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The Poetry of Chartism: Aesthetics, Politics, History (review)

addressed contemporary social issues, and a “medieval” valuing of trecento and quattrocento artists’ methods as being simpler and truer. Helsinger claims that acts of close attention, patterned repetition, and translation (in both the textual and visual senses) helped Pre-Raphaelites to place themselves in dialogue with industrial developments and the commodification of their era. Rossetti and Morris created their “made” art objects— paintings, furniture, poems—to stand alongside new mass-produced items. By co-opting many of the elements of modern design, they addressed the decreasing distance between “high” and “mass” art due to the spread of reproduction techniques (etchings, photography) and the shrinking costs of book and periodical production. Helsinger’s volume is a compelling argument that goes beyond Rossetti and Morris to create a window into how late-Victorian culture attempted to catch up with advances in technology and industry.