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Structural Impact Relationships Between Urban Development Intensity Characteristics and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Korea

The goal of this study is to analyze the interrelated direct and indirect impacts of urban development intensity (UDI) characteristics on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in Korea. The study also compares the main arguments and analysis results of previous studies on cities that are effective in reducing CO 2 emissions. To do this, factors attributable to the UDI characteristics of Korea were selected, and CO 2 emissions were calculated. Then, the impact of UDI characteristics on CO 2 emissions was analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation model. The main results show that the physical, spatial, and socio-demographic characteristics of UDI have a direct impact on CO 2 emissions, and physical, economic, and city-type characteristics indirectly affect CO 2 emissions. As a result, we reach the following conclusions: (i) dense urban forms reduce CO 2 emissions; (ii) economic characteristics of UDI have impact on total CO 2 emissions, having both negative and positive effects; and (iii) medium and small cities have higher per capita CO 2 emissions than do large cities.