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Is Micro Evolution in Tropical Country Women Resulting Low 25(OH)D Level?: A Cross Sectional Study in Indonesia

Background: Low serum 25(OH)D levels often occur during the winter and spring of temperate countries due to low sun exposure but there are many other factors linked with vitamin D deficiency that can occur in tropical countries. Objectives: to assess 25(OH)D serum levels, to compare the difference of associated factors, and to find the factors that independently associated with 25(OH)D level. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted on 156 healthy Indonesian women during the dry season. This study measured serum 25(OH)D levels, examined two single nucleotide polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene (TaqI and BsmI), assessed lifestyle factor, and body fat percentage. Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 18.8 ± 7.0 ng/mL, there were 148 subjects categorized as either deficient and insufficient, and eight were categorized as sufficient. However, none of the subjects achieved normal 25(OH)D values (normal value in sunny countries: 54-90 ng/mL), all participants were heterozygous (T>C for TaqI and A>G for BsmI). There were associations between vitamin D deficiency-insufficiency and sufficiency with indoors occupation (p C for TaqI and A>G for BsmI). Factors that most influenced vitamin D serum were sun ray exposure, occupation, and vitamin D intake.