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Pretransplant BK virus-specific T-cell-mediated immunity and serotype specific antibodies may have utility in identifying patients at risk for BK virus associated haemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic HSCT

BK polyomavirus (BKV) persists lifelong in the urinary tract with asymptomatic urinary shedding in healthy individuals. In immunocompromised persons after transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCT) the BKV high-rate replication is associated with haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) with a reported incidence of 17 %. Numerous studies of reconstitution of the immune system after HSCT have established the principal role of T cell effectors in the control of viral replication and reactivation. The value of pretransplant BKV-specific antibodies in transplanted patients for the protection from viral disease was long considered insignificant. We hypothesized that the status of BKV immunity prior to HSCT could provide evidence for the BKV tendency to reactivate and that examining the level of subtype-specific antibodies and T-cell response in individual patients could help to predict the risk of BKV reactivation and HC. Evaluation of the risk of HC in relation to pretransplant anti-BKV1,2,4 IgG levels together with clinical factors known before transplantation revealed that patients with medium anti-BKV IgG and significant clinical risk (SR) have a very significantly increased HC risk in comparison with the reference group of low anti-BKV IgG level and low clinical risk (LR) (P=0.0009). Analysis of pretransplant T cell immunity to BKV antigens VP1 and LTag has shown that magnitude of IFN-gamma T cell response inversely corelated with posttransplant DNAuria. We hypothesize that the control of BKV latency by BKV specific T cells before HSCT would be one of the factors that influence BKV reactivation after HSCT. Our study has shown that prediction using a combination of clinical and immunological pretransplant risk factors can help early identification of patients who are at risk of developing BKV disease after HSCT.