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Work-Based Health Problems of Unorganized Women Workers in Coimbatore

Female workers have to perform a double role in their workplace with harsh and unsafe working conditions, and also they have to manage their home. However, this female sector of our society is deprived when compared to the male sector. In the unorganized sector alone, 96 percent of women are working, and they are working in a very risky and harsh working conditions. There is no proper wage, sanitation, ventilation, and medical facilities, and facing exploitation too. Conversely, such livelihood is lower among those who are part of nuclear families, belonged to backward castes, have higher education, and earning higher monthly incomes. There should be adequate legislation and effective enforcement of the law to protect the unorganized women workers from hazardous and unhealthy working conditions. Occupational safety must be ensured by the employer, trade unions, and the government as well.


Introduction
Female workers have to perform a double role in their workplace with harsh and unsafe working conditions and also have to manage their home. However, this female sector of our society is deprived when compared to the male sector. In the unorganized sector alone, 96 percent of women are working, and they are working in a very risky and harsh working conditions. There is no proper wage, sanitation, ventilation, and medical facilities, and facing exploitation too. In this background, the following study focuses on.

Determinants of Work-related Health Problems Suffered by the Respondents
In this section, an attempt is made to determine the prime determinants of the work-related health problems suffered by the respondents to a greater extent (as against lower extent). To this end, the workrelated health problems suffered by the respondents is considered as the dependent variable, based which the respondents have been categorized into two groups viz., those suffered from 6 or more workrelated health problems, who have been assigned a score of '1', and those who suffered from 5 or less work-related problems, who have been assigned a score of '0'. A set of independent variables are selected based on their theoretical importance and levels of significance with respondents suffered from work-related health problems, which have been considered as categories (2-4 in number). For these dependent and independent variables, the binary logistic regression technique is the most suitable one and hence, adopted here. The results based on such an analysis are presented in Table 1.
Data provided in Table 1 suggest that, of all the eight explanatory variables (or their categories) included in the model, seven variables have exhibited statistically significant (at different levels) net effects on respondents' suffering from a higher number of work-related health problems. Controlling for all the variables used in the model, it is striking to note that the odds of suffering from higher no. of workrelated health problems are significantly higher among those who reported being suffering from work-related stress at a greater extent as well as at a moderate extent (OR=3.402 and 2.260; p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) than their counterparts who felt to be suffering from such stress to a lower extent. Likewise, such odds are also found to be much higher among those respondents who are in fairly higher age group (45 years & above) and also who is in 35-44 years of age (OR=3.122 and 1.504) as against to those who are relatively at younger age group (34 years and below). However, the Wald-test results have turned out highly significant (p<0.01) only in the case of 45 years & above group. Next to these, it is conspicuous to note that the likelihood of suffering from a higher number of work-related health problems is significantly higher among those who own assets than not (OR=2.561; p<0.01). Why such a finding? Give one or two reasons. It is also conspicuous to note that the odds of suffering from a higher number of work-related health problems are comparatively higher among those extending their labor in terms of semi-skilled and skilled as against unskilled. Still, the Wald-test results in this regard didn't turn out as statistically significant.
On the other hand, the odds of suffering from higher no of work-related health problems are significantly lower among those respondents who belonged to nuclear families (OR=0.241; p<0.01), Backward Castes (OR=0.277; p<0.05), studied up to high school & middle school levels (OR=0.227 & 0.334; p<0.05 & p<0.05, respectively) and also earning reasonably higher monthly earnings (Rs. 22001 & above; OR=0.416; p<0.05) than their respective reference category counterparts. All these results are in the expected direction.

Conclusion
The magnitude of respondents suffering from work-related problems to a greater extent is significantly (at different levels) higher among those who are reported to be experiencing work-related stress to a greater and moderate extent, who are in higher age group and owned assets as against their counterparts. Conversely, such likelihood is lower among those who are part of nuclear families, belonged to backward castes, have higher education, and earning higher monthly incomes. There should be adequate legislation and effective enforcement of the law to safeguard the unorganized women workers from hazardous and unhealthy working conditions. Occupational safety must be ensured by the employer, trade unions, and the government as well.