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Modulation of the fluorescence intensity of single squaraine-derived rotaxane molecules by an electric field

The fluorescence intensity of single squaraine-derived rotaxane dye molecules embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix is modulated by a sine electric field, and the Frenkel theory is proposed to explain the phenomenon, according to which the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the probability that the electron escapes from the Coulombic barrier between the molecule and its surrounding electron acceptors.