{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016148325358851676, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0011961722488038277, 'mean_word_length': 5.265917602996255, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A comparison of rayed craters on the Moon and Mercury

Observations of rayed craters at optical and radar wavelengths provide insight into the processes that lead to ray formation and degradation on terrestrial planets. We have compared optical and S‐Band radar data for several large (> 20 km diameter), young craters on the Moon and Mercury and find evidence that secondary cratering plays a significant role in the formation of crater rays. Regions where rays appear bright to optical and radar sensors correspond to dense concentrations of secondary craters, and the observed radar enhancement appears to be a result of the deposition of blocky, immature ejecta from the secondary craters and/or the rocky, immature interior walls of the secondary craters. We define a new optical maturity index for Mercury and find that rays in radar and optical images correspond closely, indicating that the rays are rich in centimeter‐ to decimeter‐sized clasts. Rays on the Moon are less prominent at radar wavelengths, suggesting that they are currently composed of smaller clasts, centimeter sized or less. This difference suggests that secondary craters are larger on Mercury and capable of excavating more decimeter‐sized clasts. Furthermore, observations of rayed craters provide an opportunity to assign relative ages to the youngest craters on the Moon and Mercury. Although rayed craters on Mercury appear most similar to the youngest craters on the Moon, the apparent ages are more likely influenced by inherent differences in impact velocity, surface gravitational acceleration, and target properties that result in the formation of larger secondary craters on Mercury.