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Microglia Stimulate Zebrafish Brain Repair Via a Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Initiated Inflammatory Cascade

The adult zebrafish brain, unlike mammals, has a remarkable regenerative capacity. Although inflammation inhibits regeneration in mammals, it is necessary for zebrafish brain repair. Microglia are resident brain immune cells that regulate the inflammatory response. To explore the microglial role in repair, we used liposomal clodronate, colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (csf1r) inhibition to ablate microglia and two genetic mutants that lacks microglia during brain injury. We found that microglial ablation inhibited injury-induced neurogenesis and regeneration. Microglial suppression specifically attenuated cell proliferation at the progenitor cell amplification stage of neurogenesis. Notably, the loss of microglia impaired phospho-stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and ß-catenin signaling by dynamic regulation of tumor necrosis factor-a after injury, and the ectopic activation of stat3 and ß-catenin rescued neurogenesis defects caused by microglial loss. Microglial absence leads to neutrophil accumulation, hindering the resolution of inflammation and macrophages are not sufficient for regeneration. These findings reveal specific roles of microglia and inflammatory signaling during zebrafish telencephalic regeneration that should provide strategies to improve mammalian brain repair.