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Electromyographic biofeedback applications to stroke patients. A critical review.

This article critically reviews publications on EMG biofeedback applications to stroke patients. The state of the art on specificity of treatment effects, consistency across training procedures, measurement techniques, outcome assessments, transfer of treatment effect, and mechanism of action is discussed. Although EMG biofeedback may augment movement capabilities, at least as well as exercise regimens, data relating neuromuscular changes to function are limited. The deficiencies in our current knowledge about this application to stroke patients are identified, and suggestions for items requiring future clarification are delineated.