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Determining the Authenticity of Artifacts by Oxygen Isotope Analysis

A technique 
used to determine the authenticity of artifacts that compares the oxygen 
isotopic composition of speleothems to the carbonate included within the patina 
of unprovenanced artifacts is of questionable value. The unprovenanced Jehoash 
Inscription Tablet and James Ossuary are of potentially immense historical and 
cultural importance. Nevertheless, they 
both were rejected by workers based on the oxygen isotope technique which provided the major foundational 
evidence of forgery in the longest running archaeological trial in Israel. 
Nevertheless, both these artifacts were determined not to be forged. The initial incongruence between the oxygen 
isotopes of the speleothems of the Soreq cave (Israel) purported to represent 
the unique composition of Jerusalem rainfall, and the patina on the artifacts, 
can be readily explained by the accretion of materials and geo-biochemical 
processes expected in normal patina formation in the Jerusalem region. The 
patina formation involves sporadic events in disequilibrium kinetic processes 
that are opposed to the equilibrium formation of 
speleothems in a sealed cave. Moreover, 23 of 56 patina samples (41%) on well-documented 
ancient artifacts from Israel yielded oxygen isotope values greater or lower 
than the expected speleothem values of -4 δ18O ‰ [PDB] to -6 δ18O ‰ [PDB]. 
Thus, the speleothem-patina correlation is invalid and the applied oxygen 
isotopes technique for determining the authenticity of patinas on artifacts is 
not a useful tool in the authentication of artifacts.