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Analytical evaluation of the Nittobo Medical tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP-5b) EIA and comparison with IDS iSYS in different clinically de ﬁ ned populations

Objectives: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, isoform 5b (TRACP-5b) is a bone resorption marker not influenced by renal function or food intake. TRACP-5b can be measured with Nittobo Medical enzymatic-immunoassay and IDS-iSYS automated immunoassay. We evaluated the Nittobo assay and established reference ranges for a Western-European population. We compared Nittobo and IDS results in different well-defined clinical populations. Methods: We established the limits of detection and quantification (LOD-LOQ), linearity, imprecision and the reference ranges in 119 males, 50 women (<45 years) and 120 women (>60 years) for TRACP-5b with the Nittobo assay. We compared both assays in 30 hemodialyzed (HD), and 40 stage 3 – 5 patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD), 40 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis and 80 post-menopausal women. We measured TRACP-5b, β -crosslaps ( β -CTX), bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) and PTH in 20 hemodialyzed (HD) and 40 CKD patients. Results: LOD and LOQ were 0.02 and 0.35 U/L. CV ranged from 8.3 to 4.3% (2/5 samples presenting CV > desirable CV). Method was linear up to of 11.3 U/L. Upper and lower limits of normality were 0.8 – 7.6 U/L in men, 0.9 – 4.7 U/L in women – 7.1 U/L in women >60. The regression equation between the 2 methods was Nittobo = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09 – 1.16) × iSYS − 0.4 (95% CI: − 0.5; − 0.3). TRACP-5b and b-ALP were in their respective reference ranges for most of CKD and HD patients. That was not the case for β -CTX, which increased with decreasing eGFR. Conclusions: Nittobo TRACP-5b presents interesting analytical features and a good concordance with IDS iSYS. These methods could thus potentially be harmonized.


Introduction
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) is an enzyme produced by the ACP5 gene [1] which possesses a dimetal center comprised of two Fe ions in its active center [2]. TRACP is expressed by various cells from monocyte/macrophage lineage like osteoclasts, activated macrophages or dendritic cells [3]. Two isoforms of TRACP, namely 5a and 5b are present in human serum [4]. The difference between the two isoforms is characterized by the post-translational modification of each derived cell. TRACP-5a concentrations are increased in inflammatory pathologies like rheumatoid arthritis whereas TRACP-5b is secreted by the osteoclasts as an active enzyme and reflects bone resorption and the number of active osteoclasts [5,6]. After release in the circulation, TRACP-5b becomes inactive by losing its iron content and degraded into fragments that are cleared by the liver [7]. Less than 10% of the circulating TRACP-5b circulates as an intact enzymatically active form [8].
TRACP-5b is clinically used as a resorption marker and has some important advantages over C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), the resorption marker recommended by the IOF-IFCC [9]. Indeed, TRACP-5b concentrations are neither influenced by chronic kidney disease (CKD) nor food intake [10]. TRACP-5b also presents a weak diurnal variation and a low intra-individual variability [11]. Finally, TRACP-5b is also very stable in serum [12]. According to these interesting features, TRACP-5b may be useful in different clinical situations such as osteoporosis (it is indeed the resorption marker recommended by the Japan Osteoporosis Society [13]) and in monitoring bone turnover in CKD, renal transplanted and hemodialyzed patients [14,15] for whom it is considered as a suitable alternative for the monitoring of bone resorption [16]. In hemodialyzed patients, a TRACP-5b concentration ≤4.6 U/L was shown to be able to discriminate low from non-low bone turnover with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 71% [17] and in stage 4 to 5D and kidney transplant recipients, TRACP-5b was the best biomarker to predict low bone turnover [18].
Ideally, assays should specifically measure the intact active form of TRAP-5b, but not the "total"-5b, nor the 5a forms. Two assays with high specificity for the active TRACP-5b form have been developed and are available on the market. The first one is an Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA), developed by Nittobo Medical (Tokyo, Japan). The second one is the IDS TRACP-5b assay, available as an automated immunoassay on the iSYS platform or as an ELISA (Immunodiagnostic Systems, Boldon, UK). The Nittobo assay is largely used in Japan and the IDS assays are rather used in other parts of the world. However, the two methods have never been compared so far. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the Nittobo assay, and to verify if both Nittobo and IDS iSYS assays provide harmonized results.

Materials and methods Assays
The Nittobo assay is a fragment absorbed immunocaptured enzymatic assay which uses two monoclonal antibodies (anti-active TRACP-5b and anti-inactive TRACP-5b antibodies) which enables highly specific TRACP-5b measurement without cross-reactivity with TRACP-5a. The Nittobo assay uses 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (CNPP) as substrate that is highly specific for TRACP-5b. The assay ranges from 0.1 to 15.0 U/L. The limit of detection (LoD) have been established at 0.1 U/L by the manufacturer. In a Japanese population, the expected concentrations are of 1.7-5.9 U/L in men, 1.2 to 4.2 in young adult mean (YAM) value in women [19]. The DYNEX DS2 ® system (Chantilly, VA) was used to automatically process the EIA.
The IDS iSYS TRAcP 5b (BoneTRAP ® ) assay is an automated immunoassay using magnetic beads to capture both TRACP-5 forms by a biotinylated monoclonal antibody. Specificity for TRACP-5b is obtained by measuring enzyme activity using the substrate at the optimal pH, specifically for type 5b. The IDS assay uses p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) as substrate. The assay ranges from 0.9 to 14.0 U/L. The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantification (LoQ) have been established at ≤0.6 U/L and ≤0.9 U/L by the manufacturer, respectively. The total imprecision of the assay ranges from 13.6% at a value of 1.7 U/L to 5.0% at a value of 12.0 U/L. Finally, the expected concentrations are of 1.4-6.1 U/L in men, 1.2 to 4.8 in premenopause women and 1.1-6.9 U/L in menopause women.

Analytical validation protocol
(1) The LoD and LoQ were assessed according to the CLSI EP 17 guideline. The LoD was established by running a blank sample and the lower calibrator in 5-plicates for 5 days and corresponded to the mean of the blank + 2 standard deviations. The LoQ was established by measuring seven samples presenting low concentrations of TRACP-5b in 5-plicates on five consecutive days and was defined as the extrapolation of the value giving a coefficient of variation (CV) of 20%. (2) Intra-and inter-day imprecision was calculated by ANOVA on five native samples measured on 5-plicates on five consecutive days according to the CLSI EP 5A2 guideline. The target for desirable imprecision was defined as 50% of the intra-individual coefficient of variation (CV I ) of TRACP-5b available on the EFLM Biological Variation Database (https://biologicalvariation.eu/) [20]. According to this database, the CV I of TRACP-5b is of 10.8%, thus leading to a desirable analytical CV (CV A ) of 5.4%. (3) Linearity was evaluated according to the CLSI-6A guideline: two samples, presenting a concentration of 11.30 and 5.08 U/L, respectively were diluted with a saline solution according to this scheme: 1A + 0.9B and Pure B. (4) We used the remnant serum samples from a Belgian population from European lineage to establish the reference ranges in "apparently healthy" men, pre and post-menopause women. These samples were measured in duplicates. Since we did not have the information on the menstrual status of the women, we arbitrarily selected a population of women <45 years old and a population of women >60 years old to separate the "pre" to "post" menopause status. We excluded from this population any subject presenting CKD, cancer of any origin, osteoporosis or any other disease affecting bone metabolism, rheumatoid arthritis or any other inflammatory disease or who was treated by a drug that could influence the bone metabolism. It was unfortunately impossible to retrospectively define the fasting status of the subjects nor the exact time of sampling.

Stability
All samples used in this study have been kept for a maximum of 3 months at −80°C before measurement.

Statistics
We used Medcalc Version 18.6 (Ostende, Belgium) for the statistical calculations. Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman graphs were used to compare the methods.

Ethics
Remnant samples only were used in this study. No specific approval was requested to the CHU de Liège Institutional Review Board as a leaflet including the following statement is given to all admitted patients: "According to the law of the December 19, 2008, any left-over of biological material collected from patients for their standard medical management and normally destroyed when all diagnostic analysis have been performed, can be used for validation of methods. The law authorizes such use except if the patient expressed an opposition when still alive (presumed consent). Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the Belgian national legislation and the Institutional requirements".

Results
The analytical validation of the Nittobo EIA assay provided the following results: a LOD and a LOQ at 0.02 and 0.35 U/L, respectively and CVs ranging from 8.3% (at 0.84 U/L) to 4.3% (at 15.0 U/L) ( Table 1). The samples at 0.84 and 5.64 U/L showed a CV higher than 5.4%. Mean recovery of the expected vs. found concentrations were 97.9 and 91.5% and the method was found to be linear up to a concentration of 11.3 U/L. The results of the reference interval study are presented in Table 2. The mean CV on the duplicates was 5.3 ± 1.6%. Distribution of the results was not normal in any of the three sub-groups according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In men, we did not observe any correlation between age and TRACP-5b values and those older than 51 years old did not present values different from those <50 years old.
On the contrary, women older than 60 years old presented significantly higher values than those <45 years old (3.4 ± 1.6 vs. 2.4 ± 1.1 U/L, p=0.0002) The Passing-Bablok regression between IDS iSYS and Nitttobo according to patient type is presented in Figure 1. The relation between eGFR and TRACP-5b, β-CTX, b-ALP and PTH in 20 HD and 40 CKD patients is presented in Figure 3. As expected, PTH values tended to increase with decreasing GFR in CKD patients. Most of the HD patients presented a PTH concentration comprised between 2 and 9 times the upper limit of normality, which correspond to the targets provided by the KDIGO [22]. TRACP-5b and b-ALP were lower than the respective upper limit of normality of the assays for most of CKD and HD patients. However, contrary to TRACP-5b and b-ALP, β-CTX increased with decreasing eGFR.

Discussion
TRACP-5b is an interesting bone resorption marker, which has been recommended and used for a long time in Japan [13]. This biomarker possesses interesting intrinsic The results in bold are higher than the desirable analytical coefficient of variation based on biological variability (.%).  properties and is more and more evaluated in research and clinical practice, especially for the monitoring of bone turnover in CKD patients [17,18,[23][24][25][26]. Our results show that the Nittobo assay presents interesting analytical features compatible with the clinical practice even if our validation data show that two samples presented a CV higher than the desirable CV according to biological variation. We have also established reference ranges for a Western-European population of healthy males, pre and post-menopause females. If the number of subjects included in the men and postmenopause women was ≥119, in accordance with the CLSI EP28-A3 Guideline, the number of pre-menopause women was lower and only included 50 individuals. The upper limits of normality we obtained for these specific populations were higher than those observed in a very large cohort of Japanese healthy individuals [27]. Different environmental or ethnical factors could explain these differences. Since TRACP-5b reflects osteoclasts number, the mean larger size of the skeleton of Western-European vs. Japanese individuals could also be an explanation. These results highlight the importance of performing local reference ranges.
Two methods are currently available for TRACP-5b determination, and to the best of our knowledge, these methods had never been compared together. We observed a proportional bias between IDS iSYS and Nittobo Medical results. The rather small confidence interval around the slope and the small intercept clearly indicate that the harmonization of the results obtained by the two methods is possible by using a common commutable calibrator. This would be another interesting feature of TRACP-5b since harmonization of other bone biomarkers like β-CTX [28], b-ALP [29] or PINP assays [30] remains difficult.
Finally, our results suggest that TRACP-5b and b-ALP were not affected by renal function since their concentration in patients suffering from chronic kidney diseases and hemodialyzed patients remained in the range expected for healthy individuals. This was however not the case for β-CTX since most of the patients with a GFR lower than an approximate threshold of 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and most of hemodialyzed patients presented values higher than the 95th percentile of healthy post-menopause women.
In conclusion, our data show that the Nittobo TRACP-5b EIA presents interesting analytical characteristics. The comparison with the IDS iSYS assay in different populations suggest that the results provided by the two methods could be harmonized. Contrary to β-CTX TRACP-5b does not seem to be affected by kidney function and we provided, for the first time, robust reference intervals for the Nittobo Medical assay in a Western-European population.
Acknowledgments: We thank Nittobo Medical for providing the reagents. Research funding: None declared. Author contributions: EC designed the study, supervised it and wrote the paper. PL performed the analytical determinations. PD critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Competing interests: EC is consultant for DiaSorin, IDS, Fujirebio, Nittobo. PD is consultant for IDS. Informed consent: Not applicable. Ethical approval: Remnant samples only were used in this study. No specific approval was requested to the CHU de Liège Institutional Review Board as a leaflet including the following statement is given to all admitted patients: "According to the law of the December 19, 2008, any leftover of biological material collected from patients for their standard medical management and normally destroyed when all diagnostic analysis have been performed, can be used for validation of methods. The law authorizes such use except if the patient expressed an opposition when still alive (presumed consent). Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the Belgian national legislation and the Institutional requirements".