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Mitochondrial DNA related cardiomyopathies.

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by impaired heart muscle function. Over the last few years, interest in mitochondrial cardiomyopathies has been galvanized by a number of significant molecular biology discoveries. There is overwhelming evidence that genetic factors play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of primary cardiomyopathies. Mitochondrial cardiomyopathy is a cardiomyopathy in which the clinical and pathological phenotype result from mitochondrial diseases due to pathogenic mutation in both mitochondrial and/or nuclear genes causing defects in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) in cardiac muscle. We review and provide an update of the current concepts, molecular genetics, clinical features, pathology, diagnostic modalities, and latest therapeutic options in mitochondrial cardiomyopathies specifically caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).