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Aluminum induces oxidative damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The mechanism of aluminum toxicity was studied in the model cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell growth of yeast was inhibited by aluminum. The spot assay showed that the detoxification mechanism of yeast cells to aluminum was different from that of heavy metal cadmium. After treatment with aluminum, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, carbonyl protein and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were dramatically increased. Meanwhile, the percentage of propidium iodide permeable cells treated with aluminum was augmented significantly. These data demonstrated that aluminum toxicity was attributed to oxidative stress in yeast and it induced oxidative damage by causing lipid peroxidation, injuring cell membrane integrity. Moreover, aluminum triggered the antioxidant defense system in the cells. Glutathione levels were found to be decreased, while activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased after treatment with aluminum. Additionally, an oxidative stress-related mutation sensitivity assay showed that aluminum-induced yeast oxidative stress was closely related to glutathione. These data demonstrated that the oxidative damage caused by aluminum was different from that of hydrogen peroxide in yeast. Aluminum could cause DNA damage, and aluminum toxicity was associated with sulfhydryl groups, such as glutathione, while it was independent of YAP1.