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Ambiguity of the Freedom of Navigation Principle over the South China Sea and TrustBuilding Measures

The collision between a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese jet fighter 70 nm off the southeast coast of Hainan on April 1,2001 dramatically brought to the world’s attention an ongoing area of dispute between the United States and China: the rules governing navigation in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the South China Sea. This dispute, though exceptionally of high profile, is one of many that occur each year on and over the South China Sea. Today,with virtually all travel through the South China Sea passing through one or more EEZs, the rules of navigation are frequently contested. To reduce the number and intensity of the disputes, a multilateral trustbuilding arrangement focused on the practical issues of navigation(as opposed to the territorial issues) would be ideal. The agreements should, while respecting the resource regulations of coastal states,guarantee freedom of navigation and regulate the behavior of naval activities in the air and on the sea in the EEZs.