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Specific diseases: stroke

Overall, the risk of stroke after non-cardiac surgery ranges from 0.1% to 4%. The incidence of silent strokes is far higher, and is estimated to be 10% when systematic brain magnetic resonance imaging is performed after surgery. As non-cardiac surgeries encompass a large variety of interventions, the individual estimation of the risk of periprocedural strokes should be based on the type of surgery. This chapter describes predictors of stroke, periprocedural preventive measures, and management of patients with perioperative stroke.