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Eighth Algonquian Conference

conservative (particularly in contrast with the Southern New England languages of the archaic coastal subgroup). More important, perhaps, Powhatan also retains certain ancient vowel alternations (pp. 429-30). Following a discussion of consonant clusters (pp. 427-29; also p. 298), the remainder of this section is devoted to the recalcitrant and diverse sequences of vowels and semivowels. (7) The heart of Siebert's monograph is the lexicon which provides the basic documentation for most of the discussion. There are 263 entries each of which consists of three parts: (a) the reconstituted Powhatan form; (b) the Strachey and Smith records; and (c) ProtoAlgonquian and Proto-Eastern-Algonquian reconstructions and comparative evidence. I will bypass a detailed analysis of the reconstitutions and reconstructions, and will simply say that the former are convincing and that the documentation which accompanies the latter is unexcelled in depth and detail. Siebert's Powhatan lexicon is a major original step toward a future Proto-Algonquian dictionary. (8) In addition to its strictly linguistic value, the lexicon contains a wealth of material on related topics. In a masterly foray into semantic and cultural analysis, Siebert disentangles three numeral systems reflected in the attested Algonquian languages (pp. 303-11). The quinary system has elementary roots for the numerals from one to five and uses compounds of these roots with a complex final to express those from six to ten. The Proto-Algonquian final *-asyeka consists of a prefinal *-aOby the side, of the row of the second hand and an abstract final *-yeka-for example, *nyiswi two, *nyiswasyeka seven. The decimal system uses a slightly different abstract final, *-yekwi, as in *pesyekwi one; note the Proto-Algonquian root *pe0single. The decimal system is less fully attested than the quinary one. The descriptive system, which is substituted in some cases, shows differences in digital identification. For instance, Proto-Algonquian *peyakwi little finger (cf. the root *peyakwalone, by itself) is reflected by Cree peyak one, and as payak ten in the languages of southern New England. Siebert not only provides an ingenious analysis of a refractory linguistic problem of long standing; he also formulates a social hypothesis (p. 309) based on sexual dichotomization (e.g., in the division of labor and in residential separation) to account for the coexistence of three systems of approximately equal antiquity. A full and explicit summary and a new classification of the Eastern Algonquian languages complete Siebert's Powhatan monograph, which is a rare example of methodological and substantive excellence. Algonquianists and general linguists alike can look forward to further masterpieces.