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Applicability analysis of sanger & sayles formulas for temperature field of single-row-pipe frozen soil wall

As one of widely used methods in calculating temperature field under single-row-pipe freezing, the Sanger & Sayles Formula yet bears certain error and inaccuracy. In order to investigate the sensibility and applicability of the Sanger & Sayles Formula, numerical calculation is adopted here to check against the formula result with regard to average temperature and thickness of the frozen soil wall under single-row-pipe freezing. The results show that the error is lager for Sanger & Sayles Formula; meanwhile the calculation of Sanger & Sayles Formula is lower than the actual temperature of frozen soil wall, which is unsafe for engineering design.