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Nonstandard employment: Global vision and evidence from China’s urban labour market

Nonstandard forms of employment have become a feature of contemporary labour markets around the world (ILO 2016). The growth of nonstandard employment (NSE) was noticed as early as the 1970s in developed economies such as Europe, the United States and Australia (Allan 2000; Kalleberg 2000; Adams and Deakin 2014). In Asia, there was also evidence of the development of NSE, the proportion of which increased from 17 per cent to 34 per cent from 1986 to 2008 in Japan, and from 27.4 per cent to 34.3 per cent from 2002 to 2011 in South Korea (Korea Labour Institute 2011; Asano et al. 2013, both cited in Cooke and Brown 2015). In recent years, new jobs and new forms of employment have tended to be more flexible and nonstandard. For example, in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, more than half of all jobs created since 1995 were nonstandard jobs and NSE accounted for about one-third of total employment in 2013 (OECD 2015). In Europe, the majority of new forms of employment generated since 2000 are nonstandard jobs, such as employee sharing, casual work, mobile work based on information and communication technology (ICT), portfolio work and crowd employment (Eurofound 2015). In the literature on NSE, it is explained as firms’ strategies to save costs, attain flexibility and screen candidates for regular positions, and, at the structural level, it has been attributed to an expansion of the service sector, the availability of new technologies and labour market deregulation (Allan 2000; Houseman 2001; Bosch 2004; George and Chattopadhyay 2015). Some studies have described the growth of NSE as a response to strict labour laws and labour market regulations (Schömann et al. 1998; Adams and Deakin 2014; Cooke and Brown 2015; Aleksynska and Berg 2016).