{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.013846153846153847, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.2, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Stress distribution and surface instability of an inclined granular layer

Static granular materials may avalanche suddenly under continuous quasi-static drives. This phenomenon, which is important in many engineering applications, can be explained by analyzing the stability of the elastic solutions. We show this for a granular layer driven by its inclination angle in gravity, where the elastic problem can be solved generally and analytically. It is found that a loss of stability may occur only at the free surface of the layer. This result is considered to be relevant for understanding surface avalanches and the flows observed experimentally.