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Voluntarist Anthropology in Peter of John Olivi’s De contractibus

Peter of John Olivi’s (c. 1248–98) Tractatus de contractibus is nowadays regarded as an important document in the history of economic thought.1 Modern scholars have proposed various interpretations of its exact contribution. Many aspects of Olivi’s argumentation have been traced to earlier discussions concerning the Roman and Canon laws, as well as to theological and philosophical literature on economic questions, but his overall approach has also been credited for transforming the medieval framework in a profound way.2 His definition of capital, recognition of “probable profit”, qualified acceptance of receiving interest for loans, and his keen eye for understanding actual economic practices have been discussed in the literature, and although many theoretical elements in his view are familiar from his predecessors, his analytical synthesis of these elements is original in many ways.3 De contractibus was written in a particular historical, geographical, social and political setting. Olivi composed it around mid-1290s while he was working at the Franciscan studium generale of Narbonne, which was at the time one of the important commercial centers of southern Languedoc. The treatise is a theoretical analysis of various practical moral