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The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes

The passage of the World Health Organization (WHO) "International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes" (Code of Breastmilk Substitutes) in May of 1981 marked a great achievement in the fight for improved infant health, but did not signify a lasting solution to the problem of poor marketing practices of infant formula manufacturers. The implementation of the Code of Breastmilk Substitutes is a long and difficult process because the Code was adopted as a recommendation under article 23 of the WHO Constitution, rather than as a regulation. The practical significance of the Code's status as a recommendation is that the Code alone is not binding on transnational corporations (TNCs). The second stage in the fight for the proper use of infant formula substitutes, effective implementation of the Code of Breastmilk Substitutes, depends upon "a multidisciplinary effort in policymaking, formulation of strategies, policy implementation, monitoring and feedback." 4 This article examines the effectiveness of the implementation proeess of the Code of Breastmilk Substitutes as it has occurred since 1981. The roles of national governments, transnational corporations, and non-governmental organizations are discussed, and the contributions of each of these parties to the process are analyzed. The Code has had visible effects on both in-