{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02096177558569667, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009247842170160296, 'mean_word_length': 5.1477272727272725, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Cryologic continuum of a steep watershed

Ice processes taking place in steep channels are sensitive to the thermal and hydrological regimes of upstream reaches and tributaries as well as to the local channel morphology. This work presents freezeup, mid‐winter, and breakup data from four channels of increasing order located in a cold temperate watershed during the winter 2010–2011. From headwater channels to the main drainage system, water temperature, ice coverage, and ice processes are reported and related to weather conditions and to channel characteristics. Headwater channels only formed ephemeral ice features, and their water temperature reached as much as 4 °C in mid‐winter. On the other hand, larger channels formed impressively large ice dams, some of them reaching 2 m in height. The development of a suspended ice cover partially insulated the channels; as a result, water temperatures remained above 0 °C even for air temperatures well below freezing. This work presents steep channels ice processes that have not been described in previous publications. The concept of a watershed cryologic continuum (WCC) is developed from the data collected at each channel order. This concept emphasizes the feedback loops that exist between morphology, hydrology, heat, and ice processes in a given watershed and can lead to a better understanding of ice processes taking place at any channel location within that watershed. The WCC can also contribute in improving our understanding of the impacts of climate change on the cryologic and thermal regimes of steep channels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.