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Family cohesion and the loneliness of adolescents from temporarily disconnected families due to economic migration

: The paper reports the results of a comparative analysis of the two groups students coming from temporarily disconnected families due to foreign work parents (TDF, n = 68; male = 30, female = 38) and teenagers with the same social environment (NDF, n = 179, male = 89, female = 90), but without the experience of separation time (N= 247). The subject of the analysis was: the cohesion of a family from the perspective of the evaluated adolescent and three factors of psychological loneliness: social loneliness (sense of social marginalization and isolation), emotional loneliness (solitude) and existential loneliness (sense of self-alienation). The Loneliness Scale (SBS) was used based on an original concept of multidimensional sense of loneliness. The questionnaire for the survey of family cohesion (KSR) were used too. The age (12-14 and 15-17), gender, family structure and the family lifestyle were controlled. Obtained results revealed significantly lower cohesion and significantly higher existential loneliness in group of teenagers from temporarily disconnected families (TDF). Not confirmed the supposition that made in earlier studies of temporarily disconnected families due to economic migration, that these teenagers suffer from a sense of emotional loneliness There has also confirmed the belief that the level of family cohesion and a sense of loneliness in adolescents is associated with atypical organization of family life associated with the duration of migration of parent/parents, frequency of contact with family members working abroad: mothers, fathers or broth parents, the duration of stays at home.


Introduction
In the last two decades, more than 2 million Poles left the Polish job search, career and a better standard of living. A significant increase in economic migration after 2004 is in direct connection with the Polish accession to the EU. More than 1.5 million of those economic migrants are mostly young people (age: 18-35), practically independent, enterprising, often with secondary or higher education. As studies show, their adaptation to working conditions abroad requires at least one year and if it is successful, it often leads to the stabilization of living outside their country of origin, for example, to start a family in the place of residence, or bring this already existing in Poland (in 2013 this applied to approx. 75,000 people). 1 In light of research -mainly sociological and pedagogical -a particular problem is related to the semi-adaptation, also called migration of economic survival (Matyjas, 2008). It involves the temporary disconnection of family members: those who work abroad due to economic migration and those who remain in the country of origin. The migration of economic survival is usually determined by the family are under economic pressure, usually from small towns or rural areas, where missing work because of structural unemployment, or offer of the labor market is not sufficiently attractive financially. Migration of this type involves multiple trips to the border of one or more members of the family to work on a very different character, often incompatible with formal education, and in different forms including in the form of illegal (off the books). According to data from the Central Statistical Office migration of this type, often becoming material security strategy in families with schoolage children. For obvious reasons, this method of earning much more likely to decide to fathers than mothers. Fathers trips are usually last long because on average about 12 months intermittently for short stays in the family home, with a tendency to stretch the time of study abroad and shortening the time stays at home. Mothers's foreign jobs are more sporadic, short-term or seasonal, for example, a two-month trip within 3 years. However, are relatively rare (approximately 10% of families) alternating trips (first leaving one of the parents, and after his/her return home the second one), even rarer are simultaneous departures of both parents.
Socio-pedagogical works devoted to temporarily disconnected families (TDF) formulate quite categorically the idea that the uncertainty of material security and instability of life, especially the stress associated with uncontrolled, usually extending the time of separation are the source of the destructive impact (Kukułowicz, 2005;Danilewicz, 2005aDanilewicz, ,b,2008Nowakowska, 2009). Violetta Danilewicz (2005aDanilewicz ( , 2006 calls such a family of structurally unstable. Underlines in particular the decline in family cohesion, weakening relationship and ties deprivation emotional needs of family members, especially the solitude of children, a condition in which children feel loneliness (Gawęcka, 2001Izdebska, 2004Janicka, 2005;Walczak, 2008). This involves actually lower availability of parental support, adequate to the age of the children and their developmental needs. Empirical studies involving families temporarily disconnected provide some evidence for this. They report the number of organizational and educational problems, especially with teenagers from TDF: increased aggression, problems with the control of behavior, discipline violations, for example, urge the rules to return home at a certain time, disregard for expenses, excessive use of IT equipment; tendency to simulate disease; problems with learning school (30% of them); prone to truancy; the risk of substance abuse and conflicts with the law. Families temporarily disconnected report the stress of separation, the difficulties associated with atypical organization of family life, overburdened, the inability to implement complementary parental roles. This is related to the growing polarization of attitudes towards children. Parents (or other persons exercising care and education, e.g. grandparents) of children from families temporarily disconnected in the course of time become in relation to children or increasingly authoritarian, or extremely liberal and generous (Danilewicz, 2003(Danilewicz, -2006Matyjas, 2008;Tomaszewska, 2008;Nowakowska, 2009). Press releases, or Internet focusing on a particularly suggestive cases, bear witness to the social belief that families temporarily disconnected are dysfunctional, and so, the children from these families particularly affected by the fate. Moreover, they are called euro-orphans leading to unnecessary stigma. 2 Studies in families temporarily disconnected are not sequential, so honest assessment, how specific destabilization of the family in relation to economic migration can affect the family cohesion, the mental health and social adaptation of children, it is not fully possible.
There is no information about the performance because such families with an earlier period, it is from the period before the economic migration has become an important factor which the organization of family life. There is no assurance, for example, whether the family coverage, increased aggression in children, prone to resistance from-rebellious behavior in teenagers or school learning problems, it is actually a result of the crisis of the separation and reorganization of family life, because these problems are quite typical late childhood, particularly during adolescence. They note may therefore be the result of a specific interaction processes of maturation of the method of selecting families to study, or interaction method of selection of families and previous experience, as well as difficult to direct control observer bias, or other factors that reduce the relevance of this kind of research is not experimental approach (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2002).

Problem
The relatively short period of research on the psychological effects of temporary economic migration in families tends to be cautious in formulating categorical conclusions. Because they focus primarily on the negative impact of economic migration and the ensuing separation of families, which raises the possibility of a bias research and results. Doubt, a particular thesis, expressed for example by Bartlomiej Walczak (2008, s.156) of probable disorder emotional ties and deprivation needs of children in families temporarily disconnected, which have lead to a sense of loneliness in more than half of the children of economic migrants.
Loneliness, being alone, being lonely, isolation, feelings of separation, feelings of isolation, it is treated as identical concepts as synonyms (Trumble, ed., 2001;Dołęga, 2003). The psychological theory of loneliness facilitates more precise their use, because offers an analysis of the causes and duration of the experience related to the issue of loneliness. According to the mini-theory of loneliness Robert Weiss (1973), referring to the attachment theory of John Bowlby, loneliness is an emotional predisposition to experience a lack or deficit of support based on the original bond with the child development special significance. Loneliness is therefore a primary and fundamental component of loneliness comes from the earliest period of psychological development (Weiss, 1973(Weiss, , 1989Hojat & Crandall, ed., 1989). Loneliness /feeling of being lonely in both children and adults, is related to early childhood shaped internal working model (internal working model or internal representation), based on a "difficult" temperament and neurohormonal regulation aimed at coping with threat states and insecurity in dealing with the attachment figure. This model, as emotional and cognitive schema, is based generally on the low, inadequate or unstable self-esteem of the child, that he/she "does not deserve love." According to Weiss (1973) experience with loneliness, which is the emotional aspect of loneliness, it is difficult to distinguish from the later social aspects of loneliness resulting from real or subjectively perceived deficit of contacts and relationships with other people, but not associated with the activation of the attachment system for this reason, that in early childhood experiential system is syncretic in nature, and subsequent experience with various aspects of psychological loneliness over time in the same person are becoming more complex and variable over time. Various aspects of the experience may come from very different sources, enter into relationships with emerging personality traits, designate different styles of action and complex orientation in life and lead to different consequences (Rokach & Brock, 1998). For example, if you compare the level of loneliness of young people with a chronic disease of the respiratory system and the level of loneliness in the general population of young people, it is difficult to find a significant difference. But when you take into account certain components of loneliness, it is in a group of chronically ill can be demonstrated significantly higher levels of emotional aspect of loneliness indicating sense of security deficit (Dołęga, 2003). Multidimensionality of psychological loneliness define it requires proper and adequate measurement (Dołęga, 2013).
In the author's concept of the three components of emotional loneliness, or solitude is defined according to the theory of Weiss as a relatively stable disposition/ psychological trait (Dogleg, 2003). Social loneliness is a state of mind evoked externally, e.g. in the face of physical isolation or social marginalization. It is a condition associated with cognitive and emotional gap between what a person just wants to contact, and what happened to experience (Peplau, Perlman, ed., 1982). Existential loneliness in turn is a chronic condition, not related directly to a particular situation or relationship with other people. Daniel Perlman (1989, p.22) refers to this component as a permanent state of loneliness and shapeless (is amorphous) associated with the awareness of mental individuality of every person in the world, his/her " be lonely in a crowd" -to the tasks, challenges, adversity, the inevitability of fate, the passage of time, awareness of human transience. Increased sense of loneliness in this aspect may indicate a sense of alienation (self-estrangement), which may protect against only a sense of community: with other people sharing the common fields of meaning, with a chance of mutual understanding of each other and internalization of certain principles, norms and values.
Loneliness is a multi-dimensional problem of psychological, or so the studies involving families temporarily disconnected due to economic migration actually reveal an increased sense of emotional loneliness among children. The meaning of Robert Weiss, it would mean that the children of these families under the influence of changes in the organization of life and the stress of separation are experiencing so strong and permanent threat that it has the power to destabilize the relatively still stable psychic structure, which is the emotional system attachment (Dołęga, 2003). It is unlikely, although in particularly drastic cases possible. More likely is the fact that researchers psychological effects of disconnection of families because of economic migration, paying attention to the problem of loneliness of children in their own families, unconsciously touch other aspect of loneliness than the emotional aspect.
Another question concerns the assumption of a simple relationship between the change in the organization of life in families temporarily disconnected and the sense of loneliness children resulting from a decrease in cohesion in such families. Own research on the interdependence between aggression, a sense of loneliness and family cohesion as assessed from the perspective of adolescents with problems of social adjustment (collisions with the law) indicate, that a moderate level of consistency, beneficial from the point of view of the theory of the family system, and the average loneliness are correlates of moderate or low aggression teens. A significant decline in family cohesion causes an increased sense of loneliness of teenagers, accompanied by a strong increase in their aggressive tendencies, but a further increase in loneliness begins to somehow block the aggression (not only blocks the tendency to self-harm). This is true even if the frustration of teenagers due to decrease in cohesion of the family becomes particularly high. This result demonstrates that between family cohesion, loneliness teenagers is complex curvilinear relationship, usually dynamic in time (Dołęga, 2009). Is reflected in the other studies. For example, the analysis of pathways via the LISREL made by Diane Brage and William Meredith (1994) based on data from studies involving adolescents from public schools in the US (N= 156), proves that if you control the age and the gender is a sense of loneliness growing up can be a source to both direct and indirect relationships with depression, self-esteem and evaluation of family relationships.
The family as a social system does not generate a simple, linear cause-effect relationships of the psychological dependence. Its function in the assessment of individual family members may be significantly different from each other. Moreover, the assessment is subject to changes in the family life cycle. A good example is demonstrated empirically discrepancy in the evaluation of cohesion of the family in adolescents and their parents tested at the same time. Rating teenagers in this respect is usually more critical than their parents (John-Borys, ed., 2004). This is not about family dysfunction, but the tendencies of teenagers to obtain greater autonomy during the second separation (Dołęga, 2000). The absence of a parent's home because of his/her going abroad to work can be seen by teenagers as an opportunity to gain a wider field of freedom, as well as a chance for a better life, because generally in families with adolescent children formed a strong economic pressure is associated with increasing cost of living, children's educational needs and rising aspirations. So let's make the following research questions: 1. Do school-age children (teenagers) with family temporarily disconnected from economic reasons evaluate the cohesion of their families significantly worse than those from families with a stable structure and a traditional lifestyle? 2. Which aspect of loneliness dominates the experiences of children of school age (teenagers) from families temporarily disconnected? 3. Do school-age children (teenagers) from families temporarily disconnected, are at increased risk of psychological?

Method
Empirical project, which was to answer the above questions were implemented in 2010 in primary and secondary schools in Upper Silesia, and thus in the region is generally characterized by a high work ethic, and a sense of the dignity of family members through participation in the work system. In families in Silesia fathers, according to tradition, securing a good financial status of their families. Mother usually while trying to combine work with a perfect running home.
On the basis of data from a specially prepared questionnaire was checked several important factors the organization of family life, as family structure, quality of life in families, migration time (in years), who is working abroad, the frequency of trips and stays at home, the degree of satisfaction of teenagers from the absent parent arrivals home and hanging with time, the frequency of contact with you via the media.
The study used an experimental family cohesion version of Family Cohesion Questionnaire (KRS) based on the Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems (Olson, Sprenkle, Russell, 1979;Olson, 2000). According to this model the emotional "being together" in the family system depends on many factors and of circular dependencies. Decide not only the emotional ties, but also the level of autonomy of family members, psychological boundaries and coalitions, family space, decision making and style of leisure (hobbies, recreation, etc.) As well as participation in everyday life friends of the family. KRS is a Likert-type scale additive (62 items, 5-point format), with satisfactory internal consistency (Coefficient alpha was 0.81).
In a study of loneliness and its global factors: social, emotional and existential uses its own SBS (Dołęga, 2003(Dołęga, , 2013. SBS as a global scale (SBS / global) is based on the concept of the three factors of loneliness: social (SBS / sp), emotional (SBS / se) and existential (SBS / seg). It is additive and has good psychometric properties (Coefficient alpha: SBS / global was 9.41, SBS/sp was 0.91, SBS / se was 0.87, SBS / seg was 0.98). The theoretical assumptions SBS refers to the theory of attribution, according to the method of interpretation of the three aspects of loneliness in the approach of Cecilia H. Solano (1987). The social loneliness is characteristic of episodic situational and therefore experiencing social isolation from external causes, as it were independent of the person. Emotional loneliness is characterized by durability to survive and internal causal attribution. The existential loneliness prevails in turn chronicity experience and belief in the external reasons, beyond personal control.
The study was conducted after ensuring the ethical rules of conduct in such conditions (informed consent, voluntary participation, anonymity of data, deposit research material in a safe place, to provide feedback on the request of the respondents, control mood immediately after the test). Comparative analyzes were conducted in groups of students from families temporarily disconnected and those of a traditional lifestyle. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the distributions in SBS and KRS in these groups. Also checked the homogeneity of variance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-student to assess the significance of differences for independent samples. By standardizing the results of SBS and KRS in temporarily disconnected families (TDF) to medium-sized conducted a non-hierarchical, cluster analysis. The purpose of this step was the separation of subgroups of teenagers up similar to each other because of the standardized results of SBS and KRS and maximizes differing in this respect from others. For the null hypothesis rejection level was set at p <0.05.

Results
All the students came from families with a full formal structure with very good (27.5%), good (50%) or average (22.5%) of material conditions. In families temporarily disconnected fathers were 84% economic migrants (n = 57), the mother of 12% (n = 8), and both parents of 4% (n = 3). This distribution is well represented by the structure of the migration of families in Upper Silesia (Walczak, 2008). Table 1 (see next page) contains the descriptive statistics of results of loneliness (SBS) and family cohesion (KRS) in TDF (n = 68) and NDF (n = 179) and t-tests significance of differences.
Comparative analysis confirmed the belief that temporary disconnection of families for economic reasons associated with a significantly lower family cohesion. In addition, teens from TDF actually experiencing global loneliness. However, it is an important component of existential loneliness. TDF (n = 68) is divided into the following four reasons of the family lifestyle: who is working abroad (father, mother, both parents); the overall duration of economic migrate (to 5 years vs. more than five years); the frequency of visits to the house (frequent contact, from once a week to once a month vs. infrequent contact, less than once a month, only on holidays, incidentally, irregularly, no contact); the duration of stays at home (2-3 days vs. one week vs. more than two weeks). No significant differences were found for four factors of family lifestyle. Table 2 contains these results.
In the opinion of the majority of adolescents (n = 50) parent stays at home were satisfactory and consisted, among others, on spending time together, visiting family, making entertainment, travel, vacation, etc. Parents working from abroad (except one case) maintained frequent or very frequent contact with children via the media (phone, sms, email, Skype, etc.). But for the other (n = 18) the organization of family life is not satisfactory. This internal differentiation cluster analysis reveals ratings. Cluster analysis helped identify three subgroups of adolescents from families temporarily disconnected differ significantly in terms of family cohesion, a general feeling of loneliness and its three factors (see : Table 3 and Figure 1).
Age and gender were controlled too. There was no psychological differences (loneliness and cohesion) between younger and older students coming from families temporarily disconnected (TDF), but girls found their families as significantly more consistent than boys (girls: M = 214.9; boys: M = 193.2). The same difference concerned the total sample of adolescents (N = 257: girls: M = 215.9; boys: M = 206). These results are consistent with the effects of other studies (e.g. John-Boris, ed., 2004). And another important result. Older adolescents (15-17 years old) were more existentially alone (SBS / seg) than younger (12-14 years old), if we take account of all adolescents (N = 247). (see: Table 2). This result is not consistent with the results of population studies of adolescents, in which age was not significant in the experiences related to the existential loneliness (Dołęga, 2003).
Looking for an answer to the question of a risk of experiencing loneliness please consult the results of the cluster analysis. It shows, for the second focus, from families with relatively lower cohesion. Analysis of the differences between groups defined by age and gender show that the special risk group is the group of older boys. This is a subgroup of adolescents should be of particular interest for further research on the psychological effects of economic migration on families.

Discussion
Comparative analysis confirmed the belief that temporary disconnection of families for economic reasons associated with a significantly lower family cohesion. This result confirms the reports of previous studies (for example, Danilewicz, 2006Danilewicz, .2008Nowakowska, 2009). However, the psychological interpretation of this fact requires the adoption of family systems theory perspective. In this approach, cohesion is not a stable feature of the family, but a very complex set of features, which are subject to change under the influence of both the requirements arising in the course of development of the family, and in the face of external challenges. Under this approach, the consistency of the family is not a stable feature of the family, but a very complex set of features, which are subject to change under the influence of both requirements in the development of the family, and in the face of external challenges. In this way families can maintain not only good on its level of cohesion, but also flexibility, leading to a higher level of adaptation. Socio-pedagogical studies in TDF does not take into account the dynamics of adaptation processes that depend on the characteristics of the family system, the reasons for the decision on economic migration, of how very constructive or unconstructive are strategies for coping with separation and organizational problems arising from the destabilization of the family system.
It is worth noting that in the face of life's difficulties moderate cohesion of family, and even lowering it, it may still be functional. Families with a high risk of generating various kinds of disorders, including mental health of the family members are characterized by both extremely high cohesion (enmeshed family) and extremely low cohesion (disengaged family) (Olson, 2000). Both of these groups share a complete lack of flexibility in decision-making, tasks and challenges. It is therefore likely that the sociological and pedagogical research reports of TDF due to economic reasons such dysfunctional families do not include.
It is also worth noting that disturbed emotional bonds between children and their parents as part of both extremely low and extremely high cohesion generate different forms of family violence, for example. Emotional neglect of the child. It is obvious that such harm to children experiencing loneliness especially in the emotional aspect, just solitude. Suffering comes, however, from the original somewhat dysfunctional their families. And this does not have to be (although it can) the economic base (Dołęga, 2003). Referring to the second question: which aspect of loneliness dominates the experiences of children of school age (teenagers) from TDF, the complexity of the psychological loneliness requires proper interpretation. The obtained results here indicate that the problem is not solitude (emotional loneliness), which is based on the deficit closeness and intimacy with the object representing the attachment figure, but, chronic distress associated with the necessity of accepting a big change in life. This existential loneliness associated with a deficit of understanding the meaning of a profound reorganization of family life is the core of the problem. Although it is worth noting that a higher sense of existential loneliness of teenagers from families temporarily disconnected (TDF) compared with the NDF is not higher than those that characterized the general population of students of the same age, studied a decade earlier (Dołęga, 2003). Existential loneliness much more strongly than other aspects of loneliness is associated with psychological well-being resulting from the evaluation of the conditions of life, and these generally have significantly improved in Poland. So how do you explain the higher existential loneliness of especially older boys from TDF?
Working abroad -in the opinion of parents without work -it can be a fairly attractive strategy to deal with the problems of the material (Matyjas, 2008). However, in the perception of their adolescent children need to migrate can be treated as coercion and even pressures undermining the optimistic belief that their destinies can be freely controlled. It is worth to recall the results of research Grazyna Katra (2008). Teens have an extensive understanding of the values and goals in life that defines youthful optimism, and so convinced that the world is accessible, understandable and controllable, and the difficulties can be overcome. Leaving family and migration in search of work, the uncertainty of the situation, the stress of separation contradict such a belief. They are evidence of the effect of some unknown negative forces that lie beyond the control of not only adolescents, but also their parents. The strength of this disappointment can result from processes of communication in the family, of course, of how the experience of job loss, uncertainty of tomorrow, migration, the necessary separation or reorganization of life have been in the family worked. Among the five types of social provisions having the force protection experience of loneliness is guidance, the type of communication consisting of mentoring and conductivity (Weiss, 1974). Lack of good communication within their own families can be a source of chronic existential tension. According to a study of this kind of distress is greater in older than in younger adolescents from TDF. They increasingly feel the lack of a stable support, which usually provides community safety continuity of experience, a sense of stability and certainty of fate. This involves chronic longing for the lost peace of mind and anxiety notion that the absent parent "there, somewhere far away can become a bad thing" (Mazurek, 2010). Thus, the problem of loneliness of TDF is not so lack, loss or disturbance of the sense of security and solitude, but unclear vision of the future and thus the helplessness associated with "life on a swing" (Danilewicz, 2003). It is characterized by volatility, haste, time spent dealing with various outstanding matters, parental lack of focus on current problems of adolescents. Then, teens can experience the social inadequacy, inner emptiness and alienation (historical personal inadequacies). This kind of loneliness described Ami Rokach andHeather Brooke (1988, 1998) by testing a multidimensional model and ways of coping with loneliness comes from different kinds of experiences.
In summary, the results do not determine that the phenomenon commonly called, although too categorically euro-orphans, a syndrome of especially severe psychological problems resulting directly on the background of economic migration and the associated temporary disconnection families. Rather, it is believed that the problems revealed in these families are the same problems that plague today's teens generally and their families -also no relation to economic migration. It is also possible that in the case of children and adolescents from families temporarily disconnected problems for economic reasons, which reveal that focus on these studies are exhibit on background research relatively easily defined sociological groups (TDF).