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Minimal predicted distance: a kinematic cue to investigate collision avoidance between walkers

Collision-free navigation requires avoiding static and moving obstacles as well as other humans. Previous studies have focused on the avoidance of static (Vallis and McFadyen 2003; Jansen et al. 2011) or passive moving obstacles such as mannequins (Gérin-Lajoie and Richards 2005; Cinelli and Patla 2007). Collision avoidance between human walkers has only been studied in a frontal task to investigate the influence of gender and height on lateral deviation and clearance distance (van Basten and Jansen 2009). Our objective was to identify the conditions that lead to avoidance manoeuvres in locomotor trajectories of two walkers. Based on the assumption of a reciprocal interaction, we suggest a mutual variable, the minimum predicted distance (MPD), which emphasises the risk of collision and describes general collision avoidance behaviour.