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Letter: limitations of studies to evaluate the significance of anti‐tumour necrosis factor serum levels in Crohn's disease

microbiome, which will refine our knowledge of its compositional and functional features. The route of the FMT administration varies between institutions. Although there is no consensus, the colonoscopic approach is favoured over enema and upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract FMT, mostly because the entire colon can be infused with stool, and the extent and severity of disease can be elucidated, at the same time that treatment is being given via colonoscopy. A recent analysis demonstrated similar findings, with a trend towards higher resolution rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) with lower GI, rather than upper GI, administration (91% vs. 82%), although no head-to-head comparison has yet been performed. We are fully aware that we are in the infancy of the new science of host–microbe interaction in the human body. Many important questions remain unsolved, including whether the transplant material could be whole flora or cultured material, which diluent should be used, how much stool is needed, methods of administration, and immunological responses, as well as the long-term safety implications. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors’ declarations of personal and financial interests are unchanged from those in the original article.