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Critical Success Factors for Supply Chain Sustainability in the Wood Industry: An Integrated PCA-ISM Model

Due to the increasing popularity of cost-based outsourcing and growing stakeholder concern about environmental, social, and technological issues, supply chain sustainability is vital in both developed and emerging economies. Bangladesh is an emerging economy and wood industry of Bangladesh is suffering from severe sustainability issues besides its growth. Hence, this article aims to examine the critical success factors (CSFs) for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry, which is crucial to help supply chain managers engage in achieving sustainable development goals. This research investigated the CSFs and uncovered their interdependencies through the development of a methodology integrating a literature review, principal component analysis (PCA), interpretive structural modelling (ISM), and Matriced Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliquee aunClassement (MICMAC) techniques. PCA (n = 150) was used to identify and rank the CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry while ISM (n = 9) and MICMAC were used to determine the driving and dependence power of the CSFs. The findings reveal that research and development, supplier relations, and using eco-friendly technology are the most significant CSFs of the Bangladeshi wood industry. Indispensable links revealing the driving and dependence power among the CSFs were also reported. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind that examined the CSFs for supply chain sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry. The proposed methodology and findings will help managers in the Bangladeshi wood industry as well as other similar industries to understand the CSFs and reduce the complexity of decision-making in managing business process towards sustainability journey.


Introduction
Sustainability in the context of business refers to decisions that have an impact on the future conditions of nature, society, and business [1][2][3]. The concept of a sustainable supply chain is viewed as a measure that pertains to profit and loss-but also broader social and environmental concerns [4,5]. In other words, sustainability centres around reducing a business's harmful impacts on people, society, and the environment while still enhancing value for customers, business partners, and stakeholders [6]. Aside from meeting social and environmental expectations, sustainability reduces cost and reputational risk, boosts revenue, and ensures long-term success [7].
There are many barriers to the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM), though these barriers vary in their significance [8,9]. Therefore, there is a strong need for organizations to identify the dominant factors (i.e., the critical success factors [CSFs]) to effectively pursue SSCM practices [10]. To help organizations adopt include at least one dimension of sustainability. They found that most of the papers included just one or two sustainability dimensions. Social responsibility was the least common dimension [20]. While these studies considered optimization models with deterministic parameters, none considered CSFs for SSCM in the wood industry. This study aims to fill this gap in the research.
This study incorporates principal component analysis (PCA), interpretive structural modelling (ISM), and Matriced Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliquee aunClassement (MICMAC) to evaluate the supply chain sustainability in the wood industry of Bangladesh. These three methods offer strong advantages. PCA has been used to identify and deconstruct CSFs using experts' opinions. ISM has been used to determine the driving and dependence power of CSFs. MICMAC has been used to divide CSFs into four categories: dependent, independent, autonomous, and linkage [21]. The comparison of the current study with relevant studies have been included to highlight the contributions.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the related materials and methods. Section 3 presents the results and discussion. Section 4 concludes this paper.

Conceptualization of Critical Success Factor
Despite the importance of supply chain sustainability in the wood industry, there is a dearth of research on the CSFs for sustainability in the wood industry [22]. Zineldin et al. [23] identified the factors that affect supplier-dealer relationships by interviewing 114 purchasing managers in the Swedish wood industry. Quesada et al. [24] identified and ranked the CSFs for sustainability in the U.S. furniture industry using the five-point Likert scale. Daian et al. [25] assessed the generation of wood waste by Australian furniture companies and its associated costs to enhance sustainability standards in the Australian manufacturing sector. Looking at the Amish furniture industry, Dewitt et al. [26] demonstrated a link between Porter's cluster theory and supply chain management, providing evidence of their joint positive impact on firm competitiveness and performance. Moreover, Gomez et al. [27] identified the CSFs for sustainability in the U.S. pallet-manufacturing industry after surveying 1500 manufacturers. Quesada-Pineda et al. [28,29] analyzed and validated the CSFs that affect the supply chain of the U.S. pallet-manufacturing industry. Furthermore, they identified the external factors and business practices using the five-point Likert scale and PCA [24,25].
Penfield et al. [30] identified the characteristics of efficient hardwood sawmill supply chains through data envelopment analysis. Larsson et al. [31] conducted a literature survey to detail the potential of SSCM to solve the challenges of the Swedish woodproducts industry. Thị Thu Sương [32] identified the factors that influence supply chain collaboration in the Vietnamese wood-processing industry using a questionnaire survey. Romagnoli et al. [19] reviewed used wood-based products, linking them with supply chain sustainability. Kogler et al. [33] found that the combination of unimodal and multimodal transportation eliminates ill-timed plans and bottlenecks, making the wood supply chain more resilient. Recently, Ebrahimi et al. [34] applied a bi-objective supply chain model to a build-to-order environment in order to maximize profits and minimize downtime in wood supply chains. Susanty et al. [35] investigated circular economy practices in the traditional Indonesian wood industry. Chu et al. [36] provided data on pollutants and emissions through a life-cycle analysis to promote sustainability in the Chinese wood industry. Ratnasingam et al. [37] identified the CSFs for sustainability in the Malaysian panel-based furniture-manufacturing industry by surveying 20 manufacturers using a questionnaire survey and PCA; however, they did not identify the interdependent relationships among the CSFs. Navarro et al. [38] identified sustainable suppliers in the wood fibre supply industry by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods.
There are some existing studies on SSCM in emerging economies that incorporate PCA, ISM, MICMAC, and other mathematical methods. Rajput et al. [39] integrated PCA, ISM, and DEMATEL to identify IoT enablers in Industry 4.0 and the relationships between these enablers. Chowdhury et al. [40] employed ISM and MICMAC to identify the CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi ready-made garments industry and their interrelationships-though the authors were careful to note that their results are specific to the industry and region of study. Devi et al. [41] employed PCA, ISM, and MICMAC to analyze IoT enablers in Industry 4.0. The comparison of the current study with relevant studies is shown in Table 1 to highlight the contributions. This study identifies the CSFs for SSCM adoption in the Bangladeshi wood industry using both expert feedback and the existing literature. Therefore, we carried out a literature review in the initialization phase using several fundamental terms: "drivers for supply chain sustainability" OR "critical success factors of sustainable supply chain adoption" OR "CSFs in sustainable supply chain" OR "investigate and examine sustainable supply chain drivers." We used two popular scholarly databases-"Google Scholar" and "ScienceDirect"-for this review. Table 2 details the 25 CSFs identified through the literature review. The CSFs have been contextualized for further analysis in the context of the Bangladeshi wood industry by considering input from industrial and academic experts. Recycling focuses on the regeneration of renewable resources after use. The principles of waste management are elimination, reduction, reuse, recovery, and disposal. [38,39] 2 Using eco-friendly technology (ET) Using eco-friendly technology that conserves energy and reduces resource consumption. [5,7] 3

Sharing natural resources (NR)
The long-term availability and sharing of natural resources. [40,41] 4 Product responsibility (PR) Product responsibility covers the entire life cycle, including the raw materials, product development, production, use, and recycling. [7,42] 5 Designing products for recyclability, reusability, and material recoverability (RRR) Designing for deconstruction to ensure that deconstruction processes retain maximum material value. [43,44]  Suppliers are evaluated on several criteria: no child labour, working hours, no forced labour, no discrimination, employment compensation, freedom of association, use of eco-friendly materials, and health and safety practices. [8,45] 7 Using eco-friendly materials (EFM) Using eco-friendly materials. [46] 8

Managing hazardous substances (MHS)
Managing wood-industry-specific hazardous chemicals, which are endorsed by the Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 and have specific safety requirements. [47] 9 Support from customers (SC) Awareness among customers motivates manufacturers to produce green products. [48] 10 Training programs for supplier and vendors (SV) Training, implementing special projects, and monitoring performance. [49] 11 Collaborative R&D with same-sector companies (R&D) Collaboration on green research and development with suppliers and companies in the same sector. [50] 12 Flexible working arrangements (FWA) Flexible working-also known as flextime or flexitime-refers to non-traditional working arrangements that consider employees' personal needs, often involving working from home and flexible hours. [7] 13 Supplier evaluation and selection (SES) Environmental auditing and supplier evaluation to ensure that products conform to regulations. [36,51] 14

Supplier relations (SR)
Supplier relations reflect the extent to which an organization has a collaborative relationship with its suppliers. [52,53] 15 Stability in policy and regulations (PS) Stability in policies and regulations, which is often tied to political stability. [54] 16

Health and safety (HS)
Manual lifting, forceful gripping, wood dust, and hazardous substances are the reported common risk factors in the wood industry. Inhaling hazardous substances and getting caught in moving parts are common injuries in the industry. The most prominent prior risk is inadequate personal protective equipment. [36,55] 17 Gender diversity (GD) Fair representation of people of different genders at various stages of the supply chain. [56] 18

Government legislation (GL)
Regulations pressure suppliers and organizations to use eco-friendly products and processes to improve operational performances. [57] 19 Top management support (TMS) Top management support is crucial to the successful implementation of SSCM. [58] 20 Resource management (RM) Optimal resource usage helps firms achieve economic sustainability in the supply chain. [59] 21 Supplier audit (SA) Supplier audits have the potential to enhance supply chains' environmental and social performance. [60] 22 Product quality (PQ) Sustainable supply chains can be achieved by producing high-quality products with a longer product life. [36] 23 Technological advancement and adaption (TAA) Willingness to research developing technologies and adopt new technologies in the pursuit of greater sustainability. [59,61] 24 Technology transfer (TT) Transferring technology to supply chain partners helps firms achieve long-term sustainability. [62] 25

Information system (IS)
Information systems impact SSCM on various processes, such as planning, sourcing, and delivering, and at various levels, including tactical operations and organizational strategy. [63]

Proposed Approach
Our proposed approach is illustrated in Figure 1. From the selected factors in Table 2, we identified 10 CSFs through PCA while considering expert opinions that were collected through a questionnaire survey. PCA is a popular machine learning technique used to identify underlying patterns in multivariate data [64]. It extracts important information from a set of data and, using orthogonal transformation, represents them as a new set of linearly correlated variables, which are called principal components. Through PCA, we excluded 15 factors for increasing the consistency of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity measurement. After identifying CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry and extracting them into four components, we employed ISM [65] and MICMAC to analyze the contextual relationships among the CSFs. ISM can be used as a systemic tool to identify contextual relationships; it is an interpretive tool, as the judgments of the groups decide the relationship between the variables. ISM is a structural method based on a mutual relationship from the complex set of elements; it is a modelling technique, as the specific relationships and overall structure are portrayed in a digraph model. It helps to impose order and direction on complex relationships. It is primarily intended as a group learning process-but individuals can also use it.

Identifying CSFs Using PCA
We developed a standard questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale to identify the CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry through PCA (Table  A1 in Appendix A). We e-mailed the questionnaire to 150 experts-30 academics from Bangladeshi universities researching supply chains and 120 managers (30 quality managers, 50 supply chain managers, and 40 operational process managers) at 30 Bangladeshi paper mills and furniture-manufacturing companies (for expert profiles, see After identifying CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry and extracting them into four components, we employed ISM [65] and MICMAC to analyze the contextual relationships among the CSFs. ISM can be used as a systemic tool to identify contextual relationships; it is an interpretive tool, as the judgments of the groups decide the relationship between the variables. ISM is a structural method based on a mutual relationship from the complex set of elements; it is a modelling technique, as the specific relationships and overall structure are portrayed in a digraph model. It helps to impose order and direction on complex relationships. It is primarily intended as a group learning process-but individuals can also use it.

Identifying CSFs Using PCA
We developed a standard questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale to identify the CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry through PCA (Table A1 in Appendix A). We e-mailed the questionnaire to 150 experts-30 academics from Bangladeshi universities researching supply chains and 120 managers (30 quality managers, 50 supply chain managers, and 40 operational process managers) at 30 Bangladeshi paper mills and furniture-manufacturing companies (for expert profiles, see Table 3). After three months, we received responses from 93 of the experts (23 academics and 70 managers). Afterward, we consolidated the data and conducted a descriptive analysis in SPSS. PCA was employed to reduce the number of factors. The two most important results from PCA are total variance and the component matrix. Total variance computes explained variance, and the component matrix computes the weights of variables in a few easily interpretable factor components. PCA with varimax rotation was employed to divide the ten factors into four categories (14 factors were excluded for consistency of the PCA, and "Gender Diversity" was excluded for low factor loading). We employed varimax rotation because it maximizes the sum of the variance of square loading [62]. The minimum number of cases should be at least five times the number of items being analyzed [66]. In this study, we analyzed 93 experts' responses against 11 factors. To quantify the degree of interconnections among the variables and verify the appropriateness of the analysis, we tested sampling adequacy using the KMO measure of adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity. The KMO measure of adequacy was 0.948 (>0.5), and the significance value of Bartlett's test of sphericity was 0.00 (<0.4); Cronbach's alpha was 0.93, which is substantially greater than 0.7. These figures demonstrate high internal consistency for the obtained data [67]. Gender diversity was excluded, as it exhibited a factor loading below 0.6 after having a round-table discussion with 15 of our 150 experts.
Considering our experts' input, we selected, ranked, and divided the CSFs into four categories using PCA. The rankings and categories are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.

Identification of the CSFs' Driving and Dependence Power
Step 1: Developing a Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM): In order to develop an SSIM (Table 6), one professor from each university (total 5) and two industrial experts from furniture enterprises and two industrial experts from paper mills were invited for a round table discussion. The sample questionnaire for the discussion is in Appendix A After the round table discussion, according to the experts' opinion, the SSIM was developed.
We used the following four symbols to find the direction of interaction between two CSFs (e.g., i and j): Using these four symbols, we developed an SSIM for implementing SSCM practices throughout the Bangladeshi furniture industry, which is presented in Table 6.
Step 2: Forming the Reachability Matrix: We transformed the SSIM into an initial reachability matrix. It is a binary matrix that contains 0 and 1. It also follows certain rules, which are as follows: Rule 1: For every V, 1 for (i, j) and 0 for (j, i) Rule 2: For every A, 0 for (i, j) and 1 for (j, i) Rule 3: For every X, 1 for (i, j) and 1 for (j, i) Rule 4: For every O, 0 for (i, j) and 0 for (j, i) Following these rules, we constructed an initial reachability matrix (Table 7) and the final reachability matrix (Table 8), which integrates the transitive relationships among the factors [66,68]. The driving power and the dependence power of each factor have also been calculated, as shown in Table 8. TMS has the highest driving power, and HS has the highest dependence power.    Step 3: Level Partitioning: From the final reachability matrix, we derived the reachability and antecedent sets for each factor. The reachability set comprises the factor itself and the other factors that it may facilitate. The antecedent set consists of the factor itself and the other factors that may influence it. We also calculate the intersection of these two sets for each CSF. If a CSF's reachability and intersection sets are the same, the CSF is regarded to be at level 1 [55,69]. After the first iteration, we discarded the level-1 CSF and continued the same procedure until all of the CSFs' levels were identified. The final partitioning result is shown in Table 9. In this case, HS is at level 1 and lies at the top of the ISM hierarchy. TMS is at the last level and lies at the bottom of the ISM hierarchy. Step 4: Developing an ISM-Based Model: We identified seven levels from level partitioning in Table 9 with CSF 8 at level 1, CSFs 2 and 10 at level 2, CSFs 5 and 9 at level 3, CSF 4 at level 4, CSF 3 at level 5, CSFs 1 and 6 at level 6, and CSF 7 at level 7. After placing all of the CSFs at their level, we depicted a relationship between the CSFs as per the final reachability matrix (Table 8 using directional arrows, resulting in an ISM-based model, as shown in Figure 2).  Step 5: MICMAC Analysis: MICMAC effectively corresponds to cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification [5,7,9,34,70]. MICMAC was developed based on the multiplication properties of metrics. We employed it in this paper to gain further insight into our ISM-based model [55] and to evaluate the CSFs from the implementation perspective. It involves the classification of the identified CSFs based on their dependence and driving power, which we determined in the final reachability matrix.
MICMAC entails a graphical representation of the factors-based on their driving and dependence power-in four clusters: autonomous, dependent, linkage, and independent. Autonomous factors have weak dependence power and weak driving power. Dependent factors have strong dependence power but weak driving power. Linkage factors have strong dependence power and strong driving power. Independent Step 5: MICMAC Analysis: MICMAC effectively corresponds to cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification [5,7,9,34,70]. MICMAC was developed based on the multiplication properties of metrics. We employed it in this paper to gain further insight into our ISM-based model [55] and to evaluate the CSFs from the implementation perspective. It involves the classification of the identified CSFs based on their dependence and driving power, which we determined in the final reachability matrix.
MICMAC entails a graphical representation of the factors-based on their driving and dependence power-in four clusters: autonomous, dependent, linkage, and independent. Autonomous factors have weak dependence power and weak driving power. Dependent factors have strong dependence power but weak driving power. Linkage factors have strong dependence power and strong driving power. Independent factors have strong driving power but weak dependence power. Figure 3 illustrates the categorization of the CSFs into these four regions to evaluate the implementation of SSCM practices.  Figure 3 demonstrates that there is no autonomous CSF that shows that all ten of the considered CSFs are relevant to this study. We found CSFs 2, 5, 8, 9, and 10 (product quality, resource management, health and safety, supplier relations, and using ecofriendly technology, respectively) to be dependent and CSFs 1, 3, 6, and 7 (collaborative R&D with same-sector companies, transferring technology to suppliers and vendors, technology advancement and adaption, and top management support, respectively) to be independent. Although CSF 4 (information system) lies on the border separating linkage and independent CSFs, it may be a linkage CSF for all practical purposes [68,69,71]. Independent CSFs are viewed as a top priority for implementation in SSCM practices, as they pave the way for efficiently and effectively implementing linkage and dependent CSFs.

Model Validation
The SSIM, ISM, and MICMAC analyses were shared with all of the respondents, whom we asked to share their critical opinions on the study. The study was generally well-received and appreciated, though a few questioned the lack of an interaction between CSF 5 (resource management) and CSF 9 (supplier relations). We concluded that the lack of this interaction is because the Bangladeshi wood industry is in a development phase, transitioning from a non-sustainable to a sustainable path; this requires organizations to develop relations with new suppliers who are willing to follow a sustainable path and sacrifice their relationships with old suppliers who are not as eager to adopt SSCM practices. This interpretation convinced all the participants, validating the model.

Results and Discussions
Sustainability has become a global concern. To remain competitive in both domestic and international markets, SSCM practices are a must for Bangladeshi furniture companies. Some Bangladeshi furniture manufacturers and paper mills have international suppliers and customers who have begun to implement sustainability measures-this will inevitably lead to the further spread of SSCM practices throughout the Bangladeshi wood industry. Without understanding the CSFs, however, organizations cannot properly  Figure 3 demonstrates that there is no autonomous CSF that shows that all ten of the considered CSFs are relevant to this study. We found CSFs 2, 5, 8, 9, and 10 (product quality, resource management, health and safety, supplier relations, and using eco-friendly technology, respectively) to be dependent and CSFs 1, 3, 6, and 7 (collaborative R&D with same-sector companies, transferring technology to suppliers and vendors, technology advancement and adaption, and top management support, respectively) to be independent. Although CSF 4 (information system) lies on the border separating linkage and independent CSFs, it may be a linkage CSF for all practical purposes [68,69,71]. Independent CSFs are viewed as a top priority for implementation in SSCM practices, as they pave the way for efficiently and effectively implementing linkage and dependent CSFs.

Model Validation
The SSIM, ISM, and MICMAC analyses were shared with all of the respondents, whom we asked to share their critical opinions on the study. The study was generally well-received and appreciated, though a few questioned the lack of an interaction between CSF 5 (resource management) and CSF 9 (supplier relations). We concluded that the lack of this interaction is because the Bangladeshi wood industry is in a development phase, transitioning from a non-sustainable to a sustainable path; this requires organizations to develop relations with new suppliers who are willing to follow a sustainable path and sacrifice their relationships with old suppliers who are not as eager to adopt SSCM practices. This interpretation convinced all the participants, validating the model.

Results and Discussions
Sustainability has become a global concern. To remain competitive in both domestic and international markets, SSCM practices are a must for Bangladeshi furniture companies. Some Bangladeshi furniture manufacturers and paper mills have international suppliers and customers who have begun to implement sustainability measures-this will inevitably lead to the further spread of SSCM practices throughout the Bangladeshi wood industry. Without understanding the CSFs, however, organizations cannot properly pursue a sustainable supply chain. Based on experts' opinions, this study identified ten CSFs using PCA, as shown in Table 5. It then incorporated these ten CSFs into an ISM-based model ( Figure 2) followed by MICMAC (Figure 3) based on the inputs from the ISM-based model. PCA helped to identify and rank the most important CSFs. ISM was used to uncover the relationships among those CSFs. Finally, MICMAC is helpful for managers to take appropriate actions at both the operational and strategic levels. Some of our most significant findings are as follows:

•
Research and development (CSF 1), supplier relations (CSF 9), and using eco-friendly technology (CSF 10) are the top-ranked CSFs. In Bangladesh, there is a low level of R&D, as it is an emerging economy. As a result, there is limited engagement with eco-friendly technology. Many companies are not interested in adopting an effluent treatment plant, as it would increase their operating costs. Additionally, good relationships with suppliers help organizations to ensure their long-term growth. The selected ten CSFs are divided into four categories: product quality and well-being of the organization, supplier relations, eco-friendly technology, and health and safety.

•
There are no autonomous CSFs (Figure 3), suggesting that all of the considered CSFs are relevant to this study.

•
The dependent CSFs (Figure 3) are product quality, resource management, health and safety, supplier relations, and using eco-friendly technology. These factors have weak driving power but strong dependence power. These CSFs certainly have associated costs in terms of resources, time, and focus that an organization may be unwilling to spend as part of its competitive strategy. To implement these CSFs, top management must actively support them.

•
The independent CSFs (Figure 3) are collaborative R&D with same-sector companies, transferring technology to suppliers and vendors, technology advancement and adaption, and top management support. These CSFs are vital to the implementation of dependent and linkage CSFs. As shown in Figure 2, top management support is the most important independent CSF in terms of pursuing SSCM practices, making it a driving force for the other three CSFs in this category. As the Bangladeshi wood industry is technologically lagging and more R&D efforts are required to substitute wood with non-wood fibres in papermaking to limit deforestation [11,72,73], top management support is necessary to foster it.

•
The only linkage CSF ( Figure 3) is "information system." With high driving power and high dependence power, it has a significant role in the implementation of a sustainable supply chain. Moreover, its presence in the linkage category suggests that the Bangladeshi industry is aware of the potential requirement of information systems in the various processes and purposes of a business.
Our findings will help managers focus on the most important factors to build a resilient and sustainable supply chain. They will help them identify the critical areas on which they should focus to more effectively incorporate SSCM practices. In turn, our results will play a role in the paradigm shift towards sustainability that the Bangladeshi wood industry is currently undergoing.
The factors with high driving power are strategically important, while those with high dependence power are performance-oriented and result-oriented. Continual improvement of the independent factors will help organizations achieve superior results [74]. Focusing on the CSFs, organizations can acquire a competitive advantage by manufacturing ecofriendly products. In turn, their customers and stakeholders will push other companies to implement similar procedures to remain competitive.

Managerial Implications
The present study has significant practical implications for industrial managers and government policy makers to ensure sustainability in the wood industry. The model pre-sented here will help them understand the critical factors and their interrelationships in the context of the Bangladeshi wood industry. Moreover, it would be helpful for them to develop long-term and short-term plans to implement low-carbon economic development in the wood industry. Government plays significant roles in setting up policies and regulations to ensure low carbon economy, thereby enhancing sustainability in existing industrial sectors. These policies may encourage technological advancement, healthy and safe practices at factory workspace, collaborative R&D, etc. Governmental policies may support all stakeholders involved in the management to mitigate probable challenges. This study would encourage policy makers of the Bangladesh government to take necessary steps to change their policies to help enterprises move towards sustainability.
In developed countries, the government allocates required funds to encourage sustainable practices at the industries. In addition to these, the government also allocates significant funds for R&D activities to ensure use of advanced technologies, safety measures, low emission, and low pollution. However, in Bangladesh, there is very small or no funds for R&D activities. Advanced technologies help to increase the profit margin [4]. The presented study would help the decision makers to increase funds for technology development and R&D activities.
Training is required to make the human resources efficient. From the studies it is obvious that Bangladeshi wood furniture enterprises lack trained operators and human resources [16]. In addition to these, the enterprises find it difficult to accommodate international certifications and implement advanced technologies. The present study can encourage the managers and decision-makers to take necessary steps for train their workforces to improve quality of the products and reduce defective items [2].
In a nutshell, the major challenges for the wood industry of Bangladesh are mainly untrained workers, lack of R&D activities, health and safety issues, lack of advanced technologies. The managers can take initiatives to overcome the challenges by implementing sustainable practices in their enterprises.

Conclusions
By pursuing sustainability, organizations can achieve positive business growth and a competitive advantage over others [67,75]. Of course, implementing SSCM practices is a challenging and complex task that requires a thorough interpretation of the sustainability index across an entire supply chain. Due to the subjectivity of the sustainability index, sustainability assessments require a transparent approach [76,77].
In this paper, we used PCA to identify and rank the most significant CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry. We then identified the relationships among these CSFs using ISM. This study-which constituted the first attempt to evaluate the CSFs for sustainability in the Bangladeshi wood industry-found that "top management support" is the most significant driving factor, leading to higher "research and development" and "technology advancement and adaption" in the pursuit of a sustainable supply chain. The Bangladeshi wood industry is growing but lacks the presence of new, green technologies, which has a severe, negative impact on the environment. Despite the recent growth of this industry, it remains vulnerable to national and international pressure pertaining to environmental protection and labour rights, both of which largely depend on the awareness of top management. Continual R&D and technological improvement are also important for improving product quality and addressing health and safety issues in this industry. Our proposed method will help company managers build a sustainable supply chain to compete in the international market.
This study has several limitations. First, it is highly dependent on experts' opinions. Hence, it could be biased based on their personal beliefs [40]. In addition, our results are both industry-and location-specific. Future research could evaluate other sectors (e.g., automotive industry, ready-made garments industry) and emerging economies. This study could also be implemented with weighted ISM, total ISM, or structural equation modelling to get better results. Fuzzy MICMAC analysis could also be employed to improve the model.  Recycling focuses on the regeneration of renewable resources after use. The principles of waste management are elimination, reduction, reuse, recovery, and disposal.

2
Using eco-friendly technology (ET) Using eco-friendly technology that conserves energy and reduces resource consumption.

3
Sharing natural resources (NR) The long-term availability and sharing of natural resources. 4 Product responsibility (PR) Product responsibility covers the entire life cycle, including the raw materials, product development, production, use, and recycling.

5
Designing products for recyclability, reusability, and material recoverability (RRR) Designing for deconstruction to ensure that deconstruction processes retain maximum material value. 6 Supplier environmental evaluation and feedback (SEEF) Suppliers are evaluated on several criteria: no child labour, working hours, no forced labour, no discrimination, employment compensation, freedom of association, use of eco-friendly materials, and health and safety practices.

Managing hazardous substances (MHS)
Managing wood-industry-specific hazardous chemicals, which are endorsed by the Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 and have specific safety requirements.
9 Support from customers (SC) Awareness among customers motivates manufacturers to produce green products.

10
Training programs for supplier and vendors (SV) Training, implementing special projects, and monitoring performance.

11
Collaborative R&D with same-sector companies (R&D) Collaboration on green research and development with suppliers and companies in the same sector.

12
Flexible working arrangements (FWA) Flexible working-also known as flextime or flexitime-refers to non-traditional working arrangements that consider employees' personal needs, often involving working from home and flexible hours.

13
Supplier evaluation and selection (SES) Environmental auditing and supplier evaluation to ensure that products conform to regulations.
14 Supplier relations (SR) Supplier relations reflect the extent to which an organization has a collaborative relationship with its suppliers. 15 Stability in policy and regulations (PS) Stability in policies and regulations, which is often tied to political stability. 16 Health and safety (HS) Manual lifting, forceful gripping, wood dust, and hazardous substances are the reported common risk factors in the wood industry. Inhaling hazardous substances and getting caught in moving parts are common injuries in the industry. The most prominent prior risk is inadequate personal protective equipment.

17
Gender diversity (GD) Fair representation of people of different genders at various stages of the supply chain.

18
Government legislation (GL) Regulations pressure suppliers and organizations to use eco-friendly products and processes to improve operational performances.

19
Top management support (TMS) Top management support is crucial to the successful implementation of SSCM.

20
Resource management (RM) Optimal resource usage helps firms achieve economic sustainability in the supply chain.

21
Supplier audit (SA) Supplier audits have the potential to enhance supply chains' environmental and social performance.

22
Product quality (PQ) Sustainable supply chains can be achieved by producing high-quality products with a longer product life.

23
Technological advancement and adaption (TAA) Willingness to research developing technologies and adopt new technologies in the pursuit of greater sustainability.

24
Technology transfer (TT) Transferring technology to supply chain partners helps firms achieve long-term sustainability.

25
Information system (IS)