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GPS constraints on deformation in northern Central America from 1999 to 2017, Part 2: Block rotations and fault slip rates, fault locking and distributed deformation

SUMMARY We describe a new elastic-kinematic model for the present tectonics of northern Central America and southern Mexico, where the Motagua-Polochic fault zone, Middle America subductionzoneandfaults intheCentral Americavolcanicarcposesigniﬁcant seismichazards. The new model, which consists of the angular velocities for eight plates and blocks, interseismic locking solutions for some of the block-bounding faults and strain-rate tensors for three blocks with signiﬁcant internal deformation, optimizes the ﬁt to regional fault azimuths and earthquake slip directions and a new 200 + station GPS velocity ﬁeld that has been corrected for the coseismic and post-seismic effects of three large regional earthquakes in 2009 and 2012. From our new observations and modelling thereof, we ﬁnd evidence for the following: Honduras Guatemala City graben; of the above W-to-WNW of Chortis and Ipala blocks and distributed ENE-WSW stretching within both blocks; in Motagua fault versus only per cent on the Polochic fault; Motagua westwards 14 Guatemala of the Guatemala City graben, respectively; (5) Slip rates along Central America volcanic arc faults that from 12.5 extension across the newly deﬁned Fonseca block. A pattern of misﬁts to the velocities of sites in northern Guatemala and southern Mexico may be caused by distributed deformation in this region or shortcomings with our model and/or assumptions. The primary factors that control the regional deformation appear to include the arcuate geometry of the Motagua fault, low locking of the Middle America subduction interface, slow-to-no motion between the leading edge of the Central America forearc sliver and North America plate and a rheologically weak volcanic arc.