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Could boosting the oligoadenylate synthetase-like pathway bring a new era of antiviral therapy?

Viruses present a major threat to global health with significant pandemic potential. Among different types of viruses that are human pathogens, RNA viruses pose unique challenges due to their rapid replication kinetics, high mutation rates and complex evolutionary dynamics. The coevolution of the virus and the host has resulted in competing strategies to protect and propagate over a long time. As a result, oftentimes, the host antiviral systems that prevent virus infection are targeted by viruses [1]. Therefore, understanding the inner workings of the host innate immune system – the first line of defense against viral infection, and how it is subverted by viruses gives us one of the most promising opportunities to combat diseases caused by RNA viruses. In this context, recent elucidation of the mechanism of antiviral activity of one such host proteins oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL) has shown the potential for developing broad acting antiviral therapy exploiting this pathway [2].