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First direct measurements of transformation strains in crack-tip zone

Computer automated high-accuracy strain-field mapper (HASMAP) was used to measure strains responsible for crack tip shielding in partially stabilized zirconia containing 9% MgO (Mg-PSZ). HASMAP is used to determine the strain fields from the measured displacement fields by cross-correlation analysis of the relative positions of visible surface texture on the micrograph. The system is used to determine the relative displacement fields by comparing a pair of SEM or optical micrographs, one recorded before the load is applied (the reference micrograph) and the other afterwards. This system is capable of measuring both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements to accuracies approaching ± 60 A for optical microscopy, and ±10 A for scanning electron microscopy. Measured strains were used to evaluate the crack tip shielding stress intensity factor. Dilatational strain accounts for most, but not all, of toughening in Mg-PSZ.