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Genetic population structure of Italy. II. Physical and cultural barriers to gene flow.

Three approaches were employed to evaluate the relative importance of geographic and linguistic factors in maintaining genetic differentiation of Italian populations as shown by blood groups and erythrocyte and serum markers. Genetic distances are closer to linguistic than to geographic distances. Gene-frequency change across 12 linguistic boundaries is significantly more rapid than at random locations. The zones of sharp genetic variation correspond to physical barriers to gene flow and to boundaries between dialect families, which overlap widely. However, two linguistically differentiated populations appear genetically differentiated despite the absence of physical obstacles to gene flow around them. The Po River is associated with abrupt genetic change only in the area where it corresponds to a dialect boundary. At most loci the genetic population structure seems affected by linguistic rather than geographic factors; exceptions are the systems that were subject to malarial selection in geographically close but linguistically heterogeneous localities. Gene flow appears to homogenize gene frequencies within regions corresponding to dialect families but not between them, leading to the patchy distributions of allele frequencies that were detected in an earlier study.