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The roles of roads and agricultural land use in altering hydrological processes in Nam Mae Rim watershed, northern Thailand

The distributed hydrology soil vegetation model (DHSVM) is applied in the 107 km2 Nam Mae Rim watershed (NMRW) in northern Thailand. Simulations using land cover scenarios for 1989 and 2002, extreme deforestation, and forest, each run with and without roads, show that roads have very small effects on the mean water fluxes, but significantly increase peak flows for all land cover scenarios. The magnitude of the road effect on peak flow depends on the land cover context in which the roads are placed. Roads have the smallest effect on peaks within the extreme deforestation scenario, and affect mainly the smallest peaks in the two homogeneous land cover scenarios (forest and extreme deforestation). Roads have the largest effect on peaks within the heterogeneous landscapes of the two historical land cover scenarios (1989 and 2002). This result indicates that, by conveying surface flow quickly to the stream, roads within a fragmented landscape are especially important in converting greater amounts of overland flow into higher peak flows. Without roads, the patchy land cover pattern buffers the impacts of the scattered overland flow source areas and limits increases in peak flows.