{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020290649849191118, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010328123571885568, 'mean_word_length': 5.394798363530099, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Adaptation from Conventional to Virtual Teaching Practices during COVID-19 Emergence: Perceptions of Multidisciplinary Teaching Faculty of Pakistan

Objectives The perceptions maintained by the teaching profession have a plausible in ﬂ uence on the effectiveness of online teaching practices, but they have not been well comprehended in many institutions in Pakistan. This study is the ﬁ rst to demonstrate how different academic disciplines address the challenges and opportunities regarding online teaching during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and whether there exists a strong correlation between respondents ’ attitudes and their ﬁ eld of discipline. Materials and Methods A multi-centric cross-sectional survey was conducted online, and data gathered from the online survey were analyzed using SPSS version 16, demographic and categorical data were analyzed in frequencies and percentages. A relationship between the attitudes of teachers with their areas of discipline and a difference in response between genders and age groups were analyzed using a chi-square test. Results The ﬁ ndings of our study provide valuable understandings that most of the higher education faculty felt positively (64.1%) regarding the online mode of teaching. However, their perceived attitudes have a signi ﬁ cant in ﬂ uence on


Introduction
With the advancement of emerging technology and improved internet facilities, the education program is experiencing a significant shift, education enabled by this technology is widely recognized as e-learning. 1 With live lessons, whiteboards, downloadable slide sets, and discussion groups, virtual teaching is the way of live teaching, which is an automation of an established teacher-centered approach to education. 2 Education is no longer confined to a conventional method; modern technological advancements (i.e., computers and the web) made it easier to deliver and attain knowledge residing anywhere around the world. 3 Online education is playing an important role to improve the performance of academia; with technological developments, professional learning approaches usually concentrate on how individual applications and platforms can be used, but there seems to be a difference in teachers' attitudes and roles in an online setting than a campus setting, which is important to assess. 4 Teachers in a virtual setting mostly provide online syllabi and materials, virtual communication tools, and devise a way to assess and evaluate students' learning progress and grades. 5 Owing to the outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19), the closure of the educational institutions had an unparalleled effect on education, teachers were advised to teach through online learning platforms during the lockdown which meant focusing on adapting to the virtual way of teaching. 6

Evolution of Online Teaching and Attitudes of Teachers
Since previously known, teachers' attitudes and beliefs are critical because they are the primary leaders of computer technology integration into students' academics and can play an engaging ground for the students in a virtual setting. 7 Because of the recent literature regarding the attitudes of teaching faculty, most high school teachers held a positive willingness to information and communication technology (ICT)/internet-based learning; however, the university teaching staff seemed to have an average level of selfperception toward internet-based education and they should be encouraged more. It has been reported that it is both comprehensive and inconclusive to really judge the efficacy of online education and also that the academic results of online and face-to-face courses do not vary statistically or functionally. 8 In 2003, 57% of educational leaders rated online education's learning outcomes as the same or better than those of face-to-face classroom learning, and this figure rose to 77% in 2012. 9

Success and Limitations of Online Teaching
The implementation of e-learning provides institutions and learners with a great deal of flexibility in terms of time and place of delivery of education. 10 Also, in terms of costeffectiveness, online education was found to be cost-effective than traditional face-to-face learning saving for accommodation costs, tuitions, and commuting. 11 Learners are required to engage critically with the online sea of information that effectively induces in-depth learning instead of just surface learning and helps to really curb the gap between theory and practice because of the availability of online facilities. 12 With technologies, however, also come certain obstacles and merely the presence of technology does not mean success. A recent study reported that the faculty suggested strong demand for more elaborative coaching for digital teachings, such as the creation of online courses, the evaluation of student performance, and the management of virtual classrooms. 13 The more challenging limitation is the lack of in-person learning, often crucial for a student in need of help or moral support from the instructors, also factors affecting learning interest of students, keeping up with classroom decorum, participations, and discussion online. 14,15 Online Teaching across Academic Disciplines The preparation of teachers for digital education is seldom evaluated in relation to academic disciplines. A recent study evaluated the views of education and engineering faculty on the importance of online programs and their support strategies. Their findings indicated a substantial difference implying that perceptions are subject specific. 16 In Australian teacher education systems, academics tackling the implementation of online arts coursework were studied, and it probed visibility into how arts teachers are navigating the challenges and possibilities toward virtual education. 17

Impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan's Educational Sector
Technology-based education programs were described by the Ministry of Education and Federal Training (Pakistan, 2020) to assist learners via television, radio, online applications like Zoom, Google Classroom, and Microsoft Teams accessible through the internet, which means, academic readiness should be matched with the curriculum's length and the teaching speed is a successful parameter which should align with the student's ability to understand over the screen. Also, the technical support for student's feedback would ensure the efficacy of teaching online and highquality participation during the online sessions. 18 The major challenges of e-learning systems in developing countries like Pakistan are the lack of ICT expertise, poor network infrastructure, and deficiency in content creation. 19 The curriculum of distance learning should be well-designed, and the instructors should be dedicated and qualified with the skill set for virtual classroom tutoring. 20 But the current situation is rather different, during these trying times of the global pandemic, the focus is not whether online teaching strategies can provide quality education, instead how academic institutions can adopt online learning in such a massive way. Recent studies have been conducted centered more around the perception of Pakistani students during COVID-19; more than 30% of Pakistanis showed signs of dissatisfaction with lock-down distance courses in the crisis of pandemic. 21 Most students felt that traditional classes were more efficient than online learning, and also both medical students and teachers believed that during the lockdown, online learning approaches facilitated student centeredness. 22,23 The perceptions maintained by the teaching profession have a plausible influence on the effectiveness of online teaching practices, but they have not been well comprehended in many institutions. The research gap, which has been identified by extensive literature review, remains that in a developing nation like Pakistan, there is a compelling need to explore the perceptions of teachers toward online teaching practices to get better acquainted with the main areas of virtual advancement. As such, this study seeks to contribute to an understanding of how the academic disciplines address the challenges and opportunities regarding online education and their level of satisfaction which will be constructive in producing a more desirable online framework and help reshape education in times of global pandemic.

Study Design and Data Collection
The study is quantitative and cross-sectional, as data collection was performed within a reasonably short time frame and at a point when most of the institutes were part of online learning platforms. A previously reported questionnaire was taken through consent via e-mail and was further modified over Google forms and sent via WhatsApp and e-mail. To meet the purpose of our study 20 questions were assembled across a five-points Likert scale. Before applying statistical tests, the responses of participants based on the Likert scale (1-strongly agree, 2-agree, 3-neutral, 4-disagree, and 5strongly disagree) were computed into a total score of responses, suggesting that lowest through 50 would mean positive and above 50 would mean negative. The employed questionnaire was piloted to ensure correctness and further validated using Cronbach's alpha to assess the questionnaire's reliability which was 0.717, suggesting appropriation. An online open-epi calculator version 3 was used for study sample calculation keeping in mind the 86% response. 24 At a 95% confidence interval and 80% power of test, a sample size of 185 respondents was calculated. The survey form was inclusive of an electronic consent along with demographic and specialty details of the participants and, further, concentrated on questions that led to the research objectives like the significant aspects of the online teaching system as well as the success and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Context and Sample of Study
A multi-centric study was conducted, inclusive of Karachi's public and private higher educational institutes and the participating teachers varied in their academic disciplines. These online educators were related to medical and dental, business, engineering, arts and textile, visual arts, and psychology. All the respondents had willingly consented to participate and were actively involved in online and distance teaching practices or had just recently experienced teaching online. Administrative staff and part-time faculty members and postgraduate trainees were exempted from the study.

Statistical Analysis
The data gathered from the online survey were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Keeping the objective of the study in mind, the data were then analyzed by percentages of teachers' responses suggesting a positive or a negative attitude. Demographic and categorical data were analyzed in frequencies and percentages. A relationship between the attitudes of teachers and their areas of discipline and a difference in response between genders and age groups were analyzed using the chi-square test, and a value of p less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant.

Profile of Respondents
A total of 192 teaching staff responded to the questionnaire survey and were grouped according to their areas of discipline. The survey predominantly included females (57.8% [n ¼ 111]) than males (42.2% [n ¼ 81]), and most of the teaching staff (66.1% [n ¼ 127]) were less than 35 years of age and 33.9% (n ¼ 65) were aged 35 years and above. Out of the total profile, 58.3% (n ¼ 112) belonged to medical discipline, 33.3% (n ¼ 64) were related to arts and business category, and 8.3% (n ¼ 16) of participants belonged to engineering universities. ►Table 1 shows the demographic details of the respondents.

Faculty Perceptions toward Online Teaching
After the questionnaires' responses were coded for a complete analysis of results, it was concluded that most teachers (64.1%) voiced a positive perception about online teaching practices. Most teachers considered that online education is a more accessible teaching method in terms of its flexibility. But the negative response (35.9%) is also quite significant, indicating that the sudden transition from the physical classroom to virtual system alongside technical hurdles has been somewhat challenging for the teaching faculty, shown in ►Fig. 1.
►Table 2 presents a descriptive analysis of the responses and their mean score. It can be gathered from these results that the higher education faculty was positive that online education can be served as a valuable tool (M ¼ 2.32), requires well-prepared online lessons (M ¼ 1.79), and demands institutional support for teacher training (M ¼1.84). Furthermore, they were favorable to

Association between Faculty's Demographic Profile and Attitude
The analyses for the significance level of α less than 0.05 were performed to check if the perceptions concerning various aspects of online teaching were linked to the participants' age and gender and their differences in academic disciplines. ►Table 3 provides the attitudes of respondents toward online teaching when data are categorized as per their age, gender, and field of study. The analysis of the data reveals that the male and female respondents do not significantly differ in their attitudes (p-value 0.56). Similarly, no substantial difference was found between their differences of age (p-value 0.45). However, it has been identified that faculty members concerning the discipline of medical sciences and engineering were more optimistic about e-teaching (p-value 0.0003) as compared with those belonging to the business, arts, media, and alike as shown in ►Table 3.

Discussion
In a time of global uncertainty, there is an urgency to ensure that our students' education will progress in the wake of COVID-19. The present study delved into faculty perceptions and experiences during a considerable paradigm shift in the field of education. The overall positive attitudes toward online teaching practices could be attributed to the fact that most of the teachers look at online education as a more accessible teaching method, especially in terms of its flexibility. This finding is similar to other research studies, where most teachers see online teaching as a convenient modality. 24,25 Online mode of flexible learning has been addressed in the literature, as being more student centered and providing more accessible options with a great deal of flexibility to institutions in terms of time and place in the provision of lectures/lessons. 10,26 However, internet connec-tion and network issues have often severely impacted learning by online approaches. Unfortunately, teachers struggle with technological challenges all too often, rather than leveraging the relevant technologies to the most significant possible benefit of their learners, which hinders dramatically teachers' willingness to adopt e-learning practices. 27 Similar responses were recorded in this study where teachers agree to the limitations of the internet and network connectivity issues. In the effort to allow online education to thrive, governments and institutions need to address the upgradation of IT departments and their services. The inaccessibility to technology is unfavorable when building a positive atmosphere for virtual instruction, regardless of a positive standpoint. 28 Required software and durable internet access must be provided by the university administration, for universities to continually upgrade the necessary technical tools and also for user-friendly learning platform. 29 The most agreed-upon response of this survey was that the lack of face-to-face interaction of the instructor with the learner and the apprehensions toward online evaluation and assessment. This resonates with the findings that a lack of feedback and interaction really cripples the quality of the online academic system. 15 A more elaborate digital teaching coaching program which helps in the creation of online classes, student online evaluation, and management of virtual classrooms can settle these worries. 13 While designing the online curriculum, composing a student assessment first would enable the teachers to keep in line with students' progress.
Another aspect the majority of faculty were positive about was that this new transition helped them to become wellversed with new teaching tools and software. A new learning curve with advanced technological experiences that were previously unrecognized to them and the comfort to customize the syllabus to devise strategies for establishing new and exciting content boosts motivation for effective education. 30 By its very essence, e-learning applies new technology to both learner and educator, with the necessary skills and expertise needed for educational growth.
Despite the perceived attitudes, our research responses disclosed that online teaching is rather stressful and taxing for the more considerable part. The lack of prior involvement in the online course of instruction, the insufficient digital training of teachers, and the probable lack of institutional support may also have led directly to making this experience more complicated and stressful. 30 This study also stressed that gender and age do not hold a significant co-relation was influencing teachers' attitudes toward virtual teaching practices, this is consistent with other research studies having no significant variations of these demographics. 31 Yet, it has been reported that there exists a variation in discipline specificity toward the adaptation to online teaching. This aligns with the idea that differences in the nature of professions and faculty's beliefs are a dependable influence and reflect the quality of online content. 16 A more positive attitudes of the medical and dental teaching faculty agree with many recent studies that online teaching provides easy administration and accessibility. 23 Moreover, most lecturers were inspired by using online learning and prepared online learning courses for educational purposes. 25 The positive-rated elements of online learning in medical, dental, and engineering professions were found to be greater student engagement, easier participation, and less time commitment. However, for teachers belonging to the profession of arts, design, architecture, and alike, online teaching seems to have clouded their pedagogical vision since the discipline requires constant fodder of critique and evaluation for students' growth. Our research data reveal that online arts education lacks to provide learners with a comprehensive learning experience and active student engagement. This is supported by the fact that virtual instruction has come off as a disembodied learning strategy, with reduced possibilities of actively enforcing methods and collective participation for online arts coursework, and that teacher training and support need to focus on positive teaching experiences within their areas of disciplines. 32 To purpose it, all academic disciplines should be targeted equally to offer support, at an institutional level tailored to their educational needs, helping to implement successful online frameworks.

Limitations
The limitation of the current survey involves the procurement of an unequal amount of data from all the addressed disciplines of higher education, reflecting a small portion of the participants received. Also, the study was quantitative by nature, conducting a qualitative survey with in-depth interviews could yield additional conclusions. The results set out an understanding of the aspects leading to successes and drawbacks for online teaching modalities in Pakistan during COVID-19 concerning various academic disciplines, which is imperative, despite the limitations.

Conclusions
While the implementation of online teaching varied between institutions and their professions, this is the first study to reveal how the teaching faculty of Pakistan made deliberate attempts to address students' learning scenarios. For the effective execution of online learning across the disciplines, there is a need to acutely work in unison toward proposing an academic model where students can be virtually assisted without compromising the standards of their study programs. The findings of our study provide valuable insights that the majority of the higher education faculty were positive regarding the online mode of teaching. However, their perceived attitudes have a significant influence on the nature of their academic discipline. This study can be used by the administrations and institutions to identify the e-learning constraints within multiple fields of profession and help instructors to generate quality materials that will reshape the framework of online education along with preserving the practice of blended teaching even after the pandemic. It is a rigorous exercise that will require an excellent methodological and pedagogical problem-solving to create an online syllabus that is both productive and engaging.

Recommendations
In response to this study, it is recommended that further research into the implications and efficacy of online education on part of multidisciplinary teaching professions should be conducted. Also, for the cumulative improvement of online courses in a developing country like Pakistan, students' motivation should be enhanced by building a costeffective, user-friendly, and convenient online courses, universities should step up in building designated IT units with applications and tools having limited maintenance costs but supportive classroom instructions, and provisions should be made for technological support that targets each study discipline broadly and provides a surer ground for continuous professional development.

Data Availability
All data are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Conflict of Interest
None declared.