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Burden and consequence of birth defects in Nepal-evidence from prospective observational study

Background-Every year an estimated 7.9 million babies are born with birth defects. Of these, more than 3 million die and a further 3.2 million suffer from a disability. In order to address this, countries require data to enable better resource allocation for prevention, management and rehabilitation of babies born with birth defects. This paper contributes to this evidence base, assessing the prevalence of birth defects, associated risk factors and health consequences in Nepal. Method-This is a prospective observational study conducted in 12 hospitals in Nepal for 18 months. All the women who delivered in the hospitals during the study period were enrolled. Independent researchers collected social and demographic data using semi-structured questionnaires at the time of discharge. Clinical events and birth outcome information were extracted from clinical case notes. Data were analysed to determine the prevalence and type of birth defect. Logistic regression was performed to assess risk factors and health outcomes of babies born with a birth defect. Results-Among the total 87,242 livebirths, the prevalence of birth defects was found to be 5.8 per 1000 live births. The most common birth defects observed were anencephaly (3.95%), cleft lip (2.77%), cleft lip and palate (6.13%), clubfeet (3.95%), eye abnormalities (3.95%) and meningomyelocele (3.36%). The odds of having a baby with a birth defect was higher for mothers younger than 20 years (adjusted Odds ratio (aOR) 1.64; 95% CI, 1.18-2.28) and those from disadvantaged ethnicity (aOR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.46-2.18). The odds of birth asphyxia was almost double for babies with birth defect (aOR 1.88; 95% CI, 1.41-2.51) when compared to babies without a birth defect. The odds of neonatal infection was nearly double for babies with birth defect (aOR 1.82; 95% CI, 1.12-2.96) compared to babies without a defect. Babies with a birth defect had three-fold risk of pre-discharge mortality (aOR 3.00; 95% CI, 1.93-4.69). have a higher risk of birth asphyxia, neonatal infection and pre-discharge mortality at birth. A portion of birth defect could have been prevented through micro-nutrient supplementation, a portion can be managed through surgery and rehabilitation.


Introduction
Birth defects are anomalies in morphogenesis during early foetal life resulting in structural, behavioural, functional and metabolic disorders that can be detected prenatally, at birth or later in infancy [1]. Globally, more than 3 million babies with birth defects die within the rst 28 days of life and a many survivors suffer from disabilities [2,3]. Lower-and middle-income countries (LMICs) carry the greatest burden ( 90%) of birth defects globally, which are often least prioritized compared to other causes of neonatal and infant mortality for prevention and management [2,3]. Some disorders, such as congenital heart disease and neural tube defects, carry a high risk of mortality [2,4]. [5], In Nepal, each year an estimated 40,000 babies are born with a birth defect, among which cleft lip and palate, neural tube defects, and congenital heart disease rank as the most common conditions [6,7]. Often, these factors are recognised as genetic in origin (10-30%), environmental (5-10%), multi-factorial (20-35%) and unknown (30-45%) [8].
These factors may play a role during a critical period of development occurring in the rst trimester when the baby is undergoing crucial stages of formation starting from fertilization, implantation and organ formation [1,8]. There are several factors that can increase the risk of birth defects including maternal age, lack of nutritious diet, non-use of peri-conceptional folic acid, alcohol and tobacco consumption, exposure to pesticides and X Rays, and infection. These risk factors can be discussed with mothers during counselling and screening through effective antenatal care (ANC) [9,10]. Therapy, medication, surgery, or assistive technology are further interventions for prevention and management of birth defects.
In most cases, essential paediatric surgery can avert early mortality and long-term disability [11]. [12].
Prenatal diagnostic techniques, genetic counselling, and access to termination of pregnancy for foetal abnormality are examples of interventions to support women and reduce some neonatal mortality and still birth [13].
In LMICs, lack of diagnostic and national screening programmes has resulted in the paucity of nationally representative data, resulting in a major hurdle for in-depth understanding of the epidemiology of birth defects [14]. In Nepal, no national protocol regarding management and timely service provision for babies born with birth defects exists. To further accelerate the reduction of neonatal mortality rate to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of 12 per 1000 live birth, it is critical to implement evidencebased interventions to prevent and manage birth defects [15,16]. This study will provide evidence on the prevalence, risk factors and health outcomes associated with birth defects across 12 hospitals in Nepal.

Method
Study design and setting This paper presents data from a prospective observational study conducted in 12 public hospitals across Nepal to evaluate the e cacy of a scale up of Helping Babies Breathe Quality Improvement Project implemented from 1 July 2017 to 17 October 2018 [17]. The hospitals were selected from different geographic locations across the country. All the hospitals were referral level public hospitals with more than 1000 deliveries per year.

Study participants
All babies born in the 12 hospitals during the study period were selected for this study. Only liveborn babies were included for analysis. Stillborn babies, out-born babies, and babies whose mothers did not consent to participate in the study were excluded from the study.

Data collection and management
In the selected hospitals, a data surveillance system was established for collection of data on the mothers and newborns. Obstetric data were collected through patient les and the maternity register in the maternity wards using a data retrieval form (additional le 1). Socio-demographic data were collected through face-to-face interviews with mothers before discharge. Data coordinators assessed the forms for completeness, which was then indexed, sealed and sent to the head o ce for further action. In the central o ce, the data management team, led by a data manager, sorted, indexed, led and reassessed forms for completeness. Data entry operators entered the indexed forms based on the hospitals in Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro). The data was cleaned and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for further data analysis.

Variables in the study
Liveborn babies with birth defects were the variable of interest for this study. Demographic variables included age of mother, ethnicity, maternal literacy, type of fuel used for cooking in household and smoking habit. Antenatal variables included ANC check-up by doctor/nurse, parity of mothers and severe anemia during pregnancy. Intrapartum variables included mode of delivery, multiple deliveries, sex of the baby and weight of the baby at birth. Demographic characteristics were categorized as age-less than 20 years, 20-34 years and 35 and above; ethnicity-relatively advantaged and relative disadvantaged group; Obstetric characteristic, parity was categorized as 0 previous birth, 1 previous birth and 2 or more previous birth; Birth asphyxia was de ned as apgar score less than 6 at 1 minute; Low birth weight was de ned as birth weight less than 2500 gram; Neonatal infection was de ned as newborns with signs of clinical infection or positive septic screening with birth weight 1500 gram or more and/or gestational age 32 weeks or more; Pre-discharge mortality included deaths of newborn with birth defects before discharge.

Statistical analysis
Prevalence of birth defects was calculated based on the total number of congenital cases reported and total number of live births in the same period. Cross-tabulation was performed for socio-demographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics. Binary logistic regression was performed to analyse the level of association between the background characteristics and birth defects. The signi cance was determined at p<0.05. All variables with p<0.2 in the univariate analysis were considered for multi-variate logistic regression analysis.

Ethical consideration
All mothers provided written consent prior to the start of data collection. Con dentiality of data was maintained. Ethical approval was received from the Ethical Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council (reference number 26-2017).

Results
Out of the total 104,223 admissions, 87,989 deliveries occurred during the study period. Of these, 87,242 deliveries were live births and 747 deliveries were stillbirths. Among the livebirths, there were 506 cases of birth defects (Figure 1). The prevalence of birth defects was found to be 5.8 per 1000 live births. The different types of birth defects as reported from the data show that the more common disorders recorded were anencephaly (3.95%), cleft lip (2.77%), cleft and palate (6.13%), clubfeet (3.95%), eye abnormalities (3.95%) and meningomyelocele (3.36%). Most (75.89%) of the reported cases have not been classi ed ( Figure 2).
Univariate analysis showed signi cant association with birth defects for most of the socio-demographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics. Socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity and type of fuel used for cooking in the household showed signi cant association (<0.001) with birth defects. Female child was signi cantly associated with birth defects (p=0.002). Women with one previous birth (p=0.002), two or more previous births (<0.001), and having multiple delivery (p=0.02) were signi cantly associated with birth defects The socio-demographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics which were different in birth defect and reference group were considered for multi-variate analysis ( Compared to women with no previous birth, the risk of birth defect was 1.58 times higher among women with 1 previous birth (aOR 1.58; 95% CI, 1.26-1.98; p<0.001) and 2.33 times higher compared to women with 2 or more previous births (aOR 2.33; 95% CI, 1.84-2.95; p<0.001). Further, mothers with multiple deliveries had 1.8 times the risk of having babies with a birth defect compared to mothers with single deliveries (aOR 1.8; 95% CI, 0.98-3.28; p=0.06) ( Table 2).
When considering health outcomes, the multi-variable analysis showed that babies with birth defect were 1.88 times higher risk of birth asphyxia (aOR 1.88; 95% CI, 1.41-2.51; p<0.001) compared to babies without a birth defect. Babies with a birth defect also had 1.82 higher risk of neonatal infection (aOR 1.82; 95% CI, 1.12-2.96; p<0.02). The risk of pre-discharge mortality for babies with birth defects was 3.31 times higher (cOR 3.31; 95% CI, 2.13-5.14; p<0.001) compared to babies without any birth defects (Table  3).

Discussion
The prevalence of birth defects in the present study is 0.58%, which is comparable to other studies in Nepal, Iraq and Iran which reported an incidence of 0.69% and 0.36% [18][19][20]. Our study showed that Musculoskeletal System to be most commonly affected, presenting as cleft lip, cleft palate and club feet which is in line with studies reported from Egypt and India [21,22]. A study in Iran and India reported higher prevalence of malformations from CNS, Cardiovascular system or Gastrointestinal system [23,24]. This variation in patterns could possibly be explained by various genetic and environmental factors interplaying differently in varied time and geographical location [10].
Mothers younger than 20 years old were found to have a higher risk of delivering a newborn with birth defect, which is similar to the study which concluded association between young mothers and congenital anomaly [25]. Young women in Nepal are at higher risk of micro-nutrient de ciency, mal nourishment due to poor diet. These might have attributed to birth defect [25]. . According to different literatures, congenital malformation is seen in multiple pregnancy rather than singleton pregnancy [10,26]. Likewise, our nding enlisted this study as one among those many. However, multiple delivery did not pose a risk to birth defect in Europe [27]. Alterations of the blood ow within the vascular anastomoses supplying the twins and early primary abnormality that might develop during twinning itself can lead to birth defects [28]. Early antenatal care check to detect multiple birth and early screening of birth defect is critical.
In comparison to women with no previous birth, the likelihood of giving birth to a baby with congenital defect was seen among women with 1 or more previous birth in our study, which is similar to those reported in other studies [25,29]. The decrement in body nutrients stores among mothers who have previously delivered as compared to those who have never delivered a baby before explains the association between parity and congenital birth defects [30]. Women in Nepal have micro-nutrient de ciency and poor nutrition status, more than one birth will deplete the micro-nutrient store [31].
With regards to ethnicity, advantageous ethnic groups were comparatively less likely to be associated with birth defects than the non-advantageous group. Association of ethnicity with birth defects has been depicted in the previously done studies [25,32]. Ethnic variance as the risk for malformations may be linked to genetic susceptiveness or to socio-cultural and economic differences that might modify exposures [33]. Further, studies have shown that women from relatively disadvantaged group have poor nutrition and chronic micro-nutrient de ciency [33]. Also, women from these group have less access to antenatal care service for early screening of high risk pregnancy.
Babies with birth defects tend to have morbidities such as birth asphyxia and neonatal infection. The risk of mortality among these babies at birth is higher than babies without birth defect.

Strengths and Limitations
There are several strengths and limitations in this study. A community-based study can better project prevalence of birth defects. In our settings, echocardiography and other advanced diagnostics were not routinely available to diagnose malformations, which may lead to underrepresentation of disorders [21].
Stillbirths were not included in the study which might also have attributed to the lower prevalence. Further, many birth defects, such as congenital heart defects, are not diagnosed at birth and so the overall prevalence may be underreported.

Conclusion
The prevalence of birth defects across the study population was 0.58% among newborn babies. Various socio-demographic factors, like age and disadvantaged ethnic group, are associated with birth defects.
Obstetric factors such as number of previous birth are associated with birth defect. Babies with birth defects have higher risk for birth asphyxia, neonatal infection and pre-discharge mortality at birth. There is a need to improve the services available for babies with birth defect for better identi cation and management of these babies. These ndings also urges for setting up a system of birth defect surveillance in hospitals such that special care and tracking can be done for better outcome.

Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The ethical approval for the study was taken from the Ethical Review Board (ERB) of Nepal Health Research Council (reg. no. . Written consent was obtained from the participants enrolled in the study.

Consent to publish-Not applicable
Availability of data and materials-The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.     Types of birth defects (n=506)