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TERT Promoter Mutations and the 8th Edition TNM Classification in Predicting the Survival of Thyroid Cancer Patients

Simple Summary In a cohort study involving 393 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, TERT promoter mutations were found to act as an independent poor prognostic factor based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis 8th edition (TNM-8) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients, regardless of the histological types or stage at diagnosis. Since the current AJCC TNM-8 is insufficient to distinguish the risk of mortality in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, a proposal for a new survival prediction model that includes the TERT promoter mutational state is required. Abstract Our research group has previously shown that the presence of TERT promoter mutations is an independent prognostic factor, by applying the TERT mutation status to the variables of the AJCC 7th edition. This study aimed to determine if TERT mutations could be independent predictors of thyroid cancer-specific mortality based on the AJCC TNM 8th edition, with long-term follow-up. This was a retrospective study of 393 patients with pathologically confirmed differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) after thyroidectomy at a tertiary Korean hospital from 1994 to 2004. The thyroid cancer-specific mortality rate was 6.9% (5.2% for papillary and 15.2% for follicular cancers). TERT promoter mutations were identified in 10.9% (43/393) of DTC cases (9.8% of papillary and 16.7% of follicular cancer) and were associated with older age (p < 0.001), the presence of extrathyroidal invasion (p < 0.001), distant metastasis (p = 0.001), and advanced stage at diagnosis (p < 0.001). The 10-year survival rate in mutant TERT was 67.4% for DTC patients (vs. 98% for wild-type; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 9.93, (95% CI: 3.67–26.90)) and 75% for patients with papillary cancer (vs. 99%; 18.55 (4.83–71.18)). In addition, TERT promoter mutations were related to poor prognosis regardless of histologic type (p < 0.001 for both papillary and follicular cancer) or initial stage (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, and p = 0.086 for stages I, II, and III and IV, respectively). TERT promoter mutations comprise an independent poor prognostic factor after adjusting for the clinicopathological risk factors of the AJCC TNM 8th edition, histologic type, and each stage at diagnosis, which could increase prognostic predictability for patients with DTC.


Introduction
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), which includes papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), accounts for 90% of all thyroid cancers. DTC is an indolent tumor with a favorable prognosis, but some patients present with cancer-related death due to the aggressive progression of DTC [1][2][3]. The American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) staging is a classification system developed to describe the extent of disease and predict mortality, based on a tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) scoring system. It is the most commonly used staging system for thyroid cancer and was recently revised from the TNM 7th edition (TNM-7) to the 8th edition (TNM-8) [4,5]. The major changes in TNM-8 include the advanced age cutoff from 45 to 55 years [6]. In addition, minimal extrathyroidal extension (ETE) has been excluded from the T3 definition. Level VII lymph nodes (LNs) were reclassified as central neck LNs, N1 disease was not staged up to stage III, and distant metastases in older patients were changed to stage IVB for DTC [7]. As a result, nearly 30% of DTC patients were downstaged by TNM-8 [8]. After the staging system changed to TNM-8, the predictability of cancer-specific survival (CSS) has improved for DTC and PTC patients, but it has not improved for FTC patients [9]. In addition, Manzardo et al. recently reported that the risk of structural recurrence of DTC patients downstaged by tumor classification in TNM-8 may be overlooked [8], and the concept of a molecular profile that has recently emerged in the prognosis is still missing [10].
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays an important role in cell immortality by maintaining telomere length [11]. Somatic mutations in the TERT promoter have been detected in dozens of human cancers, including thyroid cancer [12]. Further, these alterations have been identified more frequently in patients with advanced stages and distant metastasis. Mutations in the TERT promoter are also associated with tumor aggressiveness and increased recurrence and mortality [13][14][15][16]. BRAF mutations were first identified in molecular marker-based risk stratification because they are commonly found in thyroid cancer [17,18]. Previous studies have shown that BRAF mutations are linked to increased recurrence and mortality, LN metastasis, ETE, and advanced stage in patients with PTC [19,20]. However, since BRAF mutations are found in more than 80% of newly diagnosed PTC cases in Korea and are not usually detected in FTC [21], it is difficult to use these alterations for prognostic prediction in DTC.
A previous study has shown that the inclusion of TERT mutation analysis strengthened the prognostic predictability of CSS based on the TNM-7 system for patients with DTC [15]. In the present study, we examined whether the analysis of TERT mutations could improve the prediction of mortality for DTC patients based on the TNM-8 system.

Baseline Characteristics
Of the total 393 DTC patients, 329 (83.7%) were women and 64 (16.3%) were men. The median age at diagnosis was 43 years (range of 16-81 years), and 319 patients (81.2%) were under 55 years of age. The total DTC patient group included 327 (83.2%) PTC patients and 66 (16.8%) FTC patients. The sex ratio, average age, and proportion of patients under 55 were similar between PTC and DTC patients. A total of 364 (310 PTC and 54 FTC) DTC patients received post-operative radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation with a median frequency of 2 (range of 0-11) and median total dose of 130 mCi (range of 0-1400 mCi). The median follow-up duration was 16 years (interquartile range of 14-19 years Table 2). The results were similar in PTC patients, except for the association between TERT mutations and tumors with distant metastasis, which was not statistically significant.

Associations between TERT Promoter Mutation Status or Clinicopathological Variables and Thyroid Cancer-Specific Survival
We next conducted analyses of the 10-year survival rate and factors affecting survival in DTC and PTC patients. In the univariate analysis of DTC patients, age (p < 0.001), TERT mutation status (p < 0.001), histological type (p = 0.004), ETE (p < 0.001), distant metastasis (p < 0.001), stage at diagnosis (p < 0.001), and tumor size (p = 0.014) were significant predictors. In the multivariate analysis of the extended model, age (p < 0.001), TERT mutation status (p = 0.002), and histological type (p = 0.028) were significant; in the multivariate analysis of the restricted model, the TERT mutation status (p < 0.001), histological type (p = 0.001), and stage at diagnosis (p = 0.003) were independent factors that affected thyroid CSS ( Table 3). The 10-year survival rate of DTC patients with wild-type TERT was 98.0%, and that of patients with a TERT mutation was 67.4%, indicating poor prognosis for patients with TERT mutations (Table 3 and Figure 1A). The adjusted HRs (95% CI) of TERT mutations were 5.18 (1.81-14.82) in the extended model and 9.93 (3.67-26.90) in the restricted model (Table 3). In addition, in the subgroup analysis conducted based on each stage, the survival rate of patients with TERT mutations was significantly lower than that for individuals with wild-type TERT (p < 0.001 in stage I, p = 0.004 in stage II, p = 0.086 in stages III and IV; Figure 2). Since subjects in stage II showed a significantly lower survival as compared to stage I (Table 3), we stratified the stage II subjects in those who were downstaged vs. those not downstaged by the TNM 8th edition (Table S1). The mutant TERT had a tendency to be more frequent in downstaged vs. not downstaged (p = 0.074, statistically not significant), suggesting that in several of these cases, the downstaging may have led toward an underestimation of cancer aggressivity. Additionally, the frequency of mutant TERT was not associated with the cause of downstaging (age vs. tumor classification) among downstaged stage II patients (p = 0.682) (Table S2).   The results in PTC patients were similar to those in DTC patients, but the difference was that sex was a significant factor in the univariate analysis (p = 0.026) but not in the multivariate analysis. Moreover, the stage at diagnosis was not significant in the multivariate analysis (Table 4). The 10-year survival rate of patients with mutant TERT was 75.0%, which was significantly lower than that for patients with wild-type TERT (99.0%). Adjusted HRs (95% CI) of mutant TERT were 10.68 (2.36-48.27) in the extended model and 18.55 (4.83-71. 18) in the restricted model (Table 4 and Figure 1B). In the sensitivity analysis conducted by applying a backward elimination approach, the HRs (95% CI) of the TERT mutation in DTC patients and PTC patients were 4.27 (1.28-14.21, p = 0.018) and 14.17 (3.00-67.00, p = 0.001), respectively. Thus, this also demonstrated that TERT mutations were independent factors related to poor prognosis.

Discussion
Although TNM-7 has been revised to TNM-8 and prognostic predictability has increased [22,23], there is still no concept of molecular marker-based risk stratification, which has emerged based on prognostic genetic markers such as BRAF and TERT mutations [23]. In addition, TNM-8 does not distinguish patients who are rapidly deteriorating due to aggressive progression during follow-up among patients with the same initial stage. If DTC patients are pre-classified at the time of diagnosis and selectively treated, we can optimize the distribution of medical resources and pursue the best clinical outcomes. Therefore, efforts to further optimize hazard discrimination have continued, such as the search for new prognostic factors that can be considered in addition to the conventional staging system [24,25].
TERT promoter mutations are located at two hotspots on chromosome 5, C228T and C250T. C228T is far more prevalent [26,27], and these two mutations generate a new binding site for the MAPK-dependent E-twenty six transcription factors, which is associated with increased TERT expression and telomerase activation [28]. TERT mutations were first found in melanoma [26,27] and later reported in thyroid cancers [13]. Many studies have shown that they are associated with tumor aggressiveness and are independent prognostic markers for CSS in DTC [13][14][15]29]. Further studies reported the synergistic effects of coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT mutations on poor clinical outcomes [30][31][32]. A recent study reported a novel molecular mechanism involving the BRAF/MAPK/FOS/GABP/TERT pathway, which involves these two mutations and results in increased TERT expression [33]. It is known that TERT mutations are more common in tumors with BRAF mutations [13,29], which might explain why only two patients had TERT mutations without BRAF mutations in this study. Therefore, we could not directly compare the survival rate of the group with only TERT mutations with that of the group having coexisting TERT and BRAF mutations. However, we confirmed that the mortality risk increased significantly when a TERT mutation was combined with a BRAF mutation ( Figure S2). Moreover, we analyzed the HRs of TERT mutations in various models, such as restricted, extended, and backward elimination-based, and proved the independent effect of TERT mutations in all models.
In our previous report, we analyzed the survival rate, including TERT mutation status based on TNM-7 [15]. In this study, we performed survival analysis by restaging the 393 DTC patients in the cohort from the previous study using TNM-8 guidelines and by extending the follow-up period to determine whether TERT mutations are still a factor associated with poor prognosis. TERT mutations in DTC patients were still independent poor prognostic factors with a median follow-up of 16 years, and these results were also found based on subgroup analysis of each TNM-8 stage (Figure 2) and each histologic type (Figure 1 and Figure S1).
Differences from the results of the previous study on DTC were that sex was included as a covariate, but there was no significance, and HRs (95% CI) of histology were reduced in the extension model from 9.27 (2.06-41.72) in TNM-7 to 3.02 (1.13-8.09) in TNM-8. In addition, ETE was not significant (p = 0.227), based on multivariate analysis. In PTC patients, age was not significant (p = 0.059) but most of the other results were similar to the previous findings.
In addition, we added the RAI total dose as a variable in the multivariate analysis of DTC and PTC patients (Tables S3 and S4). Considering RAI treatment, the effect size (HRs and p-value) of distant metastasis and stage at diagnosis on CSS decreased, which showed that RAI had a therapeutic effect. The effect size of TERT mutation was not affected by the RAI total dose, which is consistent with the results of a recent study showing that TERT-mutant thyroid cancer is related to poor RAI therapy responses [34].
There are several limitations to this study. This was a retrospective study and included many previous patients diagnosed before ultrasonographic screening became popular to ensure a sufficient long-term follow-up period. Thus, unlike recent trends, there were fewer patients with small-sized thyroid cancer [35,36]. There was also a concern that the prevalence of TERT mutations might have been exaggerated because of the high proportion of patients with large-sized thyroid cancer, but the prevalence of TERT mutations was 9.8% in PTC patients and 16.7% in FTC patients, which was similar to that reported in two previous studies (approximately 11% and 17%, respectively) [37,38]. Moreover, due to the small sample size, there was a lack of subgroup analysis for FTC patients.

Patients and Clinicopathological Data
A total of 393 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with DTC, including 327 PTC and 66 FTC cases (including Hurthle cell carcinoma) after thyroidectomy and neck dissection between October 1994 and December 2004, were included in this study; all of them were enrolled in a previous study [15]. All patients received thyrotropin suppression therapy, and 364 patients received post-operative radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation according to standard guidelines [39,40]. A pre-existing cohort in a previous study [15] was restaged based on TNM-8 guidelines through pathology reports and surgical record reviews. Since TNM-8 does not include microscopic ETE, this study counted only gross ETE (strap muscles, subcutaneous soft tissue, larynx, trachea, esophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and prevertebral fascia) as ETE, greatly reducing the number of tumors with ETE compared to that in the previous study that used TNM-7. As the number of patients with stages III and IV was very small after restaging, these patients were combined when performing analysis according to stage.
We conducted mutation analyses by taking one sample from the thyroid cancer tissue of each patient at the Department of Pathology of the Samsung Medical Center. Since this was performed after surgery and RAI treatment, the results did not affect the decisionmaking process of the physicians. Thyroid cancer-related mortality data were obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office and hospital medical records.

DNA Isolation from Thyroid Cancer Samples
Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue using a Qiagen DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. We prepared 4-µm-thick unstained slides from FFPE tissue, and the pathologists decided that slides with a minimum 75% tumor component could be used for DNA extraction.

Detection of TERT Promoter and BRAF T1799A Mutations
We performed a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction to identify TERT promoter mutations, mutant enrichment with 3 -modified oligonucleotide-PCR, and direct sequencing for the detection of BRAF T1799A mutations, as described in a previous report [15].

Statistical Analysis
Univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between TERT mutation status and clinicopathological variables in patients with DTC. In the survival analysis, the follow-up duration was defined as the time from initial surgical treatment to the date of thyroid cancer-specific death for deceased individuals or the date of last observation (31 December 2018) for survivors. The factors related to thyroid CSS were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression, and only predictors with a p-value ≤ 0.2 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. The results of univariate analysis were displayed by a Kaplan-Meier survival curve, and hazard ratios and p-values were calculated from Cox proportional models. Since the "stage at diagnosis" is a composite variable, we analyzed the multivariate Cox regression by dividing it into two models. In the restricted model, "stage at diagnosis" was analyzed as one factor. In the extended model, its components (age, LN metastasis, ETE, distant metastasis, and tumor size) were taken individually and each variable was analyzed. Schoenfeld Enterprises was used in both models. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by applying a backward elimination approach to a multivariate Cox regression with all univariate explanatory variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA) and R 3.4.3 (Vienna, Austria; http://www.R-project.org). A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Conclusions
When analyzed with the variables of TNM-8, TERT promoter mutations acted as an independent prognostic factor after adjusting for the conventional clinicopathological risk factors and stage, regardless of the histological types or stage, increasing prognostic predictability, and suggesting that this parameter is an indicator of poor prognosis. Therefore, subsequent research is required to propose a new staging system that combines the TERT mutational state with conventional clinicopathological risk factors.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6 694/13/4/648/s1, Figure S1: Kaplan-Meier curves of thyroid cancer-specific survival according to TERT promoter mutational status in patients with follicular thyroid cancer; Figure S2: Kaplan-Meier curves of thyroid cancer-specific survival according to a combination of TERT promoter mutation and BRAF mutation statuses in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Patients with BRAF mutations only had a 10-year survival rate of 98.9%, whereas patients with both TERT and BRAF mutations had a 10-year survival rate of 83.3%; Table S1: Subgroup analysis of stage II patients according to downstaging by TNM-8, Table S2: Subgroup analysis of downstaged stage II patients according to the cause of downstaging in TNM-8, Table S3: Associations between TERT mutation status or clinicopathological variables (including total RAI dose) and thyroid cancer-specific survival in patients with DTC, Table S4: Associations between TERT mutation status or clinicopathological variables (including total RAI dose) and thyroid cancer-specific survival in patients with PTC.  Informed Consent Statement: Patient consent was waived because it was impossible to obtain consent as a retrospective study, and it was a study that did not exceed the minimum risk of the subjects.

Data Availability Statement:
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.