Sensory Impairments

Explore the 8 senses and how we support different sensory impairments.



  • Touch
  • Hearing
  • Sight
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Body Awareness / position
  • Body movement / balance
  • What you feel inside your body

The 8 Senses

The sense of smell is considered the oldest system in brain as it is connected to our memories and emotions. An input of smell could cause either comfort or alarm. Being unable to smell will also affect the ability to taste.

The scale of a sight impairment goes from difficulty in processing visual stimuli and organising visual information through to those who have limited or no ability to see.

A person who is struggling with tactile (touch) processing may misinterpret light touch as negative and dangerous, when in fact there is no threat to safety. A person may become more anxious to this sense and may respond with fight or flight response or pull away.

The scale of a hearing impairment goes from difficulty processing important auditory input and background noise resulting in potentially having difficulty with attention, become easily startled, and need to be told directions repeatedly. The other end of the scale is limited or no hearing at all.


Body Movements/Vestibular System
The vestibular system functions to help the body maintain balance and be aware of where it is in relation to space and is responsible for balance, attention, eye control and coordination. People that have difficulty interpreting this information may bump into things more and “clumsy.”

Body Awareness/Proprioception
People with a proprioception impairment have difficulty navigating where their muscles and joints are located, whether their body parts are relaxed or in tension and how different body parts respond to external stimuli. They may have difficulty getting dressed, tying shoelaces, feeding themselves or knowing how hard/softly to open and close doors.

Introception is being aware of basic primary functions such as hunger, toileting, and breathing. When a person has an introception impairment they may not be aware of when they are hungry, thirsty, or need to go the bathroom.

What is sensory processing disorder (SPD)?

Sensory processing disorder is a neurological condition which affects how the brain interprets sensory information. It can affect the 8 senses, which each have their own unique functions. Through sensory integration, the information our brain receives from each sense helps create a picture of our environment and how to appropriately react. Someone with SPD experiences sensory input much differently than other people, which shapes how they interact with the world.

Indicators of SPD include inappropriate or problematic motor, behavioural, attentional, or adaptive responses following or anticipating sensory stimulation. There are three subtypes of sensory processing disorder and people can experience multiple types of them at once.

Types of sensory processing disorder

Sensory modulation disorder (SMD) refers to the impairment in detecting, modulating, interpreting, or responding to sensory stimuli. This means someone with SMD would have trouble reacting appropriately due to their perceived intensity of the sensory input. There are three subtypes of SMD: sensory over-responsivity, sensory under-responsivity, and sensory seeking.

Someone who is overresponsive is hypersensitive to different sensations, like sound, touch and movement. Often, they react much quicker, more intensely and for longer to sensory input than someone with a typical responsivity.

Examples of sensory over-responsivity include:

  • Avoids group activities, disengages from social activity
  • Aggressive or impulsive when overwhelmed by sensory stimuli
  • Cautious of trying new things
  • Adverse to change

Someone who is under-responsive to sensory stimuli is less sensitive and aware of sensory stimuli. They often appear passive and withdrawn.

Examples of sensory under-responsivity include:

  • High pain threshold, so will not notice if they’ve been cut, scratched or hurt
  • Unaware that they need to go to the bathroom
  • Apathetic and slow to respond
  • Difficult to engage in social situations
  • Prefers sedentary activity

Someone who is sensory craving actively seeks out sensory sensations, often in ways that may be considered socially unacceptable.

Examples of sensory craving behaviour include:

  • Purposely running, jumping and crashing into walls or people
  • Intrusive, often touching objects and other people excessively
  • Dominant in conversation, often unable to take turns
  • Risk taker
  • Loud
  • Appears to be unable to sit still, frequently moving

A person with sensory discrimination disorder has trouble distinguishing the characteristics of sensory stimuli, such as objects, people, places or environments, and disregarding irrelevant sensory information. As such, they do not accurately understand what they are perceiving. This can affect one of the 8 senses.

Examples of symptoms of sensory discrimination disorder:

  • Touch: Inability to distinguish between different textures through touch so would need to see it in order to distinguish the difference
  • Touch: Burning tongue due to inability to determine temperature of food
  • Hearing: Appears to ignore others and difficulty following instructions
  • Vestibular: Can recognise they are falling over, but does not know in what direction their body is falling, putting them at risk of hurting themselves
  • Proprioception: Plays roughly due to inability to recognise the force output of muscles when interacting with objects
  • Interoceptive: Inability to recognise when one is hungry, thirsty or needs to go to the bathroom
  • Sight: Difficulty distinguishing letters that look like one another (e.g. p and q)

Sensory motor-based disorder (SMBD) refers to an impairment in the vestibular (controls balance), tactile and/or proprioceptive (awareness of orientation of your body) system. Someone with SMBD either has trouble with interpreting or understanding sensory messages or has an inability to move their body in the way they want. These refer to the two subtypes of SMBD: dyspraxia and postural disorder.

People with dyspraxia have trouble processing environmental stimuli and responding with a motor action. They struggle with three aspects of motor action:

  • Ideation – the ability to conceive or imagine a task
  • Sequencing – the ability to plan the steps in that task
  • Motor execution – the ability to carry out the task in sequence

For example, when we go to make a cup of tea, it may come ‘naturally’ to us, and automaticity may be at play. This refers to the ability to complete a task without much thought being put into it; the subcortical mechanisms (lower brain) have taken over. Someone with SMBD, however,  may struggle, as there can be up to 20 steps in making a cup of tea, from filling the kettle with water to boil to taking the tea bag out of the packet.

Symptoms of dyspraxia may include:

  • Difficulty putting on clothes in the right order (e.g. putting on shoes then socks) and orientation (e.g. shirt back to front, shoes on wrong feet)
  • Ineligible handwriting
  • Struggles to walk up or down stairs
  • Struggles to navigate a new environment
  • Struggles to follow a series of actions after given verbal command
  • Preference for routine as they can know what to expect and be prepared

How we support people with sensory impairments

There are a range of common conditions that are considered Sensory Processing Disorders. At Forsight, we support a range of different needs. Below, you can learn more about what some of these conditions are and how Forsight supports people with these conditions to lead the life they want to live.


Visual Impairment

Visual impairment is defined as limitation of one or more functions of the eye and the visual system. There are many ways to support the needs of someone with this impairment to live as independently as possible and get the most out of life.

Sue in a casual outfit of dark wash jeans and matching navy top walking through hallway with a cane After a long, productive day at work, Sue is ready to go home.


Hearing Impairment

Whether mild, moderate, severe or profound, hearing loss or impairment can have a severe impact on an individual’s ability to communicate with others. However, there are different ways to provide support through community participation and sensory engagement.

Neil getting some chores done around the house.



While 1 in 70 Australians will be diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), there is no single set of experiences or challenges that people on the spectrum share.

smiling man looking towards sunlight sitting next to another laughing man in red shirt Andrew and Zlatko from Ivy smile as they patiently wait for their drinks at the dining table.


Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition of the central nervous system. It means that the brain cannot talk to other parts of the body, resulting in a range of symptoms that can include a loss of motor functions.

Gary from Wattle is hanging up the washing with the support of an Active Support Worker.


Cerebral Palsy

Careful management means many people with Cerebral Palsy (CP) can and do live independent lives, participating in meaningful studies, hobbies and employment.

Wellbeing Cerebral Palsy Independence Brooke loves being the star of the show and isn't afraid to shine. She has cerebral palsy and moves and communicates using her electric wheelchair,

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