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The Microstructure of Ingestive Behavior

The most commonly used method for assessing the effects of experimental manipulations designed to influence hunger and satiety is to measure the total amount of a food that is ingested following the experimental manipulation. While this measure provides some information about the effectiveness of the treatment, interpretation of the result is difficult. If the treatment resulted in an increase in intake, was it because appetite was stimulated or satiety decreased? If the effect is a reduction in intake, was it due to a decrease in appetite or an increase in satiety? With volumetric intake as the only datum, it is impossible to distinguish between these two equally valid interpretations. The result is conflicting interpretations of experimental outcomes obtained by different investigators and an inability to specify or speculate, with some degree of accuracy, on the central nervous system mechanisms controlling ingestive behavior that were affected by the experimental treatment. It is widely recognized that ingestive behavior is under the control of a multitude of variables, many of them interacting continuously before and during a bout of ingestive behavior and that many different components of the central nervous system are involved in determining the amount of a diet that an animal will eat in any fixed period of time. If the only dependent variable we have at our disposal to evaluate the effect of lesions, drug treatments, variations in palatability, and manipulations of deprivation is the amount of the diet the animal eats in a fixed period of time, we are not going to be able to make much progress in understanding the complex sensory motor control system that controls ingestive behavior. Fortunately this situation has been changing. During the past 20 years some investigators have been describing in detail the alterations in specific components of the behavior of rats that are involved in the ingestion of solid food and liquid diets. These studies are beginning to show that examining only the amount ingested obscures important differences in ingestive behavior induced by experimental manipulations designed to affect hunger, appetite, and satiety. The analysis of the structure of the behavioral components involved in ingestion reveals a much richer effect of a variety of experimental manipulations that are hidden when only the weight of food or volume of fluid ingested are measured.