{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.05168391457797452, 'fraction_numerical': 0.04079679368307711, 'mean_word_length': 4.3378033205619415, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
DETERMINING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITION QUALITY OF HUNGARIAN VETCH SILAGE (VICIA PANNONICA CRANTZ) MIXED WITH WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) AND BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) AT DIFFERENT RATES

This research was carried out to determine the quality values of Hungarian vetch silage mixed with wheat and barley grown in winter under the ecological conditions of Eastern Anatolia region, Turkey in the 2017-2018 growing season. To determine the quality values and chemical composition of the silage mixtures obtained from the different of Hungarian vetch, wheat and barley it was prepared as three replications and filled in 2-L jars and then firmly suppressed and tightly closed so that they do not breathe. The mixture rates of Hungarian vetch (HV), wheat (W) and barley (B), their pure sowed were 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% of B + 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% of HV + 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% of W. Silage jars were opened after 60 days and pH value, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein content and organic acid values and some macro element contents were measured. The values for ADF, NDF, digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) of silages were 28.57-41.65%, 29.69-59.05%, 56.4566.63%, 2.62-4.05%, 89.78-201.62%, 22.22-33.00%, 8.15-17.27%, respectively. At the same time, values of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), butyric acid (BA) and propionic acid (PA), calcium (Ca), phosphor (P) and potassium (K) were 1.50-1.94%, 0.33-0.71%, 0.27-0.76%, 0.02-0.08%; was 0.30-1.68%, 0.33-0.62%, 1.93-4.48%, respectively. According to these results, it can be proposed that silages achieved from the HV + B mixture have some superior properties for CP, ADF, NDF, RFV, Ca, P, and K compared with HV + W mixtures.


Introduction
Turkey's Eastern Anatolia region which it is cold and snowy in winter and hot and dry in summer has a significant potential for animal breeding. As similar to other regions, Turkey, the pasture areas at Eastern Anatolia Region have noticeably declined as a result of excessive and uncontrolled grazing and the quality of pasture have decreased to the lowest levels. Because of this degradation of the pastures, a major decrease has occurred in the production of quality roughage and a quality. For this reason, to fodder forage crop cultivation, diversity the forage crops, produce alternative fodder crops and obtain silage from different fodder plants are quite important to overcome these problems.
In recent years, a considerable increase in silage production has become in Turkey. More than 80% of the total silage produced is corn silage (Alcicek and Karaayvaz, 2003). Corn, a hot climatic plant, can be effective in good maintenance and sufficient water conditions. The planting of silage corn at eastern Anatolia region or similar ecological places can appositely be affected from short period of vegetation and even sometimes spring and autumn frost damages. Therefore, Hungarian vetch is more resistant to cold and drought in comparison with vetch species, which it is grown and harvested without watering.
It can be said that silages of Hungarian vetch + barley mixtures have higher nutrition properties, because these crops contain both protein and carbohydrate. Thus, Miller (1984) reported that silages mixtures were more productive and quality when compared with pure ones. Lithourgidis et al. (2011) reported that environmental sources in mixed cultivation can more effectively be used and that it obtained the higher yields compared with pure sowing ones. Similarly, Tuna and Orak (2007) stated that the protein/carbohydrate ratio is better for silages obtained from these mixtures. In another study (Tas, 2002) it was reported that there was a lodging rate rising with an increase development of Hungarian vetch and for this reason it can be suggested that Hungarian vetch sowed mixing by wheat or triticale in winter sowings is better. In a study which investigated the effect of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on silage properties in Diyarbakır conditions (Seydosoglu and Gelir, 2019) (Demirel et al., 2010). Bergen et al. (1991) reported that DM, pH, NDF ADF, LA and AA in the silages of wheat harvested at milk stage and dough stage after ensiling of 64 days were, respectively, 34.50-43.50%,4.00-4.10, 50.00-51.80%, 34.50-35.60%, 5.96-6.12%, 1.17-0.82%. In some studies on silage it was indicated that propionic acid content of silage varied to type of silage or mixture (Homan, 2016;Seydosoglu, 2018).
In this study, it was aimed to determine the contents of organic acid, composition of some nutrient matter and values with quality of silages obtained from mixture Hungarian vetch with barley and wheat at different levels of mixture and thus to detect the best mixture ones.

Materials and methods
This research was carried out at Mus city located at the Eastern Anatolia region, Turkey in 2017-2018 growing season (Fig. 1). As barley and wheat, the sowing of Hungarian vetch was made in winter season (3 November 2017). As material of plant, we used the Hungarian vetch which it is the most cultivated plant in Mus, Syrena (wheat), and Tokak 157/37 (barley) varieties. These varieties used are resistant to cold and drought and are recommended to Southern Marmara, Northern Inner and Aegean, Thrace, Black Sea, Southeast and Eastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia as well as Mediterranean Regions.

Figure 1. Location map of the study area
Each of these varieties was separately planted in 0.004 ha. 200 kg ha -1 of barley and wheat, and 100 kg ha -1 of Hungarian vetch were sowed. At the same time, 150 kg ha -1 of DAP fertilizer (27 kg ha -1 N, 69 ha -1 P) were applied to barley and wheat during sowing; whereas it was 100 kg ha -1 DAP (18 kg ha -1 N, ha -1 P) for Hungarian vetch.
Harvests were made in at full bloom for Hungarian vetch, at milking stage for barley and at heading stage for wheat (3 June 2018). The plots were separately simultaneously harvested with hand sickle. After the harvesting, material of silage was faded in the shade for 3-4 h and then cut into 0.5-1 cm dimensions with a silage harvester working with the tail shaft. After the chopping process, the materials were weighed on the sensitive scale according to the standardized rates.
The materials weighed were filled homogeneously and filled in 2-L plastic jars with 3 replications. The jars filled with silage materials are hand-tightened thoroughly. After the lid of the jars is closed tightly, they are wrapped with duct tape so that they do not breathe. It was then allowed to ferment into the dark environment for 60 days. At the end of this period, the maturing silages were opened and after the 4-5 cm part of the mouth of the jars were removed; the pH values were measured (Polan et al., 1998). After weighing 500 g of silage from each jar, it was dried to a constant weight for 48 h (AOAC, 1990) at 60 °C. After the dry weight of the silages was obtained, the samples were ground and prepared for analysis.
The data obtained were analyzed to variance analysis by using JUMP program based on 5% and 1% of significance levels (SAS, 1998). The differences between the mean values were compared according to the LSD, multiple comparison tests (Gulumser et al., 2006). Digestible dry matter [DDM = 88.9 -(0.779 x ADF%)] and dry matter consumption (DMI = 120/NDF%) and relative feed value from DDM and DMI ratios [RFV = (DDM x DMI)] were calculated from formulation described by Van Dyke and Anderson (2000).

Climate characteristics of research area
The average rainfall for many years in Mus province was 745.02 mm, the relative humidity was 61.99%, and the temperature was 8.10 °C. In planting period which relative humidity in January was highest, the temperature was low and rainfall was high ( Table 1). The temperature was above the average temperature during the growing season for a long time. However, relative humidity and rainfall was lower than the average of long years. The experiment area was harvested without required irrigation.

Soil characteristics of research area
Soil analysis of the experiment area was made in the soil analysis laboratory of private Mus. According to results of soil analyses of the experiment area, it was neutral, calcareous, salt-free and organic matter was low and also, the amount of phosphor is poor and potassium is sufficient ( Table 2).

Content of ADF, NDF, DDM, DMI, RFV and DM
In the present study we found that there were significant differences in silage mixtures achieved Hungarian vetch, barley and wheat for ADF, NDF, DDM, DMI, RFV and DM (P < 0.01) ( Table 3).

ADF and NDF ratio
The rate of ADF of silages obtained from pure wheat and Hungarian vetch with wheat were higher than those of other mixture silages. Average ADF of these silages was 37.09%, though the ADF values ranged in 28.57-41.65%. According to the quality standards of legume, wheat and legume mixtures (Rohweder et al., 1978), ADF ratio of mixture silages obtained from wheat and Hungarian vetch (except 80% HV + 20% W) was in the 3 grade quality class (41-42%), whereas the silage obtained from barley and Hungarian vetch is in the 2 grade quality class (36-40%) for ADF. In the current study, while The ADF content of the pure barley silage is in the top-quality class, Hungarian vetch silage is in the 1 st quality class. NDF ratios of mixture silages pure wheat silages with Hungarian vetch + wheat were higher than pure barley with Hungarian vetch + barley mixture silages. Average NDF of pure and mixture silages 39.17%, though the ADF values ranged in 29.69-59.05%. According to the quality standards of legume, wheat and legume mixtures (Rohweder et al., 1978), NDF of mixture silages obtained wheat with Hungarian vetch was in the 1 st quality class (40-46%). Similarly, NDF of mixture silages achieved barley and Hungarian vetch was in the top-quality class (Tables 3 and 4).
There are many of studies on ADF and NDF rates of silage and findings of these studies Bergen et al. (1991)  Our findings for ADF and NDF in this study were different in some of the literature mentioned above. It is suggested that these differences between the findings can be resulted from the differences of plant species, periods, rations of mixture and ecological conditions.

DDM (digestibility dry matter) ratio
The mean DDM of the pure and mixture silages in this study was 60%. DDM was the highest in pure barley silage with 66.63%, whereas it was the lowest in mixture silages of 40% HV + 60% W (56.44%) and 20% HV + 80% W (56.45%) in the same group. The digestible dry matter (DDM) of pure barley silage was in the top-quality class, pure Hungarian vetch was in the first quality class and DDM of other pure and mixture silages were in the second quality class (58-61%) based on the quality class described by Rohweder et al. (1978) (Tables 3 and 4).

DMI (dry matter intake) ratio
The mean DMI for all silages studied were 3.19% and the highest DMI were observed from mixture silages of 100% HV (4.05%) and 80% HV + 20% B (3.88%), indicating that it is in the top-quality class based on the quality class described by Rohweder et al. (1978). The lowest DMI was observed in the pure wheat silage and it was in the 3 nd quality class, whereas mixture silages of Hungarian vetch and wheat at different mixing levels 60% HV + 40% W, 40% HV + 60% W, 20% HV + 80% W were in the second quality class based on the quality class described by Rohweder et al. (1978) (Tables 3 and 4).

RFV (relative feed value)
In the present study the mean RFV of pure and mixture silages was 149.57. The highest RFV was founded at 100% HV (201.62) and 100% B (188.66) of silage in the same group and its quality class was the highest, while silage of pure wheat for RFV was in the 3 rd quality class according to quality criteria's Rohweder et al. (1978). Additionally, we observed that RFV of silage obtained from Hungarian vetch + barley mixture was higher than Hungarian vetch + wheat silage ones and it was better quality based on classification on quality (Tables 3 and 4).

DM (dry matter) ratio
In the present study, the mean DM of silages was 26.25%. The highest DM was achieved from pure wheat silages (33%), whereas it was the lowest pure and the mixtures containing high Hungarian vetch with barley [80% HV + 20% B (22.22%); 60% HV + 40% B (21.78%)]. Besides we detected that DM contains of mixture silages increase with increasing wheat.
The results of this study were different in findings reported in a several studies (Saruhan et al., 2011;Basaran et al., 2018;Aykan and Saruhan, 2018). These differences among studies mentioned above for DM of silage can be resulted from diverse harvesting periods or plant material of silage.

Mineral matters and crude protein content
In this present study, there were significant differences in calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphor (P) and crude protein (CP) contents of silages obtained from different mixture ratios of Hungarian vetch with barley and wheat (P < 0.01) except for magnesium (Mg) ( Table 5). Average Ca, P, K contents of silages was 1.10%, 0.48%, and 3.12%, respectively. The highest Ca was in the Hungarian vetch silage (1.68%), but it was lowest in wheat silage (0.30%). While silages of pure barley and Hungarian vetch and 20% HV + 80% B had the most P content, it was the lowest in pure wheat silage. The highest K content was found in pure barley and wheat silage in the same group. However, it was the lowest in 20% HV + 80% W mixture silage ( Table 5). These elements are quite important in animal nutrition and animal rates should be contained at levels of 0.21% P, 0.65% K, 0.31% Ca and 0.1% Mg (Kidambi et al., 1989).
The acetic acid (AA) values of the silages ranged from 0.31% to 0.71%, with an average pH of 0.49%. The highest AA of pure Hungarian vetch, pure wheat and mixture of 20% HV + 80% B were 0.71%, 0.65% and 0.66%, respectively. It was the lowest for mixture of 60% HV + 40% B (0.31%). The butyric acid (BA) values of the silages ranged from 0.27% to 0.76%, with an average pH of 0.47%. It was highest in the pure Hungarian vetch (0.73%) and mixture of 80% HV + 20% W (0.76%). The propionic acid (PA) values of the silages ranged from 0.02% to 0.08%, with an average pH of 0.06%. The highest of propionic acid (PA) was obtained from mixtures of 80% HV + 20% W and 60% HV + 40% W of silages ( Table 6). According to some authors the butyric acid is not adequate for quality of silage and in general it has 0.1-0.6% of butyric acid (Woolford, 1984). By contrast, some researchers showed that there is a significant relationship between LA, AA and BA ratios with high quality of silage. According to these authors, LA ratio in these forages was above 2%, whereas AA ratio must be between 0.3-0.7% percent in type of these silages (McDonald et al., 1991;Alcicek and Ozkan, 1996). In this present study, it is observed that the LA ratio is lower than when compared with studies mentioned above, but ration of AA was normal. However, the amount of butyric acid was found to be higher than normal values in pure Hungarian vetch silage (0.73%) and in mixtures of 80% of Hungarian vetch + wheat silages (0.76%). However other groups of silages were normal for butyric acid ( Table 6).
The insufficiency of homo-fermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of the plant material used for silage leads to a delay in the decrease in pH. Because of the insufficiency of LAB, an increase in the loss of nutrients and a decrease in the consumption of silages occur (Woolford, 1984). Therefore, in order to increase the Turan et Kung et al. (2003) reported that the main ingredient used for legume silage in the USA is bacterial inoculants. In current study, the findings with organic acids were lower than the results reported by Seydosoglu (2018)

Conclusion
In this present study it was conducted to determine the quality and chemical composition of the silage obtained by mixing Hungarian vetch with barley and wheat in different proportions, which they have same vegetation periods. At the same time, it was conducted to determine the quality and chemical composition of the silage obtained by mixing Hungarian vetch with barley and wheat in different proportions, which they have same vegetation periods. As a result, we observed that CP, Ca, P, K and RFV of Hungarian vetch + wheat silages were higher than compared other groups of silages. Similarly, when the proportion of Hungarian vetch in mixing was increased, it also leads to an increase of Ca, P, K and RFV, DM and LA ratios of these silages. However, ADF and NDF ratios were lower in Hungarian vetch + barley silages.