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The Ethnography of Maps: The Cultural and Social Contexts of Cartographic Representation in Peru

In this article, I I examine five maps which were drawn during the course of a dispute between some villages and government officials in Peru over the control of beds of reeds (quite productive in ecological and economic terms) which occupy hundreds of square kilometers in Lake Titicaca. Briefly, in 1978 the Peruvian government had declared these reeds to be an ecological reserve and attempted to regulate and limit their harvest The peasants, who had customary use rights of long standing, opposed the creation of this reserve, and succeeded in retaining control of the reed beds. By the mid-1980s, the dispute had calmed down; the state retained weak authority only in one comer of one section of the reserve...This case shows that there is no neutral position in the Lake Titicaca area from which one can classify maps by their degree of accuracy, or even from which one can divide drawings into maps and non-maps. It therefore suggests the importance of examining the cultural and political elements which are integral to any specific approach to the study of cartographic representation.