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Multistage Defense System Activated by Tetrachlorobiphenyl and its Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Derivatives in Oryza sativa.

Crops can initiate various defense responses to environmental stresses. The process is often accompanied by extensive transcriptional and metabolic changes to reallocate metabolites. However, it remains unclear how organic pollutants activate the defense systems to reallocate metabolites in crops. The current study demonstrates that three defense systems, including the cytochrome P450s (CYP450s), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were sequentially activated after Oryza sativa was exposed to 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobipheny l (PCB 61) and its derivatives 4'-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (OH-PCB 61) and 4'-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (MeO-PCB 61), respectively. Genes encoding CYP76Ms and CYP72As were significantly upregulated after 0.5 h of exposure, followed by the GST-coding gene GSTU48, suggesting that the biotransformation and detoxification of PCB 61, OH-PCB 61, and MeO-PCB 61 occurred. Subsequently, CCR1 and CCR10 involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were activated after 12 h, potentially reducing the oxidative stress induced by PCB 61 and its derivatives. Furthermore, β-d-glucan exohydrolase involved in both phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism was significantly downregulated by 7.04-fold in the OH-PCB 61-treated group, potentially contributing to the inhibition of sugar hydrolysis. These findings provide insights into increasing rice adaptability to organic pollutants by reinforcing the enzyme-mediated defense systems, characterizing a novel and critical strategy that enables augmented crop outputs and quality in environments stressed by organic contaminants.