{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019941634241245135, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01264591439688716, 'mean_word_length': 5.085798816568047, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Evaluation of different methods for improving water application and water use efficiency in sugarcane fields.

Sugarcane is an important crop in Khuzestan province in Iran, where the crop is irrigated through gated pipes. Water resource limitation is a big challenge which farmers face in Iran. In this paper the authors studied different practical methods for improving water application efficiency and water use efficiency in sugarcane. These methods consisted of alternate furrow irrigation at different stages of sugarcane growth in heavy soils, changing the furrow shape and establishing furrows with low wetted perimeters for decreasing the infiltration rate and optimisation of water application efficiency in sandy or loamy sand soils. Selection of the best time of cut-off inflow through the gated pipes and reuse of drainage water for irrigation were also investigated. Overall, the results indicated that the use of alternate furrow irrigation at all stages of growth, resulted in 36.5% of water saving compared to the conventional method. A change of furrow shape, from the conventional U shape to a V shape, improved water application efficiency. The results showed that water saving improved with V shaped furrows compared to the shallow U and deep U shaped furrows, with a saving of 28 and 9.5% respectively. Another study applied the best time of cut-off inflow with two discharge inflow rates medium and high with water savings of 35 and 38% respectively. Reusing sugarcane drainage water mixed with irrigation water, at three stations (A,C,D) by pumping drainage water at 50, 66 and 60% respectively, and mixing with the irrigation water, 90% of the sugarcane yield was achieved. Station B had the best conditions in comparison to the other stations for recycling; by pumping 70% from drainage water and mixing with 30% irrigation water a 100% sugarcane yield was achieved. The authors conclude that all of these methods are recommended to enhance irrigation water productivity and water application efficiency on Iranian sugarcane farms.