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Flexible printed organic photovoltaic antennas for the Internet of Things

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) modules are printed in a sheet-to-sheet (S2S) process which is a step closer to roll-to-roll (R2R) printing for larger area modules to further reduce costs and enable high volume production. The process uses a thin glass encapsulant to achieve arbitrary shape geometries and flexible modules. These have an efficiency of 5% at 500 lux being suitable for indoor light conditions. The OPV module is designed such that it also operates as an antenna element, such as a dipole to provide an omnidirectional pattern, thus being a dual function device. It has the shape of a flower with a total of 8 petals. Each petal represents a single OPV cell with surface area of about 5 cm2. The petals are then connected in series to achieve a higher voltage. Under 200 lux indoor light condition, the OPV module has a short circuit current (7sc) of 65 μA and an open-circuit voltage (Foe) of 2.4 V, which is enough to power a 2.4 GHz ultra-low power radio together with sensors. Hence, the system will operate as a battery-free autonomous wireless sensing device suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT).