{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.039121530965327306, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02655179718946402, 'mean_word_length': 4.823190789473684, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Prognostic Value of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction As Initial Symptoms of COVID-19 Infection

Introduction: Olfactory and gustatory chemosensory dysfunctions are very prevalent in COVID-19 infection, our aim is to further explore chemosensory recovery among these patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional follow-up study, which serves as a sequel to a study by Biadsee, et al. Among the previous study population of 128 non-hospitalized patients, who were tested positive for COVID-19 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Ninety-seven patients participated in a telephone survey designed for this study. Recovery of olfactory and gustatory functions were dened when a score is greater or equal to that reported before the disease. Persistent hyposmia and hypogeusia were dened as lower scores reported during follow-up, compared with scores before the disease. Results: A total of 43 men and 54 women were included. Mean age was 37 years (range 18-73). Mean follow-up was 59.2 days (range 21-83). At follow-up, 72 (74.2%) patients reported normalization of gustatory function and 63 (64.9%) reported normalization of olfactory function. No patient reported nasal obstruction at follow-up. Recovery of olfactory function was positively correlated with gustatory recovery (p=0.003). Twenty-three (23.7%) reported persistent xerostomia. Women who reported persistent xerostomia had higher rates of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (p=0.006 and p=0.008, respectively) than those who did not. Olfactory and gustatory disorders as initial symptoms were negative prognostic factors for recovery. Conclusion: Olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction as a presenting symptom of COVID-19 infection may be a negative prognostic factor for full recovery of olfactory and gustatory function.


Introduction
According to recently published data, olfactory and gustatory chemosensory impairment are very prevalent in COVID-19 infection. In our previous study (1), we have reported initial symptoms and prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction among COVID-19 patients. We found that impaired sense of smell or taste as a presenting symptom can be as high as 38%. Similar to our results, Coelho et al. (2) found that 37.7% of their study group reported subjective olfactory or gustatory dysfunction (OD and GD, respectively) as a presenting symptom. Recovery rates of chemosensory impairment are being investigated, worldwide. Few studies have tracked outcomes at serial time points and have shown a gradual improvement in olfactory and gustatory functions over time. (3,4) Further analysis by Paderno et al. (4) found nasal congestion, gender, and grade of dysfunction, as risk-factors for late resolution from OD. However, there are no data regarding recovery patterns of patients who reported OD and GD as initial symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate recovery rates of OD and GD after COVID-19 infection.

Methods
This study was conducted in the Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dental Medicine of Tel Aviv University, in collaboration with the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Meir Medical Center (a liated with Tel Aviv University). This is a sequel to the previous study by Biadsee et al.(1) It was approved by the Tel Aviv University Ethics Committee (application number 0001623-2). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, by telephone.

Participants
Of the previous study population of 128 non-hospitalized patients, who were tested positively for COVID-19 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and considered to have mild symptoms.
Ninety-seven patients (75.8%) agreed to participate in the follow-up telephone survey, 21 refused and 10 could not be reached. All patients had recovered from COVID-19 disease based on 2 negative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay results, on sequential samples taken at least 24 hours apart.

The Survey
A 7-question telephone questionnaire was designed for this study, which was conducted on June 15, 2020 ( Table 1). The rst section contained questions regarding the date of second negative RT-PCR test and the last symptom at the time of disease. The period of illness was de ned as the number of days between the initial positive detection date by PCR (obtained from the previous study (1)) and the date of the second negative PCR test. The follow-up period was de ned as the number of days between the second negative PCR test and the date of the survey (Figure 1). Section 2 included a single dichotomous question regarding current feeling of xerostomia.
In Sections 3 and 4, subjective smell and taste functions were each measured using a 10-point numerical scale from 0 to 10, with 0 representing anosmia and ageusia and 10 representing a very good sense of smell and taste, respectively. Scores of olfactory and gustatory functions of the pre-ailment and during the disease were obtained from the previous study data, scores were not revealed to the patient at the time of the current survey.
Normalization of olfactory and gustatory functions were de ned as a score greater than or equal to the scores reported before the disease; obtained from the previous study data. (1). OD and GD were de ned as a score lower than reported scores before the disease.
Information obtained from the questionnaires was tallied and summarized.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical data was analyzed using the R Project for Statistical Computing, version 3.6.2. Reported measures were tested for the association with reported initial loss of smell\taste (yes\no), with consideration of the phase of reporting. The prognosis was tted in correspondence using repeated measures linear regression.
Statistical signi cance of each covariate was tested using the likelihood ratio test.
Post-hoc analysis was later performed to test for hypotheses of interest. Namely, comparing olfactory and taste recovery across the three phases (Before, during and post), either within groups by initial loss of smell\taste (yes\no), and for all patients combined. All tests and credible intervals are reported at a level of a = 5%.

Results
A total of 43 men and 54 women were included in the study. Mean age was 37 years (range 18 -73). Mean follow-up period was 59.2 days (range 21 -83). Mean duration of illness from diagnosis to second PCR test was 26.2 days (range 5 -58; Table 2).

Taste
Thirty-four (35.1%) patients reported taste dysfunction as an initial symptom of COVID-19. Mean scores of taste function were; 9.4 before the disease, 5.8 during the ailment period and 8.8 at follow-up. There was no signi cant statistical difference between the sexes (p=0.530 before, p=0.181 during and p=0.945 after (Table 3). However, patients who reported gustatory dysfunction as an initial symptom had signi cantly lower scores at follow-up period comparing to those patients who did not report GD as an initial symptom (mean scone 8.6 vs. 9, respectively, p = 0.003). Length of the aliment period did not affect the normalization of gustatory function (p=0.420).
Seventy-two patients (74.2%) reported normalization of gustatory function (p=0.018). While 25 (25.8%) reported persistent dysfunction at the time of the survey (9 men and 16 women) with no signi cant difference between the sexes (p=0.330). Gustatory or olfactory dysfunction as an initial symptom was a negative prognostic factor for recovery of gustatory function (p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively).

Smell
Thirty-eight (39.2%) patients reported olfactory dysfunction as an initial symptom of COVID-19 disease. Mean scores of smell function were; 9.1 before the disease, 5 in the ailment period and 8.4 at the time of follow-up. There were no signi cant statistical differences between the sexes in terms of disease phase (p=0.580, 0.060 and p=0.083, respectively; Table 3). However, patients who reported olfactory dysfunction as an initial symptom had signi cantly lower scores at follow-up period comparing to those patients who did not report OD as an initial symptom (mean scone 7.9 vs. 8.7, respectively, p<0.001). None of the patients reported nasal congestion or rhinorrhea during the follow-up period.
Sixty-three patients (64.9%) reported normalization of olfactory function (p=0.008), while 33 (34%), 12 men and 22 women, reported partial recovery of smell function by the time of the survey. There was no signi cant difference between the sexes (p=0.188). One patient reported continued anosmia during the follow-up period.
A longer disease period did not in uence the rate of olfactory function recovery (p=0.933). However, olfactory or gustatory dysfunction as a presenting symptom of COVID-19 was a negative prognostic factor for recovery of olfactory function (p=0.000 and p=0.007, respectively).
Recovery of olfactory function was positively associated with gustatory recovery for both men and women (p=0.003).

Dry mouth
Sixty patients (61.9%) reported xerostomia during the ailment period and 23 (23.7%) reported persistent xerostomia at the time of the survey; 9 men and 14 women, with no signi cant difference between the sexes (p=0.566).
Women who reported persistent xerostomia had a higher rate of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (p=0.006 and p=0.008, respectively) than those who did not.
Patients who reported persistent xerostomia had a lower rates of gustatory function recovery. (p=0.005) Seven patients reported persistent myalgia and cough.

Discussion
The current study investigated the recovery rates of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction among recovered COVID-19 patients who were not hospitalized while infected.
Smell and gustatory dysfunction are very prevalent in COVID-19 disease. In our previous cohort(1), we reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction rates as high as 67% and 52%, respectively. Complete recovery of smell function was found in 64.9% of patients, while 34% reported only partial recovery. As reported by Chary et al. (5), we also found no signi cant difference between the sexes concerning recovery of smell function. However, Paderno et al. (4) found that later recovery of smell was more prevalent among women. This may be because women are more sensitive to minor smell alteration. (6) The oral cavity strongly expresses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE II), particularly in the tongue. (7) A recent study demonstrated that ACE II inhibitors could engender loss of taste perception by alterations in the delicate mechanisms involving G-protein coupled proteins and sodium channels.(8) Moreover, another report suggested that ACE II receptors play a crucial role in cellular entry and are a potential cause of COVID-19 infection. (9) This can explain why dysgeusia is very prevalent in COVID-19 patients.
We found a high rate of gustatory recovery (74.2%) among the study group, which can be explained by the regenerative ability of chemosensory receptor cells in the oral cavity. (10) Olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction have been widely reported as one of the sole initial manifestations of COVID-19 infection. (1,4,11) In our cohort, we found that patients who presented with OD and/or GD as an initial symptom had signi cantly lower rates of complete recovery of olfactory and gustatory functions (p=0.000 and p=0.007, respectively).
To the best of our knowledge, no current study in the literature has reported a relation between OD and GD as initial symptoms and different chemosensory recovery rates.
In this analysis, which is a follow-up to the previous study by Biadsee et al. (1), we aimed to further understand the long term impact of the damage to the olfactory neuroepithelium caused by the COVID-19 virus. Chary et al. (5) found that 70% of COVID-19 patients reported OD without nasal obstruction. None of the abovementioned studies reported on concomitant nasal obstruction rates during follow-up. In our follow-up period, a mean of 59.2 days after the second negative PCR test, we found that OD had resolved in 64.9% of the patients and none reported residual nasal obstruction. Our analysis is characterized by a relatively long follow-up period and high percentage of residual OD compared to reports in the literature (3,4,12,(14)(15)(16) and provides a complementary data regarding the clinical course of OD and GD.
Post-viral olfactory loss is de ned as the persistence or appearance of olfactory dysfunction after recovery from upper respiratory infection. (17) Suggested mechanisms for post-viral olfactory loss include the ability of viruses to penetrate the brain via the fovea ethmoidalis and elicit an immune response that can lead to neuroepithelial damage. (18) The relatively long follow-up period and high percentage of residual OD compared to reports in the literature may suggest that post-viral olfactory loss was more common among our cohort of patients. Similar to our previous study results, we found that persistent xerostomia was signi cantly related to hypogeusia. Hypogeusia may cause reduced salivary production since taste is considered the major stimulant of saliva formation.
The main limitations of this study are its relatively small size and the lack of objective measurements for diagnosis of OD and GD. As a follow up study on the same participates, there is a possibility of recall bias. In order to minimize the risk of recall bias we used two strategies; the rst, previous scores of each patient were not revealed to him during the present telephone survey. Secondly, the substantial time that elapsed between the two surveys would serve as a "wash-out period". Nevertheless, the availability of references in the literature, helped in interpreting the results. Another strength is the long follow-up (a mean of 59.2 days after the second negative PCR test), which enabled good interpretation of patients' outcomes of 2 months after recovery.

Conclusion
OD and GD as a presenting symptom may be a negative prognostic factor for full recovery of olfactory and gustatory function. Further studies are needed to correlate objective olfactory testing with survey data to validate the impact of OD and GD as a presenting symptom on recovery rates.