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Characterizing the appetite‐regulatory response throughout the menstrual cycle

Obesity rates are higher among females than males potentially due to increases in food intake during certain phases of the menstrual cycle. The female sex hormones, progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2), fluctuate across the menstrual cycle and are known to influence both energy intake and energy expenditure. Physiologically, the control of energy intake is partially mediated by circulating gut‐derived peptides that either stimulate appetite (acylated ghrelin (AG)) or induce satiety (PYY3–36 and GLP‐1). However, it remains poorly understood how the fluctuations in E2 and P4 influence appetite throughout the menstrual cycle via interactions with gut‐derived peptides, and whether these fluctuations in sex hormones also influence metabolic rate and substrate oxidation.