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Ghosts in the Machina: Plotting in Chartist and Working-Class Fiction

In much Chartist and working-class fiction, a deus ex machina rescues protagonists and authors alike from what appear to be insoluble complexities of narrative. As the name implies, the "god from the machine" is a mechanical, contrived, and formulaic solution to human problems that denies process as it capitulates to an audience's desire for a comforting resolution. According to Francis Dunn, the critique of the deus ex machina is as old as the device itself. He translates the comic poet Antiphanes, who complains that the device "covers up the incompetence of tragic poets":