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Reducing the sting: Diagnosis and management of Hymenoptera venom allergy.

ABSTRACT
Hymenoptera species include stinging insects such as wasps, hornets, bees, and fire ants. Allergic reaction to the venom of these insects is a common presenting complaint for patients in primary care and emergency medicine during warmer months. Patients' clinical presentations may vary, and clinicians must identify the type of reaction to determine treatment and follow-up plans. Treatment of patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom should be individualized based on risk factors, reaction type, and associated comorbidities. This article reviews common features of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and the current mainstays in management of Hymenoptera venom allergy.