{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029738400789733464, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01678183613030602, 'mean_word_length': 5.676276771004942, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Subclinical Inflammation and Diabetic Polyneuropathy

OBJECTIVE Subclinical inflammation represents a risk factor of type 2 diabetes and several diabetes complications, but data on diabetic neuropathies are scarce. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating concentrations of acute-phase proteins, cytokines, and chemokines differ among diabetic patients with or without diabetic polyneuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured 10 markers of subclinical inflammation in 227 type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic polyneuropathy who participated in the population-based MONICA/KORA Survey F3 (2004–2005; Augsburg, Germany). Diabetic polyneuropathy was diagnosed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). RESULTS After adjustment for multiple confounders, high levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin (IL)-6 were most consistently associated with diabetic polyneuropathy, high MNSI score, and specific neuropathic deficits, whereas some inverse associations were seen for IL-18. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that subclinical inflammation is associated with diabetic polyneuropathy and neuropathic impairments. This association appears rather specific because only certain immune mediators and impairments are involved.

S ubclinical inflammation is a risk factor not only for type 2 diabetes (1) but also for diabetes complications such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy (2)(3)(4). However, the association between subclinical inflammation and diabetic polyneuropathy has only been in-vestigated in small studies without definitive results (5,6).
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate systematically whether patients with type 2 diabetes with or without diabetic polyneuropathy exhibit a different immune profile and whether associations between subclinical inflammation and diabetic polyneuropathy as well as the individual components of diabetic polyneuropathy are independent of anthropometric and metabolic factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND
METHODS -Data are based on the MONICA/KORA Survey F3 study (2004 -2005). The present study includes 227 participants of the MONICA/KORA Survey F3 with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic polyneuropathy was diagnosed based on the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) (7). A cutoff of Ͼ2 points in the continuous MNSI score was used as previously suggested (7)(8)(9)(10) and identified 111 individuals with diabetic polyneuropathy. The study design; assessment of neuropathic impairments; collection of information regarding demographic, anthropometric, clinical, sociodemographic, and lifestyle variables and medication; measurement of metabolic and immune mediators markers; and statistical analysis are described in the online appendix (http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/ content/full/dc08-2011/DC1).
Both CRP (r ϭ 0.23; P ϭ 0.0006) and IL-6 (r ϭ 0.25; P ϭ 0.0001) were highly significantly associated with the continuous MNSI score in univariate analyses and in multiple linear regression models that adjusted for anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle factors; anti-inflammatory medication; and recent respiratory infec-tions (P Ͻ 0.01 in all models; Table 1). The most consistent associations with individual neuropathic deficits were observed for CRP and IL-6, and some associations between IL-18 and neuropathic deficits were found (Table 1). High levels of CRP or IL-6 were associated with impaired ankle reflex, high vibration perception threshold, abnormal appearance of feet, and impaired pain perception (pinprick). In the case of IL-18, low levels of this cytokine were associated with impaired ankle reflex and impaired pain perception (pinprick). Associations for the other immune markers were less pronounced or absent (data not shown).
CONCLUSIONS -The present study demonstrates for the first time at the population level that several immune mediators are associated with diabetic polyneuropathy and that many of these associations persist when adjusting for multiple potential confounders. CRP and IL-6 were most consistently associated with diabetic polyneuropathy and some neuropathic deficits. Although the strength of the correlations with the MNSI score was moderate (r Յ 0.25), it is important that these associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for multiple confounders, including duration of diabetes and A1C, so that immune activation in diabetic polyneuropathy cannot be explained solely as a consequence of hyperglycemia or other metabolic disturbances. Associations of CRP and IL-6 with cardiac autonomic neuropathy have been previously reported in two small studies in patients with type 1 diabetes (11,12). Furthermore, we describe significant associations of subclinical inflammation with some of the individual neuropathic impairments. Interestingly, impaired temperature per-ception and pain or discomfort in the lower limbs were not associated with any of the measured immune mediators, indicating that the association between subclinical inflammation and diabetic polyneuropathy may only affect certain components of diabetic polyneuropathy, whereas others may be independent of immune activation.
The association between subclinical inflammation and diabetic polyneuropathy appears relatively complex because higher CRP and IL-6 levels were associated with diabetic polyneuropathy, whereas for IL-18, an inverse association was found. CRP is an acute-phase protein that is produced in the liver, and its main inducer is IL-6. This relationship is reflected by the high degree of correlation between these two mediators in the present study (r ϭ 0.56; P Ͻ 0.001) (supplementary Table A2). Because IL-18 is

Herder and Associates
DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 32, NUMBER 4, APRIL 2009 also widely considered a proinflammatory cytokine (13), the hypothesis of IL-18 being protective against at least some neurological symptoms (14,15) needs to be corroborated by further studies.
The population-based design of the MONICA/KORA Survey F3, the extensive immunological phenotyping, and the multiple regression analyses represent strengths of this study. This study also has limitations. First, MNSI as a diagnostic tool only allows identification of patients with high risk of diabetic polyneuropathy. Although most patients will have diabetic polyneuropathy, in some cases neuropathy may not have been due to diabetes, but an exclusion of other potential causes of neuropathy for this relatively large study sample was not feasible. However, MNSI has been validated in other diabetic populations (7)(8)(9)(10). In addition, we did not conduct more objective electrophysiological tests to assess neuropathic deficits, which could have had an impact on our findings. Second, this study is cross-sectional, so one cannot distinguish between true risk factors and associations that could be due to reverse causation or simply coincidental. Third, the study lacked a nondiabetic control group, which would have been necessary to demonstrate unequivocally that the diabetic study participants had increased levels of proinflammatory markers compared with those in healthy individuals without type 2 diabetes. Fourth, the study relied on measurements of immune mediators at a single time point only and at different stages of disease. Fifth, the study was not designed to assess neuropathic pain in detail; thus, further studies are necessary to clarify the association between subclinical inflammation and this specific neuropathic symptom. Sixth, we performed multiple tests in this study, so type I errors cannot be ruled out.
Taken together, the data indicate that diabetic polyneuropathy and some of its individual impairments are significantly associated with subclinical inflammation (in particular with CRP, IL-6, and, inversely, IL-18). Prospective studies will be required to assess the time course and causal relevance of subclinical inflamma-tion in the development of diabetic polyneuropathy in order to test whether immunomodulation could become a treatment option for patients with diabetic polyneuropathy.