{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02106149957877001, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0016849199663016006, 'mean_word_length': 5.030456852791878, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
MR Spectroscopy Outside the Brain

Introduction The majority of clinical applications of H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) concern diseases of the human brain. This is caused by two main reasons: 1) The main clinical reason is that the brain is poorly accessible for biopsies, whereas other organs are more suitable for invasive biopsy investigations. 2) The technical reasons involve lipids, motion and general experience. First, in most organs lipid deposits are not so clearly separated from the tissue of interest as in brain and, hence lipid suppression may become an issue. Second, all of the inner organs and even some of the muscles and the spine reflect cardiac and/or breathing and / or gastric motion that can lead to artifacts and bad spectra. Third, very few MRS research groups only apply their skills to solve these technical issues, such that neurologic applications seem more enticing for many clinicians or physiologists, too. This overview deals with both, the technical challenges and solutions to overcome potential problems related to motion artifacts and overwhelming lipid signals, as well as with some applications of large interest for the clinician and the physiologist.