{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02768790443006471, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013750622200099552, 'mean_word_length': 5.15116724071948, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Wireless Threat to Fixed Broadband Services

This paper provides results from a survey of broadband customers in Australia in November 2017. Respondents included both NBN customers and non-NBN broadband customers. The survey showed an increasing acceptance of mobile broadband, in line with other market trends, but identified significant dissatisfaction – one quarter of mobile broadband respondents and about one third of fixed broadband respondents – with current services. Factors that may affect a decision to switch from fixed to mobile broadband, or vice versa, included price, reliability, bundling of phone with broadband, and the capability of streaming video on demand. Negative perceptions of the NBN are also significant. Overall, we identify that about 30% of existing fixed broadband households would consider switching to a wireless broadband service. We also note the future rollout of 5G wireless service and the resultant market positioning of telcos, which may support further positive perceptions of wireless broadband.


Introduction
Advances in mobile broadband technologies combined with increases in smart device penetration have delivered significant growth in wireless broadband usage. As consumers rely more and more on wireless broadband connectivity, specific customer segments may look to cut their fixed broadband connection and rely solely on wireless devices for broadband connectivity.
Fixed to mobile broadband substitution may therefore threaten the viability of fixed networks by reducing the overall fixed customer base. This risk has been recognized in Australia's NBN Co (which is currently rolling out a fixed broadband access network to most Australian premises), where NBN Co's chairman, Dr Ziggy Switkowski, has been quoted as saying "wireless broadband will be a legitimate alternative to fixed broadband in the 2020s for some applications -more than we may have assumed 5 years ago" (Switkowski, 2017). The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has also highlighted the potential of 5G to increase fixed to mobile and wireless substitution (ACCC, 2018a, chapter 6). More recently, Optus launched its 5G fixed wireless broadband service aiming for an initial 47 Fixed Wireless sites by March 2019 (Optus media release, 31 January 2019) and Telstra highlighted 5G fixed wireless broadband use cases in its 5G update (Telstra 5G Update, 5 December 2018).
To examine the issue of fixed to mobile broadband substitution in more detail, Venture Insights conducted an Australian consumer market survey to investigate the: • Current level of mobile substitution for broadband services; • Current level of satisfaction with fixed and wireless broadband services; • Willingness to move from fixed to wireless broadband services.
The survey was conducted online in November 2017 and was composed of a nationally representative sample of 1,446 broadband households. The survey data collection was cofunded by Venture Insights and the ACCC. In addition to questions about broadband connections (as described in the next section) and broadband usage, we also collected data on location (postcode), household size, household income, type of dwelling (house or apartment) and whether the premises were owned or rented.

Broadband Connections
To understand the range of household broadband services in use, respondents were asked to categorise their primary household broadband connection. Of the 1,446 households, 911, or 63% of the total (the 'non-NBN group'), had a broadband connection not supplied by NBN Co and 535, or 37% (the 'NBN-connected households'), had an NBN connection.
For the non-NBN group, the key access types were ADSL or ADSL2 (70%), Hybrid Fibre-Coax (HFC) (13%), Fixed Wireless (5%) and Mobile only services-3G/4G (10%). This distribution is shown in Figure 1.  In this group, 92 respondents -or 6.4% of the total survey sample -claimed to rely on mobile broadband (3G/4G) only. For these respondents, the key demographics were skewed towards (i) lower household income brackets, (ii) the rental market, (iii) regional locations, and (iv) living alone. In addition, 95% of these respondents indicated that their usage was less than 200 GB per month. These results suggest that price of broadband is an important consideration for these households, in addition to the convenience of wireless if moving house (rental market) and low data usage not justifying having both fixed and mobile broadband connections.
For the NBN-connected households, the key access types (shown in Figure 2)   It is also worth noting that, of the total fixed broadband respondents (NBN and non-NBN), 50% estimated that their monthly data usage was less than 200 GB. This represents a large segment of the fixed market that could potentially be serviced by wireless solutions.  The popularity and growth of fixed broadband penetration is driven by several factors: • Netflix effect: Between 2015 and 2017, there has been strong take-up of subscription video on demand (SVOD) by subscribers and households (see Figure   4), driven by the rise of SVOD providers such as Netflix. This has also driven data usage, since many households are often viewing separate video streams on multiple devices at the same time. • Connected devices: The number of connected devices per household continues to grow and includes PCs, smart TVs, tablets, music streaming devices such as Sonos, digital assistants such as Google Home, smartphones and home security devices. We expect the number of devices per capita to grow to 9.5 by 2021 (from 5.5 in 2015 -Cisco, 2017) thereby continuing to position the broadband router and the fixed broadband connection as the work hub for the home.
• Affordability: There are a range of price competitive plans, with many plans offering unlimited data. In the past year, fixed broadband prices have reduced between 5%-30% depending on the plan and provider. Figure 5 shows some fixed broadband prices in Australia offered by retail service providers. The above drivers for fixed broadband growth indicate a strong need for affordable and reliable broadband services which allow for growing data usage. Unlimited data allowances would provide peace of mind for broadband consumers, but note that, as indicated above, 50% of the total fixed broadband respondents (NBN and non-NBN) estimated their data usage at less than 200 GB per month.

From Fixed to Mobile
When asked about their level of satisfaction with their fixed broadband service, 67% of fixed broadband respondents indicated they were satisfied with their household fixed broadband service, leaving 16% as neither satisfied or dissatisfied and another 17% as fairly or very dissatisfied. Of the total fixed broadband customers, 16% indicated they were considering cancelling their fixed service and switching to a wireless service within 2 years and 14% indicated they would consider switching to wireless when they were migrated to the NBN. Figure 6 below lists the reasons for wanting to switch to wireless, with the key reasons being: • Concerns over the NBN; • Wireless faster than their fixed connection; • Wireless is cheaper; • Portability. Conversely, the key reasons for fixed broadband respondents not considering a switch to wireless ( Figure 7) were: • Keeping their fixed phone/broadband bundle; • Reliability of fixed service; • Fixed is cheaper; • Fixed is faster.  The fixed broadband respondents who raised concerns about switching to NBN reflect a rise in customer complaints (in line with a rise in NBN connections) to the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman (TIO) and the associated media coverage. Figure 8 shows that TIO complaints increased by more than eight times from 2014 to 2017 but have levelled off with marginally fewer complaints in 2018.

Figure 8. Consumer complaints about the NBN (Source: Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman)
As a result of the rise of consumer complaints, the Government asked the ACMA to look into the issues around the NBN. In August 2017, the ACMA began a program of work to gather information to better understand the type, incidence and cause of the problems consumers face when migrating to and using the NBN. A report on key findings was issued in December 2017 (ACMA, 2017a). In December 2017, the ACMA announced a suite of new telco rules (to be in place by 1 July 2018) aimed at improving the customer experience (ACMA, 2017b). In addition, the ACCC has initiated the Measuring Broadband Australia (MBA) program which will source internet performance data from customers of retail service providers across Australia. The third report of the MBA program was issued in November 2018 (ACCC, 2018b).
The MBA program will allow customers to compare broadband speeds delivered in peak and off-peak, which will enable customers to make better choices.
Interestingly, both survey groups -fixed broadband respondents who are interested in switching to mobile and those not interested in switching -raised the same (but opposite) reasons: wireless being cheaper vs fixed being cheaper; and wireless being more reliable vs fixed being more reliable. As a result, it is clear there are differing views on the benefits of mobile versus fixed broadband technologies: this will likely reflect the lack of uniformity in coverage and quality issues within both technologies and other factors such as types of internet usage and time of day.
Whilst this may ultimately mean customers may have to experience both technologies before being able to make an informed comparison, these differences, combined with a willingness to switch, indicate that new wireless broadband services will be able to gain market share from fixed services. Whilst we do not believe wireless will be a replacement for fixed broadband services, it is clear that specific customers segments are at risk.
The differing views on the benefits of mobile versus fixed broadband technologies also highlight: • the opportunity for telcos to further communicate their service capabilities; and • that NBN must continue to focus on resolving its perceived quality issues, while also ensuring a competitive product roadmap is in place for future broadband products.

From Mobile to Fixed
Of the current wireless broadband respondents, 75% indicated they were satisfied with their wireless broadband service (compared with 67% for fixed broadband respondents). The satisfaction rate reflects the growing use and acceptance by consumers of accessing the internet through devices such as smartphones. More than 80% of Australia's adult population now use smartphones, up from just under 65% four years ago -see Figure 9. Mobile internet traffic has grown by nearly 9 times over the last four years (see Figure 10), reflecting customers' increased consumption of video content on mobile through SVOD apps and rising video content on social media (especially Facebook and YouTube). However, of the dissatisfied wireless broadband customers, the key reasons given were: (i) monthly costs; (ii) unreliability; and (iii) data allowance. In addition, 14% indicated they were considering cancelling their wireless service within 2 years (to switch to fixed) and 9% indicated they would consider switching to fixed when they were migrated to the NBN (or when the NBN becomes available). The key reasons (see Figure 11) for considering a switch to fixed were: • Streaming (e.g. Netflix) -which reflects the increase of SVOD, discussed above, and simultaneous streaming to multiple devices within the household; • Price -which is likely to be linked to the next issue of increased data consumption; • Data allowance -reflecting increases in streaming requirements or changes in household consumption patterns; • Fixed phone bundling. This is interesting as the trend towards cutting the fixed phone has been increasing over time and bundling is the key reason why fixed phone disconnections are not increasing more rapidly. Conversely, the key reasons for not considering a switch to fixed were: (i) no need for fixed; (ii) portability; (iii) concerns with the NBN; and (iv) no fixed-line options available.
Similar to the fixed broadband respondents' reasons for switching/not switching, there are clearly differing views of the capabilities and experience of the two technologies. The actual trade-offs between fixed and wireless speeds and price points may in practice be different from the respondents' answers. However, the consumer view of wireless being a potentially better product for some respondents, combined with some negative perceptions of the NBN product (for both sets of respondents), will enable competitor fixed wireless and mobile only products to gain market share, especially if the negative perceptions of the NBN are not addressed.

Advances in Mobile Technology -5G
With the planned rollout of 5G mobile networks across all mobile network operators in Australia, we can expect increased marketing and positioning of 5G services as providing an even better experience than 3G and 4G services across a range of factors -see Figure 12. We expect that, over time, the difference in capacity between mobile and fixed Internet will diminish, making mobile a more viable universal Internet access solution for many users.
Thus, whilst 5G will initially continue to complement fixed broadband, over time it may erode fixed broadband market share. This, of course, will depend on the operators' design of the 5G network (small cell sizes, spectrum availability etc.) and the usage requirements of customer segments (for example, a large family actively using a range of internet services and applications versus low usage individuals or households).

Market positioning for 5G
There is a range of activity in the Australian market as operators position themselves for the launch of 5G networks and fixed wireless broadband solutions. Optus has launched its 5G fixed wireless service, Telstra has highlighted 5G fixed wireless broadband use cases and Vodafone has indicated they are looking at fixed wireless alternatives -subject to NBN wholesale pricing. These activities will further increase consumer interest and options for wireless broadband services.
In addition, Vodafone and Telstra provide options to include a wireless SIM in their fixed broadband WiFi routers -allowing users to switch between wireless and fixed to ensure reliable connectivity. As such, as network technologies improve, these operators could opt to switch low-usage customers to wireless only without changing the hardware or causing any disruption to users.

Conclusion
There is clear potential for growing wireless-only household broadband services. Our survey results, identifying the growing acceptance of wireless services combined with some doubts about NBN service quality, indicate 30% of existing fixed broadband households would consider switching to a wireless broadband service.
However, there are differing views on the benefits of mobile versus fixed broadband technologies. This will likely reflect the lack of uniformity in coverage and quality issues across both service types, as well as other factors such as types of internet usage and time of day. The results of the ACMA NBN review and the ACCC performance monitoring program are likely to help consumers make more informed decisions.
In addition, the differing views on the benefits of mobile versus fixed broadband technologies highlight the opportunity for telcos to further communicate their service capabilities. Further, and most significantly, the NBN must continue to focus on resolving its perceived quality issues, while also ensuring a competitive product roadmap is in place for future broadband products.
Finally, the rollout of 5G networks and fixed wireless broadband solutions in Australia will further increase consumer interest and options for wireless broadband services. Whilst we do not believe that wireless broadband services will fully replace fixed broadband services, it is clear that specific fixed broadband customer segments will be under threat.