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Interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2: substrate specificity in vesicles.

The binding equilibrium of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to the substrate interface influences many aspects of the overall kinetics of interfacial catalysis by this enzyme. For example, the interpretation of kinetic data on substrate specificity was difficult when there was a significant kinetic contribution from the interfacial binding step to the steady-state catalytic turnover. This problem was commonly encountered with vesicles of zwitterionic phospholipids, where the binding of PLA2 to the interface was relatively poor. The action of PLA2 on phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles containing a small amount of anionic phospholipid, such as phosphatidic acid (PA), was studied. It was shown that the hydrolysis of these mixed lipid vesicles occurs in the scooting mode in which the enzyme remains tightly bound to the interface and only the substrate molecules present on the outer monolayer of the target vesicle became hydrolyzed Thus the phenomenon of scooting mode hydrolysis was not restricted to the action of PLA2 on vesicles of pure anionic phospholipids, but it was also observed with vesicles of zwitterionic lipids as long as a critical amount of anionic compound was present. Under such conditions, the initial rate of hydrolysis of PC in the mixed PC/PA vesicles was enhanced more than 50-fold. Binding studies of PLA2 to vesicles and kinetic studies in the scooting mode demonstrated that the enhancement of PC hydrolysis in the PC/PA covesicles was due to the much higher affinity of the enzyme toward covesicles compared to vesicles of pure PC phospholipids. A novel and technically simple protocol for accurate determination of the substrate specificity of PLA2 at the interface was also developed by using a double-radiolabel approach. Here, the action of PLA2 in the scooting mode was studied on vesicles of the anionic phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphomethanol that contained small amounts of 3H- and 14C-labeled phospholipids. From an analysis of the 3H and 14C radioactivity in the released fatty acid products, the ratio of substrate specificity constants (kcat/KMS) was obtained for any pair of radiolabeled substrates. These studies showed that the PLA2s from pig pancreas and Naja naja naja venom did not discriminate between phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipids or between phospholipids with saturated versus unsaturated acyl chains and that the pig enzyme had a slight preference for anionic phospholipids (2-3-fold). The described protocol provided an accurate measure of the substrate specificity of PLA2 without complications arising from the differences in binding affinities of the enzyme to vesicles composed of pure phospholipids.