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Micromagnetic Simulation of Saturation Magnetization of Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys under High-Frequency Excitation

: In order to explore the magnetic moment rotation in nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys under high-frequency sinusoidal excitation, based on G. Herzer’s stochastic anisotropy theory and symmetry principle, a three-dimensional model of nanocrystalline alloy was established, and a sinusoidal alternating magnetic ﬁeld with a frequency f of 1 kHz to 10 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.1 T to 0.8 T was applied to the model. The magnetic moment movement in the magnetization process is investigated at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels by deﬁning the magnetic moment deﬂection velocity ω and magnetization rate v , respectively. The results show that ω is positively correlated with the alternating magnetic ﬁeld f and H , and the increase of f has a particularly signiﬁcant effect on ω growth compared with the increase of H . Then the function relation between ω and f and H is obtained by ﬁtting. In which the coefﬁcient of f is much larger than that of H , about 2.5 times that of H . Finally, the magnetization curve is measured by an AC measuring device, and the functional relations between v and the alternating magnetic ﬁelds f and H are obtained, in which the coefﬁcient of f is much larger than that of H , about 2.75 times that of H . This value is approximately the same as that of the ω analysis, at the same time the relative error is only 9.1%.


Introduction
With the continuous expansion of long-distance DC power transmission and gridconnected energy storage systems in China, high-frequency transformers, which realize DC voltage conversion and energy exchange through high-power electronic devices and their control technology, has shown great advantages and gained extensive attention [1,2]. Compared with the power frequency transformer, the high-frequency transformer has the advantages of small size, more energy transfer and constant voltage output on the load side. However, as the operating frequency gradually increases to kilohertz, the core loss at the high-frequency complex magnetic field will greatly increase. The small volume of a high-frequency transformer is not conducive to heat dissipation, resulting in its own temperature rising. This puts forward a higher demand on the performance of the core materials used in high-frequency transformers. Nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy (FINEMET, NANOPERM, HITPERM series alloy) is a kind of two-phase composite ferromagnetic material. Its microstructure shows that spherical nanograins are dispersed on the amorphous matrix. It has excellent comprehensive soft magnetic properties such as high saturation magnetic induction intensity, high effective permeability, low dissipation and low coercivity. In addition, the low cost, simple preparation process and high heat resistance make it likely to become one of the most widely used ferromagnetic materials [3][4][5].
In recent years, researchers at home and abroad have carried out a series of research work on the magnetic property characterization and preparation process of nanocrystalline proposed a transient vector hysteresis loss model based on the measurement of rotating magnetic properties, which can predict the instantaneous hysteresis loss of any magnetic flux density trajectory in space [6]. Zhi et al. studied the effect of annealing temperature on the initial permeability of Fe-based nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy and found that the initial permeability of the material reached the maximum when the annealing temperature was 550 • C [7]. However, these studies are mainly from the macroscopic point of view, and most of them are about the influence of the preparation process on the magnetic properties of the materials, so it is difficult to promote in the electrical field. Therefore, Wu Jiele [8] et al. conducted micromagnetic simulation on nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys and found that the displacement of domain walls during magnetization obviously lagged behind the magnetic moment deflection, which could be regarded as the result of the magnetic moment deflection. Han Zhiyun et al. [9], by defining "dynamic saturation" and "static saturation", explored the influence of external alternating magnetic field amplitude or frequency variation on the magnetization process of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy.
However, the above studies only studied the magnetic moment rotation and domain wall displacement during the magnetization of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys from the mesoscopic level. In order to further investigate the magnetic moment movement during saturation magnetization of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy under external conditions, it is necessary to quantitatively analyze the relationship between the internal magnetic moment deflection and external high-frequency alternating magnetic field from both the micro and macro levels. Micromagnetic simulation can accurately simulate a variety of parameters that are difficult to calculate in macroscopic models. Moreover, the internal physical process of material magnetization can be directly observed through the graphical interface, which is crucial for researching the high-frequency magnetization process of materials.
Therefore, a three-dimensional model of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy at mesoscopic scale was established, and the static magnetic properties of the model were obtained by applying a static magnetic field. Then, the static magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy were measured using a DC magnetic testing system and compared with the simulation data to verify the correctness of the model. Next, by changing the amplitude H and frequency f of the alternating magnetic field and taking the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω as the research parameter, the magnetic moment deflection in the magnetization process was quantitatively investigated from the microscopic level, and the functional relations between ω and H, f are obtained. Finally, the magnetization curve of the material was measured by an AC measuring device. The magnetization rate v was defined to quantitatively explore the change in magnetic induction intensity B in the magnetization process of materials at the macro level. The function relation between v and H, f is obtained, and compared with the function relation between ω and H, f, so as to realize micro and macro two-way verification. This can lay a theoretical foundation and provide key technology for the design and application of new core materials for high-frequency transformers.

Micromagnetic Simulation Model
Derived from LLG (Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert) equations, micromagnetic simulation can accurately simulate a variety of parameters that are difficult to calculate in macroscopic models by including a variety of microscopic dynamic magnetization processes, such as the pinning effect due to the displacement of domain walls during magnetization, the relaxation mechanism during dynamic magnetization, and so on. Moreover, the internal physical process of material magnetization can be directly observed through the graphical interface, which is crucial for researching the high-frequency magnetization process of Symmetry 2022, 14, 1443 3 of 18 materials [10][11][12]. Meanwhile, the LLG equation can be used to numerically solve the dynamic motion of magnetization, and the calculation formula is as follows: where, γ is the Gilbert gyromagnetic ratio, it describes the motion form of the magnetic moment of a magnet under the action of an external magnetic field. The default is γ = 2.211 × 10 5 . H eff is the effective field, that is the external magnetic field, M s is the saturation magnetization value and α is the dimensionless Gilbert damping constant, its experimental value is generally between 0.01 and 0.1. The larger the value of α is, the longer the simulation time of LLG equation is, and researchers can observe the dynamic evolution process of the magnetic moment in magnetization process with very high time resolution. However, the simulation time also increases. In order to shorten the calculation time 0.5 is used in the simulation in this paper, which is large compared with experimental values, but allows simulations to converge to equilibria in a reasonable time [13]. The process of magnetization of magnetic materials begins with the total Gibbs free energy E tot , which is closely related to magnetization intensity. The total Gibbs free energy of magnetic systems consists of the exchange field, demagnetization energy, magnetocrystalline anisotropy field and Zeeman field, the formula is as follows [14].
where E ani is the magneto-crystal anisotropy energy, which comes from the anisotropy of the crystal structure. In the magnetization process, the magnetic moment will be arranged along the easy magnetization axis of the system. E exch is the exchange action energy, which comes from the spin of the electron and reflects the interaction between the magnetic moments. In the process of magnetization, the magnetic moments are driven to align parallel to each other. E ms is the demagnetization energy, which comes from the uneven distribution of magnetization intensity and causes non-linear arrangement of magnetic moments in the magnetization process. E ext is Zeeman energy, which comes from the external magnetic field and forces the magnetic moment to deflect towards the direction of the external magnetic field during magnetization. The material simulated in this paper is FINEMET nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy. Through a ZEISS-40MAT optical microscope [15], it can be observed that the microstructure of the alloy is spherical nanograins of different sizes randomly distributed on the amorphous matrix, as shown in Figure 1. the relaxation mechanism during dynamic magnetization, and so on. Moreover, the internal physical process of material magnetization can be directly observed through the graphical interface, which is crucial for researching the high-frequency magnetization process of materials [10][11][12]. Meanwhile, the LLG equation can be used to numerically solve the dynamic motion of magnetization, and the calculation formula is as follows: where, γ is the Gilbert gyromagnetic ratio, it describes the motion form of the magnetic moment of a magnet under the action of an external magnetic field. The default is γ = 2.211 × 10 5 . Heff is the effective field, that is the external magnetic field, Ms is the saturation magnetization value and α is the dimensionless Gilbert damping constant, its experimental value is generally between 0.01 and 0.1. The larger the value of α is, the longer the simulation time of LLG equation is, and researchers can observe the dynamic evolution process of the magnetic moment in magnetization process with very high time resolution. However, the simulation time also increases. In order to shorten the calculation time 0.5 is used in the simulation in this paper, which is large compared with experimental values, but allows simulations to converge to equilibria in a reasonable time [13].
The process of magnetization of magnetic materials begins with the total Gibbs free energy tot E , which is closely related to magnetization intensity. The total Gibbs free energy of magnetic systems consists of the exchange field, demagnetization energy, magnetocrystalline anisotropy field and Zeeman field, the formula is as follows [14].
where ani E is the magneto-crystal anisotropy energy, which comes from the anisotropy of the crystal structure. In the magnetization process, the magnetic moment will be arranged along the easy magnetization axis of the system. exch E is the exchange action energy, which comes from the spin of the electron and reflects the interaction between the magnetic moments. In the process of magnetization, the magnetic moments are driven to align parallel to each other. ms E is the demagnetization energy, which comes from the uneven distribution of magnetization intensity and causes non-linear arrangement of magnetic moments in the magnetization process. ext E is Zeeman energy, which comes from the external magnetic field and forces the magnetic moment to deflect towards the direction of the external magnetic field during magnetization. The material simulated in this paper is FINEMET nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy. Through a ZEISS-40MAT optical microscope [15], it can be observed that the microstructure of the alloy is spherical nanograins of different sizes randomly distributed on the amorphous matrix, as shown in Figure 1.  After studying the microstructure and magnetic properties of FINEMET alloy materials, G. Herzer, a German scholar, proposed the random anisotropy model of nanocrystals [16]. According to Herzer, the microcosmic characteristics of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy are that spheroidal nanocrystalline grains with a body-centered cubic struc- ture are dispersed on the amorphous matrix, and the crystallographic orientation (i.e., magneto-crystalline anisotropy direction) is randomly distributed. Based on this model, the physical origin of the excellent soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline alloys is explained successfully.
In this paper, the construction process and calculation steps of the micromagnetic model of nanocrystal alloy materials are shown in Figure 2. The details can be summarized as follows: (1) Determine the simulation system. That is, to determine the shape and size of alloy samples to be studied, and according to the actual material system, correctly set the magnetic model with the property parameters, such as saturation strength, exchange constants, magneto-crystal anisotropy constants, etc. (2) Magnetic unit division. The microcosmic mesoscopic model can take individual particles as basic or select the collection of magnetic particles. (3) Effective magnetic field calculation. That is, the equivalent magnetic field acting on each element magnetization vector is calculated according to the magnetic environment of the magnetic medium and all magnetic-related energy terms in the material. Under the excitation of this effective magnetic field, the precession of the magnetization vector follows the LLG equation. If we want to know the dynamic evolution process of the magnetic moment, we can solve this dynamic equation to achieve it. (4) Process A represents dynamic simulation, which is studying the response characteristics of a magnetic moment in a magnetic system to external field. (5) Process B represents static simulation. That is, studying the magnetic moment distribution of the magnetic system in a stable state. This process can be completed by solving the stable solution of LLG equation. (6) Check procedure (i.e., MIF document) for unreasonable place, submit procedure. After studying the microstructure and magnetic properties of FINEMET alloy materials, G. Herzer, a German scholar, proposed the random anisotropy model of nanocrystals [16]. According to Herzer, the microcosmic characteristics of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy are that spheroidal nanocrystalline grains with a body-centered cubic structure are dispersed on the amorphous matrix, and the crystallographic orientation (i.e., magneto-crystalline anisotropy direction) is randomly distributed. Based on this model, the physical origin of the excellent soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline alloys is explained successfully.
In this paper, the construction process and calculation steps of the micromagnetic model of nanocrystal alloy materials are shown in Figure 2. The details can be summarized as follows: (1) Determine the simulation system. That is, to determine the shape and size of alloy samples to be studied, and according to the actual material system, correctly set the magnetic model with the property parameters, such as saturation strength, exchange constants, magneto-crystal anisotropy constants, etc. (2) Magnetic unit division. The microcosmic mesoscopic model can take individual particles as basic or select the collection of magnetic particles. (3) Effective magnetic field calculation. That is, the equivalent magnetic field acting on each element magnetization vector is calculated according to the magnetic environment of the magnetic medium and all magnetic-related energy terms in the material. Under the excitation of this effective magnetic field, the precession of the magnetization vector follows the LLG equation. If we want to know the dynamic evolution process of the magnetic moment, we can solve this dynamic equation to achieve it. (4) Process A represents dynamic simulation, which is studying the response characteristics of a magnetic moment in a magnetic system to external field. (5) Process B represents static simulation. That is, studying the magnetic moment distribution of the magnetic system in a stable state. This process can be completed by solving the stable solution of LLG equation. (6) Check procedure (i.e., MIF document) for unreasonable place, submit procedure.  In order to facilitate modeling, based on G. Herzer's stochastic anisotropy theory [16], a three-dimensional mesoscopic model of materials was established using micromagnetic simulation software. Table 1 lists the important magnetic parameters involved in the modeling process. Considering that the exchange coupling between the nanocrystalline phase and the residual amorphous phase is strongly dependent on the ferromagnetism of the nanocrys- talline phase and the amorphous phase, the exchange coefficient A Nano-Amor between the nanocrystalline phase and the amorphous phase can be calculated by Equation (3). According to the literature, when the material has the best soft magnetic properties, the spherical shape and size of the grain are about 5 nm. Therefore, in the established model, spherical nano grains with diameters of 3 nm and 5 nm are horizontally embedded in the amorphous matrix. At the same time, the following three assumptions were made during model establishment.
(1) The magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant of the residual amorphous phase is considered to be zero because it contains no crystal structure. (2) In the agglomerated phase, spherical nanocrystals are uniformly embedded in the residual amorphous phase, and the ferromagnetic exchange between the nanocrystals is realized through the coupling of the amorphous phase. (3) In order to minimize the energy of the magnetic system, the grains in the model tend to be arranged in parallel.
The three-dimensional mesoscopic model of the material is shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3, in the established model, spherical nano grains with diameters of 3 nm and 5 nm are horizontally embedded in the amorphous matrix. The overall size of the model is 1600 nm × 750 nm × 15 nm.
In order to facilitate modeling, based on G. Herzer's stochastic anisotropy theory [16], a three-dimensional mesoscopic model of materials was established using micromagnetic simulation software. Table 1 lists the important magnetic parameters involved in the modeling process. Considering that the exchange coupling between the nanocrystalline phase and the residual amorphous phase is strongly dependent on the ferromagnetism of the nanocrystalline phase and the amorphous phase, the exchange coefficient ANano-Amor between the nanocrystalline phase and the amorphous phase can be calculated by Equation (3). According to the literature, when the material has the best soft magnetic properties, the spherical shape and size of the grain are about 5 nm. Therefore, in the established model, spherical nano grains with diameters of 3 nm and 5 nm are horizontally embedded in the amorphous matrix. At the same time, the following three assumptions were made during model establishment.

Nano Amor Nano Amor
(1) The magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant of the residual amorphous phase is considered to be zero because it contains no crystal structure. (2) In the agglomerated phase, spherical nanocrystals are uniformly embedded in the residual amorphous phase, and the ferromagnetic exchange between the nanocrystals is realized through the coupling of the amorphous phase. (3) In order to minimize the energy of the magnetic system, the grains in the model tend to be arranged in parallel.
The three-dimensional mesoscopic model of the material is shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3, in the established model, spherical nano grains with diameters of 3 nm and 5 nm are horizontally embedded in the amorphous matrix. The overall size of the model is 1600 nm × 750 nm × 15 nm.

Model Static Characteristic Parameter Calculation
In order to verify the correctness of the model, the main DC magnetic properties (static characteristic parameters) of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy were tested by a direct magnetic testing system that is produced by the Magnetic Measurement Laboratory of China National Institute of Metrology (model: NIM-2000S). Including static saturated magnetic field Hs, saturation magnetic induction intensity Bs and coercivity Hc. The test ring is shown in Figure 4. Its dimensions are: inner circle diameter φ in = 32 mm, outer circle diameter φ out = 50 mm and thickness h = 20 mm. Finally, the static characteristic parameters of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy are as follows: static saturated magnetic field Hs is 225 kA/m, saturation magnetic induction intensity Bs is 1.24 T and coercivity Hc is 310 A/m [15].

Model Static Characteristic Parameter Calculation
In order to verify the correctness of the model, the main DC magnetic properties (static characteristic parameters) of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy were tested by a direct magnetic testing system that is produced by the Magnetic Measurement Laboratory of China National Institute of Metrology (model: NIM-2000S). Including static saturated magnetic field Hs, saturation magnetic induction intensity Bs and coercivity Hc. The test ring is shown in Figure 4. Its dimensions are: inner circle diameter in φ = 32 mm, outer circle diameter out φ = 50 mm and thickness h = 20 mm. Finally, the static characteristic parameters of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy are as follows: static saturated magnetic field Hs is 225 kA/m, saturation magnetic induction intensity Bs is 1.24 T and coercivity Hc is 310 A/m [15].   Then a static magnetic field of −1 T to +1 T was applied to the established micromagnetic model, and the initial magnetization curve and hysteresis loop of the model were obtained, as shown in Figures 5 and 6.

Model Static Characteristic Parameter Calculation
In order to verify the correctness of the model, the main DC magnetic properties (static characteristic parameters) of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy were tested by a direct magnetic testing system that is produced by the Magnetic Measurement Laboratory of China National Institute of Metrology (model: NIM-2000S). Including static saturated magnetic field Hs, saturation magnetic induction intensity Bs and coercivity Hc. The test ring is shown in Figure 4. Its dimensions are: inner circle diameter in φ = 32 mm, outer circle diameter out φ = 50 mm and thickness h = 20 mm. Finally, the static characteristic parameters of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy are as follows: static saturated magnetic field Hs is 225 kA/m, saturation magnetic induction intensity Bs is 1.24 T and coercivity Hc is 310 A/m [15].   It can be observed from Figure 5 that when the external magnetic field of the n crystalline soft magnetic alloy is 220 kA/m, the material tends to be saturated, that say, the static saturated magnetic field Hs of the material is 220 kA/m. At the same t the saturation magnetic intensity Bs of the material is 1.247 T. It can be observed f Figure 6 that when the magnetic induction intensity is 0, the applied magnetic fie about 307 A/m, that is, the coercivity Hc is 307 A/m. Table 2 compares the calculated of the model with the experimental data of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys. M while, the magnetization curve obtained through the modeling tool is presented and c pared with the experimental curve, as shown in Figure 7. It can be observed from Figure 5 that when the external magnetic field of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy is 220 kA/m, the material tends to be saturated, that is to say, the static saturated magnetic field Hs of the material is 220 kA/m. At the same time, the saturation magnetic intensity Bs of the material is 1.247 T. It can be observed from Figure 6 that when the magnetic induction intensity is 0, the applied magnetic field is about Symmetry 2022, 14, 1443 7 of 18 307 A/m, that is, the coercivity Hc is 307 A/m. Table 2 compares the calculated data of the model with the experimental data of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys. Meanwhile, the magnetization curve obtained through the modeling tool is presented and compared with the experimental curve, as shown in Figure 7.  It can be observed from Figure 5 that when the external magnetic field of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy is 220 kA/m, the material tends to be saturated, that is to say, the static saturated magnetic field Hs of the material is 220 kA/m. At the same time, the saturation magnetic intensity Bs of the material is 1.247 T. It can be observed from Figure 6 that when the magnetic induction intensity is 0, the applied magnetic field is about 307 A/m, that is, the coercivity Hc is 307 A/m. Table 2 compares the calculated data of the model with the experimental data of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys. Meanwhile, the magnetization curve obtained through the modeling tool is presented and compared with the experimental curve, as shown in Figure 7.  It can be seen from the table and figure that the static magnetic characteristic parameters of the model are not much different from the experimental data, so the model can be considered to be true and reliable. It can be seen from the table and figure that the static magnetic characteristic parameters of the model are not much different from the experimental data, so the model can be considered to be true and reliable.

Magnetic Moment Deflects Angular Velocity
The tiny region of spherical iron powder and glass insulation layer in the material is considered as a ferromagnetic unit with a few magnetization vectors and easy magnetization axes, which is represented by the unit magnetization vector m, and its definition can be written as follows: where, M is magnetization and M s is the saturation magnetization value. In order to facilitate analysis, a high-frequency alternating magnetic field is applied to the model during simulation. Through the graphics output module of the software the initial stage of material magnetization it can be observed. In the case of no external magnetic field, the magnetic moment of the system is random on the micro level and does not show magnetism externally on the macro level. The state distribution of magnetic moment at the initial stage of the material is shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from Figure 8 that in the initial state, the magnetic moment of the material is randomly distributed, where the unit magnetic moment is represented by an arrow. Here, → represents the positive direction of the X-axis, and vice versa; ↑ represents the positive Y direction, and vice versa. When the arrow is blue, it is deflected to the positive X-axis, when it is black, it is deflected to the negative X-axis and when it is red, it is deflected to the Y-axis. When the external magnetic field is applied to the material, the magnetic moment begins to deflect, which is mainly manifested as: the magnetic moment whose initial direction is closer to the direction of the external magnetic field is deflected first, and first deflects to the same direction as the external magnetic field. Therefore, the region within the system composed of these magnetic moments that are first deflected reaches saturation earlier. Figure 9 shows the distribution of the unit magnetization vector m in different directions during material magnetization.
be written as follows: where, M is magnetization and Ms is the saturation magnetization value. In order to facilitate analysis, a high-frequency alternating magnetic field is applied to the model during simulation. Through the graphics output module of the software the initial stage of material magnetization it can be observed. In the case of no external magnetic field, the magnetic moment of the system is random on the micro level and does not show magnetism externally on the macro level. The state distribution of magnetic moment at the initial stage of the material is shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from Figure 8 that in the initial state, the magnetic moment of the material is randomly distributed, where the unit magnetic moment is represented by an arrow. Here, → represents the positive direction of the X-axis, and vice versa; ↑ represents the positive Y direction, and vice versa. When the arrow is blue, it is deflected to the positive X-axis, when it is black, it is deflected to the negative X-axis and when it is red, it is deflected to the Y-axis. When the external magnetic field is applied to the material, the magnetic moment begins to deflect, which is mainly manifested as: the magnetic moment whose initial direction is closer to the direction of the external magnetic field is deflected first, and first deflects to the same direction as the external magnetic field. Therefore, the region within the system composed of these magnetic moments that are first deflected reaches saturation earlier. Figure 9 shows the distribution of the unit magnetization vector m in different directions during material magnetization. As can be seen from the figure, mx at the beginning of the simulation time decreases and the value of my increases and then decreases. This is because the magnetic field strength is not enough to compete with the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field inside the material. When the magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the material's easily magnetized axis, the magnetic moment is acted on by an equivalent magnetic field along the easily magnetized axis. Deflect the magnetic moment in the direction of the easily magnetized axis. Specifically, in the magnetization process, part of the magnetic moment is first reversely deflected to the X-axis direction and then forward deflected to the external magnetic field direction.
Meanwhile, magnetization vector m is mainly distributed on X-axis during the whole magnetization process, and mx reaches the maximum at saturation, accounting for as much as 97.49%. At the same time, compared with mz, the proportion of my in magnetization is relatively higher. Therefore, the subsequent research on magnetic moment deflection mainly focuses on the xy plane. According to the magnetization mechanism of ferromagnetic materials, when the flux density of the excitation field is low, the magnetization mechanism of ferromagnetic materials is mainly characterized by the displacement of domain walls. With the increase in the external magnetic field, the displacement of the domain wall is almost complete, and the magnetization mechanism of ferromagnetic materials changes to domain rotation. When the external magnetic field continues to increase to a certain extent, the domain wall displacement and domain rotation have been basically completed, which means that the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials remains unchanged and tends to saturation. As can be seen from the figure, m x at the beginning of the simulation time decreases and the value of m y increases and then decreases. This is because the magnetic field strength is not enough to compete with the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field inside the material. When the magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the material's easily magnetized axis, the magnetic moment is acted on by an equivalent magnetic field along the easily magnetized axis. Deflect the magnetic moment in the direction of the easily magnetized axis. Specifically, in the magnetization process, part of the magnetic moment is first reversely deflected to the X-axis direction and then forward deflected to the external magnetic field direction.
Meanwhile, magnetization vector m is mainly distributed on X-axis during the whole magnetization process, and m x reaches the maximum at saturation, accounting for as much as 97.49%. At the same time, compared with m z , the proportion of m y in magnetization is relatively higher. Therefore, the subsequent research on magnetic moment deflection mainly focuses on the xy plane. According to the magnetization mechanism of ferromagnetic materials, when the flux density of the excitation field is low, the magnetization mechanism of ferromagnetic materials is mainly characterized by the displacement of domain walls. With the increase in the external magnetic field, the displacement of the domain wall is almost complete, and the magnetization mechanism of ferromagnetic materials changes to domain rotation. When the external magnetic field continues to increase to a certain extent, the domain wall displacement and domain rotation have been basically completed, which means that the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials remains unchanged and tends to saturation.
The domain wall displacement and domain rotation of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys are shown in Figure 10. The arrow in the figure is the unit magnetic moment. The color of the arrow represents the angle between the magnetic moment and the direction of the external magnetic field. A blue color means in the same direction as the external magnetic field, red means in the opposite direction and black means perpendicular to the external magnetic field. The colors of the magnetic domains are orange and green, with orange representing the direction of the external magnetic field and green representing the direction opposite to the external magnetic field. Therefore, during the magnetization of the material, the color of each magnetic moment always transitions from red to black and finally to blue. Accordingly, the magnetic domains change from green to orange. Therefore, the magnetic domain rotation in the process of material magnetization is studied by defining the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω, which is defined as follows: where θ is the angle between the unit magnetic moment and the external magnetic field in units of rad (unless otherwise specified, the magnetic field applied in this paper is in the X-axis direction, that is, the positive X-axis direction), and the value ranges from 0 to π. t is the simulation time, in units of ns. ω is the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity in units of rad/ns. It can be seen from Figure 11 that for any unit magnetic moment, ω < 0 means that the unit magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the external magnetic field, ω > 0 means that the unit magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the external magnetic field.

Magnetization Rate
When magnetic materials are magnetized, magnetic moment deflection and domain wall displacement are two dominant magnetization mechanisms. This means that when the external magnetic field changes, the magnetic moment and magnetic domain wall in- Therefore, the magnetic domain rotation in the process of material magnetization is studied by defining the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω, which is defined as follows: where θ is the angle between the unit magnetic moment and the external magnetic field in units of rad (unless otherwise specified, the magnetic field applied in this paper is in the X-axis direction, that is, the positive X-axis direction), and the value ranges from 0 to π. t is the simulation time, in units of ns. ω is the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity in units of rad/ns. It can be seen from Figure 11 that for any unit magnetic moment, ω < 0 means that the unit magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the external magnetic field, ω > 0 means that the unit magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the external magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetic domain rotation in the process of material magnetization is studied by defining the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω, which is defined as follows: where θ is the angle between the unit magnetic moment and the external magnetic field in units of rad (unless otherwise specified, the magnetic field applied in this paper is in the X-axis direction, that is, the positive X-axis direction), and the value ranges from 0 to π. t is the simulation time, in units of ns. ω is the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity in units of rad/ns. It can be seen from Figure 11 that for any unit magnetic moment, ω < 0 means that the unit magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the external magnetic field, ω > 0 means that the unit magnetic moment deviates from the direction of the external magnetic field.

Magnetization Rate
When magnetic materials are magnetized, magnetic moment deflection and domain wall displacement are two dominant magnetization mechanisms. This means that when the external magnetic field changes, the magnetic moment and magnetic domain wall in-

Magnetization Rate
When magnetic materials are magnetized, magnetic moment deflection and domain wall displacement are two dominant magnetization mechanisms. This means that when the external magnetic field changes, the magnetic moment and magnetic domain wall inside the material change, which is manifested as the change of magnetic induction intensity of the material at a macro level. In order to describe the effect of the magnetic moment deflection of materials in the process of high-frequency magnetization from a macro level, the magnetization curve of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy during magnetization was measured using an AC measuring device. The magnetization rate v is defined as the change rate of the magnetization intensity vector with time when the material is magnetized. The calculation formula is as follows: where B represents the magnetic induction intensity of the material in units of kA/m, t represents the simulation time in units of ns and v is the magnetization rate of the material, in units of kA/(m×ns). The magnetization curve of the material was measured by applying a high-frequency alternating magnetic field to the test ring through the signal source, as shown in Figure 12. dB v= dt (6) where B represents the magnetic induction intensity of the material in units of kA/m, t represents the simulation time in units of ns and v is the magnetization rate of the material, in units of kA/(m×ns). The magnetization curve of the material was measured by applying a high-frequency alternating magnetic field to the test ring through the signal source, as shown in Figure  12. In order to facilitate data analysis, the magnetization rate v defined in this paper is the rate from the first magnetization of the material to saturation, which is the red part in Figure 12.

Influence of Alternating Magnetic Fields on ω
Previous studies have shown that magnetic moment deflection is mainly concentrated in the xy plane. Therefore, in the simulation process of exploring the magnetization saturation process of materials by an alternating magnetic field, an alternating magnetic field with a frequency f of 1 kHz-10 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.1 T-0.8 T was applied upwards in the square of X-axis. In the process of simulation, the distribution diagram of magnetic moment during magnetization is output through the graphical interface function of the software. Next, the included angle between each unit magnetic moment and the positive X-axis in the figure is calculated by the coordinates of the magnetization vector m. Then, take the arithmetic average of all the angles obtained to get the θ value at the corresponding time. Finally, the included angles at all times can be obtained by repeating the above steps, and the deflection angular velocity ω of the magnetic moment can be obtained through calculation of Equation (2). Table 3 lists the value of magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω of material under the excitation of an alternating magnetic field, frequency f is 1 kHz-10 kHz and amplitude H is 0.1 T-0.8 T. Based on the data in Table 3, the variation curves of magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω and alternating magnetic field frequency f and amplitude H are drawn, as shown in Figure 13. In order to facilitate data analysis, the magnetization rate v defined in this paper is the rate from the first magnetization of the material to saturation, which is the red part in Figure 12.

Influence of Alternating Magnetic Fields on ω
Previous studies have shown that magnetic moment deflection is mainly concentrated in the xy plane. Therefore, in the simulation process of exploring the magnetization saturation process of materials by an alternating magnetic field, an alternating magnetic field with a frequency f of 1 kHz-10 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.1 T-0.8 T was applied upwards in the square of X-axis. In the process of simulation, the distribution diagram of magnetic moment during magnetization is output through the graphical interface function of the software. Next, the included angle between each unit magnetic moment and the positive X-axis in the figure is calculated by the coordinates of the magnetization vector m. Then, take the arithmetic average of all the angles obtained to get the θ value at the corresponding time. Finally, the included angles at all times can be obtained by repeating the above steps, and the deflection angular velocity ω of the magnetic moment can be obtained through calculation of Equation (2). Table 3 lists the value of magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω of material under the excitation of an alternating magnetic field, frequency f is 1 kHz-10 kHz and amplitude H is 0.1 T-0.8 T. Based on the data in Table 3, the variation curves of magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω and alternating magnetic field frequency f and amplitude H are drawn, as shown in Figure 13.   Figure 14 shows the three-dimensional surface where each curve in Figure 13 is located. It can be seen from Figure 14 that the deflection angular velocity ω is positively correlated with the frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic field. In addition, when the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field increases gradually, the effect of increasing magnetic moment deflection velocity ω is particularly significant. When the external magnetic field frequency f remains constant (1 kHz) and the amplitude H increases from 0.1T to 0.8T, the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω increases from 0.32 rad/ns to 0.73 rad/ns, with a growth rate of 128.1%. However, when the external magnetic field amplitude H remains unchanged (0.8T) and frequency f increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω increases from 0.73 rad/ns to 7.5 rad/ns, with a growth rate of 927.4%. Compared with the increase of amplitude H, the increase effect of frequency f on the increase of magnetic moment deflection velocity ω is particularly significant, and the increase rate of frequency f is about 7.24 times the increase rate of amplitude H.

Amplitude H (T)
Magnetic Moment Deflection Angular Velocity ω (rad/ns) 1 kHz 2 kHz 5 kHz 8 kHz 10 kHz Figure 13. The variation curve of magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω and alternating magnetic field frequency f and amplitude H. Figure 14 shows the three-dimensional surface where each curve in Figure 13 is located. It can be seen from Figure 14 that the deflection angular velocity ω is positively correlated with the frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic field. In addition, when the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field increases gradually, the effect of increasing magnetic moment deflection velocity ω is particularly significant. When the external magnetic field frequency f remains constant (1 kHz) and the amplitude H increases from 0.1 T to 0.8 T, the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω increases from 0.32 rad/ns to 0.73 rad/ns, with a growth rate of 128.1%. However, when the external magnetic field amplitude H remains unchanged (0.8 T) and frequency f increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω increases from 0.73 rad/ns to 7.5 rad/ns, with a growth rate of 927.4%. Compared with the increase of amplitude H, the increase effect of frequency f on the increase of magnetic moment deflection velocity ω is particularly significant, and the increase rate of frequency f is about 7.24 times the increase rate of amplitude H. These phenomena can be explained by magnetic moment dynamics. Through the LLG equation of micromagnetism it can be concluded that under the action of the effective field Heff the magnetization vector m will be affected by torque T. Under the action of the moment T, the angular momentum G, corresponding to the deflection angular velocity ω will change, and the calculation formula is as follows: where μ0 is the vacuum permeability and the value is 4π × 10 −7 H/m and Heff is the effective field, that is, the external magnetic field applied. It can be concluded from the formula that an increase in the external magnetic field means that the effective field directly acting on the magnetic moment deflection increases, that is, the force of magnetic moment deflection towards the magnetic field directly increases. The external magnetic field applied in this paper is a standard sine wave. The higher the frequency is, the smaller the period is. The alternating magnetic field can reach its peak in a short time. The size of the effective magnetic field is closely related to the force of magnetic moment deflection, so the increase in frequency has a particularly significant effect on the increase in magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω.
First, the three-dimensional surface diagram between was drawn through the data in the Table 3, as shown in Figure 14. Then nonlinear surface fitting was selected, and the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm was selected for the iterative algorithm. Finally, the functional relation between the deflection angular velocity ω and frequency f and amplitude H of an alternating magnetic field was obtained, as shown in Equation (5). According to the fitting results, the sum of the squares of residual errors is 3.49, and the mean square error is 0.094. Then the corresponding 3D surface is drawn using Equation (5), as shown in Figure 15.
It can be found from the formula that the coefficient of frequency f is much larger than that of amplitude H, about 2.5 times that of amplitude H, indicating that frequency f has a more significant effect on the deflection angular velocity ω, which is consistent with the analysis of the previous figure. These phenomena can be explained by magnetic moment dynamics. Through the LLG equation of micromagnetism it can be concluded that under the action of the effective field H eff the magnetization vector m will be affected by torque T. Under the action of the moment T, the angular momentum G, corresponding to the deflection angular velocity ω will change, and the calculation formula is as follows: where µ 0 is the vacuum permeability and the value is 4π × 10 −7 H/m and H eff is the effective field, that is, the external magnetic field applied. It can be concluded from the formula that an increase in the external magnetic field means that the effective field directly acting on the magnetic moment deflection increases, that is, the force of magnetic moment deflection towards the magnetic field directly increases.
The external magnetic field applied in this paper is a standard sine wave. The higher the frequency is, the smaller the period is. The alternating magnetic field can reach its peak in a short time. The size of the effective magnetic field is closely related to the force of magnetic moment deflection, so the increase in frequency has a particularly significant effect on the increase in magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω.
First, the three-dimensional surface diagram between was drawn through the data in the Table 3, as shown in Figure 14. Then nonlinear surface fitting was selected, and the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm was selected for the iterative algorithm. Finally, the functional relation between the deflection angular velocity ω and frequency f and amplitude H of an alternating magnetic field was obtained, as shown in Equation (5). According to the fitting results, the sum of the squares of residual errors is 3.49, and the mean square error is 0.094. Then the corresponding 3D surface is drawn using Equation (5), as shown in Figure 15. ω = 0.789H 0.411 f 1.001 (8) It can be found from the formula that the coefficient of frequency f is much larger than that of amplitude H, about 2.5 times that of amplitude H, indicating that frequency f has a more significant effect on the deflection angular velocity ω, which is consistent with the analysis of the previous figure.

Influence of Alternating Magnetic Fields on v
In order to explore the influence of alternating magnetic field on the saturation process of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy, the magnetization curve of material during magnetization was measured by a measuring device, as shown in Figure 16. The test system shown in Figure 16 is mainly composed of an excitation module, test module and data processing module. The excitation module is composed of a signal source and a power amplifier. The signal source is used to generate sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields with different frequencies and amplitudes that are amplified by the power amplifier and applied to the original side of the test sample. The test module is composed of the test sample and a capacitor in series that can isolate the DC signal to reduce the measurement error. The voltage probe is located at both ends of the sampling resistance and the secondary winding, which can measure the voltage of the primary side and the induced voltage of the secondary side. The oscilloscope is used to display the collected data and transmit it to the computer for processing.

Influence of Alternating Magnetic Fields on v
In order to explore the influence of alternating magnetic field on the saturation process of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy, the magnetization curve of material during magnetization was measured by a measuring device, as shown in Figure 16. The test system shown in Figure 16 is mainly composed of an excitation module, test module and data processing module. The excitation module is composed of a signal source and a power amplifier. The signal source is used to generate sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields with different frequencies and amplitudes that are amplified by the power amplifier and applied to the original side of the test sample. The test module is composed of the test sample and a capacitor in series that can isolate the DC signal to reduce the measurement error. The voltage probe is located at both ends of the sampling resistance and the secondary winding, which can measure the voltage of the primary side and the induced voltage of the secondary side. The oscilloscope is used to display the collected data and transmit it to the computer for processing.

Influence of Alternating Magnetic Fields on v
In order to explore the influence of alternating magnetic field on the saturation pr cess of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy, the magnetization curve of material durin magnetization was measured by a measuring device, as shown in Figure 16. The test sy tem shown in Figure 16 is mainly composed of an excitation module, test module and da processing module. The excitation module is composed of a signal source and a pow amplifier. The signal source is used to generate sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields wi different frequencies and amplitudes that are amplified by the power amplifier and a plied to the original side of the test sample. The test module is composed of the test samp and a capacitor in series that can isolate the DC signal to reduce the measurement erro The voltage probe is located at both ends of the sampling resistance and the seconda winding, which can measure the voltage of the primary side and the induced voltage the secondary side. The oscilloscope is used to display the collected data and transmit to the computer for processing. According to Formula (3), the magnetization rate v of the material can be calculate Table 4 Figure 18 shows the three-dimensional surface where each curve in Figure 17 is l According to Formula (3), the magnetization rate v of the material can be calculated. Table 4 lists the magnetization rate v of the material under the excitation of an alternating magnetic field with a frequency f of 1 kHz-10 kHz and amplitude H of 0.1 T-0.8 T, and draws the change curves of the three according to the numerical values, as shown in Figure 17.  According to Formula (3), the magnetization rate v of the material can be calculated. Table 4 Figure 18 shows the three-dimensional surface where each curve in Figure 17 is located. It can be seen from Figure 18 that magnetization rate v is positively correlated with   Figure 17 is located. It can be seen from Figure 18 that magnetization rate v is positively correlated with the frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic field. In addition, when the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field increases gradually, the effect of increasing magnetization rate v is particularly significant. When the external magnetic field frequency f remains constant (1 kHz) and the amplitude H increases from 0.1 T to 0.8 T, the magnetization rate v increases from 2.31 kA/(m×ns) to 5.86 kA/(m×ns), a growth rate of 153.7%. However, when the external magnetic field amplitude H remains unchanged (0.8 T) and the frequency f increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the magnetization rate v increases from 5.86 kA/(m×ns) to 51.09 kA/(m×ns), a growth rate of 771.8%. The increase rate of magnetization rate v with increasing frequency f is about 5.02 times of that with increasing amplitude H.
Symmetry 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW the frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic field. In addition, wh frequency f of the alternating magnetic field increases gradually, the effect of incr magnetization rate v is particularly significant. When the external magnetic fie quency f remains constant (1 kHz) and the amplitude H increases from 0.1 T to 0.8 magnetization rate v increases from 2.31 kA/(m×ns) to 5.86 kA/(m×ns), a growth 153.7%. However, when the external magnetic field amplitude H remains unchang T) and the frequency f increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the magnetization rate v in from 5.86 kA/(m×ns) to 51.09 kA/(m×ns), a growth rate of 771.8%. The increase magnetization rate v with increasing frequency f is about 5.02 times of that with incr amplitude H. The reason for the above phenomenon is similar to the reason for the deflect gular velocity ω. When the external magnetic field changes, the internal magnetic m changes when the material is magnetized, and eventually leads to the change in th netic induction intensity of the material.
Similar to the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity processing, no surface fitting was selected, and the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorith selected for the iterative algorithm. Finally, the functional relation between the m zation rate v and the frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic fie obtained, as shown in Equation (6). According to the fitting results, the sum of the s of residual errors is 3.29, and the mean square error is 0.089. The corresponding 3D s is drawn using Equation (6), as shown in Figure 19. The reason for the above phenomenon is similar to the reason for the deflection angular velocity ω. When the external magnetic field changes, the internal magnetic moment changes when the material is magnetized, and eventually leads to the change in the magnetic induction intensity of the material.
Similar to the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity processing, nonlinear surface fitting was selected, and the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm was selected for the iterative algorithm. Finally, the functional relation between the magnetization rate v and the frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic field was obtained, as shown in Equation (6). According to the fitting results, the sum of the squares of residual errors is 3.29, and the mean square error is 0.089. The corresponding 3D surface is drawn using Equation (6), as shown in Figure 19. v = 5.87H 0.368 f 1.015 (9) It can be found from the formula that the coefficient of frequency f is much larger than that of amplitude H, about 2.75 times that of amplitude H. This shows that frequency f has a more significant effect on the magnetization rate v, which is consistent with the previous analysis of deflection angular velocity ω and frequency f and amplitude H of the alternating magnetic field. In addition, the multiple of frequency f relative to amplitude H in the function relation between the two is approximately the same. Among them, the multiple of deflection angular velocity ω is 2.5, the multiple of magnetization rate v is 2.75, and the relative error between the two is 9.1%. This is because when the external magnetic field changes, the magnetization vector m inside the material only deflects the magnetic moment whose initial direction is close to the direction of the external magnetic field, and it first deflects to the same direction as the external magnetic field, and only a partial saturation region appears inside the system. In addition, the magnetization curve describes the change in the overall magnetic induction strength of the material. At the same time, due to the measurement error of the test device and system, the measurement error of only the oscilloscope is as high as 4.67%, the measured magnetization rate v and magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω have a certain deviation. It can be found from the formula that the coefficient of frequency f is much la than that of amplitude H, about 2.75 times that of amplitude H. This shows that frequ f has a more significant effect on the magnetization rate v, which is consistent with previous analysis of deflection angular velocity ω and frequency f and amplitude H o alternating magnetic field. In addition, the multiple of frequency f relative to ampli H in the function relation between the two is approximately the same. Among them multiple of deflection angular velocity ω is 2.5, the multiple of magnetization rate v is and the relative error between the two is 9.1%. This is because when the external mag field changes, the magnetization vector m inside the material only deflects the mag moment whose initial direction is close to the direction of the external magnetic field it first deflects to the same direction as the external magnetic field, and only a partia uration region appears inside the system. In addition, the magnetization curve desc the change in the overall magnetic induction strength of the material. At the same t due to the measurement error of the test device and system, the measurement err only the oscilloscope is as high as 4.67%, the measured magnetization rate v and mag moment deflection angular velocity ω have a certain deviation.

Conclusions
In this paper, a three-dimensional model of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy a mesoscopic scale is established. The static magnetic properties of the samples were m ured using a DC magnetic testing system and compared with the simulation data to v

Conclusions
In this paper, a three-dimensional model of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy at the mesoscopic scale is established. The static magnetic properties of the samples were measured using a DC magnetic testing system and compared with the simulation data to verify the correctness of the model. Then, taking the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω as the research parameter, the magnetic moment deflection in the magnetization process was quantitatively investigated from the microscopic level, and the functional expressions of ω with H and f were obtained. Finally, the magnetization curve of the material during magnetization was measured by the measuring device, and the magnetization rate v was defined to quantitatively explore the change in magnetic induction intensity B in the magnetization process of the material at the macro level. The functional relation between v and H and f is obtained, and compared with the functional relation between ω and H and f, the micro and macro two-way verification is realized, and the conclusion is as follows: (1) For the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω, ω is positively correlated with f and H. Moreover, when the f of the alternating magnetic field increases gradually, the increasing effect of ω is particularly significant. This is because the size of the effective magnetic field is closely related to the force of magnetic moment deflection. Under the excitation of the standard sine wave, the higher the frequency, the smaller the period and the alternating magnetic field can reach the peak in a relatively short time. Therefore, the increase in frequency has a particularly significant effect on the increase in ω.
(2) For the magnetization rate v, similar to the magnetic moment deflection angular velocity ω, the magnetization rate v is positively correlated with f and H, and when the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field increases gradually, the effect of increasing magnetization rate v is particularly significant. This is because changes in the external working conditions lead to changes in the internal magnetic moment deflection of the material when it is magnetized, which is macroscopically manifested as changes in the overall magnetic induction intensity of the material, thus changing the magnetization rate v.