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Large time behaviour for a nonlocal diffusion - convection equation related with the gas dynamics

In this paper we consider a model that involves nonlocal diffusion and a classical convective term. Using a scaling argument and a new compactness argument we obtain the first term in the asymptotic behavior of the solutions.


Introduction
Let us consider the following system with u 0 as initial condition. This model has been considered by Hamer [6] in the context of radiating gases. System (1.1) can be rewritten as a nonhomogeneous Burgers equation of the form where kernel K is given by 1 2 e −|x| . Regarding well-posedness, it has been proved that for initial data in L 1 (R) ∩ L ∞ (R) there is a unique entropy solution for (1.2) (see, for instance, [10], [12], [14]). In [11] the asymptotic behavior of the solutions is studied and it is proved that the solution behaves as the solution of the viscous Bourgers equation with Dirac delta initial data.
The aim of this paper is to extend the previous result to the following system where q ≥ 2, a is a real number and J ∈ L 1 (1 + |x| 2 ) is a continuous nonnegative, radially symmetric function with mass one. We consider here the case a = 1 and positive solutions since the general case can be treated in a similar way. The multidimensional case can be treated in a similar way.
The main result of this paper is the following one. where u M is the unique solution of the heat (when q > 2) equation respectively, viscous Burgers equation (when q = 2) where M is the mass of the initial data and We point out that when q = 2 the asymptotic behavior is obtained in [11] by crucially using the Oleinik estimate u x ≤ 1/t, which is not available in the case q > 2 and new techniques have to be developed. Even if the case q = 2 can be treated as in [11] we prefer to give a proof that covers both the critical and the super-critical case q ≥ 2.
We obtain the asymptotic behavior in Theorem 1.1 by using a scaling method, i.e. we introduce a family of scaled solutions {u λ } λ>0 and reduce the asymptotic property (1.4) to the strong convergence of the scaled family (see for example [9]). However, there is an important difficulty, namely we have to obtain the compactness of the family {u λ } λ>0 . The difficulty comes from the lack of the smoothing effect of the linear semigroup involved here. This has been already observed in the case of nonlocal evolution problems [1,Ch. 1]. In view of these difficulties, to obtain the compactness of the trajectories {u λ (t)} λ>0 we need to obtain a compactness argument that does not involve derivatives of u λ but some nonlocal quadratic forms instead. The main tool to obtain the desired compactness is given in Section 3 in Proposition 3.1.
The lack of smoothing effect of the linear semigroup does not allow us to apply the techniques used in [4] for the convection-diffusion equation u t = u xx + a(|u| q−1 u) x . In [4] the authors use the fact that the heat kernel is smooth and prove that the nonlinearity decays faster than the linear part and then the asymptotic behavior is given by the linear semigroup.
Our results presented here could be compared with the ones in [10] where the hyperbolicparabolic and hyperbolic-hyperbolic relaxation limits are studied. In the cited paper the authors do not rescale the initial datum. As a consequence, for q = 2, they obtain the limit profile to be the solution of the viscous Burgers equation with initial data ϕ instead of Mδ 0 .
The extension of the results presented here to the case q ∈ (1, 2) remains an open problem. In the classical convection-diffusion problem the case q ∈ (1, 2) has been considered in [5].
The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we present some preliminary results on system (1.3) and present some known compactness results that will be useful in the proof of Theorem 1.1. In Section 3 we give the proof of the main result of this paper, Theorem 1.1.

prelimiaries
For the sake of completeness we present some results obtained in [10] regarding the well-posedness of system (1.3). We pointed out that the authors proved the existence and uniqueness of a weak entropy solution and, as usual, such a class of solution is defined as follows: Definition 2.1. Let f (u) be a C 2 flux and J a nonnegative, even function with mass one. A bounded measurable function u is a weak solution to if it verifies this relation in the distributional sense and the test functions are smooth with compact support, intersecting the line t = 0. A weak solution is entropic if, in addition, it verifies the inequality for any convex entropy η with flux q given by q ′ (s) = f ′ (s)η ′ (s) and for any nonnegative Lipschitz continuous test function ψ on R × [0, T ] with compact support, intersecting the line t = 0.

Remark 1.
From the classical theory of scalar conservation laws, it is known that it is sufficient to obtain the above inequality for η(u) = ±u, together with the family η k (u) = (u − k) + , k ∈ R, where w + = max{w, 0}.
Using the vanishing viscosity method in [10] the authors prove the following result.
Also the following compactness criterion is given.
This last criterion is obtained by using Theorem 2.2 and the following inequality that follows from the fact that space X is compactly embedded in space B: for any ǫ > 0 there exists η(ǫ) > 0 such that In the nonlocal setting we will give a similar result in Lemma 3.3 in Section 3.
We recall now some compactness results that have been proven in the nonlocal context [2], [1].
, Th. 6.11, p. 126). Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and Ω ⊂ R open. Let ρ : R → R be a nonnegative smooth continuous radial function with compact support, non identically zero, and ρ n (x) = nρ(nx). Let {f n } n≥1 be a bounded sequence in L p (R) such that for all n ≥ 1 The following hold: 1. If {f n } n≥1 is weakly convergent in L p (Ω) to f then f ∈ W 1,p (Ω) for p > 1 and f ∈ BV (Ω) for p = 1.
2. Assuming that Ω is a smooth bounded domain in R and ρ(x) ≥ ρ(y) if |x| ≤ |y| then {f n } n≥1 is relatively compact in L p (Ω).

Remark 2.
We point out that the compactness assumption on the function ρ could be removed. In fact once we have estimate (2.8) for ρ we also have it for any other compactly supported functionρ withρ ≤ ρ.
Using the same arguments as in the proof of Theorem 2.4 (see [1,Ch. 6,p. 128]) we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.5. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and Ω ⊂ R open. Let ρ : R → R be a nonnegative smooth continuous radial functions with compact support, non identically zero, and ρ n (x) = nρ(nx). Let {f n } n≥1 be a bounded sequence of functions in L p ((0, T ) × Ω) such that The proof of this theorem follows the lines of Theorem 2.4 in [1] and we will omit it here. The result in Theorem 2.5 will be used later in Section 3 in the proof of the main result of this paper -Theorem 1.1.

Proof of the main result
We first state some results regarding the behavior of the L p (R)-norms of the solutions of system (1.3). We refer to [7,8] for similar results in the case of the equation Proof. The main idea of the proof is to adapt the so-called Fourier splitting methods used previously by Schonbek [13] (see also [14], p. 26). Multiplying the equation (1.3) by u and integrating by parts we get Remark that the assumptions on J guarantee that its Fourier transform satisfies The first inequality above is a consequence of the fact the J has a second momentum. The second one is a consequence of the fact that J is nonnegative and has mass one. Proceeding as in [8] we find that The general case follows by an inductive argument and using that The complete details are given in [8].
Proof of Theorem 1.1. In order to obtain the long time behavior of the solutions of system (1.3) we use the method of self-similar solutions. Let us introduce the scaled functions Then u λ satisfies the system We remark that for p = 1, limit (1.4) is equivalent with the fact that In the following we will prove (3.13). The case p ∈ (1, ∞) will be obtained in Step IV of our proof. Step Hence for any 0 < t 1 < t 2 , the family {u λ } λ>0 is uniformly bounded in L ∞ ((t 1 , t 2 ), L 2 (R)). Moreover if we multiply equation (3.12) by u λ and integrate on the space variable x we obtain that 1 2 Hence for any 0 < t 1 < t 2 the following identity holds We now estimate the H −1 (R)-norm of u λ,t . We need the following Lemma.
Proof of Lemma 3.1. Making changes of variables it is sufficient to consider the case λ = 1. Since which proves the desired inequality.
The above estimates prove that there exists M = M(t 1 , ϕ L 1 (R) , ϕ L ∞ (R) ) such that The above estimates bring back to our mind the Aubins-Lions compactness criterion given in Theorem 2.3 in Section 2 applied on the spaces H 1 , L 2 and H −1 . However, instead of the H 1 -norm, in (3.18) we have an integral estimate that seems very similar to the ones used in [2] to characterize functions in Sobolev spaces. We will adapt the proof of Theorem 2.3 to our nonlocal setting and provide a nonlocal compactness criterion in the following proposition. The proof of Proposition 3.1 will be given later.
Then there exists a function f ∈ L 2 ((0, T ), H 1 (R)) such that, up to a subsequence, . Remark 3. The main difference between the results in Proposition 3.1 and the ones in Theorem 2.3 is that instead of having a fix space X = H 1 (Ω) that is compactly embedded in B = L 2 (Ω) we have in (3.21) a family of nonlocal quadratic forms. A more general result involving the L p -norms has recently been obtained in [7].
Using that J is a nonnegative continuous function with mass one we can choose a function ρ as in Theorem 2.5 such that ρ ≤ J. Thus we can apply Proposition 3.1 to the time interval [t 1 , t 2 ] and to the family {u λ } λ>0 . It follows that there exists a function u ∈ L 2 ([t 1 , t 2 ], H 1 (R)) such that u λ → u in L 2 ([t 1 , t 2 ]; L 2 loc (R)). This shows that u λ → u in L 1 loc ((0, ∞) × R)) and, therefore, This is not sufficient to pass to the limit in the equation, since the last convergence was not obtained for all t > 0. To overcome this difficulty we will prove that for any t > 0, sequence u λ (t) weekly converges to u(t) in L 2 (R). The estimates obtained above yield for {u λ,t } a bound in L 2 loc ((0, ∞), H −1 loc (R)). As a consequence of (3.17) we also have that {u λ } is bounded in L ∞ loc ((0, ∞), L 2 loc (R). Taking into account that L 2 loc (R) is compactly embedded in H −ε loc (R) for any ε > 0 and that for any 0 < ǫ < 1 the space H −ε loc (R) is continuously embedded in H −1 loc (R), we deduce (see [15,Corollary. 4,p. 85]) that {u λ } λ>0 is relatively compact in C loc ((0, ∞), H −ε loc (R)). Consequently, we can extract a subsequence, not relabeled, in such a way that ). On the other hand, for any t > 0 estimate (3.17) guarantees the existence of a function v(t) ∈ L 2 (R), such that up to a subsequence (3.25) u λ (t) ⇀ v(t) weakly in L 2 (R).
The uniqueness of the limit in D ′ (R) guarantees that (3.26) u λ (t) ⇀ u(t) weakly in L 2 (R), for all t > 0.
Moreover, we recall that in view of (3.14) there exists a function χ such that for any 1 < p < ∞ u q λ ⇀ χ in L p loc ((0, ∞), L p (R)). Since u λ → u a.e. in (0, ∞) × R we can conclude that the nonlinear term satisfies ). Based on the previous step we conclude that for any positive τ and R the family {u λ } λ>0 is relatively compact in L 1 ((τ, T ) × (−R, R)). Using a standard diagonal argument the compactness in L 1 ((τ, T ) × R) is reduced to the uniform control of the tails of the family {u λ } λ>1 : This follows from the following Lemma. Lemma 3.2. There exists a constant C = C(J, ϕ L 1 (R) , ϕ L ∞ (R) ) such that the following holds for any t > 0, R > 0, uniformly on λ ≥ 1.
Proof. Let ψ ∈ C ∞ (R) be a nonnegative function that satisfies ψ(x) ≡ 0 for |x| < 1 and ψ(x) ≡ 1 for |x| > 1. We put ψ R (x) = ψ(x/R). We multiply equation (3.12) by ψ R and integrate by parts to obtain We now use that and the conservation of the L 1 (R)-norm of u λ to find that To estimate the last term in the above inequality we use the decay of the solution u λ as given by (3.14) and obtain that Since for any q ≥ 2 lim x→0 x −1 Since λ > 1 we get and the proof of the Lemma is finished.
Step 3. Identification of the limit. Our aim here is to pass to the weak limit in the equation involving u λ , as well as, to identify the corresponding initial condition. Let us choose 0 < τ < t. We multiply equation (3.12) by φ ∈ C ∞ c (R) and integrate over (0, τ ) × R to obtain The convergence of the terms on the left hand side of (3.31) follows from the weak convergence obtained in (3.26). In order to pass to the limit the terms on the right hand side, we use the dominated convergence theorem and that u λ → u in L 1 loc ((0, ∞), L 1 (R)) to obtain Let us consider for the moment the case q > 2. Using (3.27) and the fact that q > 2 we have Returning to (3.31) we conclude that for all φ ∈ C ∞ c (R) the limit function u satisfies . Now it remains to identify in the initial condition in the equation satisfied by u. Following the computation which leads to (3.29) where C > 0 is independent of λ. On the other hand, by change of variables and the dominated convergence theorem, we obtain that Hence, from (3.35) it follows that By a density argument the above limit also holds for any bounded continuous function φ. This means that u(x, 0) = Mδ 0 in the sense of bounded measures.
Let us now prove that u ∈ C((0, ∞), L 1 (R)). Following the same steps as in Lemma 3.2 and letting λ → ∞ we obtain that for any 0 < s < t the following holds Let us recall that (see [3], p. 126) Now let us choose ε > 0. We know that there exists ϕ ǫ ∈ C ∞ c (R) satisfying Choosing t close enough to point s we obtain the continuity of u at point s. Putting together the above results we obtain that u ∈ C((0, ∞), L 1 (R)) is the unique solution u M of the initial value problem The uniqueness of the limit guarantees that the sequence {u λ } λ>0 , not only a subsequence, converges to u M .
To complete the proof it remains to analyze the case q = 2. In order to do that, it suffices to study the convergence of the term in (3.33). From (3.27) we have that for all Then, returning to (3.31) the above results allow us to conclude that u ∈ C((0, ∞), L 1 (R)) is the unique solution u M of the initial value problem The uniqueness of the limit (see [4]) guarantees that the sequence {u λ } λ>0 , not only a subsequence, converges to u M .
Step 4. Final step. From Steps 2 and 3 we obtain that This proves Theorem 1.1 in the case p = 1.
Classical results on the heat and Burgers equation [4] give us that the profile u M satisfies Using this decay property and Theorem 3.1 we reduce the proof of (1.4) to the case p = 1: The proof of the main result is now finished.
Proof of Proposition 3.1.
Let us consider Ω a smooth bounded domain of R. We now combine the strong convergence in L 2 (0, T, H −1 (Ω)), the fact that f ∈ L 2 (0, T, H 1 (Ω)) and the following Lemma to prove the compactness of {f n } n≥1 in L 2 ((0, T ), L 2 loc (R)).
We now localize inequality (3.37). Let χ be a smooth function supported in Ω. Thus We apply this inequality to v = u − f n and integrate the new inequality on [0, T ]. We get We now use the following lemma that we will prove later.