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Design of Wideband Mushroom Antennas Using Single- and Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization

Wideband non-uniform mushroom antennas are designed via three different formulations of Bayesian optimization, including a single-objective method, a multi-objective approach by aggregating two objectives into a weighted sum, and a genuine multi-objective method. The main design target is set as enlarging the impedance bandwidth in the single-objective case. The two multi-objective approaches also include the realized gain as the design objective. A total of 36 design parameters are considered in all the three cases. It is found that the genuine multi-objective approach is able to obtain a mushroom antenna design that operates within the widely adopted n77 band of 5G with largest impedance bandwidth and smallest gain variation at boresight direction across the bandwidth with the least number of simulation runs.