{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019498607242339833, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009285051067780872, 'mean_word_length': 5.341176470588235, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Power failure: the electrification of Central-Eastern Europe, 1918–39

Abstract The authors argue that the new states of Central-Eastern Europe after 1918 faced a tension between investing in emerging network technologies (such as electricity) and safeguarding their newly gained national sovereignty against foreign influence. This can be seen as a dilemma between energy equity and energy security, which was present elsewhere as well, but particularly important in the region for three reasons. First, the new borders increased the need for new infrastructure to connect locations with energy resources (especially coal and water) to the centres of demand. Second, the region faced a shortage of capital and relied more than other parts of Europe on foreign direct investment. Third, the region was dependent on foreign technology and affected by cartel agreements between the leading foreign companies. Based on new data on the production and consumption of electrical energy across the region, the authors argue that this dilemma impeded the electrification of the region.