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The bullfrog's sacculus is structurally tuned: a finite-element analysis

The authors constructed a finite-element model of the bullfrog's sacculus. Hair-bundle elements were modeled as elastic beams extending between a ground plane and an elastic, massive membrane representing the overlying accessory structure. The authors' results reveal that the structure of the bullfrog's sacculus is tuned, conferring to the organ sensitivity and frequency discrimination.