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Патент USA US2028956

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97 I“
Patented Jan. 28, 1936
Arthur L. Smyb', Chicago, Ill.
No Drawing. Application November 12, 1932,
Serial No. 642,463
6 Claims. (Cl. 106-24)
The present invention relates to improvements
Various other and ancillary objects and ad
in the manufacture of ground iron and to an im
proved ground iron particularly useful as a sur
facing ingredient to give wearing qualities to
concrete and cement.
It has been a practice for some time to add
ground iron of suitable fineness to cement or
concrete so that the wearing surface
as t e
on em edded and exposed in large part. In
l0 itself this is not novel nor any part of the present
invention. In the common practice of carrying
out this idea a certain difficulty has been en
vantages of the invention will appear from the
following description and explanation of the in
vention as I prefer to practice it.
In considering the merits of this invention it
must be fully appreciated that economics and
commercial speci?cations dictate low prices. For
this reason a certi?ed iron is not available for
conversion into ground iron. Waste iron or scrap
is employed commercially, and is reduced b 10
suitale 11".!) ’
e iro
611855 511C
passes a msh of 14 to 20 and re
countered which has seriously limited the extent
sides on a mesh of 40 to 60 is suitable, but these
to which the ground iron is so employed.
are by no means limitations to the size.
15 chief di?culty has been the formation of bub
bles where the ground metal contacts the cement
body. This of course makes a poor surface, and
in addition causes the iron particles to be loose
or more easily loosened and eventually removed.
20 This in turn makes holes in the surface with thin
webs of cement bond, which are more easily
broken. While in principle the idea should im
prove the wearing surface, it may and has fre
quently impaired the surface for some unknown
The uncertainty of result in this ?eld hereto
It is because scrap iron has been used that non 15
ferrous gas forming ingredients, such as alumi
num or zinc, have been heretofore ground up with
the iron. Because of the treatment directed by
this invention such scrap may be used with im
punity, and a large quantity of al
, zinc, or
the like may be knowingly pe
the raw
material to be ground.
The raw iron which I employ may be in the
form of chi s or turnings from machining opera
tions, galvam'zea scra or sheet metal scrap 25
pickedTp Ir‘: ?cella'neous qu'R-aers. It not only
fore encountered'has deterred many from em
ploying ground iron in this way. I have made
may contain aluminum and zinc but it may carry
an investigation of the problem, have ascertained
the cause, and have overcome the difficulty, so
that the uncertainty is eliminated.
prevent some pa icles from being wetted by wet
cement and consequently such particles may not 30
be ?rmly anchored in the set cement. By rea
son of the treatment of. the ground iron with
alkali as herein described, the alkali removes the
in the ground iron may
I have discovered that certain non-ferrous ma
terials, such as metals, in the ground iron are
reactive with the alkali of the cement to form "oil and grease. The action of alkali in forming -- I
the undesired gas bubblesi Not all non-ferrous gas in the process, especially‘ in a bath treatment, 35
metals act this way. My invention comprises easily e?ects emulsi?cation of the oil and grease.
treating the ground iron with alkali before its As a result, the iron is not only free from gas
use in cement, so that the gas-forming non-fer
formers but it is free from grease and oil.
The iron scrap after grinding, with or without a
rous metals or materials may exert their gas
40 forming function in advance.
It is immaterial
what the metals or other gas-forming materials
are, but I do know that aluminum is a common
and a predominant non-ferrous impurity which
has caused much trouble heretofore.
The primary object then of the present inven
tion is to treat commercial ground iron with
alkali until the gas-formers therein are prac
tically spent.
A particular object of the invention is the
50 treatment of commercial ground iron with caustic
Another object is the provision of ground iron
coated or admixed with residual alkaline mate-
rial, whereby it is protected against corrosion
prior to its use in concrete or the like.
subsequent classi?cation, may be subjected to the 40
action of an alkaline solution. Calcium h drox
ide may be used, as this is practically identical
with the active alkali in the wet cement. A so
dium carbonate may be used. I prefer to use 9.
cans c a
such as caustic soda for various 45
The alkali solution may be hot or cold, the
cooler solution requiring a longer time for gas
formation to be completed. The concentration
may vary over a wide range. For example, 10%
solution up to a 30% solution of caustic soda is
satisfactory. Much more dilute solutions may
be used, but it is more practical to use a stronger
hot solution in order to speed up the procedure.
The solution may be poured over and through the 55
2, 28,966
iron, or the iron may be moved through the solution, as in a counter current system, or the batch
process may be used, immersing the iron in a bath
of solution.
After the treatment is completed I prefer not
to remove excess alkali solution, because I take
advantage of the residual adherent alkali. For
this reason I prefer to use a quite strong alkali
originally of 10% to 30% caustic soda. The
10 alkali- e ' on is then ried preierabl with heat,
I claim:
1. The method of making permanent hard sur
faced Portland cement, which comprises grind
ing a mass of iron material likely to contain cer
tain impurities capable of forming gas when
present in wet Portland cement, treating the
ground mass
rec ly to an a a
solution where
practice, I run the wet material through a rotary
drum drier in contact with heat, ?ame, or com
by said gas-forming impurities therein are de
creased in quantity, drying the so-treated mass
while wet with alkali whereby to coat the particles
with a protective alkali, and adding the treated
iron to Portland cement.
2. The method of making permanent hard
bustion gases.
surfaced Portland cement which comprises grind
m‘fder £0 rBoat the iron with the dryym
These may be waste gases, or a
15 specially created ?ame may be used. The iron is
thus dried and heated. I prefer an oil or gas
?ame in order to burn away any organic matter
which may be present.
Where caustic soda is used, and combustion
20 gases are present in the drier, all or a considerable
part of the caustic soda may be converted to a
sodium carbonate. Either the dry caustic or car
bonate coating on the iron particles is effective
protection against rusting or corrosion while in
25 transit or storage. Ordinarily it is stored or
shipped in bags.
The small amount of alkali thus present on the
iron is not at all detrimental to the cement when
the dry coated iron is added to cement. If desired
ter prior
30 for any reason a simple leachin with
to incorporation into cement‘,l éa'y be carried out
in order to remove a part or all of the adherent
protective alkali. Depending upon the character
of the alkali, it may be found that the alkali speeds
85 up the setting of the cement and more quickly
and ?rmly binds the iron dust. A lime alkali of
course would not have such pronounced setting
action as does the sodium alkali above described.
The quicker setting tends to prevent the heavy
40 iron particles from sinking in the wet plastic
ing a mass of scrap iron, treating the ground 15
mass with an alkali solution whereby to destroy
gas-forming material therein which is active in
the presence of alkali, and incorporating the
alkali-treated ground iron from the mass into
Portland cement.
3. The method of making permanent hard
surfaced cement or concrete of Portland cement
base which comprises grinding a mass of com
mercial scrap iron to a pulverulent form, sub
jecting the ground mass directly to the action of 25
alkali solution capable of gas-forming reaction
upon impurities of the ground iron which are
characterized by the property of forming gas in
wet Portland cement, drying the so-treated
ground mass, and adding the dry mass to Port— 30
land cement.
4. The method of making permanent hard
surfaced cement or concrete of Portland cement
base which comprises grinding a mass of com
mercial scrap iron to a pulverulent form, sub 35
jecting the ground mass directly to the action of
alkali solution capable of gas-forming reaction
upon possible impurities in the ground mass
which are characterized by the property of form
ing gas in wet Portland cement, heating the so 40
mass as it sets.
treated ground mass whereby to burn away com
In use the material is reliable in being free from
a tendency to gasify in the cement, and in being
easily wetted by the cement. Thus, use of the so
bustible matter therein, and adding the resulting
45 treated iron assures that a reliable and improved
wearing surface on concrete, can be secured and
Although I have described the alkali treatment
as following the grinding for the advantages ap
50 pearing above, I also contemplate that the scrap
iron before grinding may be treated with alkali
for the same purpose. Accordingly the preferred
process herein described is not to be considered as
limiting the invention.
In the accompanying claims I use the term
“Portland cement”, and by it I refer to any hy
draulic cement which by nature has reactive sub
stance therein capable of causing non-ferrous
materials, such as aluminum, as an impurity in
60 ground iron, to form a gas, without causing iron
to form gas.
Certain modi?cations of the described proce
dure are permitted and many such departures
therefrom are contemplated as following within
65 the scope of the invention as set forth in the
appended claims.
mass to Portland cement.
5. The method of making a hard surfaced con
crete or cement mass by adding iron-base parti 45
cles to a mixture of Portland cement base,
characterized by a preliminary treatment of the
iron-base particles to be added with a solution
of an alkaline reagent until any gas-forming
tendency with alkali is expended.
6. The method of making a hard surfaced con
crete or cement mass by adding iron-base parti
cles to a mixture of Portland cement base, char
acterized by a preliminary treatment of the
iron-base particles to be added with a solution
of an alkaline reagent until any gas-forming
tendency with alkali is expended, and drying
the iron-base particles with residue of the alka
line solution as a coating on the particles, where
by said coating protects the iron particles from 60
corrosion, and whereby said coating becomes ef
fective in the setting of the Portland cement.
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