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Marine-feeding otters (Lutra lutra) in Norway: seasonal variation in prey and reproductive timing

Diet and food resources of marine-feeding otters (Lutra lutra, Mammalia) were studied along the coast of central Norway, where otters breed in all seasons. The fish and crab fauna in the 0–10 m depth zone where otters forage were sampled and otter spraints collected monthly for three years. Results were compared with published data from Shetland where otters breed mainly in summer. Most of the main prey species showed significant seasonal variation in numbers or biomass, which tended to be low in late winter or spring. The variations during the rest of the year were not synchronized between species. The combined density of the main prey species of Shetland otters, which peaked during summer, was low in Norway. This species group, eelpout (Zoarches viviparus), butterfish (Pholis gunnellus) and rocklings (Ciliata sp., Gaidropsarus sp. ), also constituted a smaller fraction of the total catch in Norway than in Shetland.) and bullrout (Myoxocephalus scorpius), constituted a larger fraction of the catch in Norway than in Shetland. Thus the otter's food resources on the Norwegian coast were seasonal, being minimal during the early months of the year, but with no clear maximum season as there is in Shetland. This may explain the differences in reproductive timing in the non-seasonal or autumn and winter species, cod (Gadus morhua.