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Ti-rich TiO₂ Tubular Nanolettuces by Electrochemical Anodization for All-Solid-State High-Rate Supercapacitor Device.

Supercapacitors store charge by ion adsorption or fast redox reactions on the surface of porous materials. One of the bottlenecks in this field is how to develop biocompatible and high-rate supercapacitor devices using scalable fabrication processes. We report Ti-rich anatase TiO₂ material concept to address the above-mentioned challenges. Tubular nanolettuces are fabricated by a cost-effective and fast anodization process of Ti foil. It obtains high-potential window of 2.5 V within a neutral electrolyte due to the high activation energy for water splitting of the (101) facet. Aqueous and all-solid-state devices show diffusion time constants of 46 and 1700 ms, as well as high maximum energy (power) density of 0.844 (0.858) and 0.338 μWh cm-² (0.925 mW cm-²), respectively. The all-solid-state device shows ultrahigh stability of 96% in capacitance retention after 20000 galvanostat charge/discharge cycles. Our results open an avenue to fabricate biochemically inert supercapacitor devices.