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The Water Drop Lens: a Low-Profile Geodesic Parallel Plate Waveguide Lens Antenna for Space Applications

This paper introduces the design of a parallel plate waveguide geodesic lens modulated with spline functions. This geodesic lens design is rotational-symmetric, which naturally provides a high pattern stability over a wide angular range. The proposed design is thoroughly compared to the reference Rinehart-Luneburg lens and numerical results indicate similar electromagnetic performance, including scattering parameters and radiation, while enabling a height reduction by a factor of 2.6. This beamformer provides very wide angular scanning up to ±70° with scan losses below 3 dB. The lens can be designed to provide very high aperture efficiency (between 80 and 90%) over a wide frequency operating range. Analyses were performed over the frequency range 26-32 GHz, demonstrating very stable performance. The very smooth shape of the lens is particularly attractive for applications at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths.