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Phase linearity and uniformity in optoelectronic-VLSI receiver arrays

Parallel synchronous digital links require tight control over inter-channel skew in order to obtain maximum performance. In parallel optical interconnects (POIs), inter-channel skew can arise from differences in optical and electrical path lengths as well as latency variations through transmitters and receivers. The receiver pre-amplifier is particularly susceptible to latency variation. In POI applications such as optoelectronic-VLSI, pre-amplifiers can exhibit variable latency and gain resulting from differences in optical power levels across the receiver array due to transmitter, laser, detector, or optical system non-uniformity. This establishes an input DC photocurrent and pre-amplifier operating point that varies across the array, resulting in gain and phase non-uniformity. We consider different receiver pre-amplifier designs and the susceptibility of their gain and phase delay uniformity to operating point variations. Feedback circuitry that stabilizes the pre-amplifier operating point is considered as a potentially robust approach for array-scale POI skew reduction. Optical ring oscillators are used to characterize the phase delay of different pre-amplifier designs by measuring the period of oscillation as a function of optical system power throughput.