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[Source Contribution Analysis of the Fine Particles in Shanghai During a Heavy Haze Episode in December, 2013 Based on the Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology].

The haze pollution caused by high PM2.5 concentrations has become one of the major environmental issues restricting urban and regional sustainable development in China in recent years. Therefore, the diagnosis of the pollution sources of PM2.5 and its major components in a scientific and efficient way is of great significance both scientifically and theoretically. A rare heavy haze pollution event occurred in Shanghai and the surrounding Yangtze River Delta in early December, 2013, that the hourly PM2.5 concentration reached 640 μg x m(-3). In this study, we analyzed the three typical episodes that occurred in Shanghai during this period. The particulate matter source apportionment technology (PSAT) was applied to study the source contributions to PM2.5 and its major components. Results showed that NO3-(2.5) were mostly contributed by industrial boilers and kilns, transportation and power plants. Comparatively, most of the SO4(2-) 2.5 came from industry and transport sectors. During the three episodes including haze, foggy haze and transport, local emissions contributed 35.3%, 44.8%, 22.7%, while super-regional transport accounted for 42.0%, 41.1% and 59.8% to PM2.5, respectively. In the YRD modeling domain, fugitive dust, industrial processing, volatile source, industrial boilers and kilns and transport were the major contributors to high concentrations of PM2.5, with the average contributions of 25.1%, 14.9%, 15.8%, 13.7% and 15.9%, respectively. Results showed that the very heavy haze pollution is usually not caused by a single city, the regional joint pollution control is of great importance to relieve the pollution level.