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Challenging the Intelligence of Systems : A Literature Review on How IT Deals with Reasoning and Action

More than half century ago, Alan Turing, one of the computer pioneers, claimed that a high-speed digital computer, programmed with rules and facts, might exhibit intelligent behavior (Dreyfus, 1993). Thus was born the field later called artificial intelligence (AI). According to Marvin Minsky, artificial intelligence can be defined as: ―the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men.‖ Along with the fast development of information technology, many scientists and experts have tried time and again to enable systems or machines to have the same intelligence as human beings. However, the development of AI was not as easy as predicted. The field ran into unexpected difficulties.