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Growth Performance of African Catfish (Clarius Gariepinus) Fingerlings Fed on Different Diets of Daphnias as Live Fish Feed

The production of fingerlings depend on better feeding using organic materials, farm waste from other enterprises can become converted to higher value inputs to nearby fish ponds. Catfish feed on zooplanktons (daphnia) and other hydrobios. Fertilization of these ponds using organic waste proliferate the growth of these zooplanktons and raise the yields of fish ponds. A culture of water fleas (daphnias) was used to provide live fish feed for the fingerlings. Different farm manure: biogas effluent, chicken waste and pig manure came up with the best manure to use for the growth of clarius gariepinus fingerlings. Daphnias were raised on dug out ponds, which were fertilized using biogas effluents, chicken manure and pig manure differently. Fertilization of these ponds was done at an interval of seven days. Water fleas (Daphnia) were then harvested using 100μm zooplankton net at density 200/ml. The organisms were rinsed on a submerged filter in clean water consisting of 2 filter screens. The upper mesh size (200μm) retained large waste particles, while the lower sieve (100μm) collected the washed organisms. Feeding of the fingerlings was done three times/day (treatment at 3% body weight while all the live feed was washed clean with water and fed to the fish fry to satiation not less than 100 live organism/fry/meal. Percentage weight gain of C. gariepinus fry within the period of the experiment was calculated. The initial weight of the fish at the commencement of the experiment and final weight was determined using Metler weighing balance (model P168). Biweekly weight measurements were taken to monitor weight gain. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR), survival and mortality rates and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were also calculated. Data was analysed as per the results got. The study found that chicken manure was the best manure based on the outcome of both the weight and the length of the fingerings, Specific Growth Rate and Feed Conversion Ration. Pig manure came in second, while cow manure performed poorly. The study thus recommends the use of chicken manure in rearing Clarius gariepinus. Specific growth rate, mortality and survival rate and feed conversion rate was calculated using specific formulas, chicken manure was the best as per the findings followed by pig and cow respectively.

different cultures of water fleas (Daphnia) fed from different farm yard manure as live fish feed for the production of African Catfish (Clarius Gariepinus) Fingerlings.

Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Kenya Fisheries Hatchery in Meru County.

Experimental Diet
The experimental diets were applied to the African Catfish (Clarius Gariepinus) Fingerlings, by feeding them with live water fleas (Daphnia). Feeding of the diet were applied at 3% feeding rates, giving three feeding arrangements. The test diet was fed to duplicate groups for 8 weeks. The feed/experimental diet was analysed for proximate composition according to A.O.A.C (2019).

Experimental Fish
The fingerlings used in this study were three-day old newly hatched C. gariepinus fry after yolk absorption. The initial weight and standard length of the fingerlings were measured using JT 210N series electronic top loading balance of two digits and a plastic ruler (cm), respectively. This was done by quickly taking the fingerlings out of water with the aid of a linen cloth and transferring them into a pre-weighed container using feather and then weighed on the balance. The length (mm) was taken by collecting some fry from the container and a plastic ruler was used to measure the reading. One hundred and fifty fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were obtained from Kenya Fisheries Hatchery Nairobi. The fingerlings were transported to the Fisheries Laboratory in 50 litres plastic bowls and acclimatized for one week. During the period of acclimatization, the fingerlings were fed ad libitum  at 5% body weight twice daily (Manyala, et al, 2015) with a formulated diet of 35% crude protein. Feed not consumed and faecal matters were siphoned out every two days interval. At the end of the acclimatization period, the fingerlings were randomly selected and stocked into 12 glass aquaria with each aquarium holding 10 fingerlings. Feeding was suspended 24 hours before the feeding trial to increase appetite and reception for new diet .

Experimental Design
Live water fleas (Daphnia) as diet which was fed at 3% fry body weight, constituted the three treatments of the experiment and control group, whereby each treatment was replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), making up twelve experimental units. 30 litre capacity plastic bowls were used for the feeding experiment.

Experimental Set-Up and Management
Each of the plastic bowls was filled to 25litre mark with reserved water and stocked with 10 fingerlings of three days old. The bowls were supplied with oxygen from aerator. Feeding was thrice daily, in the morning (7:00-8:00am), afternoon (1:00-2:00pm), and evening (6:00-7:00pm). The control group was fed using Multifeed, a commercial complete dry catfish food, manufactured by Zemach Feed Mill, Jordan Valley, and (Israel). The feed was fed to the fry at 3% body weight in accordance to the experimental set up in the experiment of water fleas (Daphnia). Remains of the feed were siphoned out of the culture medium before feeding and same quantity of water removed during siphoning was replaced immediately. Total renewal of whole water was done every three days, and the bowls bottoms were scrubbed to remove dirt from the medium. The experiment lasted for eight weeks.

Growth and Mortality Monitoring
The survival and mortality rates were monitored on daily basis. The weight and the total length of the fry were taken at intervals of 7 days.

Water Quality Analysis
Two water quality parameters (pH and temperature) were taken daily in the morning, afternoon and evening. These parameters were read for each of the experimental units. Temperature was recorded with the aid of mercury in glass thermometer which ranges from 00C to 1000 degrees centigrade, calibrated at an interval of 10 degrees centigrade. The thermometer was immersed into the water in each of the culture tanks for a period of time sufficient to permit complete equilibration, and the mercury level was observed as water temperature. The pH was determined with the aid of a pH meter (Jenway 2016, Model).

Experimental Procedure
The temperature ( 0 C), pH(Hydrogen ion concentration) Alkalinity (mgL-1), Free Carbon oxide (mg/L) and Dissolved Oxygen (mL-1) in water used for each treatment in the aquaria was monitored on weekly basis by collecting in depth of 2cm below the water surface. The methods of APHA/AWWA/WPCF (2015) were employed. Water fleas (Daphnia) were then harvested using 100μm zooplankton net at density 200/ml. The organisms were rinsed on a submerged filter in clean water consisting of 2 filter screens. The upper mesh size (200μm) retained large waste particles, while the lower sieve (100μm) collected the washed organisms. Feeding was done three times/day (treatment at 3% body weight while all the live feed was washed clean with water and fed to the fish fry to satiation not less than 100 live organism/fry/meal (Manyala,et al, 2015).
Percentage weight gain of C. gariepinus fry within the period of the experiment was calculated (Engle, et al, 2016). Percentage weight gain (PWG) = 100 (W2-W1/ W1). Where W2 = final mean body weight and W1 = initial mean body weight. Total body length of the fry was measured in centimetre. The fry was placed with water into transparent glass to determine the total length with measuring tape/ruler . The condition of the fry was calculated according to . Condition factor (K) = 100w/L3. Where w = weight of fish in (g), L = length of fish in (cm). The percentage of survival of the fry within the duration of the experiment was calculated . Percentage survival rate = 100 (No. of fry that survived / Total No. of fry that start the treatment in each aquarium). The initial weight of the fish at the commencement of the experiment and final weight was determined using Metler weighing balance (model P168). Biweekly weight measurements were taken to monitor weight gain. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was calculated as described by  SGR = (Ln (final weight in grams)-Ln (initial weight in grams) x100) t Where W1 = Initial body weight W2 = Final body weight t = time (days) Survival and mortality rates were calculated using the formula: i. Survival Rate (%) = Number of Fish at the End of the Experiment X 100 . . Number of Fish at the beginning of the Experiment ii. Mortality rate (%) =Number of Fish that died during the experiment X 100 . Number of Fish at the beginning of the Experiment  Feed conversion ratio was also calculated using the formula FCR=Feed given/Animal weight gain

Data Analysis
Mean values of the water quality parameters measured were calculated. Mean values of weight measurements were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tested for significance difference at P=0.05(5% probability level). Computer analysis was carried out using the SPSS Version: 26.0 package for windows.

One-Way Analysis of Variance for Weight Measurements
To compare the difference of the implication of each of the three ponds with respect to the control pond, a One-Way Analysis of Variance was used. This approach was considered due to the tendency of the t-statistic to cumulate the type one error where a test is repeated severally. In this regard, given that the comparison was required between more than two variables, namely; the control pond, the chicken manure pond, the cow manure pond, and the pig manure pond, a one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were conducted. This was done to facilitate in the determination of whether there were significance differences in the variations while facilitating in ranking the suitability of each of the manure. These tests were done for the data collected on both weight and length. For purposes of this study the data from the control pond was used as the dependent variable while the other ponds provided data for the independent variables. The resultant results in this case are discussed below.

Descriptive Statistics
In determining how weight of the Clarius Gariepinus varied in the various ponds, the study first sought to find out the descriptive statistics for the data collected in this regard. The information of interest in this case included the mean, the standard deviation, and 95% confidence levels for the dependent variable (Control pond) and for each of the separate ponds (pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure) as well as for all the groups combined (total). The results in this regard are presented in the table below. The findings show that the chicken manure pond yielded the highest mean weight of 45.9059 while the pig manure pond followed with 34.9815. The cow manure pond trailed with 33.8870.

ANOVA
Similarly, an analysis of variance for all the ponds (total) with respect to weight was also determined. This was done to determine whether there exists a statistically significant difference between the group means. The results in this regard are presented in the table below. As it can be seen from the table above the level of significance is 0.457 (p = 0.457), which is greater than 0.05, and thus, it follows that there is a statistically insignificant difference in the mean weight of the fingerlings from the various ponds used in the study. This information is general and does not shed light on how the manure ponds compared amongst each other. In this regard, the study went further and adopted post-hoc tests to clearly provide this information.

Post hoc Tests
The post-hoc tests yielded a multiple comparisons table which provided further information and analysis on the data collected. The information provided was able to clearly show how the manure ponds differed with each other to facilitate in ranking. For purposes of this, the Tukey post-hoc test was preferred in carrying out the post-hoc tests on a one-way ANOVA. The findings in this regard are presented in the table below. The findings in the table above show that there is insignificant difference in growth of the fingerings between the control pond, and the pig manure pond (p= 1.00), the cow manure pond (p= 1.00), and the chicken manure pond (p=0.548) all of which are greater than the 0.05 level of significance used in the study. These results are true for the three independent variables in comparison to each other as shown by the higher level of significance over and above the level of 0.05 used in the study. However, the magnitude of deviation of the significance level from the 0.05 used in the study was used in ranking the growth levels of the fingerlings based on the weight increment under the various conditions. The study in this case first used a comparison of each of the manure ponds with control pond. In this case chicken manure pond was found to have the least variation (p=0.548) while the other independent variables had p-value of 1.00 (p=1.00). In this case, chicken manure pond was ranked first and used to assess the other two variables. A comparison of the pig manure, and the cow manure against the chicken manure showed that the cow manure had the least deviation (p=.514) against that of the pig manure (p=0.592). It therefore follows that the cow manure pond ranks second, while the pig manure trails.

Homogeneous Subsets
The check of homogeneous subsets was used to ascertain the results obtained from the multiple comparison tables above as well as the inferences arrived under the post-hoc tests. The homogenous subsets were used to check whether the manure ponds fell in the same category in terms of significance to each other. The findings in this regard are shown in the table below. The findings in this case showed that all the variables fall in the same group (group 1). This supports our findings above that all the variables had insignificant differences with each other. Moreover, the findings support the inferences arrived at under the post-hoc tests conducted above. As seen in the table above, the mean figures obtained under the group 1 figures showed that the chicken pond has the highest figure of 45.9.

One-Way Analysis of Variance for Length Measurements
Similarly, the study sought to contrast the above findings on weight of fingerlings against the respective length. The analysis in this regard also entailed an assessment of the descriptive statistics, an ANOVA and a test for homogenous subsets. The findings in this regard are discussed below.

Descriptive Statistics
In determining how length of the Clarius Gariepinus varied in the various ponds, the study first sought to find out the descriptive statistics for the data collected in this regard. The information of interest in this case included the mean, the standard deviation, and 95% confidence levels for the dependent variable (Control pond) and for each of the separate ponds (pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure) as well as for all the groups combined (total). The results in this regard are presented in the table below.

Descriptive
Length

ANOVA
Similarly, an analysis of variance for all the ponds with respect to the length of the fingerlings in centimetres was also determined. This was done to determine whether there exists a statistically significant difference between the group means. The results in this regard are presented in the table below. As it can be seen from the table above the level of significance is 0.051 (p = 0.051), which is slightly greater than 0.05, and thus, it follows that there is a statistically insignificant difference in the mean length of the fingerlings as measured in centimetres from the various ponds used in the study. This information is general and vague on how the manure ponds compared amongst each other. In this regard, the study went further and adopted post-hoc tests to clearly provide this information.

Post Hoc Tests on the Length Measured from Each Manure Pond
The post-hoc tests with regard to length of the fingerlings yielded a multiple comparisons table which provided further information and analysis on the data collected. The information provided was able to clearly show how the manure ponds differed with each other to facilitate in ranking. For purposes of this the Tukey post-hoc test was preferred in carrying out the post-hoc tests on a one-way ANOVA. The findings in this regard are presented in Table 7.  The findings in the table above show that there is insignificant difference in growth of the fingerings between the control pond, and the pig manure pond (p= 0.737), the cow manure pond (p= 0.926), and the chicken manure pond (p=0.168) all of which are greater than the 0.05 level of significance used in the study. These results are true for the comparison between chicken manure pond against the pig manure pond as shown by the higher level of significance (p=0.694) over and above the level of 0.05 used in the study. However, a comparison between the chicken manure pond and the cow manure pond revealed a significance difference in length of fingerlings as shown by the significance level of 0.047 (p= 0.047) which is lower than the 0.05 level of significance used in the study. This is supported by the significant difference obtained between the two ponds when comparing the significance differences with the control pond of 0.168 for chicken manure pond against 0.926 of the cow manure ponds. Based on the scale of deviation of the significance level from the 0.05 used in the study the cow manure pond was found to have the greatest variation (p=0.926) thus ranking it last. On the other hand, the chicken manure pond was found to have the least variance (p=0.168) thus ranking as the best manure pond. These views contrast with the findings on weigh positively. To affirm these findings the study further considered the output of a test of homogeneous subsets of the four ponds under consideration. The findings in this regard are discussed below.

Homogeneous Subsets on Length of Fingerlings
The check of homogeneous subsets was used to ascertain the results obtained from the multiple comparison tables above as well as the inferences arrived under the post-hoc tests. The homogenous subsets were used to check whether the manure ponds fell in the same category in terms of significance to each other. The findings in this regard are shown in the table below. The findings in this case show that all the variables fall in two groups, that is group 1 and group 2. Group 1 has the cow manure pond and the pig manure pond. This implies that there is insignificance difference between these ponds. On the other hand, group 2 has the pig manure pond. Similarly, this implies that there is no significant difference between these manure ponds. However, the cow manure pond and the chicken manure pond fall in different groups implying that there exists a significance difference between lengths obtained from these ponds. Consequently, based on the mean figures obtained in the table, it is evident that the chicken manure pond has the highest mean (3.53) followed by the pig manure pond with a mean of 3.02, while the cow manure pond trails with a low mean of 2.24.

Means Plot
Subsequently, the study sought to support the inferences made through the use of visual aid. A graph was adopted to give a clear visual impression of the rankings of the three ponds. In this regard a means plot was obtained from the SPSS analysis. The findings in this case are presented in the figure below.

Figure 1: Means Plot
The figure plots the mean figures obtained for each of the manure ponds versus the respective manure pond. The findings show that the chicken manure pond obtained the highest yield, followed by the pig manure pond, while the cow manure pond trailed. An important observation from the plot is that the cow manure pond performed poorly even when compared to the control pond. These findings support the inferences arrived at earlier in as far as ranking of the manure ponds is concerned.

Temperature and Ph. Findings
The experiment also focussed on the collection of temperature and ph. findings for in the treatments as shown by the graphs below. The graph indicates that optimum temperature was 23.5 and the ph. was recorded at 7.5.

Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed conversion ratio was also calculated using the formula FCR=Feed given/Animal weight gain  And the results were represented graphically as shown in Fig.3.Below.

Figure 4: Graph Showing Feed Conversion Ratio of C.Gariepinus for the Different Treatments over Experiment Period
Chicken manure had the best feed conversion ratio followed by pig, control and cow in that order. The lower the FCR the higher the weight gain obtained from the feed  3.14. Specific Growth Rate Specific growth rates in different ponds were also calculated using the formula Specific Growth Rate (SGR) = (LnFinal Mean Weight -LnInitial Mean Weight) Length of Feeding Trial (days)  And the results were as shown in fig.5

Figure 5: Comparison of Specific Growth Rates of C. Gariepinus Fingerlings Fed by Daphnias from Different Farm Manure in the Treatments
Chicken manure had the best specific growth rate of 82 followed by pig with 59.24, control had 57.91and cow with 57.67 in that order.

Survival and Mortality Rates
Survival and mortality rates were calculated using the formula below After feeding experiment, the fingerlings were counted to determine the survival and mortality percentage according to the following formula: i. Survival Rate (%) = Number of Fish at the End of the Experiment X 100 Number of Fish at the beginning of the Experiment ii. Mortality rate (%) =Number of Fish that died during the experiment X 100 Number of Fish at the beginning of the Experiment   From the results above, chicken manure had the highest survival rate with the lowest mortality rate of 90% and 10% respectively, followed by pig with 83.3% survival and 16.7% mortality, control had 76.7% survival, 23.3% mortality, cow had 63.3% survival and 36.7% mortality rate.

Discussion
The findings on weight of the fingerlings under the three types of manure showed that chicken manure pond yielded the best weight increments of Clarius Gariepinus fingerlings. This was supported by the high mean in the descriptive statistics of over 45 while pig manure and cow manure had 34.98 and 33.88 respectively. Moreover, it was supported by the one-way ANOVA post-hoc tests which show the significance level of chicken manure being the least when compared to the other manures at a 5% level of significance. This analysis of weight shows that chicken manure is the best farm manure, followed by pig manure, while cow manure trails.
Based on the findings of the study it was also clear that the performance of African Catfish (Clarius Gariepinus) Fingerlings fed from water fleas (Daphnia) as live fish feed is only favourable in chicken manure pond and in pig manure pond. This was explained by the fact that performance of these fingerlings was poor and below the performance in the control pond. As a result, it follows that the performance of the fingerlings was extremely poor in cow manure. The study therefore infers that for better performance, the fingerlings can be reared in either chicken or pig manure fed daphnias.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The nutritive value of daphnia fed from chicken manure is concluded to be highest rating from the performance of fingerlings reared in this pond. For instance, based on the mean figures obtained for length under descriptive statistics, fingerlings in chicken manure had a mean length of 3.53 while pig manure and cow manure yielded 3.02 and 2.24 respectively. Based on this argument, chicken manure yields the highest nutritive value of daphnia based on the performance of fingerlings that feed on them.
Based on the findings of the study, and inferences arrived at, the following recommendations were arrived at.

Recommendations
The study recommends the use of chicken manure to enhance the performance of African Catfish (Clarius Gariepinus) Fingerlings. This is explained by the significantly high performance of fingerlings witnessed among fingerlings reared in chicken manure fed daphnias compared to either pig or cow manure fed daphnias.
Given that cow manure pond turned out to perform worse than the control pond, an in-depth inquest can be done on the same. Such an inquest can aim at determining whether the reason for the poor performance is due to adverse implication on the health and welfare of the fingerlings. Such a study can also seek to determine whether cow manure has any nutritional value on the daphnias fed to fingerlings and/or whether it has components that are harmful to the daphnias.
The study also recommends a similar study with different species of fingerlings. Such a study will facilitate in determining whether the findings holds only for Clarius Gariepinus or they hold also for other fish species.

Acknowledgements
I acknowledge the provision of experimental site by the Meru County Government, State Department of Livestock and Fisheries and also, I acknowledge technical support and facilities provided by Kenya Methodist University. I thank the lecturers in the faculty of Science and Technology in the later University for their support in writing this journal.