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Pcsk5 is required in the early cranio-cardiac mesoderm for heart development

Background Loss of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (Pcsk5) results in multiple developmental anomalies including cardiac malformations, caudal regression, pre-sacral mass, renal agenesis, anteroposterior patterning defects, and tracheo-oesophageal and anorectal malformations, and is a model for VACTERL/caudal regression/Currarino syndromes (VACTERL association - Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheoesophageal fistula and/or Esophageal atresia, Renal & Radial anomalies and Limb defects). Results Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined heart development in mouse embryos with zygotic and cardiac specific deletion of Pcsk5. We show that conditional deletion of Pcsk5 in all epiblastic lineages recapitulates all developmental malformations except for tracheo-esophageal malformations. Using a conditional deletion strategy, we find that there is an essential and specific requirement for Pcsk5 in the cranio-cardiac mesoderm for cardiogenesis, but not for conotruncal septation or any other aspect of embryonic development. Surprisingly, deletion of Pcsk5 in cardiogenic or pharyngeal mesodermal progenitors that form later from the cranio-cardiac mesoderm does not affect heart development. Neither is Pcsk5 essential in the neural crest, which drives conotruncal septation. Conclusions Our results suggest that Pcsk5 may have an essential and early role in the cranio-cardiac mesoderm for heart development. Alternatively, it is possible that Pcsk5 may still play a critical role in Nkx2.5-expressing cardiac progenitors, with persistence of mRNA or protein accounting for the lack of effect of deletion on heart development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-017-0148-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Background
We have previously described a complex developmental phenotype in mice bearing a homozygous ethylnitrosoureainduced mutation (Vcc) or a conditional epiblastic knockout of the gene encoding the proprotein convertase subtilisin/ kexin type 5 -Pcsk5 [1,2]. No phenotypic abnormalities were observed in heterozygous mice. Components of the homozygous or epiblastic knockout mutant phenotype included cardiac malformations such as dextrocardia, atrial and ventricular septal defects (ASD, VSD), common arterial trunk (CAT), vascular ring, right-aortic arch and hypoplastic arterial duct. Such lesions are characteristic for human congenital heart disease (CHD) [3] a gross structural abnormality of the heart or intrathoracic great vessels that is present at birth and is of functional significance [4]. Pcsk5 mutation also resulted in non-cardiac defects commonly associated with CHD: antero-posterior patterning defects, tracheo-esophageal and anorectal malformations, presacral mass, absent tail, sacral agenesis, increased numbers of thoracic vertebrae and true ribs, hypoplastic hind limbs, renal and palatal agenesis, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Together with CHD-like malformations, this phenotype closely resembles human VACTERL/caudal regression/ Currarino syndrome-like malformations (respectively, OMIM192350, 600145, 176450). We [1] and others [5] have found heterozygous mutations in conserved residues in PCSK5 in patients with VACTERL syndrome that are transmitted from phenotypically normal parents, suggesting that other genetic or epigenetic factors that interact with PCSK5 are likely responsible for the development of the disease.
PCSK5 is a member of the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family that mediates pro-domain cleavage and activation of TGFβ/BMP-family members (Transforming growth factor beta / Bone morphogenetic protein family) [6]. Pcsk5 is expressed in extraembryonic lineages in the mouse at embryonic day (E) 6.5 [2], and then expression initiates in the anterior mesoderm of the embryo at around E7.5, just before the cardiac crescent is formed [7]. At E9.5 Pcsk5 is expressed in the somites, bulb of umbilical cord and lung buds [8]. We have previously shown, using whole mount in situ hybridisation at E10.5, that Pcsk5 is present in the somites and limb buds but we did not observe it in the heart or outflow tract [1]. Using a more sensitive radioactive in situ hybridisation method, we have shown previously that at E10.5-E11.5 Pcsk5 is, indeed, weakly expressed in the bulbus cordis [8]. We have previously shown that deletion of Pcsk5 (exon 1 and exon 4 deletions, referred to as Δ1 and Δ4) led, respectively, to pre-natal or early embryonic lethality [2,8]. By characterizing the Vcc and conditional epiblastic Δ1 mutations, we showed that Pcsk5 functions to cleave and activate GDF11 (Growth differentiation factor 11), and thus regulates caudal Hox paralogs (Homeobox genes) to control anorectal, renal, and caudal skeletal development [1,2]. The presence of cardiac abnormalities in the Vcc and conditional epiblastic Δ1 mutations indicated that PCSK5 is essential for heart development, but these studies did not address the exact spatio-temporal requirements of this enzyme during cardiogenesis. Cardiac malformations arise from defects in progenitor cell specialisation, or abnormal patterning during development. The heart, although induced by endodermal signals, is essentially mesodermal in origin, with a minor contribution from the ectodermal neural crest [9]. These three embryonic lineages arise from the epiblast [10]. Following gastrulation, mesodermal progenitors migrate anteriorly to form two closely appositioned primary and secondary heart fields (E7-7.5) [11][12][13][14]. These cells specialize into cardiomyocyte, endothelial and epicardial lineages that form the heart. Neural crest cells differentiate into the mesenchyme of the great arteries and transiently contribute to the outflow tract (cono-truncal) and aorticopulmonary septa [15,16]. Left-right patterning also plays a key role in creating a 4-chambered heart [9,11]. The heart tube is initially linear (E7.5-8), with venous tributaries draining into the developing atria at the posterior or inflow end, and connecting to the ventral aorta at its anterior or outflow end. The initially symmetrical atria subsequently develop distinct left-right identities. The heart tube undergoes dextral looping beginning E8.25 and remodelling between E10.5-12.5, processes that are necessary to position the developing atria cranial to the ventricles, and to connect the left and right atria to the respective ventricles [11]. The aorta, carotid and pulmonary arteries arise by remodelling of the initially bilateral pharyngeal arterial arch system, beginning at E11.5 [17]. By E15.0, major structures of mouse embryonic heart are fully developed; maturation of ventricular and atrial septa, separation of outflow tract and cardiac valve formation is completed [18]. To explore further the role of PCSK5 during heart development, we employed a conditional knockout approach to ablate Pcsk5 from cardiogenic lineages. We show that conditional deletion of Pcsk5 in the early cranio-cardiac mesoderm affects heart development but that conditional deletion in the neural crest or in the pharyngeal arches, or in Nkx2.5-expressing cardiac progenitors does not affect heart development.

Mice and generation of embryos
All animal procedures were approved by the Committee for Animal Care and Ethical Review at the University of Oxford, and all the experiments conformed to the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986, incorporating Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament. Mice were housed in groups, in specific pathogen-free cages under a 12 h light-dark cycle, at 21-22°C, with chow and drinking water available ad libitum (Teklad global 16% rodent diet, 2916, Harlan UK). Mice with Pcsk5 alleles Pcsk5 tm2.1Prat (referred to as Δ1) and Pcsk5 tm2Prat (referred to as Pcsk5 flox ) have been previously described [2]. Pcsk5 flox has the proximal promoter and exon 1 framed by loxP sites and the Δ1 KO allele has this fragment permanently deleted. Psck5 Δ1/Δ1 embryos were generated by intercrossing Pcsk5 +/Δ1 animals. Conditional deletion of Pcsk5 was achieved by crossing Pcsk5 +/Δ1 mice with Sox2Cre (Tg(Sox2-cre)1Amc) [19], Mesp1Cre (Mesp1 tm2(cre)Ysa ) [20], Nkx2.5Cre (Nkx2-5 tm1(cre)Rjs ) [21], Hoxa3Cre (Hox-a3 tm1(cre)Moon ) [22] and Wnt1Cre (Tg(Wnt1-cre)11Rth) [15] to generate mice with Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Cre + genotypes. To avoid general recombination due to Cre expression in the maternal germline [23], only males were used as a source of Cre recombinase. First, we created double heterozygous males by crossing Pcsk5 +/Δ1 animals with a Cre line. Selected males (Pcsk5 +/Δ1 ; Cre + ) were then used to generate Pcsk5 flox/Δ1 ; Cre + embryos by crossing to Pcsk5 flox/flox females. Pregnant dams were killed by cervical dislocation and the embryos were dissected and processed for further analyses as described below. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific primers (details available on request) on DNA isolated from embryonic forelimbs or from sections of cardiac tissue.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Embryos were dissected at indicated time-points and MRI was performed and data analysed as described previously [1,24].

Histology
Embryos were dissected into cold PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline) at various developmental stages and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Histological sections and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed as described previously [1,25].

In situ hybridization
In situ hybridization was performed using a digoxigeninlabeled antisense probe as described previously [1].

Pcsk5 expression in early murine embryos
To further characterize the expression of Pcsk5 we used whole mount in situ hybridisation. We find while Pcsk5 is expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and first forming somites at E8.5 ( Fig. 1), it is not seen in the forming heart tube. Pcsk5 is also detected in the pharyngeal arches at E10.5 ( Fig. 1). Taken together with published data this suggests that with regard to heart, outflow tract and aortic arch development, Pcsk5 could have either an early role in the developing mesoderm, or a later role in the bulbus cordis (which forms the outflow tract of the heart) or the pharyngeal arches.
Pcsk5 Δ1 knock-out embryos recapitulate completely the Vcc mutation We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyse Pcsk5 Δ1/Δ1 knock-out embryos at E15.5. Screening embryos at this developmental stage allows the observation of cardiac malformations that are typical of human congenital heart disease. We imaged 4 Pcsk5 Δ1/Δ1 , 10 heterozygous (Pcsk5 Δ1/wt ) and 3 wild-type embryos (Pcsk5 wt/wt ). All four Pcsk5 Δ1/Δ1 embryos had reduced body size, caudal regression evidenced by hind limb dysplasia and absent tail, visceral anomalies including exomphalos, absent kidneys, neural presacral mass, hypoplastic lungs, tracheo-esophageal fusion, and cardiac malformations. These included ventricular and atrial septal defects, abnormal atrio-ventricular junction, common arterial trunk, and right-sided aortic arch. These abnormalities were not found in heterozygous and wild-type littermates ( Table 1). Thus the Pcsk5 Δ1/Δ1 knock-out fully recapitulates the Vcc mutant allele.

Epiblast deletion of Pcsk5 almost completely recapitulates the zygotic mutant [26] phenotype
Cardiac developmental malformations can result from abnormalities in extra-embryonic lineages that affect placental development [27]. To distinguish the role of Pcsk5 in the extraembryonic versus embryonic lineages we have previously reported epiblastic deletion of Pcsk5 with Meox2Cre, and found that this recapitulated all developmental malformations but with reduced penetrance [1]. We therefore used a Sox2Cre driver that also deletes mainly in the epiblast [19] (Table 2) to explore if a different driver would affect penetrance. Although Sox2 is expressed in the trophoblast extraembryonic lineage [28], reports show, that Sox2Cre-dependent deletion does not significantly affect extraembryonic tissues [29,30]. We generated and analysed five Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Sox2Cre + embryos and four Pcsk5 wt/flox ; Sox2Cre + control littermates. While all control embryos were normal, Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Sox2Cre + embryos had anomalies observed previously in the Vcc and Δ1 mutants (Table 1). Cardiac anomalies were present in all Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Sox2Cre + embryos and included: ventricular and atrial septal defects, abnormal atrio-ventricular junction, common arterial trunk, and double outlet right ventricle, right-sided aortic arch, and interrupted aortic arch (Fig. 2, Table 1). Non-cardiac malformations included hypoplastic lungs, palatal cleft, exomphalos, absent kidneys, presacral mass and skeletal abnormalities that included small hind limbs, and absent tail (Fig. 3, Table 1). We did not observe tracheooesophageal fusion, which was present in both the Pcsk5 Fig. 1 Pcsk5 expression in the wild-type embryos. Pcsk5 gene expression analysis using in situ hybridization. (a) Lateral view of an E10.5 wild-type embryo and a close up of its pharyngeal arches (a'). Strong staining is visible in the limb bud (lb), presomitic mesoderm (pms), forming (S0) and last formed (S1) somites, and in the pharyngeal arch (black arrowheads in a and a'). Heart (h) is indicated. (b) Lateral and (b') dorsal views of an E8.5 wild-type embryo showing strong staining only in forming and last formed somites (S0, S1) and a weak expression in presomitic mesoderm (pms) but not in the heart tube (h) or structures surrounding the heart. Head fold (hf) and allantois (al) are indicated zygotic knockout and Vcc alleles, in any of the embryos with epiblast deletion of Pcsk5 (Fig. 2, Table 1). Taken together these results indicated that all embryonic malformations observed in the zygotic mutations arise from a requirement of Pcsk5 in lineages derived from the epiblast, which includes the mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm and neural crest.
Conditional deletion of Pcsk5 in early cranio-cardiac mesoderm recapitulates cardiac anomalies observed in the zygotic mutations We next wished to determine the role of Pcsk5 in mesodermal lineages that contribute to the heart, and we initially used a Mesp1Cre driver to investigate this. Mesp1Cre deletes in the extraembryonic and lateral   Myocardium; endothelium of coronary arteries, cardiac chambers, and valves; smooth muscle cells of the aorta and coronary arteries.   Table 2). Lateral mesodermal cells migrate through a primitive streak to the most anterior end of the embryo to become an anterior mesoderm that includes early cranio-cardiac and pharyngeal arch mesoderm [31,32]. As evidenced by lineage tracing, this cell population contributes mainly to the mesoderm of the developing heart: myo-, endo-and epicardium [31,33], cranial mesoderm-derived structures, like the muscles of the tongue, jaws and neck, and oesophagus [34,35]. Other mesodermal lineages, paraxial (somitesbones, skeletal muscles), axial (notochordneural tube) and intermediate (genitourinary tract, kidneys) are not affected by the Mesp1-driven Cre recombination [20,31]. We analysed six Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Mesp1Cre + experimental embryos and six Pcsk5 wt/flox ; Mesp1Cre + control littermates. We observed atrial and ventricular septal defects, abnormal atrio-ventricular junction, double outlet right ventricle and transposition of great arteries in Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Mesp1Cre + embryos (Fig. 4, Table 1). Consistent with lack of deletion in paraxial, axial and intermediate mesoderm, there was no evidence of caudal regression, renal agenesis, or hindgut abnormalities. All control littermates were normal. These results showed that Pcsk5 is required in the cranio-cardiac mesoderm for the development of the heart.
Pcsk5 is not required in the Nkx2.5 expressing mesodermal lineage for cardiac or great vessel development We next investigated the role of Pcsk5 more specifically in cardiac progenitor lineages. To do this we used the Nkx2.5Cre driver [21]. This activates expression of Cre recombinase in the myocardial precursors of primary and secondary heart fields, with target floxed gene recombination effectively starting at embryonic day E7.75 [36] ( Table 2). In addition, Nkx2.5Cre drives recombination also in the endoderm and ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch [37]. Fate mapping shows that Nkx2.5Cre effectively deletes in the progenitor cells that contribute to myocardium, to coronary, chamber, and valve endothelium, to smooth muscle cells of the aorta and coronary arteries, to proepicardium and, subsequently, to coronary vasculature [38]. In keeping with this, Nkx2.5Cre-driven deletion of Fgf8 results in a truncated heart tube and pharyngeal arch hypoplasia [38], and Bmp4 (Bone morphogenetic protein 4) deletion leads to conotruncal and atrioventricular septation defects and anomalies in the branching of branchial arch arteries [39]. To explore the role of Pcsk5 in the Nkx2.5expressing lineage, we studied six Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Nkx2.5Cre + and six Pcsk5 wt/flox ; Nkx2.5Cre + control embryos. Surprisingly, no cardiac, outflow tract or pharyngeal arch  Table 1). To investigate if Nkx2.5Cre was deleting Pcsk5 from cardiac tissues, we used allele-specific polymerase chain reaction on the hearts obtained from these embryos. This showed that Pcsk5 was indeed completely deleted in the heart (Fig. 5). Thus the cardiogenic progenitor deletion induced by Mesp1Cre is either not relevant to the development of the heart, or is needed at an earlier time point to be effective. Another possibility is that either mRNA or protein persisting from the earlier stages is sufficient to compensate for the deletion of Pcsk5 with Nkx2.5Cre at the stage when this driver is active. Alternatively, another member of the convertase family may effectively substitute for the function of PCSK5 in these tissues. Although Nkx2.5Cre-driven deletion of Pcsk5 did not lead to cardiac developmental anomalies, tissues derived from the heart fields may still require the expression of Pcsk5; the nature of atrioventricular septal defect observed in Pcsk5 knock-out embryos (Figs. 2b' and 4b') may suggest developmental anomalies in the formation of dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP). DMP is a derivative of the posterior second heart field (SHF) and is critical for the formation of the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex [40]. It provides a mesenchymal "connector" between the major atrioventricular cushions and the cap of the primary atrial septum (septum primum), and after myocardial differentiation, it transforms into a muscular rim at the base of the atrial septum [40]. Mice with mutations (or deletions) in the genes important for posterior SHF, like Alk3, Pdpn or Tbx5 show atrioventricular septal defects similar to this observed in the Pcsk5 mutants [41,42]. Moreover, the development of DMP is, among others, regulated by BMP signalling [40] and members of BMP family are potential substrates for Pcsk5. Testing the requirements for Pcsk5 in the SHF (and subsequently in DMP), using, for example, a Mef2cCre driver, would be the next logical step and will require further investigation.
Pcsk5 is not required in the pharyngeal arches for cardiac or great vessel development Pharyngeal arch tissues initially include all three germ layers: endo-, meso-and ectoderm, and are subsequently populated by neural crest cells [43]. The pharyngeal arches contribute to several cranio-facial structures like bones, muscles and nerves. They also give rise to the aorta and great vessels [43]. To ablate Pcsk5 in pharyngeal arch tissues we used the Hoxa3Cre driver [22]. Hoxa3Credependent recombination initiates weakly just before E8.0 and by E9.0 affects all pharyngeal tissues caudal to the second arch [44] (Table 2). In keeping with this, deletion of Tbx1 (T-box transcription factor 1) in pharyngeal arch tissues, for instance, results in aortic arch malformations, including right-sided aortic arch, aortic vascular ring, and outflow tract septation defects [44,45]. To explore the role of Pcsk5 in the Hoxa3-expressing pharyngeal arch lineages, we analysed five Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Hoxa3Cre + and five control littermate embryos. We did not observe any cardiac or outflow tract anomalies. There were also no other obvious structural defects, detectable by MRI, in these embryos (Table 1). To investigate if Hoxa3Cre was deleting Pcsk5, we used allele-specific polymerase chain reaction on the hearts obtained from these embryos. This showed that Pcsk5 was indeed deleted in the pharyngeal arches (Additional file 1: Figure S1). This result indicates showing multiplex polymerase chain reaction products of allele-specific genotyping from embryonic hearts. Three hearts from each genotype were analysed at E15.5. The floxed allele is almost completely absent in the hearts of Cre-positive Pcsk5 Δ1/flox embryos that the expression of Pcsk5 is not essential in the ecto-, meso-and endodermal pharyngeal arch lineages during embryonic development. Thus, the pharyngeal mesodermal deletion induced by Mesp1-Cre is either not relevant to the development of the aortic arches, or is needed at an earlier time point to be effective.
Deletion of Pcsk5 in the neural crest did not affect heart development The neural crest originates in the ectoderm, and contributes to the outflow tract of the heart, providing cells and mediating remodelling of the cardiac outflow and aortic arches. Neural crest cells also form smooth muscle and innervate the cardiovascular system [46]. Wnt1Cre deletes specifically in the neural crest, and labelled cells contribute to the aorticopulmonary septum and conotruncal cushions, and to the 3 rd , 4 th and 6 th pharyngeal arch arteries [15] (Table 2). In keeping with this, Wnt1Cre-driven deletion of Ptpn11 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) results in common arterial trunk and abnormal great vessels [47], deletion of Mapk1 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1)in double outlet right ventricle and septal defects [48], and deletion of Acvr1 (Activin A receptor, type I) -in common arterial trunk, septal defects and anomalies in brachiocephalic arteries [49]. The zygotic mutation of Pcsk5 and Sox2Cre conditional knockout shows common arterial trunk as a phenotype, and this was not observed in mesodermal deletion of Pcsk5 with Mesp1Cre (Table 1). As common arterial trunk is a neural crest phenotype [50], and is also observed in conditional deletions of different genes induced by Wnt1Cre, we explored the role of Pcsk5 in neural crest development. We examined eight Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Wnt1Cre + and ten control Pcsk5 wt/flox ; Wnt1Cre + embryos. We did not see any developmental anomalies in examined embryos (Table 1). This indicates that Pcsk5 is not required in the neural crest during cardiac development.

Conclusions
In summary, our results show that although Pcsk5 is expressed in the heart and outflow tract and pharyngeal arches at later developmental stages, for normal heart, outflow tract and aortic arch development only its deletion in the cranio-cardiac mesoderm appears to have an effect on heart development. These results suggest that Pcsk5 may have an essential and early role in the craniocardiac mesoderm for heart development. Alternatively, it is possible that Pcsk5 may still play a critical role in Nkx2.5-expressing cardiac progenitors, with persistence of mRNA or protein accounting for the lack of effect of deletion on heart development. Our studies thus define a window of development during which epigenetic factors for instance may interact with heterozygous Pcsk5/ PCSK5 mutations to affect heart development, and may explain variable penetrance of phenotype observed in humans with PCSK5 mutation [1,5].

Additional file
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Hoxa3Cre-driven deletion of Pcsk5. Ethidium bromide stained agarose gel showing multiplex polymerase chain reaction products of allele-specific genotyping from embryonic hearts. Primer details are as in Fig. 5. Five hearts of the Pcsk5 Δ1/flox ; Hoxa3Cre + embryos were analysed. The floxed allele is almost completely absent in this hearts indicating a loss of