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Exposures to Primary Air Pollutants Generated by Highway Traffic and the Risk of Daily Mortality in Near Road Communities: A Case-Crossover Study.

Most epidemiological studies fail to capture the impact of spatiotemporal fluctuations in traffic on exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in the near-road population. Using a case-crossover design and the Research Line Source Dispersion Model (RLINE) with spatiotemporally resolved highway traffic data, we quantified associations between primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and black carbon (BC) generated by highway traffic and all non-accidental, respiratory, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular daily mortality among individuals within 1 km of major highways in the Washington Puget Sound between 2009 and 2013. We estimated these associations using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for time-varying covariates. Although highly resolved modeled concentrations of PM2.5, NOx and BC from highway traffic in the hours before death were used, we found no evidence of an association of mortality with the preceding 24-hour average exposure (odds ratio: 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.96-1.02) or shorter averaging periods. This work did not support the hypothesis that the risk of mortality was meaningfully higher with greater exposures to PM2.5, NOx, and BC from highways in near-road populations, though we did incorporate a novel approach to estimate exposures to traffic-generated air pollution based on detailed traffic congestion data.