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The Galileo Affair: Two Decisions

In February 1616, the Roman Congregation of the Index, acting under the authority of Pope Paul V, banned the work of Nicholas Copernicus, On the revolutions of the celestial spheres (1543), on the grounds that its claim that the Earth revolved around the Sun was “contrary to Scripture”. The best-known defender of the suspect doctrine, Galileo Galilei, was officially warned to abandon it. Seventeen years later, in June 1633, subsequent to the publication of his Dialogue on two chief world systems, Galileo was condemned by the Roman Inquisition (more formally: the Holy Office) acting under the authority of Pope Urban VIII, on the grounds of “vehement suspicion of heresy” for “holding and believing” a doctrine that is contrary to Scripture and furthermore, for holding that one may “defend as probable” a doctrine that has been “declared and defined” to be contrary to Scripture. These two episodes constitute, in outline, the celebrated “Galileo Affair”.