Monday, 10 May 2010

Women in the Liberation Movement. Interview with Laila Khaled


February 2, 1999


smarter. Understanding what she has to say is tantamount to understanding what many Palestinians have to say. We will not rain on her parade. She will introduce herself by herself.



FAV: Welcome Laila Khaled. Would you like in the beginning to introduce us briefly to yourself: your position in the PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), the Palestinian Women's Union, and the Palestinian revolution?

Laila: I'm a Palestinian woman of Lebanese origin, my belonging is Arab, and hence my belonging is Palestinian. I joined the Arab Nationalist Movement early, early with respect to me, cause I was barely 15 years old then. After that [when the Movement dissolved itself], I moved to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine since its inception in 1967, and continue to be with them until today. I was a member of the Union of Palestinian students, in the Administrative Committee, when I was still a student in the American University of Beirut in 1963. In 1974, I became a member in the General Secretariat of the Palestinian women's Union. Also I've been a delegate in the Palestinian National Council [parliament] since 1979.

FAV: What's your official position in the PFLP?

Laila: I'm a member in the Leadership Council of the PFLP.

"Who Are the Palestinians?":

FAV: We're not going to dwell long on that military operation you partook in, and which drew fame and glory. We have surpassed that stage in a sense. We're in a different stage now, perhaps even at your own personal level. Would you give us a quick glimpse though about that operation so our younger readers may get an idea about what happened then? When exactly, and what was your role in it?
Laila: [It was] one of the operations undertaken by the PFLP to hijack airplanes. I was the first woman to participate in one, but the PFLP had done a few before. One of those was the hijacking of an El Al flight from Rome to Algeria. The PFLP took this path under the motto of "Going after the Enemy Everywhere", as one of the tactics or phases of the armed struggle. The main goal behind these operations was to pose a big question to the world: who are the Palestinians? At the time Palestinians were being treated merely as refugees who may need humanitarian aid. So we got showered with tents, UNRWA programs, and so forth!

The other goal behind these operations was to release our political prisoners from "Israeli" jails. From 1968 until 1970, the PFLP performed operations abroad to achieve those two goals. But having posed the question of who are the Palestinians, the answer was not in the final analysis to be answered by the operations themselves but by the Palestinian revolution. There was now a big commotion. People all
I participated in two of these operations. One was the hijacking a TWA that Isaac Rabin was scheduled to be on. At the time he was the "Israeli" Ambassador in the U.S. That flight was supposed to go through

FAV: When was this?

Laila: This was in August 1969.

FAV: What happened after you came to Damascus?


FAV: None of the passengers were hurt though!


FAV: So you released the passengers upon arrival to Damascus?


FAV: The second operation you took part in?

Laila: The second one was an El Al plane. Now that's a different story because it's an El Al! An "Israeli" thing per se! That flight was carrying Ahron Yarev, the head of "Israeli" Military Intelligence at the time. We boarded that flight in Amesterdam. It was supposed to be headed to New York, but we were going to turn it back east. We had just inaugurated an airport near Amman, Jordan, that became known as the Airport of the Revolution where. We had held three planes there already, and we were going to bring our El Al plane there too. But the pilot took us to London instead, and our comrade from Nicaragua, Patrick Aurguillo, was killed there.

FAV: What went wrong?

Laila: What went wrong was that we were to be four doing this, but only two of us, Patrick and me, managed to get on board. Because Yarev had bodyguards too we simply got outnumbered and outgunned. The route the plane took was not the one we thought they would. Landing in London was totally unexpected. We bet that they won't come near us. I was in charge of the operation and had two hand grenades. I didn't think they would ever dare to come near me, but it seems that "Israelis" think lightly of dying as well. They attacked the two of us, and managed to kill Patrick savagely. I wasn't shot, but tackled and beaten. Media reports later indicated that the body of the plane was riddled with eighty bullet holes. Patrick had one handgun and I had two grenades, so guess who was doing most of the shooting?

FAV: Then?
Laila: The Brits took me. The very following day however a Palestinian guy from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, hijacked a BOAC plane to Beirut because he couldn't handle the thought of me getting arrested. He requested to talk to the PFLP when he got to Beirut International Airport, and asked them where he should go with the plane. The pilot didn't know how to get to the Airport of the Revolution because it wasn't in the official charts. So, he was given directions. Then I was released in exchange, along with a couple of other comrades, after 28 days in custody. All this also raised the political question worldwide of who we were and what we sought.

A Critical Evaluation:

perhaps negative attention, the kind that's not very good for us?

Laila: There's an intrinsic difference between armed struggle as one of the main strategies to overcome the enemy, and these transient tactics which we employed only during a very brief period. On the internal Palestinian level, other groups condemned our earlier tactics only to end up adopting them after we abandoned them totally in 1970, as Fatah did with the "Black September" organization! So these were short-run tactical measures that can and should easily be given up if needed. Anyway, hijacking planes was not the only type of overseas operations we engaged in. In 1972 for example, the PFLP hit the oil tanker Coral Sea which was clandestinely carrying Arab oil & gas (butane), from one of the Gulf states, to "Israel". It took about a year of careful surveillance and planning to ascertain the route and method by which Arab oil went to "Israel". But nobody likes to talk about this.

FAV: Where did this happen?

Laila: The Red Sea. Let me also add here that this operation cost "Israel" a great deal in terms of maintaining tight security. From that point on, every tanker that went out to sea had to have military escort, by planes sometimes. Protecting their energy supplies became a real pain.




Laila: There is a simple and clear formula that I follow which doesn't require much theorizing. Since there is still today an enemy that raped and cast us out of our land, there is no language to communicate with him but that which he understands best. He talks the language of terror, so we have a legitimate right to resist. History, reality, and the whole world concede the people's right to resist occupation. That's all there's to it.

The Calculus of War and Peace:

FAV: Some say Arafat obtained more for the Palestinian people, with his readiness to condemn and cooperate against Palestinian "terrorism", than what we have obtained from decades of operations which cost us tens of thousands of martyrs, injured, prisoners, not to mention international public opinion. How would you respond to that?

Laila: Arafat lost and made us lose with him.

FAV: How come? Some say he obtained a small piece that could later become the nucleus of a Palestinian state? Can't this become a foothold from whence we may liberate the rest? Didn't he bring back about forty thousand Palestinians with him from Tunisia?

Laila: Arafat as the epitome of a stratum of leaders of the Palestinian movement that embraces the same way of thinking, has chosen to favor its personal interests over those of the people. Consequently they deemed their own return to Palestine, under humiliating conditions, synonymous with the "right of return". We have in Palestine today about three million Palestinians. These have conducted one of the greatest uprisings in the world. Their problem was never the right of return for Arafat and a small group with him. Our problem has always been that we are a people that have had its land occupied and that was forcibly evicted from that land. The Zionists built their state on our land.
Our problem can be summarized in two points: 1) sovereignty over the land, 2) the return of refugees. This is the essence of the Palestinian problem. Now let's see what Arafat did. Arafat got the legitimacy to speak for Palestinians from the blood of our martyrs, and from our suffering. He got legitimacy because he adopted initially the strategy of armed struggle. Then he stopped halfway. When this stratum got some perks and privileges, they balked on the notion of resistance. Our leadership was spoiled into submission, among other things. They liked hotels, travel, official receptions at their honor and what have you too much. But at the same time they were selling their own selves out. Those selling themselves out can't be said to be "obtaining" anything for their people, can they now? It's true that "Israel" re-deployed its forces in this alleged solution. But even before that was done, Arafat
had to sign on to the enemy's right to exist on our land. That is a negation of the all the precepts of Palestinian struggle.

The PFLP's Stand on the Existence of "Israel":

FAV: But some claim that the PFLP has shifted, and is no longer totally opposed to the principle of "Israel's" right to exist if that meant a sovereign Palestinian mini-state on the side. Is that true?
Laila: Let's judge the PFLP on the basis of its documents, and I'm part of the PFLP. When we say that we agreed to the program of Palestinian national consensus:
1) the right of return,
2) self-determination, and
3) the Palestinian state.

That means a Palestinian state on the land occupied in 1967, not Haifa. But here are our documents, and our strategy, and here's the Palestinian National Charter that Arafat compromised. They all talk of liberating Palestine from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea.

FAV: So this is what the PFLP remains formally committed to today?

Laila: Of course. We haven't changed. We believe in liberation in stages, but we believe in our historical right to all of Palestine as well.
Laila Khaled Prevented from Flying in December to the Palestinian

Conference in Damascus:

FAV: With respect to the Palestinian National Charter, there were reports that you were on a plane headed from Amman to Damascus earlier in December 1998, when you were asked to get off the plane right before take-off by Jordanian authorities. What happened there? Did they get nightmares from the mere thought of Laila Khaled on a plane? Was it a matter of flashbacks from the sixties or is it more complicated than that?

Laila: I still travel by airplane by the way : ) : ) I don't frighten anyone there. I was actually headed for Beirut, not Damascus, to participate in the Second Arab meeting for the post-Peking Women's conference. No body told me why I was not allowed to fly that day, but I think they expected me to be going to the Palestinian opposition meeting in Damascus that convened on the 12th of December to re-endorse the Palestinian National Charter. But in fact the real reason is Wye River, and the security deals that took place behind the scenes between the security apparatuses in Jordan and "Israel". Laila Khaled is a Palestinian activist, and for her to travel and express her views here and there just doesn't fly very well with the authorities. So they harass me as a member in the Palestinian opposition, not as an individual. But eventually, I traveled again later on, and nobody stopped me

FAV: So what if they thought you were going to participate in the opposition conference in Damascus? What's their beef?


FAV: But why? What's the point of preventing you and those people from attending the conference in Damascus?

Laila: The point as expressed rather comically by the Jordanian Minister of the Interior, Nayef al Qadi, was that those 53 delegates were going to Syria to say stuff that was "contrary to the security of
Jordan". The response to that is straight forward: the Palestinian opposition was simply going there to discuss its position and options after Arafat went ahead with the annulment of the Palestinian National Charter. That's all. But let's not forget I live in a state that has signed an agreement with "Israel" in Wadi Arabah. This agreement, or maybe one of its secret appendices, entailed that the opposition be
oppressed, as long as that is done with all the "democratic means" available to the system!

[We will later go back and discuss in depth with Laila Khaled's the Peking women's conference and her position on the question of women's liberation. There's about 30 minutes of tape here that FAV will
Future Strategies for Palestinian Action:

FAV: The position you occupy now Laila Khaled in the Palestinian memory and the Palestinian conscience forces us to pose all the hardest questions to you. The Palestinian activism has reached a predicament at this point as is evident. Can we say that the old forms of struggle have fallen? Is there a need for new forms to replace them? If so, what are some of the features of these new forms? In short what is a good strategy for Palestinian action for the coming period? What is to be done? Whence do we begin?

Laila: You posed the question of whence do we begin, so let me say here that we're not starting out from zero. Every time a new leadership arrives at the scene, it doesn't study the phase preceding it, and
assumes that history began with it. Since the Balfour Declaration in 1917, we've had a series of uprisings and leaders in Palestine, culminating in a major armed revolt under the leadership of the Qassam in 1936. Then there was Abdul-Qader al Husseini in 1948, then el Hajj Amin, and in the sixties the present PLO leadership emerged. We need to study therefore our history and draw hard lessons as much as we need to thoroughly evaluate the previous phase of the Palestinian struggle.
occupying our land has been clouded with false rhetoric about peace.
The notion of armed struggle has been distorted as well by those who signed shameful agreements, like Arafat and his group. We have to study thus the previous phase in a comprehensive and careful manner. We have to examine where we hit and where we missed. The great achievement the Palestinian people has perhaps been the Palestinian national identity.
We learned how to resist, but the strategies of action now will have to be different from the ones we adopted before. The notion of armed struggle itself though remains necessarily constant because this enemy has not changed its nature. This enemy does not seek peace. It is still racist, expansionist, and violent.

FAV: What is it that should change then?



Laila: The objectives of the PLO have not been achieved, including the right of return, self-determination, and the Palestinian state. Some say we still have to uphold those betrayed objectives, and I'm one of those. The problem now is that this [Palestinian] opposition, which is made up of Islamic, nationalist, and leftist components IS NOT UNITED IN ONE PROGRAM OF ACTION. We don't have to unite them ideologically.

occupation, and to oppress Palestinians. We can't adopt the same approach in dealing with the two. I don't think twice about the legitimacy of resisting the occupation by all means necessary.

FAV: How do you respond to people like Edward Said and Azmi Bshara who insinuate sometimes that we need new approaches to Palestinian activism, for example by opening up Palestinian organizations to "Israelis" who recognize "Israel's" right to exist, yet support Palestinian rights!

million Palestinians right now living in the land occupied in 1948.
Those will have tasks that are different from the ones to be addressed by the Palestinians of Lebanon. In the former, the Palestinian struggle focuses on removing the discrimination they suffer under "Israel". But in Rou7ah and Um Es-sa7ali when "Israelis" tried to confiscate more land and to demolish homes a while back, the reaction of the Palestinians of 1948 made the Shin Bet report to the "Israeli" government that after fifty years of "Israeli" rule, nationalist feelings among the Arabs of "Israel", as they call them, are on the rise. It's true there are a couple there that call themselves "Israelis", but the Palestinians of 1948 have overall preserved their Palestinian Arab national identity.
Within the framework of the overall objective, these people have the local objective of achieving equality before the law in "Israel"…

FAV: But we can't generalize the tasks of the Palestinians of 1948 to other Palestinians?


FAV: So the idea of including "Israelis" in our struggle applies only to the Palestinians of 1948, right?

Laila: No, no, no! Neither including nor excluding, no! I'm talking about something totally different. I'm talking about a relevant Palestinian program for action. I said there are general Palestinian objectives for all Palestinians, and then there are particular Palestinian objectives specific to the local circumstances for each concentration of Palestinians. For example, what is right now the main concern of a Palestinian in Lebanon who is not allowed to work? S/He wants to make a living. But even s/he is trying to observe the general objective of preserving his Palestinian national identity. He remains steadfast in the refugee camp as a Palestinian under very harsh conditions. His tasks however will have to be different from those of a Palestinian in Gaza, who has to deal with persecution by Arafat's PNA, and the Zionist occupation. Local strategies have to be decided locally, not imposed from without. There has to be coordination though between the local parts so each complements the other.

FAV: But where do the "Israelis" who allegedly support our rights fit into all this? Some say that our main task on the general level now should be to intensify our efforts amongst Americans and "Israelis".
How do you respond to that?

forgetting, and letting their kids forget who they are and where they came from. They should think about coming back in the long-run. It's high-time we learned from our enemies, isn't it? But let's also not
forget here that this is part of the overall struggle. The children of the West and Gaza didn't peddle theories about winning over the West in the uprising. They peddled stones. And they won the support of the world nevertheless. The essential thing is to not forget that the things that created the conflict with Zionists are still there. They're not gone. The land is still occupied and the people are still dispersed. That's why we revolted. These agreements are like some ash over the coals. Pour a little gasoline and we revolt again. The gasoline is how to make our local tasks complement each other. The axis of the combined work should be to hit the enemy on the head through and through. They only withdrew from south Lebanon because they were shipping back too many coffins. So coffins is what they understand.
And we should make no apologies here because our own graveyards are full. Before preachers try to teach you about the humanity of our enemy, teach them about how we have been dehumanized. They said: "The Palestinians don't exist"! We have been subjugated to a process of extinction here. Now they're even talking about making genes-smart bombs that kill only Arabs. These people are not about coexistence. They still have their kids sing in Kindergarden: this bank of the Jordan River is ours, and the other one too! Why are you asking us to change?

FAV: ..and the "Israelis" that support our struggle!

Laila: This is something that concerns the Palestinians of 1948. It is not a task on the national level, except insofar as it contributes to flaming differences within "Israeli" society, and weakens the occupation. Full stop. But I don't tell our Palestinian masses there to go to the booth to vote for Labor or Meretz. These still say our land is theirs. I CHALLENGE ANY OF THE PARTIES THAT CLAIM TO SUPPORT PALESTINIAN RIGHTS IN 'ISRAEL' TO SAY THAT JERUSALEM IS OURS. None of
them do. So what the heck? We don't need more empty slogans from "Israelis" who claim to be supporting us. The United Nations resolution that recognized "Israel" tied that recognition to the return of refugees. But that was not observed because in this jungle the strong imposes its code. Let those "Israelis" who say they support us call for our return. Look, if you want to note with appreciation a large demonstration by "Peace Now", fine. But don't fantasize.

FAV: Are you willing to share Jerusalem?

What are you talking about?

Women in the Liberation Movement. Interview with Laila Khaled

The following is part II of Laila Khaled's interview with the Free Arab Voice. Laila Khaled is a member of the leadership council of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestinian (PFLP), a delegate of the Palestinian National Council (PNC,i.e., Palestinian parliament), a leader in the Palestinian Women's Union, and otherwise another Palestinian Arab who has given the last three decades of her life for the cause. In part one of this interview, we discussed controversial issues relating to the strategy of liberating of Palestine.


In this part, we focus on women's issues, with special emphasis on women in the movement for national liberation.

[The interview with Laila Khlaed was done for the Free Arab Voice by Ibrahim Alloush]

FAV: You mentioned earlier that you were prevented from leaving for

Beirut in December 1998 to attend the second Arab sub-meeting of the

post-Peking women's conference, because the authorities thought you were

going in fact to attend the Palestinian opposition conference in Damascus. But let's turn here to the question of women. Until recently, the official line of the Palestinian left on the question of women was that the question of national rights comes before the question of women's rights. The latter question is hereby deferred till after liberation, like all questions not pertaining directly to resisting the occupation.

However, in recent years, the question of women was posed again forcefully by two different groups: 1) the religious fundamentalists, who have been trying to impose a certain concept on the role of women in society that is considered backward and reactionary by some, and 2) the Non-governmental organizations (NGO's), and international agencies, who have been trying to impose an alternative concept for the liberation of women that is described as a western construct alien to our society by others, even part and parcel of the cultural Zionist campaign to wreck our societies politically.

Before this conflict taking place right now in front of us between local fundamentalists on one hand and the westernized activists on the other, can we continue to re-iterate that the question of women is to be postponed till after liberation? Or do we have no choice but to struggle on both fronts, the social and the national? Can we really separate the liberation of women from the liberation of the homeland? Or should we ignore this issue when posed by the fundamentalists or the westernized, so we may better focus our energy on the Zionist enemy?

But can we really separate social backwardness, and some of our attitudes and conventions, from the struggle against the Zionist occupation as the latter thrives on our backwardness? Would Laila Khaled like to tackle this broad topic?

Laila: You mean broad topics rather : ) Well, let's first of all define what we mean by the women's question. A Palestinian, regardless of whether s/he is a male or a female, has the most basic problem of being either a refugee or under occupation. There's a Zionist entity on our land that was built on our ruin, i.e., on the assumption that we don't exist. Our people, both men and women, struggled to reclaim their identity as Palestinian. Thus the Palestinian national movement focused on the goal of reaffirming the Palestinian identity, and I mean that in a progressive, not a parochial or anti-Arab sense.

In the course of this struggle however, certain necessary and crucial issues are posed, among the most prominent of which is probably the question of women. For example, women are half of society. So if this society doesn't mobilize all of its energy to face down the enemy, it can't achieve victory. A Palestinian woman is a Palestinian as well.

As such, she has the same goals as the rest of our people.

But at the same time, the persecution of our women is compounded, not just cumulative. She is oppressed nationally as a Palestinian under occupation or in exile. This is the primary facet and cruelest form of her oppression. The second facet of the complex is her socio-economic exploitation as a member of the social class she belongs to. Last but not least, she is oppressed as a woman because our societies are sexist.

Therefore her struggle has to also be complex and multi-faceted too. In the struggle for liberation, she is indeed fighting on several fronts: the national, socio-economic, and the social front. This means that for liberation to really take place for her, it has to take place in these three dimensions SIMULTANEOUSLY, not successively.

How can an enslaved (hu)man liberate her land if she is not free?! She cannot be free as a woman however if her land is occupied. Thus the dialectical process falls into place. As you struggle, you regain your freedom and humanity. You don't wait until the land is liberated, or until someone liberates it for you, to call yourself free that way then get ready to build on that freedom another dimension.

FAV [Question from Fadia Rafeedie]: Some books about women's rights and liberation in English accuse you personally of adopting the masculine concept of the liberation of women, which is to put off the question of the liberation of women to a later stage. How do you respond to that?

Laila: No, I don't think like that, neither on my personal level nor that of the PFLP. I'm one of those who struggled against that particular concept of women's liberation, even within the PFLP. I don't consider it a deferred question at all, because we are dealing with the problem of a whole society here, just like the problem of poverty for example, or that of backwardness. But I do believe that we have to struggle with progressive men on our side for these social causes, including the central one of women. It is no different from struggling to achieve workers rights, or to improve health and education in the third world. These are social issues, and they can't all be postponed till after the liberation of our land. On the contrary, making progress in these areas, will help us achieve national liberation.

This is because revolution as a concept is not just about taking up arms. Hunters and hoodlums bear arms too. Revolution has a political end. In its more comprehensive sense, revolution is a process of change in reality that encompasses several aspects of life. We are a society in need of that change. Revolutionaries struggle against backwardness, illiteracy, poverty, and even against the bourgois culture of consumerism.

We happen to be fighting on top of all that against those who took our land as well. You can't postpone all these questions till after liberation, just like you can't build a house before you establish a good foundation.

FAV: Where do you stand on the religious fundamentalist line on women?

Laila: Of course the fundamentalist line on women should be rejected wholesale. But we cannot ignore its presence either. The religious tide has begun to hold sway in our society. Its manifestations and

influence have become omnipresent. Therefore, we have to confront it with dialogue. . with dialogue. In doing this however, we should steer away from anything which touches the sensitive chord of Islamic culture in our society. I mean we shouldn't discuss these issues from a narrow perspective. Rather we should try to look at them from very wide angles. We should- and I mean WE here, not anybody else- give the religious approach a progressive content, as opposed to a fundamentalist content.

You know we live in an overtly religious society. So it would be wrong to butt heads here with sensitive issues that turn the people away from us. Rather, what is required of us is to understand our reality and deal with it. Ask them: what did God order us to do? God ordered us to practice Jihad (struggle), right? So let us practice that Jihad. But it is not only for men, is it now? It's for both men and women.

Fundamentalists pose social issues strictly from the point of view of social legislation dealing with marriage, divorce, etc…The social question for them collapses into how to regulate women. But this perspective is too inadequate to mobilize a society against the occupation...too inadequate. That's why they will never get any serious results there [on the national front].

But when they say let's fight together, I'm willing to fight along the side of a guy who has a beard this long even if has all kinds of weird

ideas about women in his head. As long as he is fighting the occupation, I'll fight with him. While fighting together, I don't pause to evaluate him on whether he thinks women should wear a veil or not. He too will forget that I'm not wearing a veil when he sees me fighting. When we get thrown in jail together, he's not going to focus on whether I'm wearing a veil or not.

When we go to the graveyards and see the martyrs laying side by side, he's not going to think about which martyr was wearing what.

In general however, the fundamentalist viewpoint is a negative one, incapable of serious political mobilization. It represents an effort to turn back the clock. Unfortunately this view is helped by the fact that the Palestinian cause itself is experiencing a state of defeat. So people retreat to metaphysics for instant relief, as they look to shift the heavy burden outwards!

FAV: …And the Western viewpoint on the women's question?

Laila: In the Peking women's Conference we were discussing this …

FAV: You mean the one that Hillary Clinton attended?

Laila: Hillary Clinton, for electoral reasons, and due to the influence of the church, was preaching on the primacy of the family. But that was at odds with what the U.S. government delegation in the Peking

Conference was pushing Hillary Clinton said that a family is a mother and a father living under legal contract, with children and what have you. The official American stand however was that any two can form a family, any two people: a man and a woman without a legal contract, or even two people from the same sex. Of course this strange concept of the family was rejected by the official Arab and Islamic delegations in the Conference. So Hillary started preaching our traditional Arabian concept of the family. We understood that as politics to help out her husband and his administration.

The most dangerous aspect of the conference nevertheless was the attempt to "de-politicize" the question of women.

FAV: What does that mean? Can you explain this please?

Laila: That is 'de-politicize', meaning, to NOT consider the question of women an integral part of the question of social and political change in general.

FAV: So is this in your opinion the main problem with the western concept for the liberation of women?

Laila: Their point was that we women can unite on issues regardless of nature of our political systems. Here we posed the following question, and this was the subject of pitched battles between us and the Western world since the first Women's Conference under the auspices of the

United Nations in Mexico in 1975, until 1995 in Peking: WHY CAN'T THE PALESTINIAN WOMEN'S DELEGATION VOTE IN THE CONFERENCE? We vote in the group of 77, but not in the conference. We are treated like another United Nations organization!

In 1980, the question of Palestinian women was on the agenda. Serious attempts were made [by anti-Palestinian forces] to drop that issue. But we insisted and fought back. The socialist states supported us and we adopted resolutions favoring Palestinian rights as a result. In Nairoubi however, there was a big retreat. A resolution was passed that abrogated a previous resolution equating Zionism with racism. In recent years, there's been a big retreat on both fronts: the women's, and that of Palestine.

In Peking in 1995, in the meetings of the official delegations, not the one by NGO's, we spent about fifteen days squabbling over the terminology of a paragraph titled: "Violence against Women". The
paragraph discussed the need to support women who were under occupation, or who were subject to sexual abuse. We said you really can't set occupation and sexual abuse on the same political plane. Sexual abuse is the problem of individuals, regardless of how rampant, whereas occupation is the problem of whole peoples.

In previous women's conferences, we tackled in our resolutions issues such as women under colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, apartheid, and

so forth. But in the Peking Conference this time, we lost fifteen days in the sub-committee that was led by the American delegation just to move 'sexual abuse' into a different paragraph from that dealing with occupation. We even tried to specify in the text which women in the world were under occupation, without much luck. The best we could do was to have 'sexual abuse' removed from right next to 'occupation' to the end of the same paragraph. They also vehemently refused to let us specify which women were under occupation. The American delegate responded outside…

FAV: Was the American delegate a 'he' or a 'she'?

Laila: It was a guy, and he pointed out outside the meeting to one of our Palestinian representatives: "You know who is occupying whom. Why specify it!!". Tell me, what does that mean politically for the women's movement?!

Other women from some parts of the world tell us that we can unite on the issue of our sexual oppression. Everywhere you look in the text, or the program of action, you'll find the word 'sex'. You'll find sex here, and you'll find it there. It 's there to discuss sexual abuse one time, then again to discuss sexual tourism. The point is to de-politicize the question of women, and affirm that women can unite just as women. I say yes let's unite, but to do what exactly?

For example, they wanted to unite us on the question of sexual tourism.

But that is something that we Palestinians and Arabs neither know nor understand. This is not the most serious problem in OUR societies. We are still fighting to get the right to vote on these resolutions in the women's conference you see!! So I asked them to explain sexual tourism to me. Of course we are against it, but it really is not something we are familiar with. When they started discussing 'sexual industry', I got lost again because these are expressions that are not even in our dictionary. WE ARE LIVING IN A SOCIETY THAT HAS A DIFFERENT SET OF PROBLEMS.

For example, we Palestinians have been subject to political genocide. I therefore support having more, not less, Palestinians. But these guys want to push population control on us. The right to choose for me is an individual matter. It doesn't need to become foreign policy.

That's the way I see that issue.

In Europe and the United States, the question of abortion occupies a central place in the political debate. The church says no, supporters of women's rights say yes. This may be an important issue to understand

and take a position on too. But how does it become a central issue for our people? We have other priorities. We don't even have lesser rights. Our humanity has been denied us. So why should I lose time on this issue? Right now we have to deal with the more urgent daily persecution of the Palestinian National Authority for example. We have to worry about whether the refugees will return or not. We wonder first and foremost about whether these political deals concerning us are fair or not, and whether the injustice we have been living will escalate.

We suffer from exile, and the oppression of Arab regimes. Our populations are being impoverished. But these guys [in the conference] wanted to make the issue of sexual freedom the most important item on the agenda. Again, this might be an important question on the individual level, but not on our social level. I VIEW THIS AS A POLITICAL DEVIATION WHICH PURPORTS TO THWART OUR ATTENTION FROM THE REAL ISSUES THAT CONCERN OUR PEOPLE AND SOCIETY. A red herring to preoccupy us with trifles, that's what it is.

If a woman in Sweden wanted to worry about these things, that would make sense for her. A woman in the United States might have to deal with problems transpiring from the inner workings of her society, like: should homosexuals be allowed into the navy or not? !!!! She might want to worry about that but I won't, because this is definitely not the most pressing Palestinian problem right now.

FAV: Let's go then to the individual level with an important question for a large number of political activists of both sexes perhaps. In your opinion, and in the light of your personal experience, do you think that a long-term relationship, or a marriage, between a political activist and a non-politicized person could work out? And under what conditions specifically? For example, in modern Arab cities, average people are getting increasingly more concerned with HAVING as many material amenities as possible. They live for appearances. Being with someone like that may retard an activist and may perhaps turn into a reactionary force in her or his life. On the other hand, would it be easier for a male activist to have a non-politicized mate, than it is for a female activist, since our societies are unfortunately sexist?

What do you say to that?

Laila: I believe that any marriage, between any two people, has to have a solid basis of social and intellectual common grounds. They of course have to love and respect each other. Yet in our masculine
societies, it is possible for a male political activist to be with a non-politicized mate. They'll live okay, but will that be a successful marriage?! I really don't think so. They might live together in a family and raise children, but still it's not really successful because they'll be living in two different worlds. He'll probably be okay with that though because he merely wants a good housewife, maybe a breadwinner on the side, or someone to raise the children so he may devote himself more fully to political concerns. He might even yell at them to shut up so he may read. But he wouldn't know what they are yelling about, or even know them very well, really know them.

That's why things are necessarily different for a female activist. When she is politically involved, she can only be with a politically involved mate. I talk from experience. Women activists may be accepted by their husbands the way they are, but only within the limits that don't conflict with his interests at home. At the end of the day, he wishes her to turn into a traditional housewife. Fetch coffee! Make dinner!

Thus problems arise.

To the extent the two realize that marriage is a partnership, things will work out better though. When they are on similar planes in their intellects, qualities, and abilities, things might work out better. But when one of them supersedes the other in those areas, the relationship becomes uneven, maybe to the point of disintegration.

Naturally dialogue plays a crucial role in the success of any relationship, although dialogue could take angry forms sometimes.

Mutual concessions are also necessary, but usually women end up making them more in the relationship. Many men say they support women's rights, but frequently they don't practice that in reality, and they
especially won't practice that in their own homes. There are individual exceptions to the rule of course, but we have a lot of progress to make on the social level. There are successful cases as well, but even
those go through alternate periods of ups and downs because this is life. With my husband and kids, even though we have a good frame of understanding overall, differences do arise. The good thing is that we agree politically. That's important.

FAV: Is your husband politically active?

Laila: He's a physician who writes political newspaper columns frequently.

FAV: So he's politically committed too?

Laila: Of course, who else would bear to live with me : ) For me the key is having a good balance between responsibilities at home and responsibilities outside. For example, I'm thinking right now that perhaps I should go home to cook for my kids.

FAV: Okay, thank you Laila Khaled, we're done :) :)

River to Sea Uprooted Palestinian

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