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Dexmedetomidine–ketamine combination and caudal block for superficial lower abdominal and genital surgery in children

The use of dexmedetomidine–ketamine combination to perform different diagnostic and surgical pediatric procedures has increased. The optimal ketamine dose to combine with dexmedetomidine has not been determined. The goal of this study was to determine the ED50 and ED95 of ketamine, which in combination with, dexmedetomidine (1 μg·kg−1) provides an adequate anesthetic effect to perform a caudal block and then the ensuing superficial lower abdominal or genital surgery.