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Separating melanins into their primary colors: quantifying contributions from eumelanin and pheomelanin

determine whether TGF-beta has an impact on global transcriptional activity of MSC. Elucidation of niche architecture and interactions is crucial for our understanding of adult stem cell physiology. Gaining knowledge about stem cell biology will enable us to manipulate and propagate physiological stem cells in vitro. Furthermore, certain diseases may be the outcome of dysregulated stem cell proliferation. If the cancer stem cell model applied to melanoma, a subset of melanoma cells may require a niche for proliferation and maintenance, and signaling molecules provided by physiological niches may be valuable targets to activate dormant cancer cell subsets. Indeed, increased expression of TGF-b isoforms in melanoma cell lines and melanomas of various stages has been documented by several studies. Most melanoma cell lines however display a resistance to TGF-beta-induced cell cycle arrest, owing to activating mutations in several oncogenes. The paper by Tanimura et al. provides a conclusive model of physiological MSC niche architecture, which depends on TGF-beta signaling. Nevertheless, further studies would be needed to evaluate whether TGF-beta signaling on its own would be sufficient to rescue MSCs.