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Snapshots of Endotoxin Extraction from the Gram-negative Inner Membrane

Gram-negative bacteria possess a dual membrane architecture, with the outer leaflet of the outer membrane being composed almost entirely of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is essential for outer membrane formation and antibiotic resistance, and also gives rise to an inflammatory response in humans. LPS biosynthesis begins on the inner leaflet of the outer membrane, followed by transport across the inner membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane. Seven LPS transport proteins A-G (LptA-G) form a complex that spans the inner membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane, and serve to move LPS from the inner to