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Hydroclimatology and Climate Variability

The field of hydroclimatology was developed to synthesize many separate but related topics describing the storage and flux of water between and within the atmosphere and the land surface. By synthesizing these topics, including precipitation, evaporation, water vapor, streamflow, and soil moisture, among others, their interactions with each other and their effects on the earth surface can be assessed better across time and space. Hydroclimatology therefore can be defined as the interdisciplinary study of cyclical, multidirectional interactions between the climate system and the hydrologic cycle on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Much of the research in the field of hydroclimatology is rooted in the identification of the baseline conditions of these interactions and deviations from those conditions. Because the movement, storage, and phase change of water between and within the terrestrial and atmospheric systems is closely linked to energy budgets, the components of hydroclimatology are sensitive to climate variability. This sensitivity to climate and weather patterns is particularly important because of the plethora of hydroclimatic feedbacks that have been modeled and observed. For example, there are notable feedbacks between water vapor and temperature, soil moisture and precipitation, and snow cover and air temperature, among others. Hydroclimatology as a subfield of climatology is well situated to investigate these feedbacks, as some involve interactions between multiple components in the atmosphere and land surface. The sensitivity of hydroclimatological interactions to climate variability is also important in a climate change context. Many studies demonstrate the intensification of the water cycle associated with a warmer atmosphere, resulting in changes in precipitation regimes, flood magnitude and frequency, and drought persistence and intensity, among others. These extreme events can be damaging and costly, and their impacts can be far reaching across human and environmental spheres. Hydroclimatology in this context is well situated within the discipline of physical geography. This article provides a general overview to the field of hydroclimatology, followed by sections addressing several individual components of hydroclimatology. The article concludes with a selection of papers investigating regional hydroclimatologies.