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Human Cryptosporidiosis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology and Control

Cryptosporidium was first described almost a century ago but remained obscure until Cryptosporidium parvum was recognised as a cause of acute enteric infection, in calves in the early 1970s, and subsequently in humans in whom it was assumed to be a zoonosis. It subsequently emerged worldwide as a cause of severe, protracted and often lifethreatening infection in the severely immunocompromised, especially those with AIDS, and as a common cause of acute, self-limiting but often protracted gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy subjects, especially children. In the 1980s it became clear that waterborne transmission represented a serious public health threat, resulting in the UK in the introduction of regulations that are intended to limit this. More recently, molecular studies have added considerably to our understanding of the natural history of cryptosporidiosis, including confirming a non-zoonotic cycle of infection in humans. Although effective specific therapy remains elusive, this infection in AIDS patients can have its severity diminished.