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Passion, politics and the French Third Republic

Passion and politics dominate these books, whether as the politics of hatred exemplified by antisemitism, the supposed crimes passionels of Leo Frank and Madame Caillaux or the quieter passion of Barthou the patriot and bibliophile. Though there is a certain overlap in the subjects under study, each of these works takes a very different approach with very different results. Anti-semitism in France is a translation of Birnbaum's Un mythe politique: la 'Republiquejuive''. De Leon Blum a Pierre Mendes France (Paris: Fayard, 1988), which is a more accurate title than the English one; the original includes 34 cartoons not reproduced here and was first printed in paperback at a third of the price of this hardback version, which in compensation gains a five-page postscript on the revival of antisemitism up to 1990. The translation is by Miriam Kochan, who has coped admirably with the puns and poems of antisemitic propagandists. Birnbaum argues that the nature of the state has to be considered as a variable in antisemitism, and that political antisemitism was born under the Third Republic. The identification of Jews and the republic was not just made by antisemitic anti-republicans but also by Jews themselves, who had been emancipated by the first republic and were then integrated into the state system by the third: Jews owed their freedom to liberalism and the republic and they repaid their debt by being among the republic's most loyal servants. All this was summarized by the transition from 'court Jews' on the fringes of the establishment to 'state Jews' educated at the Ecole normale superieure or Ecole polytechnique, becoming fonctionnaires, prefects and deputies in the republican meritocracy, a process accelerated by the immigration of Jews loyal to France from Alsace and Lorraine in 1871. The weakness of the British and American states stands in contrast to this, countries where there could never be 'state Jews' because there was no strong state with which to identify.