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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its coat protein gp 120 induce apoptosis and activate JNK and ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinases in human neurons

Detection of apoptotic neurons and microglial cells in the brains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1)‐infected patients has suggested that programmed cell death may be implicated in the physiolpathology of HIV‐1 encephalopathy. To analyze in vitro the intracellular signals induced by HIV‐1 in human neurons and the associated neuronal death, we tested cultured human central nervous system (CNS) cells for apoptosis induced by HIV‐1 and gp120 and for signaling pathways activated by gp120. HIV‐1 and gp120 induced apoptosis of neurons and microglial cells but not of astrocytes or transformed microglial cells. Gp120 activated c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p42 extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in primary CNS cells, with an early peak of activation at 2 to 5 minutes that was not present when pure microglial or astrocyte cultures were tested, followed by a late and sustained activation (10 and 60 minutes) in primary and enriched glial cell cultures as well as in transformed microglial cells. This demonstrates that gp120 could be an effector of HIV‐1‐induced apoptosis in the CNS and act directly on neuronal and glial cells.