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Efficacy and Safety of Gemcitabine-Fluorouracil Combination Therapy in the Management of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background Gemcitabine (GEM) is the standard first-line chemotherapy that provides limited clinical benefits for patients with locally advanced/metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LA/MPC). However, the fluorouracil derivatives (CAP and S-1) show promising efficacy in these patients. This study compared the efficacy and safety of GEM with GEM plus fluorouracil drugs in the treatment of LA/MPC. Methods Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials published on or before January 2014. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in randomized trials. The primary end point was overall survival (OS); the secondary end points were one-year survival rate, objective response rate (ORR) and toxicity rates (TRs). Results A total of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 2,126 patients were included in the systematic evaluation. The results showed that OS was significantly improved (HR 0.83, P<0.01; HR 0.87, P = 0.03; HR 0.80, P = 0.01; respectively) and ORR was significantly increased (OR 0.51, P<0.01; OR 0.66, P = 0.03; OR 0.35, P<0.01; respectively) in the GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1, GEM+CAP and GEM+S-1 groups compared to the GEM alone group. In addition, the one-year survival rate was significantly increased (OR 0.78 P = 0.01; OR 0.47, P = 0.04; respectively) in the GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1 and GEM+S-1 groups compared to the GEM alone group. The frequency of grade 3/4 TRs were higher in GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1 group, the significant increase of grade 3/4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and diarrhea were observed. Conclusions GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs significantly improved OS and increased one-year survival rate and ORR compared to GEM alone in LA/MPC patients. GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs may be considered as an acceptable alternative treatment for LA/MPC patients.


Introduction
Pancreatic cancer is the eighth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. More than 80% of patients with pancreatic cancer have late-stage disease when diagnosed. Patients with locally advanced/metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LA/ MPC) have missed the opportunity to be managed surgically [1]. Gemcitabine (GEM) is the standard first-line chemotherapy for patients with LA/MPC, offering a statistically longer survival compared to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) [2,3]. However, the prognosis of patients with LA/MPC remains poor. In order to achieve a better survival benefit for LA/MPC patients, GEM combined with cytotoxic drugs or molecular-targeted agents has been intensely investigated.
Many studies on GEM-based combination scheme have failed to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival (OS) [2,4,5]. Only a minority of combination therapies such as GEM plus erlotinib or GEM plus nab-paclitaxel showed a significant improvement of OS compared to GEM alone in LA/MPC patients [6,7]. Three meta-analyses showed that GEM combination chemotherapy conferred a significant benefit in terms of OS or a modest improvement of one-year survival rate compared to GEM mono-therapy in LA/MPC patients. However, these combination therapies were associated with increased toxicity [8][9][10]. This combination therapy offers some viable options for the management of LA/MPC patients with good performance status.
The aforementioned meta-analyses included GEM combined with biologics or cytotoxic agents, however, our study focused on GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs compared to GEM alone. Fluorouracil drugs including 5-FU, Capecitabine (CAP) and S-1 have proven to be effective in LA/MPC treatment. Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported that the median survival times (MST) were 4.2 months and 5.1 months respectively and one-year survival rates were 26% and 23% respectively for LA/MPC patients receiving protracted venous 5-FU infusion [11,12]. Similar survival rates were obtained using protracted venous infusion of 5-FU and GEM, and this supported further exploration of the role of fluorouracil in LA/MPC patients. CAP is an oral fluorouracil pro-drug that has selective activity against tumor cells and it exerts sustained antitumor effects when transformed into 5-FU. Cartwright et al. reported that treatment with CAP resulted in a clinically significant benefit, with a MST of 6 months in LA/MPC patients [13]. This result together with its generally tolerable safety profile and the added advantage of oral administration provide the basis for further evaluating CAP in combination with GEM in this patient population. S-1 is a newly developed oral 5-FU derivative, which contains tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil potassium. Gimeracil enhances S-1 anti-tumor effect by preventing its degradation and oteracil potassium reduces digestive tract reactions by protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa. The efficacy of S-1 has already been demonstrated on a variety of solid tumors [14,15]. A phase II trial of S-1 alone in MPC showed a response rate of 37.5% and a MST up to 9.2 months, which far exceeded the efficacy of GEM [16].
Because fluorouracil drugs have shown promising activity in LA/MPC patients, many RCTs have been designed to evaluate whether GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs is superior to GEM alone, but the conclusions are not consistent. Therefore, we undertook a systematic assessment of relevant RCTs in this study.

Literature search strategy
This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) criteria [17]. PubMed, EMBASE and the Central Registry of Controlled Trials of the Cochrane Library were searched for original articles written in English and published before January 31, 2014. Abstracts presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the European Cancer Conference were also searched. Prospective studies were allowed in this assessment to minimize the risk of selection or information bias. The initial search used the MeSH terms ''Pancreatic neoplasm OR Pancreas neoplasm OR Pancreas Cancers OR Pancreatic Cancer OR Pancreatic Carcinoma'' AND ''Gemcitabine OR Gemzar'' AND ''Fluorouracil OR 5-Fluorouracil OR 5-FU; Capecitabine OR Xeloda; S-1 OR S1''.

RCT selection and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the trials were required to be prospective, properly randomized and welldesigned, which we defined as matched for age, gender, tumor stage and performance status (PS) or Karnofsky performance status (KPS); (2) the subjects of the trials were patients with LA/ MPC, and histologic or cytologic confirmation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma was required; (3) the patients received GEM monotherapy in the control arm, while patients received GEM combined with 5-FU/CAP/S-1 therapy in the experimental arm; (4) the primary end point was OS, secondary end points were oneyear survival rate, objective response rate (ORR) and toxicity rates (TRs); (5) the original article had explicit survival information included as follow-up censored or explicit survival curves, and the follow-up rate was greater than 95%; and (6) whenever trials with overlapping patient populations were encountered, only the trial with the longest follow-up was included.
The exclusion criteria were: (1) trials that included patients with major comorbidities or second tumors were excluded; and (2) if a trial included adjuvant chemotherapy within six months or concomitant interventions such as radiotherapy that differed systematically between the investigated arms, it was excluded.

Data collection and extraction
All identified abstracts were assessed independently by two investigators (Qin Li and Yi-fan Yang). If one investigator considered that an abstract was eligible, the full text of the article was retrieved and reviewed in detail by both investigators. Any discrepancy was resolved by an arbiter (Han Yan) or by contacting the authors of the original study. Different variables including authors' names, journal, year of publication, original country, sample size per arm, performance status, regimens, line of treatment, median age of patients, gender ratio, tumor stage and pre-specified outcomes of efficacy and safety were extracted and evaluated.

Assessment of methodological quality
Following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [18], the methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two authors. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion. The corresponding author was the arbiter when no consensus could be achieved. We evaluated the risk of bias in the studies using the Review Manager software (RevMan Version 5.1; The Nordic Cochrane Center, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark), which included the following key domains: random sequence generation (selection bias), allocation concealment (selection bias), blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias), blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), selective reporting (reporting bias) and other bias. The publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.
Within a trial, low risk of bias for all key domains indicated a low risk of bias, low or unclear risk of bias for all key domains indicated an unclear risk of bias, and high risk of bias for one or more key domains indicated a high risk of bias. Across trials, most information from trials at low risk of bias indicated a low risk of bias, most information from trials at low or unclear risk indicated an unclear risk of bias, and that the proportion of information from trials at high risk of bias was sufficient to affect the interpretation of results indicated a high risk of bias.

Statistical analysis
The systematic assessment was performed using Review Manager Version 5.1.7 (http://ims.cochrane.org/revman). Heterogeneity between the trials was assessed to determine which model should be used. The Cochrane's Q-test was performed and I 2 statistics were obtained, with a predefined significance threshold of 0.05. A P value of more than 0.05 suggested that the studies were homogeneous, and the pooled estimation of hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) for each study were calculated using the fixed effects model (FEM). A P value of less than 0.05 for the Qtest suggested that the studies were heterogeneous, and the random effects model (REM) was applied. HR and OR were the principal measurements of effect and were presented with 95% confidence interval (CI); a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All reported P values were from two-sided versions of the respective tests. If a trial provided only a Kaplan-Meier curve, the HR and 95% CI were estimated utilizing the Engauge Digitizer V4.1 screenshot tool and a formula proposed by Parmar [19,20]. The potential presence of publication bias was evaluated visually by inspecting funnel plots and statistically using the Egger's test.

Selection of the trials
The inclusion and exclusion of RCTs for this systematic assessment are shown in a flow chart (Figure 1). In accordance with our search strategy, 137 abstracts were screened. Primary screening led to the exclusion of 126 abstracts for the following reasons: 105 abstracts were unrelated studies and 21 abstracts were only single-arm studies about GEM combined with 5-FU or CAP or S-1. The remaining 11 articles were retrieved for more detailed evaluation. Of these, 3 articles were excluded due to incomplete data, repetitive study or small sample size. In the end, 8 RCTs were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The PRISMA checklist is shown in Checklist S1.

The risk of bias in the included studies
Four RCTs were assessed to have an unclear risk of selection bias due to insufficient detail on random sequence generation or allocation concealment. Three RCTs were assessed to have a high risk of performance and detection bias due to open label in trial design. Six RCTs were assessed to have an unclear risk of other bias due to insufficient details, such as lacking an adequate description of patients' the uptake of the therapeutic drug monitoring recommendations by physicians (Figure 2).

Main characteristics of RCTs included in the systematic assessment
The main characteristics of all eligible RCTs are listed in Table 1. Of the eight trials, four were randomized phase II trials and four were randomized phase III trials. A total of 2,126 patients were included in this assessment, of which 1,059 patients received GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1 therapy and 1,067 patients received GEM alone therapy. In subgroup analysis, 416 patients received GEM+ 5-FU versus GEM alone therapy, 935 patients received GEM+ CAP versus GEM alone therapy, and 775 patients received GEM+S-1 versus GEM alone therapy. The data on OS, ORR and TRs were extracted from eight trials and the data on one-year survival rates were extracted from seven trials. There was no significant difference in the heterogeneity for oneyear survival rates between the GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1, GEM+ CAP groups and the GEM alone group (P.0.05), and therefore FEM was selected. However, there was a significant difference in the heterogeneity for one-year survival rates between the GEM+S-1 group and the GEM alone group (P,0.05), so REM was applied. The analysis indicated a significant increase in one-year survival rate when the GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1 and GEM+S-1 groups were compared to the GEM alone group (OR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64-0.95, P = 0.01; OR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23-0.96, P = 0.04; respectively) ( Figure 4). However, there was no significant difference in one-year survival rate when the GEM+CAP group was compared to the GEM alone group (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.71-1.27, P = 0.72) (Figure 4).

Efficacy analysis of phase III trials
The efficacy of four phase III trials, including one GEM+5-FU versus GEM trial, two GEM+CAP versus GEM trials and one GEM+S-1 versus GEM trial, was analyzed. The analysis showed a significant improvement in OS (HR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.94, P, 0.01) and a significant increase in ORR (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.43-2.54, P,0.01) when the GEM+5-FU/CAP/S-1 group was compared to the GEM alone group ( Figure 6).

Discussion
GEM is a therapy cornerstone for patients with LA/MPC. However, LA/MPC patients receiving GEM therapy have a MST of only 5.65 months [3]. In order to improve the survival benefit for LA/MPC patients, many RCTs evaluated the efficacy of GEM combined with 5-FU/CAP/S-1. In this study, we compared the  Table 1. Characteristics of the eligible trials included in the systematic assessment. Berlin's phase III study reported that the median OS was 6.7 months for GEM combined with 5-FU and 5.4 months for GEM alone (P = 0.09) [21]. Di Costanzo's phase II study reported that treatment with GEM combined with 5-FU obtained a median OS of 31 weeks and 30 weeks in GEM alone. But our subgroup metaanalysis obtained a meaningful conclusion that GEM combined with 5-FU significantly improved the OS and ORR compared with GEM alone [23,29]. This conclusion supports that the addition of 5-FU to GEM maybe replace GEM in the management of LA/MPC patients.
CAP, an oral tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine, has been verified as efficacious as continuous-infusion 5-FU [30]. Both single-arm studies about GEM combined with CAP reported that the median OS were 8.7 and 10.0 months respectively in LA/  MPC patients [31,32]. Phase II and III comparison studies confirmed that the combination therapy of GEM and CAP resulted in an improved OS compared to GEM monotherapy (9.5 vs 8.2 months, 8.4 vs 7.2 months, 7.1 vs 6.2 months, respectively) in LA/MPC patients [22,24,25]. Moreover, Herrmann's analysis in patients with good KPS (90 to 100) showed a significant prolongation of median OS in the GEM-CAP arm compared to the GEM arm (10.1 vs 7.4 months, P = 0.014) [24]. In our subgroup meta-analysis, there was a significant improvement in OS (HR 0.87, P = 0.03) and a significant increase in ORR (OR 0.66, P = 0.03), but there was no significant difference in one-year survival rates between the two groups. This indicates that GEM  combined with CAP maybe considered as an alternative to GEM alone, and further stratification studies are required.
S-1 is an oral 5-FU derivative with high efficiency and low toxicity. A single-arm phase II study reported that the MST was 12.5 months and one-year survival rate was 54% in LA/MPC patients receiving GEM combined with S-1 therapy [16]. Phase II and III comparison studies reported that GEM combined with S-1 did not significantly improve OS compared to GEM alone (13.5 vs 8.8 months, P = 0.102; 10.1 vs 8.8 months, P = 0.15; respectively) [26,28]. However, in Ozaka's phase II study, the OS of patients in the GEM combined with S-1 group was significantly longer than that in the GEM alone group (13.7 vs 8.0 months, P = 0.035) [27]. However, two of the three studies mentioned above are open-label studies, which may result in potential bias to the conclusion. Our subgroup meta-analysis revealed that there was a significant improvement in OS and a significant increase in both one-year survival rate and ORR when the GEM combined with S-1 group was compared to the GEM group. Given these promising and surprising results, the combination of GEM and S-1 may become a valuable and acceptable alternative treatment for LA/MPC patients.
GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs brings significant clinical benefits to LA/MPC patients. Whether combination therapy leads to more side effects is also a concern for the clinican. Although this systematic assessment demonstrated a significant increase of grade 3-4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and diarrhea in the GEM combination group, these TRs were generally tolerable and reversible. 3 RCT (2 GEM+CAP versus GEM trials; 1 GEM+S-1 versus GEM trial) reported that the addition of CAP/S-1 to GEM did not compromise patients' quality of life or quality-adjusted life-years [22,25,28].
GEM-based combination therapy improved the survival benefit in LA/MPC patients. Non-GEM-based combination schemes, for example the combination of oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil  and leucovorin (FOLFIRINOX), also significantly improved OS and PFS compared to GEM alone [33]. There have been some positive results confirmed by phase III trials, and our study does not suggest that GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs surpasses other treatment schemes in certain patients [7,33]. Rigorous phase III clinical trials are needed to further explore the potential benefits of GEM combined with fluorouracil drugs in LA/MPC patients. This study revealed a significant improvement in OS and a significant increase in ORR when GEM combined with 5-FU/ CAP/S-1 or 5-FU or CAP or S-1 were compared to GEM alone in LA/MPC patients. There was a significant increase in the oneyear survival rate when GEM combined with 5-FU/CAP/S-1 or S-1 was compared to GEM alone. Grade 3-4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and diarrhea were significantly increased in GEM combined with 5-FU/CAP/S-1 group. The combination of GEM and fluorouracil drugs may be considered as a valuable and acceptable alternative treatment for medically fit patients with LA/MPC.

Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: BC. Performed the experiments: QL. Analyzed the data: HY QL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WL HZ YY. Wrote the paper: QL.