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The effect of sex and gender on child and adolescent pain

Male–female differences in pain perception and experience have been consistently observed in adult populations. Such differences are theorized to be related to differences in biological (e.g., sex hormones, endogenous pain modulation, and genetics), psychological (e.g., differences in coping), and social (e.g., gender role socialization) factors. In comparison to the adult literature, male–female differences in pediatric pain are less consistently observed, and differences in the prevalence rates of chronic pain conditions appear to emerge around the time of puberty. This chapter explores the evidence for sex and gender differences in pain within pediatric groups. We argue that it is critical to take a development biopsychosocial perspective to fully understand the similarities and differences between boys and girls in pain.