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Awake Retromolar Bonfils Intubation in Patient with Very Low Mouth Opening

According to the Italian Society of Anesthesiology (SIAARTI) guidelines, an awake fiberoptic intubation is the gold standard to manage a predicted difficult airway. At our institution, we are experienced in the use of the Bonfils Fiberscope® (Karl Storz), a rigid fiber optic metallic stylet, to intubate patients with expected difficult airways as well as patients with unexpected difficult airways after failed direct laryngoscopic intubation. We performed an awake retromolar fiber optic intubation in a 42-yr-old man with a temporo-mandibular anchilosis, with a very low mouth opening, with a Mallampati class 4 and an interincisor distance of 1,2 cm. A conscious sedation was performed by the administration of i.v. midazolam 0.03 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 mcg/kg. The topical anesthesia consisted in the administration of lidocaine spray 10% puffs in the oral cavity, in particular in the right vestibule with the adjunct of an instillation of lidocaine 1 % on the glottis aditus through an atomizer (Optispray®) under endoscopic vision. The retromolar approach is the method of choice in patients with limited mouth opening compared to the paraglossic technique; since the device is introduced laterally in the vestibule of the oral cavity, it can be well tolerated by the patient.


Introduction
According to the Italian Society of Anesthesiology (SIAARTI) guidelines, an awake fiber optic intubation is the gold standard to manage a predicted difficult airway [1]. Although an awake fiber optic intubation is traditionally performed by flexible bronchoscope, within the last decade many new devices have been used in anticipated difficult airway, such as video laryngoscopes [2,3] and rigid fiber optic stylets [4,5]. At our institution, we are experienced in the use of the Bonfils Fiberscope® (Karl Storz), a rigid fiber optic metallic stylet, with an external diameter of 5.0 mm and a fixed 40 degrees curvature, to intubate patients with expected difficult airways as well as patients with unexpected difficult airways after failed direct laryngoscopic intubation.

Case Presentation
We performed an awake retromolar fiberoptic intubation in a 42-yr-old man with a temporo-mandibular anchilosis (Figure 1

Discussion
To date there are very few reports of the Bonfils as a device to perform awake intubation in expected difficult airway [3][4][5][6]. As well reported [5][6][7][8] the retromolar Bonfils intubation technique can be very helpful in patients with low mouth opening or limited neck mobility. It has been demonstrated that the Bonfils is an efficacy and atraumatic device for difficult airway management [7]. In case of limited mouth opening it may be easier introduced in the oral cavity than a video laryngoscope or LMA due to its slenderness [5,6]. Steven et al. [4] in 2008 used the Bonfils fiberscope in a 2 cm mouth opening patient, while Nabil et al. [6] described its efficacy for the intubation in 1,5 cm mouth opening. Compared to the flexible bronchoscope it can better navigate through soft tissues even in patients with large tongue or large tonsils and its rigid structure allows a large floppy epiglottis to be physically lifted. The Bonfils may be easier to use as demonstrated by its learning curve [8]. Nevertheless, skill should be obtained before its use in difficult situations, so it is reasonable to practice before on patients with normal airways under general anesthesia.
The Bonfils is more affordable, durable, earlier available and easier to clean then the flexible fiberscope, but it cannot be used for nasotracheal intubation.
When using the Bonfils for an awake intubation, patient's preparation must be planned with great care, providing for slight sedation, maintaining the spontaneous breathing and applying an effective local anesthesia. The retromolar approach (Figure 2,3) is the method of choice in patients with limited mouth opening compared to the paraglossic technique [8]; since the device is introduced laterally in the vestibule of the oral cavity, it can be well tolerated by the patient. We think that the Bonfils fiberscope can be helpful for an awake fiber optic intubation in very limited mouth opening and it should be considered as an effective tool as well the flexible bronchoscope.
Nevertheless further studies have to be done and actually, the flexible fiberscope still remains the gold standard in anticipated difficult airways. fig.1 Patient with very limited mouth opening due to temporo-mandibular anchilosis fig.3 The retromolar approach 2 The Bonfils fibrescope and anestehstics