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(1,577 words)


Mīrān Muḥammad S̲h̲āh I

(297 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.


(2,094 words)


Muḥammad b. Sām

(695 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.


(796 words)

, a city and port of western India, on the south bank of the Tāptī and some 16 km/10 miles upstream from where the river debouches into the Gulf of Cambay (lat. 21° 10´ N., long 72° 54´ E.). The geographer Ptolemy (A.D. 150), speaks of the trade of Pulipula, perhaps Phulpāda, the sacred part of Sūrat city. Early references to Sūrat by Muslim historians must be scrutinised, owing to the confusion of the name with Sorath (Saurās̲h̲tra), but in 774/1373 F…

Muḥammad II

(245 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.
(780-99/1378-97), the fifth king of the Bahmanī dynasty of the Dakan, was the son of Maḥmūd K̲h̲ān, the youngest son of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Bahman S̲h̲āh, the founder of the dynasty, and was raised to the throne on 21 Muḥarram 780/20 May 1378, after the assassination of his uncle Dāwūd S̲h̲āh. Firis̲h̲ta’s statement that this king’s name was Maḥmūd has misled all European historians, but is refuted by inscriptions, legends on coins, and other historians. Muḥammad II was a man of peace, devoted to literature and poetry, and his reign was undisturbed by foreign wars. He invited Ḥāfiẓ [ q.v.] to visit…


(459 words)


Mubārak S̲h̲āh

(495 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.
, Muʿizz al-Dīn , the second king of the Sayyid dynasty of Dihlī, was the son of K̲h̲iḍr K̲h̲ān [ q.v.], the first king, and succeeded his father on 19 D̲j̲umādā I 824/22 May 1421. The limits of his kingdom were then restricted to a few districts of Hindūstān proper and Multān, and he was obliged to desist from an attempt to establish his authority in the Pand̲j̲āb by the necessity of relieving Gwalior, menaced by Hūs̲h̲ang of Mālwa [ q.v.], who raised the siege and met him, but after an indecisive action came to terms and retired to Mālwa. From 828/1425 to 830/1427 he was …


(351 words)



(325 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.

Saʿd (I) b. Zangī

(478 words)


Ṣāḥib Ḳirān

(228 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.

Sar-i Pul

(304 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.


(471 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.
, ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī mīrzā d̲j̲ānī , the Bābī historian, was a merchant of Kās̲h̲ān who, with two of his three brothers, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Mīrzā Ismāʿīl Ḍabīḥ and Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Mīrzā Aḥmad, was among the earliest disciples of Mīrzā ʿAlī Muḥammad, the Bāb [ q.v.]. When in 1847 the Bāb was being conducted from Iṣfahān to his prison at Mākū, the brothers bribed his escort to allow him to be their guest for two days and two nights at Kās̲h̲ān. In the following year Kās̲h̲ānī, with Bahāʾ Allāh, Ṣubḥ-i Azal and other prominent disciples-, attempted to joi…

Sālār Ḏj̲ang

(484 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.
(Sir), the title by which Mīr Turāb ʿAlī, a Sayyid of Persian descent and one of the greatest of modern Indian statesmen, was best known. He was born at Ḥaydarābād, Deccan, on 2 January, 1829, and, his father having died not long after his birth, was educated by his uncle, Nawwāb Sirād̲j̲ al-Mulk, Minister of the Ḥaydarābād State. He received an administrative appointment in 1848, at the age of 19, and on his uncle’s death in 1853 succeeded him as Minister of the State. He was engaged in reforming the administration unt…


(599 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W. | Spuler, B.
(possibly kurt), the name of a dynasty which ruled Herāt from 643/1245 to 791/1389. It was founded by S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad I Kart, who was descended from the S̲h̲ansabānī house of G̲h̲ūr, the family to which the brothers G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Muḥammad and Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sām belonged. As Herat recovered from the devastating raids of the armies of Čingiz K̲h̲ān, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn gradually gained power, and by 643/1245 had established himself as ruler of the state, and used the title of Mal…


(518 words)

, a city of northern India in the uppermost part of the Ganges-D̲j̲amnā Doʾāb (lat. 29° 57′ N., long. 77° 33′ E.), now in the extreme northwestern tip of the Uttar Pradesh State of the Indian Union. It was founded in ca. 740/1340, in the reign of Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ [ q.v.] and was named after a local Muslim saint, S̲h̲āh Haran Čis̲h̲tī. The city and district suffered severely during the invasion of Tīmūr; in 932/1526 Bābur traversed them on his way to Pānīpat, and some local Mug̲h̲al colonies trace their origin to his followers. Muslim influe…


(5,998 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W. | Bosworth, C.E. | Ansari, Sarah | Shackle, C. | Crowe, Yolande
, the older Indian Sindhu , the name for the region around the lower course of the Indus river (from which the region takes its name, see mihrān ), i.e. that part of the Indus valley south of approximately lat. 28° 30’ N., and the delta area, now coming within the modern state of Pākistān. There are alluvial soils in the delta and in the lands along the river, liable to inundation when the river ¶ rises in spring from the melting snows of the northern Indian mountains and rendered fertile by a network of irrigation canals and channels for flood control. To the west of …

Muḥammad I

(390 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.
(759-76/1358-75), the second king of the Bahmanī dynasty of the Dakan, was the eldest son of Ḥasan, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Bahman S̲h̲āh, usually, but incorrectly, styled Ḥasan Gangū. On succeeding his father, on 1 Rabīʿ I 759/11 February 1358, he carefully organised the government of the four provinces of the kingdom and the administration of the army. The pertinacity of the Hindū bankers and moneychangers in melting down the gold coinage which he introduced led to a general massacre of the community and…

Muḥammad III

(587 words)

Author(s): Haig, T.W.
, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Las̲h̲karī (867-87/1463-82), the thirteenth king of the Bahmanī dynasty of the Dakan, was the younger son of Humāyūn S̲h̲āh, and succeeded his elder brother, Niẓām S̲h̲āh, on 13 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 867/30 ¶ July 1463, at the age of nine. His minister was the famous Maḥmūd Gāwān, Malik al-Tud̲j̲d̲j̲ār, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a D̲j̲ahān [ q.v.]. A campaign against Mālwā in 871/1467 was unsuccessful, but between 873/1469 and 875/1471 Maḥmūd Gāwān conquered the southern Konkan. In 876/1472 Niẓām al-Mulk Malik Ḥasan Baḥrī, a Brāhman who had been captured…