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Composition of components and anti‐inflammatory activities of Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC and Zanthoxylum schinifolium essential oils

For inflammatory process, the over‐controlled reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause the oxidative stresses to the cellular system. Also ROS leads to stimulate the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxigenase‐2 (COX‐2) in inflammatory phathogenesis. COX‐2 expression is elevated in the synovial lining layer, the subsynovial synoviocytes, the vascular endothelial cells, and mononuclear inflammatory cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA). Also, it was reported ROS causes the adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) in immunological inflammation. Up‐regulated expression of CAMs by TNF‐α increases the adherence of monocytes to HUVEC monolayer, and is involved in RA and atherosclerosic responses. Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. and Zanthoxylum shiniforium, belonging to Rutaceae family, have been mainly used for seasoning a food and medicines in east Asia. Z. piperitum and Z. shiniforium essential oils contained myrcene, octanal, limonene, linalool, citronellal, geraniol, phellandral, geraniol, and geranyl acetate, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectra (GC/MS). However, the content of each component was a little different for each other. So far, relatively little research has been carried out on anti‐inflammatory function of Z. piperitum and Z. shiniforium essential oils, except of antimicrobial activity. To elucidate the mechanism for anti‐inflammatory activities of Z. piperitum and Z. shiniforium essential oils, we investigated the antioxidant activity and the inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO), COX‐2 expression, and cellular adhesion.