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Island biogeography in continental areas: inferring dispersal based on distributional patterns of Pronophilina butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in the north Andean massifs

Faunal structure, species relationships and distribution patterns of Pronophilina butterflies, a Neotropical montane section of the Satyrinae (Nymphalidae), of 5 isolated north Andean massifs —Cordillera de Merida, Sierra El Tama, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Cordillera de la Costa and Sierra de Perija— are analyzed from the island biogeography perspective. El Tama range, a part of the “continental” Eastern Cordillera, is considered as the source area of the faunas of the Sierra de Perija and the Cordillera de Merida, which in turn are stepping stones for the dispersal of species to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Cordillera de La Costa. The role of major biogeographical variables is evaluated in the process of colonization of these areas. It is conlcuded that the maximum elevation between the neighbouring ranges is the most important variable, not the distance. This is related to the fact that dispersal in this group of butterflies seems to occur by slow expansion through ecological corridors not by long distance flights. Faunal relationships between the 5 ranges and the elevational bands occupied by widespread and endemic species allow inferring the extent of vertical movements of cloud forests in the past.