{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03234277816171389, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01022805805114029, 'mean_word_length': 5.336252189141856, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Melanotic Oncocytic Metaplasia of the Nasopharynx: An Unusual Case Report

Introduction: Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia of the nasopharynx is an uncommon disease, usually asymptomatic, that could be misdiagnosed for melanoma, because of its macroscopic features. For this reason, is necessary to know it thoroughly and to take it into account in the differential diagnosis. Case Report: A 69-year-old Italian woman presented to our Otorhinolaryngology Clinic with a 1-month history of sore throat. She has been a smoker for several years. During the nasopharyngoscopic examination, grey-brown, irregular and slightly elevated lesions, measuring few millimetres, were found near the right Eustachian tube opening. The preliminary diagnostic hypothesis was malignant disease. After biopsy and histopathological assessment, the lesion was diagnosed as melanotic oncocytic metaplasia of the nasopharynx that is a benign and rare disease. So, given the multiple lesions and their benign nature, they were controlled with regular nasoscopic examinations. Conclusion: Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia is a benign lesion of the nasopharynx and it is necessary to emphasize the importance of its clinical awareness for differential diagnosis with malignant lesions.


Introduction
Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia (MOM) of the nasopharynx is a rare lesion first described by Shek et al. in 1995 (1). To our knowledge, only 33 cases of MOM have been reported in literature. Macroscopically, MOM appears as simple or multiple small black or brown mucosal lesions, usually sited near the Eustachian tube opening (2)(3)(4)(5)(6).
Moreover, it is often an incidental finding during endoscopic evaluation because related symptoms are uncommon (4). Although its macroscopic features could be mistaken for malignant tumour, as melanoma, MOM is a benign lesion.
In this study, we present the first case of 69year-old Caucasian (Italian) woman with incidental finding of MOM of the nasopharynx.

Case Report
In 2019, a 69-year-old Italian woman presented to our ENT Clinic with a 1-month history of sore throat. She was a smoker with the consumption of 15 cigarettes per day for several years. As for the rest, her past medical history was unremarkable.
So, a nasopharyngoscopic examination was performed with the incidental finding of multiple, grey-brown, irregular and slightly elevated lesions, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in the maximal diameter, with clearly identified margins, near the right Eustachian tube opening ( Fig.1). The overlying mucosa was intact, without signs of necrosis or bleeding when touched. Melanoma, melanosis or malignant tumour were suspected on macroscopic evaluation. Examination of neck, nasal cavity and larynx didn't reveal abnormalities. Under local anaesthesia, one of the larger lesions was biopsied for histological assessment. The surgical specimen was a single, grey-brown, mucosal piece measuring 0.2x0.2x0.1 cm. Microscopic examination revealed a well demarcated lesion, covered by normal respiratory epithelium and composed by several seromucinous glands with diffuse oncocytic metaplasia. Moreover, scattered brown pigments was found in the cytoplasm of oncocytic cells. They were positive for Fontana-Masson staining and negative for Pears's ones, confirming the melanin nature. There weren't either cytological atypia nor mitotic figures in the epithelial cells of the glands. Immunohistochemically, dendritic cells were immunoreactive to S-100 protein and negative for HMB-45. Thus, based on these findings, the lesion was assessed as melanotic oncocytic metaplasia of the nasopharynx. Considering the benign nature of MOM, other similar lesions around the right Eustachian tube opening weren't excised but only followed with periodic nasoscopic examinations. As previously stated, after diagnosis, the patient was controlled with nasopharynx endoscopy each three months. Thus, at nine-month followup, lesions in nasopharynx, near the right Eustachian tube opening, were unchanged, without progression to malignancy.

Discussion
Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia (MOM) of the nasopharynx is an uncommon and littleknown disease. Indeed, oncocytic metaplasia is most frequently detected in other sites, as salivary glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands (1,7). Histologically, MOM appears as oncocytic epithelial cells with intracytoplasmatic melanin pigments. The origin of this pigment is still unknown. According to the most shared hypothesis, the pigment is produced by melanocytes and transferred to adjacent oncocytic cells by their dendritic processes. Indeed, as reported in literature (8), stroma and epithelium of the nasal cavity present dendritic melanocytes. This hypothesis is confirmed by electron microscopy that doesn't identify premature m elanosome in oncocytic cells and by immunohistochemistry that finds S-100 positive and HMB-45 negative dendritic cells (5,9,10,11).
This metaplasia is often an incidental finding during nasopharyngeal examination for other disease since it's usually asymptomatic, as well as in our case. However, given its siting near the Eustachian tube opening, the most common related symptoms are otitis media, tinnitus, nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea. Moreover, analysing the literature (Table.1), MOM usually occurs as multiple lesions with unilateral involvement, just as our patient who presented several small lesions around the right Eustachian tube opening.  (3,4,7,8,15,16), as well as our patient who smokes about 15 cigarettes a day. Therefore, many authors suggested a correlation between smoking and MOM (9). This hypothesis is supported by male predominance of disease, given that the greater part of smokers is male. Moreover, since the finding of oncocytic changes increases with age and it's considered a form of cellular degeneration (3,17), MOM may represent an age-related phenomenon, confirmed by its occurrence more frequent in elderly. However, the pathogenesis of MOM is still unknown. Someone postulated the role of nasopharynx bacteria in its pathogenesis (15), whereas others suggested a genetic predisposition given the frequent occurrence in Asia or a relation to Warthin tumour for the similar histological features and the association with smoking (16). Despite the lack of knowledge about its origin and causes, MOM can be considered a benign lesion. In literature, we didn't find cases of recurrence or progression to malignancy. Thus, excision if it's a single lesion or follow-up if they are multiple represent the proper management of MOM.

Conclusion
Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia of nasopharynx is a rare disease and it is crucial to investigate it further because, although rare, it may be misdiagnosed as a malign and more serious lesion (i.e. melanoma) which would require a more invasive treatment and would be correlated to a worse prognosis.

Learning Points
 Melanotic oncocytic metaplasia of the nasopharynx is a rare and benign disease.  This disease should be considered in differential diagnosis of small, grey-brown, lesions around the Eustachian tube opening (i.e. melanoma).
 Given the benign nature of this disease, excision if it's a single lesion or follow-up if they are multiple represent the proper management.