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Sex, Church Attendance, and Endorsement of Ellis's Irrational Beliefs

Ellis (1) proposed that certain irrational ideas or assumptions may lead to emotional disturbance by a self-suggestion process. One study ( 2 ) showed a group of diagnosed neurotics indicated significantly greater percentages of agreement on 8 of the 1 1 "irrational ideas" than did a group of college students. Since Ellis suggested the origin of these beliefs lies in the socialization process, there may be significant relationships berween their frequency of endorsement and certain indices of socialization or conformity, such as church attendance (particularly in communities in which it is strongly a norm). College students, 59 males and 7 8 females, answered anonymously the same form of questionnaire used by Newmark, et al. ( 2 ) . They indicated sex, academic class, religion, and whether or not they attended religious services regularly. Limited sample size precluded commrisons on dimensions other than those of sex and church attendance. The mean number of irrational ideas endorsed by the several groups were as follows: churchattending males was 3.83 (SD = 1.61, n = 2 3 ) , non-anending males was 2.42 ( S D = 1.83, n = 3 6 ) , church attending females was 2.62 ( S D = 1.53, n = 4 5 ) , and for nonattending females was 2.85 (SD = 1.70, n = 3 3 ) . Analysis of variance indicated nonsignificance of the main effects of sex and attendance condition; however, the interaction of sex and church attendance was significant (F1.133 = 7.44, p < .01). Subanalyses indicated that this significant interaction was due entirely to the elevated number of endorsements of irrational beliefs by the males who indicated they attended church. The hypothesis, then, was supported for the males but not the females. In the present study a smaller percentage of males than females reported regular attendance of church service (xa = 4.70, p < .05). This is probably due to less stringent norms for males. The greater number of "irrational beliefs" by the church-attending males may reflect greater conformity or heightened socialization in the face of the less stringent norm. A further analysis indicated no significant differences in the number of irrational beliefs endorsed by members of fundamentalist ( M = 2.90, S D = 1.82, n = 91), nonfundamentalist (M = 2.27, S D = 1.69, n = 2 1 ) , and non-affiliated groups (M = 2.73, SD = 1.71, n = 1 5 ) .