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Diagnosis and staging of cancer

The accurate diagnosis of the precise type and stage of a malignancy is a vital part of cancer management. Treatment options and decisions vary significantly between various stages of the same malignancy (e.g. treatment with radical vs palliative intent) and also between specific histological subtypes of a cancer arising from the same organ (e.g. small-cell lung cancer vs non-small-cell lung cancer). It is therefore of critical importance that as much accurate information about each individual case is obtained. This is achieved with a variety of diagnostic procedures which allow the multidisciplinary team to reach correct decisions about management. The types of investigations performed typically include radiology and pathology, but clinically important information may also be obtained by other methods, for example surgical staging, clinical examination, endoscopy, and blood tests. As well as directing therapy, accurate staging also allows a more precise estimation of prognosis or the probability of treatment success, knowledge which is of obvious importance to the patient.