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SYNTACTIC DOUBLING AND THE STRUCTURE OF CHAINS

A recent survey of 267 Dutch dialects provides five cases of syntactic doubling, in which two elements (WH-pronouns or subject pronouns) referring to the same syntactic entity co-occur in one and the same sentence. This paper focuses of four cases of non-identical doubling, where two distinctlooking elements co-occur. It is shown that the order of these pronouns is fixed and that the first (or syntactically higher) pronoun must be less specific that the second one. It is argued that this generalization follows from 'partial copying', a process that copies a proper subconstituent and remerges it higher in the structure. This naturally excludes the ungrammatical orders, as those would involve full copying plus the addition of features, in violation of the inclusiveness condition. The proposal requires pronouns to be spell outs of phrases (cf. Cardinaletti & Starke 1999 a.o.) and it is in combination with this hypothesis that the full set of data is accounted for in a uniform way. Advantages over alternative accounts of syntactic doubling are briefly discussed. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the data that lead to the generalization mentioned above and proposes to derive it from the copy theory of movement. Section 3 argues that pronouns must be spell outs of phrases and offers concrete syntactic structures for them. Section 4 points out interesting parallels of the proposal with the phenomenon of wat...voor-split. Section 5 shows the advantages over other recent accounts of syntactic doubling. Section 6 concludes.