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Minority Rights: Caught Between Individual Rights and Peoples’ Rights

When the liberals of the 18th and the 19th centuries demanded that the rights of men, of citizens or of peoples be guaranteed, it was in opposition to the abuse of power. They proclaimed in the name of mankind rights inherent to individuals and nations. From the French Revolution to President Wilson, one might have believed that individuals and peoples had been winning their freedom together. Individuals participated as citizens of a single nation in the power of the state. This power enforced civil and political, private and public rights. The Old Regime had to be destroyed, the empires dismembered and the nations liberated so that the people could be organized into states. But in practice, things were not so simple. Since all peoples could not become nation-states, it was hoped that minorities could be protected. But how can they be protected? Who will protect them? How can one define a minority? What rights should they have? Are the collective rights of a people or a minority compatible with individual rights? These are the questions that arise spontaneously and which will be discussed in the following pages. We shall find no simple answer, but rather shall see why the answer is so difficult.