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“Remove the [red] tape” of Respectability: Jazzy Transformations in Jean Toomer’s Washington, D.C.

Abstract:“In his diverse writings based in Washington in the 1920s, particularly the middle section of Cane, Jean Toomer addresses the negative social impact of this tangible division of the capital…. Focusing on his characters’ taxing urban experience in and around the infamous alleys, which contained the city’s poorest, mostly African-American inhabitants, Toomer’s texts imply that it was not only the physical division of the capital but also the discursive arrogance of the white institutions that heightened the class and racial inequalities of his day…. He sets out to dismantle these established physical and rhetorical hierarchies within Washington by focusing on the way the moralizing discourse on respectability exacerbated, rather than diminished, the problems of the alleys, severely damaging not only interracial but also intraracial relationships.”