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Recent nanoscale carriers for therapy of Alzheimer's disease: current strategies and perspectives.

This review covers nanotherapeutic strategies for solving the global problems associated with the Alzheimer disease (AD). The most dramatic factor contributing humanistic, social and economic urgency of the situation is the incurability of the disease, with the drug intervention addressing only AD symptoms and retarding their progress. Key sources behind these challenges are the inability of the early diagnosis of AD, lack of comprehensive information on the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis, the blood-brain barrier obstacles, and low effectiveness of currently available drugs and therapeutic strategies. Application of nanocarriers allows the part of these problems to be solved, together with the improvement of drug bioavailability, prolonged circulation, and the biological barrier overcoming/bypassing. To this date, numerous types and sub-types of nanocarriers are developed and reviewed, the majority of which can be adapted for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, herein, nanotherapy strategies are specifically categorized in term of the administration of AD medicines, with the noninvasive, i.e., transdermal, oral, and intranasal routes emphasized. Further, benefits/limitations of various nanocarriers are discussed, and perspectives of their application are highlighted.