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AN URBAN SUCCESS STORY: BREEDING SEABIRDS ON ALCATRAZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA, 1990-2002

In recent years, Alcatraz Island has become an important breeding site for seabirds, including Brandt’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Pelagic Cormorant P. pelagicus, Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba and Western Gull Larus occidentalis. Colonization and growth of Alcatraz as a seabird colony is of interest because of its close proximity to a busy urban center, and because the island itself is subject to heavy tourism year-round. In addition, Alcatraz Island is located in the central San Francisco Bay estuary, where productive waters and a shallow benthos provide foraging opportunities that are different from those in the oceanic waters where these seabirds are most often found. The environment on and near Alcatraz contrasts with that of the nearby Farallon Islands, where a similar assemblage of nesting seabirds is protected within the Farallon Islands National Wildlife Refuge and is surrounded by neritic and pelagic marine habitats.