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Evolution of Management Thinking

Like Tata Steel, there are few companies in India with a history of over 100 years and are still growing and making money. There are, of course, a number of companies that started after independence and are known for their entrepreneurial and managerial talent. India started participating in modern industrial activities at a later period than Europe and America. Even then, these companies, keeping in view the Indian socio-economic conditions, developed their own style of management and also learnt from others. Management is not only about managing business enterprises. Management is a broader concept and it applies to all types of organizations and groups. As is well known, the oldest form of organization is military forces. All countries have been managing their forces and making use of them to defend themselves or attack others. How they deploy forces and other resources to achieve their goal is management. The old civilizations of India, Egypt and China are known to have undertaken and managed several big monuments and architecture, like pyramids, the Great Wall of China, Mohanjodaro and Harappa cities, and Taj Mahal. Such works of architecture were completed over several years of operation, employment of a large number of people and procurement and utilization of large quantities of raw materials. Coordinating and getting these works completed involved management. Therefore, management as a concept is not new. Throughout the history of mankind, management practices have been used, changed, adapted and evolved. Of course, the management of modern business enterprises developed after the emergence of business enterprises and factories. A systematic development of management as a discipline is around 100 years old.