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Technology Transfers and Climate Change: International Flows, Barriers, and Frameworks

Discourse concerning international technology transfers to address climate change issues is typically based on a paradigm that is focused on NorthSouth technology flows and financial flows, especially in the context of official development assistance programs or offset projects under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. This paradigm is useful for many analytic and negotiating agendas. However, it reflects an overly narrow conceptualization of the nature, sources, and methods of international technology transfers. It thus neglects important issues that need to be addressed in order to utilize more fully the potential of international technology transfers for climate change mitigation and/or adaptation. This chapter proposes a complementary paradigm, which emphasizes the importance of trade and foreign direct investment as the principal mechanisms by which technology is transferred internationally. The paradigm reflects diversity in the geography of technology flows, a different focus on the types of international economic flows that facilitate technology transfers, a different set of barriers to international technology flows, and different institutional frameworks that can facilitate or impede technology flows.1 The second section of this chapter presents these paradigms in a more detailed and comparative discussion.2 The third section considers evidence about the geography of international technology flows, with an explicit recog-