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Biased Underenumeration in Census Manuscripts

In the past decade, the census manuscript has emerged as an important source in the study of past societies. Historians and social scientists have increasingly turned to the original census materials in order to develop a richer, more precise understanding of the lives of individuals of the past. At least three major advantages have been suggested for using these records in historical research. First, the census provides direct information on the social and, at times, economic characteristics of a broad spectrum of society. As a result, historians need no longer base their research solely on material written by the articulate elite of the period. 1 Second, unlike the published census figures, the manuscript links individual people with a variety of factors such as age, sex, or race. In one sense, therefore, the census manuscript serves as a crude surrogate for the modern social survey. Finally, the information culled from the manuscript