{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02837281883955171, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009079302028656547, 'mean_word_length': 4.402298850574713, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Lie Symmetry, discrete symmetry and supersymmetry of the Pauli Hamiltonian

Starting from the full group of symmetries of a system we select a discrete subset of transformations which allows to introduce the Clifford algebra of operators generating new supercharges of extended supersymmetry. The system defined by the Pauli Hamiltonian is discussed.


Introduction
The motion of electron in the magnetic field is an example of the quantum mechanical problem where supersymmetry (SUSY) is natural symmetry of the considered systems (see review [1,2,3]). It was shown that N = 2 SUSY is realized in the case of an arbitrary two-dimensional magnetic field B x = B y = 0, B z = B z (x, y) and the three-dimensional one which possesses the following symmetry with respect to the inversion of coordinates B(−r) = ±B(r) [1,2,3,4,5]. The field of the magnetic monopole is one of the examples where SUSY is realized in the three-dimensional case [4]. It was also shown that the electron motion on the surface orthogonal to the magnetic field possesses N = 2 SUSY [6]. In recent papers [8,9], [12] new three-dimensional magnetic fields in which the motion of the electron is supersymmetrical were found. Another novel aspect lies in the fact that in the magnetic fields considered the SUSY with two, three and four supercharges is realized. It was shown that discrete symmetry such as inversion provide the possibility to construct the extended SUSY of the Pauli and Dirac Hamiltonians [7].
In the present paper we study the relation between Lie symmetry, discrete symmetry and supersymmetry of the Pauli Hamiltonian.

Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
Let us consider the extended algebra of SUSY quantum mechanics with N = n + 1 supercharges defined by the following relations where Q i are supercharges, H is the Hamiltonian. The supersymmetry leads to the degeneracy of non-zero energy levels. In the case of the N SUSY the degeneracy is equal to 2 [N/2] , where square brackets mean an integer part of the number. This algebra can be constructed in the following way. Suppose that Hamiltonian H can be written in the form where Q 0 is a self-adjoint operator called supercharge. In addition let us postulate the existence of n self-adjoint operators T i that anticommute with the supercharge and also fulfill the Clifford algebra As a result of (3) and (4) T i commutes with the Hamiltonian Using the introduced operators we may construct supercharges These supercharges together with Q 0 fulfill N-extended superalgebra (1) Operators T i are useful for the study of SUSY in real quantum mechanical systems. Note that T i are the integrals of motion. Therefore these operators can be found using symmetry properties of the Hamiltonian. In the next sections we will find operators T i and construct SUSY for the Pauli Hamiltonian using its symmetry group.

Discrete symmetries and Clifford algebra
In this section we shall consider symmetry transformations of the Hamiltonian of the Pauli type and select from them a discrete subset of elements which yields the Clifford algebra of the operators T i generating new supercharges.
For the Pauli type Hamiltonian arbitrary operator T i will be defined in the product form where σ = m · σ is an element of the Clifford algebra generated by Pauli matrices and G is a symmetry transformation of the Hamiltonian. The Clifford algebra relations imposed on operators T , T ′ now mean that and {σ, σ} = 2 · id , where id and Id denote respective identity mappings. Firstly let us solve constraints on the group elements. In our case G ∈ O(3), therefore where I n denotes reflection with respect to the plane perpendicular to the vector n and R n (π) is a rotation by angle π along the n-axis. Let us note that the general reflection in three dimensions can be expressed in the form where I is the so called full reflection i.e. I x = − x and it is a central element in the O(3) group. Hence let us denote an involutive element in O(3) by G n . Now, two involutions of this form commute if n ⊥ n ′ . Therefore, for T m, n = σ ⊗ G n we have This again means that m ⊥ m ′ , for m = m ′ . From the above arguments we finally get that operators T are parametrized by labels of vectors from an orthonormal basis Not all T ij are allowed, however further restriction comes from the condition (4) what for the Pauli supercharge Q 0 means that only the "diagonal" sub-family T i ≡ T ii enters the final construction of the new extended superalgebra. Let us note that supercharge Q 0 is always related to the special involution -so called grading operator which is also present in the Grassmannian version of the supersymmetric mechanics [10,11].

Supercharges for the Pauli Hamiltonian
For the electron the gyro-magnetic ratio only slightly differs from 2, namely, g = 2, 0023. We suppose that g = 2. Then the Pauli Hamiltonian can be written in the form where The operator Q 0 can be treated as the supercharge. Thus, for an arbitrary vector potential A(x, y, z) the Pauli Hamiltonian possesses the supersymmetry with one supercharge. In the special cases of the vector potentials the Pauli Hamiltonian has additional supercharges. Initially let us consider a free electron with the zero vector potential A = 0. To find new supercharges we must find such operators (15) which anticommute with Q 0 . Therefore the anticommutator reads It should vanish. We can satisfy this condition choosing i = j and G i = I i .
The inversion operator I i anticommutes with p i and commutes with p k for k = i. Thus, we have found three operators which satisfy the Clifford algebra and anticommute with Q 0 . As a result the free electron described by the Pauli Hamiltonian possesses N = 4 SUSY with supercharges Q 0 , Q j = iT j Q 0 , j = 1, 2, 3.
Evidently that N = 4 SUSY also takes place for a non zero vector potential which satisfies with respect to inversion the same relations as momentum operators. Namely, The vector potentials satisfying (21) and corresponding SUSY of the electron in such fields were found in [8,9,12]. In particular, an example of magnetic field in which the SUSY with two supercharges is realized is the field of a solenoid oriented along the axis z and symmetric with respect to the inversion of z. The SUSY with three supercharges is realized in the magnetic field of straight current directed along the fixed axis. And finally, as an example of the SUSY system with N = 4 supercharges we can adduce the electron moving in the field of magnetic octopole which can be constructed using four magnetic moments oriented along the axis z and placed at vertices of the square in the XY plane, the two neighbouring ones being directed oppositely.

Conclusion
In the present paper we have shown the way in which the symmetry of the Pauli Hamiltonian can be used for construction of the extended SUSY. Starting from the full group we obtain the discrete set of the involutive elements which generate operators satisfying the Clifford algebra relations and allow to construct extended SUSY for the Pauli Hamiltonian.