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Dissection of the Eyelid and Orbit with Modernised Anatomical Findings

Sufficient knowledge of eyelid and orbit anatomy is essential for achieving optimal functional and cosmetic results in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. Utilizing the surgical techniques used in vivo can result in difficulties in correct exposure and identification of structures in cadavers. Therefore, special techniques are required to perform appropriate post-mortem anatomical dissections of the eyelid and orbit. In addition, as the number of cadavers for teaching and dissections is very limited, systematic anatomical dissections will maximize their efficient utilization. Here, we present detailed techniques of eyelid and orbital dissections with modernized anatomical findings for anatomists as well as ophthalmologists, focusing on preparation for dissection, dissection of the upper and lower eyelids, handling of the conjunctival fornix, the medial and lateral canthi, and identification of extraocular muscle insertions.