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AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF TABOO WORDS IN CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE MOVIE

This study is about an analysis of the translation of taboo words in “Central Intelligence” movie. It is to shed the type of taboo words and the procedures applied to translate the taboo words. The theories used in this study are from Timothy Jay (1992) to classify the types of taboo words and a theory from Peter Newmark (1987) to analyze the translation procedures. The data are taken from the movie entitled Central Intelligence by choosing 20 data out of 65 data of taboo words. The result of the analysis shows that are seven translation procedures employed in the translation of taboo word. They are cultural equivalent (seven data), reduction (four data), functional equivalent (three data), paraphrase (three data), naturalization, through translation and literal translation (one data each). For the types of the taboo words, the result shows that there are eight types of taboo words of the 20 selected data. They are insult and slurs (four data), profanity (one data), taboo (two data), epithets (three data), slang (four data), scatology (one data), vulgarity (three data) and cursing (two data) of ten types proposed by Timothy Jay. From this study, it is concluded that the taboo words from the SL cannot always be translated into the taboo words in the TL because of the cultural differences.


INTRODUCTION
Translation itself is a process of transferring information from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). "Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language" (Newmark, 1981, p.7). As stated before, the conclusion is a good translation needs a good translator as well. Not only transfer the idea, message and information from the SL to the TL but translator also establish an equivalent translation from one language or SL to other language or TL.
Especially for English to Indonesian translation since both languages have different system and structure, consequently, a growing need to find appropriate screen translation approaches.
When translating a text, the translator has some rules. The translator must able to deliver the message from the SL to the TL, so the readers will be able to get the original message from the SL. Language consists of many aspects of human life that also impacts in human life as well. According to Hyland (2004, p.1), language is seen as central way in which we construct our lives. Language is also used to show our expressions, ideas, opinions and feelings. The phenomenon of language has brought up in many ways especially expressing the language itself. There are bad and good languages used by people to express their feelings, ideas, and emotions. According to Chaika (1982), people use language to reveal or conceal their personal identity, character, and background without realizing that they are actually doing so. Therefore, every person has their own way to choose the language variation which can confirm one's identity. Some people may prefer to use language that has a strong connotation to express certain feeling, for example sad or angry. To achieve this, one sometimes uses certain kind of words that are considered as bad or inappropriate to use such as taboo language.
Taboo terms were firstly introduced by Captain Cook in the late 18th century when he was sent to Tahiti (The British Museum, 2007). According to Allan and 74 Burridge (2006, p.2-3), taboo or known as tabu is a Tongan term that denotes a person, object or act which is dangerous and therefore it must be avoided. The example of this case is the act of incest which is known as taboo, and so is the word motherf**ker that denotes incest activity. However, there are other words that are considered taboo while the action they denote is not considered taboo. When people talk about sex, it is often considered taboo while the act itself is not forbidden if it is done by the appropriate person in suitable place and time. Therefore, words that are related or linked to taboo act will automatically become taboo words (Allan and Burridge, 2006, p.2).
Nowadays, we can find taboo words in daily conversation, television, books, songs, social media, etc. The phenomenon of taboo words also can easily found in movies. Movie plays an important role in our life as agents to convey message one language into another. "Cinema has been one of the greatest influences in our modern life, and it is also a form of art. It is the combination of technology, business, entertainment and aesthetics; each and every one of these four has an important role in present day world and is also visible in the variation of its forms." (Istiak, 2013, p.77).
According to Wiadnyana (2012), almost every movie uses taboo words in the dialogue because the use of taboo words in the dialog makes the characters of the film look natural to express their emotion. Taboo words support the representation of a real life in the plot of the story. Pardo (2013) explained how translators face a lot of troubles in translating movie since they should pay attention to cultural elements in order to please their audience (the TL audience) specially when translating taboo words taking the censorship.
There are many related previous study about the translation of taboo words. One

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
There are some definitions of translation from the experts. Some definitions of translation may different as many experts express their own thought or idea about the definition of translation. Crystal (1987, p.334) states that the term 'translation' is the natural terms used for all tasks where the meaning of an expression in one language (SL) is turned into the meaning of (TL), whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed. Translation is defined as the process of transferring the idea or information from the SL to the TL. Bell (1991) writes on his book "translation involves the transfer meaning from a text in one language into a text in another language" (p.8). Moreover, Larson (1998, p.3) defines that basically, translation is a change of form. The form is referring to the words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraph. The change of form is done by replacing the form of the source language to the form of the receptor or the target language. Based on the various ideas about the definition of translation, it can be concluded that translation is not only the change of form, but also a process of transferring the meaning of the SL to the TL. Allan and Burridge (2006, p.2-3) examine the issue of taboo refers to a term that denotes a person, object or act which is dangerous, and therefore, it must be avoided. In addition, taboo language is language variation used by people to show their feeling such as angry, disappointment and dissatisfaction. People usually produce taboo words because they are the most powerful ways to express their dissatisfaction.
They sometimes emphasize people's real emotion. Supporting the idea, Fairman (2009, p.7) states that every society has its own particular taboo act and words. Taboo acts are related to any activities that should be avoided, while taboo words are related to any words that should not be uttered.
Timothy Jay (1992) on his book suggests ten types of taboo words, i.e. cursing, blasphemy, taboo, obscenity, profanity, vulgarity, slang, epithets, insult and slurs, scatology. First, cursing. The intention of cursing is to invoke harm on other person through the use of certain words or phrases and also used as an expression, whether it is happy, shocked, or anger (p.2). The second one is profanity. Profanity is based on a religious distinction. To be profane means to be secular or behaving out and to be ignorant to the words in a religious belief which seeks not to denigrate God, religion or holy affairs but would be based more on the ignorance of or indifference to these matters. The third one is Blasphemy. Jay (1992, p.3) says that a blasphemy is an attack on religion or religious doctrine. The fourth one is Taboo. Taboo operates to suppress or inhibit certain behavior, thoughts, or in the case, speech. The function of taboo is to prohibit the behavior of a speaker and preserve social cohesion. The focus is on the speaker's behavior. Taboo is almost similar to insults and slurs category, the difference is that taboo is not directly offensive. (p.4). Fifth taboo word is Obscenity. According to Jay (1992, p.5), Obscene words are considered the most offensive and rarely, if ever, are used in public places. Obscenities are pointed sexual in nature; this kind of expression is indecent. But obscenity is legal. Most of the time, it is offensive and repulsive. The sixth taboo word is called as Vulgarity. Vulgarity means the language of the common person, "the person in the street", or the unsophisticated, unsocial zed, or under-educated. It does not serve any particular need or function beyond the normal communication demands of the common human (p.6). The seventh taboo word is classified as Slang. Slang is vocabulary that is developed in certain sub-groups (teenagers, musicians, soldiers, drug users, or athletes) for ease of communication.
Slang terms are pimp, dweeb or cupcakes. The next taboo word is Epithets. Jay (1992, p.7) says that epithets are brief but forceful bursts of emotional language. They are powerful in presentation (loudness or duration) and in offensiveness than the other types of cursing for example, joking. The other type of taboo word is Insult and Slurs, such as: pig, dog, son of bitch, or based on social deviations like: whore bastard, homo, fag, and queer. The last type of taboo word is Scatology. Scatological terms refer to human waste product or processes. Such terms are among the early words that children hear and use when they are toilet trained. (p.9).
Meanwhile, the translation procedures that are used in analyzing the translation of the taboo words are taken from Peter Newmark. As Newmark (1981) mentions that there are several translation procedures, such as functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, cultural equivalent, paraphrase, literal translation, reduction, and through translation. These translation procedures by Newmark are taken to analyze how the translator translating the taboo words because these are the most applicable procedures compared to other strategies in translating taboo words.

METHOD
The method used is descriptive qualitative research. Data are analyzed by referring to Timothy Jay's theories for types of taboo words and the translation procedure by Newmark's theories in translating the taboo words in the subtitle.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This research analysis the taboo words from the movie Central Intelligence.
The dialogues with taboo words uttered by the speakers and its Indonesian translation are analyzed by using the theories by Timothy Jay and Peter Newmark. There are eight types of taboo words that occur, namely slang, insult and slurs, cursing, vulgarity, epithets, profanity and scatology. Slang becomes one of the most frequently used taboo word. Moreover, the slang words are used by the characters in addressing someone in order to show affectionate and close-relationship. The slang words also used by the character to shows the emotion and express the feeling of the speaker.
The second table below shows the translation procedures applied in translating the taboo words. The type of taboo word is slang because the word has been modified to tell a situation when someone is very drunk. The explanation above shows that the translator uses paraphrase in translating the taboo word from the SL to the TL. The taboo word hammered has no equivalent in the TL. In this case, the translator replaces the taboo word hammered into minum sampai mabuk which can describe the same context and does not change the message of the original taboo word.
From 13 slang words found, the procedures used in translating the dialogs with slang in them are varied, namely functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, paraphrase, literal translation, descriptive equivalent, and reduction.
The second highest occurrence of taboo words found in the subtitles is classified as vulgarity. One sample of data which contains vulgarity can be seen in the has several meanings. The first one is bagian tubuh sebelah depan di antara perut dan leher, which means the front part of the body between the stomach and neck. The second is rongga tubuh tempat letak jantung dan paru-paru, which means a body cavity where the heart and lungs are located. The first meaning is the closest meaning to the context because dada is located on the front of the body between the neck and stomach.
The type of taboo word is vulgarity because the statement contains a part of the private body that should not say in front of the public. The data shows that the translator uses functional equivalent procedure in translating the taboo word from the SL into the TL. The word titty in the SL is translated into dada which more cultureneutral word in TL.
Datum 3 below serves as one example of epithet. Epithet is translated by using different procedures, namely paraphrase, cultural equivalent, reduction, and literal translation. The most applied procedure is paraphrase, hence, the datum below will show epithet which is translated by using literal translation procedure. According to oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com, the word fuck means a swear word that many people find offensive that is used to express anger, disgust or surprise.
The meaning above is suitable for the context that the speaker uttered. In this context, the speaker used the word fuck to show that he regretted meeting Robbie on Facebook.
The word fuck in the SL is translated into persetan in the TL. Based on kbbi.web.id, persetan means kata seru untuk menyatakan tidak mau tahu lagi; masa bodoh; tidak peduli. It means an exclamation to expressed an ignorance; do not care.
Persetan in the TL is usually used to express an emotion, such as anger or annoyance.
The type of taboo word in this context is epithets because the speaker uses the 82 taboo word in an angry tone to express his feeling. In this data, the translator uses literal translation. The taboo word fuck is translated literally from the SL into the TL without changing the actual meaning. The word persetan can deliver the message from the SL into the TL.
Datum 4 below will show cursing as another taboo words found from the subtitle and its translation.

Datum 4:
Time SL TL 00:53:1 0 Holy shit! Get behind me! Astaga! sembunyi di belakangku! Holy and shit have different meanings. Holy is something connected to God or a particular religion. However, shit is a swearing word that many people find offensive and is used when someone is angry or annoyed. The two words, holy and shit, are combined and become slang. Based on urbandictionary.com, Holy shit has two meanings. First, holyshit literally means God's poop. Second, holyshit means an expression yelled at something bad or surprising. In this context, the closest meaning is the second meaning because the word holyshit said by Robbie was considered a shocking reaction. To get the closest meaning, the translator translates the word holyshit in the SL into astaga in the TL.
Astagfirullah is the Arabic language which means I seek forgiveness from Allah, it is considered one of the essential worship in Islam (Academia, retrieved June 13, 2019).
However, the word astaga is commonly used by almost everyone. Despite the real meaning of astaga, people use to show surprised expression or in an emergency. Therefore, the translator chooses the word astaga in the TL as the closest equivalence to holyshit in the SL.
The type of taboo words is cursing because the speaker uses the taboo word to express his shocked feeling. The data shows that the translator uses cultural equivalent procedure in the TL to translate the taboo word. The phrase holyshit is translated into astaga since it is a kind of expression to shows a surprised when translated into the TL. In this context, holyshit as taboo word in the SL rendered becomes cultural substitution in Indonesian language by replacing the term with another term in the TL. In other words, astaga can reflect the typical word in Indonesian.
The next sample dialog is profanity which has six (6) occurrences in the movie.
Profanity is translated by cultural equivalent, literal translation, and natural translation procedures. Below is one example of profanity found in the movie. berengsek can reflect the typical word in Indonesian.
There are a total of three (3) data found form the movies contain insult and slur.
The procedures for translating insult and slur are various, and one of the procedures is translating by using cultural equivalent.
The least taboo words found from the movie is scatology. This taboo word is translated 85 by using paraphrase procedure. The table below will show the expression and the translation procedure. According to OALD (p,1364), the word shit has several meanings. First, as a noun, shit means solid waste matter from the bowels. Second, as an exclamation, shit means a swear word that many people used to show that someone is angry or annoyed which is considered as a taboo or a slang. In this context, the closest meaning is the first meaning because the word shit is used to assume that Calvin tried to look relaxed with the situation, so he did not even think about urinating, the translator translates the word shit in the SL into buang air in the TL.
According to kbbi.web.id, buang air means berak; kencing which means feces; urinate. In this context, the uses of the word buang air is to express the speaker's feel when usually people tend to urinate in dangerous or nervous. The meaning in the TL can reflect the message in the SL.
In this context, the type of taboo word is scatology because the speaker uses a word related to human defecation or excrement. The data shows that the translator uses cultural equivalent in translating the word shit in the SL into the TL phrase, buang air. In Indonesian culture, the phrase buang air is chosen as a more polite phrase in expressing someone's desire to urinate.

CONCLUSION
In translating taboo words, the cultural differences between the SL and TL cannot be avoided. The taboo words in the SL cannot always be translated into the taboo words in the TL. As in Indonesian language case as the TL, the use of taboo words is usually avoided or is forbidden to be uttered. As a result, there are many taboo words in the SL which are transferred into the TL by using cultural equivalent.
However, the message conveyed in the SL is still retained despite the cultural differences.