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Rickettsia spp. in Seabird Ticks from Western Indian Ocean Islands, 2011–2012

We found a diversity of Rickettsia spp. in seabird ticks from 6 tropical islands. The bacteria showed strong host specificity and sequence similarity with strains in other regions. Seabird ticks may be key reservoirs for pathogenic Rickettsia spp., and bird hosts may have a role in dispersing ticks and tick-associated infectious agents over large distances.

To better understand the role of seabirds and seabird ticks as reservoirs and dispersers of pathogens, we investigated Rickettsia spp. infections in A. loculosum and C. capensis ticks. These 2 tick species are commonly found on remote tropical islands of the western Indian Ocean. Using molecular detection techniques, we examined variations in detection rates and estimated the genetic diversity of Rickettsia spp. between islands and between tick species.

The Study
During 2011 and 2012, we collected ticks from seabird colonies on 6 islands of the western Indian Ocean: Aride, Bird, Europa, Juan de Nova, Tromelin, and Réunion Juan de Nova, Tromelin, and Europa Islands was conduct-Littoral-Antenne Océan Indien, and the Terres Australes and Antarctiques Françaises. Sample collection on Aride and Bird Islands and their export to Réunion Island were performed with the approval of the Seychelles Bureau of Standards and the Ministry of Environment.
A. loculosum or C. capensis by using standard taxonomic keys ( Figure 2). Ticks were individually washed in distilled medium or Buffer AVL (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). Total nucleic acids were extracted by using the EZ1 Viral mini kit v2 and the BioRobot EZ1 System or the QI-Amp Viral RNA Mini Kit (all from QIAGEN). We used a commercial cDNA kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) to generate cDNAs by reverse transcription. cDNA and PCR, with primers selecting for a 1,064-bp fragment of the citrate synthase-encoding gene (gltA), were used to detect Rickettsia spp. (7). Sequencing of this fragment although complete genotyping is required to fully characterize them (8).
Partial sequencing was performed on the Rickettsia spp. gltA gene from 60 ticks, including ticks from each island and both species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed 7 haplotypes types corresponded to previously described species ( Figure  3). No association was found between Rickettsia spp. and ity was observed ( Figure 3). All A. loculosum ticks were infected with a Rickettsia with the R. africae strain infecting A. loculosum ticks in New Caledonia and with the ESF-5 strain isolated from the cattle tick, A. variegatum, in Ethiopia (GenBank accession no. CP001612.1). Rickettsia spp. in C. capensis ticks had 3 well-supported genetic clusters and, thus, were more diverse. The most frequent Rickettsia sequences) was a probable strain of R. hoogstraalii. Other haplotypes corresponded to an unknown Rickettsia sp. that was closely related to R. hoogstraalii and to a probable strain of R. bellii haplotype of R. bellii was detected only on Réunion Island in 2 C. capensis ticks collected within the same nest of the wedge-tailed shearwater ( uf nus paci cus).

Conclusions
We provide evidence of rickettsia infection in seabird ticks from 6 islands in the western Indian Ocean. Although the tick infection rate varied among the islands, Rickettsia spp. were detected in all studied seabird populations and overall Rickettsia infection rates were comparable to those reported for ticks parasitizing terrestrial hosts (9).
Phylogenetic analyses revealed a diversity of Rickettsia quently detected Rickettsia sp. was R. africae, the causative agent of African tick-bite fever. R. africae was found only in the hard tick, A. loculosum hypothesis that R. africae is well adapted to this tick host, which may act as a major reservoir for the pathogen (8). Moreover, the similarity of R. africae sequences from our study with those of strains found in other parts of the world indicates that host shifts may be frequent for this bacterium, facilitating its spread in different tick populations. A better understanding of exchanges between wild and domestic fauna and the possible emergence of R. africae at regional levels will require further investigations of the link between R. africae in seabird ticks and in cattle ticks (10).
We detected 2, possibly 3, Rickettsia spp. in C. capensis in A. loculosum ticks. In accordance with previous descriptions (4,6), R. hoogstraalii was the most common Rickettsia species infecting C. capensis tick species likely represents a major host reservoir for this related to R. hoogstraalii C. capensis from Réunion, Europa, and Tromelin Islands, showing that 2 distinct Rickettsia spp. cocirculate in these tick populations. Additional sampling and further genetic characterization (8) are required to better describe the distribution of this lineage and its relationships to R. hoogstraalii.
R. bellii has mainly been documented in the Americas, but recent studies have detected the presence of closely related R. bellii strains in Australia (11) and Europe (12). Although we detected R. bellii in only 2 ticks on 1 island, of this bacterium because of its large arthropod host range (13). The R. bellii genome has been completely sequenced (13), but current knowledge on its epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans remains to be evaluated. In addition, our study was restricted to analysis of the gltA gene, so additional genotyping studies are needed to fully characterize the Rickettsia 8). The presence of Rickettsia spp. on remote islands indicates a possible role of bird hosts in the dispersal of ticks and their associated infectious agents over large distances (14,15). An understanding of the historic colonization and current population structure of A. loculosum and C. capensis ticks, together with knowledge of bird migratory patterns, is required to properly assess the risk for emergence of Rickettsia spp. on these islands.