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The tail of sea-surface radar backscatter distribution and its dependence on the long waves

A technique for studying radar sea backscatter modulation and non-Bragg scattering is developed. It is based on simultaneous measurements of the radar backscattered field and the surface elevation from the same location on the sea surface. Instantaneous ocean wave frequencies are determined from the surface elevation using a parametric auto-regressive (AR) model. They are used to calculate the average received power and the radar power distribution tail contribution (sea spikes) with respect to the phase of the long (12- to 150-m) ocean waves. The analysis shows that sea spikes are the result of different non-linear phenomena and are present at every wave location, not only at the crest.