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Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging: Optimization and artifact suppression

Optimized spin-echo images must contain adequate tissue contrast, which can be realized by selecting proper repetition time, echo time, and flip angle. Although conventional T2-weighted images have long acquisition time and limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), multiecho conjugate techniques address both of these problems. SNR, resolution, and anatomic coverage are interrelated issues that must be addressed together. Motion artifact reduction techniques include averaging, physiologic monitoring, gradient-moment nulling, spatial presaturation, and fat suppression. Best results are obtained by combining multiple methods when possible.