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The Formation of Brazilian Souls: Imagery of the Republic in Brazil by José Murilo de Carvalho (review)

Ambitious in scope, José Murilo de Carvalho’s award winning The Formation of Brazilian Souls: Imagery of the Republic in Brazil begins by showing how there was no unified nor coherent Republican ideology that organized the passage from Empire to Republic in Brazil. He then moves on to focus on a study of the contradictory symbols that the newly proclaimed Republic constructed as the images of the nation-state. Working with and from a stunning array of materials, most of them iconographic, this book asks the question of the modes of construction and the needs of collective imagination for political ideology to coalesce. Political legitimization needs to reach popular social imagination through symbols, allegories, rituals, and myths. Thus, one of the most important observations in Murilo de Carvalho’s argument is that the proclamation of the Republic in Brazil lacked popular support because it was not the result of a revolution, a revolt, or even an uprising. What follows, after eloquently setting the stage for this dismembered Republic, is an investigation into how a collective spirit was built to uphold the new Republic through the use of imagery, often at odds with the Republican ideology itself. Murilo de Carvalho begins by describing the three types of Republican ideologies that competed to define the new Brazilian state at the end of the nineteenth