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Personal Exposures to Particles and Their Relationships with Personal Activities for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Living in Boston

Abstract An exposure study of 18 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) living in the Boston, MA, area was conducted. The objective was to examine determinants of personal exposures to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), less than 10 μm (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5–10). In a previous publication, the analyses of the longitudinal individual-specific relationships among indoor, outdoor, and personal levels showed that the relationships varied by subject and by particle size fraction. In the present paper, statistical and physical models were used to examine personal PM2.5,PM10, and PM2.5–10 exposure covariates. Results indicated that time-weighted indoor concentrations were significant predictors of personal PM2.5,PM10, and PM2.5–10 exposures. Also, time-weighted outdoor concentrations, time spent near smokers, and time spent during transportation were important predictors for PM2.5 but not for personal PM2.5–10 exposures. In turn, time spent cleaning contributed to all size-fraction personal exposures, whereas cooking affected only personal PM2.5–10 exposures. The findings showed that the relationship between personal PM2.5 exposures and the corresponding ambient concentrations was influenced by home air exchange rates (or by ventilation status). Because the particle properties or components causing the health effects are unknown, it is not certain to what extent the risk posed by ambient particles can be reduced by controlling any one of these factors.