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Conversion of Public Green Open Spaces to Facilitate the Tourist Industry

Green open space is a space is dominated by an open environment, it can be in the form of parks, green lines, or recreational facilities. The benefits of having green open space in an area are that it can improve the quality of the environment, create environmental harmony and balance, provide freshness, a place for water absorption, and as a component of the structure and space of the city. In the development of an area, the ecological value of the land is often sacrificed to be replaced with a more economical function, such as the construction of additional facilities in the tourism area. To maintain the benefits of green open space, this study discusses the increasing use of green open space in the construction of tourism supporting facilities, especially those in Giriloyo Batik Village. This research is expected to be used as a consideration for the management of the Giriloyo Batik Village area, which later on the area can be managed properly, both in terms of physical and non-physical. This study used qualitative research methods. The impact of the construction of tourism support facilities in Giriloyo Batik Village shows that in the last 14 years there has been a change in land use. In particular, the change in the use of green open space as a support for tourism areas of 3 hectares or 3% of green open space is now used as built-up land. The tourism facilities in question include Gazebo Batik, cottage industries, dam, parking areas, and secretariats that put pressure on the land.


Introduction
Green open space is an elongated area or pathway and grouped, whose use is more open, where plants grow, both those that grow naturally and those that are intentionally planted [1]. Green open space is generally intended for reforestation as one of the elements of the city which is determined by the comfort and beauty factor for a city space. The comfort in question can be in the form of silencers, shade or protective equipment from the hot sun, and neutralizing the air. Meanwhile, beauty can be in the form of plant arrangement assisted by constructions aimed at resisting erosion. The arrangement of green open spaces also applies the principles of beauty and comfort [2].
According to the 2006 Directorate General of Spatial Planning, green open space is a field overgrown with various plants, in various strata, ranging from ground cover, shrubs, shrubs, and trees. Balancing the natural environment with the artificial environment, namely as a "vendor" of the function of environmental sustainability in water, soil and air media as well as the conservation of flora and fauna 2 biological resources. The continuity of natural ecological functions in the urban environment in a balanced and sustainable manner will form a healthy and humane city [3].
Planning for green open space or green open space in an area must take into account the spatial capacity considerations in responding to pollutant, carrying-capacity, and land-capability [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. The next consideration is human activities in utilizing space with increasing space requirements by developing community, capital, natural resources, and the environment [3]. All of these considerations are important to realize to achieve balance, harmony, and safety of open space and the surrounding environment. In addition, green open space planning in an area also needs to consider the realization of a harmonious, balanced, and in harmony with the surrounding environment. As part of the spatial plan, green open space in urban areas also has ecological, social, economic, and architectural functions and has aesthetic values that can make the value of pride and identity of the city itself [9].
Initially, most of the land in urban areas was open land or green open space. However, along with the increasing need for space in urban areas, these spaces are converted into built-up land. Development in an area tends to be accompanied by the development of the area. The development and development of an area is a process of land conversion to meet the needs of the community for the infrastructure and facilities needed in the development of an area [10].
In the development of an area, the ecological value of the land is often sacrificed to be replaced with a more economical function, such as the construction of additional facilities in the tourism area or land cover to support the accommodation of the area. The decrease in the quantity and quality of open space in urban areas has resulted in a decrease in environmental quality such as the occurrence of floods, increased air pollution, decreased community productivity due to stress due to the limitations of public spaces that are commonly used to interact [11].
The development of supporting space for the tourism industrial area can lead to a decrease in environmental quality, where with this development there will be a conversion of land functions that were originally green land into built-up land [12]. This land use change generally occurs in economically developing areas, such as what happened in the Giriloyo Batik Village. The changes that occur are caused by the development of tourism supporting infrastructure, the construction of tourism accommodation and its supporting facilities, and the conversion of land functions due to the existence of new settlements.
One of the related studies that has been carried out by Latifa Muliawati [13] in her thesis entitled Karangkulon Hamlet Tourism Landscape Planning in the Batik Village of Wukirsari Imogiri, Yogyakarta, discusses the character of the Karangkulon Hamlet landscape, both in terms of physical and socio-cultural aspects. The subject of this paper is the regional landscape planning which consists of spatial planning, circulation, vegetation, activities, and tourist facilities. The plan was developed based on the existing concept, namely the development of the Karangkulon Hamlet landscape into a batik tourism area that provides experience and education for visitors by considering the physical condition of the area that is prone to landslides. Where the planning is expected to be one of the efforts in improving the welfare of the community through tourism activities and preserving the batik culture in Karangkulon Hamlet [13]. Furthermore, research conducted by Ratika Tulus Wahyuhana and Mohammad Muktiali [14] with the title of research namely The Effect of the Sendang Asri Tourism Area of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir on Land Use Changes and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Community. This study uses quantitative research methods with sampling techniques (random sampling and purposive sampling). From the research that has been carried out by researchers, it can be concluded that the development of the Sendang Asri tourist area of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir has an influence on land use change which is marked by the development of tourist attractions such as water parks and entertainment stages as well as increasing trade and service areas. In the socio-economic aspect of the community, it is marked by increased knowledge of local communities in promoting local culture that is able to change income levels and provide additional income for the community in the tourist area [14].  Sidarta (2002) in his thesis entitled The Impact of Tourism Development on Environmental, Social, and Economic Conditions of the Community (Case Study of the Sanur Tourism Area, Denpasar, Bali). This study uses a sampling method with descriptive analysis. The purpose of this study is to (1) analyze the impact of tourism development in the Sanur tourism area on changes in employment and income, patterns of division of labor, employment opportunities, and doing business in the Sanur coastal area, (2) analyze the impact of tourism development on land use changes that occur. implications for the environment, and (3) formulating a planning approach to the management of the Sanur tourism area. The conclusion of this study is that there are three impacts of tourism development in the Sanur area including changes in employment and income, there is a pattern of division of labor to wives, and increased opportunities to work. In addition, the impact of the development of tourism is that there is a change in the function of land which was originally rice fields, gardens, and settlements turned into hotels, restaurants, and tourism supporting facilities [15].
So, in the context of this study, we will discuss the increasing use of green open space in the construction of tourism supporting facilities with Giriloyo Batik Village as a case study. Giriloyo Batik Village is one of the tourist destinations in Karangkulon Hamlet, this village is growing very rapidly. However, when it develops, the occurrence is inversely proportional to the availability of green open space. The rapid growth of tourism in Karangkulon Hamlet has converted land that was previously used as green open space, and this condition is very worrying if it occurs on an ongoing basis. By looking at this phenomenon, it is very important to write about increasing the use of green open space in the construction of tourism supporting facilities, where this study has never been done in Giriloyo Batik Village. According to Roger Trancik [16], green open space is a space or land that is dominated by an open environment, which can be in the form of parks, green lines, or recreational facilities [16]. According to Arianti [17], physically green open space can be divided into two, namely natural and non-natural or built. Where natural green open space can be in the form of wild habitats, protected forests, and national parks, while non-natural green open spaces can be in the form of parks, green roads, and also cemeteries. When viewed from the side of its function, green open space can function ecologically, socially, culturally, economically, and architecturally [16]. The function that is directly related to this research is the socio-economic function. For green open space with socio-economic functions, such as sports facilities, playgrounds, or rest areas, it must have good accessibility, including accessibility for persons with disabilities [17].

Theory Review
The benefits of having green open space in an area are [10], [18]: 1. Improving the quality of the living environment so that an environment can grow into a comfortable, fresh, beautiful and clean environment. Where if an environment has poor groundwater quality and has a high level of air pollution, it will cause various environmental impacts that are detrimental to society 2. Creating harmony and balance in the ecosystem environment that is useful for the benefit of the community through the realization of a city physical environment that prioritizes green open spaces  3. Providing freshness through the abundance of O2-producing plants that can maintain air circulation in an area as a means to improve the micro-environmental climate, provide comfort for the community because with lots of green open space it can reduce stress levels in urban communities and provide beauty in an area. 4. As a container for water absorption so as to reduce the risk of flooding 5. As a component forming the structure and spatial planning of the city which is very much needed in controlling the development and development of a region The development of the tourism industry in developing countries that has not been regulated in such a way in an area tends to get rid of existing productive land, for example what happened in Yogyakarta. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency for the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2016 (Table  1) for the last ten years there has been a shift in the function of rice fields. In the period 2006 to 2015 there has been a conversion of rice fields of 3,089 hectares with an average converted area of 308.9 hectares per year. This figure is a very large number when compared to the number of rice fields clearing that occurred in the same period, which was 424 hectares for 10 years or 42.4 hectares per year. The conversion of paddy fields which is greater than the clearing of paddy fields indicates the potential for large loss of food production, so this can pose a threat to the food security of the population [19].  [20] In many cases these productive lands are part of green open space so that the conversion of productive land also has implications for the availability of urban green open spaces. Factors that affect the availability of green open space are related to the presence or absence of detailed allocations as outlined in the planning, the availability of incentives and disincentives, the formation of facilitators, and the existence of various innovative programs for reforestation [21]. By decreasing the existing productive land, it can reduce the availability of green open space. In addition, it can also reduce the level of economic income of community members in the area. Especially in the context of this research, batik craftsmen usually use teak leaves as natural dyes. In the context of tourism development and the conversion of green open space functions in this area, it is very clear. It can be seen in Giriloyo Batik Village, the batik craftsmen in this village use teak leaves as natural dyes. While this teak tree is found in the green open space or productive land. If the open space in the area is lost, the teak trees will also disappear, which causes the batik industry to not run as expected. This condition is exacerbated by the existence of various investors who intimidate the community to sell their land in order to provide space for the construction of tourism supporting facilities. An example is in the Batik Gazebo area, where an area of 0.3 Ha which was previously a green open space has now become a built-up area that is used as a tourism support facility. Gazebo Batik is the center of tourism activities in Giriloyo Batik Village. The negative impact of the increasing use of green open space in the development of an area, namely [22]: 1. Decreased production and productivity of agricultural land, where some forms of land conversion in an area are related to the existence of agricultural land. This event will result in the loss of agricultural land, symptoms of commercialization (buying and selling activities), and agricultural intensification. In the context of this research, this occurs in the decreasing number of teak trees which are commonly used as raw materials for natural batik dyes. 2. There is a gap in the demand for land and the availability of undeveloped land. Where the availability of land is increasingly decreasing, resulting in an increase in land prices. In the context of this research, this happened on the lands around the Batik Gazebo. 3. Declining environmental quality, such as noisy environment, high air pollution, natural disasters (floods/landslides), and low environmental quality. In the context of this study, this occurs in the state of clean water in the area. With the narrowness of the available land, it is increasingly difficult for people to find clean water. In addition, the activity of disposing of batik waste in the environment also makes the quality of the existing environment decrease [23].
The existence of green open space in an area can function properly if the use of space is adjusted to the existing plan. Such as saving protected areas to ensure the preservation of regional functions and reducing the risk of natural disasters. Thus, the existence of green open space is not only a complementary element in the planning of an area, but also as an element forming the spatial structure of an area [3]. Where the elements forming the spatial structure in an area include detailed aspects (buildings, circulation systems, open spaces, and urban infrastructure), aspects of urban layout (spatial patterns, environmental composition built on patterns around the area), and regulatory aspects (total planning). and city plans that show the dynamics of the urban area) [24].

Method
This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies. The use of a case study approach in this study aims to provide an in-depth picture of the increasing use of green open space as a tourism facility. This research cycle begins with selecting the object of research, then continues with interviews and direct observations at the location. Then collect the data obtained from the interview and observation sessions, then analyze the data [25].

Research Site Overview
Giriloyo Batik Village is a center for hand-drawn batik in Southeast Yogyakarta, namely in Karangkulon Hamlet, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta (7°54'58.0"S, 110°23'54.5"E, Figure 1  Karangkulon Hamlet is the center of the growth of tourism activity in Giriloyo Batik Village. Where in the hamlet there are several tourism supporting facilities such as a Batik Gazebo, showroom (marketing location for batik craftsmen's work), a secretariat, and a parking area as well as a home industry for hand-drawn and stamped batik. In addition, there are also several restaurants, grocery stores, and also gurah treatment, which is a traditional treatment using a mixture of srigunggu liquid, which is dripped through the nose with the aim of removing mucus. [26].
Based on the location review and interviews with the two informants, namely Ms. Khibtiyah (Coordinator for Services and Education of the Giriloyo Batik Village Community) and Mr. Basuki Tapip (Head of TU and General Affairs of Wukirsari Village), the following results were obtained:

The Origins of the Formation of a Tourism Area in Giriloyo Batik Village
The Giriloyo Batik Village is located near the Imogiri Tomb Complex which has an impact on the spread of culture. Where in the past, most of the residents of Karangkulon Hamlet became courtiers of the Yogyakarta Palace who were in charge of caring for the tombs of the kings of Yogyakarta-Solo. From there, interactions began to occur between the Keraton and the people of Karangkulon and its surroundings, then several figures from the Keraton's relatives gave jobs to the surrounding community, especially women as batik nyanthing workers. Initially this was the case, for centuries the residents of Karangkulon who practiced batik were still laborers and sold semi-finished batik to batik masters in the city center around the Yogyakarta Palace for generations [27].
After the great earthquake devastated Yogyakarta in 2006, together with the spirit of togetherness to rise from trauma and adversity, the community formed batik groups and received assistance from the government or NGOs. Where this assistance provides training and brings in several experts to improve skills in making batik ready and ready to sell and the ability to market it, it is no longer completely dependent on big bosses in the city. After that, Karangkulon Hamlet, Cengkehan Hamlet, and Giriloyo Hamlet became one to form a community called Batik Giriloyo and in 2007 won a muri record as the "Longest Written Batik Shawl" involving nearly 1000 batik craftsmen. After that, the Giriloyo Batik Village was officially named the Center for the Batik Handwriting Industry of the Yogyakarta Palace [27].
After the formation of the Giriloyo Batik Village, the area is increasingly crowded with tourists, especially tourists who want to learn batik and shop. This condition continues, causing the area to Tourists from various regions continue to visit the tourism area, which causes many wishes to add facilities to support these tourism activities.

Land Use in Karangkulon Hamlet in 2006
Based on the monograph data of Karangkulon Hamlet in 2006, the use of residential land is 35 hectares or 35% of the total area of Karangkulon Hamlet. Utilization of space for rice fields and forests based on existing land use conditions in Karangkulon Hamlet in 2006 reached an area of 63 Ha or 63% of the total area of Karangkulon Hamlet. The agricultural land in the hamlet is in the form of rice in the rainy season, secondary crops and sugar cane during the dry season. In addition, it is not uncommon to find lands planted with teak trees, where the young leaves of the teak tree itself can be used as a natural dye, which is brownish red. Details of land use in Karangkulon Hamlet until 2005 can be seen in table 2 and figure 2.

Land Use in Karangkulon Hamlet in 2021
Based on the monograph data of Karangkulon Hamlet in 2021, the condition of the existing land area is still the same, namely 100 Ha. However, there has been a development or change in the function of the land which was originally in the form of green open space (rice fields and forests) which has now turned into a variety of building functions. Where as much as 3 Ha or 3% of green open space is now used as built-up land including the Batik Gazebo (5), home industry (6), parking and secretariat area (7), and Embung Imogiri (8) (Figure 3).

Amount of Land converted 3 3
Total Land Use 100 100 Source: [28] The condition of the availability of Green Open Space in Karangkulon Hamlet based on current data shows that there is a decrease in the area of green open space compared to fourteen years ago. The area of green open space in question is rice fields and forests. Even though it is seen that the decline is only small, namely 3%, it has caused various impacts. One of the impacts is that in 2012 and 2019, floods occurred during the rainy season and drought during the dry season [29], [30]. This can happen due to a lack of public awareness of the importance of green open space in their environment. In addition, because the hamlet is located at the bottom of a hill, it is necessary to strengthen the green open space.

Conditions Affecting the Transfer of Green Open Space Functions in Giriloyo Batik Village
By making the Giriloyo Batik Village as a tourism area, there will be changes or additions to space to support tourism activities. According to Statistical Data of Tourist Visits to Giriloyo Batik Village from 2017 to 2019, the number of visits by foreign tourists and domestic tourists to Giriloyo Batik Village experienced ups and downs but the average number continued to increase. As happened in 2019, the number of tourist visits increased by 7310 tourists. It can be seen from the graph of tourist visits (Graph 1) in 2017 amounting to 20,714, in 2018 as many as 20,830 and in 2019 as many as 28,140 tourists. The increase in the number of visits is felt when the visit from schools or universities is running, namely from June to October. It was recorded that at one time the number of visits at one time amounted to 600 tourists with 12 bus fleets [28]. With this large number, the Giriloyo Batik Village has experienced an increase in capacity, so that the area expands its area which takes up a lot of green open space. Source: [28] Green open space, which was originally a plantation or rice field, is now starting to change its function into built-up land which is used as land to support tourism. One of them is changing the function of rice fields, which is located 160 meters to the west of the Batik Gazebo, which is now used as a parking lot and secretariat (7). Because the Batik Gazebo is no longer able to accommodate the many tourists who visit, especially tourists who use tourism buses. In addition, the bustle of the Giriloyo Batik Village area has caused more and more residents to build new buildings around the Batik Gazebo. Residents who were originally already there began to add to the function of their homes by opening stalls or cottage industries.  Karangkulon hamlet is a hamlet that is used as the center of the growth of batik tourism, where tourism activities develop. The development started from the establishment of the Batik Gazebo which was used as the gateway to the Giriloyo batik tourism area, in the Gazebo tourists could carry out various tourism activities ranging from learning batik to batik shopping tours. The movement of buildings began to mushroom around the Batik Gazebo, including parking areas, batik cottage industries, homestays, gurah medicine houses, and also grocery stores. With the development of existing supporting facilities, the existing green open space is decreasing. Green Open Space or green open space whose numbers are running low will cause various impacts, such as floods, droughts, or economic downturns for local residents.

Impact of Regional Development on the Availability of Green Open Space
The  The land that was originally open land is now busy being closed with built-up land as shown in Figure 4, the location of which is shown in points 5, 6, 7, and 8 in Figure 3. This problem has resulted in a decline in environmental quality where the existing green open space is increasingly narrowing. it will cause various environmental problems. In addition, there has also been a decline in the community's economy, where people who originally made a living as teak leaf laborers or farmers are now starting to shift. According to population data based on occupations in 2013, most of the residents make a living as agricultural or plantation laborers, amounting to 2532 people. Whereas in 2019 the number decreased to 1128 people, this happened one of them because their livelihoods began to shift [31].

Efforts to Overcome the Increased Utilization of Green Open Space as Built Space
Green open space should be maintained in order to maintain the quality of a comfortable, fresh, beautiful and clean-living environment. One of them is by means of collaboration between the community and the government so that later the benefits of the existence of green open spaces can be felt by the community. Such as the countermeasures that have been carried out by the government, namely the utilization and control of spatial planning. In Vilhem Lundsted's Welfare State concept regarding the view of social welfare, efforts to overcome environmental damage are by means of long-term interregional development. The goal is to provide a decent life in improving people's welfare [32].

Conclusion
From this research, it can be concluded that the development of the Karangkulon Hamlet area as a result of the construction of supporting facilities for the Giriloyo Batik Village tourism area in the last fourteen years has changed by 3%. These changes include the construction of tourism supporting facilities, namely the Batik Gazebo, parking and secretariat areas, as well as home industries (written batik, basic necessities, gurah). With the development of a tourism area, of course, it will also be accompanied by the development of tourism supporting facilities. As happened in the Giriloyo Batik Village, the change in the use of green open space as a support for tourism areas puts pressure on land in the form of converting green open spaces. So there is a need for an arrangement that is oriented to the preservation of the existence of green open space. One of the ways is the need for a clear legal order in strengthening the existence of green open spaces.
In this study, the relationship between green open space and urban development patterns has an impact on the reality that further studies are needed. Where the spatial planning of the Giriloyo Batik Village area is determined and influenced by changes in linkages. These changes are influenced by aspects of space utilization activities in the Batik Gazebo. Spatial planning in Giriloyo Batik Village is a deliberate change by the surrounding community in changing the pattern and structure of space utilization from one balance to a better balance.