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Estimation of Ground Deformation in Landslide Prone Areas Using GPS: A Case Study of Bududa, Uganda

Landslides are a frequent 
phenomenon on mountain Elgon, particularly in Bududa district on the SW side of 
this extinct shield volcano. Landslides have led to the destruction of property 
and loss of life we, therefore, need to monitor them. Monitoring how landslides 
build-up makes it possible to timely evacuate people and build barriers to 
protect property against damage by landslides. Residents in Bududa have 
reported cracks developing in the ground and houses. These cracks continue to 
grow, suggesting a future catastrophic event. Such an event may resemble the 
2010 landslide in Bududa, which killed approximately 450 people and destroyed 
much property. In order to mitigate the consequences of a new landslide as much 
as possible, we monitored ground motion in Bududa in eleven stations from June 
2018 to June 2019. Six-hour session GPS observations were made, and deformation 
was determined over the observation period, June to September 2018, September 
to November 2018, November 2018 to February 2019 and February to June 2019. A 
congruency test was performed to determine how significant the deformation was. 
It appeared that the ground deformation differed largely at various monitored 
stations, ranging from 0.004 to 0.076 m, 0.001 to 0.067 m and 0 to 0.078 m in the 
East, North and vertical directions respectively. The values indicate that most 
slopes in the district are unstable, particularly in the wet seasons, which 
implies that future landslides pose a high risk for society.