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[The application of X-ray diffraction in the study of urinary stones].

Urolithiasis is a common disease throughout the world. The accurate analysis of chemical composition and phases of urinary stones is the base of understanding the mechanism of formation of urolithiasis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is one of the most important methods used for the study of urinary stones. It is reliable when used for qualitative analyses and is accurate when used for quantitative analyses. In addition, XRD has the advantages such as speediness, briefness and high sensitivity, as well as simultaneous detection of many compositions. In the present paper, the research progress was reviewed in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of urinary stones by XRD and by the combined methods of XRD with other techniques suchas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) etc.