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Physical properties of blood and their influence on blood-flow measurement

The paper discusses the structure and composition of blood, its viscous properties and how these affect flow, and also the electrical, optical and thermal properties, which can be used to quantify flow. The development of a flow profile is discussed for steady and pulsatile flow in major vessels. The various types of flowmeter which have been developed to take this profile into account are discussed. These include electromagnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters, indicator-dilution methods (including thermal dilution) and various pressure-sensing devices. In small vessels and in bulk tissue the concept of flow profile has no meaning and the measurement methods include indicator-transport methods using radioactive isotopes various forms of plethysmograph, calorimeters and thermal-conductivity probes. Each type of flow measurement method is discussed, together with its advantages and disadvantages.