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Coronavirus Disease 2019 Risk Factors in Karun, Iran: A Case-Control Study

The infection of the Sars-coV-2 virus (Covid-19) is now regarded as a pandemic. However, a globally inclusive examination concerning this infection is not accounted for. As a result, this study attempted to investigate the disease's risk factors to improve control and prevention. The illness risk variables were assessed in this case-control study, which included 721 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and 2083 people in the control group. Logistic regression was used to assess all of the data statistically. COVID-19 was linked to cardiovascular disease (P = 0, OR = 4.9), hypertension (P = 0, OR = 6.4), diabetes (P = 0, OR = 7.1), occupational health and treatment (P = 0, OR = 92), and contact with COVID-19 patients (P = 0, OR = 438), according to the results of logistic regression. Underlying illnesses linked to Covid-19, such as hypertension, a history of cardiac disease, diabetes, occupational health, and direct contact with a Covid-19 patient, were found to have a link to our findings in this study.


INTRODUCTION
A doctor in Wuhan, China, uncovered an unusual instance of pneumonia on December 29, 2019. Conversely, the first case of this abnormal infection was detected on December 12. The illness was induced by the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, according to additional research. Later, on December 31, an unanticipated case of pneumonia was reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The declared market was promptly shut down and sterilized on January 1, 2020.
The novel Covid-19 agent was described in the Wall Street Journal by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) China, displacing prevailing assumptions about the infection causative agent [1,2]. Presently, the WHO declared the infection as a pandemic in March 2020 due to the widespread of the infection worldwide [3]. This infection is caused by a virus that can be passed from one individual to another [4]. The amount of people that became infected continues to rise, with cases rising from 1 million on April 2, 2020, to over 1.5 million the following week in 184 nations [5,6]. The pharyngeal specimen is used for diagnosis of the infection, which is conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [7,8]. Furthermore, the patients who display symptoms such as fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue, headache, hemoptysis, and abnormal CT scan are considered to be tested due to the limited capacity [9]. The disease mortality rate is 3.4-11% and patients with critical signs are assigned to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and usually oblige to have artificial respiration [10].
This case-control study assesses the correlation between this infection and various risk factors such as age, gender, occupational health, direct contact with Covid-19 patients cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, and obstructive pulmonary diseases was conducted on 721 positive cases of COVID-19.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In February-June 2020, in Karun, Khuzestan Province, Iran, case-control research was carried out. The study included a total of 721 positive COVID-19 patients, both hospitalized and non-hospitalized, who were sent to the city's hospitals and 16-hour health facilities. Individuals with a fever, sore throat, cough, or shortness of breath, as well as laboratory findings and positive PCR results, were considered definite patients. The control group (N = 2083) consisted of infection-free people, with three controls picked at random for each infected case.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The case and control groups' demographic and clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. The results of the study were based on 721 confirmed patients, with 56 percent of them being men. 9 percent had cardiovascular disease, 15% had hypertension, 18% had diabetes, 1% had asthma, 2% had COPD, 53% had immediate tangency with a positive patient of covid-19, and 4% had occupational health.
According to the logistic regression results, COVID-19 is linked to a history of cardiovascular disease (P = 0, OR = 4.9), hypertension (P = 0, OR = 6.4), diabetes (P = 0, OR = 7.1), occupational health and treatment (P = 0, OR = 92), and contact with COVID-19 patients (P = 0, OR = 438). Other factors such as gender, age, and a history of asthma were not found to have a significant relationship with the occurrence of disease (Table 2).   [19]. the reports showed that male sex were more commonly infected, which may be due to a higher probability of occupational exposure [20][21][22][23][24][25].

CONCLUSION
COVID-19 has a significant link with a history of cardiovascular illness, diabetes, hypertension, contact with an infected patient, or during occupational health and treatment, according to the findings of the current study. These findings provide a valuable indulgent advantage for emphasizing COVID-19 precaution and prevention in those with chronic conditions, those who are susceptible, and those who work in particular industries.