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THE COLOR OF CITIZENSHIP: RACE, MODERNITY AND LATIN AMERICAN/HISPANIC POLITICAL THOUGHT

If migrants represent a significant percentage of the US labour force, it suggests that a militarized approach to immigration control does not successfully discourage migration. The only consequence of increasing stronger border enforcement is that migration becomes riskier. Golash-Boza astutely points out that heightened border enforcement ‘does not prevent [migrants] from entering the country, it simply makes the passage more difficult . . . four hundred or so people perish each year in the deserts and mountains of Arizona’ (p. 7). Unfortunately, those lucky enough to survive the journey and find employment are marginalized and scrutinized by immigration agents. The section ‘Criminalizing the Undocumented: Arizona’s SB 1070’ was relevant and interesting, and Golash-Boza does a great job connecting the bill to the claim that all undocumented migrants are criminals. The following section on home raids reveals that immigration agents ‘frequently interrogate all occupants of the house and arrest anyone who they suspect is unlawfully present . . .’ (p. 48). These ‘collateral arrests’ are justified by framing everyone as criminals automatically. That mentality may also help justify the shocking amount of detentions in recent years; in 2008, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement detained an average of 33,400 migrants per day (pp. 64 5). The conceptualization of ‘illegal’ is critical for the maintenance of a law enforcement system that continuously fails to grant the undocumented rights or humanity. Not only is there something morally wrong with this viewpoint, Golash-Boza argues that it is also factually inaccurate: ‘There is no evidence to suggest that the undocumented workers removed from meatpacking plants are dangerous people. Moreover, the fact that most were removed on administrative and not criminal grounds is clear evidence that they had no criminal records’ (p. 78). This point suggests that the USA’s ‘arrest-first-ask-questions-later’ attitude towards immigrants needs to be changed and its policies need to be more compassionate. By skilfully applying the human rights perspective to the USA’s militarized approach to immigration, Immigration Nation provides a detailed look at the unfortunate outcomes and the all-too-human costs of these policies.