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Squeaking caterpillars: independent evolution of sonic defense in wild silkmoths.

Some caterpillars produce sounds to startle or warn predators by rubbing the mandibles together or forcing air through the abdominal spiracles/oral cavity (Bura et al. 2016). Sound production through larval abdominal spiracles (i.e., whistling) has been reported in two closely related moth groups (Bura et al. 2016), hawkmoths (Sphingidae) and wild silkmoths (Saturniidae), which share a common ancestor (Hamilton et al. 2019). Although the sound characteristics and sound-producing spiracles of hawkmoth larvae have been clarified (Bura et al. 2011, 2016, Sugiura and Takanashi 2018), those of wild silkmoth larvae remain unclear. Revealing how wild silkmoth larvae whistle would contribute to understanding the evolutionary origin of sound production in Lepidoptera.