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Brainstem inflammation modulates the ventilatory pattern and its variability after acute lung injury in rodents

Compared with sham rats, rats a week after acute lung injury (ALI) express more pro‐inflammatory cytokines in their brainstem respiratory control nuclei, exhibit a higher respiratory frequency (fR) and breathe with a more predictable pattern. These characteristics of the respiratory pattern persist in in situ preparations even after minimizing pulmonary and chemo‐afferent inputs. Interleukin (IL)‐1β microinjected in the nucleus tractus solitarii increases fR and the predictability of the ventilatory pattern similar to rats with ALI. Intracerebroventricular infusion of indomethacin, an anti‐inflammatory drug, mitigates the effect of ALI on fR and ventilatory pattern variability. We conclude that changes in the ventilatory pattern after ALI result not only from sensory input due to pulmonary damage and dysfunction but also from neuro‐inflammation.