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ABC of adolescence: Substance misuse: alcohol, tobacco, inhalants, and other drugs

reflect the difference in response rate, criteria for adequate concealment, recentness of the included trials, or the strategies for contacting and phrasing the questions to the investigators. It is prudent to assume that a notable fraction of the overestimation of the treatment effect associated with unclear allocation concealment is caused by selection bias. This fraction can be reduced through several mechanisms. Journals should endorse and enforce the consolidated standards of reporting trials statement (www.consort-statement.org), which recommends explicit description of the allocation procedures in publications of trials, and the gatekeepers who sanction protocols for funding and approval should demand that adequate methods are described in protocols and implemented in trials. Furthermore, our study adds to the argument that protocols should be made publicly available, 18 19 because public access would increase the reliability of critical appraisal of the fraction of trials where the protocol does describe methods for allocation concealment.