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Beta‐blockers in cirrhosis patients with refractory ascites

could not represent cirrhosis severity in this study. The study endpoint was HCC incidence over 1 year after the start of observation. Patients who developed HCC within 1 year were included in those with a follow-up duration <1 year. Therefore, patients with HCC or suspicion of HCC on enrollment were excluded from this study. It is impossible to avoid any bias because this study is a retrospective cohort study. We think that the method of this study is the next best method of ensuring that the experimental and control groups are similar in the absence of randomization, as Prof. Sherman described. Our findings are consistent with those recently published from Hong Kong. A recent meta-analysis, which included our results, demonstrated a reduction in HCC incidence with oral antiviral agents. The risk reduction of HCC by nucleos(t)ide analogs needs to be confirmed in other long-term studies of ETV or tenofovir with high antiviral potency.