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Landslides near Enguri dam (Caucasus, Georgia) and possible seismotectonic effects

Abstract. The Enguri dam and water reservoir, nested in the southwestern Caucasus
(Republic of Georgia), are surrounded by steep mountain slopes. At a distance
of 2.5 km from the dam, a mountain ridge along the reservoir is affected by
active deformations with a double vergence. The western slope, directly
facing the reservoir, has deformations that affect a subaerial area of
1.2 km2. The head scarp affects the Jvari–Khaishi–Mestia main road
with offsets of man-made features that indicate slip rates of
2–9 cm yr−1. Static, pseudostatic and Newmark analyses, based on
field and seismological data, suggest different unstable rock volumes based
on the environmental conditions. An important effect of variation of the
water table is shown, as well as the possible destabilization of the slope
following seismic shaking, compatible with the expected local peak ground
acceleration. This worst-case scenario corresponds to an unstable volume on
the order of up to 48±12×106 m3. The opposite, eastern
slope of the same mountain ridge is also affected by wide deformation
affecting an area of 0.37 km2. Here, field data indicate
2–5 cm yr−1 of slip rates. All this evidence is interpreted as
resulting from two similar landslides, whose possible causes are discussed,
comprising seismic triggering, mountain rapid uplift, river erosion and lake
variations.
