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Environmental Stress Experienced by Electroactive Biofilms Results in Increased Softness, which Can be Determined with a Torsional Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM).

Electroactive biofilms are intensely studied not only for energy conversion and electrosynthesis, but also as sensing systems. The electrical current produced by the layer is largely proportional to the rate of the metabolism and therefore decreases, when the biofilm experiences adverse environmental conditions. Acoustic measurements may complement this approach. The layer's softness can be inferred from shifts of resonance frequency and resonance bandwidth of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) contacting these layers. The layer's softness responds to the environment. Both negative potentials of the electrode (the equivalent of "suffocation") and lack of nutrient supply (the equivalent of "starvation") were studied. For comprehensive analysis, torsional resonators operated on three different modes of vibration are suited best. Such data can be fitted with a viscoelastic model, leading to a quantitative estimate of the shear modulus. On a more empirical level, one might also use the ratio of the shift in bandwidth to the negative shift in frequency as an indicator of stress. For ease of operation, one might even replace the torsional resonators with thickness-shear resonators.