{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.013909224011713031, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.270642201834862, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Effect of Economic Thresholds and Life-History Parameters on the Evolution of Pesticide Resistance in a Regional Setting

We explore the dynamics of alleles conferring insecticide resistance in agroecosystems in which economic thresholds are used to manage insect pest populations. The dynamics of economic thresholds on resistance evolution are first explored in a single-field model. A two-dimensional cellular automata model is then used to examine the effects of migration, refuges, and crop rotation in a large region of fields under different management strategies. The single-field model indicates that economic thresholds may have important implications for pesticide management strategies, because resistance evolution is no longer independent of the growth process. In the regional model, the growth rate of the population, the selection pressure on the resistant allele, and migration all affect the time to resistance. Rotation is most beneficial when migration rates are either very high or very low and has little effect at intermediate migration rates. Resistance develops in large patches, so the level of resistance in a given field may be only weakly related to the history of pesticide treatment in that field. This finding may explain the high regional variability found in field studies of resistance in pests such as Colorado potato beetle.