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Control of breathing and sleep apnoea

The newly discovered functions of chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors have improved our knowledge of the control of breathing. The areas of the brainstem which integrate respiratory control contain numerous classical, as well as more recently discovered, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, whose exact roles in many cases are still unknown. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has important consequences for the anaesthestist, particularly during the postoperative period, not least because of the associated cardiovascular morbidity. OSA can now be successfully treated by overnight nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) applied by mask.