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The Evolution of Kin Inclusivity Levels [ Artificial Life Track ]

Altruism is a ubiquitous strategy among organisms ranging from microbes to mammals. Inclusive fitness theory indicates that altruistic strategies can be beneficial when an altruist acts to benefit organisms that share its genes. It is common for such altruistic strategies to be negatively affected by cheaters that do not act altruistically. A more subtle form of cheating involves altruists that are more selective. For example, a selective organism may benefit from a distant kin’s altruistic actions without reciprocating. We consider an organism’s kin inclusivity level to be the maximum number of mutational differences where the other organism will be considered kin. We use evolving computer programs (digital organisms) to explore competitions among organisms with different kin inclusivity levels. Using competition assays that vary environmental parameters, we find that high mutation rates favor more inclusive colonies. When we competed colonies with a wide range of kin inclusivity levels, we found that moderate mutation rates and populations sizes led to intermediate inclusivity levels winning the competitions, indicating that extreme inclusivity levels were not always optimal. However, when organisms could set their own kin inclusivity level, we found that high mutation rates selected for highly inclusive organisms.