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Gender Issues in Ancient and Reformation Translations of Genesis 1-4 (review)

practices that gave rise to them have significant consequences. The longstanding (although disintegrating) dichotomy between oral and written tradition collapses. Also, the practice of reading extraordinary significance into every minor variation in the textual traditions appears mistaken. Scholars usually look at certain variants assuming that they are deliberate and conscious written modifications, but Carr cites many examples that do not suggest a conscious process but rather memory error. This work is a highly significant contribution to the field that may impact how we think about textual transmission and therefore almost everything else. Carr fruitfully involves textual criticism and documented cases of textual transmission to support his arguments. Consequently, his book reads very differently from past attempts to chart the development of the Hebrew Bible. His empirical support and methodological modesty are refreshing.