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Physiological effects of sustained acceleration.

A review is given of the literature concerning the physiological and pathophysiological changes in humans, caused by sustained acceleration. After definition of the acting forces and an introduction into terminology, circulatory and respiratory mechanisms are described which are active under sustained acceleration. The origin of visual disturbances associated with acceleration is discussed. Acceleration tolerance is influenced by magnitude, duration, direction, and rate of application of G-forces together with environmental conditions and the condition of the subject. Acceleration protection may be achieved by technical devices (anti-g suits), voluntary manoeuvres and change of posture. Recent work dealing with high sustained +Gz (HSG) is reviewed and the associated problems are discussed.