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On having to be what we cannot be

Chapter 9 sums up the findings of the historical case studies by looking at the long-run changes and making a conjecture about the trajectory they indicate from the beginnings of modern social movements to the late-modern present day. The conjecture is that adherent selves can no longer act for others with the same confidence and authority as they once did. Nor can they give up their desire, based in part on others’ expectations, to assist in other people’s struggles. Nor is it easy for them to change themselves as required to belong in those struggles. The late-modern adherent is therefore cross-pressured. She has to be what she cannot be. The claim is illustrated and supported with empirical examples from contemporary social movements, especially the changing nature of charitable participation.