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Expression profile of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-3 in different grades of endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND
VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-3 are factors characterized as crucial for the process of tumor lymphangiogenesis.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess changes in the level of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in endometrial cancer at various grades (G1-G3).


METHOD
The study included 45 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer (G1, 17; G2, 15; G3, 13) and 15 patients without neoplastic changes. The expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-3 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.


RESULTS
Both in control and in all grades of endometrial cancer, VEGF-C expression was not observed. In the case of VEGF-D and VEGFR-3, the following regularity in expression was found: G3>G2>G1>C. There were statistically significant differences for each of the proteins and for all comparisons: G1 vs. C, G2 vs. C, G3 vs. C, G3 vs. G2, G3 vs. G1, G2 vs. G1. The results of the ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were always the same (p = 0.0000; p = 0.000008).


CONCLUSION
An increase in VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 levels may indicate that VEGF-D dependent processes are intensified along with the dedifferentiation of tumor cells. The lack of VEGF-C expression in endometrial cancer samples may suggest that this tumor is characterized by a mechanism of metastasis other than EMT. Our study emphasize that when analyzing the metastatic potential of cancer, the expression of more than one factor should be taken into account.