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Surfactin suppresses TPA-induced breast cancer cell invasion through the inhibition of MMP-9 expression.

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer mortality. In this study, we investigated             the effects of surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis,             on cancer metastasis in vitro and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.             Surfactin inhibited the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced invasion,             migration and colony formation of human breast carcinoma cells. Western blot analysis,             gelatin zymography and reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that matrix             metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and activation was significantly suppressed             by surfactin in a dose-dependent manner. Surfactin attenuated TPA-induced nuclear             translocation and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1             (AP-1). Furthermore, surfactin strongly repressed the TPA-induced phosphorylation             of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Treatment with specific             inhibitors of Akt and ERK suppressed MMP-9 expression and activation. These results             suggest that the surfactin-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell invasion             and MMP-9 expression involves the suppression of the NF-κB, AP-1, phosphatidylinositol             3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt and the ERK signaling pathways. Thus surfactin may have potential             value in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.