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Hyperpolarized xenon-129 3D-Chemical Shift Imaging of the lung in subjects with a history of smoke exposure.

Previous implementation of 3D Single Breath-hold Chemical Shift Imaging (SB-CSI) in humans has already been demonstrated for evaluating hyperpolarized xenon-129 (HP Xe-129) distribution in multiple lung compartments in healthy subjects and in subjects with cystic fibrosis [1]. Here, we report the application of this technique for assessing, in a regional manner, pulmonary ventilation and gas uptake-exchange in lung tissue and in the red blood cells (RBC) in smokers and second-hand smokers.