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New Technologies, Same Dilemmas: Policy and Design Issues for the Augmented City

IN the mid 1990s, the booming technological development of the Internet and the World Wide Web seemed unstoppable and destined to grow exponentially. The fast deployment of new products for information and communication, both in terms of hardware and software, resulted in media reports and scholarly papers that forecasted revolutionary and beneficial effects of the Internet on Western societies. These reports also encouraged visions of urban futures in which information and communication technologies (ICT) were going to be central to city management and the exercise of local democracy. In Europe, the term “digital city” was used as an allencompassing term to refer to urban functions, city management, and various regeneration processes that were enhanced through the deployment of civic information and communication systems. Early experiments of civic networking and virtual communitymaking such as Amsterdam’s De Digitale Stad (The Digital City) bestowed a name on the movement, which rapidly spread across a range of sometimes very diverse experiments. Digital city activities were initially strongly linked to the conception and production of Web-based civic information systems and portals. Later, as the potential of the World Wide Web as a powerful and effective medium became apparent, it was seen by several municipalities and their policy makers as something that could be used to