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Hydrothermal alteration of sediments in the high-temperature reaction zone at Central Hill of Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge

: In sediments from Holes ODP 1038A and 1038H, drilled near the hot springs at Central Hill, Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge), redistribution of major elements occurs during the water-rock interaction. Contents of Si, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K have changed in altered sediments. In this process, an increase/decrease in contents of major elements in altered sediments shows a decrease/increase in their contents in fluids. The irregular distribution of major elements in altered sediments resembles a layer pie, which reflects the existence of lateral flows of hydrothermal fluids.


Introduction
The Escanaba Trough in the Gorda Ridge and the Middle Valley in the Juan de Fuca Ridge are the examples of spreading ridges in which deep-sea holes are drilled. In core valleys of these oceanic rifts, sediments with big layer thickness accumulate at high speed (1200-2300 m/myr) and cover the hydrothermal systems. Escanaba Trough is covered by the Late Pleistocene interbedded hemipelagic sediments and turbidites [1,2,3]. The study of altered sediments from holes drilled at Central Hill, Escanaba Trough, was conducted together with the study of changes in the chemical composition of sediments from holes drilled in the "Dead Dog" hydrothermal field [Khakhina et al., this volume].

Material and methods
The Escanaba Trough of the Gorda Ridge (Fig. 1) is a slow-spreading of tectonomagmatic structure (2.4 mm/yr) [4], in which the Central Hill is located with active hydrothermal vents (Fig. 2), where temperatures range from 108 to 217°C [3]. The Central Hill has 1 km in diameter and 60 m high in elevation [5]. At the latitude of the Central Hill, the Trough is filled with ~ 600 m of sediments [6]. At Central Hill several holes were drilled at the ocean depth 3215 -3254 m (Fig. 2). Holes 1038A and 1038H were selected for the study. They were drilled near the active hydrothermal vent (217°C). Hole 1038A was drilled to a depth of 114.5 m, in a few meters from the vent with a temperature of 217°C. Hole 1038H was also drilled next to this vent to a depth of 192.89 m.
The sedimentary section at Central Hill is divided into several lithologic units [3]: (I) Unaltered hemipelagic clay unit is not present at Site 1038.  the arrows indicate plate motion [3].
At Central Hill, each sedimentary interval has been placed into an alteration facies [3]. Facies a is defined as relatively unaltered primary sediment. It is not present at Holes 1038A and 1038H. Contents of major elements in sediments were determined by XRF method at the Geological Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences) coupled with methods of analytical chemistry for the separate determination of Fe2O3, FeO, CO2, and H2O -.

Results and discussion
In a Hole 1038A, Unit IIc, which is located in upper part of the sediments (to a depth of 27.90 m) in altered sediments (Units IIc, IIb and IIIb), the contents of Si, Ca, Na, K decreased simultaneously while Mg content increased. The content of Fetotal decreased as well. In different Units II and III, attributed to one sediment facies (Facies c) change their the chemical composition (Table 1). Common is the content of Si, Ti, and P which is practically the same, compared with the contents of these elements in fresh sediments. At the same time, in Unit IIIb the contents of Fetotal Mn, Mg, Na decrease while the contents of Ca and K increase in contrast to Unit IIb. After the chemical composition of sediments (related to facies) correlation, a significant difference was found out in changes of c (Unit IIc) and b (Units IIb and IIIb). Changes that occurred in Unit IIc (decrease in the content of Si, Ca, Na, K, and increase in content of Mg and Fetotal) did not appear in Units IIb and IIIb.
Changes in major elements in sediments (Hole 1038A) resembles layer pie, which is a consequence of water-rock interaction under conditions of subhorizontal flows of hydrothermal solutions. Their existence is also support by the location of more strongly altered sediments (Facies c) in the upper part of the well 1038A and less altered (Facies b) in lower part.
In Hole 1038H, located in the same place as Hole 1038A, near the active hydrothermal vent with temperature 217°C [3], the core section is divided into Units IIc, IIb, Vc, and VIc.
In UnitIIc, the changes in the content of major elements are the same as in the similar layer in Hole 1038A (Table 2).
In Hole 1038H in Unit IIb, the changes in the chemical composition of the sediments are practically the same as in Unit IIb (Hole 1038A).
UnitsVc and VIc are located at the bottom of Hole 1038H. In Unit Vc, the contents of Si, Ca, Na decrease while contents of K and Fetotal increase. In Unit VIc the content of Fetotal, Mg, Ca have increased much stronger than in Unit Vc at the same time the contents of Si, K do not change in contrast to the Unit Vc. In

Conclusions
In the sediments from Holes 1038A and 1038H, drilled directly near the hot springs at Central Hill, Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge), the redistribution of major elements occurs during the water-rock interaction. The contents of Si, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, and K have changed in hydrothermally altered sediments. The irregular distribution of major elements in altered sediments, resembling a layer pie, reflects the existence of lateral fluxes of hydrothermal solutions. In this process, an increase/decrease in the contents of major elements unaltered sediments shows out a decrease/increase in their contents in solution.
This work was accomplished under the State Program no. 0135-2019-0053. Analytical works were financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 14-05-00153.