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Gender, the Wars of Decolonization, and the Decline of Empires after 1945

During the post-1945 Wars of Decolonization, gender was often an issue of contestation. Colonial repression was based on a gender order that intersected with the constructed racial and social hierarchies in the colonies. The way imperial powers’ policies used and impacted gender relations to secure their rule must be taken into account in any study of the anticolonial struggle. The chapter argues that the Wars of Decolonization after 1945 were as much total wars as the First and Second World Wars. They, too, affected all areas of the economy, society, and culture. The struggle for liberation challenged the ideas of white manhood of the colonial powers and led to conflicts in the construction of male identity within the armies of the insurgents. One challenge was the fact that not only men, but also women actively participated in the struggle for national liberation, which undermined dominant ideas of the gender order and led to a reconsideration of gender relations during and after the conflicts.