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Distribution of carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the crested newt.

The distribution of the dipeptide carnosine was studied in the brain of the crested newt, Triturus carnifex, with immunohistochemical methods. Carnosine-like immunoreactivity (IR) is present in the cell bodies and processes of several areas of the central nervous system: in the telencephalon (especially in the medial pallium), in the diencephalon (pineal organ, thalamus, and hypothalamus), in the mesencephalon (optic tectum and tegmentum), and in the rhombencephalon (cerebellum, raphe region, and octavolateralis area). Double-labelling experiments show that carnosine IR is colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y IR in a few cells. Histochemical staining for heavy metals, the TIMM method, reveals that carnosine IR and TIMM labelling overlap in the medial pallium. These data indicate two primary conclusions: (a) In the crested newt brain, in contrast to those of mammals and birds, carnosine IR is not associated with glial cells but with neurons. Furthermore, carnosine is absent from the primary olfactory pathway in newts. (b) In the medial pallium of the crested newt, carnosine IR reliably identifies a population of neurons.