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The story of neurosurgery

One might imagine that operations on the skull, brain and spinal cord must have a comparatively recent beginning, relying as they do on effective anaesthesia, antisepsis and sophisticated instrumentation for their success. Interestingly enough, operations on the skull, trephination, date back to prehistoric times, long before man could read or write! As long ago as 10,000 BC, 'surgeons' were boring or cutting out rings or squares of bone from the skull and, just as remarkable, the patients usually recovered from the procedure. This is shown by the fact that many of the skull specimens which have come down to us show undoubted evidence of bone healing.