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Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor among men over 50 years old. Its incidence varies according to countries and ethnic group. Known risk factors are race and positive family history of the disease. Familial aggregation (at least 2 cases in the family) is observed in about 20% of cases and an hereditary form of prostate cancer in 5%. This proportion increases with younger age at diagnosis. Six putative loci are already identified but undoubtedly, others will be found in forthcoming studies. The genetic heterogeneity observed in hereditary prostate cancer reflects variety of origins of the studied families. In some families, aggregation of prostate cancer and other cancers suggests the involvement of common predisposing genes. In other familial and in sporadic cases, the genetic component should be polygenic: prostate cancer wouldn't result to segregation of a major gene mutations transmitted according to a monogenic inheritance, but rather to sharing of alleles at many loci, each contributing to a small increase in cancer risk. Indeed, several genetic polymorphism were associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer and could explain the variations of prostate cancer incidence observed between populations.