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Tumor vaccines--application to childhood cancer.

Currently, several clinical studies explore the therapeutic potential of tumor vaccines which are genetically modified to produce immunostimulatory molecules as a complementary approach for conventional cancer therapy. In this review the immunological basis and the preclinical design of such vaccine strategies are described with particular emphasis to acute leukemia and neuroblastoma. The role of cytokines, chemokines and costimulatory surface molecules for generation of tumor vaccines is summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of autologous, allogenic and dendritic cell vaccines are discussed. Finally, combination-immunogens are introduced as a potent means of enhancing the anti-tumor response.