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Toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin to yearling rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

The effects of the blue-green algae (cyanobacterial) toxin microcystin-LR on yearling rainbow trout were studied in a series of intraperitoneal injection tests, gavage trials and exposures to waterborne algae. Concentrations of the microcystin-producing algae Microcystis aeruginosa known to occur during algae blooms (8-16 mg freeze-dried algae/L, i.e. approximately 1-2 × 1011 cells/L) were shown to be non-toxic to trout when present in aquarium water. On the other hand, trout died within 96 h when gavaged with an amount of algae equivalent to that which passed through the gills within 18 h in the aqueous exposure tests (1440 mg freeze-dried algae/kg body weight, i.e. 6600/.tg microcystin/kg body weight). Oral uptake of approximately one tenth of this dose (110 mg freeze-dried algae/kg body weight, i.e. 550/lg microcystin/kg body weight) proved to be non-toxic in single gavaging studies, but toxic within 96 h when orally administered 8 times at 12-h intervals. This study shows that the main uptake route of microcystin in trout is the gastrointestinal tract and that toxicity is manifested as massive hepatic necrosis. These results indicate that massive fish deaths reported at cyanobacterial bloom sites can be explained by the ingestion of toxic blue-green algae.