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Detachment force of particles from air-liquid interfaces of films and bubbles.

The detachment force required to pull a microparticle from an air-liquid interface is measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the colloidal probe technique. Water, solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and silicone oils are tested in order to study the effects of surface tension and viscosity. Two different liquid geometries are considered: the air-liquid interface of a bubble and a liquid film on a solid substrate. It was shown that detaching particles from liquid films is fundamentally different than from bubbles or drops due to the restricted flow of the liquid phase. Additional force is required to detach a particle from a film, and the maximum force during detachment is not necessarily at the position where the particle breaks away from the interface (as seen in bubble or drop systems). This is due to the dynamics of meniscus formation and viscous effects, which must be considered if the liquid is constrained in a film. The magnitude of these effects is related to the liquid viscosity, film thickness, and detachment speed.