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Pyrroloquinoline Quinone: Tissue Distribution and Metabolism

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) acts as a growth factor affecting a variety of systemic functions when deficient in diets (e.g. reduced mitochondria, altered lipid metabolism). Moreover, PQQ is hypothesized as important in the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, PQQox and PQQred are not efficient peroxyanion radical scavengers, although both interact with superoxide. Imidazolopyrroloquinoline (IPQ), a product of PQQ and amino acid condensation, is a very poor radical scavenger, although an apparent PQQ/IPQ ‐ amino acid intermediate (formed from reacting PQQ with gly) is an excellent ROS scavenger (e.g. equivalent to trolox in ROS scavenging TRAP and ABTS assays). Nevertheless, a mechanistic issue is whether the low tissue concentrations of PQQ or this intermediate are sufficient to effectively scavenge ROS. In rats and mice, tissue levels are 1/100 to 1/1000 those for other radical scavengers (e.g. 3–8 ng PQQ/g of liver or muscle in contrast to micrograms of tocopherols isomer/g of tissue). In this regard, data on PQQ nutritional balance and tissue levels will be presented. An intriguing finding is that tissue levels of PQQ appear to be regulated in developmental animal model systems (e.g. rodent and avian embryo cultures or incubations) and increase 2–3 fold throughout development, even when there is no apparent external source of PQQ. (Support: Mitsubishi Chem. Inc.; CHNR, UC Davis).