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North to Bondage: Loyalist Slavery in the Maritimes by Harvey Amani Whitfield (review)

Harvey Amani Whitfield brings to light an aspect of North American slavery that is often neglected in more traditional analyses. Most readers will have little, if any, knowledge concerning slavery in Canada, except that the nation provided a safe haven for fugitives hoping to escape bondage. Whitfield, however, demonstrates that slavery did exist in Canada and was prevalent in the Maritimes. His research expands beyond merely stating that slavery was present, to demonstrating how it evolved as well as its legacy after slavery ended. As such, Whitfield creates an important, yet complicated overview of slavery in the Maritimes from the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century. The first two chapters discuss where slaves originated and how or why they came to Maritime Canada. In these chapters Whitfield outlines how slavery in this region was most closely aligned to urban slavery in America, especially as loyalists from the northern colonies sought refuge in Canada during the American Revolution. Rural, or agricultural, forms of slavery did exist as well, though not to the level witnessed in the southern American colonies. Overall, these chapters reveal how free and enslaved Blacks came to Maritime Canada, and how or why they settled in specific areas. The next two chapters examine more closely the world in which Maritime slaves existed. More specifically, Whitfield highlights the work slaves performed as well as their interactions with other slaves, freed Blacks, and slave owners. Much like urban slavery in America, slavery in the Maritimes was more of a society with slaves than a slave society. Slaves in Maritime Canada performed numerous tasks that ranged from unskilled to skilled. Some slaves were domestics, others worked around town in various industries, and some were even agricultural labourers. As a society