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Blake, Hegel, and the Sciences

In the Introduction to the Philosophy of Nature, Hegel calls nature “the negative of the Idea,” an alien existence where spirit does not find itself. He also describes it as a “frozen” or “petrified intelligence,” attributing thephrase to Schelling (Hegel,Nature 14–15). Schelling’sAges of theWorld (1815), posthumously published only in 1861 and so unavailable to Hegel, does indeed begin with a geological unconscious that impedes any progressive narrative of cosmic or human history, as time is locked in a “rotatory movement” that blocks any “true beginning” or “veritable end” (Schelling, Ages 20). However, the text Hegel evokes is not Schelling’s Ages but his earlier System of Transcendental Idealism (1800), and it is Hegel who adds the words “erstarrte [congealed]” and “versteinerte [petrified],” sometimes translated as “fossilized.” For in the System Schelling had seen no resistance betweenmatter and spirit, nonliving and living being, envisioning a seamless process that resolves “the whole of nature . . . into an intelligence” (6). Hegel invokes the Schelling of the Identity philosophy because he too wants an Aufhebung of “the dead and unconscious products of nature” that overcomes the resistance of the inorganic to organization, as life self-organizes towards spirit (Schelling, System 6). Following this program, Alison Stone, in her book of that name, sees “petrified intelligence” as figuring an unconsciously rational activity in nature, whereby, as Hegel moves up the Chain of Being from minerals to man, he forges increasingly tight concept-matter relations that bring the logics of nature and mind into identity. Stone thus sees Hegel as of-