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Importance of nutrition and host availability on oogenesis and oviposition of Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).

A variety of host and non-host meals were tested for their potential in triggering oogenesis and oviposition in females of Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, a synovigenic parasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). The consumption of non-host meals or meals composed of honey and crushed host eggs or pupae was insufficient to initiate oogenesis. The presence of suitable hosts for oviposition appeared essential for inducing oogenesis and oviposition in this parasitoid. Whereas females may host-feed on all developmental stages of H. hampei, these were not equally suitable in stimulating oogenesis and oviposition. In no-choice tests, oogenesis and oviposition were observed only in females supplied with fully-developed larvae, prepupae and pupae. Direct contact with hosts apparently stimulated egg maturation and egg-laying. Delaying the allocation of energy to egg production until suitable hosts are available for oviposition may be an adaptive attribute of a parasitoid of a concealed and patchily distributed host such as H. hampei.