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Role of Non-coding RNA in Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury.

Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have well established that the major fraction of the mammalian genome is transcribed into different classes of RNAs ranging in size from a few nucleotides to hundreds of thousands of nucleotides, which do not encode any protein. Some of these non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are directly or indirectly linked to the regulation of expression or functions of ~25,000 proteins coded by <2% of the human genome. Among these regulatory RNAs, microRNAs are small (21-25 nucleotide) RNAs that are processed from precursor RNAs that have stem-loop structure, whereas non-coding RNAs >200 nucleotides are termed lncRNAs (long ncRNAs). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly identified lncRNA members that are generated by back-splicing of primary transcripts. The functions of ncRNAs in modulating liver toxicity of xenobiotics are emerging only recently. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, paracetamol or APAP) is a safe analgesic and antipyretic drug at the therapeutic dose. However, it can cause severe liver toxicity that may lead to liver failure if overdosed or combined with alcohol, herbs, or other xenobiotics. This review discusses the role of ncRNAs in acetaminophen metabolism, toxicity, and liver regeneration after APAP - induced liver injury (AILI).