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Cooperative Speed Regulation in Automated Vehicles: A Comparison Between a Touch, Pedal, and Button Interface as the Input Modality

Automated driving can improve traffic safety as well as the comfort for drivers. The development of automated driving services brings up the need for sufficient sensor data from autonomous vehicles. If the sensor data fails to reach a specific quality limit, the driver needs to act as a fall-back operator to complete the driving task. A more efficient way of dealing with system limitations is the cooperative task-sharing approach, where the driver and the vehicle act cooperatively as long as the system cannot drive in fully automated mode. In this evaluation, we implemented a cooperative speed regulation, where the driver was asked to manually adjust the speed due to the system's recognition failure, while the lateral control was still managed by the vehicle. Three interfaces, a central touch screen, the pedals, and steering wheel buttons, were compared against each other as input modalities in a driving simulator study (N = 36). User experience, suitability for the task, usability, workload, and the conclusive overall rank were evaluated in a within-subjects design. Results indicated that the highly learned pedal interface was rated significantly better than the other two interfaces, although the touch screen interface was rated significantly higher in its hedonic quality. In conclusion, the best known and naturalistic pedal interface should be preferred to design the interaction in driving-related scenarios, while the touch-screen can act as the infotainment control interface.