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Impact of Soft Drink Feeding on Honeybee Mouth Parts Formation and the Effect of Supposed Malformation on the Quality of Gathering Nectar and Pollination

The morphological characters of honeybees were measured using a Scan Photo technique (SPT) that involves the use of a stereo binocular microscope and Photoshop program combined together. The body parts of a honeybee worker were scanned as images after they have been dissected. Photoshop program was used to view the images and their characters were measured using the ruler of the software program. While measuring the chosen morphometric characters, a significant difference was observed when the SPT and using a binocular microscope were compared. The measurements of 7 morphological characters of honeybee workers from nectar-feeding colonies were compared with those of Pepsi cola feeding colonies. There are more than 24 different subspecies of honeybees (Apis mellifera) classified based on their morphological characteristics. As a result, morphological characteristics are usually considered when classifying honeybees. Many authors for various reasons have used body morphological characteristics as well as sets of wings to classify subspecies of honeybees. Such characteristics have been defined overtime and sourced from diverse studies. Of all body morphological characteristics studied so far, wing venation characteristics have been given more attention. Up to now in Saudi Arabia, there are no specific review articles that focus mainly on Apis mellifera jemenitica body morphological characteristics. Consequently, information gathered from sampling and measurement methods, and factors affecting these characteristics especially mouthparts is to recognize the possibility of finding any changes in configuration as a result of feeding on soft drink. The morphology and functional anatomy of the mouthparts are examined by dissection, light microscopy, and supplemented by feeding type observations. This manuscript focuses on the differentiation of the proboscis which is formed by the glossa, in context with feeding from natural nectar and soft drink. In the literature, morphological innovations have been described for insects, particularly forbees.These innovations are critical for the production of differentiation in proboscis such as proboscis hair formation and modification. The present study showed that the proboscis of honeybees feeding on Pepsi is wider, thicker and very hairy compared to the natural feeding honeybee’s proboscis. The morphological structures of the head, proboscis, hind leg, and wings were measured for the two groups of bees, the first naturally nourished with nectar, and the second feeding on the drink Pepsi Cola. The results showed significant differences in nectar and Pepsi feeding in different length measurements of head (18.37±0.08, 17.71±0.07), proboscis length(24.88±0.25, 26.15±0.01), proboscis width (0.58±0.04, 1.51±0.05), fore wing length (13.75±0.10, 12.95±0.23), fore wing width (41.99±0.03, 40.84±0.23), hind wing length (7.87±0.09, 8.00±0.06), hind wing width (29.27±0.25, 29.18±0.04), femur length (12.05±0.11, 11.35±0.02), tibia length (14.27±0.06, 13.62±0.04), basitarsi length (8.57±0.15, 8.43±0.06), and the basitarsus width of the third leg wrist (4.44±0.03, 4.69±0.05), respectively. International Journal of Zoological Investigations