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Transient beam loading and rf power evaluation for future circular colliders

Interaction of the beam with the fundamental impedance of the accelerating cavities can limit the performance of high-current accelerators. It can result in a significant variation of bunch-by-bunch parameters (bunch length, synchronous phase, etc.) if filling patterns contain gaps that are not negligible compared with the cavity filling time. In the present work, this limitation is analyzed using the steady-state time-domain approach for the high-current option (Z) of the future circular electron-positron collider and for the future circular hadron-hadron collider. Mitigation of transient beam loading by direct rf feedback is addressed with evaluation of additional required generator power.