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The interferon regulatory factor IRF5 is differentially expressed in the blood of patients with viral co-infections.

Co-infection is a process by which the same host can be infected with two pathogens. By mining published microarray data (1), we found that the gene encoding the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) was among the genes most differentially expressed in the blood of seven patients with viral co-infections: in one patient with human coronavirus OC43 and Influenza A co-infection, in one patient with human coronavirus NL63 and Human Rhinovirus co-infection, and in five patients with Influenza B and Human Rhinovirus co-infection. IRF5 has described functions in macrophage polarization, T-cell lineage specification (2), B-cell development (3), innate immune signal transduction (4) and in transcriptional responses to viral infection (5), and could potentially be relevant to processes underlying viral co-infection.