{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023382272974442633, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0027188689505165853, 'mean_word_length': 5.96969696969697, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Phenotypic Alterations of Podocytes in Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Background:Emerging evidence suggests that podocyte injury is a crucial event in the stage of diabetic nephropathy (DN), a process in which angiotensin II is implicated. In this study, the authors investigated the influence of irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, on the phenotypic alterations of podocytes in experimental DN. Methods:DN was induced by combination of high-sucrose, high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Diabetic rats were treated with irbesartan (50 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 8 weeks. Nondiabetic normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, which have the same genetic background as spontaneously hypertensive rat, were used as controls. The renal histological changes were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial marker of nephrin and mesenchymal marker of desmin were detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results:Compared with controls, diabetic rats were associated with mesangial matrix deposition, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, albuminuria, loss of podocytes and effacement of foot processes. Furthermore, the expression of nephrin was significantly reduced whereas desmin was increased. Irbesartan treatment not only lowered blood pressure and albuminuria but also attenuated podocyte loss, maintenance of nephrin expression and inhibition of desmin expression. Conclusions:This study demonstrates that early irbesartan intervention attenuates the podocyte damage and ameliorates phenotypic alterations of podocytes, which provides a novel insight for the early application of angiotensin receptor blocker to prevent the development of DN.