Forex is derived from two words: Foreign and Exchange

You'll need to register a trading account with a Forex broker, such as FXTM. Then you can begin using their Forex client program to buy and sell currencies. This will take less than 5 minutes of your time!

It isn't owned by anyone in particular. Forex is an interbank market, meaning that its transactions are conducted only between two participants — seller and the buyer. So as long as the current banking system will exist, Forex will be here. It isn't connected to any specific country or government organization.

Forex market is open from 22:00 GMT Sunday (opening of the Australian trading session) till 22:00 GMT Friday (closing of the US trading session).

Margin is money you need to have in your broker account to secure your open position. Different brokers require different amount of margin money to keep your positions open.

long position is a buy position, meaning that this position will be in profit if the currency rate goes up. A short position is a sell position, meaning that this position will be in profit if the currency rate goes down.

There is none. You should constantly develop your own strategies for every possible market situation if you want to be in profit. Specific strategies can only be good for a limited period and for specific currency pairs.

With some forex brokers, you can start trading Forex with as little as $1. Usually, the minimum amount varies from $100 to $10,000 ($100,000 and more for interbank trading).

I cannot (or don't want to) install any Forex trading If you don't want (or it isn't possible) to install new software to start trading Forex, then a good option for you would be using a web-based trading platform. 

Forex market often ignores fundamental reports. There are thousands factors affecting the currency rates. Their sum can move a currency pair without any regard to some macroeconomic data report.