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The Most Powerful Protections

In this chapter, it is elaborated how ISDS treaties give extraordinarily broad and powerful protections to foreign investors, but not to others, many of whom are far more vulnerable. The protections go well beyond those available for victims of torture, for example, who rely on relatively weak international safeguards to protect them from abuse by states and corporations alike. The treaties establish these protections without creating corresponding responsibilities for foreign investors. Often, they allow foreign investors to avoid courts and adjust their nationalities to access ISDS, while closing the ISDS process to all but the investor and the sued country’s government. For most people, the best hope for protection, even if a faint one, lies with the institutions of their own country, the very institutions that ISDS is used to intimidate and constrain.