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GENETIC VARIABILITY AND SIMILARITY IN THE ANOLIS LIZARDS OF BIMINI

Studies of variation in the electrophoretic mobilities of proteins have had three major applications in evolutionary biology: estimation of levels of genic heterozygosity in populations (Lewontin and Hubby, 1966); estimation of degree of genetic similarity between species (Hubby and Throckmorton, 1968) and between conspecific populations (Selander et al., 1969); and determination of patterns of geographic variation in allele frequencies. Employing the allozymic technique, we have examined several aspects of genetic variation in lizards of the genus Anolis, a Neotropical group currently being intensively studied from ecological and systematic standpoints (Rand, 1969; Williams, 1969, 1972; Ruibal and Philobosian, 1970; Andrews, 1971; Gorman et al., 1971; Schoener and Schoener, 1971; Sexton et al., 1971). This study concerns the four species of Anolis occurring on South Bimini, an island five square miles in area in the Bahamas. Like other low-elevation islands of the West Indies separated by deep water from higher land masses, the Bahamas received their anole fauna from the Greater Antilles by overwater colonization (Williams, 1969). Each Bimini population represents a separate invasion, A. angusticeps, A. carolinensis, and A. sagrei arriving from Cuba, and A. distichus from Hispaniola. The same association of species occurs on many of the larger islands of the Great Bahama Bank but on none of the other Bahamas. Coexistence of the four species over the Bank at a time of full emergence in the Pleistocene, followed by partial inundation and fragmentation of the exposed land mass, provides the simplest explanation for the present distributional pattern (Schoener, 1968; Williams, 1969). The zoogeographic histories (Williams, 1969), taxonomic relationships (Etheridge, 1960; Williams and Rand, 1972), and ecologies (Schoener, 1968; Williams, 1969) of the four species have been well studied. Both A. carolinensis and A. sagrei have repeatedly colonized from Cuba, reaching small islands like the Bahamas, large, faunally complex islands (A. sagrei to J amaica) , and continental areas (A. sagrei to coastal Central America and A. carolinensis to the southeastern United States) (Williams, 1969). For comparison with the Bimini populations, we have sampled three populations of A. carolinensis on the continent (Florida, Louisiana, and Texas) and one of A. sagrei on Jamaica. Our material provides an opportunity to estimate degrees of genetic similarity among species and among geographically isolated conspecific populations, and to compare insular and continental populations with regard to genetic variabili ty.