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Pulmonary function measurements in dolphins using capnography

aries were poorly demarcated, the nuclei were oval and uniform, and mitotic figures were scant, but apoptotic cells were frequently identified. Granularity of the cytoplasm was clearly visible with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Luxol fast blue. In the PAS staining, the granules were diastase resistant. Immunohistological stainings were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections with a standard kit (Dako Lsab kit; Dako) based on a peroxidase-labelled streptavidin-biotin method. Tumour cells expressed protein S-100, vimentin and neuron-specific enolase, but gave a negative immunoreaction with antibodies against cytokeratins, smooth muscle-specific actin and desmin. Ultrastructurally, the tumour cells were surrounded by abundant fibrillary collagen. The nuclei were generally oval and chromatin was condensed on the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasms were filled so much with granules of apparent lysosome-origin, that they displaced the nucleus peripherally (Fig 2b). The granules were mainly round or oval and were situated in small clusters. Other cell organelles were scant, but occasional small mitochondria were visible. On the basis of these findings, the masses were identified as equine pulmonary granular cell tumours. The age and sex of the horse reported here are in agreement with previous reports of granular cell tumours. Horses with pulmonary granular cell tumours usually have a prolonged history of coughing, exercise intolerance, dyspnea and weight loss (Scarratt and Crisman 1998). In the present case, the mare had a relatively short course of clinical signs, and the main complaints on admission were hard swellings on the distal forelimbs and weight loss. Unlike most reported cases of primary pulmonary neoplasia or hypertrophic osteopathy, this mare was in relatively good condition, had managed light riding exercise and was not judged to be in pain. In addition, hypertrophic osteopathy also involved only the forelimbs. The metacarpal and phalangeal regions are the typical sites for periosteal proliferations (Scarratt and Crisman 1998) and usually both foreand hindlimbs are affected (Mair and others 1996). The lung tumours were relatively large at the time of presentation and both lungs were affected. Of 17 previously reported cases, the granular cell tumour was bilateral in only two cases (Anderson and others 1992, Kelley and others 1995). A large solitary mass or several smaller soft tissue opacities are usually seen radiographically in primary lung tumours (Scarratt and Crisman 1998). In the present case, the size of the opacities varied greatly and, in the dorsocaudal lung field, the overlapping lesions gave an impression of a larger opacity. Although granular cell tumour is a frequently reported primary pulmonary tumour in the horse, it has rarely been reported with hypertrophic osteopathy (Scarratt and Crisman 1998). It has been suggested that a Schwann cell is the cell of origin (Bouchard and others 1995, Kelley and others 1995). The histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations in the present case are in agreement with such findings.