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Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Children With Hematologic Malignancies

Since its original description 2 decades ago, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has been reported in children with several predisposing conditions. Epidemiologic data of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with hematologic malignancies is still scarce. Herein, we describe the clinical and radiologic features along with the outcome and follow-up of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome complicating the treatment of children with hematologic malignancies. Ten patients with a median age of 6.3 years were diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Six of them were undergoing chemotherapy and the remaining 4 were at 37, 52, 78, and 857 days after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The median follow-up was 27.6 months. Even though follow-up imaging showed complete resolution of abnormalities in those 10 children, 2 developed secondary epilepsy. Despite accurate diagnosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and immediate intervention, neurologic sequelae may still develop. Thus, a close follow-up should be considered in all patients.