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Diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions

Extreme conditions, such as ultra-low temperatures, high pressures, and strong magnetic fields, are critical to producing and studying exotic states of matter. To measure physical properties under extreme conditions, advanced sensing schemes are required. As a promising quantum sensor, diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center could detect magnetic and electronic fields, pressure, and temperature with high sensitivity. Together with its nanoscale spatial resolution and ultra-wide working ranges, diamond quantum sensing could play important roles in frontier studies involving extreme conditions. This paper reviews the spin and optical properties of diamond NV center under extreme conditions, including low temperature, high temperature, zero field, strong magnetic fields, and high pressures. The opportunities and challenges of diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions are discussed. Basics of spin-based quantum sensing and its applications under extreme conditions are also included.