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St. Augustine's Abbey and the Tradition of Penance in Early Tenth-Century England

Abstract
 The rite of penance and confession seems to have disappeared in England during the collapse of church discipline and the Viking invasions of the ninth century. Although it is likely that the rite of penance was reintroduced into England during the reign of King Alfred, up to now there has been no evidence for the knowledge and use of penitential manuals in England until the Benedictine Reform of the second half of the tenth century. This article examines two pieces of evidence for such use in England in the first half of the tenth century. The First Cleopatra Glossary contains several entries drawn from a glossed copy of Book VI of The Penitential of Halitgar and a manuscript of the Benedictine Rule contains a list of sins and penitential questions drawn from the Penitential of Theodore, among other possible sources. Both were copied by the same scribe, who was working at St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury in the 930s and 940s, and they present more evidence for the efforts of St. Augustine's to reform monastic life in England in the early tenth century.