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Decomposition of Market-Settlement Surplus Using Pseudo-IV-Optimal Power Flow

Within an alternating current (AC) optimal power flow (OPF) market clearing framework, market-settlement surplus (MS) is inevitable due to network losses, congestion, and reactive power. For a general AC-OPF model, decomposition of MS into its constituents is a challenge. Therefore, this paper proposes a solution for decomposing MS into its constituents, i.e., network losses, congestion, and reactive support services, by deriving analytical expressions for each of the components. An optimization problem, named pseudo-IV-OPF, is set up around the existing AC-OPF solution to derive expressions. The central idea involved in current and voltage OPF, that the current flow at sending end is exactly equal and opposite at receiving end, is exploited to derive the elements of MS by using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions of optimality. It is important to note that a converged OPF solution, obtained from the standard AC-OPF model used by the utility, is an input to the proposed model. The efficacy of the proposed expressions is illustrated on various benchmark systems.