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Reconstructing Zhou Enlai's Escape from Shanghai in 1931: A Research Note

More than thirty years ago, Norman Watts (1907?), an Englishman temporarily residing in the United States, spoke to a US-China People’s Friendship Association audience about the role he played in helping Zhou Enlai (周恩來 1898-1976) escape Shanghai when Guomindang (國民黨 Nationalist Party, or GMD) agents were hunting him down in the 1930s. This proved to be a remarkable claim that at the time could not be substantiated. Several years ago, however, Roy Rowan (1920) published an account of his time in revolutionary China as an American reporter. He recounted how in August 1947 Zhou Enlai came to United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) headquarters in Kaifeng (開封) in Henan Province to complain that its supplies were not getting to the Communist-led “liberated areas” as promised. After finishing his official business, Zhou had dinner with UNRRA staff and reporters and talked with them into the night. At one point Zhou indicated that Norman Watts, a British businessman, had saved his life years earlier by helping him escape from Shanghai. Zhou’s public acknowledgement of Watts’s help, as recorded by Rowan, seemed to confirm what Watts had claimed many years before and led me to investigate the circumstances of Zhou’s escape. Although these accounts link Watts to Zhou’s escape from Shanghai, there are many problematical issues surrounding the event. First of all, Rowan’s work implied that Zhou was referring to his leaving Shanghai after Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek [蔣介石 1887-1975]) staged his coup in April 1927, and that Watts smuggled Zhou out aboard a freighter bound for Wuhan. Zhou did in fact escape to Wuhan aboard a