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Gaining and Maintaining Employee Trust in Academia: The Cultural Setting Perspective

Good working relations between employers and employees are essential for the growth of an organization. One of the very key carriers in building this good relation is employee trust. Employee and its dynamics have been widely considered for institutions such as finance, auditing, sports, but not academia. Also, the majority of the current work has focused on only one region and its social work setting on employee trust. To this extent, this research work aims to propose a theoretical framework bringing to light the factors for gaining and maintaining employee trust in academia. A comparative study is done using the case of the University of Derby (UK) and Valley View University (Ghana). Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to compare the responses from the two countries. The findings revealed that general trust is influenced by a lot of drivers like the consistency of managers, length of work, and place of work. There appeared to be some statistical evidence of the difference between the two countries. Nevertheless, it did not reveal the differences in culture at work. Keywords: Employee Trust, Foreign fund, Organizational performance, Leadership, Culture. DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-22-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2019


Introduction
Employee trust is one of the essential drivers of the success of an organization. When employees trust their employers, their output is much higher than the reverse. The Government of Ghana had hastened the timing for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on Achieving Universal Primary Education (Amoateng, 2009), given a clear indicator that the harmonious growth of the educational sector is of keen interest in Ghana. According to Clark(2011), higher education is central to economic growth, and the United Kingdom (UK) has one of the most successful higher education systems in the world. However, over the last decade, studies have shown that workplace trust is diminishing, and the educational sector is no exemption (Lema, 2011).
Some of the researches done in this problem area are that of Lema(2011), Pahl(2008), STUC(2009), Dan(1992, Boe(2002), and Askvik(2010). However, all of the earlier works did not consider the effects of the trust factors across different working cultures. Therefore, this research examines whether factors affecting employee trust are applicable across large organizations with different cultural settings, specifically in Ghana and the United Kingdom. parent's leadership positions to their course mates. Khastar et al. (2011) provided a framework for the effects of countries' cultural beliefs on organizations' culture. Their work relied on Hofstede's theory of organizational culture, which is categorized into five(5) dimensions; power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, Masculinity versus femininity. All of which are regional dependent factors influencing employee trust.

Fig 1: Theoretical Model
The model above shows that leadership style is inter-linked with management openness and honesty as well as the organization of corporate events by management. However, leadership styles will influence teamwork, communication in the organization, and commitment of employees. All these factors, on the right hand, will come together to affect the level of employee trust, which will determine the performance of an organization (Asherman et al., 2000). It also shows how the national culture of different countries influences all the elements in the model. Therefore, the subsequent sections discuss the questions of the factors on the model for its examined understanding.

Methodology
In this research work, both quantitative and qualitative approaches are used. The cross-sectional and case A dual strategy is adopted for the research, namely, the cross-sectional and case study. The cross-sectional study will be used to gather data from employees in different cultures and countries but in the same period. Two different countries (UK and Ghana) were used to ascertain how their opinions on the topic differ.

Population and Sample
The group of interest to the researcher was employees of the Business School at the University of Derby and the School of Business, Valley View University. The target population was supervisors of independent postgraduate students as well as undergraduate module leaders. The questionnaires were administered to all members of the sample. This selection is made on purposive or judgmental sampling for the comparative nature of the study.

Data Collection and Data Analysis
Both primary and secondary data are collected; that is from literature (the articles, and books, etc.) and admiration of online questionnaire form to respondents to fill. Questions like how the employee will define trust, whether trust is important, what factors affect trust in the organizations, will be asked. The questions will produce quantitative data that will be highly specific and precise. However, the qualitative data derived was converted into quantitative data for analysis. The researcher will use the Statistical Product for Service Solutions (SPSS) for the data analysis.

Questionnaire Design
The questionnaire is divided into two(2) sections. The section captures the background information such as age, gender about the respondents. The section will also contain questions like years of experience, level of qualification and place of work. The section 2 asks questions about the effects diversity of cultures on employee trust. This section had the respondents answer questions on what strategies would affect their trust for their managers. Respondents will be given a set of options of which they will have to rate on a scale of 1-5, that is, 1 representing essential and 5 representing not essential.

Analysis and Discussion of Findings
To analyze the evidence of cultural differences between the University of Derby, UK, and Valley View University. Figure 2, a question of "My trust in my manager is affected by my manager organizing university staff and workers social outings"? is asked.  Figure 2 represents Valley View University School of Business(VVUSB) and Derby Business School(DoB) employee perception of whether trust in their manager is affected by their managers organizing staff social outings. The responses show that the majority of the VVUSB (44.4%) disagree, as against 75% of DoB that agree. This shows that there is a statistical difference between the two countries in respect to their perception of this driver of behavior. Hence the Ghana and UK perception of the statement above is different. Thus H1 is kept and reject Ho.  Figure 4 (33.4%) shows that the majority of employees in the DoB agree on the perception that their trust in their manager is affected by the team been praised by their manager rather than individuals. While an equal proportion generally agrees, some also have doubts about this statement (neither agree nor disagree). The VVUSB School of business employees, on the other hand (Ghana), all agreed to this statement. Although some of the employees from the Derby business school have doubts, the majority of them agreed. Hence we keep H0 and reject H1. From the figure 5 above, both VVUSB and DoB agree that their trust in their manager is affected by being assigned a similar workload by their manager to others in a similar position in their university. But a small proportion of the employees in the VVUSB are indecisive, while others generally disagree. The H0 hypothesis is rejected, and the H1 is accepted. Hence there is a difference in the responses from the two countries.  Figure 6 shows the perception of employees in VVUSB and DoB on the statement that 'My trust in my manager is affected by my manager having a consistent approach.' The larger sample of employees from DoB (55.6%) agrees to this statement while a smaller sample (11.1%) neither agrees nor disagrees. The employees from VVUBS, on the other hand, have a different view. That is, 61.1 % agreed to this statement while 27.8% neither agree nor disagree, and 11.1% disagree. Hence, the H0 hypothesis is rejected, but the H1 is accepted. This implies that there is a statistical difference between the two countries' responses.  Figure 7 reveals that employees in the DoB strongly agree with this statement, with a small percentage (5.6%) disagreeing. The VVUSB, on the other hand, has an average number strongly agree (22.2%), and 66.7% generally agreeing. A percentage of 11.1% neither agrees nor disagrees. This data shows that the employees from the United Kingdom's perception of trust are highly influenced by managers considering individuals employee circumstances. Whereas the employees from Ghana generally agree to this but not strongly agree. Hence, H0 will be accepted, and the H1 rejected. Figure 8: Low employee trust leads to increasing rate of employee turnover H0-The responses are the same H1-The responses are different Figure 8 above shows the employee perception of low employee trust and how it leads to employee turnover. Most of the employees in DoB were indecisive about it. However, a higher proportion agreed with this, while a lesser portion disagreed. While in Ghana (VVU School of business), a higher percentage (88.9%) agreed to this. The H0 is rejected, and H1 accepted. This means that there is a difference in the responses and hence there is also a statistical difference between the two countries.  Figure 9, as shown above, represents the manager's leadership style and how it influences an employee's level of trust for their manager. The chart reveals that both respondents from the UK, DoB, and Ghana -VVUSB agree. None of the respondents, however, had some doubts about the statement or disagreed. This implies that there is a difference in both the responses from the two countries.  figure 10 above, it can be seen that most of the respondents (22.2%) from DoB agree somewhat to the perception that their trust influences their work output in their manager. VVUSB respondents, on the other hand, strongly agree to this with a higher percentage of 66.7%. The null hypothesis H0 is rejected, and the H1 is accepted. This shows that there is a significant difference between the two countries and the responses gathered. 47 my manager is affected by being treated equally by my manager with no visible form of partiality' and other don't agree. The H1 will be accepted, showing evidence of statistical differences between the two universities. Figure 12: My work is linked to rewards from my manger H0-The responses are the same H1-The responses are different Figure 12 above shows that an employee's work is linked to their manager, giving them rewards. The respondents from VVUSB agree to this with a small sample of 16.7% undecided. The respondents from DoB strongly disagree with this with a total of 33.1%. The H1 will be accepted, and this shows that there is a statistical difference between the two countries.  Figure 13 shows employees' perception of how staff teamwork has a positive influence on an employee's level of trust in their managers. Most of the respondents from Derby business school (22.2%) were undecided on this statement while the respondents from VVUSB agree. The null hypothesis (H0) will be rejected, and the H1 is accepted. The responses are the same, and there is statistical evidence of the difference between the two countries.  figure 15, both employees from Derby business school and VVU School of business agree that the manager's behavior and reputation affect an employee's trust. The H0 will be accepted, and the H1 will be rejected. Figure 16: My manager's honesty and openness affects my trust H0-The responses are the same H1-The responses are different Figure 16 above shows that both employees from Derby business school and VVUSB agree that their manager's honesty and openness always influence their trust for their manager. This indicates that the employees from both countries (Ghana and the United Kingdom) have the same perception of how a manager's honesty and openness influence employee trust. There is some evidence of cultural differences from the respondents, but this is not clear. This is because, from the analysis of the first objective, it was seen that respondents from both Ghana and the United Kingdom turn to have a similar perception of the term 'trust.' Most of the responses either contradict some literature reviews or sides with it. But there is no visible form of cultural differences in the employees' perception of trust.
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol.10, No.22, 2019 49 Figure 17: Culture analysis orgottenuency table for the dependant variable is shown below. Thirteen (13) individuals generally agree to this. But it is might be cultural biased. Individuals are affected by the culture.

Conclusion and Recommendation for further work
For organizations to thrive in the new economy, trust has become an essential ingredient. The study revealed that other materials need to be part of the employee trust-building process. Management must create a trusted environment that is stimulating enough to restore trust.
The study expected to identify evidence of cultural differences between the perceptions of employees on trust in Ghana and the United Kingdom. From the comparison, it was determined that there is no visible difference when it comes to an employee's perception of employee trust in a larger organization (higher education). The research provided both theoretical explanations and empirical data on the impact of leadership on employee trust, strategies in gaining and maintaining trust.
There has been no study on gaining and maintaining employee trust in the educational sector with evidence of cultural differences. Hence, researchers can use this as pilot work and include more educational areas across countries to achieve some possible exciting outcomes.