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On the Automation of Intelligence, Sensing, and Reconnaissance Systems in Low UDR Operations

Currently deployed Intelligence, Sensing, and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems fall along the spectrum of autonomy in operations, ranging from those systems that collect and analyze data autonomously to those systems that require humans for effective collection operations. This paper outlines two traits of ISR systems that require relatively less human involvement in operations, introducing the measurement of an operation's Understanding‐to‐Data Ratio (UDR) to help determine the appropriateness of automating a system in a given operating context. Human and automated capabilities in existing systems are contrasted, with the strengths of each identified. Finally, a spectrum of system capability and human involvement is proposed for considering tradeoffs involved with new acquisitions in the ISR domain, with an emphasis on the interface between human operators and automation in partially autonomous systems.