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Nutritional aspects of endurance exercise in humans

A sedentary life is associated with an increased incidence of a number of disease states, including cardiovascular disease and obesity, and concern is often expressed about the trend towards a decline in the level of physical activity undertaken by the general population. For a significant part of the population, however, daily life still involves a substantial amount of exercise; this is especially true for those living in non-industrialized countries. In other regions, the decrease in the need for hard physical labour on an occupational basis has resulted in a sedentary lifestyle for most of the population, but a need for regular exercise appears to persist in some individuals. Although they have been spared the need to work in order to obtain food, they choose to substitute exercise on a recreational basis. Increased attention is now being paid to the nutritional implications of exercise, and especially of participation in recreational sporting activities which involve prolonged strenuous exercise. Any physical activity will increase energy expenditure and, therefore, will affect energy balance, although the role of exercise in weight control is still widely debated. Exercise also has some specific effects on the requirements for individual nutrients, but again the nutritional implications of exercise participation are often misunderstood and misrepresented.