{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03381180223285486, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01971291866028708, 'mean_word_length': 4.884384384384385, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 1, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 6, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Bile duct injuries associated with laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy: sixteen-year experience.

AIM
To summarize the experience in diagnosis, management and prevention of iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI).


METHODS
A total of 210 patients with bile duct injury occurred during cholecystectomy admitted to Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from March 1990 to March 2006 were included in this study for retrospective analysis.


RESULTS
There were 59.5% (103/173) of patients with IBDI resulting from the wrong identification of the anatomy of the Calot's triangle during cholecystectomy. The diagnosis of IBDI was made on the basis of clinical features, diagnostic abdominocentesis and imaging findings. Abdominal B ultrasonography (BUS) was the most popular way for IBDI with a diagnostic rate of 84.6% (126/149). Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) could reveal the site of injury, the length of injured bile duct and variation of bile duct tree with a diagnostic rate 100% (45/45). According to the site of injury, IBDI could be divided into six types. The most common type (type 3) occurred in 76.7% (161/210) of the patients and was treated with partial resection of the common hepatic duct and common bile duct. One hundred and seventy-six patients were followed up. The mean follow-up time was 3.7 (range 0.25-10) years. Good results were achieved in 87.5% (154/176) of the patients.


CONCLUSION
The key to prevention of IBDI is to follow the "identifying-cutting-identifying" principle during cholecystectomy. Re-operation time and surgical procedure are decided according to the type of IBDI.


INTRODUCTION
Bile duct injury (BDI) occurring during cholecystectomy has been proposed as the most serious and important cause of morbidity after this procedure [1][2][3] . Although the reported incidence may be less than 0.7% [4,5] , the true incidence is unknown. It has been suggested that half of all general surgeons may encounter bile duct injuries [6] . The diagnosis, management and prevention of iatrogenic bile duct injuries (IBDI) remain a challenge for all general surgeons. Between March 1990 and March 2006, 210 patients underwent surgery for IDBI in Hunan Provincial People's Hospital. No death occurred and a successful long-term outcome was achieved in 87.5% of the patients. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review the clinical data of these patients, analyze the causes of IBDI and introduce our experience in diagnosis, management and prevention of IBDI.

Patients
Two hundred and ten patients with IBDI with no cystic duct stump leaks were included in this study. There were 64 males and 146 females at the age of 23-68 years (average 46.5 years). Cholecystolithiasis and gallbladder polyps were the surgical indications. Iatrogenic injury was found in 48 patients at laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and in 162 patients at open cholecytectomy (OC).

Type of BDI and complications
Bile duct injuries were grouped according to the Wu's classification [7] (Figure 1), the length of BDI, diameter of injured bile duct (IBD) and factors leading to BDI (Table 1).

www.wjgnet.com
TypeⅠinjuries originate from common bile duct occluded by silk ligature or metallic clips. Type Ⅱ injuries involve part of the confluence of the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and common bile duct excised. Type Ⅲ injuries involve part of the common bile duct and common hepatic duct excised. Type Ⅳ injuries involve the common bile duct and common hepatic duct including the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts. Type Ⅴ injuries include laceration or perforation of the right hepatic duct.
The main postoperative complications associated with BDI were secondary hepatobiliary stones in 28 patients (13.3%), liver cirrhosis in 10 patients (4.8%), atrophy of right posterior sector of the liver in 2 patients (0.1%) and liver abscess in 2 patients (0.1%).

Diagnosis
Clinical manifestation: A total of 61 BDI patients (29.0%) were diagnosed during cholecystectomy by the presence of bile leaking in the operative field and a double biliary stump. The remaining 149 patients (71.0%) were diagnosed postoperatively. One hundred and six patients (50.5%) were recognized in the early stage (within 3 mo after BDI). The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain in 83.0%, biliary fistula (bilious drainage from an operatively placed drain or abdominal incision) in 44.3%, peritonitis in 39.6%, abdominal shift dullness in 29.2% and jaundice in 19.8% patients. Besides, bile was found during diagnostic abdominocentesis in 36.8% of patients in early postoperative stage. The other 43 patients (20.5%) were recognized in the late postoperatively stage (over 3 mo after BDI). The main clinical manifestations were recurrent chill, fever, jaundice and abnormal liver function tests. Imaging: Imaging exzamination included BUS, CT, magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiog raphy (PTC), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato-graphy (ERCP), T tube cholangiography, fistula, etc (Table 2). BUS could reveal subhepatic fluid collection, proximal biliary tree dilatation and disruption of continuity of the bile duct. CT scan could display the dilated proximal biliary tree, the level and length of BDI. ERCP could show small distal common bile duct (CBD) or disruption of the CBD and lack of visualization of the proximal biliary tree. PTC showed intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, disruption or stenosis of the bile duct. PTC + ERCP could reveal the level and length of BDI. T tube cholangiography showed disruption or real stenosis of the bile duct. Fistula cholangiography displayed contrast agent entering intrahepatic bile duct, stenosis of common hepatic duct. MRC could reveal proximal bile duct dilatation of BDI, the level and length of BDI and variation of bile duct tree. The BUS was the most popular way for IBDI in this group with a diagnostic rate of 84.6% (126/149). MRC checked had a diagnostic rate of 100% (45/45).

Repai� epai�
Before the patients were referred to our hospital, 13    Technical errors in end-to-end anastomosis cases also included improper trimming of ductal end, scar not removed, anastomosis stoma torsion and suture, etc. Among these cases, bile duct stents were placed in 5 cases for more than 12 mo. Obstructive jaundice was observed 5 to 7 d after the stents were removed.
After the patients were referred to our hospital, iatrogenic bile duct injuries were repaired with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (Table 3). Among these cases, Rouxen-Y jejunal limb drain was not placed in 46 patients.
When all the adhesions to the right upper quadrant were sectioned, the jejunal limb was dissected. Hepatobiliary basin-jejunostomy with wrist band style ecstrophy anastomosis was performed with interrupted 4/0 or 5/0 absorbable sutures (Figure 2). Liver resection of segment Ⅳ base was done when the liver was overhanging the upper ducts, allowing adequate exposure of the left duct. To obtain a complete view of the confluence and/or the isolated right and left hepatic ducts and to allow free placement of the jejunal limb, liver parenchyma could be removed. When the retractors were released, there was no external compression over the jejunum. Partial injuries to the side wall of the bile duct were repaired primarily with T tube placement through a separate choledochotomy when there was no evidence of ductal devascularization and when the margins of the defect could be approximated without tension. Injuries to isolated sectoral or segmental ducts were repaired or drained into a Roux-en-Y limb of jejunum. If isolated ducts were found and the distance between them was appropriate (< 1 cm), a hepatobiliary basin could be created by stitching the medial and lateral borders of the right and left ducts. The bilioenteric anastomosis was performed all around the circumference of the hepatobiliary basin.

Follow-up and outcome
No perioperative death occurred in this series of patients. Postoperative outcome after reconstruction was evaluated. Longer-term follow-up was achieved through outpatient visit, telephone review and referring surgeon liaison. The long-term outcome was assessed by clinical symptoms and liver function tests. Resolution of obstructive episode and/ or cholangitis was defined as good results. One hundred and seventy six patients were followed up. The mean time of follow-up was 3.7 (range 0.25-10) years. Good result rate was 87.5% (154/176). Symptoms suggestive of cholangitis developed in 3 patients within 12 mo, but imaging failed to demonstrate any stricture. Two patients underwent end-to-end anastomosis and T tube stent for 1 year. The late complication was a recurrent biliary structure and received Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy 3 and 5 years after operation.

DISCUSSION
BDI is still a serious complication of cholecystectomy with a long-term morbidity [8,9] , reduced survival [10] and impaired quality of life [11,12] . Although the reported incidence may be less than 0.7%, the true incidence is unknown. Some injuries remain unrecognized for many years, occasionally coming to light only when the patient develops secondary biliary cirrhosis [13] . Cholecystectomy is a kind of operation full of danger [14] . It could be said, to some extent, cholecystectomy is the surgeon's tomb.
The causes of IBDI in this series were as many as  ten kinds. Since the fundamental cause of BDI during cholecystectomy is removal of gallbladder without identifying the anatomy of the Calot's triangle, identifying common bile duct (CBD) and common hepatic duct (CHD) before transacting cystic duct is the fundamental measure to prevent IBDI. Three-step principle of "identifyingcutting-identifying" should be recommended during cholecystectomy, namely, identifying CBD and CHD before cutting the cystic duct and identifying the integrality of CBD and CHD again after removal of the gall bladder. Immediate recognition and correct repair of BDI have long been believed to be associated with the best longterm results. In this series, BDI occurred in 15 patients and was recognized during cholecystectomy and managed correctly. Several classifications of BDI have been proposed [15][16][17] , but none is accepted as a universal standard. Neither the Strasberg et al [18] nor the Bismuth [19] classification clearly describes one of the most serious injuries. An ideal classification should not only consider the level of BDI, but also take into account the length and diameter of BDI as well as instruments leading to BDI and vascular injury. Such classifications are useful for standardization of outcome and prediction of prognosis. More important is such classifications can not only differentiate the extent of BDI, but also guide the surgical management of BDI. The management of typeⅠinjuries is to release the tie or clip with T tube placement and drainage, but type Ⅳ injuries most probably need hepaticojejunostomy. The correct management of BDI with the length beyond 3 cm is hepaticojejunostomy. BDI caused by electrocoagulation or electrotome, usually presents as scorched eschar in the operation region, and is difficult to do end-to-end anastomosis. With respect to the Wu's classification, the most common type was type Ⅲ injuries (81%), followed by type Ⅳ injuries (4.76%) in our series. Attention should be paid to type Ⅵ injuries (9%) they are associated with aberrant right hepatic duct.
Recognition of BDI at the time of cholecystectomy allows an opportunity for the surgeon to assess its severity and the presence of any vascular injury. If bile or a double biliary stump presents in the operative field during cholecystectomy, BDI should be considered. A total of 61 BDIs were diagnosed during cholecystectomy in our series, among which 61 (100%) with bile leaking and 58 (95%) with double biliary stump were found in the operative field. As many as 149 cases (71.0%) of BDI were not diagnosed during surgery in this series. BDI should be considered when the following manifestations occurred after cholecystectomy: presence of jaundice in the early postoperative period, presence of peritonitis or bile from abdominal centesis, patients with gradual distention of their abdomen, imaging examination revealing intrahepatic duct dilatation and unclear unclear extrahepatic duct.
The sign of peritonitis may not be obvious, because biliary peritonitis is not typical in some patients taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, whose clinical presentation can be only abdominal distention. There were 18 cases (12.1%) in our study and abdominal centesis was of diagnostic value in these cases.
Late presentations include recurrent cholangitis and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Investigations usually include abdominal ultrasonography and liver function test. B ultrasonography is the most popular examination. All postoperative patients in our series accepted this examination, revealing interrupted ductal continuity, fluid collections and mandate aspiration or drainage. CT scan displayed dilated proximal biliary tree, level and length of BDI. If ultrasonography and CT scan results are equivocal in a symptomatic patient, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography could be performed as its sensitivity is higher than ultrasonography and CT scan (100.0% vs 83.1%-84.6%). Following drainage of any collection, contrast studies through the drains may be useful in further elucidating the nature of any injury or leak.
The repair time of BDI after remains controversial [20][21][22] . To determine the time of re-operation, the following items should be noticed according to our experience. (1) The proximal bile duct should be dilatated with its diameter exceeding 8mm. (2) Chill, fever and jaundice are not contraindications of operation. (3) Abscess presenting around the injured bile duct is a contraindication of operation.
Operative technique focuses on the site of proximal IBD and takes corresponding operation procedure according to the type of BDI. Patients with BDI are not suitable for Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy when the diameter of proximal bile duct is less than 3 mm and endto-end anastomosis when the diameter of proximal bile duct is longer than 3 cm. A transection or stricture of the bile duct is repaired by hepaticojejunostomy (189 cases in this series) to the biliary confluence with extension into the left and/or right hepatic duct, with interrupted 4/0 or 5/0 absobebable sutures onto a 35 cm Roux-en-Y limb of proximal jejunum. When hepaticojejunostomy is performed, the following manoeuvres may be helpful according to our experience. (1) The hepatic hilus great triangle should be ascertained to downsize the area for seeking the injured bile duct. (2) Cordlike tissue or tissue with a sense of cyst near hepatic hilus usually clues on the site of bile duct. (3) Ligamentum teres approach can identify the left duct, and gallbladder bed approach can identify the right duct [23] . Resecting liver parenchyma of segments Ⅳ and Ⅴ helps to expose hepatic hilus bile duct. (4) To achieve a wide hepatobiliary basin (1-3 cm), we could section the anterior surface of the common duct, directing it to the anterior surface of the left or/and right duct. (5) Tension-free anastomosis can achieved by obtaining an adequate free limb by preparing the mesenterium, with preservation of the vascular arcades. The jejunal limb should be in-phase with duodenum but not with climb across duodenum. (6) Factors associated with an improved outcome include the use of microinvasive absorbable sutures, single-layer anastomoses, n o n i s c h e m i c m u c o s a -m u c o s a a n a s t o m o s i s a n d debridement.