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Identifying Artifacts from Real Changes in Electron Microscopy of Molecular Era

The recent advancements of molecular biology enable us to study mechanisms underlying how a specific gene governs correspondent specific functions, and the study of these functions are usually related to investigation of phenotypes of experimental models that we used in these studies. Microscopy, especially electron microscopy, is a frequently used methodology to investigate the changes, in many cases very subtle ones, in genetically altered mutants of animal, plant, insect, and microbe models. There are also new probes and tracers, such as quantum dots and nanoparticles, used in the imaging research. In practice, it is found that there are many occasions where artifacts can be mistaken as real changes and vice versa. Therefore, it is crucial to identify artifacts from real changes caused by genetic alterations in nowadays’ electron microscopy.