{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.032635983263598324, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0301255230125523, 'mean_word_length': 4.889162561576355, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Perspectives in Living Donor and Recipient Perioperative Care from Japan

The number of liver transplantations performed in Japan reached 2692 cases by the end of 2003, of which 2667 cases were living-donor liver transplantations (LDLTs) and 25 were cadaveric transplantations (Table 1). The first liver transplantation in Japan was performed in 1968 using a liver graft from nonheart beating cadaveric donor. However, this method for the treatment of end-stage liver disease did not become prevalent. As a practical matter, the history of liver transplantation in Japan started with the first LDLT case in 1989. Since then the number of cases has rapidly increased (Table 2). Nowadays, LDLT has gained acceptance as one of choices for the treatment of endstage liver disease, and the number of the medical centers in Japan performing liver transplantation have increased to 51. The age of recipients is summarized in Table 3. There are 2 peaks in the distribution recipient age: 0 to 9 years old and 50 to 59 years old. In most of the earlier cases, the donated part of the liver was limited to the lateral segment or left lobe for donor safety. Hence, most recipients were children (<18 y) who received a piece of the liver donated by the parent. As the development of donor right lobectomy in 1998, adult cases have increased rapidly. Adult (Z18 y) cases accounted for more than half of those performed, by 1999 (Table 2). As the Organ Transplantation Act came into force in October 1997, brain-dead donor organ transplantation became legally possible in Japan. However, liver transplantation from brain-dead donors totaled only 23 cases by the end of 2003, and the annual number of brain-dead donors has not increased, despite efforts by procurement organizations and transplant coordinators. Hence, liver transplantation in Japan almost entirely depends on the liver graft donated from the living donor. Diseases resulting in LDLT in Japan are summarized in Table 4. In children, cholestatic diseases, such as biliary atresia, are the most common cause for LDLT, accounting for approximately 80%. In adults, the diseases are diverse, including cholestatic diseases (30.4%), neoplastic diseases (24.3%), hepatocellular diseases (20.6%), and acute liver failure (15.3%). Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is not a major cause for liver transplantation in Japan. ABO blood type incompatible cases