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The Impact of Quorum Sensing on the Modulation of Phage-Host Interactions

Bacteriophages are the most diverse and abundant biological entities on the Earth and require host bacteria to replicate. Because of this obligate relationship, in addition to the challenging conditions of surrounding environments, phages must integrate information about extrinsic and intrinsic factors when infecting their hosts. ABSTRACT Bacteriophages are the most diverse and abundant biological entities on the Earth and require host bacteria to replicate. Because of this obligate relationship, in addition to the challenging conditions of surrounding environments, phages must integrate information about extrinsic and intrinsic factors when infecting their hosts. This integration helps to determine whether the infection becomes lytic or lysogenic, which likely influences phage spread and long-term survival. Although a variety of environmental and physiological clues are known to modulate lysis-lysogeny decisions, the social interplay among phages and host populations has been overlooked until recently. A growing body of evidence indicates that cell-cell communication in bacteria and, as shown more recently, peptide-based communication among phage populations affect phage-host interactions by controlling phage lysis-lysogeny decisions and phage counterdefensive strategies in bacteria. Here, we explore and discuss the role of signal molecules, as well as quorum-sensing and -quenching factors, that mediate phage-host interactions. Our aim is to provide an overview of population-dependent mechanisms that influence phage replication and to elucidate how social communication may affect the dynamics and evolution of microbial communities, including their implications for phage therapy.