{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0571413280051379, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013183715702715239, 'mean_word_length': 3.4923064593684887, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 3, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 86, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Weak approximation and rationally connected varieties over function fields of curves

This is a survey of weak approximation over complex function fields, touching on the Koll'ar-Miyaoka-Mori theorem, places of good and bad reduction, the special case of rational surfaces, rationally simply connected varieties, and applications to low-degree complete intersections.


Introduction
This paper surveys recent work on weak approximation for varieties over complex function fields. It also touches on the geometric theory of rationally connected varieties and stable maps.
Weak approximation has been studied extensively in the context of number theory, quadratic forms, and linear algebraic groups. Early examples include work of Kneser [Kne62] and Harder [Har68] on linear algebraic groups over various fields. In the 1980's, attention shifted to rational surfaces over number fields and cohomological obstructions to weak approximation. Significant results were obtained by Colliot-Thélène, Sansuc, Swinnerton-Dyer, Skorobogatov, Salberger, Harari, and others. We refer the reader to [Har04] for an excellent survey of the state of this area in 2002.
With the development of the theory of rationally connected varieties, weak approximation over function fields of complex curves became a focus of research. Already in 1992, Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori [KMM92b] showed that rationally connected varieties over such fields enjoy remarkable approximation properties, assuming they admit rational points. In 2001, Graber-Harris-Starr [GHS03] showed these rational points exist, which opened the door to a more systematic study of their properties. This paper is organized as follows: Section 1 reviews the basic definitions, presenting them in a form useful for our purposes. In Section 2, we present results valid for general rationally connected varieties, as well as key constructions and deformation-theoretic tools. We turn to special classes of varieties in Section 3, including rational surfaces and hypersurfaces with mild singularities at places of bad reduction. Section 4 addresses a large class of varieties where weak approximation is known, the rationally simply connected varieties [dJS06]. We raise some questions for further study in Section 5. The Appendix presents basic facts on stable maps used throughout the volume.

Elements of weak approximation
Notation Throughout, a variety over a field L designates a separated geometrically integral scheme of finite type over L; its generic point is the unique point corresponding to its function field. A general point of a variety is a closed point chosen from the complement of an unspecified Zariski closed proper subset.
Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and B a smooth projective curve over k, with function field F = k(B).
Let X be a smooth projective variety over F . A model of X is a flat proper morphism π : X → B with generic fiber X. Usually, X is a scheme projective over B, but there are situations where we should take it to be an algebraic space proper over B. For each b ∈ B, let X b = π −1 (b) denote the fiber over b. Once we have chosen a concrete embedding X ⊂ P N , the properness of the Hilbert scheme yields a natural model. The model is regular if the total space X is nonsingular; this can always be achieved via resolution of singularities.
Elementary properties of sections Recall that a section of π is a morphism s : B → X such that π • s : B → B is the identity. By the valuative criterion of properness, we have Assume X is regular and write X sm = {x ∈ X : π is smooth at x} = {x ∈ X : X b is smooth at x, b = π(x)} ⊂ X . (1) Then each section s : B → X is necessarily contained in X sm . The proof of this assertion is basic calculus: Since π • s is the identity the derivative d(π • s) is as well, which means that dπ is surjective and dim ker(dπ s(b) ) = dim X b for each b ∈ B. Thus X b is smooth at s(b). i.e., the restricted product over all the places of B. The restricted product means that all but finitely many of the factors are in O B,b . There are two natural topologies one could consider: The ordinary product topology and the restricted product topology, with basis consisting of products of open sets b∈B U b , where U b = O B,b for all but finitely many b. Using the natural inclusions F ⊂ F b , we may regard F ⊂ A F . Given a variety X over F , the adelic points X(A F ) inherit both topologies from A F . Definition 1.1. A variety X over F satisfies weak approximation (resp. strong approximation) if

Formulating weak approximation
is dense in the ordinary product (resp. restricted product) topology.
For proper varieties X, the distinction between weak and strong approximation is irrelevant. This will be clear after we analyze the definitions in this case.
Unwinding the definition Assume X is smooth and proper and fix a model π : X → B. Both topologies on X(A F ) have the following basis: Consider data J = (N; b 1 , . . . , b r ;ŝ 1 , . . . ,ŝ r ), consisting of a nonnegative integer N, distinct places b 1 , . . . , b r ∈ B, and pointsŝ i ∈ X( F b i ) for i = 1, . . . , r. Since π : X → B is proper, we may interpretŝ i as a section of the restriction to the completion of B at b i . Since we can freely clear denominators, insisting that the points are integral at almost all places is not a restriction. Thus our basic open sets are U J = {t ∈ X(A F ) : t ≡ŝ i (mod m N +1 B,b i )}, i.e., sections with Taylor series at b 1 , . . . , b r prescribed to order N.
Now suppose in addition that π : X → B is a regular model, so that sections automatically factor through X sm ⊂ X (see (1) above). Note that s i (b i ) ∈ X b i is a smooth point, by the same calculus argument we used to show sections factor through X sm . Conversely, Hensel's Lemma (or the madic version of Newton's method, cf. [Ser73,p.14]) implies that each section can be extended to a sectionŝ i of π| B b i . Thus we can recast our data as a collection of jet data where theŝ N i are N-jets of sections of X sm → B at b i . To summarize: Observation 1.2. Let X be a smooth proper variety over F . To establish weak approximation for X, it suffices to show, for one regular model X → B, that for each collection of jet data (2) there exists a section s : Iterated blow-ups arising from formal sections Let X be a smooth proper variety over F of dimension d, with regular model π : X → B. Fix a point b ∈ B and a formal section This is equivalent to a point of X( F b ). We define a sequence of new models inductively as follows: 1. Set X 1 = Blŝ (b) (X 0 ) and let denote the induced section, which exists by applying the valuative criterion to X 1 → B.
the induced section.
the induced section.
In other words, we blow up successively along the proper transforms of the formal section over b. Note that X 1 depends only onŝ(b) =ŝ 0 =ŝ (mod m B,b ), and in general, X N depends only on the jet datumŝ N −1 =ŝ (mod m N B,b ). The fiber over b can be expressed i.e., as a chain with the proper transform of X b at one end, the Nth exceptional divisor at the other end, and blow-ups of the intermediate exceptional divisors in between. Observe thatt N (b) ∈ P d , the Nth exceptional divisor.
Definition 1.3. Let X be a smooth proper variety over F with regular model π : X → B, and J = (N; b 1 , . . . , b r ;ŝ N 1 , . . . ,ŝ N r ) a collection of jet data as in (2). The iterated blow-up associated to J β J : X J → X is obtained by blowing up N times along over each point b j . For each i = 1, . . . , r, let x J i ∈ X J b i denote the evaluation of the formal section defining the blow-up over b i at the closed point.
Proposition 1.4. Retaining the notation of Definition 1.3, we have a natural bijection The direction ⇒ is induced by taking the proper transform of s in X J ; the direction ⇐ is given by setting s = β J • s J .
In other words, we can interpret weak approximation on X in terms of finding sections with prescribed values over the various iterated blow-ups of X . To summarize: Observation 1.5. Let X be a smooth proper variety over F . To establish weak approximation for X, it suffices to show, for each regular model X → B, distinct places b 1 , . . . , b r ∈ B, and smooth points x i ∈ X sm b i , i = 1, . . . , r, there exists a section s : B → X with s(b i ) = x i for each i.
Weak approximation and birational models Weak approximation is a birational property (see [Kne62, §2.1]): Theorem 1.6. Let X 1 and X 2 be smooth varieties over F . Assume they are birational over F . Then X 1 satisfies weak approximation if and only if X 2 satisfies weak approximation.
Corollary 1.7. Let X be a smooth variety, rational over F . Then X satisfies weak approximation.
Proof. Since X 1 and X 2 are birational, they share a common Zariski open dense subset We claim that U(A F ) is dense in X 1 (A F ) and X 2 (A F ) in the ordinary product topology, or equivalently, has trivial interior. Given a point x ∈ X 1 (A F ) \ U(A F ), we claim there exists a point u ∈ U(A F ) that approximates x 1 (in the direct product topology) arbitrarily closely. Precisely, consider distinct places b 1 , . . . , b r ∈ B and the corresponding projections It suffices to show that for each N ≥ 0, there exist . We take u b j to be an Nth order approximation of x b j , chosen in such a way that it does not lie on X 1 \ U (regarded as a subscheme with the reduced induced scheme structure). Standard m-adic approximation techniques (cf. [Ser73,p. 14]) allow us to exhibit such points.
Remark 1.8. In geometric terms, nonempty open subsets of X 1 ( F b j ) are Zariski dense in X. We can produce points intersecting X 1 \ U over b j with arbitrarily high order.
Places of good reduction and construction of models Definition 1.9. Let X be a smooth proper variety over F with regular model X → B. The model has good reduction at b ∈ B if X b is smooth; otherwise, it has bad reduction at b. A place b ∈ B is of good reduction if there exists a regular model π : X → B with good reduction at b, and of bad reduction otherwise.
It is clear that each model has only finitely many places of bad reduction. A gluing argument gives: Proposition 1.10. [HT06,Prop. 7] Let X be a smooth proper variety over F . Then there exists an algebraic space X → B that is a regular model for X and is smooth over each place of good reduction.
Such models are called good models.
An example: pencils of cubic surfaces We really do need to consider algebraic spaces to get good models: Consider the P 19 parametrizing all cubic surfaces in P 3 , with discriminant hypersurface D ⊂ P 19 . The fundamental group of U = P 19 − D acts on the cohomology lattice via the full monodromy representation. The monodromy group is the Weyl group W (E 6 ), acting on the primitive cohomology lattice of the cubic surface via the standard representation generated by reflections in the simple roots [Har79]. (These simple roots are differences of disjoint lines on the cubic surface.) There is a normal simple subgroup H ⊂ W (E 6 ) of index two and order 25920, corresponding to the elements acting on the lattice with determinant one.
Take a general line in P 19 , i.e., one intersecting D transversally. This family may be represented by the bihomogeneous equation The resulting cubic surface fibration π : X → P 1 has the following properties: 1. X is nonsingular and each singular fiber X b has a single ordinary double point, i.e., an isolated singularity with smooth projective tangent cone; etale locally we have 2. the local monodromy near each singular fiber is a reflection in a simple root, i.e., the vanishing cycle for the ordinary double point; 3. π has 32 singular fibers; 4. the monodromy representation is the full group W (E 6 ).
The first assertion is just a restatement of the generality assumption; the second is the Picard-Lefschetz monodromy formula. The third property follows from a straightforward computation with Euler characteristics: X is the blow-up of P 3 along the complete intersection F = G = 0. The last property follows from the Lefschetz hyperplane theorem for fundamental groups, applied to the open variety U [GM88, p. 150]. Let {p 1 , ...., p 32 } be the intersection of D with our general line, i.e., the discriminant of π. Let B denote the double cover of P 1 at these points and π ′ : X ′ := X × P 1 B → B the pullback to B. The local monodromy near the singular fibers of π ′ is now trivial; at the singular point of each such fiber, X ′ has an ordinary threefold double point,étale locally isomorphic to {x 0 x 1 + x 2 2 = u 2 }. The monodromy representation is an index two subgroup of W (E 6 ), which does not contain the Picard-Lefschetz reflections associated to the degenerate fibers; this must be the simple group H. The restriction of the standard reflection representation of W (E 6 ) to H is still irreducible. There are no primitive classes fixed under H and Pic(X ′ /B) is still generated by the anticanonical class.
The family π ′ admits a simultaneous resolution as the local monodromy near each singular fibers is trivial [Bri66]. Concretely, one takes a small resolution of each of the 32 ordinary singularities of X ′ . This entails replacing each singularity with a P 1 ;étale locally, small resolutions of {x 0 x 1 + x 2 2 = u 2 } can be obtained by blowing up either of the planes {x 0 = x 2 −u = 0} or {x 1 = x 2 −u = 0}. The irreducibility of the monodromy representation means Y is not even locally projective over B. It follows that Y exists as an algebraic space but not as a scheme.
2 Results for general rationally connected varieties  [Cam92]. One general point on terminology: A rational curve on a variety Y is the image of a non-constant morphism f : P 1 → Y . In particular, rational curves are always proper, even when Y is not proper.
Definition 2.1. Let Y be a smooth variety. It is rationally connected (resp. rationally chain connected) if there exists a proper flat morphism Z → W over a variety W , whose fibers are irreducible (resp. connected) curves of genus zero, and a morphism φ : Z → Y such that the induced morphism Roughly, Y is rationally connected if there exists a rational curve f : P 1 → Y through the generic pair of points (y 1 , y 2 ) ∈ Y × Y .
Definition 2.2. Let Y be a smooth variety. A non-constant morphism f : with each a i ≥ 0 (resp. a i > 0).
Trivially, every rationally connected variety is rationally chain connected and each variety admitting a very free curve admits a free curve. Slightly less trivial is that every variety admitting a very free curve is in fact rationally connected. For smooth varieties Y over fields of characteristic zero, we can prove converses to these statements. Generic smoothness implies that the general rational curve in a family dominating Y ×Y is very free. And smooth rationally chain connected varieties are in fact rationally connected.

Elements of deformation theory
We recall a basic result we shall use frequently.
Let Y be a smooth variety. Consider a map {f : (C, x 1 , . . . , x r ) → Y } defined on a nodal proper connected curve with distinct marked smooth points, with f non-constant and unramified at the nodes and the marked points. In particular, f does not contract any irreducible components of C, which fits into an exact sequence When C is smooth, Ω 1 C is invertible and we obtain Generally, the tangent space and obstruction space to the moduli stack of stable maps at {f : C → Y } are Γ(C, N f ) and H 1 (C, N f ) respectively. Sometimes, we will abuse notation and write N C/Y for N f . Let I x 1 ,...,xr denote the ideal sheaf for the marked points. Consider the substack of the stable map space consisting of ..,xr has no higher cohomology and is generated at the nodes by global sections.
Lemma 2.3 is typically used to show that stable maps admit smoothings provided they have enough free or very free curves among their irreducible components. It can be applied to establish: .4] Let Y be a smooth rationally connected variety over k, an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero.
There exists a unique maximal nonempty open subset Y • ⊂ Y such that, for any finite collection of points y 1 , . . . , y m ∈ Y • , there exists a morphism f : P 1 → Y • with image containing the points. Any rational curve meeting Currently, no example is known where Y • Y . Actually, we shall require a slight variation on this result: Proposition 2.5. [Deb03, 2.2] Given any collection of points y 1 , . . . , y m ∈ Y • and non-trivial tangent vectors v j ∈ T y j Y • , there exists a morphism f : In fact, we can produce a rational curve through an arbitrary curvilinear subscheme of Y • ; see [HT08a,Prop. 13]. (By definition, a zero-dimensional scheme is curvilinear if it can be embedded into a smooth curve.) The existence of rational curves with prescribed tangencies can be deduced from Proposition 2.4. This foreshadows our weak approximation argument. Proof. Fix y ∈ Y • and 0 = v ∈ T y Y • , and suppose we are given f : Since we may choose f to pass through a large of number of prescribed points in addition to y, we may assume that f is very free. Let the curvef is at least free. Thus a general deformation g t off meets E at a general point. Consider two such deformations g 1 and g 2 , meeting E at w 1 and w 2 respectively. Choose these in such a way that the line ℓ ⊂ E joining w 1 and w 2 contains [v]. Consider the reducible curve . By Lemma 2.3, it suffices to show this is globally generated and has no higher cohomology.
We know that F |g i (P 1 ) is globally generated with no higher cohomology because g i is free. We compute F |ℓ using the exact sequences: Since ℓ is a line and E is exceptional, we know However, this negativity is overcome by the contribution of the nodes w 1 and w 2 , which implies that

Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori and Graber-Harris-Starr Theorems
The following theorem is a forerunner of weak approximation results: Theorem 2.6. [KMM92b, 2.13] Let X be a smooth proper rationally connected variety over F = k(B) with model π : X → B. Assume X(F ) = ∅, i.e., there exists a section s : B → X . Given distinct places b 1 , . . . , b r of good reduction for X and points x i ∈ X b i for i = 1, . . . , r, there exists a section We shall sketch the main ideas of the proof below. It took another ten years to remove the assumption on the existence of the section: A good survey of this important result is [Sta09].
Weak approximation at places of good reduction Theorem 2.8. [HT06] Let X be a smooth proper rationally connected variety over F = k(B). Then weak approximation holds at places of good reduction for X.
We sketch the ideas of the proof in the next two paragraphs. Throughout, let d = dim(X) and X → B a good model for X; fix distinct places b 1 , . . . , b r ∈ B such that X b 1 , . . . , X br are smooth. Let s : B → X denote the section coming from the Graber-Harris-Starr theorem. Our argument proceeds by induction on N, the order of the jets we seek to approximate.
The base case The base (N = 0) case is just the Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori theorem (Theorem 2.6), which we sketch for completeness.
We start with a preparation step, which is a key ingredient of the Graber-Harris-Starr theorem. Basically, we need to show that every rationally connected fibration admits a 'nice section': Let X → B be as above, with section s : B → X . Then there exists s ′ : B → X such that the normal bundle N s ′ is globally generated, with vanishing higher cohomology.
Here is the idea: Let U ⊂ B denote the places of good reductive. Given any finite collection b ′ 1 , . . . , b ′ q ∈ U and non-trivial vertical tangent vectors ) has normal bundle that is globally generated and has no higher cohomology; for details, consult the 'First construction' and Lemma 2.5 of [GHS03]. Deformation theory (cf. Lemma 2.3) allows us to smooth C to a section s ′ : B → X , whose normal bundle remains globally generated without higher cohomology.
The argument is now fairly straightforward: Fix points x i ∈ X b i over places of good reduction b 1 , . . . , b r ∈ B. Let s ′ : B → X be our nice section and g i : The inductive step For simplicity, we describe the procedure in the special case where there is only one place b = b 1 . Letŝ N denote the N-jet of the formal sectionŝ we seek to approximate and β : X N → X the associated iterated blow-up construction with fiber (We retain the notation of Equation (3).) Note that each Blti (b) (P d ) is ruled by the proper transforms of the lines through the blown-up point. Recall Proposition 1.4: We seek sections σ : We may assume τ N is nice, after another application of Proposition 2.9. And there is nothing to prove unless y N = x N .
We construct a chain of rational curves with inductively as follows: T N is the line joining x N and y N , T N −1 is the unique ruling meeting T N , etc., and T 0 is a very free curve meeting T 1 . The reducible curve admits a deformation to a section σ : B → X N still passing through x N .

Direct generalizations
Definition 2.10. A smooth (not necessarily proper) variety Y is strongly rationally connected if through any point y ∈ Y there passes a very free rational curve.
We rephrase Proposition 2.4 as follows: Proposition 2.11. Let Y ′ be a smooth rationally connected variety over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Then there exists an open, nonempty subset Y • ⊂ Y ′ that can be characterized as the maximal strongly rationally connected subset of Y ′ .
Proof. Let Y • denote the set produced from Proposition 2.4; recall that any rational curve meeting Y • is contained in Y • . We have already seen (in the course of the proof of Proposition 2.5) that Y • is strongly rationally connected: The existence of curves through arbitrary finite collections of points means that there are very free curves through any We show that Y • is maximal among strongly rationally connected subsets of Y ′ . If there exists such a subset containing y ∈ Y ′ then there exists a very free curve through y, i.e., one joining y to a general point of Y ′ . In particular, such a curve necessarily meets Y • and thus is contained in Y • .
The proof of Theorem 2.8 generalizes directly as follows: Theorem 2.12. Suppose S ⊂ B is a finite set and B • = B \ S. Let π : Y → B • be a smooth morphism with strongly rationally connected fibers. Suppose that π admits a section. For any collection J of jet data for Y over B • (cf. (2)), there exists a section s : B • → Y with those jet data.
This can be successfully applied to certain kinds of singular fibers, e.g., where X → B is a regular model such that X sm → B has strongly rationally connected fibers. We shall offer specific examples in Section 3 below.
A conjecture The Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori theorem and the weak approximation results sketched above motivate the following general assertion: Conjecture 2.13 (Weak approximation for rationally connected varieties).
[HT06] Let X be a rationally connected variety over k(B), the function field of a curve B over k, an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Then X satisfies weak approximation.
The main technical challenge is the singular fibers. In Section 3, we shall survey situations where the fibers can be successfully analyzed, or where the global geometry ensures weak approximation.

Converse theorems
We have seen that rationally connected varieties often satisfy weak approximation; in many cases, the converse also holds. The results in this section originate from conversations with Jason Starr.
We start with a purely geometric result: Theorem 2.14. Let X be a smooth projective variety over k(B), with regular model π : X → B. Suppose that X admits a section s : B → X with the following property: Given general points b, b ′ ∈ B and general points The key hypothesis can be expressed nicely in terms of stable maps (see the Appendix): This yields a two-pointed stable mapping This induces a specialization of our stable map where f ′′ (p) = x and f ′′ (p 2 ) = x 2 . Now there is a unique irreducible component B ⊂ B ′′ such that the restriction s ′′ = f ′′ |B is a section. Let C denote the union of irreducible components mapped into X b . We know: • C is a tree of rational curves; Thus we have a chain of rational curves in X b joining x and x 2 , i.e., X b is rationally chain connected.
It is not hard to formulate infinitesimal criteria for when our hypothesis holds: with differential d b,b ′ (e.g., [Kol96, I.2]). Since this is surjective, the evaluation morphism is dominant.
Corollary 2.16. Assume k is uncountable. Let X be a smooth projective variety over k(B) with regular model π : X → B. Suppose there exist distinct places of good reduction b, b ′ ∈ B such that, for general x ∈ X b and x ′ ∈ X b ′ , there exists a section s : B → X with s(b) = x and s ′ (b) = x ′ . Then X is rationally connected.
See [Kol96, IV.3.6] for a discussion of how the assumption that k is uncountable allows us to pass from the set-theoretic condition (there exists a section through all points of the fibers) to an algebro-geometric condition (the evaluation morphism is dominant).

Special cases of weak approximation
We continue to assume k is algebraically closed of characteristic zero and B is a smooth projective curve over k, with function field F = k(B). • for each y ∈ Y • (F ), X • y = f −1 (y) admits a rational point and satisfies weak approximation.
Then X • satisfies weak approximation.
Note that the varieties need not be projective; indeed, we shall shrink them so as to satisfy the smoothness hypothesis. The idea of the proof is quite natural: Approximate first in the base, then in the fibers.
Here is a quick but very useful consequence: Corollary 3.2. Let X be a smooth projective variety over F , Y a smooth projective variety rational over F , and f : X → Y a conic fibration, i.e., a morphism whose geometric generic fiber is isomorphic to P 1 . Then X satisfies weak approximation.
Here, take Y • ⊂ Y to be the open subset over which f is smooth and The base satisfies weak approximation by Corollary 1.7. The fibers are all isomorphic to P 1 -indeed, conics over F are automatically split-hence also satisfy weak approximation.
Classification of surfaces and weak approximation The birational classification of rational surfaces over a non-closed field is due to Enriques, Manin [Man66], and Iskovskikh [Isk79]. Let X be a smooth projective surface over F that is geometrically rational. Assume that X is minimal, in the sense that it admits no birational morphisms φ : X → X ′ to a nonsingular projective surface, defined over F . Then X is isomorphic to one of the following: • P 2 or a quadric Q ⊂ P 3 ; • a Del Pezzo surface with Pic(X) = ZK X , of degree d = K X · K X ; • a conic bundle over P 1 with Pic(X) ≃ Z ⊕ Z.
When X = P 2 , a quadric, or a Del Pezzo surface of degree d ≥ 5, then X is rational and satisfies weak approximation by Corollary 1.7 (cf. [Has09, §3.5]). The conic bundle cases are covered by Corollary 3.2. The case of degree four Del Pezzo surfaces falls under this category (see [CTG04,§2]): If X is a degree four Del Pezzo surface over F = k(B) then X(F ) is Zariski dense by the Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori theorem (Theorem 2.6). For suitable x ∈ X(F ), the blow-up X ′ = Bl x (X) is a cubic surface containing a line ℓ, i.e., the exceptional divisor over x. Projecting from ℓ gives a conic bundle structure π ℓ : X ′ → P 1 ; weak approximation for X ′ and X therefore follows.
Thus to complete the case of rational surfaces, it remains to prove weak approximation for Del Pezzo surfaces of degree 3, 2, and 1. . In particular, we can find a rational point such that projection from that point yields a smooth cubic surface.

Hypersurfaces of very low degree
Here is another example of how Theorem 3.1 can be profitably applied: Theorem 3.4. [HT09] Let X ⊂ P n be a smooth hypersurface of degree d. Define φ : N → N by the recursive formula Then X satisfies weak approximation if n ≥ φ(d).
Here is the idea: Let F 1 (X) ⊂ G(1, n) denote the variety of lines on X, which is smooth of the expected dimension [AK77,1.12]. An application of the adjunction formula shows so F 1 (X) has ample anticanonical class ('the Fano variety of lines is Fano'). It follows [KMM92a, Thm. 0.1] that F 1 (X) is rationally connected and thus has an F -rational point Λ by the Graber-Harris-Starr Theorem (Theorem 2.7).
Consider the projection from Λ π Λ : P n P n−2 and the induced π Λ : Bl Λ X → P n−2 , which is a conic bundle. Corollary 3.2 implies X satisfies weak approximation.
Cubic surfaces with mild singular fibers We describe situations where Theorem 2.12 applies to cubic surfaces: Proposition 3.5. [HT08a, §5] Let Y be a cubic surface with only rational double points. Then the smooth locus Y sm ⊂ Y is strongly rationally connected.
We sketch this in the special case where Y has a single ordinary double point y 0 .
Proof. We apply Proposition 2.4: Any rational curve in Y sm that meets the maximal strongly rationally connected subset of Y sm is contained in that subset. Thus given y ∈ Y sm , it suffices to exhibit a rational curve joining y to a general point y ′ ∈ Y sm . The fact that y ′ is general implies • If ℓ is the line containing y and y ′ , then ℓ meets Y transversally at three distinct points {y, y ′ , y ′′ }.
• There are no lines on Y through y ′ or y ′′ .
• There exists no hyperplane section containing y ′ or y ′′ , but not containing y 0 , and consisting of a line and a conic meeting tangentially.
It suffices to exhibit an irreducible singular fiber of ϕ. Now ϕ has a total of twelve singular fibers, counted with multiplicities. First, consider the fiber F 0 corresponding to the hyperplane section H 0 through y 0 . The possibilities for H 0 are: 1. an irreducible plane cubic with a node at y 0 ; 2. an irreducible plane cubic with a cusp at y 0 ; 3. the union of a line and a conic meeting transversally at y 0 ; 4. the union of a line and a conic meeting tangentially at y 0 .
Note that F 0 consists of the exceptional curve over y 0 and the proper transform of H 0 . The corresponding possibilities are: 1. the union of two P 1 's meeting transversally in two points; 2. the union of two P 1 's meeting tangentially; 3. the union of three P 1 's meeting pairwise transversally; 4. the union of three P 1 's coincident at a point.
The multiplicity of F 0 is 2, 3, 3, and 4 respectively; these are computed by summing the Milnor numbers of the corresponding singularities [Tei75, 2.8.3].
There might be up to three additional reducible fibers beyond F 0 ; these are unions of lines through y and conics through y ′ and y ′′ , meeting transversally. Altogether, these contribute at most six to the multiplicity count. In order to account for all twelve singular fibers, there must be at least one that is irreducible and disjoint from y 0 .
Here is the application to weak approximation: Proposition 3.6. Let X be a cubic surface over F = k(B) and π : X → B a regular model. Suppose that S ⊂ B is a finite set with complement B • , chosen such that for b ∈ B • of bad reduction, X b is a cubic surface with rational double points. Then X satisfies weak approximation at places of B • .
Here we apply Theorem 2.12 to the open subset Y ⊂ X × B B • where π is smooth. Proposition 3.5 gives strong rational connectedness; Theorem 2.7 gives the required section.
Further applications to mild singular fibers We list further cases where this line of reasoning applies. Let Y be a projective variety with smooth locus Y sm . Then Y sm is strongly rationally connected provided 1. Y is a degree two Del Pezzo surface with certain types of rational double points; this is due to Knecht [Kne07,Kne08].
2. Y is a log Del Pezzo surface, including surfaces with quotient singularities and ample anticanonical class; this is a result of C. Xu [Xu09a], and is applied to weak approximation questions in [Xu09b].
Combining the last example with the discussion of cubic surfaces, we obtain: Corollary 3.7 (Weak approximation for general Fano hypersurfaces). [HT08a] Let X ⊂ P n be a hypersurface of degree d ≤ n over F = k(B), with squarefree discriminant. Then X satisfies weak approximation.
Proof. The condition that the discriminant is square-free implies X admits a regular projective model such that the singular fibers each have a single ordinary double point. Indeed, the multiplicity of the discriminant at a point equals the sum of the Milnor numbers of the singularities in the corresponding fiber [Tei75]; an isolated singularity has Milnor number one precisely when it is an ordinary double point.
Non-regular models Let X be a smooth projective rationally connected variety over F = k(B) and π : X → B a model. When X is regular, we saw in Section 1 that sections of π necessarily factor through X sm ⊂ X , the locus where π is smooth. However, when X is not regular it may admit sections passing through singularities over places of bad reduction.
There are a number of approaches we can take to deal with this eventuality. The most direct is to resolve singularities ̺ : X → X to obtain a regular model π : X → B. Sections σ : B → X through singularities lift to sections σ : B → X meeting exceptional divisors of ̺ lying over those singularities. When this resolution can be performed explicitly, we can attempt to construct sections meeting prescribed exceptional divisors. However, this approach requires precise control over the rational curves in various homology classes of the fibers of π.
Here is a result that can be proven in this way: Theorem 3.8. [HT09, Thm. 18] Let X → B be a model of a smooth projective rationally connected variety X. Assume that for each place b ∈ B of bad reduction, the singular fiber X b has the following properties: • X b has only ordinary double points; • X sm b is strongly rationally connected; • if ρ : X b → X b is the blow up of the double points, then for each component D of the exceptional locus Exc(ρ) there exists a rational curve in X b meeting D at one point transversally and avoiding Exc(ρ) \ D.
Then X → B satisfies weak approximation.
Unfortunately, this approach is not robust enough to fully prove weak approximation, even for cubic surfaces.
We may interpret Y as a blow-up of P 2 : Choose four lines L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 ⊂ P 2 in general position, with intersections p ij = L i ∩ L j . Then Y ≃ Bl p 12 ,...,p 34 (P 2 ) with exceptional curves E 12 , . . . , E 34 . Furthermore, the proper transform of L j equals D j . If L is the pullback of the hyperplane class of P 2 to Y then which is divisible by two. This is incompatible with the last assumption of Theorem 3.8.

Weak approximation and rationally simply connected varieties
There are large classes of varieties where weak approximation can be proven at all places. Here we focus on the 'rationally simply connected varieties' introduced by Barry Mazur and studied systematically by de Jong and Starr [dJS06].

An easier argument under strong assumptions
Theorem 4.1. Let X be a smooth projective variety over F = k(B). Assume that for each m ≥ 1, there exists a class β ∈ H 2 (X C , Z) and an irreducible component of the space of Kontsevich stable maps with the following properties: • M is defined and absolutely irreducible over F ; • a general point of M parametrizes a smooth immersed curve; • the evaluation morphism is dominant with rationally connected generic fiber.
Then X satisfies weak approximation.
The key hypothesis is known to hold for These classes of varieties are said to be strongly rationally simply connected.
Corollary 4.2. Let X ⊂ P n be a smooth complete intersection of type (d 1 , . . . , d r ) over F . If n + 1 ≥ r i=1 (2d 2 i − d i ) then X satisfies weak approximation.
Proof. We apply the iterated blow-up construction, as formulated in Observation 1.5. Suppose X → B is a regular projective model of X, b 1 , . . . , b r ∈ B distinct points, and x i ∈ X sm b i , i = 1, . . . , r. We produce a section σ : B → X with σ(b i ) = x i for i = 1, . . . , r.
There exists a multisection such that x 1 , . . . , x r ∈ Z and Z → B is unramified at those points. Indeed, embed X ⊂ P N and take a general one-dimensional complete intersection containing x 1 , . . . , x r . Set m = deg(Z/B) and let Z ⊂ X denote the corresponding zero-cycle of length m. Suppose, for the moment, that Y := ev −1 (Z) is rationally connected with generic point corresponding to a stable map with the following properties: • the mapping is an immersion; • at the marked points the mapping is an embedding, i.e., at these points it is an isomorphism onto its image.
Let Y → B be a model of Y . The Graber-Harris-Starr and Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori theorems give a Zariski-dense collection of sections ρ : B → Y. Given any subvariety ∆ Y , we may assume ρ(B) avoids ∆ in the generic fiber.
In particular, ρ corresponds to an immersed rational curve Z ⊂ R ⊂ X with the properties prescribed above. Let R ⊂ X denote the closure of R, a ruled surface containing Z and thus x 1 , . . . , x r . Let ψ : X → X be an embedded resolution of singularities for R, with proper transform R ⊂ X . Since R is smooth along Z, ψ is an isomorphism over Z; let Z ⊂ R denote the closure of Z. Now Z → Z is an isomorphism over the points {x 1 , . . . , x r }; let x ′ 1 , . . . , x ′ r ∈ Z denote their pre-images. Furthermore, R → B is smooth at these points, because there is a formal section through each x ′ j , e.g., Z. (Recall that Z → B is unramified at x ′ j .) Weak approximation holds for rational curves, thus there is a sectioñ σ : We now illustrate how to ensure that Y = ev −1 (Z) is rationally connected with generic point corresponding to a smooth rational with an immersion that is an embedding at the marked points. There exists a closed subset ∆ ′ X m where one or more of these conditions fails. We need to choose Z so as to avoid this subset. However, after attaching a suitably large number of fibral very free curves to Z (cf. Proposition 2.9 and [GHS03, §2]), we can find a degree m cycle Z ′ ⊂ X avoiding ∆ ′ but still containing x 1 , . . . , x m . Indeed, let b ∈ B denote a general point with z 1 , . . . , z m ∈ Z b . Then there points z ′ 1 , . . . , z ′ q ∈ Z and free curves f i : P 1 → X π(z ′ i ) such that the comb C = Z ∪ z ′ 1 f 1 (P 1 ) ∪ · · · ∪ z ′ q f q (P 1 ) has N C/X ⊗I z 1 ,...,zm,x 1 ,...,xr globally generated with no higher cohomology. The general deformations of C through x 1 , . . . , x r is a multisection meeting X in a general cycle of length m.
A harder argument under weaker assumptions We are grateful to Jason Starr for suggesting this argument.
Before we state our result, we review some facts on mappings from rational curves to smooth varieties, following [dJS06,§3].
We shall use the following basic fact repeatedly: Let W be an integral scheme of finite type over a field F of characteristic zero. Suppose there exists a geometrically connected nonempty subscheme V ⊂ W defined over F , along which W is normal. Then W is geometrically integral. Indeed, all the geometric irreducible components of W meet along V ; W would fail to be normal along V if there were more than one.
Let Y be a smooth proper variety over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Proof. First, the uniqueness of M ′ 0,0 (Y, β) is a consequence of the fact that the stable map space is smooth at a free rational curve, because the normal bundle is a quotient of the pull-back of T Y . Fix m ≥ 1. The space of all degree m morphisms P 1 → P 1 is irreducible, so there is an irreducible scheme R m parametrizing the composed maps f •g described above. Each f •g : mβ) is smooth along R m , and thus admits a distinguished irreducible component containing R m .
Remark 4.4. Suppose f : P 1 → Y is as described above, but defined over an arbitrary field F of characteristic zero. Then M ′ 0,0 (Y, mβ) is defined over F as well.  Proof. Our proof is by induction on m. There is nothing to prove in the base case m = 1, so we focus on the inductive step.
Fix a dense open subset U ⊂ Y over which the fibers of ev n |M ′ 0,1 (Y, nβ) → Y, n = 1, . . . , m − 1, are all irreducible of the expected dimension and contain free curves. It follows that for any y ∈ U and smooth points {g 1 : (D 1 , p 1 ) → Y } ∈ ev −1 n (y) and {g 2 : (D 2 , p 2 ) → Y } ∈ ev −1 m−n (y), the stable map is in the same irreducible component of the stable map space. This distinguished component must coincide with M ′ 0,0 (Y, mβ). Indeed, it suffices to show that the g constructed in the previous paragraph can be chosen to lie on M ′ 0,0 (Y, mβ). We may take g 1 and g 2 to be suitably general branched coverings of a fixed free curve {f : P 1 → Y } ∈ M ′ 0,0 (Y, β) through y. However, the moduli space of stable maps of degree m from P 1 to P 1 is irreducible, and even smooth as a stack. Thus g deforms to a degree m covering composed with f . Consider our admissible mapping h : C → Y . We may assume h maps the nodes of C to U. Pick D 1 to be an 'extremal' irreducible component of C, i.e., one corresponding to a 1-valent vertex of the dual graph to C. The stability condition means this is not contracted. Set D 2 = C \ D 2 and p = D 1 ∩ D 2 the disconnecting node joining them. Taking g 1 = h|D 1 and g 2 = h|D 2 , we see that the g constructed above coincides with h, and thus is in the desired component.
It remains to show that the generic fiber ev −1 m (y) is irreducible. However, it admits a distinguished stratum ev −1 (y) × M 0,m+1 , corresponding to attaching m copies of a fixed mapping to a single contracted component (P 1 , q, p 1 , . . . , p m ). Here the jth copy is attached to p j . This stratum is geometrically irreducible and ev −1 m (y) is smooth at its generic point, thus ev −1 m (y) is irreducible. with the following properties: • M is defined and absolutely irreducible over F ; • a general point of M parametrizes an immersed smooth curve; • the evaluation morphism is dominant with rationally connected generic fiber.
Assume furthermore that the resulting components M m := M ′ 0,0 (X, mβ) are rationally connected for each m ≥ 1. Then X satisfies weak approximation.
The main hypothesis holds for X ⊂ P n a complete intersection of degrees Corollary 4.8. Let X ⊂ P n be a smooth complete intersections of type (d 1 , . . . , d r ) over F . If n + 1 ≥ r i=1 d 2 i then X satisfies weak approximation. Proof. The first steps of the argument are identical to Theorem 4.1; thus we retain the notation of its proof, i.e., Z → B is the degree m multisection containing the points we seek to approximate, but otherwise general. Let U ⊂ X × B X denote the open subset over which ev has (geometrically) irreducible rationally connected fiber containing a very free immersed rational curve. We may assume Z meets the image of U under the first projection.
where here we take the relative evaluation map. Furthermore, by our assumption this is a family of rationally connected varieties. The Graber-Harris-Starr and Kollár-Miyaoka-Mori theorems imply P → Z has a section τ : Z → P and these sections are Zariski dense. In particular, we may assume for general z ∈ Z, τ (z) parametrizes a smooth very free rational curve T joining s Z (z) and s ′ (z). We have where T ′ is the closure of T . Let T denote the image of T ′ under projection to X ; this contains both s and Z, which is the projection of s ′ . As in the proof of Theorem 4.1, after blowing up X we may assume T → B is smooth wherever the proper transform Z → B isétale, and in particular, at x 1 , . . . , x r .
Let b ∈ B be the general point; we realize T b as the image of a stable map where C 0 meets C i , i = 1, . . . , m in a node p i and the C 1 , . . . , C m are disjoint. Write Z b = {z 1 , . . . , z m } and let T j denote the image of T ′ z j in X b . Since T j is a very free immersed curve, we take g|C j : P 1 → T j , j = 1, . . . , m to be the normalization, chosen so that g(p j ) = s(b). We take g|C 0 to be constant. In the special case where m = 2, we simply omit the component C 0 ; should m = 1, we have a section through our prescribed points and there is nothing to prove.
We apply Proposition 4.6, which allows us to interpret g as a non-stacky, smooth point of M From now on, we tacitly replace M ′ 0,0 (X , mβ) with a resolution of singularities that is an isomorphism over the smooth point g. This resolution is also a rationally connected fibration over B, and admits a section γ with γ(b) = g. Applying the technique used in Proposition 2.9, we construct a comb C in M ′ 0,0 (X , mβ) with handle γ(B) and teeth in suitable fibers, such that N C ⊗ I γ(b 1 ),··· ,γ(br) is globally generated with vanishing higher cohomology. We deform to get a new section Applying this argument to the blow-up at x 1 , . . . , x r , we may even assume ρ(b i ) = γ(b i ) for i = 1, . . . , r.
Let R → B denote the ruled surface corresponding to ρ. By construction, we have R b i = T b i is smooth at x i for i = 1, . . . , r. Weak approximation holds in dimension one, e.g., for R → B, thus we have a section σ : Connections to R-equivalence Rational simple connectedness has implications for R-equivalence as well.
Definition 4.9. [Man86] Let X be a projective variety over a field F . Two points x 1 , x 2 ∈ X(F ) are directly R-equivalent if there exists a morphism f : P 1 → X defined over F , such that f (0) = x 1 and f (∞) = x 2 . The resulting equivalence relation is known as R-equivalence; the set of equivalence classes is denoted X(F )/R.
The following nice result of Pirutka [Pir09] is proven using techniques similar to Theorems 4.1 and 4.7: Theorem 4.10. Let F = C(B) denote the function field of a smooth complex curve B, or the field C((t)). Let X be a smooth complete intersection of r hypersurfaces in P n of degrees d 1 , . . . , d r , defined over F . Assume that r i=1 d 2 i ≤ n + 1. Then X(F )/R = 1, i.e., there is a unique R-equivalence class.
Here is rough sketch; see [Pir09] for details. Suppose that X → B is a regular projective model and s 1 , s 2 : B → X are two sections corresponding to x 1 , x 2 ∈ X(F ). For simplicity, we assume these points are general in X. The evaluation map ev : M ′ 0,2 (X, m) → X × X is dominant with rationally connected fibers for m ≥ 2. We also have a relative evaluation map where mβ is the class of degree m fibral curves. Consider the pre-image P = ev −1 /B (s 1 , s 2 ), which is rationally connected (since s 1 and s 2 are general) and thus itself admits a section ρ : B → P. Indeed, such sections are Zariskidense in the fibers, and thus correspond to freely immersed rational curves in the generic fiber f : P 1 → X. This rational curve joins x 1 and x 2 , proving direct R-equivalence. If x 1 and x 2 are not general, a more sophisticated argument (via specialization) still yields a chain of rational curves joining x 1 and x 2 , which suffices to prove their R-equivalence. A Appendix: Stable maps We continue to work over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero.
What is a stable map? We review some basic terminology: A curve C is a reduced connected projective scheme of pure dimension one over k. The genus of a curve is its arithmetic genus 1 − χ(O C ). A point p ∈ C is a node if either of the following equivalent conditions is satisfied • the tangent cone of C at p is isomorphic to Spec(k[x, y]/ xy ); • C has two smooth branches at p, meeting transversally.
A marked point of C is a smooth point s ∈ C and a prestable curve with n marked points (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) is a nodal curve C with s 1 , . . . , s n ∈ C such that s i = s j when i = j. If C is a nodal curve of genus zero then each irreducible component of C is isomorphic to P 1 .
Let C be a nodal curve with normalization ν : C ν → C with connected components C ν 1 , . . . , C ν m and images C 1 = ν(C ν 1 ), . . . , C m = ν(C ν m ). The dual graph of C is a graph with vertices {v i , i = 1, . . . , m} and edges {e p } indexed by the nodes p ∈ C, i.e., given p ∈ C a node with ν −1 (p) = {p ′ , p ′′ } where p ′ ∈ C ν i and p ′′ ∈ C ν j , then the edge e p joins v i to v j . We often put additional structure on this graph, e.g., we can label the vertex v i with g i = genus(C ν i ). For a curve with marked point we add a tail (i.e., an edge with just one endpoint) at the vertex corresponding to the component of the normalization containing the point, i.e., if s i lies on C ν j then we attach a tail t i to the vertex v j .
Let C be a nodal curve with dualizing sheaf ω C and C ν i a component of its normalization. Then . . , p n ) be a nodal curve with n marked points. It is stable if ω C (p 1 + · · · + p n ) is ample. In combinatorial terms, if v i is a vertex of the dual graph with g i = 0 (resp. g i = 1) then at least three (resp. one) edges or tails are incident to v i . Now fix a scheme X. A morphism f : (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → X is called a prestable map; it is stable if ω C is ample relative to f , i.e., its restriction to each irreducible component of C contracted by f has positive degree. Combinatorially, if v i corresponds to a contracted component and g i = 0 (resp. g i = 1) then at least three (resp. one) edges or tails are incident to v i . Two prestable maps with n marked points f : (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → X, f ′ : (C ′ , s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ n ) → X are isomorphic if there is an isomorphism ι : C → C ′ over X with ι(s i ) = s ′ i for each i.
Note that precomposing a stable map with an automorphism of the curve gives an isomorphic stable map.
Given a morphism of schemes φ : X → B and a prestable map f : (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → X, postcomposing by φ clearly gives a prestable map Definition A.2. Let S be a scheme of finite type over k. A family of prestable curves with n marked points consists of a flat proper morphism π : C → S and sections s 1 , . . . , s n of π such that each geometric fiber s 1 (t), . . . , s n (t)), t ∈ S(k) is prestable with n marked points.
Given a scheme X → S, a prestable map consists of a family of prestable curves with marked points (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → S and a morphism: It is a stable map if, for each t ∈ S(k), the induced f t : (C t , s 1 (t), . . . , s n (t)) → X t is a stable map.
Usually we have X = X × S for some scheme X over k, in which case we call these families of prestable/stable maps to X.
Again, given a morphism of schemes over S and a prestable map f : (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → X , the composition is also prestable.

Statement of results
The first two results are fairly standard applications of the language of algebraic stacks: Theorem A.3 (Existence I). Let X be a scheme over k. There exists a (nonseparated) Artin stack M ps g,n (X), locally of finite type over k, representing families of prestable maps of genus g curves with n marked points into X. Given a morphism φ : X → B over k, postcomposition induces a morphism (i.e., a 1-morphism) φ * : M ps g,n (X) → M ps g,n (B).
Theorem A.4 (Existence II). Let X be a proper scheme over k.
There exists an open substack M g,n (X) ⊂ M ps g,n (X) parametrizing stable maps. Each connected component is a proper Deligne-Mumford stack of finite type over k. If X is projective then each connected component of the coarse moduli space is projective.
The third statement uses slightly different techniques: On existence We focus on Theorem A.3, as the properness/projectivity assertions of Theorem A.4 are covered in several places in the literature.
We abuse terminology, using the term 'Hilbert scheme' for the algebraic space parametrizing proper subschemes of a scheme, as constructed in [Art69]. First, choose a line bundle L 0 on C 0 that is very ample with no higher cohomology. Fix a basis for Γ(C 0 , L 0 ) and consider the corresponding embedding C 0 ֒→ P N . Let Hilb 1 denote the connected component of the Hilbert scheme parametrizing nested subschemes {s 1 (0), . . . , s n (0)} ⊂ C 0 ⊂ P N .
Let Hilb 2 denote the component parametrizing pairs of nested subschemes {s 1 (0), . . . , s n (0)} ⊂ C 0 ⊂ P N Γ f 0 ⊂ C 0 × X where Γ f 0 is the graph of our stable map. Let 0 ∈ Hilb 2 denote the distinguished point corresponding to our choice of prestable map and projective embedding of C. Restricting to a suitable open neighborhood 0 ∈ U ⊂ Hilb 2 , we obtain a 'universal' prestable map over U. Precisely, restrict to the u ∈ Hilb 2 where • s 1 (u), . . . , s n (u) are distinct; • C u is nodal; • s i (u) ∈ C u is a smooth point; • Γ u ⊂ C u × X is the graph of a function.
The relevant prestable map is induced by projection onto X. Claim: Let (S, 0) denote a pointed scheme and f : (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → X × S a family of prestable maps agreeing with our initial stable map at the distinguished point 0. There exists anétale neighborhood S ′ → S of 0 and a morphism µ : S ′ → U ⊂ Hilb 2 such that the pull-back of the universal stable map over U is isomorphic to the pull back of our family of prestable maps f ′ : (C ′ , s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ n ) → X × S ′ , where C ′ = C × S S ′ , the s ′ j are the induced sections, and f ′ is the morphism obtained by composition f with the projection C ′ → C.
Here is the idea of the proof: We choose S ′ in such a way that π ′ : C ′ → S ′ admits a relatively very ample line bundle L restricting to L 0 at C 0 , and π ′ * L admits a trivialization over S ′ restricting to our choice of basis of Γ(C 0 , L 0 ). Using this data, we get a canonical lift of our prestable map to U.
Each such U gives a open neighborhood for [f 0 : (C 0 , s 1 (0), . . . , s n (0)) → X] ∈ M ps g,n (X) in the smooth topology. We would like to use these as the basis of a stack presentation of M ps g,n . For any two such open sets U ′ and U ′′ , we must describe the gluing relation between U ′ and U ′′ : Given universal prestable maps C ′ → U ′ , f ′ : (C ′ , s ′ 1 , . . . , s ′ n ) → X × U ′ , and C ′′ → U ′′ , f ′′ : (C ′′ , s ′′ 1 , . . . , s ′′ n ) → X × U ′′ , we glue fibers over u ′ ∈ U ′ and u ′′ ∈ U ′′ when there is an isomorphism This is a smooth equivalence relation, so the quotient is an Artin stack (see [LMB00,§4]). Suppose φ : X → B is a morphism of projective varieties, f 0 : (C 0 , s 1 (0), . . . , s n (0)) → X a prestable map to X, and φ • f 0 : (C 0 , s 1 (0), . . . , s n (0)) → B the induced map to B. Let Hilb X 2 and Hilb B 2 denote the Hilbert schemes constructed as above and U ⊂ Hilb X 2 and V ⊂ Hilb B 2 the associated open subsets. Then composition by φ induces morphisms compatible with the equivalence relations. Thus we get a morphism of the corresponding stacks.
Discussion of stabilization Suppose we have a morphism S → M • g,n (X) corresponding to a prestable map, consisting of a family of prestable curves π : (C, s 1 , . . . , s n ) → S and a morphism f : C → X × S over S. Fix a line bundle L on C ample relative to π and thus ample relative to f .
Suppose that ω π (s 1 + · · · + s n ) fails to be ample relative to f , i.e., some fiber C t admits an irreducible component D such that f (D) = {point} and ω π (s 1 + · · · + s n ) has negative degree along D. It is evident that there are a finite number of curve classes with this property. Choose c > 0 to be the smallest positive number such that the Q-divisor ω π (s 1 + · · · + s n ) ⊗ L c is nef relative to f . Write c = a/b with a, b ∈ N so that M = ω b π (b(s 1 + · · · + s n )) ⊗ L a is Cartier. Note that M is trivial along any component D ⊂ C t over which it has zero degree. One can show that for some N > 0, M N is globally generated and has no higher direct images relative to f . (We give references below.) In particular ⊕ N ≥0 f * M N is finitely generated and we get a morphism contracting all the components over which M is trivial. In some sense, this is a strong version of the Kawamata basepoint freeness theorem relative to f . algebraic space can be found in [AV02,8.4]. An analysis of the stabilization functor-with applications to functoriality of stable maps-can be found in [BM96,§3]. Explicit constructions of stabilization morphisms in related contexts can be found in [Knu83] and [Has03, §3.1,4.1]; these references prove the relative global generation and vanishing asserted above.