{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03395784543325527, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02459016393442623, 'mean_word_length': 4.812925170068027, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Cheirodendron trigynum (Araliaceae) from the montane zone of Hawaii

Abstract The Araliaceae is known to have seeds with underdeveloped embryos that must grow prior to radicle emergence, and thus they have morphological (MD) or morphophysiological (MPD) dormancy. Araliaceae is one of about 15 families with woody species in the tropical montane zone, and in Hawaii 15 species occur in the montane. Our purpose was to determine if seeds of the Hawaiian Araliaceae species Cheirodendron trigynum subsp. trigynum have MD or MPD and, if MPD, what level. In a move-along experiment, some seeds were incubated continuously at 15/6, 20/10 or 25/15°C, while others were moved sequentially from low to high or from high to low temperature regimes. Germination percentages and embryo growth were monitored. Also, the effects of cold and warm stratification on dormancy break were determined. Seeds had physiological dormancy (PD) in addition to small embryos that grew prior to germination, and thus MPD. PD was broken slowly ( ≥ 12 weeks), after which embryos grew rapidly, followed by root and shoot emergence. Embryos grew at temperatures suitable for warm stratification; thus, seeds have Type 1 non-deep simple MPD; the dormancy formula is C1bBb. Seeds from Oahu germinated to 94–100% at 15/6, 20/10 and 25/15°C, while those from the Big Island germinated to high percentages only at 15/6 and 20/10°C. Temperature shifts improved germination of seeds from the Big Island, and movement from either low to high or from high to low temperature regimes was effective in promoting germination. This is the first report of non-deep simple MPD in the Araliaceae.