{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03863469793738875, 'fraction_numerical': 0.017485080096324993, 'mean_word_length': 5.115236875800256, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Glutathione Peroxidase Level in Patients with Vitiligo: A Meta-Analysis

Abnormality of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of vitiligo. However, the results were controversial. Aim. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the levels of GPx between vitiligo patients and healthy controls. Methods. Relevant published articles were searched according to eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis was conducted to pool estimates of the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. Twenty-three studies with a total of 1076 vitiligo patients and 770 healthy controls were included. The pooled meta-analysis showed that patients with vitiligo had equivalent levels of GPx with the healthy controls (SMD = −0.47, 95% CI: −1.03 to 0.08, and p = 0.095). Further subgroup analysis showed that the GPx levels of Asian patients or segmental vitiligo patients were, respectively, lower than those of healthy controls (Asian: SMD = −0.47, 95% CI: −1.08 to 0.14, and p = 0.001; segmental: SMD = −3.59, 95% CI: −6.38 to −0.80, and p = 0.012). Furthermore, the GPx levels in serum/plasma were significantly decreased in either stable or active vitiligo patients, comparing to healthy controls (stable: SMD = −2.01, 95% CI: −3.52 to −0.49, and p = 0.009; active: SMD = −2.34, 95% CI: −4.07 to −0.61, and p = 0.008). Conclusion. This meta-analysis showed a significant association between low GPx level and vitiligo.


Introduction
Vitiligo is an idiopathic, acquired pigmentation disorder of skin and/or mucosa, with clinical manifestations of porcelain white patches. It is considered to be a multifactorial and polygenic disease caused by the destruction of melanocytes [1]. Amongst others, oxidative stress is considered to be one of the causative factors in the pathogenesis of vitiligo [2].
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity. It protects cells from oxidative damage through decreasing lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols or reducing free hydrogen peroxide to water [3]. In vitiligo, many researches about this antioxidant marker have been sought, but the conclusions were conflicting. Some researchers reported elevated level, whereas others showed no change or reduced level. Due to 2 BioMed Research International were included in this meta-analysis if (1) the case group consisted of vitiligo patients and the control group included healthy individuals and (2) the outcome measures reported quantitative GPx level (mean ± standard deviation). After reading the title and abstract, we excluded a study if it (1) was an animal or in vitro experiment, (2) was a case report or a review, and (3) consisted of duplicate data with other study. All studies were deliberately reviewed by two investigators to decide whether to be included.

Data Extraction.
Two investigators independently screened studies for eligible articles. The following items including the first author, year of publication, nation, sample size, sources, test method of GPx, GPx estimated value, unit, type, and stage of vitiligo were extracted. If there were discrepancies, they would reach a consensus through discussion and reexamination or seeking help to a third investigator.

Quality Assessment.
To estimate the quality of included studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) criteria were used by two investigators independently [4]. The NOS criteria were scored based on three aspects: (1) subject selection, 0∼4, (2) comparability of subject, 0∼2, and (3) clinical outcome, 0∼3. Total NOS scores range from 0 (the lowest) to 9 (the highest). Any discrepancy between the two investigators on NOS scores of the enrolled studies was resolved by discussion or consultation with a third investigator.

Statistical
Analysis. The standard mean difference (SMD) for the effect and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated from the original data of the appropriate studies in fixed effects model (Mantel-Haenszel method) or random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird method). The random-effects model was applied when heterogeneity existed among studies, while the fixed effects model was applied when there was no statistical heterogeneity. In order to test for comparability, heterogeneity across the included studies was evaluated by Cochran test and 2 test [5]. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted according to race (Caucasian versus Asian), stage (active or stable), type (segmental or nonsegmental), or source of sample. The funnel plot was constructed to assess the effect of publication bias on the validity of the estimates. The symmetry of the funnel plot was further evaluated by Egger's linear regression test [6]. All tests were two-sided, and a p value of < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Stata version 11.0 software (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA) was performed for statistical analysis.

Eligible Studies.
We identified 215 studies according to search strategy as shown in Figure 1. After carefully reviewing and screening, 23 articles [3, were finally included in the meta-analysis. The characteristic and methodological qualities of these studies were shown in Table 1. The overall study quality ranged from 5 to 7 stars. Of the 23 studies, the sample resource of 20 studies was either serum, plasma, erythrocyte, blood, skin, or blister fluid, and other 3 studies, respectively, tested the GPx level in two sample sources. So the total number of comparisons used in the meta-analysis was 26. The race of all included studies was Caucasian or Asian population. The levels of GPx stratified by sample sources and races were listed in Table 2.

Metaregression and Sensitivity Analyses.
Univariate and multivariate metaregression analyses were used to explore possible sources of heterogeneity. The results showed that race could be the major source of heterogeneity ( Table 5). The results of sensitivity analysis suggested that no individual studies significantly affected the pooled results, indicating a statistically robust result ( Figure 5).

Publication Bias.
We used Egger's test to estimate the possibility of publication bias. The results showed that there

Discussion
Oxidative stress inducing vitiligo is based on the fact that some intermediates such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), dopachrome, and 5,6-dihydroxyindole are created during melanin biosynthesis [29]. The final result of these changes results in the continuous increase of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which restrains the antioxidative enzyme activity leading to the destruction of melanocytes [30]. Therefore, antioxidants are important to nullify the harmful radical-mediated reactions. GPx is a group of antioxidative markers against free radicals by detoxification and has been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of many skin diseases [31][32][33]. Our meta-analysis investigated whether GPx is involved in the development of vitiligo. The results of       included articles involving 26 comparisons on the relationship of GPx and vitiligo were controversial; that is, respective 50%, 31%, and 19% comparisons showed lower, equal, and higher levels in vitiligo samples. The difference may relate to the variations in the population race, disease type, activity, duration, sample sources, or detection method.
Till now, no meta-analysis has reported the association between the GPx level and vitiligo. The pooled meta-analysis results of all the comparisons indicated that the GPx levels in vitiligo patients were similar to healthy controls. As statistical heterogeneity existed among studies, we did further subgroup analysis. The results indicated a significant relationship between low GPx level and vitiligo incidence.
Our subgroup analysis showed that Asian vitiligo patients showed lower levels of GPx than the controls, but no difference was shown between Caucasian populations and healthy controls. The metaregression results, which showed that race could be the major source of heterogeneity of pooled meta-analysis, supported the above subgroup analysis results. The majority of previous studies have used serum or plasma to measure oxidant or antioxidant levels. In the present meta-analysis, whatever stable vitiligo patients or active vitiligo patients had lower serum/plasma levels of GPx than the controls. The patients with segmental type also had decreased GPx levels comparing to healthy controls. These results suggested that low GPx level may contribute to the pathogenesis of vitiligo in Asian population, unlike Caucasian population. The low level in serum/plasma was associated with vitiligo incidence, at whatever active stage or stable stage, especially in segmental vitiligo. Oxidative stress induced accumulation of toxic-free radicals may have a pathophysiologic role in the initiation and progression of vitiligo [2]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are scavenged by antioxidant defence mechanisms. Depletion of the endogenous antioxidants including GPx can overwhelm antioxidant defence mechanisms, resulting in oxidative stress medicated vitiligo. Besides, allelic variants in GPx gene may be associated with low levels of GPx activity [34,35]. One previous study indicated that GPx polymorphism may contribute to the reduced GPx activity and the prevalence of vitiligo in Gujarat population [36].
In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed a significant association between low GPx level and vitiligo for Asian population or segmental patients. The low level in serum/plasma