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Ecological preservation versus economic exploitation of natural resources: a happy marriage or a bitter divorce?

The purpose of this work is to integrate two important areas: the water uses and their ecological impacts; the economical and legal issues related to the sustainable exploitation of the natural resources. Another purpose is to relate these two areas and the local and regional interests in the conservation of these resources. Some case studies are presented in which a balance between the two issues was attempted: a small watershed in the North of Portugal, and the minimisation of the impact of a dam on the fish populations. In both cases the regional economy is considered.