{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027646012451823302, 'fraction_numerical': 0.012081233323450935, 'mean_word_length': 5.235212569316081, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 11, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 2, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Analysis of the relationship between Modic change and spinopelvic alignment parameters in degenerative scoliosis patients


 Background: Sagittal alignment and coronal balance have been considered to be important in treating patients with degenerative scoliosis (DS). Previous studies have reported that Modic changes (MCs), disc degeneration (DD),and facet tropism(FT) have been considered as major factors forspinopelvic alignment parameters inpatients with DS. However, no previous study has investigated relationship between them.Methods: Our retrospective study recruited 38 DS patients and41 healthy age and sex matched individuals.The DS patientswere divided into DS group andhealthy age and sex matched individuals were divided into healthy group.Full‑length frontal and lateral views of the entire spine was measured to evaluate sagittal alignment and coronal balance. Endplate-disc-facetjoints degeneration of patients with DS were quantified using the Modic classifications, DD, and FT.The spinopelvic alignment parameters were measured, including pelvic incidence,sacral slope,lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, C7-sagittal vertical axis, L3 tilt, coronal balance distance, coronal cobb angel, thoracolumbar junctional angle, T1 pelvic angle.Results:Based on radiographic findings, the incidence of MCs at different lumbar level was higher percentage of participants showed MCsand FT in the DS group (DS group: 52.63%, healthy group: 11.24%). The coronal and sagittal parameters were significantly different between DS group and healthy group (p<0.05), except for SS (>0.05).Besides, there was significant correlation between the coronal and sagittal parameters.Conclusions: Coronal deformity has little effect on sagittal parameter sexcept for SVA, TK, and LLI. Besides, differentcoronal deformity types show weak difference on sagittal plan. The prevalence of MC in DLS group is higher than healthy group, which result in poorer clinical outcomes.


Introduction
Degenerativescoliosis (DS) become anincreasing healthcare concern owing to an aging population 1 .
Surgical treatment achievesbetter health statusandimproves imbalance of the spine in thesagittal and coronal planes 2 .Sagittal imbalance is reportedto be associated with low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) 3 .Coronal imbalance, which has been reported to be associated with a HRQOL recently, has become an imaging feature of impaired function and back pain 4 .
It has been reported that DS was triggered by asymmetrical fact joint degeneration 5 and DD 6 .
Asymmetric facet joints degeneration, namely FT, has been reportedtolead to degenerative changes, such as degenerative spondylolisthesis 7 .The relationship between facet jointsorientation, the intervertebral disc herniation, and degenerative spondylolisthesis have been wellexamined 8 .
However, no literature has investigated the relationship between them and DS. The facet jointsandintervertebral disc are complex structures stabilizing the spinal motion segments 9 . The facet joint and intervertebral disc bear segmental loads making it prone to degeneration.Asymmetric changein loading of the segment lead to instability of lumbar spinal column that leads to vertebral rotation or spondylolisthesis. The asymmetricthe facet jointsand DD at each spine level triggers progression of exacerbated curve.The progressing curvature magnitude and facet joints degeneration havebeenidentifiedasfactorsrelated with the severity of clinical symptoms 10 . What´s more,tsutomu et al. reported that MCs were associated with the magnitude of lumbar coronal curve 11 . Severalstudies elucidated that progression of MCs was connected with a coronal deformity of the lumbar spine 12 .
The endplate plays a key role in mechanical environment, hydrostatic pressure, and nutritional pathway,which are considered to be vital for preventing discdegeneration 13 . Recent research has shifted to role of endplate defects in progressionofdisc degeneration pathology.Therefore, both MCs and DD are associated with the vertebra instability.The MCs and the DD involve multifactorial process and act as an interacting unit, which altered mechanical behavior of the spine.Further, several reports demonstrated that theFT was related with the vertebra instability 14,15 .Hence, we speculate that progression of MCs, DD, and FT may promote occurrence of lumbar vertebra instability, and patients with MCs, DD, and FT may have different spinopelvic alignment parameters compared with subjects without MCs, DD, and FT. To our knowledge, we are the first to explore the the prevalence of MCs, DD, and FT and the relationship amongthem and spinopelvic alignment parameters on both coronal and sagittal planesinpatients with DScompared with healthy controls.

Methods
This study retrospectively evaluatedradiographical dataof 50 subjectswith DSfrom the First Hospital Affiliatedwith Nanjing Medical University and The Affiliated People's Hospital with Jiangsu University.
from January 2011 to December 2017.Radiographical data includedfull-spine posteroanterior and lateral radiographs, MRI and CT. The inclusion criteria were: (1) subjects older than 50 years; (2) subjects with degenerative scoliosis, defined by a Cobb angle greater than 10° in the coronal plane; (3) no history of previous orthopedic surgery. The exclusion criteria were: (1) without complete radiological data; (2)

Radiographic Measurements
The spinopelvic alignment parameters in the coronal and sagittal plane were measured on lateral and frontal views of full-length standing radiography using the picture archiving computer-analysis system

Assesement Of Modic Changes
MCs was defined as the presence of high or low signal at the vertebral body levels L1-S1andwas categorized into three types according to the signal intensities on midsagittal views of MRI.
Classification of MCs was shown in Table 1. The presence of MCs was recorded without specifying the subtype.

Statistical Analysis
We performed statistical analyses using SPSS (version, 21.0 SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test was used to compare parameters between groups. We calculated the correlation between the coronal and sagittal parameters with Spearman's correlation test. The subjects were grouped based on gender, BMI, MC, and facet tropism, one-way ANOVA test test were used to assess the disparities among different groups. P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
All spinopelvic alignment were similar between different gender, age, and BMI in FT<10 degrees group and FT ≥10 degrees group(p<0.05). (Figure 3) SVA, L3 tilt, and CBD was different at T12/L1 level but other sagittal parameters were comparable(P<0.05); all parameters were similar at L1/2 level; TLJA was different between at L2/3 level while other sagittal parameters were similar(P<0.05); all parameters were similar at L1/2 level; TPA was different between at L4/5 level but other sagittal parameters were comparable(P<0.05); all parameters were similar at L5/S1 level.(P<0.05, Figure 4).

Relationship Between Modic Changes And Ds
Our study showed that the prevalence of MCs (52.63%) of our study was higher than that of the previous study (5.8 ~ 22.4%). The main reason is that elderly patients recruited in our study had a certain degree of DS, which would increase the incidence of MCs. In addition, the differences in the reported prevalence across different studies could be explained by the differences in determinants of MCs.
We also found most of DS patients with MCs had low back pain, which resulted from MCs and intervertebral disc. We therefore analyze the distribution of MCs in the assessment of pain for patients with DS. We found that there was a significant association between MCs and spinopelvic alignment. The patients with DS may often have overload force caused by crouching motion, which would cause MCs and the intervertebral disc degeneration. The measurement of coronal and sagittal parameters can help to determine the prognosis of spinal degeneration diseases. So, the relationship between coronal and sagittal parameters of DS and spine degenerative changes is important. Our results showed that the incidence of MCs in DS was strongly correlated with PI, SS, SVA, and coronal cobb at different level. The correlation between MCs and DS may be due to the increased shear force of endplate and decreased axial decompression ability of the lumbar spine. The degree of injury caused by the external force in the perpendicular direction depends on the degree of structural degeneration of the vertebral body. We supposed that the incidence of MC is positive correlated with severity of scoliosis and facet joint asymmetry. However, it was unclear whether MCs was the cause or effect of the scoliosis. Biomechanical balance disorder increases shear forces between adjacent vertebral bodies, which will cause the generation of different types of MC 16 . MCs also reverses as the biomechanical balance return to normal.
Still further, FT could worsen the deformity of endplate and cause the disc imbalance and instability which eventually lead to the expansion of degenerative scoliosis. Therefore, MCs produced DS with intervertebral instability as a mediator. Conversely, the asymmetrical endplate load caused by scoliosis could aggravated progression of MCs.

Relationship Between Facettropism And Ds
Asymmetrical degeneration of discs and asymmetrical facet joints orientation produce lateral and rotational deformity, which have been implicated as pathogenesis factors in the progression of DS, Lumbar facet joints. No previous research stated initiating factors of these change. Our results showed that coronal and sagittal parameters in patients with DS was different between FT < 10 degrees group and FT ≥ 10 degrees group. We didn't figure out whether the FT caused the DS, or DS caused the FT. We hypothesis that the vertebral disc and the facet joints have mutual influence and are trapped in vicious circle with the degeneration of the whole spine.
The results of this study showed that FT was related to coronal and sagittal parameters at different levels (Fig. 3). Rankine reported that FT would increase the force through one side of the spine, causing degenerative spinal diseases 14 19 . A larger Cobb angle would tilt the space between the vertebra below and the apex. In this process, an increased lateral sliding force would aggravate the disc degeneration.

Relationship Between Coronal Parameters And Sagittal Parameters
As a severe spinal deformity, DS manifests as a three-dimensional deformity which involve coronal, sagittal and mixed. Previous studies have focused on sagittal balance because the incidence of sagittal imbalance in patients with DS was as high as up to 34.8% 20, 21 . However, several reports confirmed that coronal balance was related with radiculopathy and claudication gait, which play an important role in progression of DS.
Our results showed that there was a correlation between coronal and sagittal in the DS patients (Table 4). We believe that the coronal and sagittal malformations have similar developmental processes. However, no correlations between CBD, coronal Cobb angel, and TLJA were found. This result confirmed that sagittal balance was partly restored by TK aggravation and pelvic retroversion because SVA was still beyond the normal range.

Limitations
Despite the strengths, several limitations could not be avoided. First, this study did not record MCs in all thoracic vertebrae, which could be improved by enrolling a large number of subjects, Second, the types of DS are diverse and the degenerative changes were associated to many factors.

Conclusion
Our results showed that the MCs were most observed at the level ofL3/4, L4/5 and L5/S1. MCs and FT were strongly correlated with coronal and sagittal parameters. So, for the patients with DS, we should pay attention to the distribution of MCs and FT in order to guide the prognosis and treatment.
However, the spinopelvic alignment parameters were similar in both gender, age, and BMI. The minority of coronal parameters had an influence on sagittal parameters. So, the related risk factors remain to be further investigated. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the The Second Hospital of Jilin University; due to the retrospective nature of the study, the need for informed consent was waived.

Consent for Publication
Not applicable.

Availability of data and material
All data has been showed in tables and picutres.

Competing interests:
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.    Comparison of sagittal parameters accordingtodifferent groups. A.All parameters were similar between males and females, B. All parameters were similar between different age, C. Allparameters were similar between different BMI, *Statistically significant at P<0.05.

Funding:
One-way ANOVA test Comparison of sagittal angular parameters between FT<10°group and FT ≥10°group. A. SVA, L3 tilt, and CBD was different at T12/L1 level but other sagittal parameters were comparable, B.all parameters were similar at L1/2 level, C. TLJA was differentbetween at L2/3 level while other sagittal parameters were similar, D. all parameters were similar at L1/2 level, E. TPA was differentbetween at L4/5 level but other sagittal parameters were comparable, F. all parameters were similar at L5/S1 level. *Statistically significant at P<0.05. One-way ANOVA test