{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016107382550335572, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.907407407407407, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Reduced-Order Thermal Observer for Power Modules Temperature Estimation

In this article, a reduced-order thermal observer with disturbance estimation is applied for temperature monitoring in a power electronics module. Although the accurate thermal models of power electronics assemblies are widely available based on computational fluid dynamics solvers, their computational complexity hinders the application in real-time temperature monitoring applications. This article proposes a reduced-order state-space observer to provide a real-time estimation of temperature in power electronics modules. The observer is coupled with a disturbance estimator to minimize the error caused by uncertainties in the model and unknown operating conditions.