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CONFLICT IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES

During the 1990s, the number of communal conflicts grew with the resurgence of deepening divisions in heterogeneous societies. This article understands conflict in divided societies in terms of collective action based on the perception of threats and opportunities. Divisions in modernizing societies have deepened due to inequality in political and economic rewards and institutional access. Groups have to be mobilized for political action, and they can be formed around class, race, and ethnicity. Identity plays an important role in promoting a shared sense of meanings in social life. Many communal conflicts result from the failure to meet the prevailing expectations of modernization and nation building to fulfill the visions of a large political community. Popular mobilization is often instigated by the institutional exclusion of underprivileged social categories. Destructive violence can be managed by creating political mechanisms and processes for accommodation and compromise.