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NEW RECORD OF Rhinopoma microphyllum WITH THE INVESTED PARASITES AND MICROBES IN THE DEVELOPED ECOTOURISM AREA OF SOUTH LOMBOK ISLAND NTB

Rhinopoma microphyllum is a bat species that lives in a habitat covered by grove of trees and shrubs in the primary forest vegetation. These species is included in the IUCN Red List list with Least Concern (LC) status or at the least information. This study was to describe of R. microphyllum as a new record in the southern of Lombok, and to examine the parasites and microbes that infest it. The study was carried out in the developed ecotourism area of southern Lombok Island of NTB during February-April 2017. A modified net and quadrant for cave ceiling was used to collect bat sample. Ectoparasite collection was done by combing the bat’s hair and the falling specimens were collected. The endoparasite examination was done by the flotation methods of intestinal contents, while microbial examination was done by collecting the microbes from oral cavity and feces. The results showed the discovery of R. microphyllum in two ecotourism development sites, The Buwun Cave and The Gale Gale Bangkang Cave Prabu Village, Central Lombok. The endoparasit examination found 4 species of endoparasit, 1 species of Coccidia sp, 2 species of Trematodes from Lecithodendridae Family (Prosthodendrium sp and Acanthatrium sp) and 1 unidentified Nematode specimen. The ectoparasite examination found only 1 species, Ischnopsyllus hexactenus (The long Eared Bat Flea), and the microbes found from oral cavity analysis are the Gram positive Coccus (Stphylococcus aureus) and faecal analysis are the Coccobacil Gram negative (Providensia penneri).


1.
Introduction Rhinopoma microphyllum is species of bat that has never been reported on the Lombok Island by earlier bat researchers. But in 2014 the existence of R. microphyllum has been found but not yet verified. The existence of R. microphyllum has been reported previously in several countries in the world such as in North Africa, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. While in Southeast Asia has been reported to be a new record in Sumatra and Thailand. In Pakistan has been reported in several places including Gujrat, Sakesar, Rohtas, Jehlum, Multan, and Mailsi. Meanwhile, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, R. microphyllum was only reported from Malakand Hills.
R. microphyllum were found to roost in crevices, small caves, mines, underground tunnels, wells, old monuments and buildings. They can adapt to environments that have relatively low humidity. This species is very active throughout the year and prefer to live in. the habitat covered by shrubs and primary forest vegetation shrub. According to the IUCN, R. microphyllum has belonged to IUCN Red List with the status of Least Concern (LC) This study aims to describe and re-identify the bats of R. microphyllum species collected in the southern of Lombok based on their morphological characteristics and identify the parasites and microbes present in their bodies.

Research Site
The study was conducted in February to April 2017. The trapping of bat individuals was done in four caves in the area of tourism development the southern region of Lombok island. The four caves are Gale-Gale (Central Lombok), Buwun Cave (Central Lombok), Kenculit Cave (Central Lombok), and Raksasa Cave (East Lombok). Below is the map of the research site in Figure 1.

Sample Collection
Bat species data collection is done by doing the trapping method using net Mist Mist nets, harp nets and quadrant were installed in the each of the cave.

Observation of Characteristics and Morphology
Bats individuals captured from each cave were transported to Biological Science Laboratory of the University of Mataram. The morphological feature were examined on the guidance method of Suyanto, 2001 6 .

Observation of Parasite
Bats inside plastic bags are removed from the bag, and then placed on a paraffin bath or white porcelain. Afterwards, the bat's hair was combed by using a comb or toot brush to get a sample of ectoparasites. The ectoparasites found are inserted into a sample bottle containing 70% alcohol or can be directly observed to determine the type. After collecting the bat ectoparathy, then the bat is dissected for endoparasite examination in the intestines.

Observation of Microbial
Microbe samples were collected from oral cavity and feces from the bats. The identification of the bacteria can be based on the observation of morphological colony, microscopic observations using various staining reaction and biochemical tests.

Morphological Characteristics of Rhinopoma microphyllum
The result of morphological analysis of Rhinopoma microphyllum can be seen in Figure 2

Microbes Investing Rhinopoma microphyllum
Microbial collections in Rhinopoma microphyllum were performed by sampling microbes in the oral cavity, nostrils and feces. Further identification of bacteria that invested in R. microphyllum body. Identification of bacteria can be done based on morphological colony observations, microscopic observations using various staining reactions and biochemical tests. Microbes found from oral cavity analysis were Gram Positive Cocci (Staphylococcus aureus) and feces analysis was Gram Coccobacilli Negative (Providensia penneri).

Discussion
Morphological characteristics Rhinopoma microphyllum reported in ecotourism development areas south of Lombok Island is relatively small, has a tragus that is very well developed. In addition, it has a pointy molar bulge. R. microphyllum tail is not entirely immersed in the intercellular skin membrane. Free tail sticking at the end of the intercellular skin membrane. Interstellar skin membrane is very small. R. microphyllum has gray black hair, short dorsal hair and wing hair, intercellular skin layers and 5 1234567890 ''"" The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in bats has been previously reported, colonization detecting S. aureus is higher by 4-6% than in S. schweitzeri by 4%. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus is found in two of the four species of fruit bats, namely Rousettus aegyptiacus and Micropteropus pusillus, but not in insect bats. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus is mostly found in fruit-eating bats (Megachiroptera), and very rarely found in the microchiroptera bat species, yet there is not even a single researcher reporting the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the Microchiroptera bats. This the study is different because the presence of Staphylococcus aureus is found in insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera).

5.
Conclusion R. microphyllum was found in two ecotourism development sites, The Buwun Cave and The Gale Gale Bangkang Cave Prabu Village, Central Lombok. The endoparasite examination found 4 species of endoparasite, 1 species of Coccidia sp, 2 species of Trematodes from Lecithodendridae Family (Prosthodendrium sp and Acanthatrium sp) and 1 unidentified Nematode specimen. The ectoparasite examination found only 1 species, Ischnopsyllus hexactenus (The long Eared Bat Flea), and the microbes found from oral cavity analysis are the Gram Positive Coccus (Stphylococcus aureus) and feces analysis are the Coccobacil Gram Negative (Providensia penneri).