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Population dynamics of sexual and resource competition.

Interspecific competition is usually thought of in terms of resource competition. Closely related species, however, may often compete also for a "sexual niche," a sexual resource. Both sexual and resource competition are likely to affect the dynamics of closely related sympatric species. Here, a combined model of sexual and resource competition is developed and analyzed in terms of phase planes. Population dynamics involving sexual competition alone are characterized by competitive exclusion and dependence on relative initial population size of the competing species. This dependence on initial population size is due to the nonlinear equilibrium isoclines of sexual competition, which contrast with the linear isoclines of the Lotka-Volterra competition equations. Dependence on initial population size is stronger when sexual competition is severe and/or when growth rates of the two species are low. Additional dynamic possibilities arise under combined sexual and resource competition. If the sexual competition is strong, competitive exclusion is the only outcome. But if sexual competition is weak, and if stable coexistence would occur without sexual competition, then both stable coexistence and competitive exclusion may occur simultaneously. A species that is relatively rare initially may be excluded, but when both species are initially of comparable abundance both will persist. Adding sexual competition to resource competition thus introduces additional uncertainty concerning the outcome of competition between two sympatric species.