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Aspectual marking from a typologically uncommon origin: a quantitative account of the development of hamē(w) in Middle Persian

Abstract This article follows the early grammaticalization path of a durative adverb to an aspect marker for a range of aspectual uses including durative, focalized, and habitual. In a usage-based approach, we investigate the behavior of hamē(w) in a Middle Persian database with respect to several grammatical variables, and we check its developmental path against the model proposed for the Romance languages by Bertinetto, Ebert and de Groot, aiming to uncover the amount of similarities/differences between those Romance languages and Persian. The results show that the lexical origin of the structure investigated locates Middle Persian in stage (iii) of the model, and the development documented deviates from the rest of the model in various respects. Furthermore, the usual priority of past tense in progressive developments is not observed: the adverb is originally present-oriented, but past tense usage increases as the grammaticalization proceeds.