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New Regimes, Old Fears. Layers of Democracy and Regime Changes in Hungary

Political transformation reached Hungary in parallel with other Central and Eastern European states at the turn of 1989 and 1990, the so-called “annus mirabilis”. It seemed to be the global triumph of world capitalism and the rule of law based on democratic elements. This optimistic approach was based on the dominance of the principles of Western civilisation both in political economy and in the political systems determined by the competition of different parties. Most of the former socialist bloc member are now members of the European Union. Hungary was fortunate to enter the 21st century under radically changed and much more favourable conditions than it had ever enjoyed before. This smooth transformation was interrupted by a political and economic crisis that resulted in the victory of the previous opposition that gradually implemented the System of National Cooperation. The aim of this chapter is to give a brief explanation of the nature of illiberal democracy in Hungary in a wider scope and to link it with the history of Hungarian democracy, the nature of the sequence of transformations and their effects on the Hungarian society by using the 2018 elections as a reference point.