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Non-zero Mean Alpha Oscillations are Evident in Computational Model and Empirical Data

Oscillations and evoked responses are two main types of neuronal activity recorded non-invasively with EEG/MEG. Although typically studied separately, they might in fact represent the same neuronal process. One possibility to unite them is to demonstrate that neuronal oscillations have non-zero mean which would indicate that stimulus- or task-triggered amplitude modulation of oscillations will unavoidably lead to the generation of evoked responses. We validated this mechanism using computational modelling and analysis of a large EEG data set. With a biophysical model, we indeed demonstrated that the mean of alpha oscillations is non-zero for a wide range of model parameters. In EEG data we detected non-zero mean alpha oscillations in about 96% of the participants. Furthermore, using complementary neuronal-ensemble modelling, we provided an explanation for the previously observed discrepancies between evoked responses and oscillatory amplitude changes after stimulus presentation. Overall, our results provide strong support for the unification of neuronal oscillations and evoked responses.