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Differential Regulation of Macrophage Glucose Metabolism by M‐CSF and GM‐CSF: Implications for 18F‐FDG PET Imaging of Inflammation

The high glycolytic capacity of macrophages allows for the utilization of 18F‐FDG in the detection of inflammation associated with various diseases. Microenvironmental signals (such as growth factors, cytokines and pathogen‐derived products) have profound effects on determining the activation state of macrophages, which in turn is delicately regulated through reprogramming of cell metabolism. Specifically, glycolysis has been suggested to enhance the pro‐inflammatory macrophage phenotype induced by pathogen‐derived stimuli. Here, we examined whether this phenomenon extends to endogenous microenvironmental activators by investigating the metabolic effects of two critical myeloid growth factors with opposing effects on the macrophage inflammatory state, i.e., macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).