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CONTROL AND SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES OF CENTRAL BANKS

INTRODUCTION It can be stated that in all countries with a market economy, a system of banking control and supervision operates in one form or another. Some of them have been around for over a century. In the post-socialist countries, the banking sector has been reformed in recent decades, and establishment of its supervision and oversight system has been an integral part this process. At the same time, in some countries with mature banking traditions significant changes can be seen in the concepts of building these systems, especially towards activity expansion , which involves globalization of banking activity and increasing risk of banks mastering new financial instruments and nontraditional operations( such as insurance, real estate, etc.). The institutional structure of the banking supervision system is determined by the peculiarities of historical and economic development of a country, the traditions and, to a large extent, the nature of the banking system itself. Thus, in the UK, due to the absence of antitrust laws and tight controls on the merger of banks, a high degree of bank capital concentration was achieved. Large banking associations were formed with a well-developed network of branches in the country and abroad, which concentrated a considerable share of resources, operations, and non-cash movement. The banking system concentration led to centralization of regulations and supervision functions in a single institution, the Bank of England. The situation turned out different in the USA. Unlike in the United Kingdom, many small, non-affiliated banks have remained in the United States. Therefore, there are different models of institutional patterns in the banking supervision system across the globe, but it is of great importance for all of them that the supervisory authorities have all the necessary powers for the effective fulfillment of their tasks. In addition, these powers should be provided at the legislative level. Banking supervision is aimed at maintaining the stability, reliability and efficient operation of certain components of the country's financial and banking system, primarily banks themselves. The purpose of such activity is to ensure the stable, normal functioning of the entire banking system. The experience of many countries shows that under proper management, banks can survive even in adverse economic conditions.