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Climate change and conservation of Araucaria angustifolia in Brazil

The ombrophilous (high-rainfall tolerant) mixed forest of southern Brazil has a canopy dominated by Parana pine (Araucaria angustifolia) and is thus also referred to as Araucaria forest (Veloso, Rangel Filho and Lima, 1991), even though the composition of its vegetation may vary significantly according to latitude, altitude, soil and microclimate (Reitz and Klein, 1966). This forest type is found only in the Neotropics and is typical of the southern tableland. Araucaria angustifolia forests are under considerable pressure today as they are usually located in densely populated areas. Recent and predicted climate change may present a further challenge to the future survival of these tree populations. This article describes the origin of the Araucaria forest and outlines how it has been influenced by climate change throughout the Cenozoic, the most recent (and ongoing) geologic era. It points out some of the limitations of current attempts to map climate vulnerability in the populations described, and considers the importance of maintaining their genetic variability to enable their adaptation to a changing climate and thus their conservation.