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How to commercialize solid-state batteries: A perspective from solid electrolytes

Lithium-ion batteries with flammable liquid electrolytes and graphite anodes suffer from insufficient energy density and potential safety risks. Solid electrolytes are very promising to completely address these issues, 1, 2 because solid electrolytes that are electrochemically stable with Li metal anodes and compatible with high-voltage cathodes can simultaneously achieve high safety and high energy density. Generally, solid electrolytes can be classified into two groups: solid polymers and inorganic solids, including oxides, sulfides and halides.