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Application of impedance spectroscopy to detect the binding of biomolecules to biohybrid hydrogels

Due to their capability to bind and release growth factors via electrostatic interactions, biohybrid hydrogels, formed by synthetic polymers and glycosaminoglycans, are of increasing interest for regenerative therapies. Bound to the hydrogel, growth factors are protected from diffusion and biodegradation. A sustained release of the growth factors promotes vascularization of engineered constructs. By means of impedance spectroscopy, we were able to detect the binding of biomolecules to the immobilized gel at nanomolar concentrations. Biomolecule binding causes the impedance of the gel to increase at characteristic frequencies that can be assigned to the electric properties of the gel and the electrode surface. By decreasing the dimensions of the interdigitated electrode array, the sensitivity to processes at the electrode surface can be increased.