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Diabetes and gonadal disorders

Abstract Diabetes is closely related with the gonadal endocrine functions. On one hand, the abnormal glucose metabolism may affect functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which in turn leads to sex hormone disorders and, subsequently, hypogonadism both in male and female patients; on the other hand, abnormal secretion of sex hormones is associated with the risk of diabetes. The common hypogonadism diseases, such as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (Klinefelter syndrome, Tuner syndrome) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome), can significantly increase the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism. The exact mechanism underlying the interaction between gonadal diseases and diabetes remains unclear, yet it may be associated with insulin resistance, obesity, abnormal chromosome and abnormal secretion of sex hormone. Clinically, individualized treatment with considerations to both gonadal diseases and abnormal glucose could be advisable.