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Spatial scale effect of Sentinel-2, Landsat OLI, and MODIS imagery in the assessment of landscape condition of Zagros mountains

Abstract The scale of satellite images affects the recognition of landscape patterns and conditions. Therefore, this research focused on relationships between landscape fragmentation and function using multi-sensor imagery in semi-arid regions of Iran. Landscape function leakiness index (LI) and fragmentation metrics were calculated based on Sentinel-2, Landsat OLI, and MODIS data and compared using regression models and principal component analysis. Upscaled data were obtained based on changing the resolution of native Sentinel-2 from 10 to 30 m and 250 m. Results showed low (4%) and high (91%) fragmentation values in good and poor rangelands, respectively. The Sentinel-2 native LI index was the best indicator of vegetation cover (R 2 = 0.99, p < 0.001) and fragmentation (R 2 = 0.72, p < 0.05) and its upscaling to 30 m correlated better with fragmentation values than 250 m. The findings indicated that landscape functionality has reduced in the degraded areas because of increasing fragmentation and inter-patch spaces.