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Security Analysis of the Chinese Web: How well is it protected?

As the web rapidly expands and gets integrated into the daily lives of more and more people, so does the number of cyber attacks against it. To defend against attackers, website operators can utilize a wide range of defense mechanisms, both at the server-side, as well as the client-side of their web applications. From a security-metrics standpoint, the presence or absence of these mechanisms can be used as a security indicator of any given website.
 In this paper, through a large-scale analysis of the 10,000 most popular Chinese websites, we analyze the security of the Chinese web by investigating the usage of client-side security policies, and evaluating the discovered HTTPS implementations. We show that, when compared to popular websites of the rest of the world, a significant fraction of Chinese websites lag behind on the adoption of good security practices. Among other findings, we report on the fact that 6% of websites inadvertently leak private user information, such as Chinese identity numbers, by placing spreadsheet files with sensitive content in directories indexed by search engines.