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Contextual and Individual Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Slovenia: Positive Youth Development Perspective

Bullying and victimization pose a serious risk for youth optimal development due to numerous negative short- and long-term consequences. One of the models with a focus on adolescents that can serve as a theoretical framework in designing prevention and intervention programmes targeting bullying and victimization is Positive Youth Development Perspective. The Positive Youth Development perspective assumes that with the positive interplay between developmental assets (internal and external youth resources) and the 5Cs (competence, confidence, character, caring, connection) the probability of bullying and victimization lowers. In the present study, we have investigated the predictive power of developmental assets and the 5Cs for bullying (verbal and social bullying) and victimization (verbal and social victimization) on a sample of older adolescents and emerging adults ( N = 434, 80.9% girls, M age = 21.65). We used The Developmental Assets Profile (Benson, 2003), PYD questionnaire (Geldhof et al., 2014) and Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument: Bully/Target (APRI-BT, Marsh et al., 2011). The findings show that gender, age, and Caring are significant predictors of verbal bullying while age, Empowerment, and Caring are significant predictors of social bullying. Furthermore, gender, age, Constructive use of time, Confidence and Connection are significant predictors of verbal victimization and age, Empowerment, Constructive use of time, Confidence, and Connection are significant predictors of social victimization. The implications for practice and future research are discussed.