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Quasi-one-dimensional assembly of magnetic nanoparticles induced by a 50 Hz alternating magnetic field.

The control of assembly from building blocks into ordered structures is a promising and interesting issue in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Recently, we reported that alternating magnetic field of tens of kHz can induce the fibrous assembly of magnetic nanoparticles and the formation of discrete particulate monolayers of non-magnetic nanoparticles. However, in daily life, there is another important alternating magnetic field, namely power–frequency alternating magnetic fields. This is because the human body is exposed to this field at all times (consider power lines and electric appliances). Therefore, the study of colloidal behavior under such a field is vital to the biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. Moreover, the investigation of assembly under low-frequency alternating fields also plays a role in the study of frequency responses of nanoparticle assembly, which is vital to understanding the mechanism. According to the Maxwell–Faraday equation [Eq. (1)]: