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Fluid-dynamical and microscopic description of traffic flow: a data-driven comparison

Much work has been done to compare traffic-flow models with reality; so far, this has been done separately for microscopic, as well as for fluid-dynamical, models of traffic flow. This paper compares directly the performance of both types of models to real data. The results indicate that microscopic models, on average, seem to have a tiny advantage over fluid-dynamical models; however, one may admit that for most applications, the differences between the two are small. Furthermore, the relaxation times of the fluid-dynamical models turns out to be fairly small, of the order of 2 s, and are comparable with the results for the microscopic models. This indicates that the second-order terms are weak; however, the calibration results indicate that the speed equation is, in fact, important and improves the calibration results of the models.