{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.024372759856630826, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011469534050179211, 'mean_word_length': 5.433179723502304, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The dynamics of thermal expansion in single crystal beryllium from nanosecond x-ray pulses

Single crystals of beryllium were exposed to nanosecond x-ray pulses generated from laser irradiated (1.5 x 10{sup 14} W/cm{sup 2}) gold targets. The characteristic gold M-band centered at 2.5 keV was measured by time integrated transmission grating spectroscopy and time resolved (spectrally integrated) x-ray photodiodes through beryllium targets of various thickness. Approximately decaying exponential temperature profiles were immediately induced in 100 {mu}m thick single crystal targets producing nearly instand surface motion as measured by free surface velocity interferometry. This temperature profile gave rise to a similar velocity history between a c-axis single crystal and a (10{bar 1}0) single crystal where a large initial acceleration gave way to a profile due to the internal temperature gradient. A smooth rise to the peak velocity was then followed by a sharp release originating from the opposite free surface. Differences between the velocities in each of these regions were found between the two single crystals investigated, which were due to the thermal expansion properties as a function of direction (including plasticity). These results can be used to predict behavior of polycrystalline targets relevant to instability seeding in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ablators.