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Laboratory experiments in support of the Dragonfly space mission : Simulation of the photochemical aging process of benzene-containing clouds in Titan's stratosphere

Context: After more than thirteen years of exploration, Cassini-Huygens space mission provided a large amount of data about the atmosphere of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. It is the only satellite in the solar system to house such a diversified chemistry triggered by the dissociation of N 2 and CH 4 under the action of different sources of energy (electrons, ions, solar photons, ...) 1 that reach the highest atmospheric layer. It results in the formation of complex carbon and nitrogen-based molecules. At lower altitudes, depending on temperature profile and saturation vapor pressures variations, these same compounds condense, thereby forming icy clouds in the stratosphere. In particular, between 2013 and 2017, two distinct benzene-containing clouds have been identified by the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer for the first time during the mission, at the south pole at high stratospheric altitudes that are crossed by long-UV solar photons (λ>230nm). For the highest cloud located below 300km, the spectral signature of icy benzene is mixed with the ones of other molecules unassigned yet 2 . The second cloud detected around 250km of altitude 3 , comes from a more complex process consisting in the simultaneous condensation of benzene with hydrogen cyanide. Thereafter in the mission, a significant warming-up in the stratosphere was reported, contributing to the sublimation of these same ices photo-processed.