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Structural, physical and chemical characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa hyperscums from a hypertrophic lake

SUMMARY. 1. This paper examines the structural, physical and chemical characteristics of cyanobacterial hyperscums (floating scums of densely packed eyanobacteria. measuring decimetres in thickness, that are covered by a dry crust of photo-oxidized cells) from hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa. 
 
 
 
2. The hyperscum community was a cyanobacterial-baclcrial association, in which the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa comprised 98% of the biovolumc, with cell concentrations exceeding 109 ml−1. 
 
 
 
3. The buoyancy mechanism of M. aeruginosa and evaporation at the surface led to increasing compaction of the colonies with declining distance from the surface, and the formation of three distinct, but continuous layers: a 1–2 mm dry surface crust (water content: 14%, chlorophyll a concentration: 3 g l−1), a 5–10 mm compact layer just below the crust (77% water, 1 g l−1 chlorophyll a), and a less compact layer (96% water, 200–500 mg l−1 chlorophyll a) from about 1 cm depth to the bottom, comprising the bulk of the hyperscum. 
 
 
 
4. The crust attenuated all the incident light and reduced free gas exchange. Beneath it continuously dark anaerobic, highly reduced conditions prevailed. As the hyperscum aged over 3 months in 1984, at 10 cm depth the pH gradually declined from 6.6 to 5.9, interstitial water ammonia-N concentrations increased from 0.45 to 119 mg l−1, soluble reactive phosphorus from 2.8 to 83.3 mg l−1, and dissolved organic carbon reached a maximum of 460 mg l−1. At any point in time these concentrations declined gradually with increasing depth within the hyperscum, and declined dramatically beneath the hyperscum. Similar patterns were recorded in another hyperscum in 1986. 
 
 
 
5. The chemical and temperature depth profiles indicated that free water movement took place around and under the hyperscum, but within it water movement was restricted to diffusion. 
 
 
 
6. Gas bubbles composed of 28% methane. 19% CO2, 53% N2, and traces of H2 trapped within the hyperscum, and the presence of volatile fatty acids in the interstitial water were indicative of anaerobic decomposition processes mediated by fermenting and methanogenic bacteria, and N:P ratios below 1.5 in the interstitial water suggested that nitrogen was lost as gas, possibly through denitrification. 
 
 
 
7. We hypothesize that the major sites of decay of M. aeruginosa were the crust and the compact layer beneath it, while deeper within the hyperscum this cyanobacterium could survive prolonged periods of dark anaerobic conditions. This hypothesis requires confirmation.