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Investigation of Ultrasonic Solvent Extracts for the Separation of Neutral Lipids from Microalgae Biomass for Biodiesel Potential

Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms that require three components: water, CO2, and sunlight, to generate biomass with relatively higher photosynthetic efficiency of 3–8% against 0.5% for terrestrial plants. The biomass is comprised of neutral (triacyl glycerides, free fatty acids) and polar lipids (glyceroglyco/phospholipids). Neutral lipids are potential sources of biodiesel and food products due to their similarity with regular vegetable crops with regard to saturated and unsaturated fatty acid profile (C14 to C22). Besides neutral and polar lipids various high value co-products can be extracted from microalgae biomass. Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as a – linolenic (u n-3), a– linolenic (u n-6), DHA and EPA are abundantly cultivated by certain microalgae species, and find extensive application as food supplements due to their high nutritional value. 
In the present work, the algal oil extracts from Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina and Scenedesmus ecornis species obtained by ultrasonic extraction methods employing solvents of varying polarity such as cyclohexane, chloroform, and methanol, and their blends have been characterized by NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopic techniques. The detailed analyses of different extracts has facilitated to determine extraction efficiency of each solvent towards extraction of neutral lipids, PUFAs and polar lipids, and their fatty acid profile with an objective to explore biodiesel and other product potential. The results indicated that lipid product profile including nature of fatty acids were dependent upon the polarity of solvent, nature of microalgae species, and cultivation media for the generation of biomass. The naturally occurring biodiesel and biodiesel produced during extraction were specifically investigated to propose the concept of photobioreactor. The developed NMR methods offer great potential for rapid screening of algal strains for generation of algae biomass with desired lipid content, quality of biodiesel and value added PUFA keeping in view of the cost economics of overall generation of the biomass.