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J. Horace McFarland and the City Beautiful Movement

The work of organized, dedicated, and informed laymen sets the City Beautiful movement apart from later city planning efforts. The City Beautiful was born at the end of the nineteenth century and faded as World War I approached. It was the United States’ first attempt at self-conscious, nationwide urban planning. It pioneered in comprehensive planning, in the regularity and monumentality of building design, and in the fusion of naturalistic park systems with classicistic civic centers. The comprehensive approach and its design features survived in the later movements, despite vehement condemnations of the City Beautiful by their participants. Laymen, however, figured much less in subsequent planning. Regardless of some influential exceptions, lay organizations and their members surrendered planning leadership to rising professionals after the City Beautiful era. During the City Beautiful years the lay organizations hired expert planners, conducted planning bond issue campaigns, and provided forums for City Beautiful ideas. I