{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.026746724890829694, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013100436681222707, 'mean_word_length': 5.151006711409396, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Analysis of the otic mycobiota in dogs with otitis externa compared to healthy individuals

BACKGROUND
Otitis externa is a common multifactorial disease with a prevalence in dogs as high as 10-20%. In humans, the diversity of the cutaneous mycobiota appears to increase in diseased states, whereas one canine study identified a decrease in diversity of the cutaneous mycobiota in atopic dogs compared to healthy individuals.


HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
To describe the otic mycobiota in dogs with otitis externa compared to healthy dogs.


ANIMALS
Samples were collected from six dogs with clinical and cytological evidence of otitis externa and five clinically normal dogs.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
Swabs were collected from the ears of six dogs with fungal otitis externa. DNA from each sample was isolated and Illumina sequencing was performed targeting the internal transcribed spacer region. Sequences were processed using the bioinformatics software MOTHUR.


RESULTS
Fungi from ten different phyla were identified. The mycobiota of all affected ears was dominated by the genera Malassezia, which accounted for 55.7-98.4% of sequences (median 96.8%). Affected ears had significantly decreased observed richness, estimated richness and inverse Simpson's diversity index compared to controls (P = 0.008). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis identified 42 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were differentially abundant (P < 0.05). Three OTUs were over-represented in the affected ears, including M. pachydermatis, whereas 39 OTUs were over-represented in healthy ears.


CONCLUSIONS
Reduced fungal richness and diversity was present in affected ears, with markedly higher relative abundances of Malassezia. The otic fungal mycobiota is much more complex than has been identified with culture-based studies.