{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.036933797909407665, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02578397212543554, 'mean_word_length': 4.909465020576132, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute The Impact of Mosquito-Bird Interaction on the Spread of West Nile Virus to Human Populations

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a rapidly spreading and potentially fatal disease. Mosquitoes spread WNV and while they feed on (and infect) mainly birds, humans are a secondary host. We establish the existence of possible multiple endemic equilibria. The possibility of multiple equilibria when R0 < 1 (backward bifurcations) implies that standard control measures are likely to be inadequate to control an epidemic. The sensitivity of R0 to parameters is studied. While Most human infections are asymptomatic, possible symptoms range from headaches to meningitis [2]. In 1999, the first case of WNV in North America was identified in New York City. It has since spread to 46 states and infected over 9,800 people in 2003 alone [2]. In 2000, there were 71,332 birds infected in the state of New York, including 17,571 (24.6 %) American crows and WNV is linked to high bird mortality [1]. Our model is based on a coupled nonlinear system of ODE’s that includes an S-I (Susceptible-Infected)model for the mosquito population, aS-I-R (SusceptibleInfected-Recovered) for the human population since most humans recover from WNV, and aS-I (Susceptible-Infected) model for the crow population. All populations are constant except for the crow population that exhibits a high disease induced mortality rate.