{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.028950542822677925, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 4.763888888888889, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Economies of Scope and Patterns of Global Outsourcing

This paper presents a model in which economies of scope in production play a key role in a vertically-linked production structure. It identifies the divergence in the degrees of economies of scope and the attribute spaces of the products in different stages of production as a fundamental economic force behind outsourcing. Among other things, it is shown that outsourcing occurs in the following two extreme/opposite scenarios in terms of production and characteristics of the good: either (i) the degree of economies of scope is relatively very high and/or the attribute space is very small (i.e., close to a homogenous good), or (ii) the degree of economies of scope is relatively very low and/or the attribute space is very large (i.e. highly specialized input/service).