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Cooperative Spectral–Spatial Attention Dense Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Recently, deep learning-based methods have made great progress in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification (HSIC). Different from ordinary images, the intrinsic complexity of HSIs data still limits the performance of many common convolutional neural network (CNN) models. Thus, the network architecture becomes more and more complex to extract discriminative spectral–spatial features. For instance, 3-D CNN usually has a large number of trainable parameters, thus increasing the computational complexity of the HSIC. In this letter, we designed a cooperative spectral–spatial attention dense network (CS2ADN) that takes raw 3-D HSI data as input data. Specifically, the attention module consists of spectral and spatial axes, by which the salient spectral–spatial features will be emphasized. Furthermore, we combined these attention modules with the dense connection, which is termed as the lightweight dense block; it has a lower computation cost and achieves better classification performance. At the same time, we introduced the center loss, by jointly using the supervision of the center loss and the softmax loss, where the discriminative features could be clearly observed, particularly for small data sets. Experimental results on the biased and unbiased HSI data show that our method outperforms several state-of-the-art methods in HSIC with small training samples.