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Clear‐sky stable boundary layers with low winds over snow‐covered surfaces. Part 1: WRF model evaluation

In this article, we evaluate the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale meteorological model for stable conditions in clear skies with low wind speeds. Three contrasting terrains with snow‐covered surfaces are considered, namely Cabauw (Netherlands, snow over grass), Sodankylä (Finland, snow over a needle‐leaf forest) and Halley (Antarctica, snow over an ice shelf). We used the full three‐dimensional (3D) model and the single‐column versions of the WRF model. The single‐column model (SCM) was driven by realistic forcings of the WRF–3D field. Several sets of SCM forcings were tested: A, no advection; B, varying geostrophic wind in time; C, momentum advection in addition to B; D, temperature and moisture advection in addition to C; E, forcing the SCM field to the 3D field above a threshold height.