{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.030283477437948982, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006925624811803674, 'mean_word_length': 5.095437860513896, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 1, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 3, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Figurative Meaning Of Metaphorical Expression In "Raja Ampat" Article On Indonesia,Travel Website

Tourism is an essential element of modern life and modern society. Easy access to the internet facilitates the promotion of tourism spreading across the world. Through Indonesia.travel, the Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia official provides information about Indonesia tourism and travel. Raja Ampat, famous for its underwater destination, is one of the travel destinations highlighted on the website. Metaphorical expression frequently appears to describe Raja Ampat destination. This research focuses on observing how the language, specifically metaphor, is used in an article in Indonesia.travel entitled "Raja Ampat" to represent the nature of Raja Ampat as the travel destination. This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the role of metaphors in the mechanics of persuasion in promotional tourism discourse with a different approach, which is a semantic approach. The analysis metaphorical expressions to reveal the domains of tourism destination highlighted in the text are expected to shed light on how linguistics is closely related to various persuasion functions used in promotional tourism discourse. 13 metaphorical expressions found in the article. Source domain Building, Natural Landscape, High-Mobility, Religion, Family, Profession is utilized in metaphorical expression. It signifies that metaphor is used as a tool to bring the destination closer to travelers living in a city-situated environment.


Introduction
Tourism is a pervasive phenomenon of modern life and modern society. Jaworski and Pritchard (2005) explain that it has become important in a social process of change in which human systems, values and communities are being integrated in a move towards global social and economic networks. Furthermore, the straightforward access of internet facilitates them in communication. Therefore, they have easy access to get any information and share information around the world. A lot of travel marketers, as a result, take advantage by promoting their tourism and travel on the internet, which serves as a digital promotion media, including the Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia.

The Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia official provides information about
Indonesia tourism and travel on a website, namely Indonesia.travel. It can be accessed on www.Indonesia.travel. One of the destinations highlighted on the website is Raja Ampat, which is famous for its coastal sites. Moreover, Valentina (2016) mentions that Raja Ampat has been recognized at the Global Green Destinations Day event as Top 100 Global Destinations. Its natural beauty, of course, becomes the attention of the government of Indonesia, and that must be the reason why it is put on the highlight. Yet, tourism is not only about promotion. It is a way to create a positive national identity for foreign consumption so that foreign investment and support development can be gained (Salim, Ibrahim, & Hassan, 2012, p. 140). Therefore, to describe tourism destination, the language used on the website often promotes what travel events and experiences tourists may enjoy. At the same time, the advertiser also faces the challenge of forming tourism images. Hence, the advertiser highlights to be more creative in choosing the preference of techniques and tools to influence consumers' minds. In this situation, figurative language consequently appears on frequent time in the language used on the website.
The use of figurative language is an essential element on the tourism website. Phillips and McQuarrie (2004) agree that consumers are more favorable to the use of figures of speech, as it helps them visualize intangible items. One of the main reasons for the use of figurative language, according to Jaworska (2017), is its ability to reduce what-so-called the effect of strangeness by turning an unfamiliar phenomenon into something familiar and recognizable.
Metaphor is one of figurative languages used mainly to cope with the unfamiliarity of a destination for the tourist. Djavarova (2017) explains that the reader reacts to the text, which is relevant to the individual, to the text where information about the place or service looks familiar. Thus, one particular role of the metaphor is to reduce the effect of unfamiliarity. (p. 40). When metaphor is used in the text, it automatically directs the customer to look at the product from a different point of view (Palmer and Lundberg, 1995). Young (2000) in (Jaworska, 2017) believes that it makes a reader consider new associations by drawing links between the source domain object of the metaphor. The function of metaphor can be illustrated by the sentence "Raja Ampat is a paradise." As the person reads the sentence, the reader is forced directly to draw a link between two objects. It forces them to make an association between "Raja Ampat" and "paradise." The use of metaphor allows the readers to look at the described image from a different point of view as the aim is to attract attention of the customer and sell the product, positive features are expected to be emphasized in this context (Paivio and Clarke, 1986).
The related studies focusing on observing the use of metaphor in promotional tourism discourse has been done beforehand with different approaches.
Using corpus-assisted approach, Jaworska (2017) found out that domains such as body, natural precious element, colour, taste, and religion on the metaphorical expression point to a significant use in the descriptions of tropical destinations.
Applying pragmatic approach, Djafarova and Anderson (2008) concluded that a decrease in the amount of advertisements using metaphors over the time period investigated since consumers are increasingly likely to complain about misleading advertising. Utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis approach, Ágnes (2009) criticized that the concept of interpersonal relationship health and beauty among the society were constructed by the marketers using metaphors.
This present research, triggered by the above-mentioned studies, takes similar data, which is text on tourism website. It focuses on how the language, specifically metaphor, is used in an article in Indonesia.travel entitled "Raja Ampat" to represent the nature of Raja Ampat as the travel destination. This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the role of metaphors in the mechanics of persuasion in promotional tourism discourse with a different approach, which is a semantic approach. The analysis of metaphorical expressions to reveal the domains of tourism destination highlighted in the text is expected to shed light on how linguistics is closely related to various persuasion functions used in promotional tourism discourse. Furthermore, limited research is undertaken to understand the way the language is used in tourism (Djafarova and Andersen, 2008;Dann, 1996). The majority of tourism research explores the images represented visually (Urry, 1990;Gonzalez and Bello, 2002). Little attention is paid to verbal expression, while it also has an important visual element (Williamson, 1978). Therefore, it becomes the reason why the writer aims to contribute more in analyzing the use and the function of metaphors in the domain of tourism promotional discourse.

Methodology
The metaphorical expressions found in the text of Raja Ampat article, that takes place on one spot in Destination Highlights on the front page of the website, were taken from Indonesia.travel, the official website of Indonesia tourism accessed at www.indonesia.travel on October 1, 2020. To the identification of metaphorical expressions, the researcher utilized Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) developed by the Pragglejaz (2007). In detail, MIP is formulated as follows: firstly, the researcher red the discourse thoroughly to build public understanding of its meaning. the researcher marked the lexical unit as a metaphor (Pragglejaz, 2007 p. 5 -6). In conducting this study, this study applies semantic approach. Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 140). Since to figure out how metaphorical expressions used in "Raja Ampat" article by defining their literal meaning and figurative meaning, and to determine the domain highlighted from metaphorical expressions is the main focus of this study, hence semantic is the most suitable approach. It happens for it is the study of meaning of words and phrases. The use of words or phrases in metaphorical expressions contribute to form meaning intended.
In conducting this study, the researcher took three steps. Firstly, a list of metaphorical expressions was made based on Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). Accordingly, the data were segmented into lexical units and phrasal verbs marked as single segments. However, in the high number of cases metaphorical expressions appeared across longer chains of units, which frequently combined distinct metaphors or metaphors with alliterations, personifications and also hyperbole. For instance, the phrase 'a busy colleague, the turtle' has two items' colleague' and 'busy' were recognized as being non-literal with personified 'busy' emphasizing the metaphorical meaning of 'a colleague, the turtle'. Secondly, the figurative meaning of metaphorical expressions was assigned based on the comparison between the contextual meaning of the item and its literal meaning as defined in Lexico Dictionary online powered by Oxford, accessed on www.lexico.com. The application of semantic property is to compare literal meaning and to examine the exact meaning of metaphor. Lastly, all metaphorical expressions found on the text were manually tagged for source domains suitable to their literal meaning(s).

Findings and Discussion
This section provides the analysis of the data examining the figurative meaning and the domain of metaphorical expressions. The researcher finds out 12 metaphorical expressions and 12 domains of metaphorical expressions from "Raja Ampat" article.
The observation of the text on "Raja Ampat" article distinguishes certain function of metaphor. Creating awareness is one of them. Promoting 'untouched' destinations which are unfamiliar to tourists, travel marketers aims to decrease the level of the strangeness factor and attach some recognizable features, which visualize the images in traveler's minds. In this discussion, the meaning of words for instance' home,' 'library,' 'school,' 'colleague,' 'assistant,' etcetera, that are found on metaphorical expressions used on the website undergo a shift in meaning from their dictionary meaning due to promotion purpose. The following discussion provides the dictionary meaning and figurative meaning regarding to the context.

Figurative Meaning of Metaphorical Expressions
"Far from the view-blocking skyscrapers, dense and hectic concrete jungles" is metaphorical expression occurred on the article. In the text, travel marketer gives a narration that the tourism destination offered in Raja Ampat provides a natural green forest and blue sea water atmosphere that a city consisting a significant number of large modern buildings do not have. Through the use of this metaphorical expression, the readers are forced to draw a link between 'concrete,' that is in Lexico Dictionary Online is described as 'existing in a material or physical form' and 'jungle' described as 'an area of land overgrown with dense forest and tangled vegetation, typically in the tropics,' so that it visualizes concrete object like stones existing all over Jurnal DinamikA Volume 1 No. 2 (2020) E-ISSN: 2723-1410 Website: https://jurnal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/dinamika/index the place creating unpleasant atmosphere. Moreover, Oxford Learner's Dictionary asserts that the phrase 'concrete jungle' means 'a way of describing a city or an area that is unpleasant because it has many large modern buildings and few trees or parks.' It is considered as an example of dead metaphor, which according to (Newmark, 1988, p. 106), is the metaphor that becomes a normal language since people are not recognizing it as metaphor and people always use it in everyday life so that it becomes daily language. Therefore, the dictionary includes this phrase into it. By mentioning this metaphorical expression, travel marketer seemingly tries to give a portrayal of a metropolitan city, and in doing so, it targets the tourists who live in the city to visit Raja Ampat. "you will find a pristine paradise… ." is the next metaphorical expression appeared on the article. In this text, the meaning of 'paradise' differs to 'heaven as the ultimate abode of the just' as mentioned in Lexico Dictionary Online. 'Pristine paradise' refers to Raja Ampat since "Raja Ampat" article informs the reader about Raja Ampat as travel destination. This metaphorical expression is an example of original metaphor. The advertisers utilize their own phrases to deliver a message and put some irrational expression to the text describing their imagination. They change the words or phrases that were often used by people into different words or phrases, to make the text more complex or interesting (Newmark, 1988, p. 112). On the article, the writer intends that 'paradise' is a word used to give the readers a picture of Raja Ampat. Moreover, the word 'pristine' which is explained by Lexico Dictionary Online as 'in its original condition; unspoilt' emphasizes that the figurative meaning of 'pristine paradise' is an extremely beautiful destination, Raja Ampat, that seems perfect and that travelers rarely visit. As 'pristine paradise' in the text is associated with the Raja Ampat as travel destination, travel marketer tries to give the tourist the images of Raja Ampat portrayed perfect as in imagination in each tourist's mind.    This notion seemingly considered as the goal tried to achieve by travel marketer.  typically one below the other consisting the scheduled assembly of people for a particular purpose.' However, it has a figurative meaning. 'Meeting', mentioned in the above dictionary as 'formal discussion,' signifies another meaning since the participant of the meeting are tuna fish, giant trevallies, snappers, batfish, and even barracudas, not 'people' as mentioned in the above dictionary. Therefore, the figurative meaning of 'meeting list' refers to underwater activity such as snorkeling, diving, and swimming. In doing so, travel marketer seemingly offers traveler to enjoy several underwater activities provided in Raja Ampat. give the travelers an introduction to the nature of animal living on the Raja Ampat underwater. Moreover, 'assistant' is a profession. Travel marketer seemingly also tries to bring Raja Ampat closer to the tourists working on the company. Simply they become the target of Raja Ampat promotion. "… not to mention the friendly assistant of the dugong, and a busy colleague, the turtle." 'a busy colleague' is similar to the 'friendly assistant' on the above explanation. Lexico Dictionary mentions that the meaning of busy is '(of a time or place) full of activity.' Then, 'a person with whom one works in a profession or business' is the definition  "… the rock islets amidst the clear blue water and bright blue sky in Piaynemo offers some of the most spectacular sceneries on the face of the earth." In this metaphorical expression, 'blue' is examined as an example of dead metaphor, which according to (Newmark, 1988, p. 106), is the metaphor that becomes a normal language since people are not recognizing it as metaphor and people always use it in everyday life so that it becomes daily language. 'blue' which refers to 'water' creates a literal meaning, 'water which the colour is intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky or sea on a sunny day.' That 'blue' in 'blue water' is a metaphor to describe the water that 'seemingly between green and violet' is unrecognizable and it becomes daily language.

Metaphorical
Meaning that seemingly between green and violet Semantic Property (+color) "…the most spectacular sceneries on the face of the earth." 'Face' in this metaphorical is also a dead metaphor. Lexico Dictionary defines 'face' as 'the front part of a person's head from the forehead to the chin, or the corresponding part in an animal.' However, 'face' as metaphor refers to 'surface of physical material.' Then since it becomes daily language, Oxford Learner's Dictionaries includes 'face' in the dictionary as 'a side or surface of something.' In this metaphorical expression, 'face' is used to describe Raja Ampat landscape. "Mother Nature painted her finest artwork and offers a glimpse of paradise." According to Lexico Dictionary, 'artwork' is described as 'illustrations, photographs, or other nontextual material prepared for inclusion in a publication.' However, in this metaphorical expression, it points out a further meaning. Here, 'artwork' is a product produced by the 'nature.' The word 'painted' which means 'over the surface of Ampat landscape. Hence, 'a tourism destination, full of the nature's beauty, that is extremely magnificent and that seems perfect to enjoy' is suitable as the figurative meaning of 'finest artwork'. By stating 'artwork' to represent Raja Ampat nature, travel marketer seemingly highlights that Raja Ampat offers an aesthetic experience for traveler to enjoy.

Metaphorical
Meaning a tourism destination, full of the nature's beauty, that is extremely magnificent and that seems perfect to enjoy Semantic Property (+aesthetic) "Raja Ampat welcomes you to the Heaven on Earth." Lexico Dictionary mentions that the meaning of 'heaven' is a place regarded in various religions as the abode of God (or the gods) and the angels, and of the good after death, often traditionally depicted as being above the sky. However, the meaning is further than the dictionary meaning since it refers to Raja Ampat as travel destination. Urban Dictionary asserts that heaven is happiness beyond what you would ever hope to wish for. Hence, 'an extremely beautiful tourism destination in which people are very happy and everybody wants to visit' is suitable to define 'heaven' in this metaphorical expression.
By mentioning 'heaven' to describe Raja Ampat, travel marketer offers travelers a perfect image of tourism destination as perfect as the imagination in travelers' minds. Literal Meaning A place regarded in various religions as the abode of God (or the gods) and the angels, and of the good after death, often traditionally depicted as being above the sky.

Meaning
An extremely beautiful tourism destination in which people are very happy and everybody wants to visit Semantic Property (+target)

Source of Domain of Metaphorical Expressions
This following section offer qualitative insights into source domain of metaphorical expressions found in "Raja Ampat" article. The data found are presented in the table as follows.

Metaphorical Expression
Far from the view-blocking skyscrapers, dense and hectic concrete jungles, congested traffics, you will find a pristine paradise where Mother Nature and warm friendly people welcome you with all the exceptional wonders in Raja Ampat, the islands-regency in West Papua Province.
home to 540 types of corals.
This makes it the most diverse living library for the world's coral reef and underwater biota.
Schools of Tuna fish, giant trevallies, snappers, batfish, and even barracudas are there to complete your underwater "meeting list".
Schools of Tuna fish, giant trevallies, snappers, batfish, and even barracudas are there to complete your underwater "meeting list".
Not to mention the friendly assistant of the dugong, and a busy colleague, the turtle.
Not to mention the friendly assistant of the dugong, and a busy colleague, the turtle. Mother Nature painted her finest artwork and offers a glimpse of paradise.
Mother Nature painted her finest artwork and offers a glimpse of paradise.
Mother Nature painted her finest artwork and offers a glimpse of paradise.
Raja Ampat welcomes you to the Heaven on Earth.

Raja Ampat
Far from the view-blocking skyscrapers, dense and hectic concrete jungles, congested traffics, flickering electric billboards, endless annoying noises, and all the nuisances of modern cities, you will find a pristine paradise where Mother Nature and warm friendly people welcome you with all the exceptional wonders in Raja Ampat, the islands-regency in West Papua Province. With all the spectacular wonders above and beyond its waters, as well as on land and amidst the thick jungles, this is truly the place where words such as beautiful, enchanting, magnificent, and fascinating get its true physical meaning. name Raja Ampat itself is believed to derive from a legend where a woman found seven eggs, with four of them hatch and become the kings of the four main islands, while the other three became a woman, a ghost, and a stone.

The Emperor of Four
For underwater enthusiasts, Raja Ampat definitely offers some of the world's ultimate experience. The territory within the islands of the Four Kings is enormous, covering 9.8 million acres of land and sea, home to 540 types of corals, more than 1,000 types of coral fish and 700 types of mollusks. This makes it the most diverse living library for the world's coral reef and underwater biota.

Video by byfieldtravel
According to a report developed by The Nature Conservancy and Conservation International, around 75% of the world's species live here! Raja Ampat's sheer numbers and diversity of marine life and its huge pristine coral reef systems are a scuba dream come true -and a fantastic site for snorkelers too. As you embark on your dive here, the phrase "Attention to detail" takes on new meaning as pigmy seahorses swim around your fingers. Manta Rays and wobbegongs will glide right by you. Schools of Tuna fish, giant trevallies, snappers, batfish, and even barracudas are there to complete your underwater "meeting list". Not to mention the friendly assistant of the dugong, and a busy colleague, the turtle. Down at the sea floors, giant sea clams measuring to over one meter in length truly offers one of kind close encounter sensation. While its underwater splendors are beyond exceptional, the landscape above the surface is equally breathtaking. As if it was carefully designed and placed with such aesthetic, the rock islets amidst the clear blue water and bright blue sky in Piaynemo offers some of the most spectacular sceneries on the face of the earth.
Looking down from the top of the hill, it almost seems that Mother Nature painted her finest artwork and offers a glimpse of paradise. Further at Wayag Island, you will also find an amazing rock islets formation in an even bigger scale.

Marcell Wijanarto 1
The incredible wildlife of Raja Ampat does not stop underwater. Amidst the many thick jungles within the islands, one can still find various bird species including the spectacular Cendrawasih or the bird of Paradise. There is also an endemic species of cuscus, the Waigeou cuscus or Waigeou spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus papuensis) which is a species of marsupial in the family Phalangeridae.