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Leon Trotsky. By Irving Howe. Edited by Frank Kermode. New York: The Viking Press, 1978. x, 214 pp. $10.00.

Solomon shows that the debate followed a logic inherent to the research problem, at least until 1928, and was not subject to external political pressures, as was already the case in the field of literature (see, for example, studies by Sheila Fitzpatrick). For Chayanov, the dynamics of the family farm were of a biological nature, which led him to believe in the existence of a natural cycle generating stability. For Kritsman, the market was the motor of the peasant economy, which evolved unilinearly and inevitably led to capitalism. His disciples corroborated this thesis by refining the method for detecting dependence or domination criteria among peasant units (see the works by Nemchinov and Gaister) and within the family unit itself (see Kubanin's studies). The controversy, however, was not limited to the scientific. It also put into conflict two generations of researchers who had neither the same ideology nor the same academic prestige. Until 1928, a spirit of tolerance had prevailed over the feeling of division in the agrarniki community. But because of the Fifteenth Party Congress, which decided upon collectivization, and the Shakhty trial, the debate changed in both tone and content. Interest became less focused on the peasant economy, centering instead on the desirability of large-scale collective estates. The criterion of truth was no longer scientific, rather, the group-adopted truth came to determine the destiny of the individual researcher. Chayanov's destiny was grim, and even Kritsman was eclipsed by the young wolves of the party.