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Biomarker Responses in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) during Exposure to Exceptional Quality Biosolids

Adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to EQ (exceptional quality) biosolids for 28 days in static renewal aquaria. Treatments were clean water (control), low dose (0.5 g l'1), and high dose (2.5 g I 1). Chemical analysis of biosolids-exposed water revealed nonylphenols to be the dominant contaminant released. Chemical analysis of the biosolids revealed the presence polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and nonylphenols. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) levels were measured in the fish, as was the amount of DNA damage in hepatocytes. Hepatic CYP1A was elevated eight to 21-fold, respectively, in fish maintained in low and high dose biosolids exposures relative to controls. DNA damage measured in hepatocytes using the Comet assay was significantly elevated in low and high dose exposed fish at the majority of time points measured. Our data indicate chemicals associated with biosolids taken up by P. promelas have the capability to raise CYP1A levels and induce DNA damage. EQ biosolids are available to the general public. There is no tracking or restrictions on how these are used or restrictions on where EQ biosolids can be applied. As biosolids are broadcast into the environment, their constituents have the potential to migrate to nearby watersheds. They thus have the potential to impact both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.