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George Keith (1639–1716), an intellectual geography of tolerance from Presbyterian Scotland to Quaker Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT George Keith (1639–1716) was a prolific pamphleteer at the turn of the seventeenth century who moved between several religious denominations (Presbyterianism, Quakerism and Latitudinarian Anglicanism) and geographically between Scotland, the Dutch Republic, the American colonies and England. Defences of liberty of conscience were at the core of his writings which combined his doctrine of Immediate Revelation with Quaker pacifism and were shaped by the influences of Cambridge Platonist Henry More as well as other thinkers of toleration. This essay exposes the connections between Keith’s ideas about tolerance and these intellectual influences. It considers how his proselyte programme for toleration was impacted by his mobility across different religious landscapes. Keith becomes a case study to consider how geographical loci – defined in time and space – can shape ideas of toleration.