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Autoimmune diseases developed in athymic nude mice grafted with embryonic thymus of xenogeneic origin

Reconstitution of T cell functions in athymic BALB / c nude mice was investigated after transplantation of embryonic thymus grafts under the renal capsule (TG nude mice). Thymi were obtained from mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, swine and cows. All of the grafted thymi grew and formed proper thymic structures with host CD90+ cells. The TCRα β expression pattern of the lymphocytes in the grafted thymi was quite similar to that of normal mouse thymocytes. Sufficient CD4+ populations were observed in the peripheral lymphoid organs of all groups of TG nude mice. Plaque‐forming cell assay revealed that the TG nude mice had acquired considerable helper T cell functions. Histological and serological studies, however, showed multiple organ‐localized inflammatory diseases in TG nude mice of all xenogeneic thymus groups, but not with syngeneic or allogeneic thymi. The organs affected were the thyroid, the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands, the eyes, stomach and ovaries. The incidence of lesions was variable depending on the species of origin of the grafted thymus. Lesions from TG nude mice were successfully transferred into naive nude mice by host CD4+ cells. These results together suggested that the microenvironment of grafted thymi, even if xenogeneic, is able to educate host T cell precursors. However, this reconstitution of functions does not always induce tolerance to certain autoantigens, resulting in development of multiple autoimmune lesions.