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High dietary salt intake increases urinary NGAL excretion and creatinine clearance in healthy young adults.

BACKGROUND
In rodents and older patients with elevated blood pressure (BP), high dietary sodium increases excretion of biomarkers of kidney injury but it's unclear if this effect occurs in healthy young adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether short-term high dietary salt increases urinary excretion of the kidney injury biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in healthy young adults.


METHODS
Twenty participants participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. For 10 days each, participants were asked to consume salt (3,900 mg sodium) or placebo capsules. We measured BP during each visit and obtained 24-hour urine samples for measurement of electrolytes and NGAL and KIM-1, and assessed creatinine clearance.


RESULTS
Compared to placebo, salt loading increased daily urinary sodium excretion (placebo = 130.3 ± 62.4; salt = 287.2 ± 72.0 mmol/24 hours, p < 0.01). There was no difference in mean arterial BP (placebo = 77 ± 7; salt = 77 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.83) between conditions. However, salt loading increased urinary NGAL excretion rate (placebo = 59.8 ± 44.4 vs. salt = 80.8 ± 49.5 ng/min, p < 0.01) and increased creatinine clearance (placebo = 110.5 ± 32.9 vs. salt = 145.0 ± 24.9 mL/min, p < 0.01). Urinary KIM-1 excretion was not different between conditions.


CONCLUSION
In healthy young adults, 10 days of dietary salt loading increased creatinine clearance and increased urinary excretion of the kidney injury biomarker marker NGAL but not KIM-1.