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From Anxiety to Unconcern on Population

India experienced substantial mortality decline in the decades after 1971. By 2016 life expectation probably averaged about 68 years. However, much of the mortality decline resulted from narrow technical developments (e.g. immunizations) and was not always matched by commensurate advances in the state of the population’s health. The Emergency of 1975–77 led to sterilization excesses, and there was a backlash against the family planning programme. Subsequently, political leaders generally avoided talking about family planning and population growth. Partly as a result, the pace of fertility decline during 1971–2016 was slow. By 2016 the average level of fertility was about 2.4 births per woman. It was not until the 2001–11 intercensal decade that there was an appreciable fall in the rate of population growth. Consequently, between 1971 and 2016 the population grew from 548 million to more than 1.3 billion.