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Impacts of Bt maize inoculated with rhizobacteria on development and food utilization of Mythimna separata

The current trend of increasing proportion of cultivation of transgenic Bt crops is pushing towards dramatic destabilization of the agroecosystem, thus raising severe concerns about the sustainability of transgenic Bt crops as an effective management tool for the control of target insect pests in the future. Rhizobacteria is the key biological regulator to ameliorate soil‐nitrogen utilization efficiency of crop plants, especially transgenic Bt crops. A laboratory study quantified the impacts of transgenic Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. non‐Bt maize cv. Xianyu335) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense (AB) and Azotobacter chroococcum (AC) on the growth, development and food utilization of a target lepidopteran insect, Mythimna separata. The results showed that the inoculation of rhizobacteria significantly prolonged the larval lifespan and pupal duration, increased RCR and AD, reduced pupal weight, pupation rate, fecundity, RGR, ECD and ECI, and shortened adult longevity of M. separata fed on transgenic Bt maize, while exact opposite trends were found in these measured indexes of growth, development and food utilization for M. separata fed on non‐Bt maize inoculated with AB and AC compared with the buffer control in both years. Thus, the results clearly depicted that the inoculation of rhizobacteria had opposite influences on the growth, development and food utilization of M. separata fed on transgenic Bt maize. Presumably, rhizobacteria inoculation can be used to stimulate plant–soil‐nitrogen uptake and promote plant growth for transgenic Bt maize and non‐Bt maize, simultaneously increasing Bt toxin production and enhancing resistance efficiency against target lepidopteran pests for transgenic Bt maize.