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The Rediscovery of Poverty: A Review of Aid Policies in Education

The publication of its Education Sector Working Paper by the World Bank in December 1974 marked the culmination of a series of policy reviews by donor agencies of their programs in education.1 Perhaps the best known was the report of the prestigious Faure Commission, Learning To Be, done for UNESCO, but the so-called "Bellagio Conferences" on education were perhaps more influential as they involved all of the major western donor agencies, both public and private.2 A study commissioned by the Bellagio Consortium on the subject of Basic Education was completed just after the World Bank Education Sector Working Paper and reinforced the commitment of the donor agencies to assist the rural poor.3 The World Bank's reassessment of its educational policies was also considerably influenced by studies conducted for them and for UNICEF by the International Council for Educational Development (ICED) under the direction of Philip H. Coombs, and should be seen in relation to the Bank's subsequent Rural Development Sector Policy Paper.4 USAID commissioned studies of nonformal education by the AfricanAmerican Institute and Michigan State University,5 and the International Development Reseach Centre in Canada commissioned an extensive review of education and development by Roby Kidd.6