CBO: Crisis will cost US economy $15.7tr over 10 years

The Congressional Budget Office projects that from 2020 to 2030, cumulative nominal GDP will be $15.7 trillion (5.3%) less than the CBO projected in January.

In its May 2020 report, the Congressional Budget Office projected that the level of nominal GDP in the second quarter of 2020 would be $790 billion (or 14.2%)lower than the agency had previously forecast in January 2020.

The two largest differences between the two forecasts result from the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in reducing output and the legislation enacted between January and early May in response, which partly offsets that reduction. Subsequently, the difference between those projections of nominal GDP narrows from $533 billion (9.4% lower in the May projection) by the end of 2020 to $181 billion (2.2% lower) by 2030.

As a result of those differences, CBO projects that over the 2020–2030 period, cumulative nominal output will be $15.7 trillion less than what the agency projected in January. That difference constitutes 5.3% of the value for cumulative nominal GDP for that period that the agency projected in January.

Real GDP

The revised forecast for nominal GDP reflects a significant markdown in CBO’s projection of real (inflation-adjusted) production in the United States as a result of the pandemic.

Business closures and social distancing measures are expected to curtail consumer spending, while the recent drop in energy prices is projected to severely reduce U.S. investment in the energy sector. Recent legislation will, in CBO’s assessment, partially mitigate the deterioration in economic conditions.

CBO’s May projection of real GDP in the second quarter of 2020 was $724 billion (or 13.3%) lower in 2019 dollars than the agency’s projection from January. Beyond the second quarter of 2020, the difference between those projections of real GDP shrinks, to $422 billion in 2019 dollars (7.6% lower in the more recent projection) by the end of 2020 and roughly disappears by 2030. As a result of those differences, CBO projects that over the 11-year horizon, cumulative real output (in 2019 dollars) will be $7.9 trillion, or 3.0% of cumulative real GDP, less than what the agency projected in January.

The Role of Inflation

CBO also marked down its projection of nominal output because the agency expects that inflation will be weaker as a result of the pandemic. Lower projected inflation rates, particularly in 2020 and 2021, reduce the level of prices and nominal GDP relative to what CBO projected in January. In the May projections, the downward revision to inflation derives mostly from lower projected rates of inflation for energy prices and the prices of travel and transportation services.

Over the first few years of the 2020–2030 period, the revision to estimates of nominal GDP primarily reflects changes in real production, but as the effect of changes in real production wane in later years, the lower price level has an increasing influence. The contribution of those lower prices to the lower estimates of nominal GDP can be seen by comparing the revisions to the projections for nominal and real output. By 2030, lower prices account for roughly all of the revision to nominal GDP.


An unusually high degree of uncertainty surrounds these economic projections, particularly because of uncertainty about how the pandemic will unfold this year and next year, how the pandemic and social distancing will affect the economy, how recent policy actions will affect the economy, and how economic data will ultimately be recorded for a period when extreme changes have disrupted standard estimation methods and data sources.

Additionally, if future federal policies differ from those underlying CBO’s economic projections—for example, if lawmakers enact additional pandemic-related legislation—then economic outcomes will necessarily differ from those presented here.

Future Work

CBO will continue to evaluate the impact of the pandemic and the trajectory of the U.S. economy. Later this year, the agency will publish a more comprehensive economic forecast covering the years through 2030.

The May projections for years after 2021 are preliminary because they do not fully reflect changes to CBO’s forecast. In particular, the agency did not update its estimates of the economy’s potential output in light of the pandemic beyond the effect that lower business and residential investment has on the nation’s capital stock (or productive resources).