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Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a broad term used to describe any abnormality of kidney structure or function. It is often asymptomatic in the early stages and co-exists with other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes and hypertension. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal failure, anaemia and metabolic bone disease. Early detection of CKD and managing risk factors may provide an opportunity to prevent progression of associated risks. This article will discuss the diagnosis, classification, management and complications of CKD, and when to refer to secondary care.