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Bureau Men and Settlement Women Developing Modern Health-Care Policy

The first female representative was elected to the 65th U.S. Congress in 1917 (Jeanette Rankin, R-MT). Since then, women have steadily increased their presence in Congress. The increase has been especially pronounced since the mid-1990s. In fact, the 111th Congress has a record number of women. With that increasing presence comes more opportunity for women to express their viewpoints on issues facing Congress through their legislative responses. Stivers (2000) stated that women can bring a unique perspective to policy choices in how they perceive problems and subsequently formulate solutions to those problems. With increased representation in Congress over the past 90 years, and exponential growth in representation during the past 10 years, women have an improved opportunity to express their unique perspective with the bills they sponsor. The question is, what are they doing with that opportunity? Are the bills women sponsor in Congress substantially different from the bills men sponsor? Are their bills actually an expression of a unique perspective in how policy issues are framed and potential solutions presented? One way to look for a potential women’s perspective is by searching the health-care–related bills women have sponsored in Congress. There are two primary reasons why the field of health-care policy is a fitting topic to analyze in a search for any potential differences in bills sponsored by men or women. First, health-care access and health-care quality issues are deeply embedded in the settlement woman tradition. Therefore, it is a field in which even the earliest women elected to Congress would most likely have felt comfortable and confident expressing their opinions through proposing legislation. The settlement experience gave a generation of women direct experience with health and public health issues, particularly as the problems interfaced with possible solutions at various levels of government. Second, health-care policy is broad enough and complex enough to provide room for many diverse approaches to its problems and solutions. There is a great deal of room for intellectual latitude in this topic and for legislative creativity, freeing up women to propose unique policies that express their priorities and approaches to problem definition and problem solving, if they so desire. Field (2007) stated that the government/health-care interface in the United States has historically been driven by the need to control three basic features