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New methods of estimating the number of motor units: the problems remain unsolved.

unusual. Again, the psychiatrist in the clinic seeing the chronic patient with his parents must remember that some of the family tensions and abnormalities may well be the result of the patient's illness (see Brown, 1967). The present volume reviews all the research on the supposed 'schizophrenogenic' effect of the family experience from 1934 to 1974. There is detailed analysis of the 'double-blind hypothesis', the family interaction hypothesis of Lidz and the Yale Group and Alenen's family studies. Pages 63-169 represent an excellent review of all the work on abnormal thought processes and communication found in the parents of schizophrenics, starting with McConaghy (1959) on object sorting, and ending up with an account of the authors' own attempt to replicate the Wynne-Singer findings (pp. 113-169). In essence the Wynne-Singer approach has been to use the Rorschach test as a structured way of obtaining language samples from parents individually or in pairs. They have published a manual identifying 41 categories ofcommunication defects and deviances for scoring transcripts of sessions of Rorschach testing. In brief they found they could distinguish, in a statistically significant way, the parents of schizophrenics from the parents of neurotics by studying these transcripts. Hirsch and Leff drew their sample from hospitals serving a known catchment area in London and took consecutive patients. Their control sample was from the same hospitals but diagnosed as neurotic/ depressive illness. The deviance scores for the parents of schizophrenics and neurotics did not differ significantly for pairs (father and mother), or for mothers. Fathers were distinguishable but only at the 0.02 level of confidence. They discuss in detail why their results differed from the group at NIMH and conclude that differences in diagnostic practice between the US and London was probably the important factor. What they did note positively was that their schizophrenic fathers' high deviance score was associated with a high word count-that is, the schizophrenic fathers were more verbose than the neurotics. A. D. FORREST