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Lumbee Indian Identity and Survival: Fight For Federal Recognition

In The Lumbee Indians: An American Struggle , Malinda Maynor Lowery, an enrolled member of the Lumbee Tribe, examines her people ’ s story as they participated in the building of the United States; resisted settler encroachment onto their land; and expe-rienced political, economic, and social challenges and successes while fighting for federal recognition. In this comprehensive narrative, Lowery provides detailed answers to questions that surround Lumbee authenticity by using oral histories, personal experi-ences, and documentary evidence to support the existence and survival of her people. Lowery divides her study on Lumbee history into seven themes that focus on European contact: the American Revolution; and the Civil War; the segregation era; the civil rights movement; the Red Power movement; the 1980s war on drugs; and the challenges of creating a tribal constitution in their attempts to obtain federal recognition in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. She argues that “ one tribal name or single cultural origin is insufficient to explain Lumbee history ” because today ’ s Lumbee Tribe is a consequence of the coalescence of many nations (18). Although many of today ’ s federally recognized tribes are a result of coalescence, the leaders of these nations maintain that tribal names signify historical and cultural continuity over an extensive time. Indeed, most of these tribes have an uninterrupted, proven connection to their ancestors of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Despite the challenges to Lumbee authenticity, Lowery fleshes out her people ’ s connection to the Cheraw Indians that migrated to eastern South Carolina in 1712. The Cheraws, she reasons, were first encountered by Hernando de Soto (1540) as the Xualla Indians, a tribal group she connects to the late seventeenth-century Saura Indians of