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The Place of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Psychiatry.

B runswik (1956) who introduced the probabilistic functioning theory in psychology suggested that similar to representativeness of samples included in studies, conditions of a research experiment also have representative power. Laboratory settings generally provide sterile conditions that are far from daily life, and information derived in these conditions may not be translated to real world settings. Representative design refers to designating study conditions in such a way that they represent the behavioral settings (e.g., the real world) to which the study results are intended to apply (1). Although criticized by some authors (2) ‘ecological validity’ is another term introduced by Brunswik to describe a different concept, and had been used by many authors to imply representative design of studies (3). Low representativeness of study conditions –similar to the samples– reduce external validity, and lead to restricted conclusions. But perhaps more importantly, this may also interfere with internal validity. In case the research setting inherently leads to an effect (i) that is unevenly distributed among the study groups, and (ii) is associated with the outcome, then this inevitably would lead to a differential observational bias.