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Hypnea species (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from the southeastern coast of Brazil based on molecular studies complemented with morphological analyses, including descriptions of Hypnea edeniana sp. nov. and H. flava sp. nov.

The red algal genus Hypnea (Gigartinales) has a wide geographical distribution along tropical and subtropical coasts around the world. The relatively simple and plastic morphology, often influenced by the conditions of its habitat, complicates the identification of Hypnea species. Therefore, the number and status of some species remain in doubt. Molecular studies have been performed to supplement traditional studies based on morphology, mainly for Hypnea species occurring in Asia. In the present study, sequence data from the DNA barcode COI-5P for 114 samples from the southeastern coast of Brazil, indicated the occurrence of six taxa. Additionally, sequence data from the UPA and rbcL markers for representatives of each of those taxa confirmed the existence of six different species. After morphological analysis and comparison with sequences available in GenBank, these species were named as follows: H. aspera, H. cervicornis, H. cf. musciformis, H. spinella, and two new species, H. flava Nauer, Cassano & M.C. Oliveira and H. edeniana Nauer, Cassano & M.C. Oliveira. Hypnea cervicornis, often considered as a later synonym of H. spinella, should be considered as a distinct species based on morphology and divergence of the three molecular markers used. Hypnea aspera is a new record for the Atlantic Ocean.