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Ketamine for post‐operative pain treatment in spinal surgery. A protocol for a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis

Post‐operative pain treatment with ketamine has been demonstrated to have post‐operative opioid‐sparing and anti‐hyperalgesic effects. However, evidence regarding the beneficial and harmful effects and the optimal dose and timing of perioperative treatment with ketamine for patients undergoing spinal surgery is unclear. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the analgesic, serious and non‐serious adverse effects of perioperative pain treatment with ketamine for patients undergoing spinal surgery.