{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016496465043205028, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003142183817753339, 'mean_word_length': 5.338308457711443, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Role of molecular markers and gene profiling in head and neck cancers

Purpose of review To explore the current status of molecular markers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Recent findings A variety of studies have been undertaken to improve classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In the past several years, it has become apparent that human papillomavirus is an important cause of oropharyngeal carcinoma, and likely represents a distinct mechanism of carcinogenesis compared to tobacco and alcohol-associated tumors. Human papillomavirus-associated tumors seem to have an improved prognosis, and may respond differently to treatment. Other markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, p16, and others have been extensively studied. Several of these proteins have been the targets of investigational drugs, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are becoming an important weapon in our therapeutic arsenal. Summary Molecular markers have given us new understanding of the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, these markers are not yet ready to be used in the routine clinical management of patients with these tumors, and further research is needed.