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Chemical strategies for making strong graphene materials.

Graphene materials have been widely applied in various fields due to their remarkable mechanical and electrical properties. However, two obstacles arise during the assembly of the graphene platelets into macroscale graphene materials and composites that impair the performance of the resultant graphene materials. The first is the voids between the graphene platelets, and the second is the wrinkling of the graphene platelets. In the past decade, several strategies have been developed to eliminate these obstacles. These strategies result in strong macroscale graphene materials, such as graphene fibers with a tensile strength over 3.4 GPa and sheets with a tensile strength over 1.5 GPa. Therefore, the resultant strong graphene materials are used in many practical applications. This review summarizes these developed effective strategies for assembling graphene materials and compares their advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, the process of preparation, the fundamental mechanical properties (tensile strength, toughness, and Young's modulus), and the wide spectrum of electrical and magnetic properties (electrical conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding, thermal conductance, ion transport, and electrochemical energy storage) are also discussed. Finally, our outlook for this field's future is presented.