日期:2014-06-03 15:55





Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "A smile is the shortest distance between two people." You can cite examples to . You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.



Skimming and Scanning




Norman Borlaug: 'Father of the Green Revolution'

Few people have quietly changed the world for the better more than this rural lad from the midwestern state of Iowa in the United States. The man in focus is Norman Borlaug, the Father of the 'Green Revolution', who died on September 12, 2009 at age 95. Norman Borlaug spent most of his 60 working years in the farmlands of Mexico, South Asia and later in Africa, fighting world hunger, and saving by some estimates up to a billion lives in the process. An achievement, fit for a Nobel Peace Prize.
Early Years
"I'm a product of the great depression" is how Borlaug described himself. A great-grandson of Norwegian immigrants to the United States, Borlaug was born in 1914 and grew up on a small farm in the northeastern corner of Iowa in a town called Cresco. His family had a 40-hectare (公顷) farm on which they grew wheat, maize (玉米) and hay and raised pigs and cattle. Norman spent most of his time from age 7-17 on the farm, even as he attended a one-room, one-teacher school at New Oregon in Howard County.
Borlaug didn't have money to go to college. But through a Great Depression era programme, known as the National Youth Administration, Borlaug was able to enroll in the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis to study forestry. He excelled in studies and received his Ph.D. in plant pathology (病理学) and genetics in 1942. From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist at DuPont in Wilmington. However, following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Borlaug tried to join the military, but was rejected under wartime
In Mexico
In 1944, many experts warned of mass starvation in developing nations where populations were expanding faster than crop production. Borlaug began work at a Rockefeller Foundation-funded project in Mexico to increase wheat production by developing higher-yielding varieties of the crop. It involved research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology (昆虫学) , agronomy (农艺学) , soil science, and cereal technology. The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain.
Borlaug said that his first couple of years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Native farmers were hostile towards the wheat programme because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust.
Wheat varieties that Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. While taller wheat competed better for sunlight, they had a tendency to collapse under the weight of extra grain - a trait called lodging. To overcome this, Borlaug worked on breeding wheat with shorter and stronger stalks, which could hold on larger seed heads. Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed the potential yield of Mexican wheat dramatically. By 1963 wheat production in Mexico stood six times more than that of 1944.
Green Revolution in India
During the 1960s, South Asia experienced severe drought condition and India had been importing wheat on a large scale from the United States. Borlaug came to India in 1963 along with Dr. Robert Anderson to duplicate his Mexican success in the sub-continent. The experiments began with planting a few of the high-yielding variety strains in the fields of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in New Delhi, under the supervision of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan. These strains were subsequently planted in test plots at Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Kanpur, Pune and Indore. The results were promising, but large-scale success, however, was not instant. Cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from going ahead with planting of new wheat strains in India. By 1965, when the drought situation turned alarming, the Government took the lead and allowed wheat revolution to move forward. By employing agricultural techniques he developed in Mexico, Borlaug was able to nearly double South Asian wheat harvests between 1965 and 1970.
India subsequently made a huge commitment to Mexican wheat, importing some 18000 tonnes of seed. By 1968, it was clear that the Indian wheat harvest was nothing short of revolutionary. It was so productive that there was a shortage of labour to harvest it, of bull carts to haul it to the threshing floor (打谷场) , of jute (麻黄) bags to store it. Local governments in some areas were forced to shut down schools temporarily to use them as store houses.
United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) observed that in 40 years between 1961 and 2001, "India more than doubled its population, from 452 million to more than 1 billion. At the same time, it nearly tripled its grain production from 87 million tonnes to 231 million tonnes. It accomplished this feat while increasing cultivated grain acreage (土地面积) a mere 8 percent."
It was in India that Norman Borlaug's work was described as the 'Green Revolution.'
In Africa
Africa suffered widespread hunger and starvation through the 70s and 80s. Food and aid poured in from most developed countries into the continent, but thanks to the absence of efficient distribution system, the hungry remained empty-stomach. The then Chairman of the Nippon Foundation, Ryoichi Sasakawa wondered why the methods used in Mexico and India were not extended to Africa. He called up Norman Borlaug. now leading a semi-retired life, for help. He managed to convince Borlaug to help with his new effort and subsequently founded the Sasakawa Africa Association. Borlaug later recalled, "but after I saw the terrible circumstances there, I said, 'Let's just start growing'".
The success in Africa was not as spectacular as it was in India or Mexico. Those elements that allowed Borlaug's projects to succeed, such as well-organized economies and transportation and irrigation systems, were severely lacking throughout Africa. Because of this, Borlaug's initial projects were restricted to developed regions of the continent. Nevertheless, yields of maize, sorghum (高粱) and wheat doubled between 1983 and 1985.
Nobel Prize
For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a. m., but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 65 km west of Mexico City. A chauffeur (司机) took her to the fields to inform her husband. In his acceptance speech, Borlaug said, "the first essential component of social justice is adequate food for all mankind. Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world. Yet, 50 percent of the world population goes hungry."
Green Revolution vs Environmentalists


1. Norman Borlaug won a Nobel Prize for _______.
A) his remarkable achievements in plant genetics
B) his spectacular contribution to safeguarding world peace
C) his great success in raising Africa's food production
D) his enduring efforts in combating world hunger

2. How did Borlaug's wheat programme go during his first couple of years in Mexico?
A) It met with resistance.
B) It was well received.
C) It achieved unexpected progress.
D) It succeeded though with difficulty.

3. What characterised Borlaug's Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62?
A) Superior ability to breed new high-yielding varieties.
B) Short and strong stems and resistance to diseases.
C) Tall and thin stems and extremely large seed heads.
D) Tendency to collapse under the; weight of extra grain.

4. What initially prevented Borlaug from achieving large-scale success in India?
A) Farmers' rejection of his planting techniques.
B) The persistent drought throughout the country.
C) Difficulty in importing high-yielding wheat seeds.
D) The local government's slowness in taking action.

5. According to United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, in 40 years between 1961 and 2001 India's grain production ________.
A) almost doubled
B) went up by 8 percent
C) increased nearly three times
D) rose from 452 million to 1 billion tonnes

6. Borlaug's success in Africa was not as spectacular as in India or Mexico because ________.
A) the local farmers were uneducated and conservative
B) Africa's climate conditions were very different
C) his project in Africa was not properly managed
D) Africa lackcd the necessary supporting facilities

7. What did Borlaug emphasise in his Nobel Prize acceptance spccch?
A) Abundance of food supply will contribute to world peace and stability.
B) The Green Revolution will provide adequate food for all mankind.
C) Adequate food for all mankind is essential in ensuring social justice.
D) Without the Green Revolution half of the world population would starve.

8. In recent years Borlaug's Green Revolution has __________.
9. In both developed and developing countries there are concerns whether in the long run Borlaug's farming practices will be ________.
10. In India, critics attribute the destruction of Indian crop diversity to _______.



Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A



11. A) It will mainly benefit the wealthy.
B) It will stimulate business activities.
C) It will reduce government revenues.
D) It will cut the stockholders' dividends.

12. A) She doesn't think much of job-hopping.
B) She will stick to the job if the pay is good.
C) She prefers a life of continued exploration.
D) She will do her best if the job is worth doing.

13. A) Talk the drug user out of the habit.
B) Stop thinking about the matter.
C) Keep his distance from drug addicts.
D) Be more friendly to his schoolmate.

14. A) The son.
B) Aunt Louise.
C) The father.
D) The mother.

15. A) Move to another place.
B) Stay away for a couple of weeks.
C) Check the locks
D) Look after the Johnsons' house.

16. A) He didn't want to miss the game.
B) He would like to warm up for the game.
C) He didn't want to be held up in traffic.
D) He wanted to catch as many game birds as possible.

17. A) It was burned down.
B) It was closed down.
C) It was robbed.
D) It was blown up.

18. A) She studies in the same school as her brother.
B) She isn't going to work in her brother's firm.
C) She isn't going to change her major.
D) She plans to major in tax law.


19. A) Current issues in economics.
B) Choices faced by conservationists.
C) A recent biology lecture.
D) Topics for a research paper.

20. A) A scarcity of jobs in their field.
B) Inadequate training in methods of biological research.
C) Difficulties in classifying all of the varieties of owls.
D) A lack of funding for their work with endangered species.

21. A) It has numerous traits in common with the spotted owl.
B) Its population is increasing in recent years.
C) It may not survive without special efforts of conservationists.
D) Its role in the chain of evolution has not yet been examined.


22. A) Training given to music therapists. C) Studies on the benefits of music.
B) How music prevents disease. D) How musicians create music.

23. A) In place of physical therapy. C) To prevent heart disease.
B) To control brain problems. D) To relieve depression.

24. A) They like to have music in the operating room.
B) They solved problems better while listening to music they liked.
C) They preferred classical music.
D) They performed better when they used headphones.

25. A) It increased the students' white blood cell.
B) It increased some students' energy level.
C) It improved the students' ability to play musical instruments.
D) It released a natural painkiller in some students' bodies.

Section B

Directions：In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some question. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only onece. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.


Passage One

26. A) She was bored with her idle life at home.
B) She was offered a good job by her neighbour.
C) She wanted to help with the family's finances.
D) Her family would like to see her more involved in social life.

27. A) Doing housework.
B) Looking after her neighbour's children.
C) Reading papers and watching TV.
D) Taking good care of her husband.

28. A) Jane got angry at Bill's idle life.
B) Bill failed to adapt to the new situation.
C) Bill blamed Jane for neglecting the family.
D) The children were not taken good care of.

29. A) Neighbours should help each other.
B) Women should have their own careers.
C) Man and wife should share household duties.
D) Parents should take good care of their children.

Passage Two

30. A) To predict natural disasters that can cause vast destruction.
B) To limit the destruction that natural disasters may cause.
C) To gain financial support from the United Nations.
D) To propose measures to hold back natural disasters.

31. A) There is still a long way to go before man can control natural disasters.
B) International cooperation can minimize the destructive force of natural disasters.
C) Technology can help reduce the damage natural disasters may cause.
D) Scientists can successfully predict earthquakes.

32. A) There were fatal mistakes in its design.
B) The builder didn't observe the building codes of the time.
C) The traffic load went beyond its capacity.
D) It was built according to less strict earthquake resistance standards.

Passage Three

33. A) By judging to what extent they can eliminate the risks.
B) By estimating the possible loss of lives and property.
C) By estimating the frequency of volcanic eruptions.
D) By judging the possible risks against the likely benefits.

34. A) One of Etna's recent eruptions made many people move away.
B) Etna's frequent eruptions have ruined most of the local farmland.
C) Etna's eruptions are frequent but usually mild.
D) There are signs that Etna will erupt again in the near future.

35. A) They will remain where they are.
B) They will leave this area forever.
C) They will turn to experts for advice.
D) They will seek shelter in nearby regions.

Section C

Directions：In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carfully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard.



Certain phrases one commonly hears among Americans capture their devotion to individualism: "Do your own thing." "I did it my way." "You'll have to decide that for yourself." "You made your bed, now (36) _______ in it." "If you don't look out for yourself, no one else will." "Look out for number one."
Closely (37) _______ with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans (38) _______ to privacy. Americans assume that people "need some time to themselves" or "some time alone" to think about things or recover their (39) _______ psychological energy. Americans have great (40) _______ understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person, who (41) _______ being alone.
If the parents can (42) _______ it, each child will have his or her own bedroom. Having one's own bedroom, even as an (43) _______, fixes in a person the notion that (44) _____________________. She will have her clothes, her toys, her books, and so on. These things will be hers and no one else's.
Americans assume that (45) _____________________. Doctors, lawyers, psychiatrists, and others have rules governing "confidentiality" that are intended to prevent information about their clients' personal situations from becoming known to others.
Americans' attitudes about privacy can be hard for foreigners to understand. (46) _____________________. When those boundaries arc crossed, an American's body will visibly stiffen and his manner will become




Section A


Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.

Highly proficient musicianship is hard won. Although it's often assumed musical ability is inherited, there's abundant evidence that this isn't the case. While it seems that at birth virtually everyone has perfect pitch* the reasons that one child is better than another are motivation and practice.
Highly musical children were sung to more as infants and more encouraged to join in song games as kids than less musical ones, long before any musical ability could have been evident. Studies of classical musicians prove that the best ones practiced considerably more from childhood onwards than ordinary orchestral players, and this is because their parents were at them to put in the hours from a very young age.
The same was true of children selected for entry to specialist music schools, compared with those who were rejected. The chosen children had parents who had very actively supervised music lessons and daily practice from young ages, giving up substantial periods of leisure time to take the children to lessons and concerts.
The singer Michael Jackson's story, although unusually brutal and extreme, is illuminating when considering musical prodigy (天才) . Accounts suggest that he was subjected to cruel beatings and emotional torture, and that he was humiliated (羞辱) constantly by his father. What sets Jackson's family apart is that his father used his reign of terror to train his children as musicians and dancers.
On top of his extra ability, Michael also had more drive. This may have been the result of being the closest of his brothers and sisters to his mother. "He seemed different to me from the other children - special," Michael's mother said of him. She may not have realised that treating her son as special may have been part of the reason he became like that.
All in all, if you want to bring up a Mozart or Bach, the key factor is how hard you are prepared to crack the whip. Thankfully, most of us will probably settle for a bit of fun on the recorder and some ill-executed pieces of music on the piano from our children.


47. According to the author, a child's musical ability has much to do with their ________.
48. In order to develop the musical ability of their children, many parents will accompany them during their practice, sacrificing a lot of their own _______.
49. Because of their father's pressure and strict training, Michael Jackson and some of his brothers and sisters eventually became ________.
50. Michael's extra drive for music was partly due to the fact that he was ________ by his mother.
51. To bring up a great musician like Mozart or Bach, willingness to be strict with your child is ________.


47. motivation and practice
48. leisure time
49. musicians and dancers
50. treated specially
51. the key factor

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices maked A),B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

In 2011, many shoppers chose to avoid the frantic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year.
What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or that people shop more impulsively - and therefore make bad decisions - when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or, for that matter, the weight of an earring. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed .
When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping experience. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase.
The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer's hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book. 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That's why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more.
A recent study also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to conventional mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. Brain imaging showed that, on touching the paper, the emotional center of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience.


52. Why do people prefer shopping online according to the author?
A) It is more comfortable and convenient.
B) It saves them a lot of money and time.
C) It offers them a lot more options and bargains.
D) It gives them more time to think about their purchase.

53. Why do more customers return their purchases bought online?
A) They regretted indulging in costly items in the recession.
B) They changed their mind by the time the goods were delivered.
C) They had no chance to touch them when shopping online.
D) They later found the quality of goods below their expectations.

54. What is the purpose of the author's experiment?
A) To test his hypothesis about online shopping.
B) To find out people's reaction to his recent book.
C) To find ways to increase the sale of his new book.
D) To try different approaches to sales promotion.

55. How might people feel after letting go of something they held?
A) A sense of disappointment
B) More motivated to own it.
C) A subtle loss of interest
D) Less sensitive to its texture.

56. What does brain imaging in a recent study reveal?
A) Conventional letters contain subtle messages.
B) A lack of touch is the chief obstacle to e-commerce.
C) E-mail lacks the potential to activate the brain.
D) Physical touch helps form a sense of possession.

Passage Two
Questions 57 to 62 are based on the following passage.

Apparently everyone knows that global warming only makes climate more extreme. A hot, dry summer has triggered another flood of such claims. And, while many interests are at work, one of the players that benefits the most from this story are the media: the notion of "extreme" climate simply makes for more compelling news.
Consider Paul Krugman, writing breathlessly in the New York Times about the "rising incidence of extreme events." He claims that global warming caused the current drought in America's Midwest, and that supposedly record-high corn prices could cause a global food crisis.
But the United Nations climate panel's latest assessment tells us precisely the opposite: For "North America, there is medium confidence that there has an overall slight tendency toward less dryness." Moreover, there is no way that Krugman could have identified this drought as being caused by global warming without a time machine: Climate models estimate that such detection will be possible by 2048, at the earliest.
And, fortunately, this year's drought appears unlikely to cause a food crisis, as global rice and wheat supplies remain plentiful. Moreover, Krugman overlooks inflation: Prices have increased six-fold since 1969, so, while corn futures (期货) did set a record of about $8 per bushel (蒲式耳) in late July, the inflation-adjusted price of corn was higher throughout most of the 1970s, reaching $ 16 in 1974.
Finally, Krugman conveniently forgets that concerns about global warming are the main reason that corn prices have skyrocketed since 2005. Nowadays 40 percent of corn grown in the United States is used to produce ethanol (乙醇) , which does absolutely nothing for the climate, but certainly distorts the price of corn- at the expense of many of the world's poorest people.
Bill Mckibben similarly worries in The Guardian about the Midwest drought and corn prices. He confidently tells us that raging wildfires from New Mexico and Colorado to Siberia are "exactly" what the early stages of global warming look like.
In fact, the latest overview of global wildfire incidence suggests that fire intensity has declined over the past 70 years and is now close to its preindustrial level.
When well-meaning campaigners want us to pay attention to global warming, they often end up pitching beyond the facts. And, while this may seem justified by a noble goal, such "policy by panic" tactics rarely work, and often backfire.
Remember how, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, A1 Gore claimed that we were in store for ever more destructive hurricanes? Since then, hurricane incidence has dropped off the charts. Exaggerated claims merely fuel public distrust and disengagement.


57. In what way do the media benefit from extreme weather?
A) They can attract people's attention to their reports.
B) They can choose from a greater variety of topics.
C) They can make themselves better known.
D) They can give voice to different views.

58. What is the author's comment on Krugman's claim about the current drought in America's Midwest?
A) A time machine is needed to testify to its truth.
B) It is based on an erroneous climate model.
C) It will eventually get proof in 2048.
D) There is no way to prove its validity.

59. What is the chief reason for the rise in corn prices according to the author?
A) Demand for food has been rising in the developing countries.
B) A considerable portion of corn is used to produce green fuel.
C) Climate change has caused corn yields to drop markedly.
D) Inflation rates have been skyrocketing since the 1970s.

60. What does the author say about global wildfire incidence over the past 70 years?
A) It has got worse with the rise in extreme weathers.
B) It signals the early stages of global warming.
C) It has dropped greatly.
D) It is related to drought.

61. What does the author think of the exaggerated claims in the media about global warming?
A) They are strategies to raise
B) They do a disservice to addressing the problem.
C) They aggravate public distrust about science.
D) They create confusion about climate change.



Part V Cloze (15 minutes)



When my mother's health was failing, I was the "bad" sister who lived far away and wasn't involved. My sister helped my parents. She never asked me to do anything, and I didn't __62__. I was widowed, raising kids and working, but that wasn't really __63__ I kept to weekly calls and short. infrequent visits. I was __64__ in my adolescent role as the aloof (超脱的) achiever, defending myself __65__ my judgmental mother and other family craziness. As always, I turned a deaf ear to my sister's __66__ about my not being around more and f didn't hear her rising desperation. It wasn't until my mom's __67__, watching my dad and sister __68__ to each other and weep, that I got a __69__ of their long painful experience - and how badly I'd behaved.
My sister was so furious, she __70__ spoke to me during my father's last years. To be honest, I'm not a terrible person. So how did I get it so __71__?
We hear a lot about the __72__ of taking care of our graying population. But the big story beneath the surface is the psychological crisis among middle-aged siblings (兄弟姐妹) who are fighting __73__ issues involving their aging parents. According to a new survey, an __74__ 43.5 million adults in the US are looking __75__ an older relative or friend. Of these, 43% said they did not feel they had a __76__ in this role. And although 7 in 10 said another unpaid caregiver had provided help in the past year, only 1 in 10 said the burden was __77__ equally.
As siblings who are often separated __78__ and emotionally, we are having to come together to decide such __79__ issues as where Mom and Dad should live and where they should be __80__ "It's like being put down with your siblings in the center of a nuclear reactor and being told, 4 Figure it __81__.'" says University of Colorado psychologist .


62. A) volunteer B) recognize C) persist D) submit
63. A) how B) when C) why D) what
64. A) flung B) stuck C) strung D) flown
65. A) upon B) beyond C) off D) from
66. A) criticisms B) demonstrations C) beliefs D) proposals
67. A) terminal B) funeral C) ceremony D) destination
68. A) cling B) attach C) adapt D) incline
69. A) quote B) scratch C) hint D) symbol
70. A) barely B) solely C) randomly D) merely
71. A) fit B) strong C) sad D) wrong
72. A) credits B) costs C) contacts D) cruelties
73. A) within B) toward C) over D) among
74. A) associated B) estimated C) asserted D) entitled
75. A) around B) through C) into D) after
76. A) choice B) chance C) selection D) section
77. A) spoilt B) bitten C) split D) beaten
78. A) locally B) functionally C) approximately D) geographically
79. A) spicy B) tough C) thick D) noisy
80. A) hidden B) abandoned C) buried D) deployed
81. A) up B) about C) down D) out



Part VI Translation (5 minutes)



82. If you try to do too many things at the same time, you ______________(将以一事无成而告终).
83. Now we can find almost everything we need online and have _______________(我们所购之物送上门).
84. ______________(你越意识到自己的弱点), the better prepared you will be for the undertaking.
85. The police would not have jumped to the conclusion _______________(他们要是对事故调查得更彻底的话).
86. In the coming years, this trend will surely continue, with ________________(博士可少) if one wishes to find a position in a university.

  • foldn. 折层，折痕 vt. 折叠，包，交叉，拥抱 vi.
  • accompanyvt. 陪伴，伴随，给 ... 伴奏 vi. 伴奏
  • frequentadj. 经常的，频繁的 vt. 常到，常去
  • shelfn. 架子，搁板
  • rustn. 铁，锈 vi. 生锈，变成红棕色 vt. 使 ..
  • ruraladj. 农村的
  • supervisionn. 监督，管理
  • stemn. 茎，干，柄，船首 vi. 起源于 vt. 抽去 .