{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02634245187436677, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009625126646403243, 'mean_word_length': 5.583333333333333, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Clogging of Industrial High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters in Case of Fire: From Analytical to Large-Scale Experiments

The Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN in French) is conducting research on the impact of a fire on the behaviour of containment devices such as high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) pleated filters for radioactive materials. This work aims to study the clogging of HEPA filters in case of fire involving realistic materials (polymers making up gloves boxes, waste treatment solvent, hydraulic oil, solid material mixtures making up a trash bin, electrical cables, and cabinets) used in nuclear facilities, from the medium to large scale. The clogging kinetics of industrial pleated HEPA filters is monitored by measuring the pressure drop of the filters and the filtered air temperature at a given filtration velocity (from 0.23 to 2.1 cm/s). Upstream HEPA filters, combustion aerosols are characterized in terms of size distribution, mass concentration, composition, and particle morphology using, respectively, a DMS500 (CambustionLTD), glass fiber filter sampling, and transmission electron microscope analysis of particles deposited on TEM grids. Particles emitted denote well-known fractal morphology, are composed of carbonaceous primary particles with diameters ranging from 31 nm to 48 nm and showing an high clogging efficiency. An empirical relationship has been successfully applied to the obtained results for a larger range of fuels, filtration velocities and fire conditions. Finally, experiments have been performed on a large-scale facility, using full-scale fire scenarios (electrical cabinet, constant, and variable filtration velocity) and a reasonable agreement was observed with our empirical relationship. At this scale, particles appear to be compact, with a complex composition and diameters close to 220 nm with a lower clogging efficiency. Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research