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Generating ecological hypotheses from biomass spectra using causal analysis: a benthic example

Benthic communities in the Bay of Fundy are characterized by the distribution of biomass among logarithmic size classes of organisms ranging from 0.25 p m to 64 mm equivalent spherical diameter. This distribution, a biornass spectrum, exhibits features that are conservative over a wide range of environmental conditions and over a seasonal cycle, having 3 distinct size groups of heterotrophic organisms: grain surface dwellers (bacteria), interstitial fauna (rneiofauna), and macroscopic surface dwellers (rnacrofauna). Causal analysis was used to construct plausible, hypothetical models of interactions among macrofauna, meiofauna, micro-algae, bacteria, and environmental variables. In the models, macrofaunal biomass was largely a function of exogenous predation and sediment disturbance, meiofauna were most abundant in fluid, fine-grained sedirnents where algal biornass was high, and there was evidence of size-dependent competition for food between macrofauna and rneiofauna. Benthic micro-algae at an intertidal station appeared to be controlled by rnacrofaunal cropping and nutrient conditions in the sediment. Bacteria showed a very strong positive relationship with macrofauna and sediment carbon over a seasonal cycle and, spatially, with grain surface area and carbon content of sedirnents.