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2006 年6 月
第 29 卷　第3 期

CELEA Journal（Bim onthly）

29 No．

Gong Xueping
Sichuan Nor m al University

　　The teaching of basic skills of a co m position could be a quartet involving a cluster of interactions by
teacher and students ：warming up ，new ite m of presentation ，developing it and case analysis．This m odel can
be repeatedly performed in the process of teaching different skills． The rather unusual grading procedure is
very hu manism ，w hich lessens the burden of teacher s correcting ，m ore im portantly ，it stim ulates learners
responsibility and explores their initiative and creativity．In addition ，
this m odel reveals an accessible way to
learn with initiative by the strategies of performing the individual－
featured and interactive teaching and
learning ，
also it entrusts students with confidence and freedo m ．
Key w ords
co m position ；
teaching ；m odel

　　This m odel is co m posed of three parts ，one is the teaching of basic skills ，the second is writing
practice ，
the third is checking and evaluation．In other w ords ，
this m odel is a cluster of interactions by
teacher and students that could be repeatedly perform ed in the process of teaching different contents．
The teaching of basic skills m ainly refers to teacher s behavior thatinvolves four steps ：warming up ，
new ite m of presentation ，developing the new ite m and case analysis． Take the teaching of writing a
paragraph as an exa m ple ，
the four steps are the activity of warming up ，teaching a piece of gra m m ar ＆
m echanics ，m ore sentence patterns concerned ，and the activity of case analysis． The following is the
description in detail．
Teacher organizes the activity of warming up．In warming up ，first ，teacher writes a topic on the
blackboard and lets students contribute sentences freely w hich relate to the topic．So m e students surely
m ake good sentences w orthy of teacher s praise and of popular use ；take care not to criticize the poor
w ork done by so m e students so that teacher can successfully inspire the w hole class initiative in the
teaching of every tim e．
In sequence ，
it s now the high tim e for teacher to teach gra m m ar ，for exa m ple ，
the correct use of
capitalization ，or the correct use of part of speech ，but with no m entioning of w ho s mistake．Students
usually can be concentrated on listening to their teacher because the teaching of gra m m aris closely related
to the difficulties they m et in free writing．
After the tw o steps ，
teacher shall develop the teaching by contributing m ore sentence patterns of the
topic w hich students failto give ，
but are useful for developing the topic ，and requiring students to imitate
m ore sentences based on the patterns．This step is challenging ，but full of interesting．
When students are writing ，teacher m ay gather so m e basic sentences faults to m ake case analysis ，
m ay choose the sentences lacking conciseness ，point out the a m biguous expressions or the twisted
sentences ，or the sentences of Chinese－
English expressions fro m students etc．Teacher s explanation and
correction of the faulty sentences w ould w ork successfully ，and always can call students response

A Ne w Model of Teaching Co m position 　　Gong Xueping

Teaching basic skills in this way strategically transforms the dull knowledge－
explanation into a
co m petitive ga m e that not only puts knowledge across students ，but also stim ulates another eager try in
the following teaching． This process involves tw o tim es of mistakes correction and one new ite m of
presentation ，m ost im portantly ，
it e m bodies a continuable interaction between teaching and learning．
The second part of the m odel is writing practice ，m ainly an exercise given to students．In the
teaching of writing a paragraph ，the exercise is divided into tw o ：polish of writing ，and focus
arrange m ent of sentences． After the four－
step procedure ，students are m ore conscious to re－
write and
refine their written sentences． They will take gra m m ar into consideration ，they will use patterns to
express and they will try to write plain and distinct sentences w hile writing． Up to now ，the sentences
they wrote are generally correct ，can convey sense．The closely followed exercise is the training of focus
arrange m ent．Before re－
arranging sentences ，
teacher m ay re mind students of the topic again ，
lead the m
to have a sm all discussion by m aking everybody have a say． Around the topic ，students are inspired to
increase or decrease so m e sentences they hope．Since the exercise focuses on the establish m ent of the
m ain idea of a paragraph ，
it s not the tim e to correct the error of the new－written sentences if there is
any．Only w hen students have a centered idea in their mind ，can they organize the sentences into a
paragraph ，avoid redundancy and a m biguity． Though this paragraph is not written in a breath ，the
training leads students to write fro m single sentences to a paragraph step by step．Sure they shall write a
good paragraph after m any tim es of this training．
The last part of the m odel is checking and evaluation w hich are interesting and inspiring．The new
teaching m odel also calls for a m obilization of students initiative．Stressing the learner－
centered pattern
in the teaching and learning process ，Daniel A ． Kister ，an Am erican professor ，teaches in Sichuan
Norm al University ，he w orks as a good exa m ple．In his writing class ，seven or eight students good at
writing serve as tutors for other students ，
they grade an assign m ent for other students ，not the teacher．
Following the set norms ，
the tutors first give a tentative grade to the assign m ents of students w ho did not
tutor．In the light of the tutor s grade ，each student then gives his／
her ow n grade and returns the
assign m ent to the teacher．If this grade differs fro m the tutor s grade by m ore than three points（ten
points for total），
the student gives a one－
sentence reason for altering it．The teacher reviews and gives
the final grade ，usually accepting the students grades of their ow n w ork（Daniel ，2003）
．Other teachers
followed Daniel s suit or m ade so m e m ore try ，
for exa m ple ，
each tim e they chose seven of the class to be
tutors ，
teacher corrected the tutors assign m ents one by one and face to face ，then ，each of the seven
tutors graded the assign m ents of his group w ho did not tutor and returned the graded assign m ent to his
fellow m en．His fellow m en w ould re－
check it and evaluate his tutor s grading ，
then he ll grade his ow n
assign m ent ，co m paring his tutor s grading with his ow n ，presenting his opinion m aybe ，returned the
assign m ent to the teacher． Teacher keeps a record of each student s self－
learning data to observe ，
evaluate and supervise the w hole process of each student s self－
learning． This rather unusual grading
procedure lessens the burden of teacher s correcting ， m ore im portantly ，it stim ulates students
responsibility in judging their ow n w ork ，they beco m e m ore interested and involved with analysis ，
speculation and criticism ，therefore ，the exploration in learning cultivates student s initiative and
creativity．As for teacher ，he is always a guide and a designer in the w hole process of teaching and
Let s have a sim ple look at another exa m ple ，
the teaching of coherent paragraphs．
In warming up ，students are required to organize w ords and phrases into a sentence and then put
several sentences into a paragraph with logic ，paying attention to the linkage of sentences．
The miscellaneous errors of writing a paragraph now lie in the use of conjunctions of sentences．
Teacher will take the chance to teach the m echanics of using conjunctions． Taking the organized
paragraphs fro m students as sa m ples ，teacher m ay present so m e proper conjunctions and ，at the sa m e
tim e present so m e im proper or zero ones as well to co m pare ，
letting students discuss till they agree．This
correction is done without m uch conspicuous notice ；
it s also the presentation of a new ite m ．This style of
teaching is very arguing ，interactive and effective． Basing on the teaching ，teacher will contribute
another paragraph to drill the use of conjunctions ，better repeat the sa m e conjunctions learnt above so
that he can m ake students bear the use of conjunctions wellin mind．

CELEA Journal 67

The third step of teaching basic skills is spreading the technique ，
fro m the use of conjunctions to the
use of other transitions ，a w ord or a phrase for instance ，by organizing ten disordered sentences or m ore
into tw o or three paragraphs ，stressing that the tw o paragraphs are in the logic connection of a certain
topic．Between paragraphs ，based on the m eaning of sentences or on the m ood of speaker ，a proper
transition is needed．Only w hen students understand the function of a transition ，could they know w hat a
transition is ，and know w hen and how to use a transition． As far as students roughly know the use of
conjunctions and transitions ，
teacher m ay give another group of sentences ，
require students to link the m
with conjunctions or transitions around a m ain idea that the sentences m ay convey．
The last is case analysis．Students w ork m ay differ fro m each other ，so m e write sentences without
logic ，
so m e m ay m ake an im proper shifting in focus of paragraphs ，others m ay present broken sentences
in m eaning because of the wrong use of conjunctions． Teacher gathers faulty use of the m as m any as
possible ，explains each error and corrects the m either by teacher himself or by students．
For the second part ，
the writing practice teacher assigned for students as their ho m ew ork is writing a
coherent paragraph．The exercise m ay include tw o ，one is organizing the given w ords and phrases into a
paragraph by the correct use of conjunctions ，
the other is paragraph writing．Basing on the learning and
practice of m echanics of conjunctions and transitions in class ，especially through the case analysis ，
students are eager to do the ho m ew ork by using conjunctions and transitions thatthey didn t know before．
The last of the new m odelis checking and evaluation．Quite like the above ，
teacher first corrects the
tutors assign m ents ，
then the student tutor grades for each of his group ，each student gives his／her ow n
grade and returns the assign m ent to the teacher．The w orth m entioning is teacher s assign m ents to the
student tutors． Each tim e ，seven students can have a chance to discuss with teacher ，the face－
co m m unication shortens the distance between teacher and students ，they feel dear to each other ，
therefore ，
teacher s guide can im press student unexpectedly． Within a se m ester ，
the w hole class can have
tw o tim es of opportunities to get individual guide ，w hich is a great help for teacher to supervise his
students self－
learning． Face－
face coach also e m bodies hu m anism that shows m ore concern for the
individual difference and pays close attention to all sorts of students．
At the sa m e tim e ，this m odel reveals an accessible way to learn with initiative by the strategies of
performing the individual－
featured and interactive teaching and learning ，entrusts students with
confidence and freedo m ．In checking and evaluation of the new m odel ，it shifts part of responsibility
fro m teacher onto students． The circulation of initiative and responsibility turns out having aroused a
bigger initiative and creativity fro m students．

Kister ，D ．A ．2003．The use of literature in teaching English co m m unication to Asian university students．
Journal of Teaching English Literature 7 ：118－


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