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Depositional history of the early Eocene Shumaysi Formation, Saudi Arabia

Abstract A shale intercalated between oolitic ironstone of the middle member of the Shumaysi Formation yielded a palynomorph assemblage having abundant pollen of various coastal palms and mangrove‐associated vegetation along with abundant fungal spores. A similar assemblage with the addition of Nypa pollen and a few marine dinocysts occurs in the basal part of the upper member of the formation. These assemblages indicate an early Eocene (late Ypresian or Cuisian) age of the middle and upper members of the Shumaysi Formation. The palynofacies analysis shows that the middle member was deposited in a nonmarine estuarine environment of back‐mangroves whereas the lower part of the upper member was deposited in a brackish estuarine environment of front‐mangroves. Foraminifera assemblages indicative of prevailing marine estuarine depositional conditions occur only above the siltstone containing the front‐mangrove palynological assemblage. Thus, the middle and upper members of the Shumaysi Formation represent a t...