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Seasonal Dynamics of Forage Shrub Nutrients

History Many native rangelands in this region were originally composed of mixtures of grasses, shrubs, and forbs. This native vegetation was not subjected to the pressures of grazing for thousands of years prior to European settlement and so did not build tolerances for it. While the Great Plains supported the vast herds of bison, grazers in the Intermountain West consisted of small herds of bighorn sheep, antelope, deer, and elk in quantities that made it diffi cult in some areas for the early settlers to obtain suffi cient food.1,2 Subsequently, disturbances such as overgrazing and fi re suppression combined with frequent droughts typical of the desert climate have prevented the recovery of these grasses and led to the domination of many rangelands by shrubs (particularly big sagebrush) and invasive annual species.3 To return these rangelands to a condition more suitable for livestock production, crested wheatgrass, a grazingtolerant and fi re-resistant perennial grass introduced from Asia, has commonly been seeded. More than 6–11 million ha (14.8–27.2 million acres) have been seeded to crested wheatgrass in the western United States, often as monocultures.4,5 This now-abundant grass provides a balanced nutritional base for cattle when it is actively growing. However, as the grass goes dormant, its nutritional quality declines dramatically. Although they provide adequate energy, dry grass culms do not furnish suffi cient nutrients to sustain most grazers without supplements.