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Human impacts on fisheries across the land–sea interface

A long-held paradigm is that estuaries are important to the welfare of estuarine-dependent coastal fisheries, providing spawning areas, suitable salinity gradients for development, protection from predators, and food. Many publications link the beneficial nature of estuaries with fisheries production and decry human activities that modify habitat, and therefore potentially decrease fisheries production. However, what if the water quality of the estuary, often human-driven, results in less than suitable habitat for coastal fisheries productivity, both in the estuary and in the adjacent offshore waters? Finding the data to support relationships (positive and negative) among estuaries and coastal fisheries production is difficult because of inadequate data, highly variable data, or data with no clear linkages to processes. Hughes et al. (1), however, amassed a dense and multifaceted database of declining estuarine water quality in the form of worsening hypoxia to declines of fish diversity, reduced estuarine habitat suitability, and declines in offshore fisheries. The authors defend a plausible mechanism across the land–sea interface.