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The Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor MIV-150 in Carrageenan Gel Prevents Rectal Transmission of Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Macaques

ABSTRACT Development of a microbicide that prevents rectal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a vital component in reducing HIV spread. We recently demonstrated that a formulation of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) MIV-150 in carrageenan reduced vaginal infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 with HIV-1HxB2 reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT). Herein, we performed the first testing of MIV-150–carrageenan against rectal infection. Rhesus macaques were treated rectally with MIV-150–carrageenan or methyl cellulose (MC) placebo gel up to 4 h prior to rectal challenge with 103 or 104 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of SHIV-RT. Infection was assessed by measuring plasma virus RNA as well as T and B cell responses. MIV-150–carrageenan protected all animals challenged with 103 TCID50 when gel was applied either 30 min or 4 h prior to challenge, while 100% of the MC-treated animals became infected (n = 4 each; P < 0.03). Partial protection (2 of 4 animals) by MIV-150–carrageenan was observed for rectal challenge with 10-fold more virus applied 4 h after the gel. Sequencing of the RT gene from plasma virus RNA isolated at peak viremia confirmed that both of these animals (like infected MC controls) were infected with wild-type virus. Infection correlated with the development of SIV-specific T and B cell responses. MIV-150 was detected in the rectal fluids and tissues 4 h after gel application but was not detected in the blood at any time (0.5 to 24 h). These data are promising for the development of NNRTI-containing gels to prevent rectal HIV transmission.