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Urban Wastewater Management in the United States: Past, Present, and Future

as either centralized, where all the wastewater is collected and conveyed to a central location for treatment or disposal, or decentralized, where the wastewater is primarily treated or disposed of on-site or near the source. Historically, municipalities, consulting engineers, and individuals have had the option of centralized or decentralized wastewater management and could have chosen from a variety of collection and disposal technologies to implement the management strategy. Although these options were available, the majority of engineers, public health officials, policy makers, and members of the public typically preferred one management strategy and one technology to the others. The reasons for a particular preference were based on a combination of cost, urban development patterns, accepted scientific theories, tradition, religious attitudes, prevailing public opinion on sanitation, the contemporary political environment, and many other factors. The development of urban wastewater management strategies and technologies from the early nineteenth century to the present