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Pt nanoparticles immobilized on CVD-grown graphene as a transparent counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells.

The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) has attracted considerable attention as a next-generation solar cell because of its many virtues such as low fabrication cost, environmentally benign process, glossy transparency, and relatively high energy conversion efficiency. One of the issues with DSCs is the need to improve the transfer of electrons into the redox system to activate electrolyte reduction at the counter electrode (CE). Pt is traditionally the most popular material for the CE of DSCs, and numerous substitutes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), CNT–TiN, and CNT–Pt materials, have been developed to replace or reduce the amount of expensive Pt used. Owing to its unique 2D structure, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and robust mechanical strength, graphene is known as one of the best supports for metal nanoparticles (NPs) for applications in energy conversion/storage devices. Graphene–metal composites have mostly been synthesized through either chemical or physical methods. However, extreme conditions such as high temperature, low pressure, a liquid environment, and chemical toxicity become drawbacks for the application of graphene–metal composites in large-scale production. Recently, we developed a new process for efficiently synthesizing supported PtNPs by using dry plasma reduction (DPR) near room temperature under atmospheric pressure. The aim of this technique was to overcome the previously mentioned process restrictions. Herein, we demonstrate the use of DPR to synthesize PtNPs on chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene under atmospheric pressure, without using any toxic chemicals, near room temperature. The aim of this study was to develop transparent and efficient DSCs, which are crucial for realizing building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), through synergistically combining the high transparency of CVD-grown graphene and the low charge-transfer resistance of supported PtNPs by using methods that keep the production cost low. The synthesis of Pt NPs hybridized on CVD-grown graphene was achieved by using DPR, as shown in Scheme 1. First, a drop of precursor solution was loaded on the substrate, followed by complete drying of the solvent at 70 8C for 10 min. During this drying process, H2PtCl6.xH2O was partially reduced