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Deep Learning Ensembles for Hate Speech Detection

Our study explores offensive and hate speech detection for the Arabic language, as previous studies are minimal. Based on two-class, three-class, and six-class Arabic-Twitter datasets, we develop single and ensemble CNN and BiLSTM classifiers that we train with non-contextual (Fasttext-SkipGram) and contextual (Multilingual Bert and AraBert) word-embedding models. For each hate/offensive classification task, we conduct a battery of experiments to evaluate the performance of single and ensemble classifiers on testing datasets. The average-based ensemble approach was found to be the best performing, as it returned F-scores of 91%, 84%, and 80% for two-class, three-class and six-class prediction tasks, respectively. We also perform an error analysis of the best ensemble model for each task.