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Plasmon electron energy-loss spectroscopy and in-situ cooling experiments of graphene liquid cells

Water is the most important chemical compound on earth for living organisms. The properties of bulk water have been studied intensively for several decades. In technologically relevant scenarios, water is often confined in small cavities which leads to emergence of novel phases that are not observed in bulk water under the same thermodynamic conditions. Yet, only recently have the structure, properties and phase transitions effects of confined water and its related phases been the subject of more thorough investigations,[1] primarily due to the limitation in spatial resolution or chemical sensitivity/selectivity of the experimental approach. One of these experimental methods is transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a technique that provides unprecedented spatial resolution in crystalline material, but, until the last few years, has not been used to study liquids. This is mostly due to instability of aqueous solution in high vacuum conditions of the TEM column and inability to measure in-situ temperature while preserving atomic-resolution.