{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03743589743589744, 'fraction_numerical': 0.020512820512820513, 'mean_word_length': 5.460264900662252, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 1, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The fibrinolytic factor tPA drives LRP1‐mediated melanoma growth and metastasis

The multifunctional endocytic receptor low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein (LRP)1 has recently been identified as a hub within a biomarker network for multicancer clinical outcome prediction. The mechanism how LRP1 modulates cancer progression is poorly understood. In this study we found that LRP1 and one of its ligands, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are expressed in melanoma cells and control melanoma growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic studies were performed on 2 melanoma cancer cell lines, B16F10 and the B16F1 cells, both of which form primary melanoma tumors, but only B16F10 cells metastasize to the lungs. Tumor‐, but not niche cell‐derived tPA, enhanced melanoma cell proliferation in tPA−/− mice. Gain‐of‐function experiments revealed that melanoma LRP1 is critical for tumor growth, recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the tumor bed, and metastasis. Melanoma LRP1 was found to enhance ERK activation, resulting in increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 RNA, protein, and secreted activity, a well‐known modulator of melanoma metastasis. Restoration of LRP1 and tPA in the less aggressive, poorly metastatic B16F1 tumor cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation and led to massive lung metastasis in murine tumor models. Antimelanoma drug treatment induced tPA and LRP1 expression. tPA or LRP1 knockdown enhanced chemosensitivity in melanoma cells. Our results identify the tPA‐LRPl pathway as a key switch that drives melanoma progression, in part by modulating the cellular composition and proteolytic makeup of the tumor niche. Targeting this pathway may be a novel treatment strategy in combination treatments for melanoma.—Salama, Y., Lin, S.‐Y., Dhahri, D., Hattori, K., Heissig, B. The fibrinolytic factor tPA drives LRP1‐mediated melanoma growth and metastasis. FASEB J. 33, 3465–3480 (2019). www.fasebj.org