{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02033271719038817, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.47011952191235, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Success and Opportunism in Hilbert’s and von Neumann’s Methodological Reflections

Although there does not seem to be a direct influence of utilitarianism on David Hilbert and his School, there are some pragmatic aspects in the foundational investigations of the father of modern axiomatics and of some of his scholars that can be read in utilitarian terms. In this article, I detail these aspects, focusing on the foundational research of Hilbert throughout his career and the later methodological reflections of John von Neumann on the mathematical sciences. As for research on Hilbert, much attention is paid to the role played by the notion of success as an alternative epistemological criterion for the introduction of powerful conceptual tools within axiomatic theories, as well as for the justification of these theories in the case where consistency proofs were not available. Ironically, after the discovery of Godel’s incompleteness theorems, success became a plain epistemological criterion for the justification of axiomatized sciences, together with all the conceptual tools contained therein. In his later foundational reflections, von Neumann, in particular, a former mathematician of Hilbert’s School, subscribed to an opportunistic methodology of science, i.e. a methodology that tried to coherently develop Hilbert’s thought on success, as well as his axiomatic reform of mathematical sciences. There seems to be, therefore, a clear evolutionary line that can be traced from Hilbert to von Neumann, which also reveals utilitarian aspects (broadly conceived) not only in science, but in axiomatics as well.