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The Enemies of Socrates: Piety and Sophism in the Socratic Drama

The collision between the philosopher and his fellow citizens is the central dramatic event that ties together all three of our primary sources on Socrates. According to the literary, or Straussian, approach to the Socratic problem this collision was paradigmatic of a permanent tension between political life—which is founded on cherished opinions, and philosophy—which tries to replace opinions with knowledge. Socrates dies because he arouses pious indignation. This article concurs in part and dissents in part. Political life is represented not by one but two speeches—the Just and the Unjust. And while the tension between philosophy and the piety that sustains cities and families is quite real, it is not this tension that kills Socrates. He offends not the piety of the Athenians, but their sophism.