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The Gospel of Science and American Evangelism in Late Ottoman Beirut

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Protestant revivalist and millenarian movements swept the shores of the Atlantic. Wesleyan Methodism captured the imagination of English enthusiasts, while their overseas brethren witnessed two ‘Great Awakenings’. Numerous prophecies foretold the triumph of Christ’s spiritual rule over the earth and the conversion of all the world’s peoples, particularly the Jews, who were expected to return to the Holy Land and there embrace a reformed faith on the path to salvation. With the coming of the Saviour and the destruction of all the Men of Sin a ‘thousand years of peace, brotherhood and justice’ were expected. Inspired by the spirit of ‘disinterested benevolence’ of Jonathan Edwards and Samuel Hopkins — and by visions of America’s ‘manifest destiny’ in the world — American Protestant disciples set out to prepare the road for Christ’s return and to sow the seeds of peace, justice and brotherhood among the heathen and unreformed. In 1810 a fraternity known as the ‘Brethren’ at the