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A review of the Acrididae (Orthoptera, Caelifera) recorded in Nepal

. Previously published works of literature were reviewed to prepare the checklist of grasshoppers under the family Acrididae from Nepal. The present checklist of grasshoppers under the family Acrididae includes 69 species belonging to 41 genera, and 18 tribes with 11 subfamilies. Oedipodinae (17) was the most species-richest subfamily followed by Gomphocerinae (12), Catantopinae (9), Oxyinae (7), Cyrtacanthacridinae (6), Acridinae (6), Eyprepocnemidinae (4), Coptacrinae (3), Hemiacridinae (2), Calliptaminae (2), and Spathosterninae (1). This checklist will be also helpful to forecast outbreaks of grasshopper species and apply appropriate management approaches.

There are a few studies conducted related to grasshopper fauna in Nepal. A systematic study of the taxonomy and biodiversity of grasshoppers in Nepal was reported by Kirby (1914). Thapa (1997) mentioned that Kirby (1914) reported nine species and described a new species of grasshopper from Nepal. Uvarov (1922) and Uvarov (1925) studied grasshopper taxonomy in the Everest region; and Bey-Bienko (1968), and Chopard and Dreux (1966) in Khumbu-Himalaya and other eastern regions in Nepal. Similarly, Ingrisch (1990) also conducted grasshopper taxonomic studies from the eastern parts of Nepal. Additionally, Ingrisch and Garai (2001) published Orthopteran species from Kathmandu and around the Ganesh Himalaya. Furthermore, Annapurna Himalaya and western regions were investigated by Balderson and Xiangchu (1987) and Lamjung Himalaya and other western parts by Ingrisch (1987). Ingrisch (2002) reviewed some Orthoptera species collected in the Natural History Museum Basel. Another study by Ingrisch (1993) reviewed some Oriental species of Dnopherula (Aulocobothrus) belonging to the subfamily Gomphocerinae. Similarly, Joshi and Manandhar (2001) reported grasshopper species collected at the Entomology Division, Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal. Shishodia et al. (2010) also included some grasshopper species of Nepal while listing the checklist of Orthoptera from India.
Grasshoppers are one of the major pests in Nepal and are responsible for serious damage, especially in rice, maize, and sugarcane (Ansari et al., 2013(Ansari et al., , 2016Paudel et al., 2020). Previously, grasshopper outbreaks and serious damages have been reported in Nepal (Ansari et al., 2016;Paudel et al., 2020). Recently, the swarms of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) invaded Nepal in 2020 and damaged more than 1100 hectares of cropping areas Shrestha et al., 2021). There is no published checklist of grasshoppers that included all the reported species from Nepal. Therefore, the present checklist aims to include all the reported grasshopper species under the Acrididae family from Nepal.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Previously published articles, and books were studied to get data on grasshopper fauna and other related information under the family Acrididae from Nepal. All recorded subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species under the family Acrididae are listed. We found few species were not assigned to any tribe and mentioned as "Taxa not assigned to any tribe". Classification and nomenclature of taxa followed Cigliano et al. (2022). The errors in spelling of the species names were corrected matching with Cigliano et al. (2022) and also mentioned in the text. ArcGIS software was used to draw biogeographical map of Nepal (ArcGIS, 2022).

DISCUSSION
Among 69 species reported under the family Acrididae, 13 species are endemic species and 12 species are described from Nepal. Similarly, the Acridid fauna of Nepal is more affiliated to India because out of 69 species recorded in Nepal, 45 species were also recorded in India. As shown in Fig 1., most of the genera were reported from Middle Mountains areas and only 2 and 1 genus were reported from the Tarai and the Himal regions, respectively. The grasshopper species under the genus Oxya and H. banian are responsible for annual heavy damage (Ansari et al., 2016Paudel et al., 2020. Schistocerca gregaria is invasive species to Nepal and was invaded in 1962, 1996, and 2020Shrestha et al., 2021). Grasshopper is a major pest of rice, maize, and sugarcane in Nepal (Ansari et al., 2013(Ansari et al., , 2016Paudel et al., 2020). Occasionally, it also outbroke and caused serious damage in Nepal (Ansari et al., 2013;Paudel et al., 2020;Pandey et al., 2021;Shrestha et al., 2021). The present checklist of grasshoppers' will be useful to identify the major grasshopper species, their possible outbreak and preparing for possible management approaches. For example, the grasshopper species under the genus Oxya and H. baniana are responsible for heavy damage to rice, maize, and sugarcane almost every year (Ansari et al., 2016Paudel et al., 2020. Similarly, the desert locust (S. gregaria) invaded Nepal for several years, such as in 1962, 1996, and 2020 and damaged hectares of cropping areas Shrestha et al., 2021).
Grasshopper fauna was studied majorly in the middle and the eastern parts of Nepal and very few species are reported from the western parts and the southern plain areas (Tarai region) of the country. Similarly, Nepal is located from around 200 m to 8848 m from sea level with humid tropical (annual average temperature >25 °C) to alpine (annual average temperature <0 °C to 5 °C) (Agrawala et al., 2003). Therefore, considering the higher climatic and geographical variation, it is recommended for detailed studies, especially in the western parts and the southern plain areas, on the diversity and distribution of grasshopper species in Nepal.