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New Pragmatic Nationalists in Europe: Flemish and Scottish Nationalists in Times of Economic Crisis

In the 90's, Europe used to be depicted as the most privileged political arena for regional nationalist political parties to access for 'more' political power. However, by the end of the 90's, both categories of regional nationalists plunged into European disillusion due to the limits of a sovereign logic prevailing in Europe. In the 21st century, as soon as a new policy cycle started to emerge and the economic crisis started to cripple, optimistic regionalism was about to return as experienced regional nationalists realized that they could use the European Economic targets as legitimate arguments to translate their policy options, both in Europe and at the regional ground, in order to clarify or to expand political influence over selected policy areas (Atkinson and Coleman 1989) in Europe as much as to perform the economic recovery of their region towards further gains of political power. Therefore, for these regional nationalists, the ultimate purpose is no longer to use Europe to access for more political power but to use Europe to access the informational resource they need to articulate a nationalist policy strategy in both layers of governance. Consequently, and irrespectively of nuanced constitutional settlements, all regional nationalists have returned to the center, using informal channels as a tool of governance (Salamon 2002) to fulfill renewed political preferences. Departing from an actor centered institutionalist approach (Mayntz and Sharp 1997), we will demonstrate that the N-VA in Flanders, since 2004, and the SNP in Scotland, since 2007, have become new pragmatic nationalists in the sense that, in the clear contrast with rational pragmatic nationalists of the 90's, experienced regional nationalists have learned to resort to cognition (Scot 1995), bearing in mind the positive contribution of a new policy cycle, to perform renewed political preferences across multiple layers of governance.