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Modelling cyclic interaction:an account of feedback

This paper reports an empirical study of the effectiveness of different kinds of feedback to signal that a goal has been successfully completed. Participants had to make setting changes to a simulated cell phone while at the same time dealing with incoming messages. One group had only implicit feedback that the setting had been changed so that success had to be inferred from the lack of an error message. The other groups had explicit feedback for a set period of 1, 2 or 5 seconds. The implicit feedback group were significantly less likely to complete the task than the explicit feedback groups. There is also evidence that the one second timed explicit feedback condition was less effective in inducing participants to eliminate their current subgoal than the two and five second explicit feedback conditions. A notation is introduced to explain these findings.