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Phonagnosia: A voice homologue to prosopagnosia

Phonagnosia is the inability to individuate people on the basis of their voice and is thus a condition parallel to that of prosopagnosia (Van Lancker & Canter, 1982). We report a case of developmental phonagnosia, AN, the second known to scientists (Garrido et al., 2009), with an exploration of the parallels between her and developmental prosopagnosia. In either condition, the individual shows very poor recognition accuracy of familiar faces or voices, and cannot imagine a familiar face or voice. Whereas controls show greater activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) when imagining voices (vs. nonvoice sounds), AN showed no such activation. This same region shows greater activation to well-known faces versus faces that have just been familiarized through repetition in the course of the experiment. Developmental phonagnosia, as well as developmental prosopagnosia, may thus be conditions in which a person identity node (PIN) (Bruce & Young, 1986) cannot be activated through voice or face input. At the time of testing, AN was a 20-year-old female student at the University of Southern California with high cognitive, conversational, social, and face recognition abilities, and no known neurological insults. When tested on a celebrity voice recognition task, however, she was markedly poorer than controls (a number of whom were perfect) at identifying her most familiar celebrity voices. On each trial of the celebrity voice recognition task, participants would view a display of 1 to 4 celebrity headshots with their names and listen to two 7 s voice clips, one of a celebrity and the other a noncelebrity. The clips were carefully chosen not to provide any individuating information in content. Participants then selected the clip they judged to be that of a celebrity and (for 2 or 4 choices)