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Smart Vehicle Parking Monitoring System using RFID

With the vast growing influx of population in the developed, industrially and technologically sound urban cities, an urgent need to make the cities smart is surmounted. The cities are made smart utilizing data sharing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, analytics, and thousands of RFID tags and sensors. One of the significant concerns of today's smart cities is the growing need to manage the vehicles on-road as well as to create sufficient and well-managed parking lots to prevent urban areas from traffic congestion. This leads to a call for highly automated parking management system self-sufficient in guiding the driver to an available parking space in the nearby area. In this paper, a real-time prototype of the smart parking system (S.P system) based on Internet of Things (IoT) is discussed. The proposed smart parking system works on an electronic device that collects the parking availability status and assists drivers in finding and selecting the desired parking space among the available parking spaces that effectively reduces the traffic problems and mismanagement across the cities to a great extent.


I. INTRODUCTION
IoT (Internet of Things) on a broad and technical basis is a new paradigm of interrelated computing devices, technological innovations, digital as well as mechanical machines, sensors, animals and humans with the capability to transfer data over network without any real time aid of any kind of interaction whether man to man or machine to man. IoT or more precisely IOET i.e. Internet of Everything has opened different mean of evolutionary concepts in every possible sector. Internet of Things is an interconnected network of millions of electronic devices like sensors, RFID tags, and many others connected to communicate with one another [1].
RFID is the most fundamental technology enabling wireless data transmissions over networks. Though this technology was available for a long time, recent standardizations and affordability have significantly added to its utility. This technology uses electromagnetic fields for communication and collection of data from the objects with RFID tags attached to them. Any sector involving the use of RFID tags has witnessed a drastic increase in both efficiency and productivity. It has been widely used in tracking systems, monitoring systems and parking systems, RFID finds its vast and necessary usage in automation which is established using technologies like RFID readers, RFID sensors, RFID controllers, RFID writers and many. From management, controlling, bill generation to operations, all tasks can be performed with this technology. Check-ins and check-outs get a pace cutting down the time for the cars to stop helping reduce traffic jams, aggression problems in the driver as well as the air pollution. RFID technology combined with automated bill generation method will enable drivers to pay online without having to stop at the exit gate, making the whole process faster than usual.
with the fast-growing world both in terms of magnitude and technology, IoT adds to the overall development of the technical arena. The vision of IoT has made all our thoughts and ideas to evolve into reality [2]. Apart from helping users in day to day life, IoT has made considerable advances in the smart city and business sectors. Today Internet of Things application has become an elementary domain for data streams and big data analysis. IoT has allowed making a secure connection between people and devices at any point in time and every sector possible. The applications further help in real time management, disaster management, automated work management, effective asset utilization, and smoother logistics. Mere IoT does not work; it further requires provisions with ubiquity, reliability, efficiency, and high performance.
IoT's application in parking is mainly based on an automated system capable of providing a real-time database for the proper management of traffic congestion. The huge increment in the number of vehicles in urban areas along with mismanagement and congestion has become a significant cause for the tremendous increase in parkingrelated problems and its after-effects like road rages and conflicts between drivers and government officials or parking lot security [3]. All these problems urge for the need of an automated parking system that provides a platform to the drivers for selecting among available parking spaces in the nearby slots. This kind of system not only helps in tackling traffic-related problems but also helps in:  Reduction of fuel consumption  Saving time  Improving drivers' experience  Proper and organised use of parking spaces [4]  Reduction in air pollutions A well and smartly managed car parking system leads to a reduction in fuel consumption, decreased vehicle's emissions, which help in reducing levels of pollution to a noticeable extent. As fuel consumption is directly proportional to vehicle miles travelled, it also attributes to vehicle travel being reduced. Smart parking system enables proper utilization of parking spaces along with guaranteed safety. With the smart parking apps and websites, drivers can easily track empty parking slots nearby, thus effectively managing vehicle travel time and cutting down search time. Illegal parking of vehicles along the roadside would also decrease. Moreover, the smart car parking system helps in predicting future most effective parking patterns from the information gathered. It can also be made more cost-effective and userfriendly based on the results of experimentation with car parking.
There are many connectivity options for smart cities ranging from low power extensive area network (LPWANS) and cellular networks. An eloquent amount of research is available in the of smart parking suggesting ways to provide solutions to parking navigation, parking space availability detection, parking application system design and structure, etc. However, two significant factors, that have not been paid the required attention to, are the detection of improper parking and automatic collection of parking charges through parking bills generated at the end of the month.

IoT Solutions to Smart Cities
Smart cities can be enhanced by Internet of Things(IoT) solutions consisting of the following:  Sensors are built and installed in an automated from within the infrastructure to sense various conditions.  Any smart city platform, whether smart traffic monitoring system or smart parking system, is responsible for the collection of data its proper analysis and interpretation for fruitful results, thus providing visualizations to the front end users.  Flexible network connectivity is a crucial component in helping devices to communicate efficiently with the various smart platforms.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Hisamitsu Kurogo [5] proposed a parking system for practical simplification of traffic management and improvement in transport efficiency based on a study of the parking management system. In [6], a system to detect places of present congestion and predict places of future traffic congestion was proposed to avoid traffic jams by providing prior information to the drivers. Present day Google Maps does the same interpretation work. An automated check in and check out based parking system was presented in [7]. This was based on RFID and RFID reader. Many wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based prototypes for parking system were also proposed with the main focus on the establishment of the sensor nodes at parking lots to detect and update the parking spaces status [8].
A more advanced version Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) was proposed in [9] helping drivers with the information of real-time navigation, anti-theft protection, and prediction of driver-friendly parking spaces. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi along with webcams in the parking lot to provide information about availability via an SMS was also used to create parking systems [10]. The parking system proposed in [11] provides an energy efficient model that helps in reducing parking time by providing the information of nearest parking availability enabling easy and quick parking. It also has an add-on feature that turns the parking lights on as soon as any car comes in motion in the parking lot.
Another parking system based on linear programming is generated based on availability, allocation, and charges applied. This system cuts down the time for searching the most relevant parking space for the user [12]. In [13], Heterogeneous Smart WSNs, a series of WSNs connected were used in the parking system.  Parking Entry System: This module contains parking gates embedded with RFID sensors. The moment a vehicle comes near this gate, the RFID sensor senses the RFID tag on the vehicle and records all the information stored on the RFID tag installed on the vehicle. At exit time, the parking gates again read this RFID tag, update the system for billing, and generate the parking bill or charges to be paid according to the time.This charge is either deducted automatically from the linked account or it comes inclusive in the traffic bill generated at the end of every month.

Parking Lot Monitoring System (PLMS):
This software module is set up on the microcontroller Arduino. Its primary functioning is to detect the availability of parking space within any parking area based on the time difference between transmitted and received signal. Here, the ultrasonic sensor sends the detecting signals three times for the proper confirmation of vehicle presence in that particular space. Upon successful detection of a vehicle, the occupancy of the parking space is confirmed. Then, RFID sensors come to play and reads the RFID tag already installed in the vehicle and the entry time. After all this process, this parking space status shows as being occupied. When the vehicle exits i.e. when the vehicle reaches the exit gate RFID sensor, the exit time is collected, and a bill is generated. Figure 2 shows the exact algorithm for the working of PLMS.

Local Parking Management System (LPMS):
This module is set up on the server of the local parking management system with each parking lot. It monitors the overall statuses of the parking spaces, which can be free, occupied, or reserved. The functions are: • It matches the RFID sensor collected information with the information recorded at the entry gate to cross check and then stores the parking lot number allotted to it. Once confirmed by the ultrasonic sensor that the vehicle is being parked, its information is collected using an RFID sensor. In case of failure of the RFID sensor at the parking space from collecting the information from RFID tag or failure in sensing the RFID tag on the vehicle, an alarm blows and information then has to be collected manually and fed into the system. This alarm shows sign of improper parking due to which the RFID sensor failed to record the information. • On the other hand, if the RFID sensor in the parking space can fetch all the information as desired, then the parking space status is changed from free to occupied. As soon as the ultrasonic detector shows the status of the vehicle's absence when the vehicle is removed from that particular location, the parking space allocated to it gets free, and the LED is on. • In case of the reservation request for a parking space from Central Parking Management System (CPMS), it selects an empty parking lot and then goes to corresponding PLMS. If the reservation is confirmed, the status on application shows reserved, and the vehicle's information is included. In case of parking lot fully occupied, LMPS notifies CPMS about the parking lot status. It is to be noted that the user can reserve parking space 45 minutes in advance. In case of no show, slot remains reserved, and no refund will be given. Figure 3 shows the complete algorithm of LPMS. Overall working of this model: This shows how the exact system would work at the local parking end. Data read from the RFID tags is collected using the RFID sensors at entry gate. This data consisting of the various details of the car like car model number, registration number, pollution and servicing updates is loaded for a parking slot and that slot number is alloted to the vehicle. After this, at the time of parking of this car the ultrasonic detectors senses the presence of any vehicle at that allotted slot and activates the RFID sensor installed there to take reading form the RFID tags. This information ID is then sent to the server which matches this with the details collected at the entry gate. Incase of improper parking or no-collection of information, manual support would be provided. If not, then that is a successful parking. At the time of exit, an automatic bill is generated and the exit gate opens with the parking charges being deducted from your linked account. This is in short the working of LPMS model.