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The Legal Regulation of Passage through the Turkish Straits

The Turkish Straits are a vital international waterway, particularly as the key to Istanbul and as the meeting place of Europe and Asia. In several places the straits are less than ten kilometers wide and therefore technically within the territorial jurisdiction of their riverine power. Their coasts command the commercial and strategic communication avenues to not only the Marmara and Black Seas but to the whole Black Sea Basin, including southern Russia and the Danube Valley. The question of the straits has been one of the fundamental issues in Turkey’s relations with the Great Powers for more than two centuries. Their modern status dates essentially from 1774, when Russia won commercial access to the straits—a right later extended to the other powers—although the waterway remained closed to non-Turkish warships until after the First World War.1