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Breast Milk Components and Neurodevelopment of Children

Breast milk is considered the gold standard in pediatric nutrition. It contains a wide range of nutrients 
and other bioactive factors that support enteric and immunologic development of neonates. Some of these 
constituents have neurobiological properties that play vital role in early brain development and facilitate 
cognitive development. Understanding the role of these functional nutrients in modulating developmental 
processes in the brain is emerging area of research. These developmental events depend not only on 
availability of nutrients, but it also depends on a variety of growth factors and proteins. These components 
are transported from the mother to the fetus via the placenta prenatally and postnatally through milk. Many 
studies have highlighted a positive association between breastfeeding on structural brain development, such 
as increased white matter development and increased cortical thickness. Reports also suggest beneficial 
effects of breastfeeding on brain and cognitive development from infancy to in adolescence. This review 
discusses various components in breast milk components which can influence neurodevelopment in children.