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Rapid 3D nondestructive imaging technology for batteries: Photoacoustic microscopy

High-specific capacity electrodes can support high-energy density batteries but lead to safety issues. To monitor the safety and reveal the mechanism behind battery failure, it is important to image and sense the changes inside a battery during cycling, which requires rapid three-dimensional nondestructive imaging technology. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), as a burgeoning imaging method for clinical studies, can satisfy these requirements. However, PAM has not been explored in battery applications until recently. In this review, the basic principles of PAM and batteries are explained. We outline the key challenges faced by developing high-energy density batteries, and the roles that PAM can play in related studies. Furthermore, current progress in applying PAM to batteries is summarized. In the end, we discuss possible future research directions of PAM in battery studies. Through this review, we introduce a new imaging method to the battery community and an emerging application direction for PAM experts.