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Russian adverbs of frequency: a lexicographic sketch

The paper is a corpus study of Russian frequency adverbs chasto ‘frequently’, zachastuju ‘often’, redko ‘rarely’, izredka ‘rarely’, etc. In Russian lexicographic tradition, frequency adverbs either lack separate entries and are explained via references to their adjectival counterparts or are treated exclusively as denotations of intervals between events. As our study demonstrates, this covers only a small fraction of their actual corpus usage. Many frequency adverbs can quantify over subjects, and thus resemble classical quantifiers such as ‘many’ or ‘few’. Even when frequency adverbs quantify over predicates, they mostly refer not to intervals between events, but merely to their number. In some cases, they quantify over aspects of events, expressed by adjectives. There are also other important properties of Russian frequency adverbs missed by the dictionaries yet revealed by corpus analysis. Most frequency adverbs have a strong preference for topic or focus position, as motivated by their semantics. Some adverbs are preferable in generalized contexts, while others refer to specific events. Certain adverbs describe violations of the norm or undesirable events. Different adverbs quantify over different time periods: while some require a long time period, others may focus on very short stretches of time.