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Use of statistical techniques in analysis of biological data

Starting from the ancient age to the modern times not a single area can be found where statistics is not playing a vital role. Statistics has now been recognized and universally accepted as an essential component of research in every branch of science. Starting from agriculture, biology, education, economics, business, management, medical, engineering, psychology, environment and space, statistics is playing significant role. Statistics is being extensively used in biological sciences. Specifically, biostatistics is the branch of applied statistics that concerns the application of statistical methods to medical, genetics and biological problems. In the sequel, one important step is the appropriate and careful analysis of statistical data to get precise results. It is pertinent to mention that majority of statistical tests and techniques are applied under certain mathematical assumptions. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the importance of relevant assumptions. In this connection, among other assumptions, the assumption of normality (normal distribution) of population(s) and variance homogeneity etc. are the most important. If these assumptions are not satisfied, the results may be potentially misleading. It is, therefore, suggested to check the relevant assumption(s) about the data before applying statistical test(s) to get valid results. In this study, a few techniques/tests have been described for checking the normality of a given set of data. Since the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models are extensively used in biological research, therefore, the assumptions underlying the ANOVA have also been discussed. Non-parametric statistics is also described to some extent.