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Dysfunction of the endothelium and constriction of the isolated rat's middle cerebral artery in low sodium environment in the presence of vasopressin

Hyponatraemia, a water–electrolyte disorder diagnosed in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), increases a risk of persistent vasospasm. In majority of cases, hyponatraemia results from inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (AVP). The effect of AVP‐associated hyponatraemia on cerebral vasculature is unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of AVP in the response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of the rat to hyponatraemia. Isolated, cannulated, and pressurized rat MCAs were perfused/superfused with physiological (Na+ = 144 mmol/L) buffer or low‐sodium (Na+ = 121 mmol/L) buffer containing either AVP or angiotensin II (ANG II). ANG II was used to check if the effect of low plasma sodium concentration combined with AVP on the MCA tone is unique to vasopressin. At physiological Na+ concentration, vasopressin (1.4 × 10−11 mol/L) or angiotensin II (10−9 mol/L) resulted in relaxation of the MCA. Substitution of low‐sodium for the normal sodium buffer with the same concentration of AVP, resulted in the constriction of the MCA. This effect was absent after removal of the endothelium, administration of vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist or concomitant inhibition of endothelin‐1 receptors and synthesis of thromboxane A2. In contrast, no constriction of the MCA in low‐sodium buffer was observed when AVP was replaced with ANG II. Our data suggest that presence of vasopressin and low sodium ion concentration results in the change of endothelium phenotype from pro‐vasodilatory to pro‐vasoconstrictory. This phenomenon may be an overlooked factor contributing to vasospasm in SAH patients with hyponatraemia caused by inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).