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Optimizing the Waiting Time of Sensors in a MANET to Strike a Balance between Energy Consumption and Data Timeliness

Oceans are important for scientific research and also for global economic and military security. Usually, wireless ad hoc networks are chosen to transform real-time data collected by ocean monitoring sensors (nodes). Due to the random motion of waves or the random direction of the wind, nodes in the network might become detached from the coverage of the network. In this case, the detached nodes can either send the collected data directly to the base station at the cost of consuming more energy or wait for a period of time to rejoin the network with the price of sacrificing the real time of the collected data. In this paper, we model the optimal waiting time for detached nodes before directly sending the data in the dynamic environment of ocean monitoring. For this purpose, we need to address two problems. The first is how to calculate the rate of coverage with a different number and different broadcast radii of nodes. The second is when a node detaches from the coverage of the network, how much time will it need to wait before it rejoins the network. We first establish the motion model of nodes, which is the basis to deduce the probability distribution of a certain time when the detached node rejoins the network. Based on the probability distribution, the waiting time of the detached nodes can be optimally determined, aiming to achieve a good balance between energy consumption and data timeliness. Finally, a series of simulations is conducted to validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.