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A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee with Active Control

Background: Osteoarthritis is most prevalent in the knee and drives the growing incidence of total knee arthroplasty. There is a need to explore non-surgical treatment options to increase the portfolio of alternatives available. The study aimed to determine the clinical response to an autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) intra-articular injection compared to an active comparator. Methods: The study was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled pilot study. Participants with diagnosed knee osteoarthritis were allocated to one of two treatment groups to receive a BMAC injection immediately followed by a PRP injection or a single injection of Gel-One® crosslinked hyaluronate (HA). Outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Results: Significant improvements were observed in both treatment groups for all Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales with the exception of the symptoms assessment at 12 months in the HA group. BMAC KOOS scores peaked at 12 months, while HA KOOS scores generally peaked at 6 months. The gap in mean scores at 12 months in favor of the BMAC group did not reach statistical significance. Secondary outcomes included a greater reduction in pain at 12 months in the BMAC group (-3.13 points; 95% CI: -3.96, -3.29) compared to the HA group (-1.56 points; 95% CI: -2.59, -0.53; p= 0.02) via the numeric pain rating scale. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that both treatment groups experienced clinically and statistically significant improvement across the KOOS subscales. While BMAC has shown promise in the treatment of knee OA, there is a need for multi-center investigations with larger sample sizes, an extended follow-up, and placebo-based control. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02958267 progressing to a surgical intervention in cases where non-surgical treatment fails to relieve the underlying symptoms[7–9]. The accepted option for knee OA when non-surgical options fail is total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The prevalence of knee arthroplasty increased 300% in the United States from 1990 to 2010[10]. Considering the aging demographic in the United States, the demand for primary TKA is expected to increase by another twoto seven-folds by 2030 with associated costs increasing exponentially[11,12]. The growing costs[13], added to the risk of complications associated with TKA[14], demonstrates the importance of evaluating lower risk and lower cost options to manage the condition with intent to delay the need for surgical intervention or avoid surgical intervention in a subset of the


Introduction
Arthritis has been identified as one of the leading causes of disability in the United States [1] affecting approximately 1 of 5 adult males and approximately 1 of 4 adult females. [1,2] Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis [3] , is most prevalent in the knee and accounts for 31% of all OA-related medical visits [4] . The lifetime risk of symptomatic knee OA is nearly 45% [5] and the growing life expectancy will continue to rapidly increase the cases of knee OA and subsequent substantial economic burden to society, payers, and patients [6] .
Stepwise exposure to various non-surgical therapies is critical in the management of symptomatic knee OA. Available evidencebased guidelines including the American College of Rheumatology, the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International suggest that patients begin management with non-surgical options, while anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Intra-articular (IA) therapies including hyaluronic acid and corticosteroid injections are commonly deployed [15,16] . However, limitations exist regarding each of the commonly utilized non-surgical options. Not all individuals with presence of knee OA have needs for additional prescriptive or guided exercise, or require weight loss. IA steroid injections are commonly used to manage the pain and effusion accompanying an acute exacerbation of knee OA, as opposed to offering a long term management strategy. Available evidence demonstrates symptom reduction with hyaluronic acid and corticosteroid injections in the short term [16][17][18] ; but, evidence does not consistently support long term improvement and certainly not reversal of the disease state [16][17][18] . Specifically, the efficacy of hyaluronic acid has been shown to be clinically comparable to NSAIDs in the short-term [17] . The use of NSAIDs have come under intense scrutiny with respect to their safety in patients with cardiovascular disease as NSAIDs can increase the risk of having a heart attack or stroke [2] . Since nearly one in two Americans with heart disease also have arthritis [3] , there is a growing necessity to apply non-drug therapies in the treatment of knee OA. The limitations noted affect the availability of treatments for individuals with knee OA creating a continuous need to evaluate additional non-surgical treatment options to increase the overall portfolio of alternatives available.

Background and objectives
Orthobiologics (also termed regenerative therapies) provide a mechanism to apply non-drug treatments, and some treatment approaches have gained traction in the literature. Specifically, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has shown early promise in the non-surgical treatment of chronic degenerative disease such as OA [20,21] . MSCs can be obtained by way of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) or adipose tissue. Available systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses generally demonstrate early benefits in the application of orthobiologics for OA [22][23][24][25] . Studies specifically evaluating IA application of BMAC [26][27][28] or adipose-derived MSCs [29,30] have demonstrated consistent improvement in pain and function at follow-up time points ranging from 6-24 months. However, the benefits of such treatments are still interpreted cautiously as limitations exists including heterogeneity of outcome measures [22] , heterogeneity of dosing [22] and source of mesenchymal stem cells (i.e., bone marrow, adipose tissue, allovs. autograft), risk of bias [23] , and a lack of large scale studies [24] . Also, there are a paucity of active comparator trials that demonstrate superiority of BMAC over currently available injectable therapies. In a recent report, Anz et al. concluded that while both BMAC and PRP were clinically effective at 12 months, BMAC failed to demonstrate superiority [31] . Similarly, Shapiro et al. found improvement in both groups but no significant difference between BMAC and saline [32] . Vega et al. has demonstrated greater functional improvement form culture-expanded, allogeneic MSCs compared to HA; however, the HA group also demonstrated reduced pain scores at 12 months ]28] . Our study adds to the pool of available active comparator trials.
The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical response to an autologous BMAC and subsequent PRP intra-articular (IA) injection for knee OA at 1 year versus an active comparator group receiving a single injection of Gel-One® Cross-Linked hyaluronate (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) on the following primary and secondary clinical outcomes: Primary: Change in knee pain, symptoms, function in activities of daily living, function in sport and recreation, and knee-related quality of life as measured by the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment with respect to baseline. Secondary: Change in knee pain as measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) at 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment with respect to baseline.
Secondary: Change in global physical and mental health as measured by the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Global Health scale v1.1 at 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment with respect to baseline.

Trial Design
The study was designed as a prospective, single blind, randomized controlled pilot study, in which a 1:1 randomization method was utilized to ensure an equal allocation to each treatment arm. The principal investigator and study staff were blinded to the randomization schedule with the exception of the research team member (VZ) performing the statistical analyses and who was not involved in recruitment, enrollment, patient care activity, or data collection.
The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02958267) and reviewed and approved by the organization's Institutional Review Board.

Participants
All enrollment, treatment, and follow-up visits by trial participants were completed at the Ohio Health McConnell Spine Sport and Joint Center -a non-surgical orthopedic clinic in Columbus, Ohio. Potential patients were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1) and those who satisfied the criteria were introduced to the trial.
Interested patients who then provided informed consent were enrolled. Enrolled patients completed the baseline primary and secondary outcome tools, and a survey to collect relevant past medical history regarding the patient's knee to be treated. Other predetermined baseline demographic information was obtained from the patient's medical record. A flow diagram illustrating patient enrollment and follow-up can be found in Figure 1.

Interventions
Following the completion of baseline forms, patients were allocated to one of the two treatment groups as follows: Group A (BMAC): BMAC IA injection immediately followed by PRP IA injection; Group B (HA): Gel-One® Cross-Linked Hyaluronate injection. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for each treatment group can be found in Table 2.
Patients allocated to BMAC underwent a venous blood draw and subsequent complete blood count to determine the pre-procedure platelet count. The treatment date, regardless of group allocation, was scheduled and completed within 30 days of the baseline visit. Patients allocated to BMAC were also instructed to discontinue use of any NSAIDs or oral corticosteroids for 2 weeks prior to the planned treatment date.
The intervention for both treatment groups was performed by the principal investigator. For BMAC preparation, the patient was positioned in prone. Sixty ml of bone marrow was aspirated into 10 cc syringes from the posterior superior iliac crest using the rapidpull technique, and handled by the clinic staff utilizing a BC60 PURE BMC® Concentrating System 60 ml single use In the active control group, patients received a single injection of Gel-One® Cross-Linked Hyaluronate into the target knee. After identifying anatomical landmarks and marking the injection site, the area was carefully prepared with a chlorhexidine solution and allowed to dry. The prepared area was swabbed with alcohol. Skin was anesthetized with a vapo-coolant spray for 3-5 seconds. Immediately after evaporation, a needle was advanced to the target area and placement was verified using real time ultrasound guidance. Introduction of the injectate (3 ml syringe of Gel-One® -1% solution [10 mg/ml], 30 mg total hyaluronan) was completed, while pre-injection aspirations were carried out if clinically indicated.
Subsequently, patients in each group had an identical course of follow-up instructions and visits. Patients were given post-procedure instructions including general recommendations to increase rest and reduce excessive impact over the 48 hours following treatment, while using acetaminophen or ice as needed to address soreness from the IA injection. Patients were scheduled for follow-up visits at approximately 2 weeks (clinical follow-up with the physician performing the procedure), 3 months (clinical follow-up with the physician, and completion of outcome assessments), 6 months (completion of outcome assessments), and 12 months (completion of outcome assessments). The outcomes assessor, who was blinded to treatment allocation throughout the duration of the study, was present for the collection of primary and secondary outcomes of all patients.
Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at OhioHealth Corporation. [33] REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies, providing 1) an intuitive interface for validated data entry; 2) audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; 3) automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages; and 4) procedures for importing data from external sources. The KOOS has demonstrated validity, reliability, and responsiveness [34] in assessing patient reported outcomes over time in those with degenerative knee conditions. The scale consists of 5 subscales (i.e., pain, symptoms, function in activities of daily living, function in sport and recreation, and knee-related quality of life) developed to assess change over time in those with primary OA or knee injuries resulting in post-traumatic OA [34] . A change in 10 points is considered clinically important [34] . Scores are reported on a scale of 0-100 with 100 representing the best possible score.

Secondary
The 11-point NPRS is commonly used to assess the level and change of patient reported pain over time. Pain is rated from 0 to 10 with zero representing 'no pain' and 10 representing 'worst imaginable pain' [35] . A 2-point or 30-33% reduction has been established as a clinically important difference in populations with chronic musculoskeletal pain, including knee OA [35,36] .
The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Global Health scale v1.1 contains 10 questions spanning patient reported ratings of physical health, physical function, fatigue, pain, mental health, emotional distress, social health, and overall quality of life [37] . The PROMIS Scale v1.1 -Global Health produces two subscale scores: Global Physical Health (GPH) and Global Mental Health (GMH). Each subscale produces a raw score that is converted to a T score such that an average patient in the United States would have a subscale T score of 50 with a standard deviation of 10 points [38] . Each scale has been recommended as a summary depiction of the physical and mental health of a patient [37] and has been used in other conditions [39,40] , including knee arthroscopy [41] . Interestingly, lower GPH scores are associated with higher levels of healthcare utilization [42] .

Sample
A total of 17 patients were randomized to the BMAC group, and 15 patients were randomized to the HA group. Two patients in the BMAC group withdrew prior to the treatment intervention. Therefore, 15 patients were treated with BMAC and PRP during a single encounter, while 15 patients were treated with a single injection of the active comparator, Gel-One® Cross-Linked Hyaluronate. A sample size of 30 total patients undergoing the treatment intervention was established based on the power calculation (α = 0.05, β = 0.20) of a previous study comparing allogeneic bone marrow MSCs to hyaluronic acid in 30 patients with knee osteoarthritis [28] and a preceding pilot study [43] . The primary outcome tool used in the study by Vega et al. has been demonstrated to have similar effect sizes at 6 and 12 months and similar smallest detectable differences compared to the KOOS scale in two different populations with knee-related deficits [34,44] .

Blinding
The principal investigator, who performed all interventions, and study staff were both blinded to the randomization schedule except for the biostatistician generating the randomization list who was not involved in recruitment, enrollment, patient care activity, or data collection. The study team member meeting with patients at followup to collect patient reported outcomes was blinded to treatment allocation throughout the duration of the study.

Statistical Methods
All subjects who were assigned to treatment were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of participants by group membership. Specifically, chi square tests were used to compare differences in categorical variables, and t-tests were used to compare differences in continuous variables between groups. For the main analyses to compare improvements in KOOS subscale scores, NPRS scores and PROMIS subscale scores, generalized estimating equations were used with an independent correlation, identity link and normal family. Models were fit using main effects for group and time, and a group-time interaction term to compare differences in mean scores over time and between groups. The alpha value was set at p<0.05. All analyses were completed using Stata version 14 (StataCorp 2015).

Results
Characteristics of trial participants are provided in Table 2. At baseline, the trial participants were similar in terms of demographics, clinical characteristics, and past medical history with a single exception of those who were in the HA group were more likely to have had previous physical therapy in the target knee (p=0.036). Patients in both groups also had similar KOOS subscale, NPRS and PROMIS scores prior to the start of the clinical trial.  22.71) from a mean baseline score of 63.33 to a mean 12 month score of 76.00. Similar patterns were observed in improvements in KOOS symptoms, ADL, Sport and QOL scores over the course of the trial for both the BMAC and HA groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of change in primary outcome scores between both groups. Figures 2 and 3 show the relative differences between the BMAC and HA groups, respectively, over time for the primary outcome scores.   NPRS scores significantly improved for both groups at 3, 6 and 12 months compared to baseline. Specifically, mean scores for the BMAC group improved from 4.59 at baseline to 1.46 at 12 months, while mean scores for the HA group improved from 4.20 at baseline to 2.64 at 12 months. The mean improvement difference between the two groups at 12 months relative to baseline was significant in favor of the BMAC group (mean difference= -1.57 (95% CI: -2.89, -0.25); p=0.02). PROMIS GPH scores significantly improved for the BMAC group at 3 (p=0.017), 6 (p<0.001) and 12 months (p=0.001), however the HA group only experienced improvements at 6 months relative to baseline (p=0.04), and this difference subsided at 12 months (p=0.077). PROMIS GMH scores improved at 3 months for the BMAC group (p=0.012), however, this difference was no longer significant at 12 months (p=0.959). The HA group did not experience any improvements in PROMIS GMH scores over the course of the trial. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the rate of improvement between the BMAC and HA groups over the course of the trial regarding the PROMIS GMH scores. Results are shown in Table 4. Figures 4-6 provide the relative differences between groups over time for secondary outcome scores.

Discussions
In a prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled pilot study, patients with knee OA (KL grade 1-3) treated with either a single IA injection of BMAC and PRP or HA demonstrated clinically and statistically significant improvements in pain, function in activities of daily living, function in sport and recreation, and knee-related quality of life 1 year following treatment. While the magnitude of the change at 6 and 12 months for each of the KOOS subscales was consistently greater in the BMAC group, the difference did not reach statistical significance.
Two secondary outcomes were examined in the trial. The first secondary outcome was the score on the NPRS. While NPRS scores improved significantly across time for both groups, patients in the BMAC treatment arm experienced a greater improvement at the 12 month follow-up. The other secondary outcomes were scores on the global physical and mental health PROMIS assessments. It was observed that patients in the BMAC treatment arm experienced significant improvements from baseline on the physical scale after 12 months. Patients in the HA treatment arm did not experience significantly improved scores at 12 months. Patients in both treatment arms did not experience significant improvements in mental health scores from baseline through 12 months.
Regarding the primary outcome, the magnitude of change realized in patient reported pain, symptoms, function, and knee-related quality of life at 1 year following each treatment should not be understated.
In this cohort of participants with a diagnosed chronic degenerative condition, clinically important improvements were noted at 1 year following treatment. In contrast, without intervention, we would logically expect no change or a slight functional decline over the same time period in a population with a chronic degenerative condition such as knee OA. This concept is supported by Øiestad et al. showing stable or slight declines in physical function year-to-year in two observational cohorts of individuals with incident knee OA [45] . Thus, results of our study may illuminate the value in seeking maintenance treatment for this condition despite the lack of an identified treatment at this time to stop or reverse the disease state.
The results of this study draw similarities to a well-designed prospective, randomized controlled trial in which patients with bilateral symptomatic knee OA were treated with a BMAC IA injection in a single knee, while the other knee served as a saline injected control [32] . Patients were blinded to which knee was treated with a saline injection versus a BMAC injection. At the 3 and 6 month follow-up, patients reported significant improvements in pain in both knees. The knee joints treated with BMAC did not demonstrate superiority over the saline treated controls. In our study, we extended the follow-up to include a 12 month assessment. We hypothesized that both groups would see significant improvements in pain, function, and knee-related quality of life at 6 months; however, we expected differentiation at 12 months with superiority demonstrated in the BMAC treated cohort. Though there was a growing gap in the mean change scores in favor of the BMAC group at 12 months compared to earlier time points (see Table 2 for reference), this difference failed to reach statistical significance. Patient reported outcomes generally peaked at 6 months for the HA group compared to 12 months in the BMAC group. Future studies should consider extending the follow-up period to determine whether or not this pattern becomes clinically meaningful at a follow-up beyond 12 months.
Results of this study draw additional parallels from the literature regarding comparable improvements in pain and function following BMAC and PRP. Centeno et al. published registry data evaluating patient reported outcomes representing over 400 joints receiving autologous BMAC for knee OA. [46] A small subset of the patients underwent PRP treatment following the initial BMAC IA injection.
Overall, patients undergoing BMAC reported significant improvements in function and pain at 6 and 7 months, respectively [46] . The study was limited by the lack of a comparison group and a 33-36% response rate at the last follow-up time point limiting the ability to make determinations regarding the results compared to another treatment approach. Vega et al. extracted bone marrow MSCs from healthy donors and subsequently isolated and expanded the cells. The fifteen patients treated with an injection of the cultured bone marrow MSCs demonstrated significant improvements in pain and function at 6 and 12 months post-treatment. A comparison group receiving a single injection of HA had smaller, non-significant improvements in function; however, the group did report significant improvements in pain via the visual analog scale at 12 months. [28] In Vega et al., the extraction and expansion of cells is a key difference from our study in which the bone marrow withdrawal and injection occurred within the same encounter.
The previous study comparisons highlight a common theme across the literature base regarding orthobiologic therapy -a theme furthered by the results of this study. Studies specifically evaluating intra-articular application of BMAC [26][27][28]46] or adipose-derived MSCs [29,30] have demonstrated consistent improvement in pain and function at followup time points ranging from 6-24 months. However, the benefits of such treatments are interpreted cautiously as there are limitations in the current literature including heterogeneity of outcome measures [22] , heterogeneity of dosing [22] and source of mesenchymal stem cells (i.e., bone marrow, adipose tissue, allovs. autograft), and a lack of large scale studies [24] . Two recent systematic reviews re-emphasize the above points. Delanois et al. concluded there is justification for the judicious use of bone marrow derived MSCs through careful clinical evaluation while acknowledging that coordinated treatment approaches and larger, blinded, placebo-based trials are essential [47] . Migliorini et al. concluded there is strong support that MSC therapies for knee OA improve clinical outcomes in key clinical measures [48] . As previously highlighted, a recent investigation reinforced significant clinical improvement resulting from both BMAC and PRP, however failed to differentiate between either as superior [31] . Ultimately, there remains a paucity of active comparator trials or placebo-based trials that do not involve expanded or otherwise manipulated cell components to result in a narrowed and recommended, standard clinical approach.

Limitations
This study has limitations to be noted. First, the sample size was relatively small. The smaller sample size may have limited the ability to detect between group differences, specifically at the 12 month follow-up as mean change scores between the groups for the primary outcome became more noticeable. Though the study included a small sample size, there were strong follow-up rates as 87% of patients in the BMAC group and 93% of patients in the HA group completed the 12 month follow-up.
Another limitation involved the bone marrow harvest technique. Since the initiation of this trial, there has been conjecture over the optimal technique of bone marrow harvest. Multiple harvest sites and varying the cannula depth between aspirations have been discussed as means of increasing the capture of desired cell populations. This study utilized single entry single depth technique and an open end aspiration needle, which could result in collecting a large volume of peripheral blood and fewer regenerative cells, with potential adverse impact on the clinical outcome [49][50][51][52][53][54] .
Our protocol and identified active comparator did not allow for patients or the treating physician to be blinded to group allocation. The BMAC and PRP procedure is more complex and distinctly different than the HA injection, which is a previously prepared solution. However, the protocol mitigated potential bias through use of a blinded outcomes assessor and a randomization schedule which was unknown to the research team with the exception of the biostatistician. The biostatistician did not have a role in patient recruitment, enrollment, treatment, or data collection.
We chose not to utilize imaging as an outcome measure, but rather only a standing anteroposterior, standing lateral, and standing posteroanterior bent knee radiograph to ensure an accurate knee OA diagnosis prior to enrollment. The details of MRI findings, including KL grade, have been previously shown to correlate poorly with clinical findings [55] . Thus, we opted to focus on patient reported outcomes that have been shown to correlate well to a patient's daily functional performance [56] .

Conclusion
This prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled pilot study demonstrated that patients in both treatment groups experienced clinically and statistically significant improvements across the KOOS subscales, including pain, symptoms (with the exception of the HA group), function in activities of daily living, function in sport and recreation, and knee-related quality of life at 12 months. In addition, patients treated with BMAC-PRP experienced a significant reduction in pain as measured through the NPRS at 12 months compared to the active control group. While orthobiologic options such as BMAC and PRP continue to show promise in the treatment of knee OA, there is a need for subsequent multi-center investigations with larger sample sizes, an extended follow-up, and a placebo-based control.