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Effects of lanthanum ion modifications on the photoelectrochemical properties of ZnO nanorods-based dye-sensitized solar cells.

We investigated the photoelectrochemical effects on La ion-modified ZnO nanorods for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), preparing four kinds of samples grown in solutions with 0, 1, 2, and 3 at% of La precursors. It was found that La ion modifications lead to an increase in the lattice constant of ZnO nanorods, resulting in widening of their energy bandgap. I-V results tell that the photoelectrochemical properties increase in the order of 2, 1, 0, and 3 at% La ion-modified ZnO nanorod-based DSSCs. To further analyze and explain the experimental results, we measured absorbance, IPCE, and EIS and concluded that the DSSCs fabricated by using 3 at% La ion-modified ZnO nanorods exhibit better device performances such as Voc, Jsc, and efficiency, suggesting that the amount of La ions is a key parameter of La modified-DSSCs. The results can be explained by Burstein-Mott effects, vertical growth, and La oxide coating effects of the ZnO nanorods.