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LEXICON BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC IN SUNDANESE SPEECH LEVEL SYSTEM

Purpose of the study: This article examines a lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the Sundanese speech level system. A lexicon of borrowed words refers to a lexicon of Arabic loanwords that are used across different speech level codes. A lexicon of borrowings consists of words from a donor language that have been adopted into a recipient language for certain purposes. Methodology: In this descriptive and qualitative research, the data were collected utilizing the observation method and recording technique. The data for this descriptive-qualitative research were collected using observing the use of words prescribed in a Sundanese dictionary namely Kamus Undak Usuk Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Speech Level) by Tamsyah, published in 2015 and Kamus Etimologi Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Etymology) also by Tamsyah, published in 2017. The data were analyzed by using an identical method and a lexico-semantic approach. The sources of the data were chosen as data source samples by taking into account the availability of the data required in them. Main Findings: The findings of the research study reveals that a lexicon of nineteen words borrowed from Arabic commonly used in coarse, middle, and refined codes, with coarse usage predominating. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. The nineteen words are as follows: asal, makam, berekah, Abdi, alim, udur, hed, Kabar, hawatir, maksud, maot, mayit, lahir, saum, sabab, salat, sunatan, surat, and umur. Applications of the study: Introduction of Arabic lexicon to the Sundanese speech system occurred through a process of the loan. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. It is a transformation that causes the words to be used in different codes in the Sundanese speech level system. Novelty/Originality of the study: In Sundanese, speech level is considered a sociolinguistic innovation. Both the written and spoken forms of the language, together with all their variations and functions, are vital amidst the daily dynamics of the Sundanese people’s life. Hence, this article discusses the use of the lexicon of Arabic borrowings across different codes of the Sundanese speech level system. The current study is novel as it’s the first study that compares the Arabic and Sundanese language and found out the words that are originated from Arabic.


INTRODUCTION
The Sundanese language, which is very closely tied to the Sundanese culture, is an important medium of verbal communication among Sundanese ethnic groups. Both the written and spoken forms of the language, together with all their variations and functions, are vital amidst the daily dynamics of the Sundanese people's life. Spoken by Sundanese ethnic groups living in West Java, Banten, and other provinces in Indonesia, the Sundanese language belongs to the Austronesian family.
Sundanese, like Javanese, Balinese, and Madurese, is a language in which the speech level system is recognized. Speech level, or undakusuk in Sundanese, is a sociolinguistic system or rule that resulted from an externally influenced innovation. The undakusuk system came to be gradually used as a result of continuous contact with the Javanese language, with its concept of unggah-ungguh. The system was brought from Mataram and was introduced into Sundanese by Sundanese aristocrats. According to Rosidi (1987), such a feudal system of stratifying language use began during the reign of Mataram King Sultan Agung (26) in the 17 th century (Tamsah Kamus Undak Usuk). Later, however, the undakusuk system was considered as a code of politeness in speech (Sudaryat, Prawirasumantri, & Yudibrata, 2013). Sudanese cultural thinkers/scholars, therefore, have different views on the undakusuk system. While some advocate rigorous use of the system, others tend to be more lenient. This issue once became a polemic among them (Mochtar, 2018;Ruskhan, 2007;Rosidi, 1987 Geographically, however, not all dialects impose the use of undakusuk in speech. Speech level is not known among Sundanese speakers in Banten, Indramayu, and northern Bogor, for example. Hadi (1991)categorizes the Sundanese undakusuk into only three levels, namely basaloma 'coarse code', basalemes (keursorangan), 'refined code (for speaking about oneself), and basalemes (keurkabatur) 'refined code (for speaking with other people)'. Meanwhile, Tamsyah (2015), The Sundanese language is one of the languages in which speech level or undakusuk is recognized. Speech level is a system or rule that regulates conversation based on social factors such as age and social status. In its practical use speech level is categorized into coarse, middle, and refined codes. The use of these codes depends on how a speaker sees his/her position with an addressee. In addition to the three codes above, these two additional codes, namely very coarse and very refined codes, are also quite common. In each code, some words have their semantically synonymous counterparts in the other codes ) Anderson, 1997).
The lexicon used in the different speech level codes consists of words of Sundanese origin and borrowings from non-Sundanese languages. In Sundanese, speech level first came to be used as an innovation influenced by the Javanese language. It is therefore not a surprising fact that many words currently used across different speech level codes in Sundanese derive from Javanese. There are also words borrowed from other languages, for example, old Javanese and Arabic languages. Past contact and interaction between speakers of Sundanese and Arabic were responsible for such borrowings. Contact between the two languages began during or following the introduction of Islam to the Sundanese land (Sharkey, 2008;Wahya, Lyra, Permadi&Kosim, 2018). Absorption and popularization of words borrowed from Arabic occurred concurrently with the wide-scale conversion to Islam and the practice of Islamic teachings among Sundanese people (Hassan, 1963;Naniya, 2000;Wahya et al. 2018). Words of Arabic origin are widely used across different speech level codes but this topic has not received much scholarly attention. Unlike Sundanese, the Arabic language recognizes no stratification of language use. In Sundase, however, borrowed words of Arabic origin are used in different codes. It can be concluded from this fact that the Arabic language had influenced Sundanese even before the introduction of the undak usuk system into Sundanese.
This article discusses the use of the lexicon of Arabic borrowings across different codes of the Sundanese speech level system: what words are used in the different codes and what transformation these words have undergone. The aim is to describe the lexicon of Arabi borrowings used in the different levels of undak usuk, to describe in which code the words are used, and to describe the transformation the words have undergone.
Social factors play an important role in the use of Sundanese among different speech participants (Musgrave, & Bradshaw, 2014). According to Kats and Soeriadiradja (1982), the social factor may include status, position, and age. Other scholars mention that social factor includes the followings: rank, status, and age (Coolsma, 1985;Sudaryat, 2015); power, position, and degree of closeness or intimacy between a speaker and the person being talked about (Sudaryat et al., 2013;Perry, 2007); age, position, speech situation, addressee, conversation topic Tamsyah (2015), Kamus Undak Usuk. Consideration of different factors in speech is known as speech level system or undak usuk in Sundanese. Tamsyah (2015), Kamus Undak Usuk defines speech level as a linguistic variation of which use is determined by age, position, speech situation between speaker and addressee, and the topic of conversation. According to Rahardi (2010) as a system of codes in a speech community, speech level is determined by the relation between speaker and addressee. According to Sudaryat et al. (2013), as linguistic variation, speech level is based on the speaker's attitude and is the reflection of the speaker's politeness in speech. Sudaryat et al. (2013) argue that in Sundanese there are two speech level codes namely refined or respectful and coarse or intimate. In terms of refined speech level, respect is further categorized into respect for oneself and respect for others (Anderson, 1993;Indrayani, 2011;Sudaryat et al., 2013).
The degree of respect and intimacy affects the social distance between a speaker and an addressee. The use of respectful speech level implies the presence of social distance between the speaker and his or her addressee. Conversely, the use of intimate speech level eliminates such social distance. A Sundanese speaker must consider social distance in conversation. Social distance can be defined as one's perception of whether he or she has the same social position as other people (Shamir, 1995;Richard, Platt, & Weber, 1987). This article focuses on the use of words borrowed from Arabic in the Sundanese speech level system.
The distanceless social relation is reflected in casual and intimate forms of speech. Casual speech form is used in spoken communication among friends during such casual occasions as recreation or friendly sporting events, while an intimate speech is used among family members or very close friends. Both forms are marked by incomplete structure, clear articulation, and short responses (Horton & Richard Wohl, 1956;Nababan, 1986;Schumann, 1976 This article examines a lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the Sundanese speech level system. A lexicon of borrowed words refers to a lexicon of Arabic loanwords that are used across different speech level codes. A lexicon of borrowings consists of words from a donor language that have been adopted into a recipient language for certain purposes. In this context, the word 'adopt' is synonymous with 'loan' or 'borrow'. In this article, however, it refers to 'borrow' or  (2007), borrowing is the process of adopting patterns or elements from a donor language to be used in a recipient language. Rushkan (2007) asserts that all types of borrowing involve two processes, namely importation and substitution. Furthermore, he adds, borrowing can include the adoption of (1) loanwords, (2) loan blends, and (3) loan shifts (Rushkan 27).

DATA AND METHOD
Based on the data source used, the following nineteen words borrowed from Arabic were found to be in use in different Sundanese undakusuk or speech levels: asal 'origin', makam 'grave', berekah 'blessing', abdi 'I', the aim would not/refuse', udur 'ill/sick', hed, 'menstruation, kabar 'news/tidings', hawatir 'concerned/worried', maksud 'meaning', maot 'die/pass away', mayit 'dead body/corpse', Lahore born', saum 'fasting', sababe 'cause/reason/because', salat 'salat/prayer', sunatan 'circumcision', surat 'letter', and umur 'age'. It is important to note that in addition to the word surat 'letter', which is similar in form to the original, there is also the word sera t 'write', which derived from the same Arabic word but is different in form due to the replacement of the vowel /u/ with the vowel /ə/, hence serat, and the word certain, to which the suffix -an is added, making seratan thus a polymorphemic word. Due to these processes, the words surat and seratan are thus two separate dictionary entries in addition to surat.
In Sundanese, speech level is considered a sociolinguistic innovation. Therefore, it is not surprising that words borrowed from other languages are used across different speech levels. As mentioned earlier, the speech level in Sundanese consists of three different. Synonymous words are used to meet the rules of use in the three codes. Some of these words are borrowed from Arabic and have undergone certain adaptations. The nineteen Arabic borrowings used across Sundanese speech levels are presented in Table 1 below.   The research followed the following procedures: (a) library research: to study the results of previous studies and theories related to the linguistic phenomenon of borrowing and determine an appropriate approach to analyze the data namely a theory proposed by Ruskhan (2007); (b) data collection: to identify in the aforementioned dictionaries entries borrowed from Arabic; (c) data selection: to select entries that would be relevant for the study; (d) data sorting: to sort data containing words borrowed from Arabic; (e) data analysis based on the research questions; (f) conclusion drawing: to synthesize data analysis results; (g) result presentation: to write a paper or article based on the study.

The Use of Arabic Borrowings in Sundanese Speech Level Codes
There are words borrowed from Arabic that are recognized in the Sundanese speech level system and are used in the coarse, middle, and refined codes. How the nineteen Arabic borrowings are used in the Sundanese speech level system is described below. There are two important things to note related to in which code the borrowed words are used and what change of form they have undergone (Sharkey, 2008).

Arabic borrowings used in coarse code
In coarse code, the following thirteen words borrowed from Arabic are used: asal, berekah, hed, Kabar, hawatir, maksud, maot, mayit, sabab, salat, sunatan, surat, and umur. The three words have their equivalents in the other two codes, the middle and refined codes. The word asal, for example, has its equivalents, namely kawit and kawit in the middle and refined codes respectively. The following table presents the thirteen borrowed words used in the coarse code and their equivalents in the other two codes (Wahya et al. 2018). Sociolinguistically, words used in the coarse code indicate an intimate, distanceless relation between speakers. The words of Arabic origin in this code are used for that purpose. Borrowed words of Arabic origin are used because the concept represented by those words did not exist in the Sundanese language. Thus, when the Sundanese language borrowed a word from Arabic, it also borrowed the concept semantically represented by that very word (Nababan, 1986).

Arabic borrowings used in middle code
The lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the middle code of the Sundanese speech level consists of the following words: makam, abdi, alim, udur, serat, and seratan. These six words have their equivalents in coarse and refined codes. For example, the word makamis equivalent with the words astana and pajaratan or pasarean in coarse and refined codes respectively. The word makes itself is also used in refined code (Coolsma, 1985;Sudaryat, 2015). Words used in the middle code indicate the presence of distance between speakers. The Arabic borrowings in the table above are used in middle code communication for that purpose. Words of Arabic origin are used in the middle code because they have a more polite or meaning or ameliorative sense compared to the meaning of their counterpart in the coarse code (Ruskhan, 2007).

Arabic borrowings used in refined code
The following three words are of Arabic origin and are used in Sundanese refined code communication: makam, saum, and seratan. These words have their equivalents in both coarse and middle codes. For example, the word saum is equivalent to puasa and puasa in coarse and refined codes respectively (Indrayani, 2011). Words used in refined code indicate a far distance between speakers. The Arabic borrowings are used in refined code for this purpose. These Arabic borrowings are used across the coarse, middle, and refined codes in the Sundanese undakusuk system. Besides, according to Tamsyah (2015), Kamus Undak Usuk, there are also borrowed words of Arabic origin that are used in base lemespisan 'very refined code', e.g. the word lahir (derived from ẓahirun), which has been transformed into the word ngalahir 'to say' (95).

Transformation of Arabic Borrowings in Sundanese Speech Level
The adoption of the nineteen Arabic words into Sundanese vocabulary occurred through a process of borrowing or importation, which means that the words still retain their original form fully or partially after undergoing a certain change of form in the process. To illustrate the transformation, the following Latin transliteration-ṡ, ḥ, ż, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, and ẓ-are used to represent the Arabic consonants ‫,ﺚ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ , ‫,ﻨ‬ ‫,ﺺ‬ ‫,ﺾ‬ ‫,ﻃ‬ and ‫.ﻆ‬ These phonetic symbols-ṡ, ḥ, ż, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ-are used to avoid the use of double symbols to represent one phonetic sound, hence one single symbol for one phonetic sound.
The process of borrowing of the nineteen Arabic words into Sundanese, particularly into its speech level system, can be described briefly as follows. The word asal derives from the Arabic dari ushulun. The word sabab derives from sababun. The sound /un/ is omitted. The word salat is from shalatun. The sound /un/ is omitted and the consonant /ṣ/ becomes /s/. In Sundanese, the word solat is also used alternatively. In the case of the latter, the vowel /o/ is used instead of /a/. The word sunatan derives from sunnatun. The vowel /u/ in the last syllable is replaced by /a/. The word surat comes from suuratun. The sound /un/ is omitted. There is also the word serat, which uses the vowel /ə/ in the first syllable, instead of /u/. The wordumur derives from 'umrun'. The final sound /n/ is omitted. The word has also undergone a process of metathesis, by which the position of the vowel /u/ in the second syllable is moved to precede the consonant /r/.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data sources used in the study, nineteen words are borrowed from Arabic and are used in the Sundanese speech level system. Of the nineteen words, one borrowed word, namely surat that has three different meanings. The word surah means letter or mail; its variation, serat, means write; and seratan, to which suffix '-an' is added, means writing, inscription, or written text. Thirteen of the nineteen words are used in coarse code, 5 in middle code, 3 in refined code, and 1 in very refined code. The introduction of the Arabic lexicon to the Sundanese speech system occurred through a process of the loan. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. It is a transformation that causes the words to be used in different codes in the Sundanese speech level system.

LIMITATION AND STUDY FORWARD
This research only observes the lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the Sundanese speech level system. In future other languages can be considered and compared with Sundanese. Moreover, future research can reconsider the 19 Arabic borrowings taken in this research to increase the generalizability of current investigation findings.