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The Charging and Vehicle to Grid Flexibility of Electric Vehicles at Different Locations

The idea that electric vehicles (EVs) can connect to the grid to serve as energy storage energy devices is compelling, especially in situations where traditional forms of storage, back-up energy supply is unavailable or expensive, or considering the volatility of frequency. So far, the viability and reliability of vehicle-grid integration, which represents smart charging (SC) and vehicle to grid (V2G) of electric vehicles, has become a very popular research topic. Previous studies mainly focused on the maximum potential of SC and V2G capacity on account of too many assumptions, which, however, is usually unrealistic to achieve. The charging and V2G flexibility of EVs are estimated from both adjustable power and adjustable amount aspects with model derived from real-world data. Overall, the EVs at home locations have the largest charging and V2G flexibility under the uncontrolled charging (UC) strategy, only in the regular working time, the maximum adjustable charging power at home location is smaller than that at work locations. Meanwhile, the V2G flexibility, is generally larger than charging flexibility at work and public locations.