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From Pallium to Cortex

This chapter assesses what the development of the cortex brings to the behavioural capacity of vertebrates, culminating with the theory of mind in humans. Two behavioural characteristics, related to each other, distinguish mammals from other vertebrates. The first is a period of dependence of infant mammals that can last several years. The second is play. Although the function of this activity is still debated, it is certain that it has a central role in the learning of foraging and social behaviour. Another property that is almost exclusive to mammals is the ability to recognize oneself. These specific behavioural features are correlated with a general increase in the encephalization quotient and also the ratio between the size of the telencephalon and the rest of the brain. This chapter then goes on to look at the unique capacities of humans, including language, the ability to anticipate, and consciousness.