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Heavy metal content in liver and kidneys of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in various life stages correlated with metallothionein levels: Some metal—binding characteristics of this protein

Liver and kidneys from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in their natural habitats in Norwegian waters contain high levels of Cd and Hg as well as metallothionein (MT). The data show significant placental transfer of heavy metals in seals. The MT concentrations were higher in fetus liver and kidneys than in the liver and kidneys of juveniles and adults. A significantly higher proportion of the total Cd and Cu, as compared to Zn and Hg, in fetal liver was associated with MT. Only low amounts of metals and MT were found in juveniles. In kidneys, little metal was associated with MT, although high amounts of Cd were bound in fetal stages. Positive correlations were found between total metal, MT content, and MT—bound metals, particularly for Cd and Zn. Grey seal MT may have higher affinity to Zn than to Cd. The use of seal MT as a biomarker for environmental heavy metal exposure seems promising.