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Is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Really a Risk Factor for Acute Myocardial Infarction?

c 2020 The Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility J Neurogastroenterol Motil, Vol. 26 No. 4 October, 2020 www.jnmjournal.org Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an often-fatal disease. Well-known risk factors of AMI include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, and is associated with esophageal acid exposure. Over the last several decades, studies have shown that GERD exacerbates myocardial ischemia and reduces coronary blood flow, but no clear conclusions have been made on the association between GERD and AMI in actual practice. Johansson et al showed that GERD is not an independent predictor of myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR], 1.1; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.80-1.60). In contrast, according to a study published in Taiwan, GERD is independently associated with increased risk of developing AMI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.31-1.66; P < 0.001). These results are similar to those of this present article “The risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease”; in the present study, the OR of developing AMI in the GERD population was 1.1 (95% CI, 1.08-1.13; P < 0.001). One important thing this study has in common with previous clinical studies is that they are all nationwide population studies based on big data research. Due to the nature of AMI (low incidence and high fatality), researchers are fairly limited in their design of clinical trials; one particularly irksome factor is that the available variables are quite limited. AMI is a disease caused by a combination of various other factors in addition to the risk factors known to date. However, the variables actually used in previous studies (including the present study) are sex, age, simple past history, and smoking. Since there is no assessment of the subject’s other risk factors (medication being used, arrhythmia, physical activity, family history, stress, etc), interpretation of the results must be very cautious. The increase in OR and HR shown in previous studies was small, but the P-value was significant. This is because the number of subjects included in population-based studies is very large, so that even slight differences are meaningful. It is therefore unlikely that these results will be identical to those experienced by researchers in actual clinical practice. In addition, the present investigation was conducted using electronic health records, rather than being authentic epidemiologic research, so the results should not be interpreted as necessarily indicating a causal relationship. Although not evaluated in the present study, another important factor in the relationship between AMI and GERD is that of the drugs used to treat GERD. Since most patients diagnosed JNM J Neurogastroenterol Motil, Vol. 26 No. 4 October, 2020 pISSN: 2093-0879 eISSN: 2093-0887 https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm20192 Editorial Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility


Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an often-fatal disease.
Well-known risk factors of AMI include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity. 1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, and is associated with esophageal acid exposure. Over the last several decades, studies have shown that GERD exacerbates myocardial ischemia and reduces coronary blood flow, 2,3 but no clear conclusions have been made on the association between GERD and AMI in actual practice.
Johansson et al 4 showed that GERD is not an independent predictor of myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR], 1.1; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.80-1.60). In contrast, according to a study published in Taiwan, GERD is independently associated with increased risk of developing AMI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.31-1.66; P < 0.001). 5 These results are similar to those of this present article "The risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease"; 6 in the present study, the OR of developing AMI in the GERD population was 1.1 (95% CI, 1.08-1.13; P < 0.001). One important thing this study has in common with previous clinical studies is that they are all nationwide population studies based on big data research. Due to the nature of AMI (low incidence and high fatality), researchers are fairly limited in their design of clinical trials; one particularly irksome factor is that the available variables are quite limited. AMI is a disease caused by a combination of various other factors in addition to the risk factors known to date. However, the variables actually used in previous studies (including the present study) are sex, age, simple past history, and smoking. Since there is no assessment of the subject's other risk factors (medication being used, arrhythmia, physical activity, family history, stress, etc), interpretation of the results must be very cautious. The increase in OR and HR shown in previous studies was small, but the P-value was significant. This is because the number of subjects included in population-based studies is very large, so that even slight differences are meaningful. It is therefore unlikely that these results will be identical to those experienced by researchers in actual clinical practice. In addition, the present investigation was conducted using electronic health records, rather than being authentic epidemiologic research, so the results should not be interpreted as necessarily indicating a causal relationship.
Although not evaluated in the present study, another important factor in the relationship between AMI and GERD is that of the drugs used to treat GERD. Since most patients diagnosed with GERD use acid-suppressing drugs, the potential association between these drugs and AMI cannot be ignored. One such treatment that has been the subject of previous research is the proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Shah et al 7 showed that GERD patients exposed to PPIs had a 1.16-fold increase in myocardial infarction. However, other studies have reported no definite association between PPIs and AMI. 4,5,8 In fact, one study found that GERD patients who were prescribed PPIs had a slightly decreased risk of AMI compared to those not taking PPIs (HR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.31-1.04; P = 0.066). 5 A recent large cohort study found no evidence that prescription PPIs raised the risk of AMI compared with prescription histamine-2 receptor antagonists. 8 Taking these studies together, PPIs do not appear to have any definite effect on AMI.
In this study, 6 the authors found higher incidence of AMI in patients with GERD than in those without GERD, but stated that this difference was not likely to be clinically meaningful. In addition, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which are well-known risk factors for AMI, have shown that the OR value increases as a risk factor for AMI. Considering that there are few studies on the association between AMI and GERD, this study has originality. However, since sensitivity analysis and validation of the study subjects were not sufficiently performed, there are limitations in interpreting the results. In summary, to date, the association between GERD and AMI remains undetermined. Some studies have shown probable results for the association, but have failed to show any definitive clinically meaningful conclusions. In the future, a well-controlled and well-planned study design is required to draw conclusions about this association. There is no need to worry about GERD as a risk factor for AMI until a definite conclusion is reached.
Financial support: None.
Conflicts of interest: None.