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War And Social Distress: Images of the Enemy

Though it is possible to think of war in terms of purely objective aims, as the continuation of diplomacy by other means, as Clausewitz's famous phrase has it, "War is inconceivable without a clearly defined image of the enemy." States at war may justify their strategic interests with rationales derived from current social and historical conditions. But the sheer aggressiveness of war, the use of unlimited force in the pursuit of those strategic objectives, both requires and engenders a deep-seated sense of enmity between participants. A battlefield without enemies cannot exist. I What is true for battlefields readily becomes true for whole soci-