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A No Nonsense Approach to St. Anselm

At the beginning of the De Grammatico St. Anselm raises the question as to whether grammaticus is a substance or a quaUty. We may rephrase this query without undue violence to its intent by transferring it to the formal mode (cf., 4.5141)1 and ask whether the term "grammaticus" signifies a substance or a quality. It would appear to signify the former in that it can have the sense of "grammarian" and this would designate a substance, human or otherwise. Evidence for the second alternative derives from its use as the equivalent of "grammatical," i.e., "Uterate" or "possessing grammar" and this indicates a disposition, or quality, attributable to humans at least.2 The authority for the latter reading is Aristotle's Categories ib29 where we find "white" and "grammatical" (grammatikon) given as examples of expressions signifying quality. A modern reader might expect the simple answer that "grammaticus" is ambiguous between what we now consider a noun and an adjective and when used in the first sense (= "grammarian") it would be a noun and signify a substance. When used in the second sense (= "grammatical") it would be an adjective and signify a quality. But St. Anselm gives a much more interesting and informative reply which, moreover, does not force us to choose between the alternatives. Take a sentence such as "Priscianus est grammaticus." Whether we translate "grammaticus" by nominalization and get "Priscian is a grammarian" or take it as adjectival as in "Priscian is literate," in either case the term "grammaticus" has two distinctive functions: it properly signifies a quality, i.e., literacy3 (significat