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From Humanity to Sovereignty

Chapter 2 analyzes Locke’s notion of a “trespass against the whole species” in the Second Treatise of Government. It reconstructs his argument for private property and political government through the lens of universal crime in a colonial context. Once humanity is stipulated as the earth’s stakeholder in the state of nature, the failure to enclose land via labor wastes the earth’s potential and instantiates an offense against mankind. Presenting the figure of the Native American as the quintessential universal criminal failing to perform agricultural labor as a dictate of natural law, Locke’s argument reveals an inclusionary Eurocentrism that includes non-European peoples insofar as they violate humanity’s supposedly universal norms. Furthermore, once the introduction of money enables accumulation without spoilage, those wasting the earth’s productivity become scarcely recognizable as universal criminals, and humanity as the natural law’s subject becomes destabilized. Founding separate peoples under sovereign government hence becomes necessary to recreate law-governed collective life.