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Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment ( Hira ) Analysis of Nanotechnology Laboratory in Universities in Indonesia

The article describes a concept of health and safety to conduct research in Nanomaterial Laboratory in Two Public University in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The utilization of nanomaterials in the world of education has been done in two universities in Malang, namely Malang State University and Brawijaya University. The nanomaterial laboratory as a means for research and development of nanomaterial science that often creates hazards and risks of work accidents for its users, but things that are often not realized. Dangers and risks of work accidents caused by the absence of standards. This research focuses on hazards and accidents in the nanomaterial laboratory using the HIRA (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) method, which is then followed by a variety of independent variables. The population in this study were nanomaterial researchers at two universities in Malang. Based on the results of trials between respondents 'competency expertise with the level of risk of workplace accidents in the nanomaterial laboratory obtained pvalue 0.00 (<0.05), meaning that there is a significant relationship between the respondents' scientific conservation and the level of work accident risk in the nanomaterials laboratory. Furthermore, the results of the study were also obtained between the research respondents with the level of risk of work accidents in the nanomaterial laboratory with a pvalue of 0.00 (<0.05), meaning that there was a significant correlation between the respondent's research experience and the level of work accident risk in the nanomaterial laboratory.


INTRODUCTION
The nanomaterial is a material engineering structure that is at least 100 nanometer in size or less. The design in nanoscale can be utilized in various research areas such as physics, chemistry, even biology and medical. Materials in this size range can approach a long scale where specific physical or chemical interactions with the environment might occur. The possibility of the interaction might be a danger to the biological system and environment and has the potential to produce toxicity [1]. [2] in his research titled Nanomaterials and the Environment explained that the usage of nanoparticle in environmental technology and potential effect for health and the environment, both harmful and beneficial, are vital aspects to be considered before we can fully utilize the advantage of nanoparticle and ensure that there is no adverse consequence potential.
Laboratory as supporting facilities for departments and basic resource units for the development of science and education is a place that has the potential to cause danger and risk to humans and the environment. Therefore, standardization for the laboratory is needed to avoid the potential from happening. Based on the Decree of the Minister of Health Number 605/Menkes/SKNI1 year 2008 on Health Laboratory Office and Health Laboratory Center Standards [3], each laboratory should have an excellent standard involving labour standards, facilities standards, infrastructure and tools, media and reagent standards, laboratory safety and health as well as recording and reporting. The hazard potential in the laboratory often goes unnoticed by the involved personnel due to the lack of assessment standard and low hazard potential learning, so it is necessary to identify the hazard level in the laboratory particularly nanomaterial laboratory [4]. The data from OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) stated that almost ten thousand accident case in a research laboratory in 2005, injured two out of 100 scientists. Another data mentioned that the average accident level in the academical laboratory was ten up to fifty times higher than the industrial laboratory Based on the above description on hazard potential and toxicity in nanomaterial usage, this research aimed to (1) identified the danger and work accident risk in nanomaterial laboratory in universities in Indonesia by sampling the universities in Greater Malang, (2) discover the factors or condition with "extreme risk" for work accident, and (3) compared the work risk in the laboratories between sample universities, in this research, the State University of Malang and Brawijaya University which are the most prominent universities in Greater Malang. The risk assessment was performed using the HIRA (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) method. This effort aimed to minimize the hazard potential and work risk in a nanotechnology laboratory. Some similar previous studies such as [5] created the need of risk assessment in all nanomaterials to evaluate the potential of nanomaterial exposure at the workplace and other effects that might occur outside the lungs. All work activities contains several dangers that cause accidents, from high risk to low. Identification and analysis could minimize the work accident that might occur [6]. The hazard resources in laboratory consist of physical, chemical and ergonomic hazards. Work environment such as lighting conditions, temperature, air circulation and noise levels must comply with applicable standards to support activities in the laboratory [7]. HIRA (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) is a method or technique to identify an event or condition with risk potential through observing the hazard characteristic that might occur and evaluate the risk using risk assessment matrix. Information on the danger is obtained from the identification and description of work activities, hazard cause, and hazard classification and hazard effect [8]. Evaluation is conducted using HIRA worksheet obtained from observation. Table 1 presents the risk level in the form of "severity vs likelihood".

RESEARCH METHOD
This research used descriptive analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The cross-sectional approach is research to learn the correlation dynamic between risk and effect factors by observation or collecting the data at once at a point time approach [9]. The research duration was from November 2019 to March 2020. The samples were Nanotechnology Research Laboratory at the State University of Malang and Brawijaya University. The research instrument used the checklist that was issued by the Washington State University on Laboratory Safety Self-assessment [10] and was adopted into 50 items. The data collection used observation and questionnaire (Table 1).    Table 2, it can be seen that the State University of Malang Nanotechnology Laboratory has five items with Extreme Risk Level (Level 15 to 20 in HIRA score) and fifteen items that show High-Risk Level (Level 9 to 14 in HIRA score). In comparison, other items have low to medium score (Level 1 to 9 in HIRA score). The extreme risk condition involved (1) nanomaterial storage, (2) condition and placement of the research machines/devices, (3) condition and placement of Light Fire Extinguisher, (4) device/material utilization procedure, and (5) discipline in using Personal Protective Equipment during the activities in the Nanotechnology Laboratory. Meanwhile, Table 3 displays the Nanotechnology Laboratory at Brawijaya University. Table 3 presents that the Nanotechnology Laboratory at the Brawijaya University has seven items with Extreme Risk Level (Level 15 to 20 in HIRA score) and twelve items with High-Risk Level (Level 9 to 14 HIRA score).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Other items have low to medium level (Level 1 to 9 HIRA score). The extreme condition involving (1) untidy cable, (2) only one exit door, (3) MSDS material and reagent are unavailable, (4) Incomplete instructions for using tools and machines, (5) discipline in using Personal Protective Equipment during the activities in the Nanotechnology Laboratory, (6) the number and placement of Light Fire Extinguisher were not appropriate, and (7) incomplete (or unavailable) SOP for each activity. The high-risk condition is twelve while the rest were in medium and low-risk condition. Based on this research, the condition of nanotechnology laboratories in the public universities were a cause of concern. The researchers, laboratory assistant, and the officials showed little attention to the laboratory that could cause a work accident. Comparing the risk level, Brawijaya University had a higher extreme risk level compared to the State University of Malang.

CONCLUSION
The Nanotechnology at the two public Malang universities in Indonesia still showed high and extreme hazard for a work accident. The extreme risk condition involved (1) nanomaterial storage, (2) condition and placement of the research machines/devices, (3) condition and placement of Light Fire Extinguisher, (4) device/material utilization procedure, and (5) discipline in using Personal Protective Equipment during the activities in the Nanotechnology Laboratory, (1) untidy cable, (2) only one exit door, (3) MSDS material and reagent are unavailable, (7) incomplete (or unavailable) SOP for each activity. Researchers, laboratory assistants and officials in the laboratory still did not understand the dangers and risks of working in the Nanotechnology laboratory; thus, they were ignorant of work accidents risk.