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Text and history: The semiosis of twelfth-century lyric as sociohistorical phenomenon (Chrétien de Troyes: ‘D’Amors qui m’a tolu’)

No genre is likely to seem more recalcitrant before the analyses of a semiotics intent on defining the concrete text as the locus of intersection of sociohistorical contradictions than the courtly love lyric in Old French, a type that Paul Zumthor has described as purified, abstract, and ascetic (Zumthor 1972: 189ff.). Acknowledging the many verbal combinations possible at the surface of the text, the great Swiss medievalist has stressed the single 'almost immutable deep structure' that governs, indeed generates, the particular texts. In addition to its depouillement, the selfrefenentiality of the text and its character as the most conservative, most repetitious, and least innovative genre — the genre, then, best described in terms.« of a permanent, self-reproductive tradition — would seem the most distantiated from the conflicts and tensions at work in the developing social fabric of its time. At the very most, a general function of offering a rationale of ideological cohesion to a divided aristocracy may be ascribed to the literary ideology of courtly love which a moral, humanist tradition of scholarship has found in the texts: the dimension amply explored by Erich Köhler is, without question, the closest past scholarship has come to the goal of the present work (Köhler 1964). Rather than address ourselves to the entire category of texts referred to by the phrase le grand chant courtois? we will be concerned with a single text, The structures it takes from the general repertoire will be noted, but the major burden of our analysis will be to focus on the concrete text as a transformation of the generic and sociohistorical givens. Textualization, whether of sociocultural values or of the generic norms, is not a passive event: it is an event which occurs to the paradigmatic and which inflicts changes upon the normative. It does not suffice to account for these changes by elaborating a more subtle and complex transformative tree, thereby saving the explicatory power of the deep structure. A judgment is required, identifying the point'at which the substance being expressed