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Dynamically Controlling Spatial Taste Location by Extraoral Galvanic Taste Stimulation

Recently, with the development of virtual reality (VR) technologies, research on gustatory displays that increase or simulate eating expe-riences has been attracting increasing attention. Although different methods of taste presentations have been proposed, conventional methods are spatially static and do not focus on the dynamic taste movement in the oral cavity caused by chewing and swallowing. In this study, we present a sense of continuous taste movement without directly stimulating the tongue with chemical substances. Instead, we employed extraoral electrical stimutation to enable spatiotempo-ral control of taste perception on the human tongue.