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H. pylori and cagA: Relationships with Gastric Cancer, Duodenal Ulcer, and Reflux Esophagitis and Its Complications

Helicobacter pylori infection is accepted to be associated with two mutually exclusive diseases: duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Attention has recently focused on possible relationships between H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications such as adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. The aim of this study was to provide a framework for explaining the seemingly paradoxical associations between H. pylori and various gastrointestinal diseases.