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The inductive role of casein on tobacco BY-2 cell growth and protease secretion

Metabolome constitutes an important part of living organisms. Research in functional genomics and systems biology gathers information concerning the metabolome with that obtained on the other molecular levels (genome, transcriptome, proteome) for understanding the functioning of the whole plant. It is difficult to overestimate the role of metabolites (both primary and secondary) in the plant kingdom. They are involved in most physiological and biochemical processes occurring in cells, tissues and organs, where they are substrates of enzymatic reactions, participate in regulatory processes on the cellular level. Plant secondary metabolites contribution to many important processes such as protection against biotic and abiotic stress factors has been thoroughly demonstrated. It is well known that different biological activities of the natural products influence health of plant consumers (humans and animals). An increased interest in synthesis of many compounds using biotechnological methods in tissue or cell cultures is nowadays observed. This approach requires detailed knowledge in the field of functional genomics, also control of the regulatory network and fluxes on all molecular levels has to be deciphered prior to an efficient synthesis of metabolites with biotechnological methods. A large number of compounds may be synthesized in a single plant species. In the case of Arabidopsis thaliana there are estimated 5 000 compounds, whereas in plant species with bigger genomes even 25 000 of low molecular weight natural products may be synthesized, over 200 000 of metabolites is formed in the plant kingdom. The concentrations of distinct compounds present in plant tissue may differ in few orders of magnitude. Also physicochemical properties connected with the structural features of natural products may cause serious difficulties with total isolation of all metabolites existing in different tissues of plant species and their identification with instrumental methods. In some cases these problems may be overcome during metabolome studies thanks to a use of special techniques of isolation and preconcentration of target compounds. But at present this is obvious, that a total analysis of all metabolites after application of a single instrumental method is impossible due to a lack of sensitivity and/or low dynamic range of instruments utilized in metabolomic studies. These problems may be surmounted, when new more efficient physicochemical method will be developed. L.E.2