{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015596330275229359, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011009174311926606, 'mean_word_length': 5.129213483146067, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Ecology of Cities and Towns: Comparative studies of terrestrial vertebrates in urban areas

Comparative studies of terrestrial vertebrates are one approach that can be used by researchers to build on the extensive work done by animal ecologists and applied ecologists in cities (Luniak, 1990; VanDruff et al., 1994; Nilon and Pais, 1997). Much of this work pre-dates the renewed interest in cities by mainstream ecologists. The new emphasis on the ecology of cities provides new tools and approaches to conducting comparative studies that will be useful in answering questions about vertebrates in cities. In this chapter I will discuss why comparative studies of vertebrates are important to ecologists, managers and people who live in cities by reviewing the comparative studies that have been done on the vertebrate fauna of cities. I will describe some of the research on vertebrates that occur within the framework of urban ecosystems research, and I will propose a comparative study that illustrates how contemporary approaches to urban ecology can be applied to a conservation issue.