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Picking up the Pieces

When Melvyn Dubofsky was in high school in New York City he campaigned for the mayoral candidate Vito Marcantonio. Ever since (if not before) he has considered electoral politics one of the most important means by which working-class Americans have acquired power and improved their lives. In his dissertation, completed at the University of Rochester in 1960, Dubofsky drew upon the modernization theory of sociologists and political scientists to show how working-class immigrants acquired political power in Progressiveera New York. Well into his career he considered himself less a labor historian than a political historian of the twentieth-century United States.' In his revised dissertation, a subsequent study of the Industrial Workers of the World, a biography of John L. Lewis (written with Warren Van Tine), and several engaging and dependable textbooks, Dubofsky has repeatedly argued that the political protests, campaigns, and lobbying of working-class Americans have produced a legacy that today's workers cannot afford to scorn. During the early years of his career, Dubofsky had cause for optimism about the efficacy of the political activities of the labor movement. "Industrial pluralism," the regime of collective bargaining between large unions and large corporations under the sponsorship of a sympathetic National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), seemed well-established and responsible for a prolonged period of affluence after World War II. In addition, the alliance between progressive labor unions and the Democratic party helped produce a significant expansion of the American welfare state during the Great Society. Since the mid-1970s, however, a series of economic and political reversals has thrown organized labor on the defensive. Often, officials of the federal government have joined the forces massed against the labor movement, as when President Ronald Reagan broke the air-traffic controllers' strike in 1981, Republican appointees to the NLRB handed down a series of hostile decisions, and the U.S. Supreme Court showed greater solicitude for nonunion