{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.017053310800430172, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006606237517283761, 'mean_word_length': 5.205910390848427, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 6, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
CASE REPORT Thoracoscopic resection of neurogenic tumours in two children

Conventionally thoracic neurogenic tumours are resected through open thoracotomy but with the availability of miniature endoscopic instruments and improved laparoscopic skills, Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery(VATS) is increasingly being accomplished with similar long term results[2,3]. Here we report two children who underwent thoracoscopic resection of thoracic neuroblastoma and neurofibroma.


Introduction
Neurogenic tumours in children account for one-third of all thoracic tumours in children. Out of all the neurogenic t u m o u r s , 6 0 % a r e m a l i g n a n t , p r e d o m i n a n t l y neuroblastoma [1]. Thoracic neuroblastoma is biologically less aggressive than abdominal neuroblastoma, having excellent long term outcomes.
Conventionally thoracic neurogenic tumours are resected through open thoracotomy but with the availability of miniature endoscopic instruments and improved laparoscopic skills, Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery(VATS) is increasingly being accomplished with similar long term results [2,3]. Here we report two children who underwent thoracoscopic resection of thoracic neuroblastoma and neurofibroma.

Case presentation 1
The eight-month-old baby boy was presented with a right supraclavicular soft tissue mass of 3cm diameter which was found to be a lymph node mass in computerized tomography (CT) scan. On the CT of the chest, a separate posterior mediastinal mass was noted on the right side. The two masses were not in continuity. An excision biopsy of the neck mass revealed a metastatic deposit of the mediastinal neuroblastoma. The thoracic tumour measured 5X4X4cm which was extending up to the hilum of the right lung. He underwent 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the tumour was downstaged remarkably. After chemotherapy, the tumour was in a favourable location in the apex of the posterior mediastinum with a size of 3X2cm.
He underwent thoracoscopic resection of neuroblastoma with a successful outcome. The surgery was done with mainstem left bronchial intubation which enabled complete right lung collapse.  The thoracic cavity was accessed through 5mmX 3 ports, having an optical port at posterior axillary line 5th intercostal space (ICS) with two working ports at the anterior axillary line and posterior to the tip of the scapula. He was positioned in a semi-prone position to expose the lesion of the lung. The mass was located in the apex of the posterior mediastinum wedging the brachiocephalic and subclavian veins. The parietal pleura was circumferentially divided and the lesion was separated from the posterior thoracic wall. The sympathetic chain was divided above and below the lesion and the mass was dissected off the subclavian vessels. The lesion was resected and retrieved through the most posterior port site which was upgraded to 10mm size for retrieval..
He recovered uneventfully and was given post-operative chemotherapy after 3 weeks of surgery. He didn't have evidence of recurrence up to the last follow up at 10 months postoperatively.

Case presentation 2
A 7-year-old boy with hereditary neurofibromatosis type 11 presented with a left cervical mass that was enlarging progressively. There was no pain or tenderness and the lesion was over the left cervical paraspinal space extending from the hyoid bone up to the posterior mediastinum of the left hemithorax. On the CT and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI), it was having a homogenous appearance with tracheal deviation to the right side and compression of the left upper lobe of the lung. The lesion was measuring 12X 5cm in size.
The cervical lesion was found encircling the left subclavian artery on CT and MRI. The thoracic lesion was 7X5cm in size occupying the apex of the posterior mediastinum towards the left side. Trucut biopsy of the cervical part of the lesion revealed features of a benign neurofibroma. Resection was planned due to enlarging nature and the pressure effects of the tumour.
During surgery, cervical mass was accessed lateral to the scalenus group of muscles and mobilised completely. He was extubated after surgery and was having evidence of partial ptosis which improved on further follow-up. There was transient diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve neuropraxia which improved subsequently. Histology confirmed it to be a benign neurofibroma.

Discussion
Thoracic neurogenic tumours were conventionally resected by thoracotomy but thoracoscopic interventions are increasingly being accomplished to reduce the morbidity of thoracotomy. Morbidity of thoracotomy is due to division of latissimus dorsi and rib spreading during the procedure which could produce long term disability in shoulder movements and spinal deformity. [4] In children, 60% of thoracic neurogenic tumours are malignant, hence thoracoscopic   Ÿ In addition to all advantages of minimal access surgery, thoracoscopic resections have shown less morbidity by avoiding rib spreading thoracotomy and precision in surgical technique due to greater access and magnification.
interventions are still controversial due to the feared risk of inadequate resections with positive surgical margins and port site recurrence which has been rarely reported at least in adults. [5] With the availability of miniature instruments and increasing experience in paediatric thoracoscopy, improved outcome and effectiveness has been shown in thoracoscopic resection of these tumours in the literature. [6] In a recent review, it has been stated that the laparoscopic or thoracoscopic approach to neuroblastoma has an equal outcome compared to the open approach, given the adequacy of oncological resection [7] .
Contralateral main stem bronchial intubation has been conventionally used in thoracoscopic procedures but for smaller tumours, tracheal intubation and lung collapse achieved with CO2 insufflation have been successfully used.
In the first patient, the lung collapse was achieved with main stem bronchial intubation while the second surgery was done with tracheal intubation and CO2 insufflation with low flow (1l/min) and low pressure (4mmgh) in the pleural cavity. In most thoracoscopic interventions, 3 ports had been used in triangulation with a camera inserted at the convenient port site to improve visualization. Magnification of view in thoracoscopy greatly assists in dissection and achieving hemostasis compared to open surgery, especially when the tumour is in the apical region.