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Velocity-saturation relation transition during rocks saturation: direct laboratory observation by computer tomography and ultrasonic technique

Introduction Maximising the recovery of known hydrocarbon reserves is one of the biggest challenges facing the petroleum industry today. Optimal production strategies require accurate monitoring of production-induced changes of reservoir saturation and pressure over the life of the field. Time-lapse seismic technology is increasingly used to map these changes in space and time. However until now, interpretation of time-lapse seismic data has been mostly qualitative. In order to allow accurate estimation of the saturation, it is necessary to know the quantitative relationship between fluid saturation and seismic characteristics (elastic moduli, velocity dispersion and attenuation). The problem of calculating acoustic properties of rocks saturated with a mixture of two fluids has attracted considerable interest (Gist, 1994; Mavko and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994; Knight et al. 1998); for a comprehensive review of theoretical and experimental studies of the patchy saturation problem see Toms et al. (2006).