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Recent Advances in Systematics and Evolution of the Grape Family Vitaceae

The grape family Vitaceae include 16 genera and ca. 950 species that are primarily distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with a few genera extending to the temperate regions (Wen, 2007; Wen et al., 2018c). Vitaceae are economically well-known as sources of wine, grapes, and raisins, and have therefore attracted extensive studies of their germplasm resources (Gerrath et al., 2015). The family is also ecologically important with many species as dominant climbers in tropical and temperate forests, savannas, and limestone mountains (Gentry, 1991; Wang et al., 2015), which may serve as an ideal model to investigate the association between habitat shifts and key innovations. Vitaceae can be easily distinguished from other angiosperm families by their unique leaf-opposed tendrils, with only a few species of Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston lacking tendrils (Wen, 2007). Vitaceae and its monogeneric sister family, Leeaceae, form the order Vitales. Vitales has been supported as one of the basal lineages of rosids with its closest relative remaining controversial (Zhang et al., 2015; Zeng et al., 2017). Extensive global collecting efforts and collaborative research from several teams across the globe have established the phylogenetic framework for the family (e.g., Rossetto et al., 2001, 2002, 2007; Ingrouille et al., 2002; Soejima & Wen, 2006; Wen et al., 2007, 2013; Ren et al., 2011; Trias-Blasi et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2018) and most of its genera (e.g., Nie et al., 2010, 2012; Chen et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2013, 2016; Lu et al., 2013; Rodrigues et al., 2014; Habib et al., 2017). In particular, recent phylogenomic analyses of data from all three genomes support five major clades in Vitaceae (Wen et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2018). Moreover, studies on morphological evolution have provided additional important insights into the evolutionary relationships within Vitaceae (e.g., Gerrath & Posluszny, 2007; Lu et al., 2012; Ickert-Bond et al., 2014, 2015; Gerrath et al., 2015, 2017; Ma et al., 2016). At the same time, numerous, well-preserved macrofossils of Vitaceae (especially seeds and wood) have been discovered in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g., Wheeler & Lapasha, 1994; Chen & Manchester, 2007, 2011; Chen, 2009; Manchester et al., 2012, 2013). Given the above background, we organized a symposium on Vitaceae (http://www.ibc2017.cn/Symposia/; T1-24 Systematics, population biology, morphology and conservation of the grape family Vitaceae: overview and recent advances) on July 25, 2017 at the XIX International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen, China to bring evolutionary biologists together to share their expertise and discuss collaborations and future research directions. The current special issue consists of 10 papers on Vitaceae, which include contributions from internationally-renown colleagues using novel approaches to understand the systematics and the temporal and spatial diversifications of Vitaceae, highlighting recent advances. In this issue, Wen et al. (2018c) review recent progresses in the phylogenetic, morphological, and taxonomic studies of Vitaceae and present a new tribal classification based on comprehensive evidence. Five tribes corresponding to the five major clades identified by phylogenetic studies are proposed and discussed: Ampelopsideae J.Wen& Z.L.Nie, Cisseae Rchb., Cayratieae J.Wen & L.M.Lu, Parthenocisseae J.Wen & Z.D. Chen, and Viteae Dumort. Chu et al. (2018) determine the genome size of 11 genera and 50 species of Vitales using flow cytometry and investigate the genome-size evolution of the family. Their results reveal that most of the species examined have relatively small genomes, except those in the tribe Cayratieae which possess large genomes. Rozefelds & Pace (2018) report the first record of fossil Vitaceae wood from the Southern Hemisphere, Austrovideira dettmannae Pace & Rozefelds, from the early Oligocene Capella Flora in central Queensland, Australia. The authors also explore the variation of wood anatomical characters of the family within a phylogenetic context. Three research articles in this issue address the economically important genus, Vitis L. Based on extensive taxon sampling and phylogenomic analyses of plastomes, Wen et al. (2018a) evaluate the phylogenetic relationships and diversification of the New World Vitis. Their phylogenetic analyses reveal that several widespread species in North America are each not monophyletic and the diversification analyses detect a rapid and recent radiation of Vitis in North America. Within this phylogenetic framework, Ickert-Bond et al. (2018) investigate leaf anatomy and micromorphology of Vitis from the New Word. The principal components analyses identify seven clusters of species that do not reflect phylogeny, but these trait similarities among distantly related species may result from evolutionary convergences, especially within xeric habitats of western North America. Ma et al. (2018) test reticulate evolution within a complex of four Vitis species and 46 accessions from East Asia using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq). Their phylogenetic analyses suggest that Vitis romanetii Romanet du Caill. ex Planch., V. shenxiensis C.L.Li, and V. piasezkii Maxim. each is nonmonophyletic. Both D-statistics and population structure analyses suggest the presence of introgression between Vitis shenxiensis/V. piasezkii andV. romanetii in sympatric populations. Hearn et al. (2018) investigate the diversification and morphological innovation of the second largest genus of Vitaceae, Cyphostemma, on the basis of five loci and a taxon JSE Journal of Systematics and Evolution