{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.011680143755615454, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.4393063583815024, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Effect of Globalization and WTO on Small Enterprises in Developing Countries: Strengthening Systemic Thinking and Regional Innovation System

Globalisation and WTO have adversely influenced small enterprises, especially in the developing countries. The promotion and protection of such enterprises by the public policy of providing reservation and subsidy etc have lost their relevance. It has raised questions relating to survival and competitiveness of small enterprises. The paper argues that there is a need for systemic thinking and a holistic view of the whole situation. An analysis of small enterprises in a regional context will be helpful to understand their problems and providing solutions. The paper first presents the concept of systemic thinking and regional innovation systems. Then, case of the evolution of knitwear industry in Ludhiana district of India from an agglomeration of firms to Apparel Park is discussed. The case study demonstrates the role of systemic thinking and development of clusters in context of regional innovation system. Finally, concluding observations are presented.