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Toward high-throughput determination of protein structures by nuclear magnetic resonance

Structural biology (molecular biology on the basis of threedimensional structures of biomolecules) is becoming more and more important; a number of genes have been cloned, and the tertiary structures of the gene products (proteins) are necessary for their functional studies. The genome means the complete set of the genes from one organism. The genome of Escherichia coli is of about 4 million base pairs, which has already been sequenced. Not only many bacterial genomes but also the yeast and worm genomes have been sequenced. By the rapid progress in the DNA sequencing technology, the human genome of about 3 billion base pairs will be completely sequenced by 2003. In parallel, full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs), which are necessary for protein production, are being collected and sequenced for eukaryotes such as human and mouse. The number of human/mouse genes/cDNAs is anticipated to be as many as about 100,000. The structural biologists are faced already with a large number of proteins to be studied, and will soon be faced with a much larger number of proteins.