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Whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy with in-situ light dosimetry for carcinoma in situ of the bladder

We report on 15 patients with multifocal carcinoma in situ of the bladder, treated with whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy (PDT). The total light dose, measured in situ (scattered plus nonscattered light) was 100 J/cm2 in the first six patients and 75 J/cm2 in the remaining nine patients. Follow-up ranges were from 6 to 27 months (average 15 months). Two cystectomies had to be performed in the first treatment group because of permanent shrunk bladders. Pathology of the resection specimens showed extensive granulation and fibrosis throughout the whole bladder wall. In the second treatment group, the maximal bladder capacity measured three months after PDT had increased on the average of 63% compared to the initial pretreatment values. No increased fibrosis could be detected on microscopical examination of random biopsies. Four recurrences necessitated cystectomy after 5 to 9 months, two in each treatment group. Three out of these originated in patients with a previous history of invasive bladder cancer. The preliminary data demonstrate the importance of in-situ light dosimetry for minimizing local side effects of PDT as well as the importance of strict inclusion criteria to optimize the therapeutic ratio.