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A review of aqueous organic reactions for the undergraduate teaching laboratory

Abstract This article summarizes the wide scope of aqueous organic reactivity from a pedagogical perspective. It is aimed at university instructors with the goal of promoting water as a solvent in academic institutions. Recently, extensive industrial and scholarly research has concerned development of organic reactions in aqueous media. Many examples are now possible in the student laboratory including carbon–carbon/carbon–nitrogen bond-forming reactions and functional group transformations (e.g. oxidations, reductions, and halohydrations). Experiments are summarized from the educational literature (journal articles and laboratory textbooks) and their green features are described. Using water as solvent often promotes significant rate enhancements and operational simplicity – both of importance when training undergraduates during limited laboratory time. Environmental benefits of using water are additionally highlighted to students’ first hand in relation to the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry.