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Stabilizing Coacervate by Microfluidic Engulfment Induced by Controlled Interfacial Energy.

Low interfacial energy, an intrinsic property of complex coacervate, enables it to easily encapsulate substances; making it widely used in encapsulation applications. Despite this advantage, complex coacervate is feeble against changes in pH, ionic strength, and salt concentration. Hence, a chemical crosslinker is usually added to enhance its stability, although at the expense of sacrificing all intrinsic properties of the coacervate including phase transition of the coacervate from liquid to solid. In this study, we observe an increase in the interfacial energy of the coacervate phase in mineral oil. By exploiting the drastic change in the interfacial energy, we successfully create double engulfed PEG-diacrylate coacervate microparticles (DEPOT), namely complex coacervate encapsulating intended substances is engulfed in a crosslinked PEGDA shell using a microfluidic device. The engulfed coacervate showed significantly enhanced stability as a liquid phase and retained its low interfacial energy property to encapsulate a target molecule and infiltrated into the target site by a simple solvent exchange from oil to water. We illustrate two potential applications of DEPOT; as underwater adhesive and drug delivery encapsulant in which both applications exhibit promising results.