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Thermophilic Archaea Activate Liquid Alkanes Using Divergent Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductases

Summary Here, we introduce two members of the new archaeal group Alkanophagales. Archaea belonging to this group are closely related to ANME-1 and Syntrophoarchaeales. We have enriched these thermophilic archaea using anoxic slurries from Guaymas Basin sediments, sulfate as electron acceptor, and liquid medium-chain alkanes as electron donors. The Alkanophagales representatives oxidize these alkanes anaerobically using divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductases. They shuttle the electrons released during alkane oxidation to Thermodesulfobacteria, which use them to reduce sulfate to sulfide. Thermodesulfobacteria constitute a new partner bacterium for anaerobic alkane-oxidizing archaea.