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Heterogeneous Landscapes: From Theory to Impact

Authors and editors of such a landscape-related volume “create” the outlines of their respective ancient landscapes and define the specific Roman-ness of this landscape’s existence. Therefore, the subject is broad if not vast. The individual researcher fixates the borders of a landscape: these may be natural such as mountains or rivers, social such as dwellings, cities, cultivation or mining areas, political such as physical frontiers between states or administrative boundaries between civic territories or provinces as well as imaginary, such as those between two book covers. Landscapes are established by the humans acting and reacting within a given space and in different periods of time. They may be formed by visual, verbal or digital media, characterised by the parameters applied and defined by the respective research project. The number of such parameters seems to be endless, either encompassing a kind of generic level of landscapes as emotional, social, sacred, poetic, epic, economic, maritime etc.,1 or capturing a more specific landscape like Gainsborough’s or Ovid’s, Roman, German or Egyptian.2 Apart from this delineated scheme of a variety of envisioned landscapes, one might draw a physical map of landscapes as well, however, equally determined by theoretical preconditions and decisions. The evidence for environmental, social and economic conditions of a given region is growing with shifts in interest of archaeological and historical studies. Refined methodologies of regional surveys as well as the adoption of geological, biological and other technologies and multi-scalar approaches in pre-modern historical contexts give insights into “lived” landscapes.3 Surveys provide data for the analysis of small scatters and soil samples. These permit the investigation of