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Wave‐Driven Mean Flow Dynamics in Submerged Canopies

16 The physical roughness (canopies) formed by organisms within aquatic ecosystems (e.g., seagrass, 17 kelp, mangroves, etc.) modifies the local wave-driven hydrodynamics within coastal and estuarine 18 regions. In wave-dominated environments, an understanding of the mean wave-driven flows 19 generated within and above canopies is important, as it governs material transport (e.g., of nutrients, 20 sediment and biota). However, until recently the effect of submerged canopies on wave-current 21 interactions and the resulting mean (wave-averaged) flow dynamics has received relatively little 22 attention. In this study, a combination of wave flume experiments and numerical modelling is used to 23 investigate the wave-induced mean flow profiles in the presence of a submerged canopy. The 24 measured velocities and vegetation forces were used to derive bulk drag and inertia coefficients, and 25 to validate a non-hydrostatic 2DV wave-flow model. The numerical model results were used to 26 conduct an in-depth analysis of the mean horizontal momentum terms responsible for driving the 27 mean (horizontal) flow within and above the submerged canopies. We show that the mean canopy 28 hydrodynamics are driven by vertical gradients in wave and turbulent Reynolds stresses, balanced by 29