{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023730460840690047, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009961934073054183, 'mean_word_length': 5.208144796380091, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Quality of working life on residents working in hospitals.

Background: Residents play an important role in the delivery of hospital care. They regularly work overnight, in emergency situations and with workload and stress which can affect their performance and quality of working life (QWL). This study explores the QWL and its contributory factors in residents working at hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Methods: Medline was searched to identify questionnaires for measuring QWL in healthcare professionals and these questionnaires were used to design a comprehensive questionnaire for measuring residents QWL. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were examined by 7 experts. The questionnaire then was completed twice with one-week interval by 14 residents to assess the intera-rater reliability. Then 310 questionnaires were distributed among residents working at different specialties in 7 hospitals affiliated to TUMS including a large general hospital, two medium general hospitals and four small single specialty hospitals. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS. Results: Totally, 263 residents (84%) completed the questionnaire. The quality of working life was very well in 18%, well in 32%, moderate in 31%, low in 14% and very low in 5% of residents. Pediatric residents had the highest and urology and internal medicine residents had the lowest quality of working life. Conclusion: The QWL is high in the majority of residents, but the QWL is still not desirable in a significant proportion of them. The questionnaire used in this study is reliable and valid. The residents’ QWL still need improvement.


Introduction
Hospitals are complex organizations that provide services to the patients seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Doctors and nurses are the main human resources that spend a significant part of their time at the hospitals. They have to regularly work overnight, in emergency situations, with an extensive workload and stress which can negatively affect their performance and quality of working life (QWL) (1). Therefore it is very important to improve the quality of their work environment. Quality of working life is normally considered as the real work situations including employee salary, facilities, health and safety issues, participating in decision making, management approach and job diversity and flexibility (2). Special registrars (SpR) or Residents play an important role in health care delivery in governmental hospitals. They should regularly stay and work overnight, their job is very critical and complicated and they normally face a variety of difficulties such as sleep deprivation, stress, workload and fatigue, which could have negative effects on their behavior, communication, learning ability decision making and quality of life (3,4). Several studies have shown that stress, workload, tiredness, impatience and inadequate communication are the main factors responsible for the majority of adverse events and medical errors in healthcare (4). Therefore, it is widely accepted that a major task of any hospital director is to explore and promote the quality of employees' working life by assessing their work environment and identifying their possible shortcomings. Previous studies have assessed the quality of working life in nurses, family physicians and so on, but there is no comprehensive research which evaluates the quality of working life in residents working in hospitals. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of working life in residents at seven hospitals affiliated to TUMS.

Setting
The study was conducted in seven governmental hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Residents were participated in the study and completed the forms volunterly. In the first section of the questionnairs information about the study was provided to help them decide about participating in the study. The hospitals included one large general hospital, two medium general hospitals and four single specialty (tertiary) hospitals including ophthalmology, pediatrics, gynecology and psychiatry.

Sampling
Based on the total number of residents in each study hospital, a proportionate sample of residents was randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. These included a total of 310 questionnaires, 85 questionnaires in the large hospital, 40 questionnaires in the high medium, 30 questionnaires in the low medium and 20 questionnaires in the small tertiary hospitals.

Method of data collection
During the period of data collection a trained researcher was present inside the residents' dormitory in each study hospital during the formal working hours. When a resident was arriving at the dormitory, she invited him/her to complete the questionnaire. This process continued until the required number of questionnaire was completed in each hospital.

Design of questionnaire
In order to design the questionnaire the following steps were undertaken. Medline and Google Scholar were searched to identify similar questionnaires used by other studies. Retrieved questions were combined and duplicate questions were removed. The new questionnaire was translated into Farsi and was edited several times. To evaluate the face and content validity of the questionnaire the Farsi version was checked and modified by seven experts. To check the intra rater reliability, the final version of the questionnaire was completed by 14 residents twice with one week interval. The internal consistency of the questions and the intra rater reliability of respondents were assessed by Cronbach's Alpha test.

Data analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. The reliability of 14 questionnaires was evaluated by test retest assay and Cronbach's Alpha test. Questions were divided in 8 separated groups and Cronbach's Alpha test was used to assess the internal consistency of each group's questions by proportions. The Descriptive analysis of the demographic variables was reported mean values and standard deviation. P values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

Cronbach's Alpha test for internal consistency
In order to evaluate the internal consistency among each set of questions, we divided the questions into 8 categories, then the cronbach's Alpha was calculated for each category. The cronbach's Alpha was 0.84 for questions relating to general issues, 0.97 for utilities, 0.75 for communications, 0.95 for education and research, 0.95 for management support, 0.85 for amount of salary and type of payment, 0.82 for assessment and monitoring and 0.80 for organizational and cultural issues . According to data obtained from this study the category of utilities and communications had the highest and lowest cronbach's Alpha respectively.

Residents' quality of working life
Totally 263 residents (84%) responded to the questionnaire. The residents quality of working life was as follows: very good for 47 residents (18%), good for 86 residents (32%), medium for 81 residents (31%), low for 37 residents (14%) and very low for 12 residents (5%) ( Table 1). Residents were specifically happy from conditions for their promotion and professional training, knowledge, expertise and attitude of their seniors and their clean and quiet residential area at the hospital. The effect of field of specialty on the residents' quality of working life Data showed a significant relationship between specialty and quality of working life. Pediatric residents had the highest quality of working life and the lowest one was dedicated to the urology and internal medicine specialty ( Table 2). There was a significant relationship between the field of study and QWL. Pediatric residents had the highest quality of working life and the lowest one was dedicated to the residents of urology and internal medicine

The effect of hospital on the residents' quality of working life
The QWL was significantly different between the hospitals. The highest quality of working life was observed in Children's Medical Center and the lowest quality of working life in Mirza Kochak Khan Hospital (Table 3).

The effect of hospital ward on the residents' quality of working life
A significant relationship was observed between hospital ward and residents' quality of working life .The highest quality of working life was in pediatrics and women wards and the lowest QWL was in the emergency departments (Table 4).  There was a significant relationship between the hospital wards and residents quality of working life. The highest quality of working life was in pediatrics and women wards and the lowest quality of working life was in the emergency department

Discussion
This study showed that the quality of working life was high or moderate in the majority of residents working at TUMS. The QWL was related to the field of study. Residents were satisfied with their conditions for promotion and professional training, knowledge, expertise and attitudes of their seniors, and their clean and quiet environment of their residential area. Shabani and colleagues found that the most of Mazandaran Family Physicians have a moderate to low quality of working life. In addition their data demonstrated that there was an inverse correlation between the amount of job experience and quality of working life (5). The family physicians that had less experience had the higher quality of working life and by raising the work experience their quality of working life was dropped (5). Also, their data showed that, family physicians with the lowest working time (41-54 hours per week) had the highest quality of working life. Shabani and colleagues therefore concluded that the intensive working time had negative effects on the working life quality of these family precisions (5). We found that 61.2 % of residents believed that there was a direct correlation between their salary and the quality of their performance. Dargahi et al. showed that different factors such as hospital size, nurses' responsibilities, wage, working experience have a significant effect on quality of working life of nurses. These nurses believed that, working in small hospitals, and having more working experience with executive responsibility and higher wage result in higher quality of working life (6). We also found that the following reduse the QWL: sleep deficiency and fatigue , night shift work, low access to senior residents, in proportionate correlation between authority and responsibility and insufficient nurses' proficiency. Davenport (10). In our study 33% of residents believed that nurses are not expert properly and so they can not confide nurses to assign important tasks to them. Davenpor and colleagues found that surgical residents would have the higher job satisfaction, if they observed high-quality health care. Davenport and colleagues believed that nurses' proficiency is the prerequisite of high-quality health care (7). 32.3 % of residents involved in this study believed that they do not have enough job authority. Duffy and colleagues investigated about job satisfaction in family, internal, surgical, pediatric, and psychiatric physicians. They concluded that success in job accomplishment, care continuity and job authority impressed these physicians job satisfaction (11). Regarding to our results we can deduced that, residents' quality of working life improving factors are: residents satisfaction with, conditions providing for specialized training, professors' good behavior, work cleaning, and their field of study. This study suggests that by considering to the residents' quality of working life impressing factors the residents' quality of working life could be improved.

Conclusion
This study showed that the QWL was very good or good for the majority of residents working at TUMS; however some elements of the QWL should be improved and the QWL should be improved in a proportion of residents.

Limitation of the study
The process of data collection in the hospitals given the possible tiredness of the residents is likely to affect their QWL.

Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, Informed Consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc) have been completely observed by the authors.