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Artificial diets ‘capture’ the dynamics of jasmonate‐induced defenses in plants

When insects attack plants, both trophic levels in the interaction alter their chemical and physiological phenotypes in ways that influence the outcome of the interaction (Karban & Baldwin, 1997). Rapid deployment of defensive secondary metabolites, such as proteinase inhibitors (PIs) and alkaloids are known to increase a plant’s resistance to subsequent attack (van Dam et al., 2000; Baldwin, 1998; Agrawal, 1998; Karban & Baldwin, 1997). Many of them are elicited by the plant’s endogenous jasmonate wound-signal transduction cascade (Baldwin, 1999). Similarly, insects are known to increase their resistance to plant chemical defenses during feeding. For example, the increased production of nicotine and PIs by plants are countered in insects by the production of cytochrome P-450 detoxification enzymes which mediate nicotine metabolism (Snyder et al., 1993, 1994) and digestive proteases which are insensitive to PIs (Jongsma & Bolter, 1997), respectively. As a consequence of these dynamics, plant-insect interaction should be viewed as a set of two interacting systems. The changes in these particular resistance traits in plants are relatively slow; nicotine and PI concentrations increase 4-fold but only after 5 days in Nicotiana attenuata (Torr. ex. Wats.) (Baldwin et al., 1998; van Dam et al., 2001). However, other herbivore-induced responds are much faster. For example, the key product of the octadecanoid signal cascade, jasmonic acid (JA), is elicited within minutes of herbivore attack and the cascade itself is activated within seconds of attack (Schittko et al., 2000). JA elicited defensive traits, such as the release of Nacyl nornicotines (NacNN) from trichomes onto the leaf surface of Nicotiana repanda occur within hours of root elicitation (Laue et al. 2000). Similarly, the oxidative burst, which is the best-characterized response to pathogen attack, is also activated locally in herbivore-attacked tissues and occurs within minutes of elicitation (Chen et al., 1995). It is known that Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) larvae will respond behaviorally to JAinduced responses in N. attenuata plants and move away from induced tissues (van Dam et al., 2000), but it is not known whether they can physiologically adjust to very rapid changes in the plant. This question is difficult to examine with fresh leaf material because it continues to change as it is consumed, but is potentially tractable with artificial diets that incorporate leaf material from different intervals of the induction response. Here we modify the commonly-used wheat germ diet (Yamamoto, 1969) for mass rearing of M. sexta larvae to incorporate leaf material harvested during every 24 h interval of a 5-d JA elicitation of its native host, N. attenuata, and examine larval performance over 6 d.