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Lessons Learned from the 1994 Rwanda Genocide

In this essay I focus on lessons that not only we Rwandans but hopefully the whole world have learned from the 1994 genocide. We hope these lessons may usefully be applied to the crisis in Darfur. The genocide in Rwanda did not catch the international community unaware. Indeed, there was a clear series of early warnings that should have triggered a serious and urgent response to a looming catastrophe. For example, a 1993 report by Adama Dieng, the current registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, who was then the special rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, supported earlier findings by many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) focused on human rights that acts of genocide had been committed in Rwanda in the early 1990s and that there were clear signs that the regime in place was preparing a large-scale genocide. There were similar reports both at the UN Secretariat and in the capitals of all Western countries diplomatically represented in Rwanda. The most unequivocal warning came in a January 1994 cable from General Romeo Dallaire, who was then the commander of the UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda Force. Writing three months before the genocide started, Dallaire conveyed reliable information from a leader of an extremist militia known as Interahamwe stating that his group had dawn up plans that would enable it to kill up to one thousand Tutsis every twenty minutes. In this cable, Dallaire requested permission from UN headquarters to launch a preemptive attack