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Sexual Violence and Adolescents

Over the last three decades, researchers, clinicians, and other health advocates have explored the incidence, prevalence, and consequences of sexual violence occurring within the context of domestically violent relationships, including adult marital and cohabiting relationships. Until recently, sexually based crimes occurring within adolescent acquaintance and dating relationships have gone largely unnoticed (Wordes & Nunez, 2002). In fact, most research, education, and preventative measures with adolescent populations have largely been related to sexual violence perpetrated by a parent or caregiver. However, increased inquiry into rape and sexual assault among our nation's youth, such as the National Council on Crime and Delinquency's review of victimization of teenagers (Wordes & Nunez) and the U.S. Department of Justices' (USDOJ) evaluation of Sexual Victimization of College Women (Fisher, Cullen, and Turner, 2000), has focused attention on the nature and consequences of sexual violence occurring within our adolescent population. This attention has resulted in the inclusion of two Healthy People 2010 objectives that relate specifically to reducing rape, attempted rape, and sexual assault among the nation's child and adolescent population (Objectives 15.35 and 15.36) (CDC, 2001a). Though much information exists on sexual violence occurring within adult relationships, ex-trapolation of these findings to relationships among adolescents, including acquaintance and dating relationships, is problematic (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001). Despite many similarities, the risk factors for and consequences of sexual violence within adolescent relationships differ from sexual violence within adult marital and cohabiting relationships. Furthermore, advocacy for and treatment of adolescent victims necessitates that their developmental level, their limited life experience, and their dependence on parents and other caregivers, be factored into the equation. As such, programs aimed at preventing sexual violence as well as counseling and clinical practices that provide care to those affected by sexually violent crimes must be tailored to meet the specialized needs of the adolescent population. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of the science regarding sexual violence occurring in adolescent dating and acquaintance relationships. Sexual violence occurring at the hand of a family member, family friend, or stranger will not be reviewed. Adolescents, for the purpose of this review, will include high school and college students. An analysis of the factors associated with sexual victimization in adolescence as well as the consequences of this victimization will be described. Though an exhaustive review of the myriad sexual assault prevention paradigms, strategies, goals, and targets is beyond the …