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Can Japanese Speak in Pure Japanese?: The Inevitability of Gairaigo in Japanese

—Japanese lexicon are divided into four categories, namely 1) Wago (words with pronunciation and morphology are in accordance with native Japanese linguistic conventions), 2) Kango (words introduced from China with kanji which are read using on-yomi pronunciation), 3) Gairaigo (words borrowed from foreign language), and 4) Konshugo (words come from combination of three previous categories). Gairaigo is one of Japanese lexicon that has the longest history. Other than Chinese, the first gairaigo came from Portuguese to Japan in 1549. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of gairaigo use in recent Japanese daily conversation, by examining the use of gairaigo in a Youtube social experiment video entitled “Can Japanese Speak in Pure Japanese?” and four other Japan’s trending Youtube videos using transcription method. The results showed that Japanese speakers are rather difficult to speak in pure Japanese and use gairaigo occasionally, which tendency appeared in all videos. There are four reasons found why gairaigo is used frequently, namely 1) providing an alternative tone of discourse; 2) Naming imported things or ideas which did not exist in Japanese culture previously; 3) Often associated with a sophisticated culture, so the modern image is stronger; 4) Availability of more helpful common vocabulary. Along with globalization, contact between Japanese and other languages created more gairaigo , and gairaigo is getting widely used because of its aforementioned advantageous functions. Hence, it is necessary to include gairaigo when learning Japanese.


A. Gairaigo
Japanese lexicon, in general, is divided into three main categories: 1) Wago; 2) Kango; and 3) Gairaigo. In addition, words that combine features of three main categories named konshugo. 1) Wago or also well known as Yamato kotoba, as the name Yamato referred to Japan and kotoba mean words, literally mean 'Japanese words'. It refers to words with pronunciation and morphology is in accord with native Japanese linguistic conventions; 2) Kango is term used to refer to words that were introduced from China with kanji are read using on-yomi pronunciation; 3) Gairaigo literal meaning is "came from outside" also known as "loanword". It refers to words borrowed from foreign language; 4) Konshugo literal meaning is "combination words". These words come from a combination of three main categories such as kango plus wago, kango plus gairaigo and wago plus gairaigo (Tomoda, 2005).
Nowadays, there are thousands of gairaigo in Japanese. Too many that it is requiring much effort to categorize them. Let alone the first massive borrowing words from Chinese, the first gairaigo was from Portuguese. The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1549, the time when the world was being explored by Portuguese, Spanish, English and Dutch. By discovering new places, new foods were also discovered just like squash, tomatoes, potatoes, beans and so on. These foods were then introduced by the Portuguese and the Dutch to all over the world, including Japan. However, Japanese were not aware of the source of the food. Instead, they named the food according to the direction from which the sailors had come. For this reason, potatoes become Jagaimo, because it is 'roots' coming from 'Jakarta', corn becomes Tomorokoshi, meaning Chinese Corn and many others (Otake, 2008).
The process of creating gairaigo was rather simple through the early days of Meiji Era. In a Japanese dictionary in 1889, there were 72 English origin gairaigo and 85 Dutch origin gairaigo listed. However, after Meiji Era, the amounts of words coming into the language make it very complex trace the process by which words entered Japanese and change. But, the number still fairly easy to trace. By the middle of Taisho Era (1911)(1912)(1913)(1914)(1915)(1916)(1917)(1918)(1919)(1920)(1921)(1922)(1923)(1924), from gairaigo listed in dictionaries, 51% were English origin (Otake, 2008). Now in this modern Japanese era, 94,1% of gairaigo are English origin (Champ, 2014).
An appearing of new words or disappearing of words can be considered as natural language phenomenon. In Japanese according to a dictionary, the Koujien, in 1955 there is 12.7% of the total number of words contained gairaigo (see Table I).
With the same dictionary edited in 1991, the number of words containing gairaigo increased to 16.6% (see Table II). In exchange, it seems that there were Japanese words that disappeared and being replaced with gairaigo (Oshima, 2002). Gairaigo has always an issue. One of that is it alleged increasing volume. Along with the new technology and new products imported from the West, the number keeps increasing especially after World War II. As the material and goods are imported, the names of foreign words are imported and being adopted. Because of that, it is natural to see even more western names of places and a person written in gairaigo form (katakana) are seen in public and media when Japanese have more contact and relations with other languages. Even with this kind of growth and change gairaigo has been kept out of the classroom and not discussed in school textbooks (Oshima, 2002).
There are already numbers of studies talking about the increasing of gairaigo volume and the reason why it happened. But, there is almost no study yet has specifically talking about the use of gairaigo in everyday life by the Japanese. It is important to know how gairaigo is being used in Japanese daily life with the aim that it can raise the awareness of Japanese learner of gairaigo so it can be included in Japanese learning process.

B. "Can Japanese Speak in Pure Japanese?"
On September 25, 2018 a Youtube channel named Asian Boss published a video titled "Can Japanese Speak in Pure Japanese?". This is a social experiment video trying to find out is it possible to speak in pure Japanese by conducting a short interview in Japanese to a random pedestrian.
Two presenters on the video will start the interview with "How good would you say you are in speaking Japanese?" question. Then several other questions will be asked and the interviewee will try to answer the questions without using gairaigo. Out of 14 interviewees, all of them find it extremely difficult to named things without the helped of gairaigo. Although some are able to name things by describing it, some are completely lost in thought.
There is a written disclaimer saying that the opinions express in this video are those individual viewers alone and do not reflect the views of Asian Boss or the Japanese population. Despite the disclaimer, we cannot help but think that it is difficult to speak in pure Japanese.

A. Data Sampling
This is a qualitative study that features descriptive data (Bogdan & Bilken, 1992). The data is gairaigo and konshugo used by Youtuber, but the konshugo is limited to combination of wago plus gairaigo and kango plus gairaigo.
This study focused on Japanese used by Japanese Youtuber on their video. Youtube video was chosen because the Youtuber usually try their best to keep up with the change and trends. So that the language used by the Youtuber also is the language that is currently still socially acceptable.
Videos for data were chosen from the list of Japan Trending Youtube Videos. This list updated every day, but the video being chosen is one video from each 13, 14, 15 and 16 May list. The 4 videos have different content and also different duration.

B. Data Analysis
The first stage of analyzing is by transcripts the videos. The second stage is collected the gairaigo and the frequency it is being used in each video.
III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4 videos chosen for this study were taken from the list of Japan Trending Youtube videos. It has different lengths and also created by different Youtuber with different topics. Even so, after transcripted the videos, it is clear that in every video gairaigo is being used. However, one uses it for different reasons than the other.

Duration
: This first video is about two Youtubers challenging themselves to eat kaedama ramen to the limit and see how many kilograms they gain. Because the main of this video is eating ramen to the fullest, the conversation mostly only at the start of the video that is right before the challenge and the end Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research,volume 424 of the video that is right after the challenge. From this limited conversation of two Youtubers, found 10 gairaigos and 2 konshugos with 1 repeated for each word except キロ(kiro) that been repeated 6 times (see Table III).
Gairaigo has several functions, one of that is to provide an alternative tone of discourse. The English origin gairaigo often helped to create a modern atmosphere (Kay, 1995). That is why even there are several words that even it has equivalent meaning in Japanese, the Youtuber chooses to use the gairaigo one instead (Kay, 1995). This second video is about 2 Youtubers by male and female challenging to style each other hair. Different from the first video this second video has more conversation because they speak almost the entire video about what kind of hairstyle they choose or the name of tools they use. From this 09:20 lengths video, 20 gairaigo and 2 konshugo were found. From this list there are 3 words that are repeated more than 1, which is ヘア ーセット(heaasetto) being repeated by 5 times, ヘアアレン ジ(heaarenji) being repeated by 3 times and ユーチューバー (yuuchuuba) being repeated by 2 times.
In Table IV most of the words are about hair style or hair styling tools that is might be not exist in previous Japanese culture. As another function of gairaigo is to name imported things or ideas which did not exist in Japanese culture previously, gairaigo is being used for the term. Also another reason why gairaigo is being more preferable than wago is because it often associated with a sophisticated, so the modern image is stronger (Kay, 1995). The third video is pretty short compare to the others. This 05:50 minute's video is about a Youtuber trying various filters in a social media name Snapchat. The video started by a Youtuber, the owner of the channel trying all kinds of filters that are currently becoming a big hit in Japan. After trying the filters himself then he called 2 of his friends to join him. From this short but hilarious video 9 gairaigo are found with フィル ター (firutaa) as the main content being repeated 3 times while other only repeated once (see Table V) The reason why gairaigo is being used in this video is also because most of the words are currents things, that does not exist before in Japan. Forth video is the longest among other. This is an interview video with Tokyo Drift Queen. The interview is start from how she starts have interest in F1 and then continued to how she becomes the Tokyo Drift Queen. From this 15:18 minutes video, 43 gairaigos and 4 konshugos are found. ドリフト (dorifuto) as the main topic being repeated 15 times, ドライバ ー (doraiba) being repeated 4 times, タイヤ (taiya) also being repeated 4 times, ツードア(tsuudoa) and セダン (sedan) being repeated 3 times, シリーズ (shiriizu), カテゴリー (kategori), ポイント (pointo), ライセンス (raisensu), モータ ースポーツ (mootaa supootsu) and フォードア (foodoa) being repeated 2 times, and the rest being said once (See Table  VI).
Drift is a Japan origin sport. But, with rapid international exchange, competition and items that might be imported from abroad, gairaigo are also being used in this video. It is because the availability of a common vocabulary will be helpful for the viewer (Kay, 1995).