{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.038612638904478615, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02390840722864519, 'mean_word_length': 4.991930060524546, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 4, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Prevalence of Prediabetes in Sudanese Patients attending Khartoum North Teaching Hospital Referred Clinics Sudan

Abdelgader Suliman Ibrahim Ahmed1, Awadalla Mohammed Abdelwahid2, Maiada Abbas Albasha3 and Siddig Omer Mohammed Handady4* 1MD of internal Medicine Sudan, Sudan Medical Specialization Board (SMSB), Sudan 2Assistant professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Neelan University, Sudan 3MD of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and metabolism fellowship, Sudan Medical Specialization Board (SMSB), Sudan 4Consultant of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ibrahim Malik Hospital, Sudan

diabetes range and the normal plasma glucose [3]. Again, IGT is recognized as a condition predisposing to T2DM but no further measures to manage this condition were described. It was not until 1999 that the term fasting plasma glucose (IFG) was introduced to explain the dysglycaemic fasting plasma glucose [4]. IFG and IGT have been interchangeably included under the conditions non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH), impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and impaired glucose metabolism (IGM). It is recommended that the term PDM may be used to address the disorders of IGR when communicating to non-healthcare professionals [5]. However, PDM does not inevitably lead to T2DM [6]. PDM was recognized as a major healthcare problem in the late 90s and the early 2000 following publication of results of landmark prevention studies for T2DM. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and the risk factors that increase acquisition of T2DM in Khartoum North Teaching Hospital-Khartoum-Sudan.

Material and Methods
It was descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study carried out at Khartoum North Teaching Hospital-Khartoum-Sudan during the period September 2016 to April 2017. Four hundred participants above 40 years of age were incorporated. Data was collected by structure questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose and two hours postprandial was obtained by a finger puncture under aseptic conditions. Those who were seriously ill or had recent history of hospitalization due to any ailments were excluded from the study. Demographic data, history or family history and treatment history of DM or hypertension as well as smoking habits and regular exercise were obtained from the participants by a structured questionnaire. The arterial blood pressure was measured using mercury sphygmomanometers. The American Heart Association Guidelines for In-Clinic Blood Pressure Measurement [4], were applied for the participants. Capillary blood glucose was obtained by a finger puncture under aseptic conditions to measure a fasting blood glucose and two hours postprandial.
The body mass index (BMI) is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m 2 ). The BMI was determined by using World Health Organization (WHO) classification for obesity [4]. For the purpose of this study, diabetes diagnosed as fasting blood glucose concentration more than 7mmol /litre or>126mg/dl, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is a fasting blood glucose between 110mg -125mg or 6.1mmol-6.9mmol. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
Continuous variables were compared using student's t test (for paired data) or Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data. For categorical data, comparison was done using Chi-square test (X2) or Fisher's Exact test when appropriate. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethical clearance and approval for conducting this research was obtained from the State Ministry of Health and the hospital and informed verbal consent was obtained from every respondent who agreed to participate in the study. Of course, the respondents informed that the study is not associated with experimental or therapeutic intervention while information was collected from them.

Results
A total of 400 participants had both FPG and 2HPP measured.
The mean age was 51.4±1.85 years and the proportion of female participants was 51.2%, majority were housewives 41.2% and illiterate 36.2%. The mean BMI, 27.4±2.43kg/m2. Of the study population, (33.5%) had positive family history of diabetes mellitus, only (18.3%) were had positive family history of hypertensive. The prevalence of prediabetes was 27(6.75%), 24(6.00%) has impaired GT, and 0.75% has IFG. Fasting blood glucose test was normal in (98.8%), impaired in (0.75%), and in the range of diabetes in (0.25%). Two hours post prandial was normal in (92.75%), impaired in (6%), and in diabetes range in (1.25%) ( Table 1). Among demographic characteristics, age, family History of DM, lack of exercise, and family history of HIN were associated with IFG (P-value<0.05) as in Table 2. Among clinical characteristics, prediabetes was associated with BMI, and positive family history of HIN (P-value<0.05) as in Table 2. The identified predicators of prediabetes are as follows: Age-when compared to the (40-50 years), the prevalence was higher among the age group of 51-65 years with.  Educational level the prevalence was high in illiterates, primary school, and absent in secondary or university education Within the family history, those who have family history have significantly higher prevalence of prediabetes. In clinical characteristics, the prevalence was significantly higher among participants with high BMI (overweight and obese) compared to normal Table 2&3 shows risk factors associated with 2hour post prandial (2HPP) levels, impaired 2HPP was associated with age, sex, level of education, family History of DM, lack of exercise, family history of HIN and high BMI (P-value<0.05). regulation requested to do HbA1c, just seven of them showed up with the result, all were below 6.5%, i.e. normal.
Also, there were two fasting blood glucose results in the diabetes range, and five members has diabetic range when they investigated by blood glucose level after two hours 2HPP test. All had been counselled about their blood glucose status. The main results of the current study are the low prevalence of pre-diabetes (6.75%), housewife's women, those who have positive family history of DM, who are obese, who with no regular exercise and more than 60 years were at higher risk of prediabetes. This was a hospital-based study and most Sudanese people go to primary health centre. This could explain the relatively low prevalence of prediabetes in our study.
Our data demonstrate a prevalence rate of pre diabetes (6.75%), 24 (6.00%) has impaired GT (2HPP) and 0.75% has IFG which it is comparable with the global prevalence of IGT 8.3% [16] , but was lower than that reported from most countries in the region [7,8].
A comparison of our data with these reports is difficult because of the different criteria used, the different age groups studied, and the different methodologies adopted. The present study finds that (82.2%) of our study population has no regular exercise program as most of them are females in addition to cultural aspect. This is in keeping with other studies [13,14]. Based on genetics, family history of diabetes is a strong factor for development of IFG even in the absence of obesity [15].
In the present study, prevalence of prediabetes was higher among positive family history of DM.

Strength and limitation of this study
The strength of this study, data was collected by structure questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose and two hours postprandial was obtained by a finger puncture under aseptic conditions. World Health Organization criteria were adopted for the diagnosis of DM (fasting plasma glucose $7.8mmol L21 or plasma glucose of $11.1mmol L21, 2h after an oral anhydrous glucose load of 75g) and IGT (fasting plasma glucose, 7.8mmol L21 and plasma glucose between 7.8mmol L21 and 11.1mmol L21, 2h after an oral glucose load of 75g).This study had some limitations. The relatively few number of study participants, may affect negatively the probability of finding significant relationships between different factors or variables with the IGR.
Other limitation of the present study was confounded by inadequate sample size or selection bias. Small sample size is open to a beta-II type error: a failure to accurately identify a true difference (i.e., a false negative result). In spite of limitations like small sample size and uncentre model, this study takes an important step towards exploring the inter-relationship of various predictors for prediabetes and impaired glucose tolerance.

Conclusion
Almost low prevalence of prediabetes (6.75%) among Sudanese population, housewives' women, those population who have positive family history of DM, who are obese, who with no regular exercise and more than 60 years were at higher risk of prediabetes. Considering the low prevalence of this sickness makes it imperative to formulate a national plan to face this disease and its complications.