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A morte il tiranno. Anarchia e violenza da Crispi a Mussolini

In the following chapter Ignazi, after restating that parties are still inescapable organizations, analyses the challenges they have faced or face: social movements and neocorporativism; direct democracy; deliberative democracy. According to him, this latter would be the most ‘threatening’, but, on the whole, parties remain able to face all of them. They are ‘officialized’ public agencies with strong structures that draw resources from the State. Nonetheless, the democratic environment would force them to be ‘democratic’ and open to their bases. Just recently, with respect to internal members, the loss of esteem has seen some inverse trends, but with the exception of the Italian case. How parties will be able to manage the dilemma between strength and legitimacy is the puzzle that the conclusions of the book underline once more. To conclude, the work of Ignazi is a clear and well-painted picture of the process that has taken political parties from being unpopular entities to the very strong organizations that lead modern democracies, and of the challenges they have faced in this process and have still to face. Moreover, the book analyses well the Italian case in a broad and accurate comparative perspective. The arguments are scientifically grounded but always clear. The book proves to be a lively study of very important aspects and problems of democratic politics and participation, and can be seen also as an introduction (though not superficial) to further in-depth analyses.