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Translation of Diplomatic Neologisms from the Perspective of Manipulation Theory

Diplomatic neologisms are the best medium to reflect a country’s policies, economics, and politics. This paper takes the translation of diplomatic neologisms in Fighting COVID-19: China in Action as the research object and explores the following questions: how to improve the readability and acceptability of the translation in target culture, how to achieve effective communication in diplomatic affairs, and the sustainable development of diplomatic relations. Currently, there are very limited studies on the translation of diplomatic neologisms at home and abroad, and most of them are restricted to the inherent characteristics of the words, ignoring their contextual factors to a large extent. By taking the context of the original text into consideration, this paper focuses on and analyses some representative examples selected from the white paper. It concludes that the mainstream ideology and patrons manipulate the English translation of Chinese diplomatic neologisms, and then puts forward relevant translation principles and translation strategies.


Research Background
With the reform and opening-up policies, China has been pacing up its modern construction and enjoying an improved international status thanks to its rapid economic growth as well as comprehensive national strength. However, during the Spring Festival in 2020, it encountered unexpectedly a sudden pandemic-the COVID-19, which poses a serious threat to its people's life and health. As one of the earliest and biggest victims of the pandemic, China has made painstaking efforts with solidarity in its fight against the pandemic and successfully contained the spread of the virus. But its well-meant performance has been maligned by some ill-disposed western politicians. They intend to demonize and destroy China's good image by spreading rumor such as "Chinese Virus", "China Threat" that are detrimental to its long-term relationships with some misguided countries. In order to share China's experience in containing the spread of the virus and treating the infected patients, the Chinese Central Government has enhanced its foreign publicity of political texts, aiming to resolve misunderstandings from the international community by showing its determination to fight the pandemic. Neologisms, which express social changes and progress, reflect the development of society in a timely and exact manner. At present, exchanges and cooperation between countries have become more extensive than ever before and China is playing an active role in the international community. As a result, a great number of new ideals, new concepts and new terms emerge, and they are all related to diplomatic neologisms. These neologisms loaded with abundant Chinese culture and important diplomatic thoughts are powerful tools in the Chinese language to show China's firm political stance, promote its diplomatic policies and raise its global profile.

studies.
After searching relevant studies on the Internet, the author finds that there are numerous studies on manipulation theory, while studies on diplomatic neologisms are few. It follows that the researches on the English translation of diplomatic neologisms are still in their infancy. Nevertheless, with the increasing complexity of international relations, the researches on the English translation of diplomatic neologisms are becoming more important, which greatly arouses researchers' interests.

The Purpose and Significance of the Research
Due to the differences between Chinese and western cultures as well as the changeable and complicated international situations, the translation of these neologisms is challenging as it is closely related to the reputation and image of China. Therefore, studies in this field are of great significance that deserves full attention. Analyzing some diplomatic neologisms coined in the context of COVID-19, the author explores their features, principles and methods employed in translation to help China bolster its position and increase its discourse power in the world under the guidance of manipulation theory.
The research will probe into the influence of manipulation theory on diplomatic neologisms, especially the influence of the tideology and patron, and try to analyze how these extra-lingual factors manipulate and dominate their C-E translations. Most of the previous studies on manipulation theory interpret it from the factors of the target context, while this paper analyzes the manipulation mechanism of translation behaviors from the source context. It mainly focuses on translation principles and translation strategies to effectively reveal and explore the inner rules and laws in the process of diplomatic neologisms from the perspective of manipulation theory. More specifically, it attempts to elucidate some translation phenomenon beyond the linguistic factors. It provides a more profound explanation on how the translation of diplomatic neologisms came into being, and provokes more fresh ideas on the research about them.

A Brief Introduction to Fighting COVID-19: China in Action
The State Council Information Office of China releases the white paper Fighting COVID-19: China in Action on June 7th, 2020. It is comprised of the preface, the body and the conclusion. The main body consists of four parts. The first part is China's fight against the pandemic: a test of time. The second one gives us important details about China's well-coordinated prevention, control and treatment. The third one emphasizes on assembling a powerful force to beat the virus. The last part is to call on building a global community of health for all. It records the difficult periods of both physical and mental anguish for Chinese people to combat the virus, shares effective measures and experience in pandemic response and medical treatment with other countries. It also depicts Chinese people's feelings and lessons they learn from the pandemic after going through this suffering and passes confidence and strength in solidarity in the face of the huge disasters. In order to share its experience with the rest of the world, and to clarify its ideas on the battle against the virus, this paper creates many diplomatic neologisms targeted at issues and events of the pandemic.

The Influence of Fighting COVID-19: China in Action
It is the first time that China systematically sorts out the timeline of its response to the pandemic, makes periodic official summaries of its efforts and gives authoritative and detailed answers to global concerns. Since the release of this white paper, it has triggered worldwide attention in the international community. Russia Today, the Associated Press and many other foreign media report the paper immediately and share their point of view respectively. They reach a consensus that the white paper faithfully records China's efforts in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and fabricated absurd remarks made by some western politicians should be strongly refuted. In addition, overseas scholars maintain that China's anti-pandemic philosophy of "put life above everything" is worth learning from and only through global solidarity and cooperation can we conquer COVID-19.

Methodology
Methods employed in this research mainly include literature review, illustration and case study research.
It starts with a proper introduction of the topic and reviews on the previous literature on the manipulation theory and diplomatic neologisms. After giving a brief account of studies in these two fields, it explains in details the theoretical basis.
The most important part is the case study which selects certain and typical examples from the text, and comes up with several translation principles and translation strategies to analyze them one by one. Then, it illustrates the text on the whole to discuss an invisible element (patronage) that cannot be ignored.

Studies Abroad
Generally speaking manipulation theory came into being in the 1970s-1980s, which tended to study the cultural factors in the process of translation. It has inherited and developed Itamar Even Zohar's Polysystem theory that translators should shift their focus from the source text to the target text, and translation procedures are restricted by various conditions in the target Polysystem (Zohar, 1990). However, as far as Gentzler (2002) was concerned, he criticized that the Polysystem theory was based on limited examples and concluded the "general law" in an ambiguous way, and translators reply too much on the formalism. In order to perfect the shortcoming of being too abstract in the Polysystem system, Hermans (1985) summed up its restrictions as "ideology, poetics and patronage", which greatly promoted the development of the theory, thus laying a foundation for the manipulation theory. Furthermore, he indicated that all the translation activities manipulate the original text intentionally or unintentionally when it comes to the target literature, which was regarded as the rudiment of the manipulation theory.
Later on, driven by a cultural turn in translation studies, André Lefevere combines translation studies with power and ideology, and proposes that translation is rewriting on a basis of predecessors' theoretical achievements. He believes that it is necessary to integrate translation into the Polysystem. In 1981, in Beyond the Process: The Literary Translation in Literature and Literary Theory, he held the view that the literary system is not implemented in a "vacuum" environment (Lefevere, 1981). Therefore, He started to explore the ideological interference in the translation process. In the same year, in the essay Translated Literature: Toward an Integrated Theory, he mentioned the Polysystem theory as little as possible, but discussed more about descriptive translation and put forward the concept of "refracted text" (Lefevere, 1981). In 1984, in That Structure in the Dialect of Man Interpreted, he introduced the concept of "patronage". From his point of view, translation is a subsystem of the literary system. Rewriting under different historical conditions is mainly restricted by two aspects: one is from the inside of the literary system, that is, professionals composed of critics and translators; the other is from the outside of the literary system, that is, people and institutions (we call them as "patrons") who have the right to promote or hinder the creation and translation of literary works. Patrons are interested in literary ideology, while professionals are concerned about poetics (Lefevere, 2000).
There are some other representative figures who have contributed a lot to the development of manipulation theory such as Susan Bassnett, Jose Lambert, etc. In the book Translation, History and Culture coauthored by Lefevere & Bassnett, Bassnett (1990) made some adjustments, suggesting that "rewriting is manipulation out of ideological, poetic needs, and translation is the translator's manipulation of the text". As Lefevere's rewriting theory overemphasizes the influence of politics and ideology on translation, largely ignoring the linguistic factors, hence Mary Snell-Hornby came up with a comprehensive approach to translation studies. In his book Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach, he sought the combination of linguistic and literary methods of translation from a new perspective. Not only did he analyze the source text at the linguistic level, he also factored in history, law, economy, social culture and various specific related fields in his studies (Hornby, 2010). Jean-Marc Gouanvic strongly supports this comprehensive approach. He stressed that translation studies should not only focus on the translator's subjectivity, but also take the production, publication and critical study of translations into account (Gouanvic, 2002).
Looking from the development of the manipulation theory, we gain an insight to its progressive process that starts from a single aspects and enriches itself to multi aspects.

Studies at Home
Inspired by manipulation translation studies in the western countries, Chinese scholars' research starts from the early 21st century and continues to this day. First of all, some of them combine manipulation theory with the translation of novels in late Qing Dynasty. They take the translation works of Yan Fu and Lin Shu as examples and demonstrate that limited in a specific historical and cultural environment, translation activities are commonly affected by certain readers, ideologies, poetics and sponsors. In 2013, as one of the forerunners in this field, Zhu Yan first conducted a systematic study of manipulation theory. She believes that manipulation theory has expanded translation studies from the textual domain to the cultural domain, without paying attention to the translator's active role in understanding, interpretation and expression (Zhu, 2013). Then, Liu Xia found that the domestic translation academia have different opinions on the manipulation factors in the theory. The main ijel.ccsenet.org International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 11, No. 6;2021 argument is whether the patron can be regarded as important as ideology and poetics. After some research, she concludes that translation is the process in which the translator rewrites the original text under the control of ideology and poetics to achieve his own goals (Liu, 2018).
After years of development, manipulation theory has been discussed in conjunction with the translations of various famous domestic and foreign novels. Moreover, it has been applied to a wider range of areas, such as subtitle translation, publicity translation, news translation, tourism translation, etc. The representative ones are Hu Xingwen and Wu Amiao (2013) who propose that the translator rewrites the original text in order to win the target audience and achieve the best communicative effect in cross-border, cross-language, and cross-cultural exchanges by converting and coordinating two different languages.

Studies on Diplomatic Neologisms
Studies on the translation of diplomatic neologisms are quite few and limited at home and overseas studies about it on CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) cannot be retrieved. In 2014, Yang Mingxing, a famous Chinese scholar in political and diplomatic translation, first focused on the translation of diplomatic neologisms in order to address the difficulty of publicity translation. he analyzed the current situation of the translation of diplomatic neologisms and its problems, such as inconsistency, inaccuracy, lack of professionalism. Besides, he pointed out the linguistic characteristics of diplomatic neologisms. First, diplomatic neologisms are of high political sensitivity, which are often related to national interests and security. Second, they are culture-loaded words with profound meaning. Third, they reflect China's diplomacy in the new era in an all-round way. Fourth, they are professional, unique and concise. Last the four principles in the translation which are political equivalence, consistency, professionalism and universality (Yang, 2014). Jiang Jiahui and Guan Rongzhen (2018) discussed the English translation strategies and rules of diction of diplomatic neologisms based on "political equivalence" that put forward by Yang Mingxing (2008). In 2019, they further analyzed diplomatic neologisms in Reports of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China from a perspective of diplomatic equivalence and concluded that diplomatic neologisms, which are political, equitable and propagandistic, are used in diplomatic activities (Jiang & Guan, 2019).

André Lefevere's Rewriting Theory
As one of leading exponents of manipulation theory and an illustrious professor in comparative literature, Lefevere (2006) proposes that translation is not simply to transform one language into another in a "vacuum" environment. It is a complex activity, that is, both the original and the translated text are influenced by other factors embedded in the cultures of source language and target language.
Based on that thought, he did a further study by largely applying post-colonialist theories. In the preface to the book Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame, he straightforwardly writes: translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. He holds the following opinions: (1) rewriting is manipulation implemented in the service of power and it will promote the development of literature and society; (2) rewriting can bring in new social concepts, new literary genres and new device. The process of translation is also a process of constant renewal and innovation of literature, which can reshape the culture; (3) any kind of rewriting, regardless of its intention, is manipulated by the certain ideology and poetics, and thus forming a corresponding literary system in a given society; (4) we can gain a deeper insight into the world by taking the translation as a carrier and studying the manipulation of different literary systems (Lefevere, 2010).
In his opinion, there is no need to compare the original text with the target text in translation studies, and thus the theoretical basis "target-language centered" is established, which enables us to reexamine the relationship between the original text and its translation, and reconsider the influence and role of translators from a new perspective.

Three Factors of Manipulation Theory
In the fourth chapter of the book, Lefevere (2010) points out that, there are two factors that basically lay the foundation for the translation of literature. According to the degree of manipulation, the first is the translator's ideology, that is, whether he/she takes an active approach to accept his/her mainstream ideology or whether he/she is willing to comply with the constraints imposed on him/her by some form of patronage. The second is the poetics, which is dominant in the recipient literature.

Ideology
According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, ideology refers to a set of beliefs on which a ijel.ccsenet.org International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 11, No. 6; 2021 political or economic system is based, or which strongly influence the way people behave. It is a system of ideas that reflect the interests and requirements of a specific economic form, class and community. The domestic and foreign policies of a country are inevitably restricted by its mainstream ideology, that is, the ideology of the dominant ruling class. Ideology in diplomatic affairs is always related to the national interest . Chen Huang (1993) claims that, diplomacy is an extension of domestic politics, and the struggle of domestic ideology and politics influence and determine the nature and purpose of diplomacy to a great extent. In modern society, different social systems and ideologies of different countries are bound to affect the relations between countries, which may cause conflict and hostility or improve understanding and cooperation.
The current social ideology will affect the translator's translation strategies and principles. If there is some content in the source text that disobey to the culture or ideology of the target language, the translator will make corresponding adjustments in the light of his own actual needs.
First of all, influenced by his dominant ideology, the translator sets his sights on the original text and gives priority to protect his country's good image; Secondly, publishers revise and monitor the translation in accordance with certain political needs; Finally, administration of press and publications regulates the publication.

Patronage
As far as Lefevere (2010) was concerned, patrons are divided into different types, so the way of exercising their power is also diverse. For example, the head of state can exercise his power in the name of an individual, and other types of patrons can exercise their power through organizations such as churches, parties, publishing houses or media like newspapers, radio and authoritative television companies.
It is the most important factor in the translation process, which plays a vital role in deciding the direction and development of translation activities. When a translator uses his translation to achieve his political or cultural purpose, in order to obtain certain rights, his manipulative characteristics will become more and more obvious.
"Patronage" and "patron" are two different concepts. The former one is an abstract relationship between the patron and the recipient, while the latter is the real giver. In terms of external relations, ideology and poetics usually fulfill a function through patronage; and judging from the internal structure, patrons are divided into three types: economic patron, ideological patron and poetological patron (Lu, 2015). These patrons can be differentiated or undifferentiated. In essence, they support, protect and help each other through exchange of resources.

Poetics
In Lefevere's (2010) definition, poetics is not only related to poetry creation and the study of skills adopted on it, but also associated with literature and art. The formation of poetics took place in a certain period, which is the consequence of a large number of practices in literature fields at that time. Poetics consists of two parts: the first is the synthesis of literary techniques, genres, themes, typical characters, scenes and symbols; second, the concept of what role literature plays in the whole social system. Consequently, once it arises in a literary system, it does not function in a society independently, but interacts with ideology; in the meantime, it also reshapes and renews itself when it is not acceptable in a given society that changes with the times.

The Characteristics and Four Types of Diplomatic Neologisms
The white paper records China's arduous struggle against the pandemic, and many diplomatic neologisms that convey China's ideas and new policies to the world have appeared. According to Yang (2014), in general, diplomatic neologisms refer to the new concepts and new terms proposed by the Chinese government on diplomatic occasions and in related work based on the international situation, which specifically reflect its diplomatic policy, philosophy of state governance, and guiding principle in a broad sense. Their main characteristics are as follows: First, the neologisms are politically sensitive which are often related to national interests, national security and international relations. Secondly, in fact, as typical culturally-loaded words, they demonstrate distinctive Chinese characteristics. The third is that they are innovative with profound meaning. The fourth is that they are professional, unique and concise.
On the whole, diplomatic neologisms include new words, old words with new meanings and foreign words. New words are created to meet the needs of diplomatic work and express new policies, new concepts and new things. Old words with new meanings refer to the old words become hot issues or focused words in a new diplomatic ijel.ccsenet.org International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 11, No. 6;2021 context; or vocabularies generated on the basis of the old forms; or words borrowing from local dialects, folk idioms or terms through devices like extension and metaphor; or words originating from foreign languages.

Political Orientation and Accuracy
This signifies that translators should transfer the original meaning faithfully without any deviation or distortion. By accuracy, it is not just constrained to the linguistic accuracy in content between source and target culture, but also requires that the translation in line with the dominant ideology of the source context. The English translation of diplomatic neologisms requires expressing political information accurately, otherwise misunderstandings between countries may arise, thus eventually impacting the relations between countries.

TT: Oppose stigmatization and politicization of the virus
Since the beginning of the outbreak, some US politicians have maliciously spread discriminatory statements such as "Wuhan virus" and "Chinese virus". However, this version straightforwardly translates the key words of the original text. When it comes to the international reputation and national interests, the Chinese government seriously defends and protects them, so the translator must avoid misunderstandings and suspicion caused by unclear semantics to show China's political attitudes and its mainstream ideology.

External Publicity
Considering diplomatic neologisms bear the responsibility of publicity, in order to enable Western readers to better understand China's new policies, the translator needs to think about how to correctly express their connotation while meeting the aesthetic expectation of target readers. The Communist Party of China believes that the people are the masters of the country, and all great undertakings can only be achieved by relying on the people. Therefore, if the Chinese people want to win the battle of pandemic prevention and control, they must make concerted efforts to address it. This translation lays stress on the "people's war", summing up three kinds of wars to a highly generalized word "all-out" and directly points out the "enemy"-virus. This method of translation presents China's unique concept of governing the country and its advantages to the world.

TT: A global community of health for all
This translation is adapted from a widely accepted vision put forward by Xin Jinping-a global community of shared future, which aims to give consideration to the reasonable concerns of other countries in the pursuit of China's interests and promote the common development of all countries while pursuing China's development. It also echoes one of the important goals of the World Health Organization, namely, health for all, to indicate its meaning that people all over the world have an access to basic health care services. It not only comprehensively and accurately conveys the meaning of the original text, but establishes a good image for China that follows the central trend of the world and puts life above everything.

Dynamics
This principle emphasizes that the translator should consider factors such as the speaker's political and historical background and the relation with the country of the target language. These factors will change over time. Therefore, the translator should have a high degree of political sensitivity, pay close attention to changes in policies, and find out the diplomatic situation of different countries.

Example 4 ST: 联防联控国际合作
TT: International cooperation on joint prevention and control The Chinese government always upholds the vision of a community with a shared future for mankind, actively ijel.ccsenet.org International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 11, No. 6;2021 practicing multilateralism, and carries out extensive international cooperation in various fields. In the face of the onslaught of the pandemic, it advocates working together to deal with risks and challenges in solidarity. This translation consists of two parts. The first part is a practice that China has always been committed to. The second part uses the preposition "on" to point out that it is a pragmatic action taken under the current situation. The word "joint" means concerted efforts, which is not only corresponds to its literal meaning, but also echoes and emphasizes its deep meaning.
Example 5 ST: 抵制自私自利、"甩锅"推责 TT: Resist scapegoating and self-serving artifices The diplomatic relation between China and the United States is complicated and changeable. During the pandemic, some US politicians tried their best to link the virus to China in an attempt to inflame the anger of the American people over their country's ineffective response to the pandemic to China. The Chinese government are strongly against this. In this translation, the word "scapegoat" is faithful and is a metaphor from the perspective of China, indicating that it has been treated unfairly, while "self-serving" focuses on the American government, indicating that its actions will ultimately cause damage to itself. And compared to the word "trick", "artifice" is more formal and it exactly reflects China's firm stance.

Equilibrium
In terms of equilibrium, the translation of diplomatic neologisms should conform to the golden mean and pursue harmony, equality as well as a state of balance, to avoid misunderstandings and suspicion caused by obvious political stance.

TT: Inbound cases
In the beginning, it was translated into "imported cases" by the WHO. However, by a reference to the dictionary, the word "import" means "to bring or carry in from an outside source, especially to bring in (goods or materials) from a foreign country for trade or sale", which is completely inappropriate to use it here in light of the context and the emotional coloring of the word. For this reason, this translation was reinterpreted as "inbound", giving a middle-ground explanation that the cases resulting from virus carriers traveling abroad.

ST: 临时医院
TT: Improvised hospital Many foreign media call Huoshenshan and Leishenshan hospitals as makeshift hospitals, which is something of a misnomer, as is attested by the definition in Collins. "Makeshift things are temporary and usually of poor quality, but they are used because there is nothing better available; If you improvise, you make or do something using whatever you have or without having planned it in advance (Collins Online Dictionary)." The word "makeshift" contains a negative meaning while "improvised" is more objective.

Literal Translation
Literal translation is a strategy which aims to preserve both original content and form of source text. It is sometimes used to translate some terms, but it should not lead to readers' misunderstanding. To some extent, literal translation could preserve literary features of source text as well as preserve cultural characteristic of the source text.

Free Translation
Free translation is a kind of translation method which can correctly express the thought and content of the original text without sticking to the form of the it. A number of diplomatic neologisms loaded with abundant Chinese culture and philosophy can not be translated word by word, instead, the meaning should be the priority in translation.

TT: In designated facilities
The original content cannot be translated into under centralized observation by word-for-word translation as it is difficult for target readers to understand. Moreover, the version of "in concentrated places" is undesirable because the word "concentrated" reminds people of the concentration camp. Therefore, the translation should convey the true implication in view of the whole paragraph.

Explanatory Translation
As its name implies, explanation refers to necessary explanatory statement made towards certain translation to make readers of the target language better understand source text. It is a supplemental instruction to the background information and interpretation to linguistic meaning.

ST: 六稳、六保
TT: Six fronts (employment, finance, foreign, trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations); Six priorities (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government) Both two phrases are typical representatives of China's diplomatic Neologisms that reflect the new ideas and policies advocated by the Chinese government in various sectors. If the translator just translate them literally without any annotations or explanatory notes, the target readers will probably get confused and have a superficial understanding of them. By explanatory translation, foreign readers can better understand the measures adopted in the special era, thus encouraging exchanges and cooperation between countries.

The Relation Between Ideology and Patronage
There is a close tie between the ideology and the patronage. On the one hand, as the center of authority and the originator of manipulation, patrons always take the mainstream ideology as the criterion to judge and assess whether the translation is qualified to match their expectations. In most instances, if a translation is in line with the mainstream ideology of the society and convey information effectively and correctly, then the patrons will agree to the publication of the it and expand its influence through publicity. On the contrary, if a translation violates the ideology supported by the patrons, it will lose the opportunity to be published. On the other hand, being an invisible "hand" behind the production of political texts, ideology regards patrons as a tool to manage translation quality and manipulate translator's behavior. In conclusion, patronage and ideology are two indispensable elements in translating diplomatic neologisms, their influence must be evaluated in a holistic way.

Patronage in the Translation Process
Since the reform and opening up, the translation and overseas circulation of China's white paper have gradually become an important channel for China's diplomatic policies. The central government is always behind such activities, serving as an indirect or invisible patron to manipulate the translation process. It is also an "invisible hand" besides ideology. Fighting COVID-19: China in Action serves as China's remarkable achievements in beating the virus, political and diplomatic declaration, program of action to unite and lead the people of the whole country. Therefore, its translation is of crucial significance for Chinese government to tell its stories and share its experience internationally. To achieve this goal, the central government will review translations and choose the optimal translation versions in terms of either ideological and political correctness, diction or style.

Conclusion
With the development of the cultural turn, manipulation theory has won wider recognition owing to its contribution of setting a creative theoretical pattern for further translation studies.
Diplomatic neologisms are the best medium to reflect a country's policies, economics, and politics. Despite the ijel.ccsenet.org International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 11, No. 6;2021 fact that studies about them are still few, they are absolutely worthy of our ongoing and continuing researches.
This research tries to adopt this applicable theory to analyze the C-E translation of diplomatic neologisms in Fighting COVID-19: China in Action. Based on case analysis, in the first part, this research starts from listing and explaining the translation principles and translation strategies used in the official version, so as to prove the hypothesis that the final translation is manipulated by ideological factors of the original text.
In the second part, it shows that ideology and patronage are closely interrelated, and illustrates that how these two elements simultaneously interact with each other. To further discuss that patronage is the most powerful factor imposed on the translator, it pays much attention to the patrons involved in the translation process.
The innovation of this research is that it focuses on the context of the source language while the former studies often place emphasis on the target culture. On the other hand, translation studies should not only consider the linguistic factors but also the non-linguistic factors. Ideology, patronage, poetics and other factors make a great difference to the translation. In sum, the manipulation theory is workable and efficient in explaining the translation of political neologism.
Much as this research has contributed to relevant studies to some degree, there are still some limitations. First is the lack of foreign studies on diplomatic neologisms, it only gives the domestic insight into the research. Second the research only discusses and analyses the official version of the text, and no other different versions can be found on the Internet. it is an important direction that more versions could be provided even if they are not the most appropriate ones.