The second Soviet Almaz military space station both had and tested an externally-mounted autocannon, specifically a Rikhter R-23 (according to some sources). It had 32 rounds of ammunition. The gun was fixed to the station such that the only way to aim was to rotate the entire station.

The International Space Station is designed to withstand impact from orbital debris, largely through the use of Whipple shielding on at least the pressurized modules. Here's an article describing the testing of a Whipple shield as on the Kibo module: it maxes out at an 11 mm aluminum ball fired at 6 km/s which failed to penetrate the inner wall.

On the other hand, this book describes some limitations of Whipple shielding:

The Whipple bumper is most effective at high impact velocities, where the disruption and dispersion of the impacting projectile can be maximized. At lower velocities, the collision with the bumper may not break up or liquefy the impactor; thus it may still be intact when it strikes the catcher.


Other more effective shields are placed in forward-facing areas where most impacts are expected. Less capable shields are located in aft and nadir-facing areas that are expected to be hit less frequently.


Given 32 rounds of ammunition and attempting to aim by pointing the entire station could the Almaz gun be expected to puncture the pressure hull of the ISS? Where would the best chance of success be? How much damage could the gun do (and would depressurizing the station be the worst case)?

Assume that Almaz 2 and the ISS are nearby in the same orbit (so no orbital-velocity speed boosts to the bullets). Also, try to answer using the ammunition the Rikhter R-23 fired: 175 gram HEI projectiles (though I'm also curious about the damage generic chunk of lead could do).

To put it another way: The ISS is shielded to protect against random strikes by high-velocity orbital debris; does that shielding protect well against a limited number of lower-velocity but targeted small projectiles?


Whipple shielding seems like it's only effective for multiple strikes if the impacts aren't all in the same small area, but I don't know how well the Almaz station could maintain aim or how accurate the gun would be.

I get the impression a variety of different shields are used on the ISS, but I didn't find a comprehensive comparison of them.

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    $\begingroup$ This would be really cool to test before ISS deorbit $\endgroup$ – Sarah Bailey Aug 5 '15 at 14:31
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    $\begingroup$ @SarahBourt Just before reentry I'd hope, otherwise you might have to deorbit several thousands of its fragments, each in slightly different orbit, before they cause more damage or even result in the dreaded Kessler syndrome. ;) $\endgroup$ – TildalWave Aug 5 '15 at 15:26
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    $\begingroup$ Personally I think money would be better spent on testing useful space technologies rather than ways to kill each other in yet another medium. $\endgroup$ – GdD Aug 5 '15 at 17:46
  • $\begingroup$ I suspect the answer is that it could destroy the ISS, but only through a very carefully targeted strike, and not in a random fashion. Still... Hmmm... $\endgroup$ – PearsonArtPhoto Aug 5 '15 at 17:47
  • $\begingroup$ Related: Could a gun fired inside the ISS rupture it? $\endgroup$ – a CVn Aug 7 '15 at 12:11

Extrapolation is always dangerous but here's my shot at it.

I assumed the bullet was a chunk of lead. I have no way of incorporating the effects of any kind of explosive charge in the bullet. Presumably they would increase the damage.

I used a chart from Page 60 of here.

enter image description here

The chart is for aluminum...here is where some shaky extrapolation gets in...is the mass or size important? For a 175 gram lead bullet with lead at 11.34 gm/cm^3, I got an ~ 3 cm diameter sphere. For a 175 gram aluminum bullet with Al at 2.7 gm/cm^3, I got an ~ 5 cm diameter sphere.

All these sizes are way bigger than what's on the chart. More extrapolation.

So if we enter the chart with a 5 cm diameter sphere at .85 km/sec, we get....probably it penetrates. Depending on exactly where that line would go after it leaves the chart, and where your ruler tells you 0.85 km/second is. Obviously it can't be linear or you would get some large mass that penetrates at zero velocity....

There are other, similar charts in the document for different kinds of shields. None go up big enough though...but feel free to pick a different chart!

The document shows diagrams of what kind of shielding is used on different parts of the station. It's kind of old though, 2003, and ISTR shuttle mission(s) carrying up enhanced shielding for Russian modules. But for this kind of calculations, probably does not matter.

enter image description here

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  • 4
    $\begingroup$ Pun intended in the first sentence? $\endgroup$ – Nathan Tuggy Aug 5 '15 at 19:24
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    $\begingroup$ The Rikhter R-23 is a repeating cannon, not a machine gun. The difference is that while a machine gun shoots inert pieces of metal a cannon shoots shells, usually high explosive fragmentation rounds. I suspect the soviets developed a special ammunition for it for use in space but I can find no references for it. $\endgroup$ – GdD Aug 6 '15 at 9:16
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    $\begingroup$ Spaced armor works wonders against simple explosive shells: the outer layer triggers the explosive, and the inner layer stops the fragments. $\endgroup$ – Mark Oct 13 '16 at 22:23
  • $\begingroup$ @GdD there's now more information in this edited answer about modified NR-23 cannon that was installed on Almaz-2 station. $\endgroup$ – LeoS Jan 4 at 5:59
  • $\begingroup$ I've rolled back those changes @LeoS, you massively, categorically changed that answer way past the author's intent. Why don't you make your own answer out of all that rather than modifying someone else's? $\endgroup$ – GdD Jan 4 at 13:54

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