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HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that usually affects immunocompetent hosts in endemic areas [1,2]. Since the mid-1980s, VL has been recognized as an opportunistic infection associated with some immunodeficiency states, such as neoplasms, organ transplantation, or treatment with immunosuppressive agents [3,4]. VL has also been recognized as a common complication of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [5–15]. There have been numerous reports on HIV-related VL [16–27], but some aspects of its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and therapeutic management have not been completely clarified. In this paper, we review the main topics concerning the epidemiology, clinical presentation and therapy of AIDS-related VL.