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Adrenal Cavernous Hemangioma: A Rarely Perceived Pathology—Case Illustration and Review of Literature

Cavernous hemangiomas are endothelial tumors that rarely affect the adrenal glands. Most of these tumors remain silent and are incidentally found on abdominal imaging. Hardly ever, these tumors are endocrinologically functional. They may present as vague abdominal pain. Surgical resection remains the mainstay for large masses. In this paper, we are presenting a case of adrenal cavernous hemangioma in a 83-year-old male patient who initially presented for workup of vague abdominal and bilateral flank pain. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed an 8 cm right adrenal adenoma which was metabolically nonfunctional. The mass was completely resected through an open subcostal incision, with no encountered postoperative complications. A highlight of all published cases of adrenal hemangiomas since 1955 is also presented and reviewed.


Introduction
Incidental adrenal masses are a growing concern, especially with the significant increase in their detection upon the many abdominal imaging modalities utilized for the workup of various patient's complaints. The prevalence of incidental adrenal masses approaches 7% in the general population [1]. Adrenal masses tend to be heterogeneous in nature and comprise of benign adenomas, secreting adenomas, lymphomas, myelolipomas, cysts, and adrenocortical carcinoma most commonly as well as other rarer pathologies such as adenomatoid tumors and sex-cord stromal tumors [2]. On the other hand, adrenal cavernous hemangiomas are unusual tumors arising from the endothelial lining of blood vessels [3]. We hereby present a case of a cavernous hemangioma diagnosed on histopathology after an adrenalectomy, as well as a review of all reported cases of this entity in the literature.

Case Presentation
A 83-year-old previously healthy male presented with vague abdominal and bilateral flank pain of several months duration.
The pain was dull in nature, with no recent change in weight and appetite, no reported hematuria, no gastrointestinal symptoms, and no reported episodes of headache. All basic blood work up, including complete blood count, creatinine, electrolytes, and liver function tests, were within normal range. An initial imaging with an enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis was performed, revealing a right supra renal mass measuring around 8 cm in greatest dimension, possessing a significant enhancement, with a Hounsfield Unit (HU) of 15 on noncontrast phase and a 55HU on the contrast phase. No other abdominal or pelvic findings were noted.
For better characterization of such adrenal lesion, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the abdomen with gadolinium was requested. Again showing was a mass in the right suprarenal space, measuring 7.3 × 6.5 × 6 cm, showing heterogeneous signal intensity on all sequences, predominately mildly increased on T2-weighted and predominately decreased signal on T1-weighted images, and no appreciable signal drop on the out-of-phase images. The lesion appeared inseparable from the lateral limb of the right adrenal gland and remained separate from the upper edge cortex of the right kidney ( Figure 1). Imaging was also accompanied by a full metabolic work-up, as usually performed for any incidentally discovered large adrenal mass, including: urine and plasma metanephrines, dexamethasone suppression test, DHEA-S, and aldosterone/renin ratio, and all yielded results were within normal range.
Due to the size of the tumor, a shared decision was made to surgically remove the adrenal gland due to a potential risk of being an adrenocortical carcinoma. The patient therefore underwent a right radical adrenalectomy through an open subcostal incision. Intraoperatively, the adrenal was noticeably friable and tended to bleed on minimal manipulation, which was expected from the preoperative imaging done (Figure 1). No significant blood loss was encountered since complete dissection of the adrenal gland was done for better hemostatic control.
On gross pathological examination, the specimen measured 8 × 7 × 3 cm and the tumor was shiny tan-yellow, in nature with distinct demarcation from the normal adrenal parenchyma. Histologically, the tumor was proven to be a hemorrhagic cavernous hemangioma ( Figure 2). Patient recovered well after his operation with no complications encountered thereafter. He was discharged home on his fourth postoperative day, to follow-up in clinic one month from discharge.

Discussion
Cavernous hemangiomas are unusual tumors of the endothelial linings with a propensity for skin, liver, and brain involvement [3]. Cavernous hemangiomas tend rarely to affect the genitourinary system [3].
Adrenal hemangiomas are one of the rarest snonfunctioning benign adrenal tumors that are commonly diagnosed postoperatively [4]. Although many cases of adrenal hemangiomas were presented at autopsy reports before 1869, the first surgical adrenal hemangioma was reported by Johnson and Jeppesen in 1995 [3].
Sixty-six cases of adrenal cavernous hemangiomas were published between the years 1955 and 2018 (Table 1), and identified after conducting an extensive literature review using PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases. These cases were reviewed and summarized in Table 2. The median age of patients at diagnosis was 60 years. This neoplasm had a female preponderance with a female to male prevalence ratio of 3 to 2. No laterality preference was associated with adrenal hemangiomas. Two bilateral cases were only reported in the literature so far. Metabolic workup of adrenal neoplasms was normal in 45 of the 66 reported cases. Only 6 clinically functional adrenal hemangiomas were identified; with 3 cases of hyperaldosteronism and three other cases of subclinical Cushing's syndrome. The so far reported cases of adrenal hemangiomas, with detailed published tumor characteristics, exhibited a mean diameter of 11 cm and a mean weight of 752 grams. Of the 66 published cases, 38 were incidentalomas that were clinically silent and asymptomatic; 8 presented with vague abdominal symptoms such as bloating, epigastric pain, and heaviness, and 6 cases reported solely flank pain. Another two cases presented with spontaneous rupture of the adrenal mass with subsequent retroperitoneal hemorrhage and hematoma; a serious complication that is seldom seen.
On imaging, 32 adrenal masses were associated with speckled calcification, a historically described finding in any adrenal hemangioma; and 29 cases failed to show calcifications. Sixty-five of the reported cases were managed surgically; out of them, 47 were excised through an open approach, and the remaining 16 cases were excised laparoscopically.
Most of the cavernous hemangiomas reported in the literature are incidental findings on imaging performed for unrelated or unspecific complaints [66]. These tumors grow insidiously until they reach a large size and start producing symptoms by virtue of mass effect and mechanical pressure on adjacent organs. Vague symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and sweating are nonspecific finssdings for neoplastic lesions that are reported in adrenal hemangiomas [41,67]. Flank pain in the setting of normal urine analysis is the most commonly reported presenting complaint in symptomatic patients. Hypertension has been identified as a presenting symptom for adrenal hemangiomas in the setting of normal adrenal functions. Six cases reported so far presented with a hyperfunctioning adrenal mass; three of them presented with signs of hyperaldosteronism such as hypokalemia, and three other cases were consistent with subclinical Cushing [20,44]. Histopathologically, adrenal hemangiomas are stratified into two subtypes: cavernous and capillary. The cavernous subtype is composed of an enlarged mass of blood filled endothelially-lined sinusoids, displacing potentially normal tissues. Whereas in the rarer capillary subtype, it is composed of small tufts of submucosal capillaries arranged in radiating loops or lobules [20].
Historically, adrenal hemangiomas were usually identified on plain abdominal radiographies for unrelated complaints. On radiographs, these neoplasms appear as calcified masses. Calcifications, if present, are universally speckled through the entire mass as opposed to the curvilinear calcifications usually associated with adrenal pseudocysts [68]. Computed tomography can effectively define the anatomy, configuration, and volume of any adrenal mass and can partially delineate the general tissue's characteristics. On CT scanning, these masses are generally encapsulated and heterogenous with scattered calcifications [68]. Calcifications are usually correlated with benign adrenal lesions; however, some reports describe calcifications in malignant lesions as well. Therefore, calcifications become an unreliable sign to assess the malignant potential of any adrenal mass. Cavernous hemangiomas are mostly masses with smooth margins and low relative attenuation coefficient [20,68]. However, rim-like calcifications within the suprarenal glands have been adopted radiologically as a sign of benignity of such lesions. A radiologic sign was first described by Rothberg et al., referred to as phleboliths, which are round calcifications with translucent centers. This finding is considered pathognomonic for adrenal gland hemangiomas [68,69]. CT scan has been shown to be superior to ultrasound for suprarenal masses. The masses are usually heterogeneously echogenic on ultrasonography. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has sometimes been used, although a CT scan is enough as an imaging modality to identify adrenal neoplasms. Cavernous hemangiomas are hypo-intense masses on T1-weighted images and hyper-intense on T2-weighted images with peripheral enhancement after contrast administration [66].
Although not required for routine diagnostic workup of any adrenal masses, angiography on adrenal hemangiomas can reveal marked neovascularity with small vascular channels, usually arranged in a rim-like manner which retain contrast in delayed films [69]. These angiomas could be of many variants which include: angiomyelolipoma (more commonly seen), angiolipomas, cavernous hemangiomas, or epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, depending on the histopathological differences. Moreover, during pathologic examination, adrenal hemangiomas could be mistaken for adrenocortical carcinoma that has undergone cystic degeneration; therefore proper assessment of the subcapsular area is paramount [25].
After identification of adrenal masses on imaging, the common practice necessitated a full hormonal and metabolic workup to rule out primary functioning adrenal neoplasms    [44]. Due to the scarcity of this condition, no guidelines have been developed so far to guide the treatment and therapeutic management of such entity. Tumors originating from vessels could be associated with syndromes, but these are rather neonatal tumors, and not acquired tumors such as our present case. Nevertheless, there has been a previous single report of an adrenal cavernous hemangioma associated with familial adenomatous polyposis [57].
Most adrenal hemangiomas reported in the literature were managed surgically [20]. Asymptomatic small and benign-looking masses may be treated medically and conservatively with close monitoring. However, the follow-up schedule tends to be according to physician's preference. Larger masses bear the risk of spontaneous hemorrhage and should be resected surgically [20,44]. Early cases were operated through open adrenalectomy. However, a laparoscopic approach is favored due to better postoperative results and lesser complications [70]. Knowing that, the risk of malignancy might sway the operating surgeon against a minimally invasive approach.

Conclusion
Adrenal cavernous hemangioma is a rare entity that might be encountered when dealing with an adrenal pathology. Surgical resection is sometimes necessary to rule out any malignant potential and alleviate symptoms secondary to mass effect. Retroperitoneal bleeding is a concern in such pathology,  especially when large lesions are detected. Observation is an alternative in cases where lesions are small, asymptomatic, and metabolically inactive, especially when confirmed by biopsy.

Ethical Approval
Written consent was obtained from the patient to publish his case including clinical and pathological images, and available to Editor-in-chief upon his request.