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Book Review: The Restoration Warship: The Design, Construction and Career of a Third Rate of Charles II's Navy

was compelled to exploit private resources to support the sea war against France, though the encouragement of privateering had serious consequences, including the growth of organized piracy around the British Isles which exposed limitations in the navy as a policing force. Weaknesses in the administration of the navy led to the establishment of a Council of Marine Causes in 1546, and a recognition that the admiralty was an important institution, though diverse interests continued to be represented within it. Of equal importance to these changes were improvements in pay and conditions of service. Under the monarchy's sponsorship, the honour of service at sea attracted a growing number of gentlemen officers, although definitions of office were characterized by an inherent fluidity and overlap with private venturing. The connection between naval, city and shipping interests grew closer during the Elizabethan period. As Loades demonstrates, the navy drew on the resources of the wider maritime community in a variety ofways. At the same time, the queeri's willingness to lend royal ships to adventurers such as Sir John Hawkins, trader, shipowner and naval administrator, underscores the peculiar nature of her navy. While the author's insistence that Hawkins "gave an acceptable face to piracy" [I 16] may be overdone, his career reveals much about the unstable relationship between predatory commercial enterprise and naval development. One of the underlying themes of this informative and valuable study is the way in which the navy was at the sharp end ofa dynamic, but shifting, partnership between the Tudor monarchy and private enterprise. While this was related to the financial burden of maintaining the navy, particularly during war time, at a deeper level it reflected the strengths and weaknesses of the early modern English state. In these circumstances the decline of Anglo-Spanish relations, and the subsequent outbreak of war in 1585, were both cause and consequence ofa hybrid form ofenterprise, whose champions, notably Sir Francis Drake, defy easy categorization. As David Loades indicates, the Spanish war had a dramatic impact on the strategic range and tactical use of the navy, which he suggests included the employment of line-ahead tactics during the Armada campaign. In addition the war led to the emergence ofan ambitious strategy for an offensive maritime campaign in the Atlantic. Although it was never fully implemented, it has provoked widespread discussion, though the issue is only briefly touched upon here. Indeed the author sees the expedition to Cadiz of 1596 as a suitable point to end this study of the Elizabethan navy. The latter part of the sea war is left to an epilogue; as a result, this study has little new to offer on naval development during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when the character and administration of the maritime conflict appeared to be changing.