{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01647058823529412, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 4.325, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Metaphor as Appropriation

I argue that metaphor may be understood as the appropriation of the literal meanings of words, in order to give them a use that differs from their functions. Just as Duchamp took the Mona Lisa, or rather a reproduction of it, and added a moustache, a maker of a metaphor takes a literal word or sentence and uses and abuses it. This allows for a solution to a number of puzzles concerning metaphor.