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Modulation of Emotional Faces Processing and Its Implication for Depression and Anxiety

The recognition of environmental information with emotional valence is crucial for the adjustment and social functioning. Since Darwin (1872), facial expressions of basic emotions have been considered as a fundamental component of the processing of emotions and various studies have provided evidence of a dissociable although interconnected involvement of different neural substrates in the emotional processing. Happiness, sadness, anger, fear and disgust are considered as basic emotions. Although with some controversies, surprise is also considered as a basic emotion. In spite of some contrary positions (e.g. Russell, 1994) facial expressions of basic emotions have been considered as universal, i.e., identified in a similar way in different cultures, whether they are literate or preliterate (Andrew, 1963; Ekman et al., 1969), as originally proposed by Charles Darwin. The studies carried out by Paul Ekman and his colleagues led to the development of a database of photographs of actors and actresses expressing basic emotions, called Pictures of Facial Affect (Ekman & Friesen, 1976), which has been widely used in different paradigms, such as emotional processing and aversive conditioning and, more recently, psychological paradigms of activation associated with functional neuroimaging. Other sets of images with facial expressions (Gur et al., 2002) have also been used. The facial musculature is complex, diverse and highly specialized. From an evolutionary perspective, the proliferation and diversification of the facial muscles coincide with the development of language and the period of rapid increase in hominid brain size, when they left the rain forest to live on the savannah. Life in groups led gains to secure food through hunting, and safety from predators. On the other hand, guarantee the survival and breeding in large groups required capacity to recognize emotions of other members of the social organization and, therefore, predict their behavior. If the social cues are important components in this new social organization, the ability to identify and translate these signals must have evolved in parallel with the development of the ability to express and manage, at least partially, the facial expressions. Therefore, humans would not be able to communicate emotional signs, but also to decode them quickly and efficiently (Ohman, 2002). 3