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Modality in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo’s Presidential Inauguration Speeches

This study examined the modality in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo’s Presidential Inauguration speeches in October 2009 and 2019. This study shows the similarities and differential modality values in the speeches. By employing modality, people are unengaged to express ideas that do not seem to be facts with various degrees of certainty. This research included the purposes of applying modality in the speeches. The research was conducted using qualitative descriptive methods, specifically through documentation observation. The results showed that there were three types of modality in both of the Presidential speeches out of the four types of modality stated by Holiday. There were no differences found in the values of the speeches. These values were the indication of how Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo’s intended to manage their programs in the second period of their leaderships as Indonesian president in 2009-2014 and 2019-2024.


Introduction
One of the language metafunctions is Interpersonal Function (Halliday, 2004). This talks about the social world, especially the connection between speaker and hearer, and is worried about the clause as exchanges. Taylor (2002) Interpersonal metafunction is fundamentally realized through the system of mood and modality. The primary refers to the types of clauses declarative, interrogative, imperative, while the second refers to the degree of commitment of the speaker/writer and hearer/reader towards the items he/she says. The modal verbs like a must, can and may depict different degrees of obligation.

Modality refers to the intermediate choices between yes and no.
It is a big technique within the expression of argument and opinion. By employing modality, people are unengaged to express ideas that do not seem to be facts with AICLL various degrees of certainty (Halliday1985). Furthermore, Fairclough (2003) proposes that modality deals with what speakers commit themselves to, concerning what is true and what is necessary. Kazeem and Olaniyan (2015: 10) the concept of modality is to use language to specific an attitude or express thought during an utterance during which the expression is often delivered in communication like in a debate, in speech, etc.
Moreover, modality is because the speaker's judgment, or request of the judgment of the listener, on the status of what is being said (Halliday, 2004). The study is intended to check the meaning of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo's speeches by using modality theory. By analyzing that it is often interpreted the meaning of modality utilized by both of them into the category of modalities. Therefore, the attitude or personal opinion found in their speeches can prove the meaning of modality supported by the category of modalities (Wang, 2010: 59). Through modality, the speaker can influence the listener of what is said. Hence, modality is additionally important to be analyzed.
The researchers will know the categories, values, and orientation of modalities. From modality it is obtainable to express of the speaker's attitude towards the case, condition, or others to detect the meaning for the listener to be utilized in the interpretation of the meanings of probability, usuality, supposition, and willingness. Mostly, the modality is employed in daily conversation unconsciously. So, modality is a vital part of clause exchanges to be analyzed to understand how modality impacts the meaning of language.
The reason why the researchers are interested in conducting this study is that the researchers are curious about the existence of modality in communication.This study is expected to be able to give significances to the reader, both theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the significance is to enrich the Modality studies through the speech; practically, it shows the realization of Modality in President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and JokoWidodo's speeches.

Modality
Modality refers to the intermediate choices between yes and no. It is a big technique within the expression of argument and opinion. By employing modality, people are liberated to express ideas that do not seem to be facts with various degrees of certainty (Halliday 1985). Furthermore, Fairclough (2003) proposes that modality deals with what AICLL speakers commit themselves. Modality is that the speaker"s judgment, or request of the listener, on the status of what is being said (Halliday, 2014).Fairclough (2003) sees that modality should do with commitment which covers the speaker's judgment and attitude in presenting his ideas and messages in text. Therefore, modality choices in texts are seen as a part of the method of texturing self-identity. Additionally, who you are maybe a matter of how you relate to the globe and others. The implication of modality use will depend upon some variables (Tchaparian, 2017: 27). Halliday proposes three variables: a system of type, orientation, and value (1994). These systems are applied to research the modality in President SusiloBambangYudhoyono and Jokowi's speech as a framework of the study.There are four sorts of modality; usuality, probability, obligation, and inclination. In modularization, the speaker is making an announcement or question on information to the listener. Within the statement, the modality is an expression of the speaker's opinion, whereas within the question it is a missive of invitation for the listener's opinion (Halliday, 1994).

Orientation of Modality
The basic distinction determines how each style of modality is going to be realized. That is, the excellence between subjective and objective modality, and between the specific and implicit variants, discussed (with relevance probability) within the preceding section (Kazeem,

Value of Modality
The third variable in modality is the value that is attached to the modal judgment: high, medium, or low. These values are summarized in Table 10-9, with"objective implicit' forms as category labels. The medium value is clearly set apart from the two "outer' values by the system of polarity: the medium is that in which the negative is freely transferable between the proposition and the modality:   The four types of modal operators can occur in all four modality types. However,their use is more restricted in the inclination and usuality (Halliday, 1994).

Conceptual Framework
This study was initially started by having some understanding of modality theory.
This reveals a pre-input to analyze contrastively such types of modality in SBY and Joko Widodo's two-period speeches. The description of how this study conducted is represented in the following captures:

Research Method
Method is required for this analysis to induce qualified research. During this research, the researchers use a qualitative method to conduct this study. The term refers to the kind of research question, design, and data analysis that may be applied to a given topic. It often uses visual aids like a table, chart, or diagram to assist the reader in understanding the info distribution.
This method emphasizes the method rather than the results of the research. In Techniques for collecting data are done by by documentation observation and technique for analyzing data are as follows: 1. Downloading and copying the transcripts of presidential speeches from www.
2. Translating from original (Bahasa Indonesia) into the target language (English).

Reading closely the transcripts of President SusiloBambangYudhoyono and Joko
Widodo's speeches on inauguration days.
4. Analyze the presidential speeches based on modality theory.

Result and Discussion
Here are the analyses of two speeches namely:

High Degree of Probability in SBY's Speeches
High value implies that the speaker has a high belief towards the President's speech. It means the speaker's speeches consist of positive or yes sense. The data are clauses in a high degree of probability. This analysis is displayed in the table as follows:

Medium Degree of Probability in SBY's Speeches
Medium value implies that positive or negative meaning is that the meaning of the speaker could be seen in the between yes or no sense. The data could be positive and also negative towards the topic of the speaker. The following analyses on modalities of medium degree of probability in SBY's speeches are displayed in the table below:

Low Degree of Probability in SBY's Speeches
A low degree implies that the speaker has a low belief or the weak certainty in the statement of the speaker towards the topic. It contains negative or no sense. The analyses of the clauses above are displayed here.

High Degree of Obligation in SBY's Speeches
High value of obligation implies a necessity of demand of someone to do something. It is represented by the variable in modality, as follows:

Medium Degree of Inclination in SBY's Speeches
Medium degree of inclination occurs when it is more flexible than the first. It is represented by want and will that show desire. Below are the data analysis in text of SBY's speeches:

Medium Degree of Probability in JokoWidodo's Speeches
Medium value implies that positive or negative meaning is the meaning of the speaker seen between yes or no sense. The data could be positive and also negative towards topic of speaker. The following analyses on modalities of medium degree of probability in Joko Widodo's speeches are displayed in the table below:

Low Degree of Probability in Joko Widodo's Speeches
Low degree implies that the speaker has low belief or the weak certainty in statement of speaker towards the topic. It contains negative or no sense. The analyses of clauses above are displayed into some tables. They are as follows:

High Degree of Obligation in JokoWidodo's Speeches
High value of obligation implies a necessity of demand of someone to do something. It is represented by the variable in modality, as follows:

Medium Degree of Inclination in Joko Widodo's Speeches
Medium degree of inclination occurs when it is more flexible than the first. It is represented by want and will that show desire. Below are the data analysis in text of Joko

Conclusion
Based on the finding and discussion, there are four styles of modality namely usuality, probability, obligation, and inclination and there are three values of modality, high, medium, and low. In this study, there are only three kinds of modality namely probability, obligation, and inclination, and the medium probability is the most dominant in two presidential speeches.
It may be concluded that the contents of two presidential speeches delivered by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo mostly are carried out by medium probability which is begun by will and would. It implies that various agreements are delivered in an exceedingly presidential speeches uncertainly wishing to fulfill their appointment.