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The 1994–1995 Baseball and Hockey Strikes and their Impact on Suicide and Homicide Rates in the United States

Because some individuals' identities are influenced by an affiliation with professional sports teams (Tutko, 1989), the impact of the 1994–1995 professional baseball and hockey strikes on suicide and homicide rates is examined. Gabennesch's (1988) theory of broken promises is the theoretical framework used to examine the relationship between the strikes and bomicide/suicide rates. Controlling for divorce and unemployment rates, and seasonality, results show a positive relationship between homicide rates, but not suicide rates, and the strikes. Gabennesch's theory is reformulated to explain these findings. Thanks are expressed to Phillips Cutright and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts, and also to Diana Whistler for technical assistance.