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Conventional and non-conventional fishbone instabilities driven by circulating energetic ions

Fishbone activity was observed in many experiments on tokamaks and spherical tori. It was observed also in some experiments on stellarators. Although fishbone oscillations were discovered in an experiment with trapped energetic ions, in many cases fishbones are associated with circulating ions. Conventional fishbone instability is a rigid kink displacement with the mode numbers 1 n m . But recently it was found that