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Mosquito Genera in Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria

This study was focused on the determination of mosquito genera at Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected for four weeks (4) on a weekly basis indoors at dawn from the female hostel of Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from three different blocks (A, B, and C) of the study area. The samples were identified clearly based on their visible morphological features up to genus levels using routine methods. The data obtained from the study was analyzed using an SPSS version 21.0 for windows. Analysis of variance was used to test for significant difference in the abundance of mosquitoes’ genera between weeks and blocks. The resulting outputs were presented in tables. The weekly mosquito genera and relative abundance in block A of the study area showed that the total mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 72 (40%), Culex 73 (40.6%), and Aedes 35 (19.4%). Mosquitoes were most abundant in week 4 (31.1%) and least abundant in week 1 (18.9%) in block A of the study area, which were statistically significant at P < 0.05. The weekly mosquito genera and relative abundance in block B of the study area showed that the total mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 71 (39.7%), Culex 73 (40.8%), and Aedes 35 (19.6%). Mosquitoes were most abundant in week 4 (30.2%) and least abundant in week 1 (21.2%) in block B of the study area ( P < 0.05). The weekly mosquito genera and relative abundance in block C of the study area showed that the total mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 47 (37.6%), Culex 45 (36%), and Aedes 33 (26.4%). Mosquitoes were most abundant in week 1 (25.6%) and least abundant in week 2 (21.6%) in block C of the study area ( P < 0.05). The total number of Anopheles in the study area was 190 (40.9%), followed by Culex at 181 (39%) and Aedes at 93 (20%). The most abundant mosquito genera were Anopheles and the least were Aedes (P < 0.05) . The number of Anopheles , Culex , and Aedes species observed in this study is of grave epidemiological apprehension for the university community. Consequently, public health education on mosquito control is urgently needed.


INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes are slender and fairly small insects, typically about 3-6 mm in length. Nevertheless, a lot of species can be as small as 2 mm, while many might be as long as 19 mm [1]. The lengthy antennae have several whorls of hair, short in the females but long and bushy in the males. In a lot of mosquito species, the mouthparts of the female are long and modified for piercing and sucking blood, whereas the males feed on nectar as they have basic mouthparts. Females feed on the blood of warmblooded animals. Once they bite, they introduce some of their salivary fluid into the wound, producing swelling and irritation. Many mosquitos transmit infectious microorganisms and parasites that cause diseases like yellow fever, malaria, dengue, and filariasis [2]. There are about 3300 species of mosquitoes belonging to 41 genera, all confined to the family Culicidae [1]. This family is divided into three sub-families: Toxorhynchitinae, Anophelinae, and Culicinae. Mosquitoes have a global spread; they are seen all over the tropics, temperate zones, and extend northward to the Arctic Circle. The single areas where they are absent are Antarctica and some islands; they are seen at altitudes of 5500m and at depths of 1250m beneath sea level [1]. The major vector genera are Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Psorophora, Haemagogus and Sabethes. Anopheles species transmit malaria and filariasis and a few arboviruses, whereas many Culex species transfer Wuchereria bancrofti and different arbo-viruses. Aedes species are vital vectors of yellow fever, dengue, encephalitis viruses and some other arbo-viruses. Species in the very closely related genus Ochlerotatus likewise transmit filariasis and some encephalitis viruses [3]. Mansonia species spread Brugia malayi, and occasionally Wuchereria bancrofti, and a few arbo-viruses. Haemagogus and Sabethes mosquitoes are vectors of yellow fever and a few other arboviruses in America, while Psorophora contains some difficult pest species in America and transmits a few arbo-viruses [1]. Most species, though not carriers of some diseases, can nonetheless be troublesome due to the severe biting irritations they cause. Mosquitoes have come to be recognized by humans, predominantly in homes, because of their bites, which provoke the production of antibodies. They are able to cause sharp-pains with certain allergic tendencies, though they also cause nuisance by causing uneasiness to their hosts as a result of the irritating sounds they make, especially at night [4]. Mosquitoes are extensively spread because of their high adaptability, higher reproductive rate, and wings that enable them to travel long distances. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in locations where there is stagnant water [2]. Mosquitoes are malicious biters, and their bites create biting nuisance, allergies, skin reactions, scratching, restiveness, and wakeful nights [3]. Mosquitoes have continued to be the main vector of killer diseases globally, and Nigeria is not an exclusion. Nevertheless, they play a major ecological role as their larvae, pupae, and adults are vital food supplies for insects, fishes, bats, birds, bats, and frogs [5]. Given the epidemiological importance of mosquito species as vectors of a lot of diseases, this study was designed to determine the mosquito genera at Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State.

Study Area
Anyigba is a town in the Dekina Local Government Area in Kogi State, Nigeria (Fig. 1). It is situated between latitudes 7o15N and 7o29N and longitudes 7o11E and 735E, with an average elevation of 385 meters above sea level (Fig. 1). Anyigba has a total land mass area of 420 sq. km with an estimated population of 189,976 [6]. Anyigba town is characterized by the wet and dry seasons. The wet season begins in April and ends in October, while the dry season starts in November and ends in March. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in this town because they are blessed with vast arable land [7]. Their main agricultural activities include peanuts, millet, rice, cowpeas, cotton, and palm oil farming, plus livestock such as domestic birds, fowls, cattle, and goats.

Mosquito Collection
Mosquitoes were collected for four weeks (4) on a weekly basis indoors at dawn from the female hostel of Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. The spray catch involved the use of insecticide (Mortein), sprayed in the room, and after 10-15 minutes, adult mosquitoes were collected on a white cloth spread on the floor. Samples were collected from three different blocks (A, B, and C) of the study area. They were later placed on a petri dish which was labelled according to the blocks they were collected. The samples were later taken to the laboratory, examined with the aid of a microscope, and identified. The samples were identified clearly based on their visible features of morphology up to genus levels [8].

Statistical Analysis
The data obtained from the study was analyzed using an SPSS version 21.0 for windows. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference in the abundance of mosquitoes' genera between weeks and blocks. The resulting output was presented in tables. Table 1 below shows the weekly mosquito genera and relative abundance in block A of the study area. In week 1, mosquito abundance was recorded in this study at 34 (18.9%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 34, Culex 6, and Aedes 8. Similarly, in week 2, mosquito abundance was recorded at 41 (22.8%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 15, Culex 15, and Aedes 11. Also, for week 3, the mosquito abundance recorded was 49 (27.2%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 19, Culex 24, and Aedes 6 ( Table 1). Finally, for week 4, the mosquito abundance recorded was 56 (31.1%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 18, Culex 28, and Aedes 10. Mosquitoes were most abundant in week 4 (31.1%) and least abundant in week 1 (18.9%) in block A of the study area which were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Overall, in block A, the mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 72 (40%), Culex 73 (40.6%), and Aedes 35 (19.4%) and were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Table 2 below shows the weekly mosquito genera and relative abundance in block B of the study area. In week 1, mosquito abundance was recorded in this study at 38 (21.2%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 16, Culex 20, and Aedes 2. Similarly, in week 2, mosquito abundance was recorded at 45 (25.1%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 20, Culex 18, and Aedes 7. Also, for week 3, the mosquito abundance recorded was 42 (23.5%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 20, Culex 15, and Aedes 7. Finally, for week 4, mosquito abundance recorded in this study was 54 (30.2%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 15, Culex 20, and Aedes 19 (Table 2). Mosquitoes were most abundant in week 4 (30.2%) and least abundant in week 1 (21.2%) in block B of the study area which were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Overall, in block B, the mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 71 (39.7%), Culex 73 (40.8%), and Aedes 35 (19.6%) and were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Table 3 below shows the weekly mosquito genera and relative abundance in block C of the study area. In week 1, mosquito abundance was recorded in this block at 32 (25.6%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 10, Culex 16, and Aedes 6. Similarly, in week 2, mosquito abundance was recorded at 27 (21.6%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 12, Culex 10, and Aedes 5. Also, for week 3, the mosquito abundance recorded in this study was 35 (28.0%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 15, Culex 10, and Aedes 10. Finally, for week 4, the mosquito abundance recorded was 31 (24.8%). The mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 10, Culex 9 and Aedes 12 (Table 3). Mosquitoes were most abundant in week 1 (25.6%) and least abundant in week 2 (21.6%) in block C of the study area which were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Overall, in block C, the mosquito genera recorded were Anopheles 47 (37.6%), Culex 45 (36%), and Aedes 33 (26.4%) and were statistically significant at P < 0.05.   These findings are comparable to those reported by a lot of investigators from many areas in Nigeria [9,10,11]. The high abundance of different mosquito genera could be due to the high anthropogenic actions associated with schools where there are many peridomestic things like cans and plastics [12,13]. These may serve as habitats for breeding mosquitoes, particularly in the rainy season, which favored Anopheles most in this study. Blocks with relatively lower abundance may be due to proper sanitation and drainage systems. These reasons may have contributed to the lower abundance of mosquitoes seen in some blocks of the study area [14,15]. The differences in social events within the blocks of the study areas may have boosted or reduced the breeding of mosquitoes [16,12]. Therefore, blocks with elevated anthropogenic events might have greater mosquito abundance, whereas blocks with reduced anthropogenic events might have a reduced mosquito abundance [16].

CONCLUSION
Three mosquito genera (Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes) were observed in abundance at Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. These are recognized vectors of parasites which aid the transmission of diseases like malaria, filariasis, and yellow fever, which have a high mortality rate when unchecked. Therefore, a workable community health education program on vector control should be used in the university to control these vectors.