{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03067608476286579, 'fraction_numerical': 0.016246215943491422, 'mean_word_length': 5.316443594646271, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Thoratec CentriMag for Temporary Treatment of Refractory Cardiogenic Shock or Severe Cardiopulmonary Insufficiency: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Mechanical circulatory support was introduced to provide rescue treatment for patients with cardiac and cardiac-respiratory failure. [1][2][3][4] CentriMag Extracorporeal Blood Pumping System (pediatric version is named PediMag in the United States and PediVAS outside the United States; Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA) is one of the most commonly used devices to provide temporary cardiac or cardiac-respiratory support in critically ill patients. CentriMag is Conformite Europeenne marked for up to 30 days of use and also approved in number of other countries (United States, Canada, Argentina, Taiwan, Australia, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Columbia, Turkey, Mexico, Indonesia, Singapore, Brazil, and Belarus). Since its introduction in 2003 it was extensively used for different indications, including precardiotomy and postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock in both ventricular assist device (VAD) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) modes.
To facilitate informed decision making about survival and adverse events for temporary (<30 days) mechanical circulatory support, it is important to systematically evaluate current status of evidence in the field. As data from prospective randomized controlled trials are lacking, analysis need to rely on observational studies.
The aim of the study was to systematically review effect of CentriMag VAD and ECMO system on survival and adverse events in patients with cardiac or cardiac-respiratory failure.

Literature Searches
Systematic searches were performed in the following databases: Medline, Medline-in-Process, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and NHS EED. The search was conducted on February 8, 2012. The date span of the search was January 1, 2003, to February 8, 2012. Search strategy was refined to include all relevant ventricular assistance and ECMO publications to identify CentriMag data. Full details of the search strategy are provided in Supplemental Digital Content (http://links.lww. com/ASAIO/A49).
Screening of abstracts and evaluation of full text publications was performed by two independent reviewers; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Excluded publications after evaluation of full text versions and reasons for exclusion are provided in Supplemental Digital Content (http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A49).
Special attention was paid to identification and exclusion of duplicate publications which were reporting outcomes for the same patient groups. For this reason, all publications were grouped according to the institution where CentriMag was used in a patient sample, and the analysis of patient sample and outcomes was performed. Information about the grouping of studies is provided in Supplemental Digital Content (http:// links.lww.com/ASAIO/A49). Studies were included if they reported different outcomes for the same sample of patients, or if a later publication reported an increased sample of patients. Studies that reported the same outcomes for the same sample of patients, or older publications that reported smaller sample sizes were excluded. Leading authors were contacted to validate decisions about exclusion of potential duplicates.

Data Extraction
Data from included publications were extracted by one reviewer. The second reviewer checked the quality and completeness of data extraction. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Additional information about data extraction methods is provided in the Supplemental Digital Content (http:// links.lww.com/ASAIO/A49).

Data Analysis
Survival rates and rate of adverse events were analyzed as dichotomous (binary) data. The following effectiveness outcomes were evaluated: survival on support, at discharge, at 30 days, at 90 days, at 6 months, at 1 year, at follow-up after 1 year; proportion of patients weaned from support or bridged to repeat heart transplant (for post-heart transplant graft failure indication); proportion of patients weaned from support or bridged to repeat heart transplant or bridged to long-term VAD (for post-LVAD placement right ventricular failure indication). The following   safety outcomes were evaluated: rate of bleeding, thrombosis and thromboembolism, hemolysis, neurological complications, infection, renal complications, and device failure. Data were presented for each included study in the table format. For effectiveness and safety outcomes pooling of the data from multiple studies (meta-analysis) was performed. Meta-analysis was performed using R package (program code is provided in the Supplemental Digital Content; http://links.lww. com/ASAIO/A49). As analysis of raw proportions using inverse variance method may bias results, 5 Arcsine transformation of data was used and analysis was performed using fixed-effect model using inverse variance method. 6 When possible, separate analysis for adult and pediatric populations was performed.

Literature Search and Citation Screening
In total, from 12,988 records, identified in the initial search, 65 eligible publications were identified for inclusion. However, 12 publications were at risk of reporting outcomes for the same patients already reported in other included publications and were therefore excluded from analysis. There is a potential overlap between two largest Uk studies 7,8 and other Uk publications, although overlap was not possible to determine. References and reasons for exclusions are provided in the Supplemental Digital Content (http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A49). Figure 1 presents the number of studies retrieved by the searches and the records selected and rejected following the searches. Two unpublished studies were included. 7,9 In the study by De Robertis et al., 10 data on six patients in whom CentriMag VAD was used as a bridge-to-decision are not included in the analysis, since there is a high probability of reporting outcomes for the same patients in a later study. 11 However, data on adverse events are included in the analysis since the whole cohort of patients is represented in the 2006 study. Table 1 summarizes the methodology of included studies. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, which is common in the field of critical care, evidence is constituted by a number of small-and medium-sized observational studies. There was wide variation and inconsistency in the reporting of included studies, and details were often sparse.
In total, the 53 publications included report clinical effectiveness outcomes for 999 patients receiving support with the CentriMag pump. The median number of patients included was 12 (IQR 4-29). Thirty-one (59%) publications included adult patients only, six (11%) publications included pediatric Outcomes: mort, mortality; weaned, weaning from device support; bridged, bridging to heart transplant or long-term VAD support. All columns: NR, not reported.  34 16 35 23 30 12 48  publications discussing ECMO, veno-arterious mode was used in 246 (91%) patients, venovenous mode in 23 (8%), and both modes in two (1%) patients. In one publication, patients initially received support with CentriMag BiVAD, but after several days an oxygenator was added to the circuit. 56 Majority of the patients (n = 517, 94% for whom clinical indication was reported) had cardiac indication for support, while remaining 6% (n = 35) respiratory indication. Among patients with cardiac indication, 68% (n = 353) of the patients had postcardiotomy condition and 32% (n = 164) precardiotomy condition. Patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock were distributed into three subgroups: postcardiac surgery cardiogenic shock (n = 158, 45%), post-transplant graft failure or rejection (n = 99, 28%), and post-LVAD placement right ventricular failure (n = 92, 26%). In all clinical groups, CentriMag was used as a bridge-to-recovery, bridge-to-decision, or bridge-to-transplant solution.
Three studies reporting outcomes for CentriMag as a part of the ECMO circuit included 35 patients with respiratory failure. 7,25,31 Methodological quality of studies varied. Inclusion criteria in many publications were not clearly stated, although most publications presented all available experience with ventricular assistance or ECMO support in the centers using a CentriMag pump. Only 11% of the studies report prospective data collection. However, as the main outcomes in the majority of publications are survival, weaning from support or bridging to transplant/long-term VAD, these outcomes can easily be identified in medical records. Definition and measurement of adverse events were described only in 16 (39%) studies. Selective safety outcome reporting was not possible to evaluate in majority of included publications. Relevance of observed adverse events to use of CentriMag was also not possible to evaluate in the studies, except the prospective multicentre case series study of John et al. 30 The method of follow-up after discharge from hospital was not reported in the majority of publications, although patients receiving temporary mechanical circulatory support, heart transplantation or long-term VAD remain under the close surveillance of the transplant centre. Fourteen papers were published as conference abstracts with no full text available. All abstracts provided limited information about clinical population, treatment, methodology aspects, outcomes, and statistical analysis. Although this may significantly decrease the value of the results and the extent to which they can be generalized, abstracts and conference proceedings remain an important source of information in the intensive care specialists' clinical community. In addition to the reporting issues, this is an opportunity for bias given observational uncontrolled design of the majority of the studies.

Effectiveness Outcomes
Data from studies which explicitly reported outcomes are provided in Table 2. Outcomes data for studies, which reported outcomes for mixed group of patients, are provided in the Supplemental Digital Content (http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A49).

Duration of Support
Naïvely pooled mean duration of VAD support was 25.0 days in the precardiotomy group, 10.9 days in postcardiac   25 Weighted pooling (meta-analysis) of duration of support outcome was not possible due to insufficient reporting of summary statistics in included studies.

Effectiveness Outcomes
Survival and other effectiveness outcomes (proportion of patients weaned from support or bridged to heart transplant of long-term VAD) were evaluated for five major indications in 28 studies ( Table 2).

Pooled Effectiveness Outcomes
Results of meta-analysis of effectiveness outcomes for patients supported with CentriMag VAD at different time periods are provided in Table 3. Results of meta-analysis showed that CentriMag offers significant benefits to patients with cardiorespiratory failure. Survival on support was 82% (95% CI 70-92) for VAD support in pre-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock indication (Figure 2), 63% (95% CI 46-78) in VAD support in postcardiac surgery cardiogenic shock indication (Figure 3), 62% (95% CI  in VAD support in post-transplant graft rejection or failure indication (Figure 4), and 83% (95% CI 73-92) in VAD support in post-LVAD placement right ventricular failure indication (Figure 5).
The outcomes of overall (beyond CentriMag support) treatment of cardiorespiratory indication up to follow-up of 1 year are provided in the Supplemental Digital Content (http://links. lww.com/ASAIO/A49). Due to limited number of ECMO studies meta-analysis was not possible.
Meta-regression, subgroup analysis, and evaluation of publication bias were not possible to perform due to low number of studies included for each indication. 6 As majority of the studies, which reported survival, included only adult population, separate analysis for adult and pediatric populations was not possible.

Discussion
Evidence from 53 observational studies suggests that CentriMag is a versatile device for temporary mechanical circulatory support, which can be used as a VAD for all types of support (right-, left-, and biventricular) or as a part of the ECMO circuit. CentriMag provides good support in different patient groups. Average survival on VAD support varied from 61% in post-transplant graft rejection or failure indication to 83% in post-LVAD placement right ventricular failure indication. Prognosis in patients with cardiorespiratory failure remains good also beyond support with temporary VAD. Thus in the present meta-analysis 30-day survival was 66% in precardiotomy cardiogenic shock indication, 41% in postcardiac surgery cardiogenic shock indication, 54% in post-transplant graft rejection or failure indication, and 61% in post-LVAD placement right ventricular failure indication.
In the majority of publications, CentriMag was used as an urgent, immediate solution, since it can easily be utilized in both the VAD and the ECMO modes. It provides effective and inexpensive support until recovery of cardiac/respiratory function or until a decision about heart/lung transplantation or placement of a temporary, expensive ventricular assist has been made. The majority of patients present with multisystem organ failure and an often unclear neurological status, which may preclude immediate heart transplantation or implantation of a long-term VAD. Evidence suggests that immediate introduction of CentriMag support leads to recovery of heart function and weaning from device in a significant proportion of patients. In patients who are stable but not showing an improved cardiac function and in whom multisystem organ failure has been resolved, a decision about heart transplantation or placement of a permanent VAD can be made. By salvaging with CentriMag support, physicians have time to assess the dynamic of the clinical condition and make informed decisions about referring the patient to a heart transplant or permanent VAD implantation. Historical data shows, that without modern treatment, including temporary VADs, patients with cardiorespiratory shock have very poor prognosis. Analysis of incidence and mortality after cardiogenic shock, complicating acute myocardial infarction, in the United States showed that hospital survival in these patients ranged between 18.3% and 49.4% for the period of 1975-1999 years. 60 In SHOCk prestudy Registry hospital survival for post-AMI cardiogenic shock patients was 37% for the period of 1992-1997 years. 61 In our analysis, survival on support was 82.2% and 30-day survival was 66% in patients with pre-cardiotomy indication.
The important aspect of the CentriMag pump is the ability to work both in the VAD mode and as part of the ECMO circuit. Several studies report the versatility of adding an oxygenator to CentriMag VAD in situations of deterioration of respiratory function. 37,46,49,56 This may allow effective and less complex support in clinical scenarios where the clinical condition is changing.
CentriMag is used in extremely ill patients in intensive care settings and the complication rate by definition is substantial. However, since these patients will most likely die without support, the complication rate may be considered acceptable. By definition, life-saving technologies used in patients with multiorgan failure due to cardiogenic shock are very invasive. The CentriMag pump is designed to decrease hemolysis and thrombus formation by employing magnetic levitation and bearing-less technology. This allows minimal friction and thermal energy generation during operation. One cohort study (Byrnes et al. 17 ) found a nonsignificant trend toward a lower rate of ECMO circuit change with the CentriMag pump compared with the roller pump (Stockert-Shiley Sill) (15% and 50%, respectively). Unpublished study from the Uk confirmed, that centrifugal (CentriMag) pump has significantly better safety profile in comparison with roller pump for  ECMO support. 7 The CentriMag system has only three reported pump failures in 21 studies of 512 patients. In our analysis, adult patients experienced less complications compared with pediatric population. Incidence of thrombosis and neurological complications in pediatric population was in general in line with data reported for Berlin Heart EXCOR (Berlin Heart Ag, Berlin, germany) in the recent study from the Uk. 62 Evidence is based predominantly on case series studies with three cohort studies and one case report. No prospective controlled trials were identified in the search. The majority of the studies collected data retrospectively, which may introduce bias in the evaluation of adverse events. Some publications were presented in the format of conference abstracts which limits the validity of results and extent to which they can be generalized. Some inconsistencies and variations in reporting were observed which limits the extent to which results may be generalized.
Despite the above-mentioned limitations, the clinical-evidence base has several significant strengths. The publications included in this study present a significant proportion of the worldwide experience with the CentriMag pump. The population eligible for VAD is limited to the most critically ill patients, who will most likely die without mechanical circulatory support. As it is difficult to conduct prospective randomized controlled trials in the area of urgent, rescuing ventricular assistance, evidence from a range of observational studies may be considered as appropriate. In most studies, hard and objectively measured endpoints (survival, weaning from support or bridging to transplant/long-term VAD) are reported which do not require special measurement and can easily be captured with retrospective analysis of data. In a majority of the included publications, the centers report their total CentriMag experience at the time for publication. This increases the extent to which results can be generalized. In the case of CentriMag support for acute cardiac graft failure, an audit of all adult heart transplants was reported.
Mean duration of support varied from 8.8 days for posttransplant graft failure indication to 25.0 days in precardiotomy indication. Range of support varied from 1 to 146 days. Although CentriMag is approved for 30-day support in the EU, many studies report its use beyond 30-day time frame, when required. Recently published study of CentriMag support at Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust revealed that from 2003 154 CentriMag devices were used for support of which 46 (30%) devices were used for more the 30 days. 63 Mean support time was 59 days (range 31-167 days) with major indication of refractory heart failure (85% of the patients). Overall, 74% patients were recovered or bridged, with a 1-year survival of 54%.
To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first analysis of pooled efficacy and safety data for technology used for short-term bridge-to-decision or bridge-to-recovery indications in patients with cardiac and cardiorespiratory failure. Pooled estimates can be used as a benchmark for evaluation of efficacy and safety of other heart pumps in similar clinical situations and quality control of outcomes for short-term mechanical circulatory programs in real-world settings.

Conclusions
Results of comprehensive systematic literature review and meta-analysis showed that CentriMag is an effective technology for temporary support of patients with cardiac and cardiorespiratory failure. Evidence supports its use in different patient groups, including pre-cardiotomy, post-cardiac surgery cardiogenic shock, post-transplant graft failure or rejection, post-LVAD placement right ventricular failure.