{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.022645393721049924, 'fraction_numerical': 0.012352032938754504, 'mean_word_length': 4.785714285714286, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Kathryn J. Cooper, Exodus from Cardiganshire: Rural-Urban Migration in Victorian Britain , Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2011. 249 + xiv. 9780708323991.

of academic approaches towards the subject. Inevitably, of course, there are lacunae of rural poverty. But while household surveys and the analysis of census data can tell us a good deal, one sometimes has to suspend disbelief when confronted with definitions of ‘poverty’ and ‘social exclusion’. Berkeley Hill’s chapter on various aspects of farm incomes and European policies rightly draws attention to the Farm Business Survey which, in 2011, celebrated its seventy-fifth birthday. But like so many other survey-based instruments of policy, the Farm Business Survey fails to tell the whole story, especially when household expenses and even luxury purchases can be quietly obscured on the negative side of a balance sheet. Headlines in the farming press deploring the fact that in a given year farm incomes have dramatically declined, need to be taken with more than a pinch of salt. Survey data is usually indicative of trends, but little more. Much of the material here has appeared elsewhere in slightly different guises so that while it offers useful context for further debate, it contains little in the way of new insights. The book is wholly Anglo-centric and despite its title contains little reference to the other nations of Britain. Nowhere do we learn of the views of landowners and farmers and their workers in respect of ‘the contested countryside’, which prompts the suggestion that an academic conference giving voice to those whose job it is to nurture our landscape might serve a useful purpose. Should this take place and the proceedings be published at a price in excess of fifty pounds, one can only hope that the publishers will be able to print a text free of typos and of the bizarre absence of apostrophes afflicting the first chapter of the present book.