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Navigating Citizenship and National Identity in American Territories: Nationalism in American Samoa and Puerto Rico

This article examines the various paths taken by two American territories: American Samoa and Puerto Rico. American Samoans are not citizens of the United States, they are ‘nationals’. Puerto Ricans, on the contrary, are US citizens and have the same rights as any American once they move to the ‘mainland’. Despite this initial difference, there have been few attempts by the government of American Samoa to change or alter the status, and a sense of nationalism is not, at first sight, overly expressed, while in Puerto Rico, five plebiscites on the status question have taken place. The two archipelagos have both been under intense Americanisation and the sense of nationalism in both places is expressed in different ways.