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Increasing the quality factor (Q) of 1D photonic crystal cavity with an end loop-mirror

: Increasing the quality factor (Q) of an optical resonator device has been a research focus to be utilized in various applications. Higher Q-factor means light is confined in a longer time which will produce a shaper peak and higher transmission. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique to increase further the Q-factor of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) cavity device by using an end loop-mirror (ELM). The technique utilizes and recycles the light transmission from the conventional 1D PhC cavity design. The design has been proved to work by using the 2.5D FDTD simulation with Lumerical FDTD and MODE softwares. By using the ELM technique, the Q- factor of a 1D PhC design has been shown to have increased up to 79.53 % from the initial Q value without the ELM. This novel design technique can be combined with any high Q-factor and very high Q-factor designs to increase more the Q-factor value of a photonic crystal cavity devices or any other suitable optical resonator devices. The experimental result shows that the device is measurable by adding a Y-branch component to the one-port structure and able to get the high-Q result. grating couplers to couple at Y-branch


Introduction
On-chip integrated optical devices have been the research focus solutions for applications such as optical communications, computing system [1], and lab-on-chip biosensing [2]. Silicon platform offers a wide range of device and components solutions for integrated designs with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) as the main material. The researches focusing on silicon platform is called silicon photonics. Among the basic passive devices used in PIC design are photonic waveguide (photonic wire) [3], 90º bent waveguide [4], directional coupler [5], Y-branch [6], Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) [7,8], ring resonator [9] and Bragg grating [10,11].
For precise signaling and detection, the important design requirement for the on-chip optical devices is to have a high quality-factor (Q-factor) output. Optical resonator devices such as ring resonator, Brag grating and photonic crystal are the example of high Q-factor optical devices. High Q-factor devices can be useful for optical biosensing applications which may require a very precise measurement down to a single molecule [12]. This work focuses on one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) cavity design.
The usual challenges in 1D PhC device researches is to minimize the light losses and utilize the light energy effectively. The usual causes of light losses in photonic crystal devices are from the light scattering at the holes [13,14] and sidewall roughness [15][16][17], Sidewall roughness also introduces reflections along the waveguide and phase perturbations [18]. It has been shown that using a wider waveguide at 2 µm can reduce the loss to 0.27 dB/cm [19], however this would introduce a multi-modes condition inside the waveguide. To maintain a single mode condition in the waveguide, 500 nm wide waveguide can be used [20].
The next challenge is to increase the Q-factor. Previous high Q-factor 1D PhC designs used techniques like tappered holes which reduces the modal mismatch effect [21] and suspended 1D PhC which increases the light confinement due to higher refractive index (RI) contra [22]. However, the weakness of previous 1D PhC designs is the wasted reflected light at the holes which divide the light in two separate directions.
So, if the wasted reflected light can be recycled, making all light reflections at both directions routed to a single direction, the Q-factor and the transmission may be increased. This paper uses this concept to create a novel technique to increase further the Q-factor of a 1D PhC device by utilizing an end loop-mirror (ELM) to harvest the light reflections from one side of the 1D-PhC, and direct it back to the resonance region at the cavity until all light from the harvested side goes back to the incoming light which will result in a higher Q-factor and sharper peak can be obtained.
Although this technique requires the light to be received in the same side as the incoming light source and possess a challenge in the real application design, previous device such as the Michelson interferometer [23] and Micro-ring based laser [24] have shown that it was possible to use the ELM. This suggest that the ELM can also be used to increase the Q-factor of a 1D PhC cavity device.
A custom end loop-mirror design has been used. The design consideration of the loop mirror is to minimize the loss of the light which propagates around the loop, giving even more transmission of light from the loop back to the 1D PhC. Mathematically, it increases the light confinement time inside the cavity and because the Q-factor formula is proportional to the light confinement time, the Q-factor will increase.
The design will be simulated by using Lumerical FDTD and MODE software, and then fabricated by using an electron beam lithography (EBL) based processes. The material of the waveguide will be SOI with 220 nm thickness and 500 nm width. 220 nm is a standard foundary thickness and widely used but does not mean an optimum thickness for all applications [20]. The simulation results showed that the design technique can increase the Q-factor of all selected 1D PhC designs which utilized uniform holes' radius. The experimental result shows that the fabricated one-port device can be measured by adding a Y-branch to the input port and able to get a high-Q transmission. This suggests that this novel design technique can be used to increase other high Q-factor and very high Q-factors PhC designs.

1D PhC modeling and Q-factor simulations
The conventional 1D PhC structure and its geometrical parameters which can be controlled are shown in figure 1. This conventional 1D PhC design uses uniform holes' radius. The usual geometrical parameters which can be controlled on 1D PhC design are the lattice constant (a), cavity length (c), hole radius (r), the number of holes (N), and the width of the waveguide (W). To find several Q-factor results from the geometrical design changes, the simulation will use 2D FDTD solver with effective index method [25,26], or also known as 2.5D FDTD. This simulation method is faster compared to 3D FDTD simulation which is more useful for final design calculation for device fabrication. It is also more accurate than 2D FDTD which does not calculate the effective index of the material in 2D condition. To calculate the effective index value of the waveguide's parameters used, the Eigenmode solver inside Lumerical MODE software will be used. The waveguide design used is 500 nm wide and 220 nm thick. The simulated effective index (neff) of the waveguide design from the Eigenmode solver in Lumerical MODE is 2.4445 for fundamental TE. This neff value will be used in the 2D FDTD solver in Lumerical FDTD software.
The illustration of the simulation setup for the 1D PhC is shown in figure 2. A broadband mode source which has a range from 1.4 to 1.7 µm is used. The design variations will target the wavelength operation at around 1.55 µm. For ideal condition calculation, the light source is put inside the waveguide. The transmission monitor is put after the 1D PhC structure. The Q-factor monitor which will calculate the Q-factor value is put inside the cavity where the resonance is the strongest and will be used for the Q-factor comparison later. The simulations use uniform hole radius of 70 nm. Several 1D PhC cavity designs are made to calculate and compare their Q-factor values. These designs are simulated with the 2.5D FDTD method. The design details are shown in table 1. Two variations of hole radius were used which were 70 and 50 nm. The waveguide width (W) is 0.5 µm for all designs. The cavity length (c) to get the peak at the middle of the bandgap is around 386 nm. The results that are observed will be the peak wavelength, Q-factor and the transmission (T).
The results of the 2.5D FDTD simulations of the 1D PhC designs and their Q-factor are shown in table 1. The analysis of table 1 will focus the effect of the design variations to the calculate Q-factor. First, increasing the number of holes from 20 to 22 for 70 nm holes increases the Q-factor from 2409 to 4324. This is the same for 50 nm holes, increasing the N from 40 to 46 increases the Q-factor from 8332 to 23881. The W and peak's wavelength's effects to the Q-factors are ignored. Comparing the T and Q for each design, it shows that the higher Q comes from the lower T. The conclusion here is the Q-factor can be increased by increasing the N, but will result in lower T. So, there is a trade-off between the Q-factor and the transmission. The next section will test the insertion of the ELM to increase the Q-factor of each design in table 1.

Inserting the end loop-mirror (ELM) and the effect to Q
In this section, a novel technique by using the ELM to increase the Q-factor for each design in table 1 will be tested with the same 2.5D FDTD method shown earlier. The ELM structure used has a radius of 5 µm. The insertion of the ELM's effect will be observed to the calculated Q-factor and compared with the Q-factor of the 1D-PhC without the ELM. This observation will determine whether the ELM will be able to increase the Q-factor by increasing the light confinement time inside the cavity. The illustration of the simulation layout of the 1D-PhC with the inserted ELM is shown in figure 3.   table 2 will focus on the increment of Q-factor after the insertion of the ELM from the initial Q factor without the ELM.
The highest increment of Q-factor in term of percentage is from design A which is by 79.53 %. This is because design A initially has the highest T, which was 0.77, which means more light can be recycled. The Q-factor was increased from 2409 to 4325. The lowest increment is from design D which is by 41.52 %. The reason that design D has 41.52 % improvement, which is the lowest compared to other designs is because it initially has a very low transmission compared to others, which was 0.336. This means that the light amount for reuse from the reflection of the ELM is already low. However, in term of the value of the Q-factor increment, design D has the highest value which is by 9917. The Q-factor was increased from 23881 to 33808.  Figure 5 shows the simulation of the electric field (E-field) profile of the 1D PhC with the ELM at the resonance wavelength (1.552 µm). The E-field profile shows that the light has travelled around the ELM and will go back across the 1D PhC structure in backward direction. The simulation results of the Q-factor improvement and the E-field profile have shown that the design concept has worked and should work experimentally. However, because it is a one port device, a correct method must be used to make it measurable. In the experimental part, we show that can be measured by adding a Y-branch to the device.

Fabrication and measurement
Because this technique results in one-port structure, it must be shown that it can be measured in the real world by experimentation. Here, we show that this structure is measurable which will make it practical to be used. The fabrication of the device was done by Applied Nanotools Inc. The photonic devices were patterned using a Raith EBPG 5000+ electron beam instrument using a raster step size of 5 nm. The exposure dosage of the design was corrected for proximity effects that result from the backscatter of electrons from exposure of nearby features. Shape writing order was optimized for efficient patterning and minimal beam drift. An anisotropic ICP-RIE etch process was used for the etching. The layout schematic of the device used for measurement is shown in figure 6. It includes the grating couplers to couple light at input and output. A Y-branch Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 February 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0212.v1 using a SiEPIC PDK component was used to route the light into and out of the 1D PhC with the ELM. The Y-branch is one of the choices to utilize this structure. Other possible components to change the Y-branch is by using the directional coupler or MMI coupler.  For the measurement, an Agilent 81600B tunable laser source (TLS) was used as the light source and Agilent 81635A optical power sensors was used as the output sensor. The transmission results are shown in figure 8. The peak is at -37 dB. Note that this transmission includes the insertion loss of a grating coupler times 2, and the 50 % light separation from the Y-branch which results in about 3 dB drop. The transmission includes the grating coupler insertion loss. There is a bit of shift at the peak wavelength from the simulation because of the usage of the 2.5D FDTD method.  The experimental result shows that the one-port device can be measured, and the high-Q transmission obtained is as expected. This structure should be more beneficial if there is an array of 1D PhCs used because each array will result in some light wasted which goes into the opposite direction from the transmitted light. Further analysis of this structure could be shown in the future works.

Conclusions
The design variations of 1D PhC gave different Q-factor values with the trade-off between the Q-factor and the transmission. A novel design technique has been applied by inserting an end loop-mirror to recycle the light transmission back into the 1D PhC and increases its Q-factor. The light confinement inside the one dimensional photonic crystal cavity devices in term of the Q-factor has been increased by inserting the loop mirror to one end of the device, making the reuse of light transmission from the conventional PhC devices design. This novel technique has been proved theoretically by using FDTD simulation in Lumerical FDTD software. The improvement of the Q-factor from the addition of the end loop-mirror is as high as 79.53 % as shown from the simulation. The experimental result shows that the device is measurable by adding a Y-branch component to the one-port structure and able to get the desired high-Q result.