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Influence of Landscape and Field-Level Agricultural Management on a Mediterranean Farmland Winter Bird Community

Summary. 
 We studied the response to agricultural management factors of birds wintering in an unirrigated cereal farmland area of central Spain, examining the influence on species richness, abundance and community composition of different field-level and landscape-level agricultural management variables related to intensification. Our initial hypothesis was that landscape-level management factors exert a stronger effect on wintering bird species richness, total abundance and community composition than field-level ones. The particular responses of the most frequent species (skylark Alauda arvensis, corn bunting Emberiza calandra and meadow pipit Anthus pratensis) were also examined. Richer assemblages were found in more substrate-diverse plots with natural vegetation patches or in plots with higher yield crops, while the more abundant ones, dominated by the skylark, occupied more homogeneous areas dominated by cereals and arable land. As expected, landscape-level management factors explained a much greater proportion of variance in community composition compared to field-level factors (71% vs 29%, respectively). Species richness per se was favoured by substratediverse plots containing patches of natural vegetation, but also by plots where cereal crops were more productive in the previous harvest, declining in more homogeneous plots dominated by cereal crops and arable land in general. Conversely, skylark abundance and total abundance increased as landscapes became more homogeneous and dominated by cereals and arable land, although the relationship for total abundance only approached significance. Results suggest that the current landscape structure and levels of agricultural production of cereal farmland in central Spain can host relatively abundant winter populations of seed-eating and open landscape specialists like the skylark, although certain levels of habitat diversity need to be guaranteed to ensure the maintenance of rich wintering bird communities.