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Research Synopsis

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Research Questions

  1. What are the historical conflict trends?
  2. What are the key factors affecting conflict?
  3. What do the trends in future conflict look like?
  4. What do the trends mean for U.S. defense policy?

From a decades-long perspective, the incidence of armed conflict has decreased. Interstate war (that is, war between states) has become a rare event. Similarly, intrastate conflict (that is, civil wars and related political violence) had declined steadily for two decades before an uptick in conflict sparked by the wars in Syria and Ukraine in 2014. Many factors have contributed to the long-term decline in conflict and most of those factors remain in place. Of the alternative future scenarios we examined, only a few produced large spikes in armed conflict.

But the defense policy implications of these findings are not straightforward, since conflict trends do not follow straight lines and the U.S. military prepares to defend the United States in periods of crisis, not just for the "average" level of threat or in response to "average" incidence of conflict. There are also substantial regional differences in incidence of armed conflict, and global trends do not necessarily reflect those trends. Moreover, even if armed conflict continues to decline, this fact does not necessarily indicate lower demand for U.S. military forces. In fact, even as armed conflict declined in the post–Cold War era, the frequency of deployments of U.S. land forces for military interventions rose substantially. Finally, the U.S. military preponderance may be a part of the explanation for the decline in armed conflict in the first place. The deterrent effect of the U.S. military and its forward posture may contribute to the further global decline of deadly armed conflict.

Key Findings

Armed Conflict Has Declined and Is Likely to Continue to Do So

  • Examining armed conflict empirically over a decades-long perspective, we find that it has decreased — interstate war has become a rare event, and intrastate conflict has lessened in frequency and magnitude, despite a recent uptick in violence.
  • Only a handful of the alternative future scenarios that we examined produced large spikes in expected levels of conflict down the road.
  • As armed conflict declined, the frequency of deployment of U.S. land forces for military interventions increased.
  • Our analyses find that a number of key political, economic, and strategic factors, including the U.S. military and its forward posture, appear to have contributed to global declines in armed conflict.
  • Our research suggests that the U.S. military has a continuing important role in deterring conventional conflict, underpinning peacekeeping coalitions, and possibly in responding to proxy wars by other powers.

The research described in this report was conducted by the RAND Arroyo Center.


