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EARLY STAGES OF TOPOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE TERRITORIES OF CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE CAUCASUS (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

Proper topographic study of Crimea started not earlier than in the late 18th century when, after the incorporation of the peninsula into the Russian Empire, first rather detailed maps of this area were compiled by both military and civil agencies. Crucial breakthrough in topographic knowledge on Crimea occured from 1886 to 1911 as a result of its 1:21 000 survey representing relief features with contours. In comparison with other northern Black Sea regions, topographic studies of today’s Krasnodar Krai coastal areas started significantly later. The first review topographic maps of the area were compiled in the 1830s, but their quality remained unsatisfactory for a long time because of survey difficulties in the mountains and under conditions of the Caucasian War 1817–1864. «Map of the Caucasus with adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia» on 58 sheets at a scale of 1:210 000 definitely belongs to distinguished fundamental cartographical works of the 19th–20th centuries. Its compilation began in 1866 and continued over several decades. Its revised sheets continue to be issued up to 1941. In the Caucasus, the period of instrumental surveys representing relief features with contours started in the 1880s. These surveys were performed at a scale of 1:42 000.