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The structure, distribution and innervation of spindles in the extensor digitorum brevis I muscle of the tortoise Testudo graeca.

In contrast to mammalian and amphibian muscle spindles, little is known about those of reptiles. According to Regaud & Favre (1904) spindles of lizard and snake are composed of one muscle fibre (monofibrillar) but two types are distinguishable by differences at the equatorial region. One type has a short bulbous capsule which contains a sensory ending restricted to a small region of the muscle fibre; the other type has a long narrow capsule and the sensory ending occupies a larger part of the muscle fibre and branches more extensively. Szepsenwol (1960) showed that the intrafusal fibres have either plate or grape motor endings, each spindle receiving only one type. In a review, which included unpublished work of Hunt et al. and Proske, Barker (1968) suggested that spindles with long capsules have plate endings and give a tonic response to mechanical stretch, and that those with short capsules have grape endings and their response to mechanical stretch is phasic. Further, Barker suggested that the two types of monofibrillar spindle correspond to the large and small intrafusal muscle fibres in anuran spindles which receive a static/plate and dynamic/grape collateral fusimotor innervation. Spindles of the alligator are multifibrillar and have from two to five intrafusal fibres (Hines, 1930), with a collateral motor nerve terminating in grape endings on the polar regions. According to Cole (1955) sensory endings are compact and the diameters of intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibres are approximately the same, the length: thickness ratio being 20: 1. Very little is known about chelonian spindles. Giacomini (1898) reported monofibrillar spindles in tortoise muscle but Huber & de Witt (1897) found multifibrillar ones. Apart from preliminary reports (Crowe & Ragab, 1967, 1969) no recent work has been done upon the tortoise spindle, and in view of the conflicting earlier reports and recent knowledge of other reptilian spindles, a more detailed morphological investigation has been undertaken in this animal.