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Regulatory mechanisms of T cell activation—From basic research discoveries to a new principle of cancer therapy and the Nobel Prize

For more than a century, scientists have been attempting to harness the immune system to fight against cancer. In the late 19th century, William Coley reported a significant number of regressions and cures after injection of streptococcal organisms into inoperable sarcoma patients to cause erysipelas.1 In 1909, Paul Ehrlich proposed that host defence may prevent neoplastic cells from developing into tumours, which was formally introduced as the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis nearly 50 years later by Macfarlane Burnet and Lewis Thomas. However, at those times, there was not sufficient scientific methodology and knowledge to confirm the hypotheses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.