{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016355140186915886, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.48989898989899, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Rethinking Land Rights: Divesting Ownership of Its Dominative Features

Abstract Although private property can be construed as providing individuals and their communities with essential personal and social benefits along with economic opportunities, traditional land rights retain a strong dominative character. Historically, they have been used as a medium for subjugating women and exploiting wildlife. While there has been some limited progress in protecting nature, including environmental statutes such as the Endangered Species Act, these measures do not go far enough. Rather than eliminate land-ownership, as some suggest, I propose reformulating ownership in a way that expunges some of its noxious tendencies by devising an ecofeminist understanding of land rights within a legal framework using the doctrine of public trust. While originally applied to water and air, there have been recent court cases in the United States that have broadened the trust to include public parks, coastlines, and private property. This article goes a step further to redefine the meaning of the trust by addressing the relationship between land, owners, and the public; the redefinition of property rights; and how these changes can be incorporated into public policy and political practice.