man solving problem

“How much does a school bus weigh?”

“How many people are currently online in Germany?”

“How many windows are there in New York City?”




1. Understand What the Interviewer Wants



  • Dealing with uncertainty
  • Thinking analytically
  • Communicating clearly


2. Clarify the Question




3. Ask for Time




  • Only building windows
  • Three main categories
  • NYC: 10 million people
  • Apartments: three windows/person


  • Residential
  • Retail
  • Office


  • Residential: 10M x three windows/person
  • Retail
  • Office
  • Total


4. Give a Roadmap

With your outline in-hand, it’s time to give your interviewer a roadmap to your answer. That’s because so many answers go off the rails when you think you’re being clear but the interviewer is totally lost.

Say something like this:

“OK, so I’m going to solve this problem in three steps. First I’m going to name my assumptions. Next, I’m going to break the problem into relevant categories. And finally, I’m going to make calculations for each category.”

Now, the interviewer can keep track of your progress at every step (“OK, she just laid out her assumptions. Check!”). And, as a bonus, you come across as way more organized and analytical.

5. State Your Assumptions

As I mentioned upfront, these questions rarely have one right answer. I mean, even the mayor of New York doesn’t know exactly how many windows are in his city!

So instead of getting caught up in the search for an illusory truth, just make some logical assumptions. And then, most importantly, name and justify your assumptions.

For instance, you might say:

“When it comes to apartment windows, I’m going to assume that there are three windows per resident. That’s because I’ve lived in a lot of two-person apartments that had six windows, on average. And so three per person feels about right.”

While this might seem like relatively flimsy evidence, the critical word here is “because.” Psychology research has shown that people are significantly more likely to accept something with a justification attached. And it makes you look more organized to boot!

6. Break the Problem Down

Now, these questions are often so massive that trying to solve them in one fell swoop can be downright ridiculous. So, instead, break them down into easy-to-digest parts.

In this case, you can offer an answer like this:

“OK, since buildings in New York are so different, I’m going to look at the three main categories of buildings separately: residential, retail, and office.”

And now, the question that once looked freakishly scary has become quasi-reasonable—and you get to flex your analytical biceps!

7. Round Your Numbers

While knowing that there were 8.406 million people in New York in 2013 might help you win Trivia Night at the demographers’ bar, trying to multiply 8.406 times anything is a recipe for disaster. So do yourself a big favor and round to the juiciest whole number you can think of:

“Alright, I’m going to say there are about 10 million people living in New York, give or take a million…”

Again, no one’s testing your Rain Man skills. And this will pay off big time when you’re ready to take the next step.

8. Calculate on Paper

It might feel safer to do your calculations in your head so the interviewer can’t see your crummy arithmetic skills. But that’s just nuts—again, who can pull off 27 different mental calculations while simultaneously obeying the 95 rules of interview etiquette?

So skip the Math Olympiad stuff and show your work on paper or a whiteboard, step-by-step:

“OK, there are 10 million people in NYC. So I’m going to multiply that times three windows per person to get 30 million residential windows. Now let’s move on to retail…”

Now, even if you do mess up, you have the visibility to stop yourself before your errors snowball into an avalanche.

9. Offer Caveats

So you’ve finally reached an answer. However, you’re actually not done yet.

Remember that these questions aren’t about the answer: They’re about the process. So before you drop the microphone, take one last chance to show off your full abilities by caveating your answer:

“So, that’s my answer. But I’m not totally happy with it because I completely neglected development trends in the city. I basically assumed that every building was your typical old-school New York office or apartment, with relatively few windows. But all the new buildings are 100% glass, which suggests that this number is probably on the low side.”

And now, at last, you’re done. Which leaves you just enough time to figure out how much that school bus weighs after all.