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Total Cost of Ownership for Automated and Electric Drive Vehicles

Advances in technology and alternative fuels change the on-road vehicle fleet mix, which traditionally depends on internal combustion vehicles. These changes affect also the total cost of ownership (TCO) per vehicle technology and their market penetration rates. The goal of this paper is to identify indicators for a TCO based analysis for three vehicle technologies: A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), an Electric Vehicle (EV) and an Automated Electric Vehicle (AEV). The study is conducted by using data for the French market, for existing vehicle models; thus, the level three or “conditional driving automation” is used for the AEV. The assessment shows that while the EV is the most economical vehicle when considering the TCO, the HEV is more economical during the first two years. The high purchase cost of the AEV does not compensate during the vehicle lifetime compared to the other two technologies, although it profits from lower maintenance and time costs. The HEV approximates the AEV TCO at the end of its lifetime, however the higher expected resale value of the HEV make it attractive for consumers that desire lower purchase cost and higher resale