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Perspective: how to make microarray, serial analysis of gene expression, and proteomic relevant to day-to-day endocrine problems and physiological systems.

The recent mapping of the human genome has opened the way to novel technologies for identifying new genes or clustering regulated genes and proteins in a tissueand cellspecific manner. Microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) are quite powerful in this regard, and they generate on a day-to-day basis data banks of gene profile from cells or tissues of animals challenged with different compounds including hormones. Here we review these techniques with their strengths and limits in physiological systems with a particular emphasis on the endocrine system. We also present new developing techniques in proteomic, especially for the analysis of functional proteins and proteinprotein interaction. Although we are still at the embryonic stage of the proteomic area, there is no doubt that the current ongoing work will have a great impact in endocrinology. There are also serious drawbacks that have to be taken into consideration to prevent generating data that may either be nonphysiological or difficult to interpret, the most critical one being the experimental design. Since the crystallization of the first hormone—adrenalin—by Takamine and Aldrich at the beginning of the twentieth century, modern endocrinology kept growing to comprise various fields of research, namely cytology, cellular biology, and more recently molecular biology and genetic. During the past two decades, large-scale sequencing efforts including the Human Genome Project (1) generated initial large-scale databases, and numerous new genes were discovered, some of them encoding proteins with a function still remaining to be unraveled. Recent progress in biotechnology, more particularly in gene expression microarray and SAGE technologies gave us new tools for identifying gene functions and much more (see Table 1). Actually, microarray and SAGE experiments allow us to test the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously and to identify automatically the genes of interest. In the same way, based on the last developments in the technologies of protein separation, quantification, and identification, protein expression profiles are now available with proteomics. Because proteins are final posttranslational products from mRNA, proteomics will give us access to a new database with particular biological significance. Today, in the scientific literature, the number and diversity of data generated from microarray experiments are impressive and there are already numerous reports covering the whole biomedical community. In the field of endocrinology, analysis of both gene and protein expression will be quite powerful tools to study the regulation of physiological mechanisms triggered or inhibited by hormones. Here we review how to make DNA microarrays, SAGE, and proteomics relevant in modern endocrinology.