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Serum and Salivary Sialic Acid and Nitric Oxide Levels Estimation and Comparison after Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy in Generalised Chronic Periodontitis Patients

Introduction: An exigency for a biomarker arises to expeditiously detect the periodontal disease evolution and to advocate more robust therapy efficacy measurements. Nitric oxide and sialic acid have been proved to be potential inflammatory markers. Hence, the evaluation of the involvement of nitric oxide and sialic acid in periodontal disease will enable us to assimilate the aspect of the complex process of periodontal disease progression. Aim: To estimate and compare the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on serum and salivary sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in generalised chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a case-control as well as an interventional study. The subjects for this study were recruited from the Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai from April 2017 to October 2018. Hundred patients were selected for this study. Control group consisted of 50 periodontally healthy subjects and test group consisted of 50 generalised chronic periodontitis subjects. After blood and saliva sample collection for determination of salivary and serum sialic acid and nitric oxide levels, evaluation of periodontal parameters like plaque index, probing pocket depth and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) was done. Then the test group subjects underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy and on 90th day post SRP parameters were re-evaluated. The collected data were analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics software, Version 23.0. In the above statistical tool the probability value 0.05 was considered as significant level. Results: The mean difference of plaque index, probing pocket depth, CAL, serum sialic acid, salivary sialic acid, serum Nitric Oxide (NO) and salivary nitric oxide: between the control and test group at baseline was -2.05, -5.01 mm, -5.56 mm, -12.515 mg/dL, -11.97 mg/dL, -129.762 μMol/L and -78.978 μMol/L respectively; for the test group at baseline and 90 days after nonsurgical periodontal therapy was 1.332, 3.15 mm, 3.285 mm, 14.206 mg/dL, 12.76 mg/dL, 130.082 μMol/L, 82.004 μMol/L, respectively. All the values were statistically significant with p-value <0.001. Conclusion: Nonsurgical periodontal therapy led to a decrease in the serum and salivary sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in subjects with generalised chronic periodontitis. A decrease in biochemical parameters was associated with a reduction in probing pocket depth and gain in attachment level.