{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0386286817962337, 'fraction_numerical': 0.021728633510381457, 'mean_word_length': 5.556962025316456, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Inhibition of estrogen‐dependent breast cell responses with phenylacetate

The aromatic fatty acid phenylacetate (PA) and its analogs have come under intense investigation due to their ability to cause the growth arrest of a variety of neoplasia, including human breast cancer. We have determined that PA and its halide derivative 4‐chlorophenylacetate (4‐CPA) showed marked antiproliferative activity on 3 of 6 human breast cancer cell lines tested. Interestingly, the 3 cell lines that were growth inhibited by PA and 4‐CPA were estrogen receptor (ER) positive (T47‐D, MCF‐7 and ZR‐75‐1) whereas those that were little affected by these compounds were ER‐negative (MDA‐MB‐157, MDA‐MB‐231 and SK‐Br‐3). Dose response studies indicated that 4‐CPA inhibited the growth of the sensitive (ER+) cell lines with a potency 3–4 times that of PA. These findings suggest that there is “cross‐talk” between the PA and estrogen signaling pathways such that PA can directly inhibit estrogen‐dependent events. This hypothesis was directly tested in vitro using ER+ MCF‐7 cells that were stably transfected with a luciferase reporter construct driven by the full length (1745 bp) cyclin D1 promoter (MCF‐7‐D1). Our experiments with MCF‐7‐D1 cells indicated that PA and 4‐CPA inhibited basal and estrogen‐induced reporter gene activity by up to 90%, resulting in almost complete elimination of estrogen‐dependent cyclin D1 gene activation. Using a reporter gene construct (EREV‐tk‐Luc) containing a canonical estrogen response element that was transiently transfected into MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells, we have also demonstrated inhibition of promoter activity by PA and 4‐CPA that was directly mediated by blockage of activity through the ERE. Taken together, these findings indicate that PA analogs possess potent antiestrogen properties that may, at least partly, account for their antiproliferative effects on ER+ breast cancer cells. The data suggests a novel mechanism of action that might bypass some of the limitations of conventional antiestrogen therapy. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.