{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.035712566780574675, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01352457043846561, 'mean_word_length': 5.3289674078586655, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Determinants of Application of Research Methodologies in Architecture Programs in Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

: Research methodologies (R.Ms) employed in carrying out studies have been found in diverse contexts to influence the outcome. This study examined the determinants of applications of R.Ms in undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Department of Architecture Covenant University Ota, Nigeria. The objectives include analysis of the identified R.Ms attributes and identification of the factors influencing applications of the R.Ms employed in architecture research programs (B.Sc., M.Sc., and M.Phil./Ph.D Degrees) in the University. The methodology adopted for the work is the cross-sectional survey of the 153 final year B.Sc., the M.Sc., and the Ph.D Students using 5-point Likert Scale questionnaire as data collection instruments; and interview of 16 of the students across the levels. Data obtained from the survey; and interview of the students were subjected to descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) and inferential statistics (Kruskal-Wallis Test, Linear multiple regression and Cross-tabulation). The results showed that Level/Program (.428), Rating of appropriateness of methodology for current or terminal research (.046), Gender (.044), Type of terminal research (.040), Distance of Residence to Department (.023), are the principal five (5) of the 13 predictors of the dependent variable in the study (representing 72.99% of total contribution to the model with R Square of .796).The study recommended commencement of ‘research methodology course’ which used to be in 400 Level Alpha to be moved from 300 Level Omega to 200 Level Alpha and Omega for early higher mastery, and for supervisors to consciously ensure more applications of R.Ms at undergraduate level beginning from 200 Level. Also female students are to apply quantitative RM more than their usual practice even from early part of undergraduate level.


INTRODUCTION
Research methodologies have come a long way. The depth of understanding and mastery of the R.Ms determine the potentiality for successful conduct of researches. Carrying out a study with fieldwork is one aspect, while other aspects include analysis, complete report of findings, and dissemination of findings in approved or standard publication outlet. The impact of the R.Ms can be assessed by using the rate of publication(s) or number of publication(s) within certain duration. Covenant University is a leading private Christian university in Nigeria, affiliated with Living Faith Church Worldwide. It is globally ranked within top 2170 in the world [1] [2], one of top 10 of the 143 universities (made up of 40 Federal, 42 State and 61 Private) and top private university in Nigeria [3]. The Nigeria's ranks have been for many years. Established on 21 st October 2002, it has been working with a vision to be among top 10 universities in the world by the year 2022 since year 2012 when the university celebrated her tenth year anniversary. Every discipline or course has its peculiarity and therefore inclinations. It is in line with this university's global vision that Architecture department is seeking to be one with a group of most published 'faculty and students' globally, that this study is being undertaken to find ways to improve quality and increase quantity of their publications on continuous basis.
Every system or organization seeks improvement in diverse ways depending on the products and identified deficiencies. The department is seeking ways to be one of the most published globally; hence, understanding how to achieve continuous improvement is crucial. Degree. This study investigated the determinants of applications of R.Ms in Architecture programs in Covenant University Ota, Nigeria with a view to identifying ways to enhance publication outputs. The objectives are to: (i) examine the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents (ii) analyze the R.Ms attributes (iii) establish relationship between Application of the Research Methods and the Levels/Programs (iv) identify the factors influencing applications of the methodologies in architecture research programs in Covenant University.
The need to identify the various factors influencing application of R.Ms and publication outputs and understand the dynamics of their combinations; which have been rarely investigated, makes this study timely based on the university's running vision and vital for filling the gap in literature and knowledge. Also there is the need to provide the departmental management adequate information on the subject based on the research outcome, which should be useful to the department in taking steps on how to increase research applications and publications from the department from 'students and faculty'; the outcome will also serve as reference for future researches on this subject, as the study can be replicated using different methods and in different context (nationally, in other nations or internationally). Though the Architecture is one of the pioneer departments since 2002, the study scope covers the Undergraduate (400 Level) and Postgraduate (Masters Class and Ph.D Level) in 2017/2018 session. An increasing number of architectural faculty have in the last over 40 years chosen research and scholarship, instead of practice, as their academic mission [4]. Also a great number started their career with professional practice for many years but ended with research and scholarship hence the need to prepare students for the future challenges. Compared to many other disciplines and professional fields, Architecture covers wider foci and methodological choices need to be well considered. However, every research specialty must be situated within spectrum of the particular or relevant discipline [4]. Architectural research is generally associated with practice, but research in architecture programs encompasses more than practice, which calls for deeper understanding of research methodologies generally, to be able to fashion out appropriate R.Ms. for any study being undertaken.

A. Theory
The review of literature focused on research, paradigms/philosophy, Logic, model classifications, generalizations, and determinants, which are considered vital to the subject of study. Research a formal systematic activity for discovery and development of organized body of knowledge. Such includes finding out relationships or otherwise among variables, the conditions under which a phenomenon cannot or can occur [5] [6] [7]. Research is also considered as problem solving activity lading to new knowledge using established methods of enquiry. Research is conducted for exploring, probing an issue, solving problems, and making statements compelling us to search for solution elsewhere. It may involve going beyond our opinions, feelings, thoughts, and personal experience [8].
In any study the research paradigm (philosophy or model) must be clearly defined. It generally focuses on discovery of generalizations or answers to research questions relating to diverse aspects of any field, enabling decisions on what to do, how to do them and what to be avoided in a process or system for a particular result or otherwise. Research methodology, however is an organized body of knowledge for conducting research on the basis of philosophy (love of wisdom), which focuses on analytical speculative study of reality and the nature of man. Philosophy is interested in searching for wisdom or truth for explanation or interpretation of events or phenomenon. In this search for truth, it makes available valid methods and comprehensive understanding of reality, which also requires analytical, meticulous careful consideration and perception of phenomenon.
It was asserted by [5] that logic as science of exact thought belongs to the fields of philosophy and uses major instruments such as induction, deduction, syllogism, and experimental reasoning also known as problem-solving. The basis of deductive reasoning is termed syllogism which consists of premises (major and minor), and conclusion of the argument in the third statement. Syllogism is also classified into hypothetical, categorical and alternative. Although syllogism encourages bringing out inferences and coming up with deductions about an occurrence of event, it is pertinent to note that deductions do not always produce new knowledge but vital to truth being sought. Inductive reasoning resulted from criticisms against the deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning can be obtained when a researcher collects data, enabling establishment of generalizations as likely true by observing particular instances, from which general conclusion about the group or population is made. Problem solving as a form of reasoning is mainly inductive, though can also make use of deduction, beginning with a problem, observes all data, relating to the problem, formulate hypotheses, and test them at reaching workable solution to the identified problems.
Two different models or paradigms identified, 'positivism/post-positivism' and 'Interpretivism/ interactionism' commonly underpinning quantitative and qualitative research respectively were exhaustively discussed by [9] [10]. According to them Positivists believed social forces beyond peoples' control determines their behavior and sociologically, measure the behaviors and relationship between the factors allowing them to work using quantitative data and statistics respectively. They generally make use of questionnaires and structured interviews, as they both yield quantitative data which are reliable and objective. Positivism is based on many principles such as, believe in objective reality. Phenomena are subject to natural laws discoverable in logical ways through empirical testing, by means of deductive and inductive reasoning based on established scientific theory. Generally, uses quantitative measures and establishes relationships among variables [11]. Interpretivists (interactionists) on the other hand, as asserted by [9] [10], use empathy to understand human behavior; they use methods which enable them unravel meanings and reasons behind human behavior. They believed that meanings and opinions cannot be turned to statistical charts as positivists normally do, because sociology is not scientific. Hence they use techniques to produce qualitative data such as participant observation and unstructured interviews. Interpretivism according to [11] is a paradigm that came up in social sciences emancipated from the constraints of positivism. It uses qualitative methodological approaches such as ethnography and phenomenology, characterized by subjectively-based reality and retaining ideals of researcher as expert interpreter of data. (i)Interpretist/Antipositivist/Qualitative-Subjective/ Argumentative, Document Reviews, Ethnographic/Case Study [12] [13] with Interviews, Descriptive/Interpretative, Observations/ Non-computational Meta-analysis (ii) Scientific/Positivist/Quantitative-Surveys [14] [15], Case Study with standard Surveys, May involve Correlation or Regression Analysis/May also be Descriptive (including frequencies and averages)/ Computational Meta-analysis. [4] discussed the following seven types of research methodologies, historical, qualitative, correlational, experimental and quasi-experimental, simulation, logical argumentation, case studies and mixed methods. [16] discussed the research types as 'experiments', 'cross sectional and longitudinal surveys (using questionnaire, interviews, telephone)', 'case studies (using various techniques of data collection, including observations and interviews)', and 'participant and non-participant observation'; [7] [17] identified them as exploratory, descriptive, conclusive, experimental, survey, case study, co-relational, historical, and evaluation research.
Generalization was described by [18] as an act of reasoning which involves bringing out inferences from particular observations in quantitative research rather than qualitative research where it is controversial. Qualitative research is mainly concerned with provision of rich contextual understanding of certain aspects of human experience by intensive study of specific cases. In situations where evidences for improving practices or phenomena are of high value and knowledge based generalizations claims merits, careful thoughts and actions by both qualitative and quantitative researches are inevitable.
On the determinants of application of research methods in architecture programs, from literature, standard multiple regression (SMREG), which is an extension of correlation is the tool used for exploration of predictive ability of a set of independent variables (i.vs) on one continuous dependent variable (d.v.); hence identification of the i.vs [19,20]. SMREG according to [7] with these types of variables normally leads to generation of models which normally assist managers in managerial decision-making situations in organizations. The model represents the system, and defined as the body of information articulated about and for the system which is stated as a set of variables and their interrelationships. Wrong decision about a model can lead an organization in difficult situation, while right decision can bring such out of difficulty. A cross-tabulation analysis of d.v versus each of the predictors from among the i.vs will generally yield explanation of their relationships from which decision on how to improve the system deduced.

B. Calculation and Methodology
The research philosophy is positivism with quantitative as the main approach by means of cross-sectional survey of the 153 final year B.Sc., the M.Sc., and the Ph.D Students using 5-point Likert Scale questionnaire as data collection instruments; and interview of 16 of the students across the levels (Tables B.1 [19], a minimum sample size of 110 was calculated, the whole study population (153) considered as small was sampled. The interviewed students represent over ten per cent of the sample size. Data obtained from cross-sectional survey; and interview of the students across the levels were subjected to descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) and inferential statistics (Kruskal-Wallis Test, Linear multiple regression and Cross-tabulation). Variables and codes employed in inferential statistics are shown in

A. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
Results of the study socio-demographic characteristics of the 153 Current students and of the 16 Interviewed Current students (Table A.4 in Appendix A) revealed that most of them were males, of ages Above 20years, who are on their postgraduate program and whose length of architectural training was five (5) to eight (8) years. Majority of them have not less than B.Sc./B.Tech. Certificate as their highest educational qualification, are employed students whose monthly stipend/or income is below N 80,000 Nigerian currency, and living on campus within a distance of 2.0Kilometre to the department.

C. Relationship between Application of the Research Methods and Levels
The hypothesis is that there is no significant relationship between application of the R.Ms and the levels/programs. Since the research methods were applied across the three distinct 'Levels/Programs', the relationship of scores on continuous dependent variables for the three groups in the variable 'Levels/Programs' were established by Kruskal-Wallis Tests, with level of significance of less than .05 being accepted as significant, that is, the probability that the result would have occurred by chance is less than five per cent; hence a relationship exists. The continuous variable is 'Application of research methods (R.Ms) since acquired the knowledge including current project(s)'. Kruskal-Wallis Test of relationship between application of research methods (RMAPPL) and the levels/programs (Tables C.6-9) revealed a statically significant difference in RMAPPL across the three different 'Levels' in the program (Grp1, n=52:    Sig. of .000 which is less than .05 (i.e., p< .05), it established that there is statically significant difference of the scores of the three groups in the categorical variable 'Levels/Programs' on the continuous variable 'RMAPPL'. This implied that the probability that the result would have occurred by chance is less than five (5) per cent; hence a significant relationship exists between them.

D. Identification of the determinants of Number of Applications of the R.Ms
Having conducted preliminary analysis to ensure no violation of the assumptions of normality, linearity, multicollinearity and homoscedacity, the independent variables (Table B.3) as found in literature and pilot study on factors capable of influencing applications of the R.Ms in the study area were subjected to standard multiple regression (SMREG) analysis against 'Number of application of 'research method', since acquisition of the knowledge including current project(s)' as the dependent variable (d.v.). A total of 20 (independent and dependent) variables were involved in the SMREG. It is pertinent to note that even though 'Number of application of 'qualitative' research method' and 'Number of application of 'quantitative research method' are main contributors to the d.v., they are deliberately excluded from the SMREG to enable determination of other predictors from the remaining 17 regressors. The 17 regressors or independent variables are made up of eight (8) socio-demographic characteristics and nine (9) R.Ms attributes. The 17 variables were entered on forced entry as independent variables (i.vs) as listed in Table B For the equation of best regression, the step-wise algorithm was carried out in a way that the i.vs were entered according to their contribution to the model (Tables D.13 in Appendix F). The contribution of each of the predictors was measured by R Square (R 2 ) change value which showed steady increase in coefficient of determination and decrease in standard error of the estimate. The 13 variables in the model are therefore the predictors of 'RMAPPL' in the study. The least square algorithm applied to the model is as in equations 1-3 and Table D

Dependent Variable
To establish the relationship between the main determinants and the dependent variable, cross-tabulation analyses (not shown) were carried out with summary of the outcomes as follows:

(ii). Number of application of 'research methods' and
Gender: On Number of application of 'research method' , 4Times & Below, 5-8 Times, and 9 Times & Above, the proportions of male students are 50%, 50% and 85% respectively for each category, while that of female students are 50%, 50% and 15%. The male students have higher Number of application of 'research method' than the females. On the overall, more of the male students have higher Number of application of 'research methods' (37%) than female students (21%). This is against the lowest class of applications where they were equal; the male students have 21% and female students have 21%. The higher 'Number of application (5Times & Above) are positively associated with male students'. The Kendal tau has a sig. of .002 and Spearman correlation has a sig. of .004 which are both less than .05; hence the relationship is significant.

(iii). Number of application of 'research method' and Rating of appropriateness of methodology for current or terminal research:
On Number of application of 'research method' , 4Times & Below, 5-8 Times, and 9 Times & Above, the lower appropriateness of methodology for current or terminal research (1-4) are 0%, 0% and 12% respectively for each category, while that of higher appropriateness of methodology for current or terminal research (5-10) are 100%, 100% and 88%. The 'higher appropriateness (5-10)' has higher proportion of those who applied the 'research method' (88%) than 'lower appropriateness (1-4)' with 12%. On the overall, higher 'appropriateness (5-10)' has higher proportion of high class application (5 Times & Above) of 'research method' (54%) than 'lower appropriateness (1-4)' with only 3%. Higher 'Number of application (5Times & Above) are positively associated with 'higher appropriateness (5-10)'. Pearson's R has a sig. of .000 which is less than .05; hence the relationship is significant. By extension faculty members are to work harder on research publications so that collectively enhanced quality and quantity can be achieved by the department; which will be contributory to the university goal.

A. Conclusion
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population revealed that most of them were males, of ages Above 20years, who are on their postgraduate program and whose length of architectural training was five (5)