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Are Panamanians of Caribbean Ancestry an Endangered Species? Critical Literary Debates on Panamanian Blackness in the Works of Carlos Wilson, Gerardo Maloney, and Carlos Russell

Contemporary Panamanian writers of West Indian descent shed light on the formation of black Anglophone Caribbean identity in a nation constructed around non-blackness. As writers of Panamanian and Caribbean ancestry, Carlos Wilson, Gerardo Maloney and Carlos Russell navigate geographically and linguistically between the West Indies, Panama and Africa. Their literary texts challenge dominant discourses of homogeneity and whiteness in favor of a black one that promotes a Caribbean heritage through a consciously racialized discourse. Indeed, they strive to be both Panamanian and Caribbean in a nation that views both in conflict. As a result, their works on West Indian nationalism challenge, refute and spur critical literary debates on blackness in a country that has suppressed a black national and literary identity since Colonialism.