

MeSH Review

Helper Viruses


Disease relevance of Helper Viruses


High impact information on Helper Viruses

  • Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are non-pathogenic, integrating DNA vectors in which all viral genes are removed and helper virus is completely eliminated [6].
  • The induction of erythroid bursts was not caused by the murine type C helper viruses used to pseudotype either Ha-MuSV or Ki-MuSV, or by media from cells carrying the Ki-MuSV and Ha-MuSV genomes [7].
  • We suggest the name Fhe for the new gene controlling susceptibility to Friend helper virus erythroblastosis [9].
  • Leukemic spleen cells, 30-60 d after virus inoculation, expressed decreased amounts of ecotropic Friend murine leukemia helper virus gag- and env-encoded cell surface and intracellular proteins compared with leukemic cells tested 8-10 d after virus inoculation [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Helper Viruses

  • In contrast, in mice genetically resistant to the native helper virus of SFFV, the helper effect of LPS was optical when it was injected with SFFV and oil when given 5 days before or after the virus [11].
  • Each was transfected into TK- cells along with MLV helper virus, and TK+ colonies were obtained by selection in the presence of hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT) [12].
  • Synthetic peptide vaccines containing a single Th cell epitope identified in the gp70 envelope glycoprotein of Friend murine leukemia helper virus induced potent protective immunity against Friend virus infection [13].
  • Adeno-associated virus replication. The effect of L-canavanine or a helper virus mutation on accumulation of viral capsids and progeny single-stranded DNA [14].
  • Using a transfected defective interfering RNA which contains an IS and a reporter (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) gene and JHM2c as a helper virus, we demonstrated that subgenomic mRNAs transcribed from the defective interfering RNAs were extremely heterogeneous [15].

Biological context of Helper Viruses


Anatomical context of Helper Viruses


Gene context of Helper Viruses

  • Vectors were constructed encoding beta-galactosidase (LacZ), CD80 (B7.1), or CD154 (CD40L) and were packaged using either a standard helper virus (HSVlac, HSVB7.1, and HSVCD40L) or a helper virus-free method (hf-HSVlac, hf-HSVB7.1, and hf-HSVCD40L) [25].
  • Therefore, the amino acid sequence of the defective MAIDS virus p12gag region is not homologous to that of the helper virus and the Edv transcript because of the frameshift [26].
  • Uninfected NR6 cells or NR6 cells infected by helper virus alone can be used as controls for the EGF specificity of growth stimulation [27].
  • An increase in helper virus multiplicity gave an increase in beta-tubulin stimulation, but dl312 alone, even at a high multiplicity of infection, gave no induction, confirming the requirement for E1a. beta-Actin nuclear RNA was actively synthesized before infection, but it was not further stimulated by the virus [28].
  • All of the transformed cells were relatively resistant to the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1, compared to normal RLE cells and control cells infected with a helper virus [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Helper Viruses


  1. Molecular cloning of integrated simian sarcoma virus: genome organization of infectious DNA clones. Robbins, K.C., Devare, S.G., Aaronson, S.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1981) [Pubmed]
  2. Phorbol ester-induced growth arrest of murine myelomonocytic leukemic cells with virus-disrupted myb locus is not accompanied by decreased myc and myb expression. Shen-Ong, G.L., Holmes, K.L., Morse, H.C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1987) [Pubmed]
  3. Cell transformation and tumor induction by Abelson murine leukemia virus in the absence of helper virus. Green, P.L., Kaehler, D.A., Risser, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1987) [Pubmed]
  4. Abnormalities in myelopoietic regulatory interactions with acidic isoferritins and lactoferrin in mice infected with Friend virus complex: association with altered expression of Ia antigens on effector and responding cells. Lu, L., Broxmeyer, H.E., Moore, M.A., Sheridan, A.P., Gentile, P. Blood (1985) [Pubmed]
  5. In situ expression of soluble B7-1 in the context of oncolytic herpes simplex virus induces potent antitumor immunity. Todo, T., Martuza, R.L., Dallman, M.J., Rabkin, S.D. Cancer Res. (2001) [Pubmed]
  6. Long-term gene expression and phenotypic correction using adeno-associated virus vectors in the mammalian brain. Kaplitt, M.G., Leone, P., Samulski, R.J., Xiao, X., Pfaff, D.W., O'Malley, K.L., During, M.J. Nat. Genet. (1994) [Pubmed]
  7. Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses promote the growth and differentiation of erythroid precursor cells in vitro. Hankins, W.D., Scolnick, E.M. Cell (1981) [Pubmed]
  8. The CML-specific P210 bcr/abl protein, unlike v-abl, does not transform NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Daley, G.Q., McLaughlin, J., Witte, O.N., Baltimore, D. Science (1987) [Pubmed]
  9. A new gene that controls the type of leukemia induced by Friend murine leukemia virus. Silver, J.E., Fredrickson, T.N. J. Exp. Med. (1983) [Pubmed]
  10. New cell surface gp70 related to Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus is expressed on Friend virus-induced erythroleukemic spleen cells after elimination of ecotropic Friend virus gp70 in Rfv-3r/s mice. Britt, W.J., Collins, J.K., Chesebro, B. J. Exp. Med. (1981) [Pubmed]
  11. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides as helper factors for Friend spleen focus-forming virus in mice. Steeves, R.A., Grundke-Lqbal, I. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1976) [Pubmed]
  12. Adaptation of a retrovirus as a eucaryotic vector transmitting the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Tabin, C.J., Hoffmann, J.W., Goff, S.P., Weinberg, R.A. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1982) [Pubmed]
  13. Immunization with a single T helper cell epitope abrogates Friend virus-induced early erythroid proliferation and prevents late leukemia development. Miyazawa, M., Fujisawa, R., Ishihara, C., Takei, Y.A., Shimizu, T., Uenishi, H., Yamagishi, H., Kuribayashi, K. J. Immunol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  14. Adeno-associated virus replication. The effect of L-canavanine or a helper virus mutation on accumulation of viral capsids and progeny single-stranded DNA. Myers, M.W., Carter, B.J. J. Biol. Chem. (1981) [Pubmed]
  15. Unusual heterogeneity of leader-mRNA fusion in a murine coronavirus: implications for the mechanism of RNA transcription and recombination. Zhang, X., Lai, M.M. J. Virol. (1994) [Pubmed]
  16. A transmissible retrovirus expressing human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT): gene transfer into cells obtained from humans deficient in HPRT. Miller, A.D., Jolly, D.J., Friedmann, T., Verma, I.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1983) [Pubmed]
  17. Influence of MHC genes on spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus-induced leukemia. Miyazawa, M., Nishio, J., Wehrly, K., Chesebro, B. J. Immunol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  18. Spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus-induced leukemia. Mapping of the Rfv-2 gene in the Q/TL region of mouse MHC. Miyazawa, M., Nishio, J., Wehrly, K., David, C.S., Chesebro, B. J. Immunol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  19. A transient three-plasmid expression system for the production of high titer retroviral vectors. Soneoka, Y., Cannon, P.M., Ramsdale, E.E., Griffiths, J.C., Romano, G., Kingsman, S.M., Kingsman, A.J. Nucleic Acids Res. (1995) [Pubmed]
  20. Chimeric retroviral helper virus and picornavirus IRES sequence to eliminate DNA methylation for improved retroviral packaging cells. Young, W.B., Link, C.J. J. Virol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  21. Correction of mucopolysaccharidosis type I fibroblasts by retroviral-mediated transfer of the human alpha-L-iduronidase gene. Anson, D.S., Bielicki, J., Hopwood, J.J. Hum. Gene Ther. (1992) [Pubmed]
  22. Distinct helper virus requirements for Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced pre-B- and T-cell lymphomas. Poirier, Y., Jolicoeur, P. J. Virol. (1989) [Pubmed]
  23. Monoclonal antibody detects a common surface antigen on two independently established murine Moloney sarcoma virus non-producer transformants. Weiland, E., Thiel, H.J. J. Gen. Virol. (1985) [Pubmed]
  24. A bipartite Tobacco mosaic virus-defective RNA (dRNA) system to study the role of the N-terminal methyl transferase domain in cell-to-cell movement of dRNAs. Knapp, E., Danyluk, G.M., Achor, D., Lewandowski, D.J. Virology (2005) [Pubmed]
  25. Development of herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon-based immunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Tolba, K.A., Bowers, W.J., Hilchey, S.P., Halterman, M.W., Howard, D.F., Giuliano, R.E., Federoff, H.J., Rosenblatt, J.D. Blood (2001) [Pubmed]
  26. Possible origin of murine AIDS (MAIDS) virus: conversion of an endogenous retroviral p12gag sequence to a MAIDS-inducing sequence by frameshift mutations. Kubo, Y., Kakimi, K., Higo, K., Kobayashi, H., Ono, T., Iwama, Y., Kuribayashi, K., Hiai, H., Adachi, A., Ishimoto, A. J. Virol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  27. Retroviruses expressing different levels of the normal epidermal growth factor receptor: biological properties and new bioassay. Velu, T.J., Beguinot, L., Vass, W.C., Zhang, K., Pastan, I., Lowy, D.R. J. Cell. Biochem. (1989) [Pubmed]
  28. HeLa cell beta-tubulin gene transcription is stimulated by adenovirus 5 in parallel with viral early genes by an E1a-dependent mechanism. Stein, R., Ziff, E.B. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1984) [Pubmed]
  29. Altered responsiveness of rat liver epithelial cells to transforming growth factor beta 1 following their transformation with v-raf. Huggett, A.C., Hampton, L.L., Ford, C.P., Wirth, P.J., Thorgeirsson, S.S. Cancer Res. (1990) [Pubmed]
  30. Expression of human choriogonadotropin in monkey cells using a single simian virus 40 vector. Reddy, V.B., Beck, A.K., Garramone, A.J., Vellucci, V., Lustbader, J., Bernstine, E.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1985) [Pubmed]
  31. Molecular cloning of avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29) transforming sequences. Lautenberger, J.A., Schulz, R.A., Garon, C.F., Tsichlis, P.N., Papas, T.S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1981) [Pubmed]
  32. The capsid protein of satellite Panicum mosaic virus contributes to systemic invasion and interacts with its helper virus. Omarov, R.T., Qi, D., Scholthof, K.B. J. Virol. (2005) [Pubmed]
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