{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03348729792147806, 'fraction_numerical': 0.025981524249422634, 'mean_word_length': 4.590322580645161, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 3, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Frictional forces between lingual brackets and archwires measured by a friction tester.

Frictional resistance tends to rapidly increase as the angle between a bracket and an archwire increases beyond a critical angle. The purpose of this study was to determine a new measuring method with a pin on disk friction tester for the measurement of the frictional force between lingual brackets and archwires. A lingual bracket is different from a labial bracket in dimensions and in some clinical aspects. The influence of artificial saliva was also surveyed. Two brands of lingual brackets and one brand of labial standard bracket with an 0.018-inch slot size were used. Archwires of three alloys (stainless steel [SS], Ormco; beta-Titanium [TM], Ormco; cobalt-chrome, [EL], RMO) with 0.016 x 0.022- and 0.017 x 0.025-inch dimensions were used. Measurements were conducted with an angular velocity of 0.6 degrees/s for 90 seconds and a normal force of 100 g at 25 degrees C in a dry and 34 degrees C in an artificial saliva environment. For SS and EL archwires, the frictional force with the FJT bracket was greater than that with ORM bracket (P < .01). Compared with SS and TM archwires, 0.016 x 0.022-inch EL archwire showed a higher frictional force with two lingual brackets (P < .01). Significant differences in frictional force existed between dry and artificial saliva environments (P < .05), and the effects varied by the bracket-archwire couples. The estimated critical contact angles were greater than the theoretical values. This new method can be a useful protocol for measurement of frictional force because it can measure the frictional force under the conditions of continuous angular change between bracket and archwire.