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§Body parsers

§What is a body parser?

An HTTP request is a header followed by a body. The header is typically small - it can be safely buffered in memory, hence in Play it is modelled using the RequestHeader class. The body however can be potentially very long, and so is not buffered in memory, but rather is modelled as a stream. However, many request body payloads are small and can be modelled in memory, and so to map the body stream to an object in memory, Play provides a BodyParser abstraction.

Since Play is an asynchronous framework, the traditional InputStream can’t be used to read the request body - input streams are blocking, when you invoke read, the thread invoking it must wait for data to be available. Instead, Play uses an asynchronous streaming library called Akka Streams. Akka Streams is an implementation of Reactive Streams, a SPI that allows many asynchronous streaming APIs to seamlessly work together, so though traditional InputStream based technologies are not suitable for use with Play, Akka Streams and the entire ecosystem of asynchronous libraries around Reactive Streams will provide you with everything you need.

§Using the built in body parsers

Most typical web apps will not need to use custom body parsers, they can simply work with Play’s built in body parsers. These include parsers for JSON, XML, forms, as well as handling plain text bodies as Strings and byte bodies as ByteString.

§The default body parser

The default body parser that’s used if you do not explicitly select a body parser will look at the incoming Content-Type header, and parses the body accordingly. So for example, a Content-Type of type application/json will be parsed as a JsonNode, while a Content-Type of application/x-www-form-urlencoded will be parsed as a Map<String, String[]>.

The request body can be accessed through the body() method on Request, and is wrapped in a RequestBody object, which provides convenient accessors to the various types that the body could be. For example, to access a JSON body:

public Result index() {
    return ok("Got name: " + json.get("name").asText());

The following is a mapping of types supported by the default body parser:

The default body parser, for performance reasons, won’t attempt to parse the body if the request method is not defined to have a meaningful body, as defined by the HTTP spec. This means it only parses bodies of POST, PUT and PATCH requests, but not GET, HEAD or DELETE. If you would like to parse request bodies for these methods, you can use the AnyContent body parser, described below.

§Choosing an explicit body parser

If you want to explicitly select a body parser, this can be done using the @BodyParser.Of annotation, for example:

public Result index() {
    RequestBody body = request().body();
    return ok("Got text: " + body.asText());

The body parsers that Play provides out of the box are all inner classes of the BodyParser class. Briefly, they are:

§Content length limits

Most of the built in body parsers buffer the body in memory, and some buffer it on disk. If the buffering was unbounded, this would open up a potential vulnerability to malicious or careless use of the application. For this reason, Play has two configured buffer limits, one for in memory buffering, and one for disk buffering.

The memory buffer limit is configured using play.http.parser.maxMemoryBuffer, and defaults to 100KB, while the disk buffer limit is configured using play.http.parser.maxDiskBuffer, and defaults to 10MB. These can both be configured in application.conf, for example, to increase the memory buffer limit to 256KB:

play.http.parser.maxMemoryBuffer = 256kb

You can also limit the amount of memory used on a per action basis by writing a custom body parser, see below for details.

§Writing a custom body parser

A custom body parser can be made by implementing the BodyParser class. This class has one abstract method:

public abstract Accumulator<ByteString, F.Either<Result, A>> apply(RequestHeader request);

The signature of this method may be a bit daunting at first, so let’s break it down.

The method takes a RequestHeader. This can be used to check information about the request - most commonly, it is used to get the Content-Type, so that the body can be correctly parsed.

The return type of the method is an Accumulator. An accumulator is a thin layer around an Akka Streams Sink. An accumulator asynchronously accumulates streams of elements into a result, it can be run by passing in an Akka Streams Source, this will return a CompletionStage that will be redeemed when the accumulator is complete. It is essentially the same thing as a Sink<E, CompletionStage<A>>, in fact it is nothing more than a wrapper around this type, but the big difference is that Accumulator provides convenient methods such as map, mapFuture, recover etc. for working with the result as if it were a promise, where Sink requires all such operations to be wrapped in a mapMaterializedValue call.

The accumulator that the apply method returns consumes elements of type ByteString - these are essentially arrays of bytes, but differ from byte[] in that ByteString is immutable, and many operations such as slicing and appending happen in constant time.

The return type of the accumulator is F.Either<Result, A>. This says it will either return a Result, or it will return a body of type A. A result is generally returned in the case of an error, for example, if the body failed to be parsed, if the Content-Type didn’t match the type that the body parser accepts, or if an in memory buffer was exceeded. When the body parser returns a result, this will short circuit the processing of the action - the body parsers result will be returned immediately, and the action will never be invoked.

§Composing an existing body parser

As a first example, we’ll show how to compose an existing body parser. Let’s say you want to parse some incoming JSON into a class that you have defined, called Item.

First we’ll define a new body parser that depends on the JSON body parser:

public static class UserBodyParser implements BodyParser<User> {

    private BodyParser.Json jsonParser;
    private Executor executor;

    public UserBodyParser(BodyParser.Json jsonParser, Executor executor) {
        this.jsonParser = jsonParser;
        this.executor = executor;

Now, in our implementation of the apply method, we’ll invoke the JSON body parser, which will give us back the Accumulator<ByteString, F.Either<Result, JsonNode>> to consume the body. We can then map that like a promise, to convert the parsed JsonNode body to a User body. If the conversion fails, we return a Left of a Result saying what the error was:

public Accumulator<ByteString, F.Either<Result, User>> apply(RequestHeader request) {
    Accumulator<ByteString, F.Either<Result, JsonNode>> jsonAccumulator = jsonParser.apply(request);
    return -> {
       if (resultOrJson.left.isPresent()) {
           return F.Either.Left(resultOrJson.left.get());
       } else {
           JsonNode json = resultOrJson.right.get();
           try {
               User user = play.libs.Json.fromJson(json, User.class);
               return F.Either.Right(user);
           } catch (Exception e) {
               return F.Either.Left(Results.badRequest(
                   "Unable to read User from json: " + e.getMessage()));
    }, executor);

The returned body will be wrapped in a RequestBody, and can be accessed using the as method:

public Result save() {
    RequestBody body = request().body();
    User user =;

    return ok("Got: " +;

§Writing a custom max length body parser

Another use case may be to define a body parser that uses a custom maximum length for buffering. Many of the built in Play body parsers are designed to be extended to allow overriding the buffer length in this way, for example, this is how the text body parser can be extended:

// Accept only 10KB of data.
public static class Text10Kb extends BodyParser.Text {
    public Text10Kb(HttpErrorHandler errorHandler) {
        super(10 * 1024, errorHandler);

public Result index() {
    return ok("Got body: " + request().body().asText());

§Directing the body elsewhere

So far we’ve shown extending and composing the existing body parsers. Sometimes you may not actually want to parse the body, you simply want to forward it elsewhere. For example, if you want to upload the request body to another service, you could do this by defining a custom body parser:

public static class ForwardingBodyParser implements BodyParser<WSResponse> {
    private WSClient ws;
    private Executor executor;

    public ForwardingBodyParser(WSClient ws, Executor executor) { = ws;
        this.executor = executor;

    String url = "";

    public Accumulator<ByteString, F.Either<Result, WSResponse>> apply(RequestHeader request) {
        Accumulator<ByteString, Source<ByteString, ?>> forwarder = Accumulator.source();

        return forwarder.mapFuture(source -> {
            // TODO: when streaming upload has been implemented, pass the source as the body
            return ws.url(url)
                        // .setBody(source)
        }, executor);

§Custom parsing using Akka Streams

In rare circumstances, it may be necessary to write a custom parser using Akka Streams. In most cases it will suffice to buffer the body in a ByteString first, by composing the Bytes parser as described above, this will typically offer a far simpler way of parsing since you can use imperative methods and random access on the body.

However, when that’s not feasible, for example when the body you need to parse is too long to fit in memory, then you may need to write a custom body parser.

A full description of how to use Akka Streams is beyond the scope of this documentation - the best place to start is to read the Akka Streams documentation. However, the following shows a CSV parser, which builds on the Parsing lines from a stream of ByteStrings documentation from the Akka Streams cookbook:

public static class CsvBodyParser implements BodyParser<List<List<String>>> {
    private Executor executor;

    public CsvBodyParser(Executor executor) {
        this.executor = executor;

    public Accumulator<ByteString, F.Either<Result, List<List<String>>>> apply(RequestHeader request) {
        // A flow that splits the stream into CSV lines
        Sink<ByteString, CompletionStage<List<List<String>>>> sink = Flow.<ByteString>create()
            // We split by the new line character, allowing a maximum of 1000 characters per line
            .via(Framing.delimiter(ByteString.fromString("\n"), 1000, FramingTruncation.ALLOW))
            // Turn each line to a String and split it by commas
            .map(bytes -> {
                String[] values = bytes.utf8String().trim().split(",");
                return Arrays.asList(values);
            // Now we fold it into a list
            .toMat(Sink.<List<List<String>>, List<String>>fold(
                new ArrayList<>(), (list, values) -> {
                    return list;
                }), Keep.right());

        // Convert the body to a Right either
        return Accumulator.fromSink(sink).map(F.Either::Right, executor);

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