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Astrobiology as a NASA Grand Challenge

Are we alone” is a question whose ambition can only be met with a NASA-led global collaboration. In this white paper, we describe how this makes “The Search for Life Beyond Earth” a new Grand Challenge for NASA. As described in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the White House National Economic Council, Grand Challenges are “ambitious but achievable goals that harness science, technology, and innovation to solve important national or global problems and that have the potential to capture the public’s imagination.” NASA had identified an “Asteroid Grand Challenge” centered on the Asteroid Retrieval Mission, which was closed out in June, 2017. Here, we explain how NASA’s next Grand Challenge could be focused on “The Search for Life Beyond Earth,” with a flagship-scale mission in Astrophysics as its centerpiece. Introduction Our generation has been presented with a unique opportunity: to be the first humans to comprehensively search for signs of life in and beyond our Solar System. This is possible because of the progress of astrobiological research, the identification of habitable environments inside the Solar System, the discovery that there are potentially habitable worlds orbiting other suns, the creation of an interdisciplinary research community, and the development of technologies that enable missions designed to search for signs of life on worlds in and beyond the Solar System. If the Astro2020 Decadal Survey decides to capitalize on this opportunity and “seize the future” by prioritizing ambitious astrobiology missions, it will set the stage for a global collaboration that revolutionizes our understanding of humanity’s place in the cosmos. This comprehensive search for life is ideal for a Grand Challenge. This program would be inarguably ambitious, yet achievable in the Astro2020 Era: it would harness science, technology, and innovation to solve important problems pursued across the globe; and it would present an unmatched ability to capture the public’s imagination. These qualities are the top-level criteria for a Grand Challenge, as defined by the United States Office of Science and Technology Policy. In this White Paper we propose such a Grand Challenge. First, we briefly review the topics covered by astrobiology researchers. Then, we introduce the requirements for a Grand Challenge and explore how “Astrobiology and the Search for Life” meets the requirements for a NASA Grand Challenge including a partial list of ongoing activities that could serve as a foundation for a broader program. Finally, we close with the relationship of this Grand Challenge to the projects being submitted for consideration for the NAS Astro2020 Decadal Survey. Review of Astrobiology: Astrobiology is much more than “the search for life beyond Earth.” Instead, it is a discipline that also develops our capability to conduct and understand the results from a search for life elsewhere. These improvements result from a broad set of interdisciplinary investigations across the globe. The NASA 2015 Astrobiology Roadmap outlines current research on Astrobiology as covering the following topics: 1. Identifying abiotic sources of organic compounds 2. Synthesis and function of macromolecules in the origin of life 3. Early life and increasing complexity 4. Co-evolution of life and the physical environment 5. Identifying, exploring, and characterizing environments for habitability and biosignatures 6. Constructing habitable worlds 7. Challenges and opportunities in astrobiology Of these 7 topics, only one is directly related to the search for life; the other 6 provide the necessary context and theoretical framework to that search. By identifying the abiotic sources of organic compounds, and by studying the synthesis and function of macromolecules in the origin of life, we improve our ability to know how life arose on Earth and how/where it might arise elsewhere. By studying early life, increasing complexity, and the co-evolution of life and its physical environment, we gain knowledge on issues related to habitability, broaden the biosignatures we can search for, and improve our understanding of life as a planetary process. By exploring how habitable worlds are constructed, we help focus our search for life on the most likely locations, which is critical when designing missions and instruments that have constrained budgets for cost, mass, power, volume, or other parameters. Finally, by understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by individuals and the field as a whole, we improve our capability to conduct astrobiology research and missions. Astrobiology as a Grand Challenge Each of the research themes outlined above demands an interdisciplinary approach that engages a wide variety of expertise and input. This interdisciplinary nature drives the field towards collaborations that reach across across disciplines, funding stovepipes, and national borders. The technical challenges faced by missions robustly capable of identifying signs of life on other worlds demands spaceflight partnerships. The breadth of skills required by this search will engage most of the expertise at NASA, while growing connections to external partners and inspiring people across the globe. This is what makes Astrobiology and The Search for Life a perfect fit for a NASA Grand Challenge. The NASA Office of the Chief Technologist described the following criteria for a NASA Grand Challenge: ● Clearly relate to NASA’s mission and strategy. ● Unify and inspire public and private constituencies around a clear “call to action”. It must be specific enough to convey success criteria and broad enough to capture the imagination of participants and the public. ● Spur significant developments in a wide range of domains vital to the nation and the world. ● Serve as a beacon for high-impact, multi-disciplinary collaborations among the government, industry companies, universities, non-profits, philanthropists, and individuals including scientists and engineers. Given NASA’s investments, partnerships and ability to leverage activities and resources, the grand challenge must be ambitious, but realistically achievable within 10-20 years. Below, we discuss how these requirements are met by Astrobiology and the Search for Life, by detailing how this Grand Challenge would radiate out from the core areas of expertise in Astrophysics and Planetary Science to encompass and include expertise from across the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), the Agency, and both traditional and non-traditional partners across the globe. Relationship to NASA’s Mission and Strategy: As described in the 2018 NASA Strategic Plan, the Mission of the agency is to: Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human exploration across the Solar System and bring new knowledge and opportunities back to Earth, support growth of the nation’s economy in space and aeronautics, increase understanding of the Universe, and our place in it, work with industry to improve America’s aerospace technologies, and advance American leadership. A search for life is responsive to this Strategy and Mission. The search for life would necessitate research, technology development, and mission programs that are each innovative, and sustainable. As we will explain in more detail below, it would involve both commercial and international partners. And it would both benefit from and help give extra meaning to human exploration of the Solar System. Astrobiology research on the co-evolution of life and its host environment, and the results from missions that search for signs of global biospheres on potentially habitable planets both improve our understanding of how our home planet operates. And astrobiology research and missions would increase our understanding of the Universe and our place in it. All of this would be done in a way that supports growth of the nation’s economy in space, would improve America’s aerospace technologies, and would be an extremely visible example of American leadership. Astrobiology Missions at the Center of the Grand Challenge The core of this Grand Challenge will be missions designed to search for signs of life beyond Earth. This would include the HabEx, LUVOIR, and Origins mission concepts that are preparing submissions to Astro2020 Decadal Survey. These astrophysics mission concepts all strive to detect biosignatures as a key science case, and for each study that had a driving influence on architecture decisions. Additionally, these missions as well as the Lynx mission concept also being submitted for consideration by Astro2020 would conduct observations related to the other areas of astrobiology outlined above, in particular our understanding of how habitable worlds are constructed. Finally, their ability to monitor Solar System targets would also allow these missions to play a support role in our search for signs of extant life on Europa or other ocean worlds, or signs of extinct or extant life on Mars. The search for life inside the Solar System would be led by a separate fleet of orbiters and landers to Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and other Solar System targets that have liquid water environments. In addition to their direct search for biosignatures and habitable environments, these missions will also produce knowledge on planetary processes that will transfer to our search for life on exoplanets. Likewise, the knowledge gained by the detection and characterization of exoplanets will continue to impact the study of planets inside our Solar System, including Earth. The Astrobiology Grand Challenge as a NASA-wide Initiative This work requires the coordination of research and mission observations from across the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) portfolio. In addition to the roles for Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences, there are specific inputs that are essential from Heliophysics and Earth sciences. Heliophysics research and missions inform our understanding of atmospheric loss, which is a controlling process for the habitability of exoplanets, and the past habitability of Mars. Earth sciences tools in particular climate and chemistry models have been used to explore the co-evolution of life with the physical environment throughout Earth history, to study the past habitability of Solar System bodies, and to model the potential habitability of and signs of life from exoplanets. In addition to relying on research and missions led by the four SMD divisions, this endeavor will also lead to tangible benefits for each of these divisions. All of them stand to benefit from the public and stakeholder interest in the search for life this is particularly true for the missions that would have an impact on this search. And some missions may have indirect or unexpected contributions to Astrobiology; for example, the full-size images of Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) have been used to simulate future exoplanet direct imaging data. Additionally, there are tools and community standards that have been developed by these fields that could benefit the other divisions and their communities, as cross-division collaboration increases. An early example of this is the creation of the Exoplanet Modeling and Analysis Center a NASA-hosted library of community models which was inspired and modeled after the Community Coordinated Modeling Center funded by the Heliophysics division. Lastly, the application of tools to simulate planetary processes on a wider variety of targets will improve their validation. For example, the application of climate models to the study of the habitability of Mars and exoplanets expands the physics of these tools as it produces evidence against the argument that such models are “fine-tuned” to the Earth or to studies of anthropogenic climate change. Beyond SMD, humans and robots in space can expand and extend the capabilities of flagship astrobiology missions including the four flagship concepts being studied for Astro2020. In-space assembly would allow for the construction of larger, more capable telescopes than would otherwise be possible with telescopes that require a single launch vehicle. Additionally, the servicing of existing missions would allow for additional generations of instruments to follow-up on initial surveys. There is likely to be considerable debate within the science community about the first claimed signs of life from an exoplanet; serviceability would allow scientists to design and operate a second generation of instruments designed to return data that would help resolve such debates. And the extension of observations would enable science cases that would otherwise be implausible or impossible. This could include the observations of additional transits of potentially habitable exoplanets to increase the signal/noise ratio of spectra from such worlds, or the measurement of season-/latitude-dependent features of reflected light from an exoplanet. The latter observation is particularly expensive, but could yield compelling results such as the first low-resolution map of an ocean-bearing world other than Earth. Additionally, the humans/robots that explore the Solar System would bring back samples that have tremendous astrobiological value. In the near-term, astronauts that land on the moon can search for samples of Archean or Hadean Earth (Earth meteorites that have landed on the moon). Studies of these eons in Earth history have played a major role in astrobiological research on the co-evolution of life and its physical environment. However, geological processes have destroyed much of the Earth’s rock record from this time, and those samples that have survived have often been altered. Therefore, any pristine Archean/Hadean Earth samples returned by astronauts would have tremendous value. Samples of the moon itself would also bring value, as they could undergo precise absolute dating that would help uncover the history of the Moon. By tying this dating to the craters on the Moon, this would also improve our dating of many surfaces throughout the Solar System, which primarily rely on cratering records. Similarly, samples returned from comets and asteroids would yield insights on the delivery of abiotic sources of organic compounds from such bodies, and on how habitable worlds are constructed. Multiple missions are ongoing or have been proposed to return such samples; humans could participate in this endeavor when they visit such bodies. The human exploration of Mars would bring about astrobiological revolutions on its own. The presence of humans on Mars, or even in cis-Mars space, would dramatically expand our capability to conduct resarch on Martian history. Real-time operation of rovers could improve their efficiency, and the communications relays and weather stations required to support a human presence would return their own data on the Martian environment. Perhaps most importantly, humans could bring samples from Mars; a long-term goal of the Mars Exploration Program. A rover designed to select and cache samples for return is the main driver of the number one recommendation from the last NAS Planetary Science Decadal Survey Report, “Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022” and it is widely anticipated that a Mars sample return mission will be submitted for consideration for the next NAS Planetary Sciences Decadal Survey. The incorporation of astrobiology science into human exploration of the Solar System could bring benefits to human spaceflight. The public interest in the science of astrobiology could bring an additional rationale for the support of such a program, and a greater level of overall interest in the science conducted by astronauts. The links between the Hubble Space Telescope and the human servicing missions raised the profile of both endeavors, and serve as a model for how human spaceflight and science could both benefit from collaboration. On a future human mission to Mars, a mass spectrometer could look for potential biosignatures, or be used to track the bone density of astronauts. Scientists and explorers may search for the same exact data but for different reasons: weather/dust storms on Mars, life in special regions, and methane/water on Mars are all topics that generate tremendous astrobiological or planetary science interest, and are of independent interest due to their relationship to resources and hazards to astronauts. The Astrobiology Grand Challenge as a Global Endeavor Astrobiology is inherently a global endeavor, both by practical necessity and by moral imperative. The search for life is something that will change our entire planet’s view of life in the cosmos, and as such it should engage and include global participation. Such participation will likely be required. The most ambitious astrobiology missions would be enabled or enhanced by leveraging skillsets, industries, and funding offered by nations other than the United States. Further, NASA, NSF, DOE, and other global space and science agencies should work to ensure their mission complement and to not compete with one another. While this paper focuses on US-led/NASA-led missions due to it being a submission to the US National Academy of Sciences white paper call, there are many missions to planetary targets near and far that would be an essential part of the endeavor. To make this a NASA Grand Challenge, the agency should lead some of the ambitious missions described below, include the expertise of out international partners on those missions, and also participate in the missions led by other nations. NASA is already partnered with a variety of research institutions both in the US and around the globe in the pursuit of astrobiology research. Through the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), numerous teams – including many led by universities – have advanced astrobiology research since the foundation of the NAI in 1998. Newly created astrobiology “research coordination networks” will expand and continue these partnerships with members at numerous NASA centers and universities around the world. Partnerships with other agencies would also be required for this Grand Challenge. Existing, extensive partnerships already exist between NASA and NSF related to research on the synthesis and function of macromolecules in the origin of life, searches for meteorites in Antarctica, and research in extreme environments around the globe, drilling programs for samples of astrobiological interest, and the testing/development of instruments and mission operations in analogue environments. Such partnerships could be strengthened or expanded. Additional partnerships could arise with NIH or NSF for the exploration of the development of complexity and multicellularity or on the understanding of how life operates in extreme environments. And the search for life on exoplanets will be best accomplished with coordinated observations from both space-based and ground telescopes. These different observatories have complementary wavelength ranges, utilize different observational techniques, and would target planets around different star types. Ultimately, in order to produce a comprehensive understanding of how life and habitability is a function of the stellar environment, both groundand space-based observatories will be required. To truly expand astrobiology research into an agency-level Grand Challenge, multiple missions would be required. These missions would be ambitious in intent, and would lead to equally ambitious technical requirements that demand collaboration. To make such missions happen, NASA has always engaged industry and international partners. In this case, additional new partnerships would form that could improve both these missions and our ability to assess the data they return. The most obvious link to external partners is to the aerospace industry that has been a historical partner on NASA/SMD missions. This partnership has enabled missions large and small for decades, and would continue and be absolutely central to an Astrobiology Grand Challenge. The expertise on every phase of the mission lifecycle, and the experience these partners bring from beyond NASA would all be enabling to the endeavor. Details on specific technical challenges are present in the White Papers that will be submitted to Astro2020, and eventually to the Decadal Surveys for Planetary Sciences and Heliophysics. Most of these technical challenges will require a tight partnership with industry to ensure success, and we refer you to those separate white papers for details. As with the benefits to SMD and HEOMD, there would be benefits to industry that go beyond financial incentive. Their participation or leadership of any astrobiological endeavor will bring with it positive public notoriety. It also can provide opportunities to advance technological or workforce capabilities, as the specific technical challenges presented by each mission is overcome. Partnerships with private entities, which have previously been mostly limited to building spaceflight hardware, must expand and could include development generic research tools, new codes, and new methodologies to analyze and interpret data. Private participation in astrobiology endeavors is already increasing. One example is the NASA Frontiers Development Lab (FDL) provides another model for partnerships with industry. The FDL has brought together researchers from across the globe to work on space science problems funded by NASA, through the use of techniques/tools/expertise provided by experts on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). In 2018, FDL expanded to include its first astrobiology studies. These teams combined NASA-funded models of exoplanet atmospheric chemistry and spectroscopy with AI/ML tools to create tools that can retrieve compositional data from the spectra of rocky exoplanets. There are myriad problems that could be addressed with this approach this is merely the first example. Non-traditional partners would also be fully involved in the search for life. The difficulty of the endeavor, the broad public interest in its results, and the societal implications of the search all provide a drive towards the incorporation of diverse skillsets and perspectives. This should lead to diverse global community that is included in the Grand Challenge. Early successes along these lines exist and could be expanded upon in particular, the Astrobiology Program has created multiple collaborations between scientists, philosophers, and religious scholars to understand the societal impacts that would result from the discovery of life beyond Earth. It also created the Baruch S. Blumberg Chair of Astrobiology at the Library of Congress for “research at the intersection of the science of astrobiology and its humanistic and societal implications.” An ongoing partnership with the Navajo Nation is designed to cultural ways of obtaining knowledge. Another project brings lessons on astrobiology to prison populations. The above is a very partial list of partnerships within and beyond the agency that demonstrate the broad impact astrobiology could have on the world, and on the engagement the global community should have on this search. Because the search for life is inherently engaging, it can lead to developments in a wide range of domains including but not limited to astronomy, planetary science, Earth sciences, heliophysics, human exploration, aerospace engineering, multicultural research, science communication, space ethics, and computer science. To fully succeed in discovering habitable and inhabited worlds elsewhere, we suggest that the teams that work on these missions must be equally diverse. In addition to incorporating the expertise listed above, these teams must also be inclusive and representative of diverse areas of science, combining the expertise of astronomers, planetary scientists, origins of life researchers, biologists, geologists, atmospheric scientists, and others. There are myriad challenges our entire community faces to realize that goal we point to and support the many white papers that demand for progress on issues of diversity and inclusivity within (and beyond) the astrophysics community. The Astrobiology Grand Challenge and NASA Flagship Concepts for Astro2020 The search for life beyond Earth is deeply interdisciplinary, and the missions required to discover life on other worlds will be among the most ambitious ever pursued. Table 1 summarizes the relevance to astrobiology of the missions submitted to Astro2020. Each of these missions would have a substantial impact on astrobiology. Table 1. ​Relevance to astrobiology of the large strategic missions submitted to


Introduction
Our generation has been presented with a unique opportunity: to be the first humans to comprehensively search for signs of life in and beyond our Solar System. This is possible because of the progress of astrobiological research, the identification of habitable environments inside the Solar System, the discovery that there are potentially habitable worlds orbiting other suns, the creation of an interdisciplinary research community, and the development of technologies that enable missions designed to search for signs of life on worlds in and beyond the Solar System. If the Astro2020 Decadal Survey decides to capitalize on this opportunity and "seize the future" by prioritizing ambitious astrobiology missions, it will set the stage for a global collaboration that revolutionizes our understanding of humanity's place in the cosmos.
This comprehensive search for life is ideal for a Grand Challenge. This program would be inarguably ambitious, yet achievable in the Astro2020 Era: it would harness science, technology, and innovation to solve important problems pursued across the globe; and it would present an unmatched ability to capture the public's imagination. These qualities are the top-level criteria for a Grand Challenge, as defined by the United States Office of Science and Technology Policy.
In this White Paper we propose such a Grand Challenge. First, we briefly review the topics covered by astrobiology researchers. Then, we introduce the requirements for a Grand Challenge and explore how "Astrobiology and the Search for Life" meets the requirements for a NASA Grand Challenge including a partial list of ongoing activities that could serve as a foundation for a broader program. Finally, we close with the relationship of this Grand Challenge to the projects being submitted for consideration for the NAS Astro2020 Decadal Survey.

Review of Astrobiology:
Astrobiology is much more than "the search for life beyond Earth." Instead, it is a discipline that also develops our capability to conduct and understand the results from a search for life elsewhere. These improvements result from a broad set of interdisciplinary investigations across the globe. The NASA 2015 Astrobiology Roadmap outlines current research on Astrobiology as covering the following topics: 1. Identifying abiotic sources of organic compounds 2. Synthesis and function of macromolecules in the origin of life 3. Early life and increasing complexity 4. Co-evolution of life and the physical environment 5. Identifying, exploring, and characterizing environments for habitability and biosignatures 6. Constructing habitable worlds 7. Challenges and opportunities in astrobiology Of these 7 topics, only one is directly related to the search for life; the other 6 provide the necessary context and theoretical framework to that search. By identifying the abiotic sources of organic compounds, and by studying the synthesis and function of macromolecules in the origin of life, we improve our ability to know how life arose on Earth and how/where it might arise elsewhere. By studying early life, increasing complexity, and the co-evolution of life and its physical environment, we gain knowledge on issues related to habitability, broaden the biosignatures we can search for, and improve our understanding of life as a planetary process. By exploring how habitable worlds are constructed, we help focus our search for life on the most likely locations, which is critical when designing missions and instruments that have constrained budgets for cost, mass, power, volume, or other parameters. Finally, by understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by individuals and the field as a whole, we improve our capability to conduct astrobiology research and missions.

Astrobiology as a Grand Challenge
Each of the research themes outlined above demands an interdisciplinary approach that engages a wide variety of expertise and input. This interdisciplinary nature drives the field towards collaborations that reach across across disciplines, funding stovepipes, and national borders. The technical challenges faced by missions robustly capable of identifying signs of life on other worlds demands spaceflight partnerships. The breadth of skills required by this search will engage most of the expertise at NASA, while growing connections to external partners and inspiring people across the globe. This is what makes Astrobiology and The Search for Life a perfect fit for a NASA Grand Challenge. The NASA Office of the Chief Technologist described the following criteria for a NASA Grand Challenge: • Clearly relate to NASA's mission and strategy. • Unify and inspire public and private constituencies around a clear "call to action". It must be specific enough to convey success criteria and broad enough to capture the imagination of participants and the public. • Spur significant developments in a wide range of domains vital to the nation and the world. • Serve as a beacon for high-impact, multi-disciplinary collaborations among the government, industry companies, universities, non-profits, philanthropists, and individuals including scientists and engineers. Given NASA's investments, partnerships and ability to leverage activities and resources, the grand challenge must be ambitious, but realistically achievable within 10-20 years. Below, we discuss how these requirements are met by Astrobiology and the Search for Life, by detailing how this Grand Challenge would radiate out from the core areas of expertise in Astrophysics and Planetary Science to encompass and include expertise from across the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), the Agency, and both traditional and non-traditional partners across the globe.

Relationship to NASA's Mission and Strategy:
As described in the 2018 NASA Strategic Plan, the Mission of the agency is to: Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human exploration across the Solar System and bring new knowledge and opportunities back to Earth, support growth of the nation's economy in space and aeronautics, increase understanding of the Universe, and our place in it, work with industry to improve America's aerospace technologies, and advance American leadership. A search for life is responsive to this Strategy and Mission. The search for life would necessitate research, technology development, and mission programs that are each innovative, and sustainable. As we will explain in more detail below, it would involve both commercial and international partners. And it would both benefit from and help give extra meaning to human exploration of the Solar System. Astrobiology research on the co-evolution of life and its host environment, and the results from missions that search for signs of global biospheres on potentially habitable planets both improve our understanding of how our home planet operates. And astrobiology research and missions would increase our understanding of the Universe and our place in it. All of this would be done in a way that supports growth of the nation's economy in space, would improve America's aerospace technologies, and would be an extremely visible example of American leadership.

Astrobiology Missions at the Center of the Grand Challenge
The core of this Grand Challenge will be missions designed to search for signs of life beyond Earth. This would include the HabEx, LUVOIR, and Origins mission concepts that are preparing submissions to Astro2020 Decadal Survey. These astrophysics mission concepts all strive to detect biosignatures as a key science case, and for each study that had a driving influence on architecture decisions. Additionally, these missions -as well as the Lynx mission concept also being submitted for consideration by Astro2020 -would conduct observations related to the other areas of astrobiology outlined above, in particular our understanding of how habitable worlds are constructed. Finally, their ability to monitor Solar System targets would also allow these missions to play a support role in our search for signs of extant life on Europa or other ocean worlds, or signs of extinct or extant life on Mars.
The search for life inside the Solar System would be led by a separate fleet of orbiters and landers to Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and other Solar System targets that have liquid water environments. In addition to their direct search for biosignatures and habitable environments, these missions will also produce knowledge on planetary processes that will transfer to our search for life on exoplanets. Likewise, the knowledge gained by the detection and characterization of exoplanets will continue to impact the study of planets inside our Solar System, including Earth.

The Astrobiology Grand Challenge as a NASA-wide Initiative
This work requires the coordination of research and mission observations from across the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) portfolio. In addition to the roles for Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences, there are specific inputs that are essential from Heliophysics and Earth sciences. Heliophysics research and missions inform our understanding of atmospheric loss, which is a controlling process for the habitability of exoplanets, and the past habitability of Mars. Earth sciences tools -in particular climate and chemistry models -have been used to explore the co-evolution of life with the physical environment throughout Earth history, to study the past habitability of Solar System bodies, and to model the potential habitability of and signs of life from exoplanets.
In addition to relying on research and missions led by the four SMD divisions, this endeavor will also lead to tangible benefits for each of these divisions. All of them stand to benefit from the public and stakeholder interest in the search for life -this is particularly true for the missions that would have an impact on this search. And some missions may have indirect or unexpected contributions to Astrobiology; for example, the full-size images of Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) have been used to simulate future exoplanet direct imaging data. Additionally, there are tools and community standards that have been developed by these fields that could benefit the other divisions and their communities, as cross-division collaboration increases. An early example of this is the creation of the Exoplanet Modeling and Analysis Center -a NASA-hosted library of community models -which was inspired and modeled after the Community Coordinated Modeling Center funded by the Heliophysics division. Lastly, the application of tools to simulate planetary processes on a wider variety of targets will improve their validation. For example, the application of climate models to the study of the habitability of Mars and exoplanets expands the physics of these tools as it produces evidence against the argument that such models are "fine-tuned" to the Earth or to studies of anthropogenic climate change.
Beyond SMD, humans and robots in space can expand and extend the capabilities of flagship astrobiology missions -including the four flagship concepts being studied for Astro2020. In-space assembly would allow for the construction of larger, more capable telescopes than would otherwise be possible with telescopes that require a single launch vehicle. Additionally, the servicing of existing missions would allow for additional generations of instruments to follow-up on initial surveys. There is likely to be considerable debate within the science community about the first claimed signs of life from an exoplanet; serviceability would allow scientists to design and operate a second generation of instruments designed to return data that would help resolve such debates. And the extension of observations would enable science cases that would otherwise be implausible or impossible. This could include the observations of additional transits of potentially habitable exoplanets to increase the signal/noise ratio of spectra from such worlds, or the measurement of season-/latitude-dependent features of reflected light from an exoplanet. The latter observation is particularly expensive, but could yield compelling results such as the first low-resolution map of an ocean-bearing world other than Earth.
Additionally, the humans/robots that explore the Solar System would bring back samples that have tremendous astrobiological value. In the near-term, astronauts that land on the moon can search for samples of Archean or Hadean Earth (Earth meteorites that have landed on the moon). Studies of these eons in Earth history have played a major role in astrobiological research on the co-evolution of life and its physical environment. However, geological processes have destroyed much of the Earth's rock record from this time, and those samples that have survived have often been altered. Therefore, any pristine Archean/Hadean Earth samples returned by astronauts would have tremendous value. Samples of the moon itself would also bring value, as they could undergo precise absolute dating that would help uncover the history of the Moon. By tying this dating to the craters on the Moon, this would also improve our dating of many surfaces throughout the Solar System, which primarily rely on cratering records. Similarly, samples returned from comets and asteroids would yield insights on the delivery of abiotic sources of organic compounds from such bodies, and on how habitable worlds are constructed. Multiple missions are ongoing or have been proposed to return such samples; humans could participate in this endeavor when they visit such bodies.
The human exploration of Mars would bring about astrobiological revolutions on its own. The presence of humans on Mars, or even in cis-Mars space, would dramatically expand our capability to conduct resarch on Martian history. Real-time operation of rovers could improve their efficiency, and the communications relays and weather stations required to support a human presence would return their own data on the Martian environment. Perhaps most importantly, humans could bring samples from Mars; a long-term goal of the Mars Exploration Program. A rover designed to select and cache samples for return is the main driver of the number one recommendation from the last NAS Planetary Science Decadal Survey Report, "Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022" and it is widely anticipated that a Mars sample return mission will be submitted for consideration for the next NAS Planetary Sciences Decadal Survey.
The incorporation of astrobiology science into human exploration of the Solar System could bring benefits to human spaceflight. The public interest in the science of astrobiology could bring an additional rationale for the support of such a program, and a greater level of overall interest in the science conducted by astronauts. The links between the Hubble Space Telescope and the human servicing missions raised the profile of both endeavors, and serve as a model for how human spaceflight and science could both benefit from collaboration. On a future human mission to Mars, a mass spectrometer could look for potential biosignatures, or be used to track the bone density of astronauts. Scientists and explorers may search for the same exact data but for different reasons: weather/dust storms on Mars, life in special regions, and methane/water on Mars are all topics that generate tremendous astrobiological or planetary science interest, and are of independent interest due to their relationship to resources and hazards to astronauts.

The Astrobiology Grand Challenge as a Global Endeavor
Astrobiology is inherently a global endeavor, both by practical necessity and by moral imperative. The search for life is something that will change our entire planet's view of life in the cosmos, and as such it should engage and include global participation. Such participation will likely be required. The most ambitious astrobiology missions would be enabled or enhanced by leveraging skillsets, industries, and funding offered by nations other than the United States. Further, NASA, NSF, DOE, and other global space and science agencies should work to ensure their mission complement -and to not compete with -one another. While this paper focuses on US-led/NASA-led missions due to it being a submission to the US National Academy of Sciences white paper call, there are many missions to planetary targets near and far that would be an essential part of the endeavor. To make this a NASA Grand Challenge, the agency should lead some of the ambitious missions described below, include the expertise of out international partners on those missions, and also participate in the missions led by other nations.
NASA is already partnered with a variety of research institutions -both in the US and around the globe -in the pursuit of astrobiology research. Through the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), numerous teams -including many led by universities -have advanced astrobiology research since the foundation of the NAI in 1998. Newly created astrobiology "research coordination networks" will expand and continue these partnerships with members at numerous NASA centers and universities around the world.
Partnerships with other agencies would also be required for this Grand Challenge. Existing, extensive partnerships already exist between NASA and NSF related to research on the synthesis and function of macromolecules in the origin of life, searches for meteorites in Antarctica, and research in extreme environments around the globe, drilling programs for samples of astrobiological interest, and the testing/development of instruments and mission operations in analogue environments. Such partnerships could be strengthened or expanded. Additional partnerships could arise with NIH or NSF for the exploration of the development of complexity and multicellularity or on the understanding of how life operates in extreme environments. And the search for life on exoplanets will be best accomplished with coordinated observations from both space-based and ground telescopes. These different observatories have complementary wavelength ranges, utilize different observational techniques, and would target planets around different star types. Ultimately, in order to produce a comprehensive understanding of how life and habitability is a function of the stellar environment, both groundand space-based observatories will be required.
To truly expand astrobiology research into an agency-level Grand Challenge, multiple missions would be required. These missions would be ambitious in intent, and would lead to equally ambitious technical requirements that demand collaboration. To make such missions happen, NASA has always engaged industry and international partners. In this case, additional new partnerships would form that could improve both these missions and our ability to assess the data they return.
The most obvious link to external partners is to the aerospace industry that has been a historical partner on NASA/SMD missions. This partnership has enabled missions large and small for decades, and would continue and be absolutely central to an Astrobiology Grand Challenge. The expertise on every phase of the mission lifecycle, and the experience these partners bring from beyond NASA would all be enabling to the endeavor. Details on specific technical challenges are present in the White Papers that will be submitted to Astro2020, and eventually to the Decadal Surveys for Planetary Sciences and Heliophysics. Most of these technical challenges will require a tight partnership with industry to ensure success, and we refer you to those separate white papers for details. As with the benefits to SMD and HEOMD, there would be benefits to industry that go beyond financial incentive. Their participation or leadership of any astrobiological endeavor will bring with it positive public notoriety. It also can provide opportunities to advance technological or workforce capabilities, as the specific technical challenges presented by each mission is overcome.
Partnerships with private entities, which have previously been mostly limited to building spaceflight hardware, must expand and could include development generic research tools, new codes, and new methodologies to analyze and interpret data. Private participation in astrobiology endeavors is already increasing. One example is the NASA Frontiers Development Lab (FDL) provides another model for partnerships with industry. The FDL has brought together researchers from across the globe to work on space science problems funded by NASA, through the use of techniques/tools/expertise provided by experts on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). In 2018, FDL expanded to include its first astrobiology studies. These teams combined NASA-funded models of exoplanet atmospheric chemistry and spectroscopy with AI/ML tools to create tools that can retrieve compositional data from the spectra of rocky exoplanets. There are myriad problems that could be addressed with this approach -this is merely the first example.
Non-traditional partners would also be fully involved in the search for life. The difficulty of the endeavor, the broad public interest in its results, and the societal implications of the search all provide a drive towards the incorporation of diverse skillsets and perspectives. This should lead to diverse global community that is included in the Grand Challenge. Early successes along these lines exist and could be expanded upon -in particular, the Astrobiology Program has created multiple collaborations between scientists, philosophers, and religious scholars to understand the societal impacts that would result from the discovery of life beyond Earth. It also created the Baruch S. Blumberg Chair of Astrobiology at the Library of Congress for "research at the intersection of the science of astrobiology and its humanistic and societal implications." An ongoing partnership with the Navajo Nation is designed to cultural ways of obtaining knowledge. Another project brings lessons on astrobiology to prison populations.
The above is a very partial list of partnerships within and beyond the agency that demonstrate the broad impact astrobiology could have on the world, and on the engagement the global community should have on this search. Because the search for life is inherently engaging, it can lead to developments in a wide range of domains including but not limited to astronomy, planetary science, Earth sciences, heliophysics, human exploration, aerospace engineering, multicultural research, science communication, space ethics, and computer science. To fully succeed in discovering habitable and inhabited worlds elsewhere, we suggest that the teams that work on these missions must be equally diverse. In addition to incorporating the expertise listed above, these teams must also be inclusive and representative of diverse areas of science, combining the expertise of astronomers, planetary scientists, origins of life researchers, biologists, geologists, atmospheric scientists, and others. There are myriad challenges our entire community faces to realize that goal -we point to and support the many white papers that demand for progress on issues of diversity and inclusivity within (and beyond) the astrophysics community.

The Astrobiology Grand Challenge and NASA Flagship Concepts for Astro2020
The search for life beyond Earth is deeply interdisciplinary, and the missions required to discover life on other worlds will be among the most ambitious ever pursued. Table 1 summarizes the relevance to astrobiology of the missions submitted to Astro2020. Each of these missions would have a substantial impact on astrobiology.

Mission
Relevance to Astrobiology

HabEx
HabEx will explore the nearest stars to search for signs of habitability & biosignatures via direct detection of reflected light. HabEx can also observe transiting exoplanets, including potentially habitable exoplanets around low mass M dwarf stars. Dozens of non-Earth like planets would also be observed.
LUVOIR LUVOIR will survey hundreds of stars to constrain the frequency of habitability & biosignatures and produce a statistically meaningful sample of exoEarths via direct detection of reflected light. LUVOIR can also observe transiting exoplanets, including potentially habitable exoplanets around low mass M dwarf stars. Hundreds of non-Earth like planets would also be observed.

Origins
Origins will measure both thermal emission and transit spectra in the near and mid infrared for a wide array of non-habitable terrestrial exoplanets, allowing for detailed characterization of their atmospheric structure and composition. For planets orbiting late M Dwarfs, it will also be able to characterize potentially Earth-like atmospheres and search for molecular absorption from methane and ozone.

Lynx
Lynx will observe X-ray emission from young stars and provide insight on how X-ray and extreme UV fluxes and stellar winds impact the atmospheres of potentially habitable planets. Additionally, it will be able to detect the upper atmospheres of transiting gaseous planets with X-ray transit spectroscopy and constrain the physics of atmospheric escape.
This suite of flagship mission concepts presents the astrophysics community with the opportunity to truly seize the future. If one of these missions is prioritized, with a rationale for its astrobiological research potential, it could serve as the catalyst for and central component of a new Grand Challenge for NASA. All manner of expertise within and beyond the agency would be required. And the ambitious goal -to determine whether or not humanity is alone in the Universe -could lead to NASA's next "Apollo moment." This Grand Challenge would bring together out entire planet as we change our view of our place in the cosmos, together.