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Recalled Neighborhood Environments, Parental Control, and Cytokine-Mediated Response to Viral Challenge

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. ABSTRACT Objective Neighborhood risk in childhood is associated with poor health across the life span. However, many people who are reared in risky neighborhoods remain healthy in adulthood. In the context of high-risk neighborhoods, parenting practices that are controlling might promote better physical health outcomes later in life. The current study used a viral challenge paradigm to examine whether parental control throughout childhood moderated the association between recalled neighborhood risk and cytokine-mediated cold susceptibility. Methods A sample of 209 healthy adults completed questionnaires to assess recalled neighborhood risk and parental control over the first 15 years of life, were exposed to a common cold virus, and were quarantined for 6 days. Researchers assessed nasal proinflammatory cytokine production and objective markers of illness. Participants were diagnosed with a clinical cold if they met the infection and objective illness criteria. Results A significant Neighborhood Risk by Parental Control interaction emerged to predict proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, parental control moderated the cytokine-mediated association between neighborhood risk and cold diagnosis (index = −0.073, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.170 to −0.016), likelihood of infection (index = −0.071, 95% CI = −0.172 to −0.015), and meeting the objective symptom criteria (index = −0.074, 95% CI = −0.195 to −0.005). Specifically, there was a negative association between neighborhood risk and objective cold diagnosis and infection status at higher levels of parental control, but a nonsignificant association at lower levels of parental control. Conclusions Findings suggest that the degree to which recalled neighborhood risk is related to adult health varies as a function of parental control throughout childhood.