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On the hip abduction moment required to balance on one leg: an experimental study

Although the time a patient can stand on one leg is a common clinical test of balance in those prone to fall, a surprising knowledge gap is how much hip abduction muscle strength is required. This is important because hip abduction strength has been shown to be important for compensating for impairments in diabetic neuropathy, for example. As a start we tested the hypothesis that maximum hip abduction muscle endurance time at 50% effort would be longer than the time that 18 young and 17 older healthy adults can stand on one leg. First, maximum hip abduction endurance time at 50% effort as well as maximum abduction strength were measured in the gravity-free plane. Then subjects were asked to balance on their left foot for as long as they could while body segment kinematics and ground reaction data were measured. The results showed that the mean intensity of the hip abduction moment required to stand on one leg exceeded 50% of the maximum hip abduction strength for all four groups (young women and men 53% and 55%, and older women and men 94% and 72% respectively). However, unipedal stance times were not limited by hip abduction 50% effort endurance time (p = 0.9). Therefore a significant portion of the hip abduction moment required to stand on one leg must be carried by passive tissues. The underlying mechanism remains to be explained.