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Flavonoids from Trollius Europaeus Flowers and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity

The genus Trollius (Ranunculaceae) comprises 31 species of perennial herbs which grow in the northern hemisphere areas with temperate climates. In Europe and western Siberia the species Trollius europaeus L. is found. The medicinal part is the whole plant. Various parts of the plant have been used for the treatment of scurvy in folk medicine due to its high content of vitamin C [1]. The previous studies into T. europaeus leaves, of which I was a coauthor, reported the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids [2,3]. A more extensive investigation into the flavonoids in T. europaeus flowers led to isolation and structural identification of derivatives of luteolin (1-6) and apigenin (7-10). Except for compound 6, which was an O-glycoside, all of them displayed a C-glycoside-like structure. These compounds have been identified and described for the first time for the investigated material, and vitexin 2’’-O-βarabinopyranoside for the first time in the plant kingdom. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and MS, UV and comparison with reference samples (standards).


Plant material
The flowers of Trollius europaeus L. were collected from flowering plants growing in the experimental field of the Department of Botany, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland. The plant was kindly verified by Dr. Wojciech Antkowiak (Department of Botany, Poznań University of Life Sciences). The voucher specimen (Antkowiak, 1033) was deposited at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences.

Extraction and isolation
Five hundred gram of air-dried powdered flowers of Trollius europaeus were extracted with methanol three times at room temperature and, then, exhaustively with the mixture of methanol and water (1:1) on a boiling water bath under reflux. The obtained MeOH and MeOH: H 2 O extracts, containing the same flavonoids (PC and TLC analysis; P 1 , P 2 , P 3 ) were combined, concentrated under reduced pressure, and suspensed in hot water. The resulted precipitate was filtered off. The aqueous fraction (Extract TE) was subjected to CC on the cellulose Whatman CF 11.
The column was initially eluted with S 1 , followed by S 2 and the elution was monitored by PC (P 1 and P 2 ), and TLC (P 3 ). 201 fractions contained flavonoids were collected, ca. 200-250ml each. The fractions which had similar constituents were combined. Fraction 1-22 was crystallized from MeOH (S 4 ) to yield 65mg of yellow needles of compound (6), which was identified as 4'-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-xylopyranoside of 7-O-methylapigenin. This compound had also been identified in the leaves of T. europaeus [3]. Fraction 23-29 was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (first column with MeOH, next with H 2 O as eluents) to yield 8mg of compound 7 and 6mg of compound 8 as amorphous powders. These compounds were identified as vitexin (7) and isovitexin (8). Fraction 30-42 was purified using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography with MeOH (S 4 ) and H 2 O (S 3 ) as eluents to yield 8mg of yellow crystalline needles of compound 1. Fraction 43-56 was subjected to column chromatography with cellulose, eluted with H 2 O, saturated with EtOAc (S 5 ) to give 36 fractions. Fraction 1-14 was purified using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, eluted with MeOH (S4) to 6mg of 9 and 6mg of 10. Fraction 15-36 was further separated by cellulose CC, eluted with EtOAc saturated with H 2 O (S 6 ) to yield 39 fractions, which were rechromatographed on a column with Sephadex LH-20, eluted by MeOH (S 4 ); next, it was rechromatographed on a column with Sephadex LH-20, eluted with H 2 O (S 3 ). As a result, yellow crystalline needles of compound 4 (19mg) were obtained.
Fraction F57-F98 was separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, eluted with MeOH (S 4 ), and the obtained 11 flavonoid fractions. Fraction 1-7 was subjected to Sephadex LH-20CC, eluted with H2O (S 3 ), to give 5mg of compound 2. Fraction 8-11 was purified on columns with Sephadex LH-20, first eluted with MeOH (S 4 ), next with H 2 O (S 3 ) and finally with MeOH (S 4 ), to provide 36mg of yellow crystalline needles of compound 6. Fraction F99-F143 was applied on a Sephadex LH-20 column. Fraction F144-F 2 01 was separated in the same way as fraction F99-F143. As a result of re-chromatography, 16 mg of compound 5 were obtained as yellow crystalline needles ( Figure 1).
The free radical activity was calculated by percent inhibition using the following formula: where Ablank was the absorbance of the control (containing all reagents except the tested extracts) and A sample was the absorbance of the sample. The results were also expressed using the IC 50 parameter, which is defined as the concentration of an antioxidant that causes a 50% DPPH loss of the DPP Hradical scavenging activity. The IC 50 parameter was obtained by linear regression. BHA was used as the positive control (0.5-5.00mg/ml).The results have been presented in Table 2.
The data obtained in this study were expressed as the mean of six replicates, plus or minus the confidence interval. The significant difference was considered at the p value ≤0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software.

Preparation of the Extracts
The dried and powdered flowers of Trollius europaeus (5g) were extracted twice with 100ml of methanol-water. (1:1) for 30min using an ultrasonic bath (Elma S 180H, Germany). The extraction was carried out at a temperature of 50oC, 1000W ultrasonic powder, and frequency of 37kHz. The extracts were condensed to dry matter. The dry residue was weighed and dissolved in water thus obtaining 2.5% stock solution.

Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC)
The total content of flavonoids (TFC) was determined using the boric acid colorimetric method described in Pharmacopoeia Polonica [14]. 5ml of the stock solution were evaporated to dryness and the remains were dissolved in 10mL of a mixture of methanol and glacial acetic acid (1:10), 10ml of the solution of boric acid (25g/L) and oxalic acid (20g/L) in anhydrous acetic acid were added, then anhydrous acetic acid was added to obtain 25mL. The reference was prepared in the same way, but the mixture of boric and oxalic acids were replaced with anhydrous formic acid. The absorbance was measured at λ =401nm, after 30min. of incubation. The total flavonoid content was calculated with the following formula: X=Ax 0.8/m, calculated as vitexin, adopting absorbance typical of vitexin equal to 628. The A in the formula is the absorbance of the tested samples, m-the mass of the substance to be examined, in grams.

Tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay
Mushroom tyrosinase, L-dopa used for the bioassay was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Chemical Co [14] and hydroquinone from POCH S.A. Poland. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured by spectrophotometry, as described by Bendaikha S et al. [4]. The studies were conducted at a constant temperature of 20oC ±1. The study was conducted for a flavonoid standardized methanol-water extract from the flowers. Five to twenty five ml of the stock solution were condensed to dryness, and then dissolved in 1ml of H 2 O.

Statistical analyses
The data obtained in this study were expressed as the mean of six replicate determinations plus or minus the confidence interval. The Kruskal-Waallis test was used to assess the significance of the effects of the activity, at p≤0.05. Individual differences between the treatments were identified using the Dunn's test. The correlation of the samples that provided 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) was obtained by interpolation from a linear regression analysis. The calculation was performed using the STATISTICA 10.0 software (Poland).

Structural elucidation of flavonoids
The result of this investigation was isolation of flavonoids from the hydromethanolic extract of T. europaeus flowers, with the use of column chromatography. The chromatographic separation was monitored on TLC or PC plates under UV 366 nm. The isolated compounds showed brown fluorescence (with Naturstoffreagenz A) changing to orange (1 -5) or yellow (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of the results of acid hydrolysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR, 1 H-1 H COSY, HMBC, HSQC NMR) analyses.
Compounds 1-5 and 7-10 were hydrolysed in a way typical of C-glycosides. Under the conditions of acid hydrolysis, compounds 3-5 and 9-10 first underwent separation of the sugar molecule attached to the O-glycosidic bond (arabinose from 9 and 4, xylose from 3, glucose from 5 and galactose from 10) and, then,interconvertion (i.e. Wessely-Moser rearrangement) to a mixture of 6-and 8-isomers (orientin and isoorientin for 1-5, vitexin and isovitexin for 7-10). The Wessely-Moser rearrangement in the same conditions was also observed for compounds 1, 2, 7, 8 which possessed the sugar molecule attached by a C-glycosidic bond [7,15].
For compound 6, the acid hydrolysis was characteristic of di-O-glycosides of flavonoids. The conditions of the hydrolysis first led to the separation of the outer sugar molecule (product-monoglucoside of flavonoid) and, next, of another one until an aglycone were obtained. The results of the chromatographic analysis of the hydrolysis products of compound 6 indicated the presence of two simple sugars corresponding to xylose and rhamnose and an aglycone with standard 7-methylapigenin.
The analysis of the UV spectra see data in Table 1 indicated that compounds 1-5 were flavones with free OH group sat C-3', 4'; 5 and 7, while compounds 7-10 were flavones with free OH groups at C-4', 5 and 7. Compound 6 was a flavone with one free OH group at C-5 [7]. In the ESI-MS spectra of compounds 1-10 protonated and deprotonated molecules of the compounds and their adducts with sodium, potassium and chlorine were observed in the positive and negativeion modes. Based on the results of the ESI-MS analysis, the mass of compounds 1/2=m/z 448, 3=m/z 580, 4 = m/z 580, 5 = m/z 610, 6 = m/z 562, 7/8 = m/z 432, 9 = m/z 564, 10 = m/z 594 was determined. The results indicated that the mass of compounds 1 and 2 corresponded to luteolin substituted with hexose, that of compounds 3 and 4 corresponded to orientin substituted with pentose (C 26 H 28 O 15 ), 5 was compatible with orientin substituted with hexose (C 27 H 30 O 16 ). Compounds 7 and 8 indicated to apigenin substituted with hexose, while compound 9 was equivalent to vitexin with bound pentose (C 26 H 28 O 14 ) and compound 10-to vitexin substituted with hexose (C 27 H 20 O 21 ). The resonance signals from all the carbons and protons could be assigned by analyzing the 1 H-1 H COSY and 1 H-13 C HMQC, 1 H-13 C HMBC spectra. In the 1 H NMR spectrum ofcompounds3, 4, 5 there were singlets from H-3 and H-6 typical of orientin derivatives that appeared in the range of δ 6.19ppm to δ 6.62ppm, a doublet of doublets with the coupling constant about 2.0/8.0Hz or broad signals from H-6'. The H-5' signals were seen in the form of doublets in the range of δ 6. 87ppm to δ 6.91ppm with the coupling constant about 8.0Hz. Signals from H-2' appeared as broad signals but there was no signal from H-3' [9,11]. No signal in the region ofH-8 signals (δ6.39 to 6.56ppm) indicated the presence of a substituent at C-8. In the 13CNMR spectrum, signals of C-8were shifted down field by about 10ppm, compared with luteolin, indicating that sugar linked at C-8 by a C-glycosidic bond. In the region of anomeric sugar protons there were doublets of the sugar molecule in the range of δ5.03ppm to δ 5.38ppm (d,H-1", J=10.0Hz) attached directly to the aglycone, and from the outside of the sugar molecule at δ4.78ppm (d, H-1"', J=9.8), δ4,17ppm (d, H-1"', J=6.43Hz) and δ4.18ppm (d, H-1"', J=7.66Hz), respectively. The constant coupling signals from the anomeric protons of the sugars showed that they occurred in the β configuration. The correlation occurring between the protons and carbons was determined on the basis of 1H-13C HSQC). The anomeric carbon of glucose, which constituted the internal sugar molecule, disclosed in the range of δ71.79 to 73.90ppm, whereas the one of the sugar attached to glucose in the range δ106.10 to 107.25ppm. It was observed that the C-2" resonance signal of glucose was shifted downfield by about 10ppm, while the signals of the adjacent carbons were shifted up field, which suggested substitution of C-2" glucose with a sugar molecule (Table 1). [15,16] The values of the signals and their shifts for the investigated compounds were comparable to the results of the identification analyses described for orientin 2"-O-β-arabinopyranoside isolated from T. ledebouri [9], Deschampsia antarctica [17], and for orientin 2"-O-β-glucopyranoside isolated from Cannabis sativa, Seteria italic [8].
Additionally, no signal of proton H-8, which should have appeared at δ6.39 to δ6.56ppm, and the signal shift at C-8 in the 13C NMR spectrum compared to the corresponding signal of apigenin, may suggest that compound 9 and 10 had a substituent at C-8. In the region of the anomeric proton signals doublets at δ 4.15ppm for compound 9 and δ4.82ppm for 10 with the coupling constants about 10.0, indicated β configuration. In the 13C NMR spectrum, in the range of the signals of the anomeric carbon sugar molecules, diagnostic signals of glucose, and of arabinose for compound 9 and of galactose for compound 10, were observed. The signal from C-1'' glucose appeared at δ71.91ppm for compound 9, and at δ 102.32ppm for arabinose. For compound 10 the signal at δ75, 54ppm was assigned to glucose, whereas the signal at δ107, 38ppm was assigned to galactose. In relation to vitexin, the signal of the C-2" carbon for both of the compounds was shifted downfield by about 10ppm, which indicated the presence of outer sugar on the second carbon of glucose. The analysis of the spectrum of compounds 9 and 10, especially the sugar part, just like the one of compounds 4 and 5, was hampered by the presence of multiple signals in a narrow range of the spectrum (signals of δ5.04ppm to δ2.90ppm in the 1 H NMR and carbons of δ 107.38ppm to δ60.41ppm in the 13 C NMR). Two further doublets of sugar protons were assigned to anomeric protons of the outer sugar molecule [9]. In the HMBC spectrum of 10, the long-range correlations between H-1" of glucose and C-7, C-8, C-9, C-10 indicated that glucose was attached to the C-8 position of the aglycone. The long-range correlations between H-6 and C-5, C-7, C-8, C-10 confirmed the positions of these hydrogens. The hydrogens of ring B correlated in the following manner: between H-2' and C-2, C-4', as well as between H-5' and C-2, C-1', C-4'; there were also correlations between H-6' and C-2 and C-4', and between H-3' and C-1', C-4'. The link between the sugar units was established by a HMBC cross signal between H-1"' of galactose and H-2" of glucose. The results of the identification analyses indicated that the isolated compound 9 was vitexin 2''-O-β-arabinopyranoside and has been isolated in the plant world for the first time. Compound 10 was identified as vitexin 2"-O-β-galactopyranoside. This compound had also been isolated and identified in T. ledebouri and T. chinensis. [10,[16][17][18][19][20] The analysis of the studies conducted (acid hydrolysis, ultraviolet spectral analysis, mass spectrometry and the results of the spectral analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance) indicated that compound 3 was orientin 2"-O-β-xylopyranoside (adonivernith). The resonance signals were consistent with the ones determined for orientin 2"-O-β-xylopyranoside (adonivernith) [9]. Adonivernith was isolated from different organs of Trollius europaeus in studies conducted simultaneously by Gallet et al. [21]. Based on the results, compound 4 was determined to be orientin 2"-O-β-arabinopyranoside, compound5 was identified as orientin 2"-O-β-glucopyranoside.
These spectral and hydrolysis data suggested that compound 9 was vitexin 2"-O-β-arabinopyranoside, whereas 10 vitexin 2"-O-β-galactopyranoside. The vitexin 2"-O-β-arabinopyranoside was isolated from the plant world for the first time. The C-glycosylflavones, i.e. orientin (1), isoorientin (2), vitexin (7) and isovitexin (8), were identified on the basis of their structural assignments ( 1 H and 13 C NMR and ESI-MS, UV-spectrophotometric analysis). Their spectroscopic data were in good agreement with those reported in the literature [6,10]. (6), identified in the flowers, had been previosuly isolated from and identified in the extract from the leaves of T. europaeus. This spectroscopic data ( 1 H and 13 C NMR and ESI-MS, UV-spectrophotometric analysis) were in good agreement with those reported in my first study [3].

Investigation of the antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activity of the compounds isolated from the Trollius flowers was investigated using the DPPH assay and the results were analysed statistically by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test, post hoc Dunn's test [11][12][13]. The results indicated that compounds 4 and 5 showed significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The activity of compound 4 was comparable to that of BHA. The IC 50 values of compounds 4 and 5 were 1.67mg/mL, 3.41mg/mL, respectively, whereas the IC 50 for 9 and 10 amounted to 142.9mg/mL and 576.5mg/mL, respectively. The IC 50 of BHA, used as a standard, was 1.67mg/mL.
The statistical analysis showed that for all the investigated compounds there was a significant difference in activity between the concentration of 0.5mg/mL, 1mg/mL and 5mg/mL; the same relation was observed for the concentration of 0.5mg/mL and 4mg/mL for compounds 4, 5, 9, and BHA. A comparison of the investigated compounds revealed that the derivatives of both orientin and vitexin substituted with a molecule of arabinose demonstrated significantly stronger activity than the derivatives of orientin and vitexin substituted with hexose (glucose, galactose, respectively) ( Table 2). The data indicated that the presence of hydroxyl groups at the aglycone could enhance the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids, as orientin showed greater scavenging activity than vitexin. The results of previous studies suggested stronger antioxidant activity of orientin 2"-O-xyloside from Setariaviridis (Gramineae) than that of vitexin 2"-O-glucoside, while vitexin 2"-O-xyloside was inactive [22]. Orientin 2"-O-galactoside (OGA), separated from T. chinensis flowers, showed greatest scavenging activity against DPPH (IC50=23.9μg/ml) and was followed by orientin and vitexin which demonstrated moderate scavenging activity against DPPH (112.4μg/ml and 217.9μg/ml, respectively). It was observed that the tested compounds showed weak or no scavenging activity against ABTS + By comparison with orientin, OGA showed particularly strong scavenging activity in this case, which might be ascribed to its improved polarity and solubility by an additional galactoside moiety [23,24].

Inhibitory effect of Trollius flowers extract (TK) on mushroom tyrosinase
Tyrosinase is a glycosylated multi-copper mono oxygenase enzyme. It is responsible for the pigmentation of eyes, hair, and skin. It contributes to undesired browning of fruits and vegetables. The changes in pigmentation in mammal organisms (hypo-, hyperpigmentation), as well as fruit and vegetable browning, may be connected with disorders of tyrosinase activity. This has prompted scientists to search for new, safe inhibitors of the enzyme for use in foods and cosmetics ( Table 3).
The antityrosinase activity was determined for a methanolwater extract from the flowers of T. europaeus (TK) standardised for the content of flavonoids calculated as vitexin. The total content of flavonoids in the investigated extract was 0.4±0.03%. The determination of tyrosinase inhibition was performed with the use of the mushroom tyrosinase assay for different concentrations of the TK extract corresponding to 1250.00 to 250mg/ml of the raw material. The IC 50 of the TK extract was 478.6mg/ml, whereas for hydroquinone HQ used as the positive control it was 23.84mg/ml. The extract from the flowers of T. europaeus containing 0.4% of flavonoids also seems a potentially good factor of antityrosinase. This ability may be related to the structural similarity of polyphenols to L-DOPA and tyrosine, which are natural substrates for tyrosinase [25].