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A rapid-freezing and freeze-fracturing method applied to the aggregation of hapten-bearing liposomes.

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy with rapid-freezing was applied to a model system which the hapten-bearing liposomes were induced to aggregate by inter-liposomal bivalent binding of monoclonal antibodies. The results show that this technique can be applied not only to a morphological study of aggregation but also to a kinetic analysis of aggregation