, which reaches its maximum 3 ps after the excitation and decreases within the following 3 ps to a certain expansion level. This observation is independent of the initial temperature. The expansion originates from strain pulses driven by an expansive laser-induced stress. 38 Their propagation from the interfaces through the thin film with a sound velocity of 6:3 nm ps À165 causes the maximum expansion after 3 ps. The subsequent propagation of the strain pulses into the substrate reduces the expansion of the thin film. After 6 ps, the strain pulses have completely left the thin film due to the good acoustic impedance match between the SRO transducer and the STO substrate, 38 and the remaining expansion is proportional to the laserinduced stress. The temperature-independent shape of the picosecond strain response indicates a sub-picosecond stress rise time for all stress components, i.e., from the electrons, phonons, and magnetic excitations. This is consistent with the temperature-independent phase of the oscillations in laser-excited SRO/STO superlattices. 29,66 For temperatures below T C , the reduced expansion, however, indicates an additional contractive magnetic stress resulting from optically induced magnetic excitations.
We extract the total laser-induced stress of the first pump pulse from the strain level in the time range from 6 to 9 ps and of the second pump pulse from the difference between the strain level in the time ranges from 6 to 9 ps and 16 to 20 ps. We estimate the uncertainty of the extracted stress by the standard deviation of the transient strain for these delays. The uncertainty in the strain determination originates from the small diffraction intensity of the thin SRO film and the intense underlying substrate Bragg peak that has to be subtracted. The extracted stress is depicted in Figs. 3(b) and 3(e), and its uncertainty is displayed by error bars.
In Fig. 3(b), the extracted temperature-dependent stress induced by the first high-fluence pump pulse decreases continuously below T C (blue dots and blue line). The second pump pulse induces a temperature-independent stress (red dots and red line) indicating the absence of a magnetic stress, because for all temperatures, the same amount of energy was deposited to the sample. We conclude that the first pulse saturates the magnetic excitations by a full demagnetization. This changes qualitatively for the low-fluence regime. The strain measured by UXRD for F ¼ 6:3 mJ cm À2 (a) and F ¼ 1:4 mJ cm À2 (d) exhibits a temperature-independent temporal shape as illustrated for two representative data sets for each fluence. The general strain response is well described by a one-dimensional linear-chain model of masses and springs (solid lines). 70 Panels (b) and (e) summarize the average stress induced by the first and second excitation as blue and red data points, respectively. We extract the stress from the mean strain of the shaded regions from 6 to 9 ps and 16 to 20 ps. The standard deviation of the transient strain at these delays determines the uncertainty. The total lattice stress decreases for initial sample temperatures below T C for the first excitation (blue) in both fluence regimes, whereas the stress after the second (red) excitation remains nearly constant in the high fluence regime shown in (b). The underlying excitation of the magnetic subsystem is sketched in panels (c) and (f) that show the equilibrium magnetic heat capacity as function of the equilibrium energy density. The laserinduced increase in the energy density by the first (blue) and second (red) laser pulse is sketched by horizontal arrows for different initial temperatures. If the energy density is large enough, the thin film is demagnetized and we observe a saturation of the magnetic stress. We note that the form of the specific heat of the spin system may change in nonequilibrium, and the figure should be interpreted qualitatively.

ARTICLE
scitation.org/journal/sdy response to the low-fluence excitation [ Fig. 3(e)] is nearly the same for the first (blue) and second pulse (red). In both cases, the stress decreases in a step-like fashion at the transition temperature. However, for the second pulse, the step is at a slightly lower starting temperature because the first pulse increases the temperature before the second pulse arrives.

IV. MODELING THE TIME-RESOLVED EXPERIMENTS
Our modeling is simplified by the temperature-independent shape of the transient strain indicating a sub-picosecond rise of an expansive laser-induced total stress as superposition of contributions from phonons and magnetic excitations. Recent experiments on SRO observe an electron-phonon-coupling time of 130 fs determining the rise of the laser-induced stress. 38,66 The ultrafast demagnetization of SRO as a measure of the energy transfer to the magnetic degrees of freedom is reported to occur in a two-step fashion within the first picosecond. 52,67 The magnetic stress was shown to rise on the same timescale. 29 Based on these results, we assume a distribution of energy to the phonons and the magnetic excitations as in equilibrium on a 200 fs timescale. Note, this assumption may be an oversimplification of the situation within the first femtoseconds in regards of nonthermal states of both the phonons 5-7 and spins 68,69 reported for various materials. However, the presented analysis does not provide insight into these details on femtosecond timescale because it is focused on the 6-9 ps timescale when the strain pulses have left the film.
Under this assumption, we model the temperature-dependent total stress after 6 ps by r 3 ðT; zÞ ¼ r 3;ph ðT; zÞ þ r 3;mag ðT; zÞ ¼ C 3;ph q Q ph ðT; zÞ þ C 3;mag q Q mag ðT; zÞ; where the depth-dependent, deposited energy density q Q r ðzÞ ¼ Ð T 0 ðzÞ T C r ðT 00 ÞdT 00 follows Lambert-Beers law. We calibrate the total absorbed energy density q Q dep ¼ q Q ph þ q Q mag by the expansion in the paramagnetic phase, where q Q mag ¼ 0. This model neglects any heat diffusion to the substrate that is expected to be small for the considered time. Here, we use the Gr€ uneisen constants and the phononic heat capacity of bulk SRO but take into account the magnetic heat capacity of the thin film accounting for the substrate-induced decrease in the transition temperature and broadening of the transition (see Sec. II).
We model the strain response to the stress in the SRO film using a one-dimensional linear-chain model of masses and springs that is provided by the modular MATLAB library UDKM1DSIM. 70 This library, furthermore, translates the strained unit cells to the SRO Bragg peak shift using dynamical x-ray diffraction theory that is then analyzed in the same way as the UXRD data (Sec. II A). The modeled transient strain (solid lines) matches the amplitude and the shape of the strain response in Figs. 3(a) and 3(d). relates the temperature dependence of the laser-induced stress to the excitation of the magnetic subsystem. Full demagnetization may be expected if the phonon temperature exceeds the magnetic phase transition temperature. 71 Since phonon and spin temperatures may be illdefined at very early times, we chose to sketch in Figs. 3(c) and 3(f) how the magnetic heat capacity depends on the energy density. In thermal equilibrium, the sharp drop of the magnetic heat capacity occurs at T C . The deposition of energy in the nonequilibrium by the first and the second excitation is sketched by blue and red arrows, respectively, to illustrate when we can expect to saturate the spin excitations. In the case of the high fluence, the saturation of the spin system is already achieved with the first pulse. Therefore, the second laser pulse excites exclusively phonons in the fully demagnetized SRO layer resulting in a temperature-independent stress. This simplifies the stress induced by the first pulse from Eq. (3) to r high 3 ðTÞ ¼ C pho;3 q Q dep þ ðC mag;3 À C pho;3 Þq high mag ðTÞ: Here, the temperature-dependent magnetic energy density is given by the total integral of the remaining magnetic heat capacity q high mag ðTÞ ¼ Ð 170K T C film mag ðT 0 Þ dT 0 . The energy density transferred to the magnetic system reduces the total stress by a contractive magnetic contribution and a reduced expansive phonon contribution due to the smaller energy density stored in the phonons. Above 170 K, all energy is transferred to the phonons (except the negligible energy density q Q e of the electrons) and leads to a temperature-independent expansion. The molecular field approximation relates q high mag ðTÞ to the squared magnetization M 2 . The inherited temperature dependence of the total stress was also reported for SRO/STO-superlattices 29 excited by a high fluence of 4:5 mJ cm À2 .
The temperature dependence changes with decreasing fluence as illustrated in Fig. 3(e). Since the magnetic heat capacity exhibits a peak at T C , the magnetic stress contribution becomes maximal, when the deposited energy density corresponds to reaching the transition temperature. Increasing the initial temperature further saturates the magnetic stress and, thus, reduces the contractive stress contribution. This temperature-dependent saturation of the magnetic stress slightly below T C leads to the observed step-like behavior, where the stepwidth corresponds to the laser-induced increase in the phonon temperature at 6 to 9 ps. For the second pulse, the step-like behavior is shifted by 30 K corresponding to the temperature increase induced by the first pump pulse. In total, the temperature-dependent expansion follows the magnetic heat capacity and is given by Eq. (5) in the limit of infinitesimally small excitations, Here, the energy density of the subsystems is given by q Q r ¼ C r DT for a sufficiently small DT ¼ q dep =C tot . Figure 4(a) illustrates the crossover of the temperature dependence of the normalized stress according to Eq. (3) from the low fluence [Eq. (5)] to the high fluence limit [Eq. (4)]. With increasing fluence, the step-like change of the expansion, given by the magnetic heat capacity, becomes more continuous following a curve that is proportional to 1 À M 2 ðTÞ for fluences above 3:5 mJ cm À2 . With increasing excitation fluence, the saturation of the magnetic stress occurs at lower initial temperatures as indicated by the shift of the maximum of the magnetic stress contribution r ext 3;mag in Fig. 4(b). This maximum coincides with the maximum fraction of energy density stored in the magnetic system q Q mag =q Q dep due to the peak in the magnetic heat capacity at T C . The magnetic fraction of the heat capacity Structural Dynamics ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/sdy increases at very low temperatures, due to the different temperature dependence of the magnetic and phononic heat capacity. Therefore, the total stress in the limit of infinitesimally small excitation [Eq. (5)] in Fig. 4(a) differs from the shape of the magnetic heat capacity and vanishes at 40 K, where the products of heat capacities and Gr€ uneisen constants for both subsystems are equal. If we assume a constant phonon heat capacity, the magnetic stress in the limit of infinitesimal excitations would, indeed, be given by the shape of the magnetic heat capacity as exemplified by the gray-dashed line in Fig. 4(b). This corresponds to the Dulong-Petit limit, which is realized in magnetic materials with T C > T D .
A detailed study that measures both magnetization dynamics and strain on the same sample under identical low and high fluence excitation may yield microscopic insight into the complex coupling of spin and lattice. However, to access the ultrafast timescale, ultrathin SRO layers have to be investigated, which calls for the high brilliance of a free-electron laser.

V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we applied a thermodynamic model based on the concept of anisotropic Gr€ uneisen constants to describe the fluence and temperature dependence of the laser-induced stresses in a thin SRO film. The total stress depends on the population of magnetic excitations, which is intrinsically limited by the temperature-dependent, finite integral of the magnetic heat capacity. The fluence dependence of the stress is explained by the saturation of the magnetic stress, which is observed by the picosecond strain response to a second pump pulse.
For the two limiting cases of small, laser-induced temperature increases and a complete transient demagnetization, we determine simplified descriptions of the total anisotropic lattice stress. For low fluences, the temperature-dependent expansion is given by the magnetic heat capacity C mag / M@M=@T. For fluences saturating the magnetic stress, the temperature dependence is determined by the integrated magnetic heat capacity q high mag / MðTÞ 2 that we extract from the molecular field approximation.
We think that this analysis is helpful to estimate the strain induced by repeated heat load in SRO layers or similar materials with magnetic phase transitions. For SRO, the analysis is facilitated by the sub-picosecond rise of the stress contributions of phonons and magnetic excitations. Nonetheless, the expansion driven by an excitation faster than the nanosecond timescale of in-plane strain relaxation differs qualitatively from the equilibrium thermal expansion of bulk or thin film samples. This is due to the anisotropic nature of the magnetic stress and the vanishing out-of-plane Poisson contributions on the picosecond timescale. While, for our ½001 o -oriented film, the ultrafast suppression of the Poisson effect only changes the magnitude of the expansion [ Fig. 2(c)], the bulk equilibrium expansion of a ½001 ooriented SRO film predicts negative thermal expansion [ Fig. 2(b)] although, according to our analysis, a time-resolved experiment would show a transient expansion because the Poisson effect prevails over the contractive magnetic stress.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the BMBF for the financial support via No. 05K16IPA and the DFG via No. BA 2281/11-1. We acknowledge the pre-characterization of the crystalline thin film at the XPP-KMC3 synchrotron radiation beamline D13.2 at the BESSY II electron storage ring operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. We acknowledge the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Potsdam.

DATA AVAILABILITY
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  4)], which is proportional to 1 À M 2 ðTÞ (black dashed line). The extracted magnetic strain contribution (b) relates the minimum in total stress to a maximum of the contractive magnetic stress contribution corresponding to an enhanced fraction of deposited energy density. In (b), the dashed gray line depicts the magnetic contribution in case of a constant phononic heat capacity in the Doulong-Petit limit.