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Federalism as a Way to Integrate or to Disintegrate States

Federalism as a way of uniting different states into a supra-state The concept of federalization is in theory first of all connected with the idea of peace, but also with common economic interests and attempts to preserve different regional peculiarities in a state. But in reality the rise of federalism is very often connected with the experience of war and the threat of war by external enemies of the uniting states. Thus, the first modern federation was created after the war of thirteen confederated American states against the British Empire in 1789, with the perception that the United States of America could face in future the aggression of European colonial powers. The confederation and later the federation of the small Swiss states in 1848 was also based on the central motivation to defend their common liberal and constitutional freedoms against potential external enemies, while keeping the peculiar characteristics and interests of the uniting states. Although the unification of Germany in 1871 was connected with the imperial interests of Prussia too, it was first of all motivated by a common interest of the uniting states and princes of most members of the German Confederation of 1815, which wanted to preserve the essence of their traditional regional characteristics and to defend themselves against external threats. Differently from temporary military alliances, federalism has predominantly defensive military functions. Federalism as a way to prevent the dissolution of a state The central motive of uniting states to defend the existence and peculiarities of the constituting member-states within a common supra-state, by transferring limited sovereign competences to it for defending them against foreign threats, can be seen also in the creation of a federation by the transformation of a unitary state into a supra-state with new federated sub-states. Thus the idea of the federation is to preserve the unity of a state by creating federated sub-states, and meeting the will of many citizens who have peculiar regional interests and collective identities, based on former historical autonomy or independence, or first of all on linguistic-ethnic differences. Federalization can be not only the result of the integration of several states, but also of a controlled and limited decentralization of a state. This happened for example in several historical stages of decentralization in Canada since 1867 and in Belgium since 1980. The common historical force behind the integration as well as the disintegration of states, in many cases of unitary states, but also in some cases of federations, is nationalism. Nationalism is here not understood, as in popular language, as a specific kind of aggressive, xenophobic, intolerant, radical, mostly right-wing political attitude and behaviour, but as the general concept of a state that is based on the will of a people to live in a common state and thus becoming a nation.The idea of nationalism is, therefore, a result of the idea of the sovereignty of a people or a nation. The American and French revolutions created