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Performance related musculoskeletal disorders among musicians: a systematic review.

Musculoskeletal disorders cause pain, disability and loss of employment for many workers, including musicians. Musicians can be classified as instrumentalists and non-instrumentalists. The medical problems of instrumentalists include those that are caused directly by playing the instrument, and those that are unrelated to playing. The latter include incidental accidents and problems caused by activities of daily life. There is a strong body of evidence recognising the prevalence, incidence and types of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in this population. Common PRMDs of musicians include overuse problems, such as tendinosis and peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes. These conditions typically affect the upper extremities, the neck, the back and the orofacial musculature. The main aim of the study was to review the current literature in order to know various measurement tools used, ergonomic risk factors and other finding related to PRMDs among performing musicians.