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Book Review: Margaret Malloch and Paul Rigby (eds), Human Trafficking: The Complexities of Exploitation

scholar and lay reader alike an effective resource to compare and contrast the myriad roles of women during the course of various twentieth-century ethno-political conflicts, all characterised by the annihilation or brutal suppression of particular sections of a population. Each of the nine chapters is set against a specific socio-cultural context, reflective of the contributing authors’ multidisciplinary research interests. The commonality, however, is the usage of the four-pronged Ofer-Weitzman model as a blueprint to examine the silenced, understudied and obliterated narratives of women, thereby unearthing testimonies, coping strategies and perspectives that are in stark contrast to those of men. Race-gender intersectionalities in these complex warscapes are illustrated in (1) disparate prior gender roles, (2) distinct anticipatory reactions to the genocide, (3) differential treatment of men and women, and (4) defined reactions of women in the aftermath. The diasporic literature, traversing the descriptive and the critical, keeps the recognition of the extermination and expatriation of Armenian women alive. Contemporary Bangladeshi writers use fiction to highlight the connection between the sacro-sexual societal treatment of women and the strategic use of rape during the Liberation War. Immersive ethnographic accounts of Romani gypsies shatter the perceptions of homogeneity and absent sexual violence in Nazi persecutions. Cambodian women who battled against competing patriarchies during the Khmer Rouge utilise oral history to reclaim their past and overcome state-sponsored amnesia. The theme of autonomous female action resonates in the sections on Vichy France, Rwanda and Kosovo. The pogroms and rebellions dismantled class segregation, constrictive gender norms and chauvinistic social structures, providing leverage for women to be rescuers, perpetrators and agents of survival. It brought to the fore their immense resourcefulness as breadwinners despite the fatality of their circumstance. In post-‘La Violencia’ Guatemala and post-Godhra Gujarat, women carry the scars of communal hatred and misogyny and struggle with destitution, familial trauma, the shame of rape, guilt-ridden silences and the lack of rehabilitative care as they strive to rebuild the social fabric. Overall, the book achieves its stated aim of giving the collective memory of these ‘unruly historical actors’ due validation. The need for more clarity regarding the in-exhaustive temporal-geographical selection of case studies notwithstanding, this volume presents a springboard for more nuanced research on tailoring post-genocide convalescence in a gender sensitive manner.