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Operation “West”: The Role of the Northern Fleet and its Air Forces in the Liberation of the Russian Arctic in 1944

The Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation, the naval component of which received the codename Operation “West,” saw the Soviet Northern Fleet play a major role in the liberation of the Russian Artic in late 1944. The capabilities of the Northern Fleet had been substantially enhanced by Lend-Lease aid since the summer of 1941 and British and American vessels provided in lieu of the Soviet share of Italian naval assets. Nonetheless, it seems that a fear of losing major naval units led to timidity in their use and only partial fulfillment of the objectives of the operation.