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Transfer of dynamic learning across postures 1 2

29 30 When learning a difficult motor task, we often decompose the task so that the control of 31 individual body segments is practised in isolation. But upon re-composition, the 32 combined movements can result in novel and possibly complex internal forces between 33 the body segments that were not experienced (or did not need to be compensated for) 34 during isolated practice. Here we investigate whether dynamics learned in isolation by 35 one part of the body can be used by other parts of the body to immediately predict and 36 compensate for novel forces between body segments. Subjects reached to targets while 37 holding the handle of a robotic, force-generating manipulandum. One group of subjects 38 was initially exposed to the novel robot dynamics while seated, and were then tested in a 39 standing position. A second group was tested in the reverse order: standing then sitting. 40 Both groups adapted their arm dynamics to the novel environment and this movement 41 learning transferred between seated and standing postures and vice versa. Both groups 42 also generated anticipatory postural adjustments when standing and exposed to the force 43 field for several trials. In the group who had learned the dynamics while seated, the 44 appropriate postural adjustments were observed on the very first reach upon standing. 45 These results suggest that the CNS can immediately anticipate the effect of learned 46 movement dynamics on a novel whole-body posture. The results support the existence of 47 separate mappings for posture and movement, which encode similar dynamics but can be 48 adapted independently. 49 50