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Country Background Forest History Topography and Climate Forest and Woodland Area Today Land Use Area (million Ha) Percentage (%)

During the Gallo-Roman period (1st–4th century AD), forests covered two-thirds of the metropolitan French territory (Huffel, 1926). During the Middle Ages this proportion decreased dramatically to only 15–17 % of the land area. This residual forest was then severely damaged during the Renaissance period (15th–17th century) by over-harvesting and anarchic management. When Colbert's Forest Ordinance was instituted in 1669 a gradual restoration took place. High forests produced mainly timber wood, especially for the navy and cask production, and coppices were used for firewood. This ordinance also marked the beginning of a true forest science, an approach which gained worldwide recognition.