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Determination of wrist biomechanics during snowboard falls Determination of wrist biomechanics during snowboard falls as a precondition for the development of a harmonized international standard for wrist protectors in snowboarding

forearm during such snowboard falls. To collect actual field data on forces and moments generated on the hand and wrist, an instrumented ski glove capable of recording in-situ kinematics and forces applied to the hand during falls occurring while participating in snowboarding was designed, validated, and used in a pilot study on-slope. One goal of the research is to inform efforts to develop appropriate laboratory test methods and standards for the evaluation of wrist protection that is based on actual injury mechanisms and conditions that occur on the slopes. Snowboarding is associated with a relatively high injury risk and the incidence of snowboarding-related trauma seems to be increasing [1]. The most frequently injured body region is the upper extremity which comprises 35% to 45% of all snowboard related injuries [2]. Especially among 9–19-year olds, there is evidence that snowboarding injury rates are among the highest of all sports [3]. Among snowboarders, the wrist represents the most frequently injured body region and accounts for 19–28 % of all injuries [1]. The most common injury mechanism is described as a compressive load applied to a hyperextended wrist when falling onto outstretched arms (Fig. 1). However, little is known about the actual loading on the hands, wrist and Fig. 1: Injury mechanism of a radial fracture attributable to compressive (axial) load applied to a hyperextended wrist at impact