{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02909090909090909, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010454545454545454, 'mean_word_length': 5.096952908587258, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion by neuropeptide Y in rats: Hypothalamic and pituitary actions

Previous studies have suggested that the stimulatory effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in rats may be due to a central action of the peptide that promotes the release of LH‐releasing hormone (LHRH) from the hypothalamus, and to an action in the pituitary gland, to potentiate the release of LH induced by LHRH. The objectives of the present experiments were to test (1) whether NPY stimulation of LHRH release requires extracellular Ca++, and (2) whether NPY can exert direct stimulatory effects on the release of LH from anterior pituitary cells. The in vitro release of LHRH from medial basal hypothalamic fragments induced by KCl depolarization (56 mM), but not the basal release, was blocked by omission of Ca++ and addition of 0.1 mM EGTA to the incubation medium and also by cobalt (1 mM). Depolarizationinduced release of the peptide was unaffected by nifedipine, diltiazem, or lanthanum. However, the stimulation of LHRH release by NPY (1 μM) still occurred in Ca++ free/EGTA medium. In a second set of experiments, 10 min pulses of NPY (1–100 nM) alone were ineffective in stimulating the release of LH from dispersed, perifused anterior pituitary cells obtained from ovariectomized, untreated or ovariectomized, estrogen‐treated rats, under conditions where pulses of LHRH (0.1–10 nM) were consistently effective. A brief increase in LH release was observed during a 30 min exposure to 100 nM NPY in estrogen‐pretreated cells, but not from untreated cells, and the effect was not as marked as that produced by LHRH. The present results confirm previous observations that NPY stimulates the release of LHRH from medial basal hypothalamus in vitro and suggests that NPY does not activate the influx of extracellular Ca++ in order to produce this effect. NPY may also directly stimulate the release of LH from anterior pituitary cells, but is weaker than the physiological releasing hormone, LHRH. The dual actions of NPY may have physiological significance in mediating ovarian hormone positive feedback on LH secretion during the estrous cycle.