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BYZANTINE-PAPAL RELATIONS DURING THE PONTIFICATE OF PAUL I: CONFIRMATION AND COMPLETION OF THE ROMAN REVOLUTION OF THE EIGHTH CENTURY

The general problem of the papal rebellion against the Byzantine Empire in the eighth Century is, of course, a central one in the history of the eighth Century papacy, Indeed, it is at the very base of the political development of Rome throughout that period, and an understanding of the circumstances surrounding the Separation of Rome from Byzantium is indispensable to an appreciation of the significance of any other aspect of papal political development. Whether one wishes to study the coronation of Charlemagne, or the destruction of the Lombard kingdom, or the creation of the papal political regime in central Italy, the problem of papal-Byzantine relations is a major issue. Naturally, a problem of such scope, of such concern to scholars involved in a variety of interests over the last Century, might be expected to be the object of considerable research and publication. Most of this work, however, ignores the pontincate of Paul I, 757-767, preferring to treat it äs an uninteresting appendage to the pontincate of his brother and predecessor, Stephen II. In part this neglect is due to the seeming lack of great events under Paul. It may also be partly due to the relative scarcity of the sources for papal history under Paul I Greek sources dealing with Italy in that period are entirely lacking, for example. But despite such problems, enough evidence remains to allow some conclusions to be drawn, and the subject itself is important enough to merit consideration. For the pontificate of Paul I was the period when all parties concerned adjusted to, or tried to set aside the implications of papal Separation from Byzantium and the Franco-papal alliance of 754. The purpose of this essay, then, is to discuss briefly the problem of Byzantine reaction to the creation of the papal states and Byzantine-papal relations between 756 and the end of Paul's pontificate. Naturally, the historical context of the pontificate of Paul I, the background of papal-Byzantine relations in the eighth Century, and especially during the pontificate of Stephen II, is highly important. Two essential facts stand out in the history of papal-Byzantine contacts during the period: religious hostility between Rome and Constantinople, and Byzantine impotence in the face of an aggressive Lombard rnonarchy in Italy. The policy of iconoclasm, adopted by the emperors Leo III (717—741)