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Liberal Reforms and Community Responses in Mexico

Rural communities have, in Mexico, an extraordinarily important, and yet largely unrecognized, role in influencing the way in which a huge endowment of natural resources is used and local public goods are delivered to a majority of the rural population. By contrast to Africa and North East Asia (Hayami and Platteau, 1998), these communities generally do not have their roots in tribal or ancestral village origins. They are instead mostly creation of the state, product of the political settlement that followed 10 years of peasant-led armed revolution. This settlement led to formation of the ejido communities as defined in the constitution of 1917. In some cases, land that had been expropriated from indigenous communities by expansion of the haciendas was restituted, giving a tribal basis to the ejido communities. But in the vast majority of cases, communities were created by pulling together in ejidos the former workers of expropriated haciendas or ad-hoc groups of rural households demanding access to land. A dual form of property rights was thus created, covering today each approximately half of the Mexican territory. On the one hand, a sector of private farms with a ceiling on land ownership equivalent to 100 hectares of irrigated land (the “pequeñas propriedades”). On the other hand, a social sector, generically referred to as the ejido sector, that includes indigenous communities with restituted lands and new ejido communities created by the reform, with ejido communities outnumbering indigenous communities 15 to 1. In this ejido sector, all land is owned by the community. Land in ejidos is also accessed under a dual system of land rights: individual plots to which ejidatario households have access in usufruct; and common property resources (CPR) to which all ejidatarios have access as regulated by the community.