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Diacetylenic lipid microstructures: structural characterization by X-ray diffraction and comparison with the saturated phosphatidylcholine analogue.

Thermotropic and lyotropic mesomorphism in the polymerizable lecithin 1,2-ditricosa-10,12-diynoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and its saturated analogue, 1,2-ditricosanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, has been investigated by wide- and low-angle X-ray diffraction of both powder and oriented samples and by differential scanning calorimetry. Previous studies have shown that the hydrated diacetylenic lipid forms novel microstructures (tubules and stacked bilayer sheets) in its low-temperature phase. The diffraction results indicate that at low temperatures fully hydrated tubules and sheets have an identical lamellar repeat size (d001 = 66.4 A) and crystalline-like packing of the acyl chains. Chain packing in the lamellar crystalline phase is hydration independent. A model for the polymerizable lecithin with (1) fully extended all-trans methylene segments, (2) a long-axis tilt of 32 degrees, and (3) minimal chain interdigitation seems most reasonable on energetic grounds, is consistent with the diffraction data (to 3.93-A resolution), and is likely to support facile polymerization. Above the chain "melting" transition the lamellar repeat of the polymerizable lipid increases to 74 A. The conformational similarity between tubules, sheets, and the dry powder is corroborated by calorimetry, which reveals a cooling exotherm at the same temperature where tubules form upon cooling hydrated sheets. The data suggest that although a high degree of conformational order is a pertinent feature of tubules, this character alone is not sufficient to account for tubule formation. The conformation of the corresponding saturated phosphatidylcholine appears to be similar to that of other saturated phosphatidylcholines in the lamellar gel phase. Furthermore, above the main transition temperature, the dry, saturated lipid shows evidence of a P delta phase (112 degrees C), whereas the diacetylenic lipid appears to exhibit a centered rectangular phase, R alpha (55 degrees C).