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Load Following Control Schemes for Deregulated Energy Markets

Load following can be carried out in a centralized way by the independent system operator from scheduling coordinators in the day-ahead market, hour-ahead market and in real-time or by longer term contracts, or can be competitively procured through bilateral contracts between supplier and customer. In this paper, a new method has been developed for correlating system imbalances with unbalanced transactions in a bilateral transaction-based market. Depending on the assumed-even coexisting-market structure for load following service, two different control schemes are required to excite reset controllers to vary generator outputs until power imbalances vanish. The suggested procedure has been implemented on the IEEE 30-bus test system under a variety of operating conditions and power system disturbances, which confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to selectively assign the load following burden to unbalanced transactions