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Power-Zienau-Woolley representations of nonrelativistic QED for atoms and molecules

In this paper the general Hamiltonian for non-relativistic QED is developed in terms of polarization fields that may be interpreted in terms of fields associated with Faraday's lines of force. The authors finds that the respective vacuum states of the two Hamiltonians are orthogonal and that the Coulomb interaction is explicit only in the Coulomb gauge formalism.