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Work-Nonwork Contexts and Orientations to Work

A comparative study of Australian industrial workers in four factories permits a crucial test of whether the immediate work context or social context explains the variation in general and specific orientations toward work. The analysis reveals remarkable similarities in response despite significant differences in employer, technology, and organization structure, and in the demographic and labor force characteristics of the two cities in which the factories are located. Two variables (social origin and occupational level), occurring prior to employment, are more pronounced in their effects on work orientations than the immediate work and social contexts. The study concludes that there is more similarity than dissimilarity in work orientations, a result explained by both the mandatory aspect of work and the similarity with which contemporary industrial bureaucratic enterprises are organized.