{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03498293515358362, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02218430034129693, 'mean_word_length': 5.375, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Cytological alterations in isolated hepatocytes from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to microcystin‐LR

Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) is the most commonly encountered of the toxic cyclic peptide hepatotoxins occurring in China. It is a model compound for toxicological studies. In this study, the toxicity of MC‐LR (50 and 500 μg/L) on isolated carp hepatocytes was determined and the ultrastructural alterations of cells induced by MC‐LR were observed. The alterations noted when hepatocytes were exposed to 50 μg/L MC‐LR were blebbing of cell membrane, shrinking and deformation of nuclei, vesiculation and transformation into concentric membrane whorls of RER, and swelling and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. However, when the cells were exposed to 500 μg/L MC‐LR, broken cell membranes, nuclei and cytoskeleton could be observed. These ultrastructural changes paralleled the pathological events, which lead to apoptosis or necrosis of hepatocytes. These results suggest that disruption of the cytoskeletal structures could account for the blebbing of cell membrane and apoptosis induced by MC‐LR. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 16: 517–522, 2001