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A comparison of TOVS ocean skin and surface air temperatures with other data sets

A data set of geophysical fields has been processed at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres from Tiros operational vertical sounder (TOVS) high-resolution infrared sounder 2 (HIRS2) and microwave sounding unit (MSU) radiance observations. The retrieval system is the physically based Pathfinder Path A methodology. The data set currently covers the period 1985-1995. We compare monthly means of TOVS skin temperature T s and surface air temperature T a to the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) buoy observations, National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) T s , and the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) T s and T a , for the time period 1987-1989. We also compare the T a data to the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 2 m temperature. The TOVS T s has a mean cold bias of ≤0.5 K relative to NCEP T s , while the T a , has a mean cold bias of ≤1.0 K in the tropics relative to both ECMWF and COADS T a . The bias in the TOVS T a , is largely due to the diurnal sampling of NOAA 10 observations. The bias in the T s has additional contributions from a possible cool skin effect as well as retrieval errors associated with cloud clearing and accounting for water vapor attenuation and reflected solar radiation. Because of the holistic retrieval of TOVS T s and T a , there is a near cancellation of biases due to diurnal sampling and cloud clearing, so that the derived T s -T a have higher accuracy than the individual T s and T a , and give a more realistic representation of the evolution of known features of the ocean surface circulation than does the COADS. These results indicate that TOVS T s and T a may be suitable for climate variability studies involving air-sea interactions. The data set is available on a daily, 5-daily, or monthly mean basis with a spatial resolution of 1° by 1°.