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Observer-Based Consensus Protocol for Directed Switching Networks With a Leader of Nonzero Inputs

We aim to address the consensus tracking problem for multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) linear networked systems under directed switching topologies, where the leader is subject to some nonzero but norm bounded inputs. First, based on the relative outputs, a full-order unknown input observer (UIO) is designed for each agent to track the full states’ error among neighboring agents. With the aid of such an observer, a discontinuous feedback protocol is subtly designed. And it is proven that consensus tracking can be achieved in the closed-loop networked system if the average dwell time (ADT) for switching among different interaction graph candidates is larger than a given positive threshold. By using the boundary layer technique, a continuous feedback protocol is skillfully designed and employed. It is shown that the consensus error converges into a bounded set under the designed continuous protocol. Second, as part of the full states’ error can be constructed via the agents’ outputs, a reduced-order UIO is thus designed based on which discontinuous and continuous feedback protocols are, respectively, proposed. By using the stability theory of the switched systems, it is proven that the consensus error converges asymptotically to 0 under the designed discontinuous protocol, and converges into a bounded set under the designed continuous protocol. Finally, the obtained theoretical results are validated through simulations.