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Ecological genetics of local adaptation: Climatic races in Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabis fecunda

We examined patterns o f genetic variance and covariance in two traits 1) time to flowering (drought escape) and 2) stable carbon isotope ratio, 5I3C (dehydration avoidance), putative adaptations to local water availability. A greenhouse screening of 42 genotypes o f A. thaliana native to habitats spanning a wide range of climatic conditions, revealed a large, highly significant positive genetic correlation between 513C and flowering time (rG = 0.98). This large correlation suggests the presence of a genetically based tradeoff between mechanisms of drought escape (early flowering) and dehydration avoidance (813C). We used mutants and near isogenic lines to test for pleiotropy in the form of positive mutational covariance between 8l3C and flowering time. Screening of 8 physiological mutants showed variation in 8l3C but not flowering time. However we found strong evidence for pleiotropic effects of an allele of FR1GIDA, a locus known to be responsible for natural variation in flowering time. An examination of the climate to which these genotypes are native provides evidence that natural variation in SI3C may be an adaptation to differences in precipitation. Although genetic studies o f flowering time in A. thaliana often assume adaptation, we suggest that genetic variation in flowering time may be explained in part by a life history tradeoff driven by the genetic correlation (pleiotropy) between SI3C and time to flowering.