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A perspective on the therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera and its metabolites against emerging COVID-19 pandemic

As the pathobiology of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has been complicated by pre-existing conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and respiratory illness to which inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction are critically implicated, natural products with multitargeted pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation and immunomodulation hold promise in the management of this emerging global pandemic. In this perspective, we aimed at highlighting the pleiotropic medicinal potentials of the miracle herb Moringa oleifera and its secondary metabolites that may benefit patients with COVID-19 and discuss the plausible mechanisms underlying the protection against pathobiology of COVID-19 comorbidities. Online databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were accessed to retrieve literature using the search keywords, including Moringa oleifera, diabetes, CVD, obesity, neurological disorders, and COVID-19. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that M. oleifera and its secondary metabolites are effective as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory agents. Evidence also claims that COVID-19 comorbidities can be managed through M. oleifera-based therapy. Furthermore, in silico identification of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-based antiviral agents such as isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and apigenin from the secondary metabolites of M. oleifera has raised the possibility of developing potential therapeutic lead against COVID-19. Despite having antiviral efficacy, this information is only predictive against SARS-CoV-2 and therefore calls for further validation through preclinical and clinical investigations. This review provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that may underlie the pleiotropic pharmacological actions of M. oleifera against the pathobiology of COVID-19 and comorbidities.