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Relative effects of excessive sulfur amino acid intake in the chick

Chick assays were conducted to compare the relative toxicity of L‐methionine (MET), L‐cysteine (CYS), L‐cystine, and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) provided at 2‐, 4‐, 7‐, or 9‐times the dietary requirement. Dietary strategies to ameliorate sulfur amino acid toxicity, and the effect of NAC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced reductions in feeding behavior were also investigated. Diets containing MET at 9‐times the requirement reduced weight gain by 94% over the 9‐d feeding period. Dietary CYS fed at 4‐times the requirement caused a 9% reduction in weight gain, but strikingly, caused 50% or 92% mortality when fed at 7‐ or 9‐times the requirement, respectively, after only 5 days of feeding. Similar dietary excesses of L‐cystine or NAC caused 20% to 34% reductions in gain, respectively, but no mortality. Growth depression caused by excess MET was partially ameliorated by addition of dietary glycine, guanidinoacetate, or their combination, suggesting this condition was related to an abundance of methyl groups or other toxic metabolites. Noxious CYS concentrations were not reversed by addition of dietary copper, selenium, or potassium bicarbonate. Pretreatment with NAC, either oral or via intraperitoneal injections, had no effect on LPS‐induced reductions in chick feeding behavior. Collectively, these data suggest dietary CYS is particularly toxic, raising questions as to the exact cause of its pernicious effects.