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Roughness Parameterization Using Full-Waveform Airborne LiDAR Data

Detailed topographic information is of high importance for studying and characterizing earth surface morphology and processes. Airborne LiDAR, also referred to as Airborne Laser Scanning, provides such a tool for the acquisition of highly detailed three-dimensional elevation information. This study examines the potential of the newest generation of LiDAR sensors, the full-waveform recording small-footprint airborne systems, for surface roughness characterization. Surface roughness maps are valuable datasets, for example to investigate landslide morphology and activity and are input layers for distributed models such as hydrological/hydrodynamic or energy balance models. Full-waveform LiDAR provides additional attributes for each detected echo (i.e. range measurement) with (i) the signal intensity characterizing the reflectance of the scanned surface and (ii) the echo width standing for the elevation distribution of the scatterers of a distinct target hit by the laser beam. Particularly, the echo width contains information on the vertical variation of the surface in the planimetric scale of the laser footprint size, which is generally in the sub-meter domain when using small-footprint airborne sensors (e.g. 0.2-0.5m diameter). The vertical resolution depends on the waveform digitizing interval, which is typically 1 ns.