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The role of laboratory testing before and after COVID-19 vaccination

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of society, dramatically changing our day-to-day lives and habits. It has also changed clinical practice, including practices of clinical laboratories. This pandemic, in fact, led to an impressive increase of the visibility and value of clinical laboratories to the population at large. The key role of laboratory testing inmodernmedicine requires laboratory professionals to take on more, ever new responsibility with the aim of improving not only analytical performance but appropriate requesting and utilization of laboratory tests, as well as the integration of laboratory information with all other diagnostic and clinical data. Laboratory testing is needed for the right diagnosis even in asymptomatic/ presymptomatic subjects using bothmolecular and antigen-based tests, for the appropriatemonitoring and prognostication of disease severity by using biochemical, coagulation, hematological tests and for epidemiological surveillance. In addition, laboratory testing particularly serological assays to measure SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies play a key role in evaluating the efficacy of vaccines already developed and under development. In real life, antibody testing should be used to develop prioritization strategies, to reduce unnecessary potential side-effects in those people who have already developed the disease and to better evaluate the immune response particularly in immunosuppressed patients and patients under therapies. Finally, an increasing interest is to integration of serological data with cell-mediated immunoresponses.