{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.022176022176022176, 'fraction_numerical': 0.004851004851004851, 'mean_word_length': 5.3056768558951966, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Visualizing hydraulic zones of a vertical circulation well in presence of ambient flow

Although vertical circulation well (VCW) has been widely applied for aquifer remediation and hydrogeological parameter estimation for three decades, few studies have focused on the hydraulic zone visualization, and the spatial scale of hydraulic zones as functions of VCW parameters. This study provided a numerical method to visualize 3D steady-state flow field induced by VCW in a confined aquifer in presence of an ambient flow. Mathematical model for velocity field is established based on the superposition principle, and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is adopted to perform particle tracking. Visualization results illustrate that 3D flow regime can be divided into Recirculation, Capture, and Discharge zones. An integrated dimensionless parameter QD is introduced to account for the relative strength of VCW flow against ambient flow. Comparison is performed through simulations by different QD–dD combinations, where dD is the dimensionless distance between injection and extraction screens. Results demonstrate that: (1) a QD–dD breakthrough line can be established to mark the occurrence of circulatory flow; (2) the effect of QD on the size of recirculation zone is significant when QD is smaller than 3.5, while dD becomes more influential if QD is larger; (3) the extent of capture and discharge zone enlarges as QD and/or dD increases.