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A Brief History of Function Representation from Gandalf to SAIBA

The first half of this paper introduces the aim of SAIBA and the functional markup language (FML) from the perspective of the Center for Analysis and Design of Intelligent Agents (CADIA) at Reykjavik University. The second half provides a brief historic overview of the functional representation of communicative intent in a line of communicative humanoids and related systems, starting with Gandalf and leading up to one of the early proposals for FML in the SAIBA framework.