{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0368, 'fraction_numerical': 0.032, 'mean_word_length': 5.846715328467154, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Pain and Culture: The Catastrophizing Construct and Measurement

Several excellent reviews detail the history of catastrophizing, its conceptualization and definition, its measurement issues, and the research into the relationship between pain catastrophizing and pain-related outcomes and treatment (Leung, 2012; Martorella, Cote, & Choiniere, 2008; Quartana, Campbell, & Edwards, 2009; Sullivan, 2009; Sullivan et al., 2001). According to these reviews, the term catastrophizing originated in the discipline of psychology to describe a maladaptive cognitive style originally seen in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders with an irrational negative forecast of future events (Leung, 2012; Quartana et al., 2009; Sullivan, 2009; Sullivan et al., 2001). Pain-related catastrophizing was broadly conceived as a set of exaggerated and negative cognitive and emotional schema brought to bear during actual or anticipated painful stimulation. Early research focused on understanding the psychological factors that influenced the experience of pain. Catastrophizers were described as individuals who had a tendency to magnify or exaggerate the threat value or seriousness of the pain sensations. Other aspects of catastrophizing reflected elements of helplessness and pessimism in one’s ability to deal with pain, coupled with an inability to divert attention away from pain – a relative inability to inhibit pain-related thoughts (Leung, 2012; Quartana et al., 2009; Sullivan, 2009; Sullivan et al., 2001). Building on an earlier coping questionnaire, Sullivan and colleagues (1995, 2009) developed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), which measures three elements of catastrophizing: helplessness, magnification, and rumination, based on factor analysis. The factor structure of the PCS has been replicated in several investigations using confirmatory factor analytic