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Where Have All the People Gone?

Chapter 5 introduces, evaluates, and highlights demographic data as a lens for understanding how societies were impacted by transition. It consider mortality, fertility, and out-migration, all of which show deep negative effects. In considering the social devastation of transition, this chapter points to postsocialist countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia that continue to experience population decline as well as higher mortality rates and lower life expectancies. Evaluation of these data shows that significant out-migration and declining life expectancy do not necessarily correlate with negative economic indicators, pointing to larger social costs associated with transition that are not captured by consideration of transition as a purely economic phenomenon.