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Setting a course through material matters

Systematic investigation of the properties of solids requires an understanding of their microstructure, extending from the nanoscale (atomic arrangement) to the millimetre scale (grain size, crack lengths). In this sense, the prefix "micro" is really the geometric mean of "nano" and "milli" – it refers to structure that has, until recently, been ignored by physicists more concerned with electronic structure and by chemists more concerned with molecular structure. Its study has been the domain of metallurgists and engineers and, by revealing the mechanisms underlying physical processes, it complements the proof testing that guarantees the safety of engineering structures. Nowadays it plays a considerable role in forensic science, conservation of museum pieces, bioengineering and in practically every activity where the state of a material crucially affects human safety or well-being.