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Energy-Momentum Tensor and Parameters in Cosmological Model

In cosmology, the cosmic curvature K and the cosmological constant Λ are two most important parameters, whose values have strong influence on the behavior of the universe. By analyzing the energy-momentum tensor and equations of state of ideal gas, scalar, spinor and vector potential in detail, we find that the total mass density of all matter is always positive, and the initial total pressure is negative. Under these conditions, by qualitatively analyzing the global behavior of the dynamical equation of cosmological model, we get the following results: (i) K = 1, namely, the global spatial structure of the universe should be a 3-dimensional sphere S. (ii) 0 ≤ Λ < 10−24ly−2, the cosmological constant should be zero or an infinitesimal. (iii) a(t) > 0, the initial singularity of the universe is unreachable, and the evolution of universe should be cyclic in time. This means that the initial Big Bang is impossible at all. Since the matter components considered are quite complete and the proof is very elementary and strict, these logical conclusions should be quite reliable. Obviously, these conclusions will be much helpful to correct some popular misconceptions and bring great convenience to further research other problems in cosmology such as property of dark matter and dark energy.


I. INTRODUCTION
In cosmology, we have two important constants to be determined. They are cosmic curvature K and cosmological constant Λ. Some characteristic parameters of the universe, such as the age T , Hubble constant H 0 , total mass density Ω tot , etc., have been measured to high accuracy[1, 2, 3, 4,5,6]. To determine the cosmic curvature K, the usual approach is to transform the Friedmann equation into an algebraic equation Ω K ≡ Kȧ −2 = Ω tot − 1. In theory, K = 0, ±1 can be judged by contrasting observational data Ω tot > 1, = 1 or < 1. From the observations we have Ω K = −0.0020 ± 0.0047, which is very close to the case of flat space. Considering measurement errors, it is hard to determine what type the space is. In fact, no matter what the case of spatial curvature is, for a young universe, it is easy to calculate that, we always have Ω tot ≈ 1. So this criterion is rather ambiguous.
Cosmological constant Λ has a dramatic history. Since Einstein introduced Λ in 1917 to get a static and closed universe, the debate over whether Λ is zero or not has been repeated many times [7]- [9]. Now dark matter and dark energy are attracting the attention of scientists around the world, becoming the hottest topic, challenging traditional standard models of particle and cosmology. The usual description of dark matter and dark energy is using the equation of state P = wρ and w = w(a) or w = w(z), and many specific models were obtained by fitting the observed data [7]- [14]. However, the problem is far from being solved [15].
In [12], by introducing the potential function V (a), the Friedmann equations with some known dark energy models are converted into Hamiltonian dynamics, and the evolving trajectory is analyzed to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. The literatures [16]- [22] provide some similar discussion on specific gravitational sources. The nonlinear scalar fields were discussed in reference [16,17,18] to obtain the cyclic universe model. In [19], a set of precise cyclic solutions with ordinary dust and radiation are obtained, and in [20], the exact solutions of ghost and electromagnetic fields are derived. The quantized nonlinear spinor fields and trajectories are calculated and a cyclic solution a(t) is solved in [21,22]. In [23,24], the authors use (Ω K , a) phase plane to discuss the dynamical behavior of the universe, and conclude that a cyclical universe is reasonable from a dynamical systems perspective, and requires in addition to standard cosmological assumptions, only two conditions: (i) the spatial sections must have positive spatial curvature (K = +1), and (ii) the late time effective cosmological "constant" must decay fast enough as a function of the scale factor. Both of these conditions are consistent with all current observations to date. In 2008, M. Novello and S.E. Perez Bergliaffa reviewed the general features of nonsingular universes and cyclic universes, discussed the mechanisms behind the bounce, and analyzed examples of solutions that implement these mechanisms [25].
A recent paper published in 'Nature Astronomy' points out that our universe may be not flat [26], but rather more like a giant balloon that is closed and curved. After analyzing the Planck Legacy 2018 release, the authors found enhanced gravitational lens amplitude in the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background(CMB), which is different from the data of the standard ΛCDM model. The main task of the Planck satellite is to detect the tiny fluctuation of the CMB temperature. The study of the fluctuation of the CMB temperature is the key to uncover the relevant cosmological models and parameters. This information defines the expansion, composition and origin of the cosmic large-scale structure. The authors use 'closed universe' to explain this anomalous effect. The spectra are now more inclined to a positive curvature greater than 99% confidence level. The positive curvature can explain the anomalous amplitude of the gravitational lens.

II. ENERGY-MOMENTUM TENSOR OF MATTER
In order to understand the mystery and dynamically behavior of the universe, Energymomentum tensor(EMT) and equation of state(EOS) of all kinds of matter are crucial factors.
In this paper, we establish EMT and EOS of some elementary components according to credible theories in detail. Cosmology contains a variety of contents, so it is necessary to clarify the conventions and notations frequently used in the paper at first. The element of the space-time is given by where γ a and γ µ are tetrad expressed by Dirac matrices which satisfies the C 1,3 Clifford algebra The Pauli matrices are expressed by Similarly to the case of metric g µν , the definition of Ricci tensor can also differ by a negative sign. We take the definition as follows In cosmology, the Lagrangian of main kinds of gravitational sources is generally given by in which κ = 8πG, Λ is the cosmological constant, L m the total Lagrangian of all matter.
where φ is the global slow-roll scalar field. L p is the Lagrangian of ideal dust, whose statistical average is perfect fluid model. v n is the speed of n-th particle in usual sense. L ψ is the Lagrangian for spinors with nonlinear potential N n , electromagnetic potential A µ and strong short distance interaction Φ µ , in which the momentum operator where α µ is current operator andŜ µ spin operator. They are defined respectively by (2.13) Υ µ ∈ Λ 1 is Keller connection, and Ω µ ∈ Λ 3 is Gu-Nester potential. They are calculated by [27,28,29] (2.14) In the Hamiltonian of a spinor we get a spin-gravity coupling energyŜ µ Ω µ . If the metric of the space-time can be orthogonalized, we have Ω µ ≡ 0. In this paper we take the following simplest nonlinear potential as example to show its dynamical effects in cosmology The Hamiltonian formalism and classical mechanics can be clearly described only in the Gu's natural coordinate system [30] dx 2 = g 00 dt 2 −ḡ kl dx k dx l , √ g = √ g 00 √ḡ ,ḡ = det(ḡ kl ), (2. 16) where dτ = √ g 00 dt defines the Newton's realistic cosmic time, which is different from the proper time of a particle ds k = 1 − v 2 k dτ . The Dirac-δ is defined as Only scalar, spinor and vector fields can construct a proper Lagrangian [22], so (2.8)-(2.11) become the representation of all kinds of matter. In cosmology, to study them clearly is enough for theoretical analysis.
Variation of the Lagrangian (2.7) with respect to g µν , we get Einstein's field equation where δ δgµν is the Euler derivatives, and T µν is EMT of all matter defined by By calculation, we have [22,28] For classical approximation of (2.23), we have [31,32] Omitting the tiny spin-gravity coupling energy, we get the classical approximation for EMT of dark spinor with self-interaction For energy-momentum tensor, we have the following useful theorem, which means the energymomentum of any independent system is conserved respectively.

Theorem 1 Assume matter consists of two subsystems I and II, namely
then we have If the subsystems I and II have not interaction with each other, namely, then the two subsystems have independent energy-momentum conservation laws respectively, Proof By the definition of EMT (2.19), the variation δg : L m → T µν is a linear mapping, so (2. 29) holds. By (2.30), the variables φ and ψ have decoupling dynamic equations. Since the dynamics of variables is sufficient condition of energy-momentum conservation law, we can derive T µν I;ν = 0 from dynamic equation of φ, and T µν II;ν = 0 from dynamic equation of ψ independently, so (2.31) holds. The proof is finished.
By Thm.1, we find in (2.8) the slow-roll scalar φ have not interaction with other components of matter, so we have T µν φ;ν = 0. In (2.9), each particle of ideal gas has not interaction with other components, so each particle satisfies energy-momentum conservation law. For k-th particle, by (2.32) For ideal mass point, energy momentum conservation law is equivalent to dynamics. For perfect fluid model, the conclusion is also right. However, the Lagrangian should also be (2.9).
If e k = 0 or s k = 0, spinor ψ k interacts with A µ or Φ µ , so we should take it as one system. For an isolated particle, the classical approximation of static A µ or Φ µ of the particle can be treated as an additional mass δm k due to linearity of A µ and Φ µ . We calculate δm k in the next section.
The propagating A µ is photon, which can be treated as massless particles. Thus except the global scalar φ, the classical approximation of EMT for other fields can be generally depicted by The statistical expectation of nonlinear potentials is function of state W (ρ) which acts like negative

A. Basic Equations in Cosmology
In cosmology, we have Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker(FLRW) metric in which S(r) = sin r, r, sinh r correspond to K = 1, 0, −1 respectively. By symmetry we get For all gravitational sources L m we have EMT in traditional form The dynamics of cosmology {(2.18) & T µν ;ν = 0} are overdetermined due to symmetry of FLRW metric. It is easy to check, among all dynamical equations, only the following equations are independent equations, but the spatial components of the Einstein's field equations can be derived from these equations. So we have dynamics for FLRW universe as where index i means independent subsystem. All other equations can be derived from the above equations. Together with initial values and equations of state P i = P i (ρ i ), the above equations are closed and the solution is uniquely determined.
The analysis in the next section shows that the asymptotic property of P as a → +0 is crucial for the fate of the universe, so we give detailed discussion on this problem. At first, we examine the ideal gases. To solve the geodesic of the particles, we prove a useful theorem.
Theorem 2 Assume the line element of a manifold has the following form then the geodesic in the manifold is integrable, Proof The nonzero christoffel symbols are Γ t tt , Γ t µν and where g αν = d dt g αν , g µα g αν = δ µ ν . Since d ds t can be directly derived from (3.7), it is unnecessary to calculate Γ t tt and Γ t µν . Denotingẋ µ = d ds x µ , the geodesic equation of x µ is given bÿ (3.10) Multiplying g µβṫ −1 on both sides we get The solution is given by where b ν is integral constant. By (3.7) and (3.12) we geṫ For the FLRW metric (3.1), the line element of orthogonal subspace-time (τ, r) has the form of (3.7), so the geodesic in this subspace-time can be solved as where C is a constant determined by initial data.

B. Equation of State of Ideal gases
By (3.14) we get the drifting speed of n-th particle in usual sense (3. 15) So the momentum of the particle satisfies where m n is the proper mass of the particle. For the massless photons, it is easy to check that the wavelength λ(τ ) ∝ a(τ ), so their momentum p also satisfy (3.16). Although (3.16) is derived in subspace-time (τ, r), but it is suitable for all particles due to the symmetry of the FLRW metric.
Now we establish the relation between the state functions (ρ p , P p ) of the ideal gases and scale factor a. By (3.16) we have p 2 n = C n a −2 , where C n are constants determined by initial data at τ = τ 0 . Then on one hand, for all particles we have the mean square momentum as where C 0 is a constant only determined by initial data at τ 0 . On the other hand, the relativistic relation between momentum p and the kinetic energy K is given by sop 2 can be also calculated by statistics. Assuming the distribution of kinetic energy K of the ideal gases is given by dP = F(K)dK. Then it satisfies the equation of moments where the second formula is the definition of temperature T of the gases, k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K is the Boltzmann constant, σ ∼ 2 5 is a constant reflecting the distribution function of particles. In the case of Maxwell distribution [41], we have σ = 2 5 . By (3.18) and the moments (3.19) we havē where b > 0 is a constant determined by initial data. We take a as independent variable in statistical calculation. Likewise, by (2.22) and (3.21) we have where V = a 3 Ω, = 1 Ω Xn∈Ω m n is the angular density of proper mass, which is a constant. Substituting (3.22) into energy conservation law (3.6) we get . (3.23) While a → +0 we find ρ p ∼ P p → Ca −4 . Ideal gases cannot provide negative pressure.
In the above derivation, the FLRW metric (3.1) is used as piston-cylinder system to drive the ideal gas, and we can prove that the elastic collisions of particles have no influence on these results [41]. So the results are actually valid in general cases. By (3.21) we have relation a = σb where J is dimensionless temperature. The above results conclude the following theorem.
Theorem 3 For relativistic ideal gas, we have the EOS as For adiabatic process the functions of state satisfy parameter equation where J acts as independent variable, ρ 0 = (σb) −3 is a constant density.
The above derivation is compatible with relativity and includes the driving effect of gravity. In the case of low temperature, Thm.3 gives the EOS for the adiabatic monatomic gas 27) which is identical to the empirical law of thermodynamics. Letting J → ∞ orm → 0, we get the Stefan-Boltzmann's law ρ ∝ T 4 . Thus the above results are automatically suitable for photons, and the Stefan-Boltzmann's law is also valid for the ultra-relativistic particles. In general relativity, all processes occur automatically, and ρ 0 is independent of any practical process.

C. Asymptotic Behavior of Scalar field in the Early Universe
For scalar field φ, by (2.21) we have (3.28) For potential V = 1 2k m 2 φ 2k , (k ≥ 1), by variation with respect to φ we get dynamical equation (3.29) can be also derived by substituting (3.28) into energy conservation law (3.6). If the universe has an initial singularity, we set a(0) = 0. For low temperature particles, we have ρ p a 3 ∼ const.
(3. 33) In the case of k = 1, (3.29) is a linear equation of φ. Substituting a → a 0 τ j into (3.29), we get where (J, Y ) are Bessel functions. φ → C 4 ln τ while α = 0. Substituting the above results into (3.28) we get If V (φ) is the polynomial of φ, the asymptotic property depends only on the highest power, so By 2 < n ≤ 6 we find 1 3 ≤ j < 1. For the linear scalar φ, by (3.35) we find it cannot provide negative pressure for the early universe. For the nonlinear φ, by (3.33) we find P φ < 0 only if j > 2k 3(k−1) . By the constraint 1 3 ≤ j < 1, φ can provide negative pressure only for k > 3. So taking scalar field φ as main reason to explain the accelerating expansion of the early universe is grudging and unnatural.

D. Equation of State of Spinor Gas
The above calculation shows that perfect fluid and scalar model cannot provide negative pressure. Now we examine the dark spinor with nonlinear potential. In this case, the classical EMT is defined by (2.28). The spinor moves approximately along geodesic, i.e., for nonlinear spinors the equivalence principle holds approximately, so the functions of state (ρ ψ , P ψ ) should approximately equal (ρ p , P p ) given by (3.22) and (3.23). We only need to derive the function W ψ . By (2.28), the definition of W ψ in microscopic view reads The statistical expectation of 1 − v 2 n cannot be directly calculated according to moments (3.19). By (3.15), we get (3.38) Substituting it into (3.37) and using (3.21), we get expectation value where the mean parameters are defined bȳ (3.41) By (3.24) and (3.26) we get the dimensionless form, (3.42) For nonlinear spinors, by (2.34) we have So its EOS in cosmology is given by [43] (3.44) The above results suggest that dark nonlinear spinors may be the real dark energy and dark matter, which determines the large scale structure of the universe. We confirm this conclusion in the next section.
Now we consider the classical approximation of EMT (2.24) of electromagnetic field. We have two types of energy-momentum for A µ . The propagating photon can be directly treated as a particle with P = 1 3 ρ. The stationary electromagnetic field of ψ k satisfies By the principle of superposition, we have A µ = k A µ k . (3.45) in the comoving coordinate system with natural boundary condition (A µ → 0, r → ∞) is static electromagnetic field, which can be solved by means of Green function. Then the general solution of (3.45) can be derived from static solution by local Lorentz transformation. We calculate the classical approximation of EMT (2. 24) concretely.
The stationary field A µ has only a very tiny geometrical structure like a Dirac-δ, so we can omit the effect of curved space-time in comoving frame and calculate it in tangent Minkowski spacetime. For simplicity, we take one particle as example to calculate EMT, and omit the particle index temporarily. By local Lorentz transformation we have [32] T ab ( where X = γ a X a is the comoving coordinate of the particle, L a b is Lorentz transformation, and T cd (X) is the static EMT of the spinor ψ.
In the comoving coordinate system, we have classical approximation For static charge, we have ∂ 0 A a ≡ 0, and thenT 0k ≡ 0, in which m e is the proper electromagnetic mass of the particle defined by Different from the nonlinear potential, m e is a constant independent of scale.
T a a (X) → δ 3 ( X) (3.50) Thus, in comoving coordinate system we get average classical approximation of EMT as (−1, 1, 1, 1) , (3.51) which provided negative energy and negative pressure. Converting (3.51) into general form we get Fromp µ ψ defined in (2.12), we find ψ k and A µ k are not independent systems, and some EMT components of electromagnetic field are included in T µν ψ given by (2.23). Therefore, the EMT (3.52) of stationary A µ can be merged into T µν ψ , and we don't need to calculate it separately. The situation of field Φ is the same, we don't discuss it any more.
From the discussion of this section, we get some important knowledge about the total mass density ρ m = T 0 0 and the total pressure P m = − 1 3 T k k . Except for the global scalar field φ, the classical approximation of EMT of all other matter has a standard formalism (2.34), and the EOS is algebra equation. By local structure in the universe such as galaxies, the uniform scalar φ is obviously much weaker than other kind components of matter. While a → +0, P m is controlled by function W ∼ −O(a −6 ) [28,43]. In cosmology, although we call P m pressure, but it is actually a variable including the potentials of all fields [11,21,22]. In general, we have conclusions: 1 • The total mass-energy density is always positive, namely ρ m > 0, (∀a > 0).
(3.53) 2 • The total pressure P m < 0 when the universe is small enough, namely P m < 0, (a → +0). (3.54) The introduction of scalar φ is purely an artificial design, which has little use for clarifying the mysteries of the universe. According to the analysis of literatures [22,32], the physical and logical reason for the existence of scalars is limited. The following discussion also reveals, φ has little influence on the behavior of the universe.

IV. DYNAMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON K AND Λ
Since the Friedmann equation is a dynamical equation, it is hard to determine its constants by static analysis. In [12,18,23,24], under respective assumptions the authors have provided some dynamical analysis for the behavior of the universe. Here we also qualitatively analyze the dynamical properties of the Friedmann equation according to the above preliminaries. Under the assumptions of positive mass density (3.53) and negative initial pressure (3.54), we find that the universe cannot reach the initial singularity, as well as the parameters K = 1 and Λ 0. That is to say, the spatial structure of the universe is closed 3 dimensional sphere S 3 , and the cosmological constant is likely to be zero. Besides, the universe should be cyclic in time. Obviously, these conclusions will help to correct some popular misconceptions and bring great convenience to further study the properties of other problems in cosmology such as dark matter and dark energy.
From the previous analysis, we find that the scale factor a(τ ) ∼ O(τ j ) is nonanalytic at origin, which increases difficulty for analysis, so we adopt the conformal FLRW metric, ds 2 = a(t) 2 dt 2 − dr 2 − S(r) 2 (dθ 2 + sin 2 θdφ 2 ) . (4.2) can be rewritten as whereR corresponds to the total conformal density of proper mass, which is a constant. The physical meaning of (4.4) means the total conformal energy of the universe is bounded. By (4.3) we findR has length dimension, which is the mean scale of the universe [21].
Comparing The specific form of X(a) is not important for qualitative analysis, only its asymptotic properties as a → +0 have influence on the following discussion. The property of the solution of (4.3) can be clearly discussed by means of phase trajectories.
Substituting (4.6) into energy conservation law (3.6), we get the total pressure as We find P m is irrelative toR. Since the derivatives of pressure and potential correspond to ordinary forces which should be finite, so P m should be at least continuous. Then by (4.7) we have at least X(a) ∈ C 1 . Consequently, by the definition of F (a) in (4.3), we also have F (a) ∈ C 1 .
The following discussion is based on Friedamnn equation (4.3) as well as two assumptions (3.53) and (3.54), namely, the positive total energy density ρ m > 0 and negative initial pressure P m (a) < 0, (a → +0). Clearly the two assumptions are compatible with observational facts [24]. Consequently, by the definition of F (a) in (4.3), we get In the case of X → X 0 a −n , (a → +0, n > 0), again by (4.7) and condition (3.54), we have by P m < 0 we find X 0 < 0. According to the definition of F (a) in (4.3), we get F → X 0 a n < 0, (a → +0). (4.12) Then we prove (4.8) holds in all cases.
The above theorem implies the following important conclusion, a > 0, the evolution of the universe can not reach the initial singularity. Since Λ ≥ 0 in cosmology, by (4.15) we certainly have K = 1 due to ρ m > 0. Then we get another conclusion: K = 1, the space of the universe is a closed 3 dimensional sphere S 3 .
In the cyclic closed case (4.14), we have an estimation of upper bound for the cosmological constant Λ. Substituting (4.14) into (4.5) and letting a = a 1 , by (3.53) we have SinceRa forms the main part of mass-energy density at present time, which can be estimated by observational data [21], and |X(a)| R a as a → ∞ can be omitted. For Λ ≥ 0 we have a 1 ≥ 2R and estimation So for the cosmological constant Λ in a cyclic and closed universe, we get the third conclusion: 0 ≤ Λ < 10 −24 ly −2 , the cosmological constant is an infinitesimal.
This estimation is less than the present observational data. This difference can be explained by the potentials W in energy-momentum tensor, which is a fast decaying Λ(a) in Friedmann equation.
Therefore setting constant Λ = 0 is a good choice in cosmology.
For a bouncing cosmological model, while a → ∞, the behavior of Friedmann equation (4.3) is controlled by dominant term 1 3 Λa 4 , and the fast decaying term X(a)/a → 0 can be omitted. In this case, to be clear, (4.3) can be replaced by the following dimensionless Hamiltonian-like equation in which For solution of Friedmann equation we have H ≡ 0, which is conserved.
In (4.18), q(t) is equivalent to the coordinate of a unit mass, V (q) potential, and H energy. The potential function V (q) and phase trajectories (q , q) is displayed by Fig.2 and Fig.3. The solution As we can see from Fig.2 and Fig.3, λ or Λ has only influence on the behavior of a fully developed universe but no influence on a small universe. On the contrary, the function of X(a) can prevent a(t) from reaching the origin but no influence on a fully developed universe. For closed universe, we have the second root 2R ≤ a 1 < 3R. In contrast Λ < 1 9R −2 with (4.17), we find the estimation of Λ by criterion ρ m > 0 is larger. In bouncing case [25], we have ( d dτ a) 2 → C 2 a 2 ⇔ a → C 0 cosh(Cτ ) as τ → ±∞.
The bouncing model with closed space is inconsistent with the isotropy and homogeneity of the present universe, because the universe should be heavily anisotropy and inhomogeneity before the turning point t < 0 due to the lack of initial causality among remote parts, and some information should be kept today. From the above analysis we find Λa 4 is purely a trouble term without any practical purpose.

V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Since the above derivations are all elementary and reliable, and all concepts have clearly physical meanings, so the conclusions should be quite credible. However, the above conclusions contradict  the singularity theorems, this is because some preconditions of these theorems are invalid in physical world [25]. At first, the existence of negative pressure or potential is ignored in the energy condition. Secondly, the closed trapped surface cannot form dynamically, because the EMT manifestly includes the motion of particles, and the center of a star is an unbalance point for particles where particles cannot accumulate and stay statically in heavily curved space. Gravity is a conservative force in which the mechanical energy of the particles is conserved. Considering this compatible factor, we always get singularity-free stars [44]. Besides, we have only unique realistic simultaneous Cauchy surface in the space-time [30,45], but the derivation of Raychaudhury equation unconsciously assumes and uses the future properties of the space-time and violates this requirement.
So this equation cannot be generally used for dynamical analysis. One counterexample is enough to disprove a theorem. We have to reappraise the singularity in physics due to this inviolable principle. A realistic singularity in Nature is actually contradictory, lawless and incomprehensible, so the absence of singularity in Nature is a basic principle in physics [22,32].
In addition to rethinking on the technical issues of standard models and singularity theorems, we should also rethink on our researching methods and academic environment. For example, the closed universe models published in [21,22] had been completed in 1998 [46], and its researching methods are clearly scientific and strict, but it was repeatedly rejected. The main content of this paper was completed in 2007(see arXiv:0709.2414), and the preliminaries [28,31,41,43,44] were completed even early, but they have been rejected dozens of times by professional journals, and the reasons of rejection are all inexplicable. Many physicists can only enjoy fantasies or wild ideas such as parallel universes, multidimensional space, modification of gravity, quantum entanglement and so on [24], and it is called 'innovation', but no longer care about causality and logic relation among fundamental concepts. From the review reports we find that many referees cannot actually understand the above derivation, for example, the introduction of intermediate function X(a) in the (4.3) for convenience of analysis is rated as lacking creativity. This situation greatly hinders the normal academic communication and scientific progress. The fundamental physics has stagnated for nearly a hundred years, and the unhealthy academic environment should bear important responsibility.
To sum up, by studying the properties of the EMT and EOS of various physical fields, and qualitatively analyzing the dynamical behavior of the general Friedmann equation and logical relations between parameters, we get some definite constraints on (K, Λ). We find that only the cyclic and closed cosmological model with a tiny or vanishing Λ is natural and reasonable in physics. The other cases include nonphysical effects or logical contradictions. Such constraints will be helpful for the research of some other issues in cosmology. In some sense, we restored Heraclitus' ancient faith:"The world, an entity out of everything, was created by neither gods nor men, but was, is and will be eternally living fire, regularly becoming ignited and regularly becoming extinguished."