{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01680672268907563, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.457831325301205, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Brief stimuli cast a long-term trace in visual cortex

Sensory processing and perception are strongly influenced by recent stimulus history – a phenomenon termed adaptation. While perception can be influenced even by brief stimuli presented dozens of seconds ago, neural adaptation to brief stimuli has not been observed beyond time lags of a few hundred milliseconds. Here, using an openly available dataset from the Allen Brain Observatory, we show that neurons in the early visual cortex of the mouse exhibit remarkably long timescales of adaptation in response to brief visual stimuli, persisting over dozens of seconds, despite the presentation of several intervening stimuli. Long-term adaptation was selectively expressed in cortical, but not in thalamic neurons, which only showed short-term adaptation. Visual cortex thus maintains concurrent stimulus-specific memory traces of past input that enable the visual system to build up a statistical representation of the world over multiple timescales, to efficiently represent information in a changing environment.