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Aminoglycoside use and intensive care unit-acquired weakness: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The relationship between aminoglycoside use and intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired weakness remains controversial. In the present study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the relationship between aminoglycoside use and ICU-acquired weakness in critically ill patients. Methods The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases were searched from the earliest available date to July 10, 2019. Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies examining the relationship between aminoglycosides and ICU-acquired weakness in adult ICU patients were included. Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts, reviewed full text and extracted data from the included studies. We performed the Meta-analysis using Stata version 15.0 and used the DerSimonian-Laird random effects model for data analyses. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the χ2 statistic and I2 statistic. Publication bias was evaluated with funnel plots qualitatively, the Begg’s test and Egger’s test quantitatively. Results Ten prospective cohort studies were included and analysed in this review. The overall effect sizes of the studies revealed a statistically significant relationship between aminoglycoside use and ICU-acquired weakness (OR, 2.06; 95%CI, 1.33–3.21; I2 = 56%). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses suggested a significant association between aminoglycoside use and studies limited to patients with clinical weakness (OR, 2.74; 95%CI, 1.83–4.10; I2 = 0%), and not to studies limited to patients with abnormal electrophysiology (OR, 1.78; 95%CI, 0.94–3.39; I2 = 59%), a large sample size (OR, 1.81; 95%CI, 0.97–3.39; I2 = 75%), or low risk of bias (OR, 1.59; 95%CI, 0.97–2.60; I2 = 56%); however, statistical heterogeneity was obvious. There were no significant publication biases found in the review. Conclusions The review revealed a significant relationship between aminoglycoside use and ICU-acquired weakness.


Introduction
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is an acute neuromuscular impairment of critically ill patients. ICUAW is associated with prolonged weaning from mechanical ventilation, increased healthcare-related costs, longer intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and higher ICU-and hospitalization-related mortality [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Because of strong bactericidal activity and low rates of resistance, aminoglycosides therapy is recommended for treatment of life-threatening infections in critically ill patients [10,11]. Aminoglycosides are still used for certain difficult-to-treat infections in many ICUs, and are alternate antimicrobials in cases of antibacterial resistance [12]. Neuromuscular blockade was reported to be a rare but potentially dangerous side effect of aminoglycosides [12]. ICUAW occurs frequently in critically ill patients, but the relationship between aminoglycoside therapy and ICUAW remains unclear. Researchers have raised significant concerns about the role of aminoglycoside therapy in ICUAW development and have attempted to examine the association. Some clinical trials [6,7,[13][14][15] have indicated that a statistically significant side effect of aminoglycosides in developing ICUAW, yet others [16][17][18][19][20] have not. In this review, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies to assess the relationship between aminoglycoside use and ICUAW development.
No universal consensus or recommendation on the definition or classification of the disease exists; after consulting the literature [21], the relatively broad term "intensive care unitacquired weakness (ICUAW)" was selected for use in this review. Three diagnostic methods were recommended to identify ICUAW [21,22]: manual muscle testing (Medical Research Council (MRC) weakness scale), electrophysiological studies, and the histopathology of muscle or nerve tissue. However, muscle or nerve tissue biopsy was rarely used in the studies. This review explores the adverse effect of aminoglycosides on ICUAW development, from patients with clinical weakness to patients with clinically undetectable neuromuscular dysfunction.

Materials and methods
This study was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement [23].

Search strategy
The following databases were searched for the pertinent English language studies from inception through July 10, 2019: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature. We used the search terms for PubMed (S1 Text) and the other databases. Additionally, we performed a manual search of references cited by the included articles and relevant review articles to identify other eligible studies.

Selection criteria
The inclusion criteria were as follows: age > 18; RCTs and prospective cohort studies; diagnoses of ICUAW made using diagnostic tests (electrophysiological studies, histopathology of muscle or nerve tissue) or manual muscle testing (Medical Research Council (MRC) weakness scale); and studies that evaluated the use of aminoglycosides and incidence of ICUAW. The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients with primary polyneuropathies (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis) or myopathies (e.g., idiopathic inflammatory myopathies); and studies with insufficient data reported.

Study selection and data abstraction
Studies were independently reviewed and selected by two reviewers (T.Y. and Z.Q.L.) based on the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers (T.Y. and Z.Q.L.) independently extracted the following data from each study using a standardized data collection form: author information, publication year, study design, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, tools of neuromuscular evaluation, number of participants, ICUAW incidence, number of ICUAW patients who were given and not given aminoglycosides and total number of patients given and not given aminoglycosides. Unadjusted event rates of ICUAW were calculated by dividing the number of patients with ICUAW who were given aminoglycosides by the total number given aminoglycosides. Disagreements in study selection or data extraction were resolved by either consensus or a third-party decision.

Study quality assessment
The methodological quality of each study was independently assessed by two reviewers (T.Y. and Z.Q.L.) using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale [24]

Data analysis
We performed the meta-analysis using Stata version 15.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA), analyzed the results using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model for data analyses. We assessed the heterogeneity using the χ 2 statistic with P � 0.1 considered statistically significant. We estimated the impact of statistical heterogeneity on the study results by calculating the I 2 statistic. Values of the I 2 statistic above 50% were regarded as a cutoff point for considerable heterogeneity. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses examined (1) studies using clinical muscle testing and electrophysiology as a diagnostic method; (2) studies with relatively large sample sizes (exclusion of studies with a sample size less than 100); (3) studies with low risk of bias (exclusion of studies with Newcastle-Ottawa scale score < 7). We examined the publication bias using Egger's linear regression test and Begg's rank correlation test for quantitative assessment, using funnel plots for qualitative assessment.
The methodological quality assessment of the included reports is presented in Table 2. The risk of bias of the prospective observational cohort studies was obvious in general. One study [18] made statistical comparisons with multivariable regression analysis for aminoglycosides, and therefore the other nine studies received no scores for comparability. Four studies [7,14,15,19] did not report whether the assessments were independently blinded for physical therapists or clinicians.

Assessment of publication biases
Funnel plots were used to estimate the publication bias. As shown in Figs 3 and 4, no significant asymmetry was found in the funnel plots. Egger's test (t = 1.49, P = 0.175) and Begg's test (z = 0.36, P = 0.721) were used to detect publication bias, and there were no significant biases found in the meta-analysis.
Nanas et al, 2008 Hermans et al, De Letter et al, Mohr et al, 1997

Discussion
The aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum antimicrobials and have rapid bactericidal activity against most Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and staphylococci [11,25]. They are still commonly used to treat severe bacterial infections in ICUs. Interest in aminoglycosides has been revitalized because of the increasing trend in infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, the benefits of these should be weighed up against the adverse effect in aminoglycoside use. Researchers has many concerns about the toxicities of aminoglycosides. Ototoxicity https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230181.g002   and nephrotoxicity are known safety concerns linked with aminoglycosides therapy. In addition, neuromuscular blockade associated with respiratory depression has also been infrequently reported to be linked with aminoglycosides therapy [26][27][28]. Aminoglycosides were found to inhibit neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting acetylcholine release from presynaptic nerve terminals [29,30]. ICUAW is a common neuromuscular complication of critical illness. Patients with ICUAW suffer from longer duration of mechanical ventilation and higher mortality rates. It is essential to evaluate the effect of aminoglycoside use on ICUAW development. After synthesizing the data, this meta-analysis revealed a significant relationship between aminoglycoside use and ICUAW. In addition, the effect of aminoglycoside therapy on ICUAW is complex and may also depend on the cumulative dosage and duration of the aminoglycosides. Of the included studies, the cumulative doses of aminoglycosides were significantly higher in patients with ICUAW than in those without ICUAW in one [17] of the two studies [6,17], and duration of the aminoglycosides [6,18] was not found to be a risk factor for ICUAW based on univariate analysis. Additionally, this review should be further viewed in the context of subgroup analysis and the limitations of the included study.
Our subgroup analyses revealed a significant association between the use of aminoglycosides and ICUAW in patients with clinical weakness but not in patients with abnormal electrophysiology. The use of aminoglycosides was found to be an independent risk factor for clinical muscle weakness in the review. ICUAW is essentially a clinically detectable weakness, and clinical examinations were widely used because of its timeliness and convenience. As for some subclinical ICUAW, electrophysiologic studies may have a sensitivity advantage. This may lead to a different outcome.
There are limitations to our review. The limitation of this review was the potential reporting bias resulting from the publication of low-quality and smaller studies with statistically significant associations. Studies with low risk of bias did not demonstrated a significant association between aminoglycoside use and ICUAW, and the negative result was the same for studies limited to relatively large sample sizes. These results partly decreased the stability of the overall effect size. Besides, four included studies did not report whether the assessments were independently blinded for physical therapists or clinicians, which may have further implications on publication and outcome biases. Because few studies were designed to adjust for other independent risk factors and because different risk factors existed across the included studies, we could only perform a univariate primary analysis without adjustment for potential confounders. But in our previous review [31], we included 3 studies that evaluated risk factors using a multivariate approach, and after synthesizing the data, the use of aminoglycosides was also found to be significantly associated with ICUAW (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.07-4.81). That may partly demonstrate the accuracy of the results of the present review. High levels of heterogeneity were identified for most of the outcomes. Because of lack of reporting and processing the missing data, we could only perform a form of per-protocol analysis. Studies were excluded for the following common reasons: the study design was not a RCT or prospective cohort, insufficient data were reported, and clear diagnostic criteria were lacking. Lacking of RCTs in current studies, only prospective cohort studies were included in the review. This downgraded the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendation.

Conclusion
The review suggests a statistically significant association between aminoglycoside use and ICUAW; however, this conclusion requires qualification. First, aminoglycosides were more commonly associated with patients with clinical weakness than patients with abnormal electrophysiology. Second, we found that studies with relatively low risk of bias and large sample sizes in our review revealed a small but not a statistically significant increase in developing ICUAW. As a potential risk factor, aminoglycosides still need to be taken into consideration in the future studies on risk factors for ICUAW. And clinicians might be cautious with aminoglycosides, and target limited exposure, shortened administration time and lower total doses of aminoglycosides to reduce the incidence of ICUAW. Additionally, future research should focus on high-quality studies by performing multivariable adjustment for confounders to identify the associations between the use, total doses and duration of aminoglycosides and ICUAW.