﻿ Spoiler effect : définition de Spoiler effect et synonymes de Spoiler effect (anglais)

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définition - Spoiler effect

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Spoiler effect


The spoiler effect describes the effect a minor party candidate with little chance of winning has in a close election, when that candidate's presence in the election draws votes from a major candidate similar to him/her, thereby causing the opposing candidate to win. The minor candidate causing this effect is often referred to as a spoiler.

If preferential ballots are not used, the spoiler candidate takes votes away from the viable similar candidate (an effect called vote splitting). In some cases, even though the spoiler candidate cannot win themselves, their influence upon the voters may allow them to deliberately determine which of the viable candidates wins the election—a situation known as a kingmaker scenario.

In a preferential voting system, a voter can vote for a minor party candidate as their first choice, and in addition, they can record a preference between the remaining candidates, whether they are in a "major party" or not. For example, voters for a very left-wing candidate might select a moderately left-wing candidate as their second choice, thus minimizing the chances that their vote will result in the election of a right-wing candidate. Approval voting can also reduce the impact of the "spoiler effect".

One of the main functions of political parties is to mitigate the effect of spoiler-prone voting methods by winnowing the contenders before the election. Each party nominates at most one candidate per office since each party expects to lose if they nominate more than one. (In some cases, a party can expect to "lose" if they nominate more than zero, since nominating one can cause spoiling when there are three or more parties; the party may prefer the candidate who would win if the party nominates zero.) For example, if the Democrats had nominated both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama for U.S. President in 2008, it would have allowed the Republican candidate (John McCain) to easily win; the voters who preferred both Clinton and Obama over McCain could not have been relied on to solve the strategy coordination problem on their own. Thus, empirical observations of the frequency of spoiled elections do not provide a good measure of how prone to spoiling the voting method is, since the observations omit the relevant information about potential candidates (e.g., Hillary Clinton) who did not run because they did not want to spoil the election.


  Mathematical definitions






  Spoiler effect in American elections

  Presidential elections




Nader himself and many of his supporters argued that most Nader voters would either have chosen another minor party candidate or abstained from voting, had Nader not been on the ballot. Some observers began to refer to the spoiler effect as the "Nader effect" after the 2000 election.[3] [4] [5]

  Other alleged spoilers


Spoiler candidate Election "Denied victory" to Winning candidate
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 1800 John Adams Thomas Jefferson
James Birney 1844 Henry Clay James Knox Polk
Martin van Buren 1848 Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor
Peter Cooper 1876 Samuel J. Tilden Rutherford B. Hayes
John St. John 1884 James G. Blaine Grover Cleveland
Theodore Roosevelt 1912 William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson
George Wallace 1968 Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon
Ross Perot 1992 George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton
Ross Perot 1996 Bob Dole Bill Clinton
Ralph Nader 2000 Al Gore George W. Bush

  Other elections


  Other countries

The spoiler effect has also been seen in other countries, such as Trinidad and Tobago. There, a minority party with no chance of winning, Congress of the People, took votes from its former party, the United National Congress and made it lose seats, thus allowing the incumbent People's National Movement, highly disfavoured for the elections, to take the Government role again.[citation needed]






  1. ^ Public Disclosure Division (December 2001). "2000 Official Presidential General Election Results". Federal Election Commission. http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 
  2. ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (February 24, 2004). "Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise". The New York Times (New York). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E4D6173CF937A15751C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 
  3. ^ Bacon Jr., Karen; Tumulty (May 31, 2004). "The Nader Effect". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994287,00.html. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 
  4. ^ Kuhn, David Paul (February 23, 2004). "The Nader Effect". CBSNews.com. CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/02/23/politics/main601802.shtml. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 
  5. ^ Cook, Charlie (March 9, 2004). "The Next Nader Effect". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/opinion/the-next-nader-effect.html. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 
  6. ^ "Wisconsin GOP backs spoiler candidates in recall elections". WSJ. http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/article_df8f9e60-9056-11e0-8101-001cc4c03286.html. 

  See also


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