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Novel Electrolytes for Aluminium-Sulfur Batteries: Critical Evaluation of Electrode Thickness Effects and Side Reactions.

The high abundance and low cost of aluminium and sulfur make the Al-S battery an attractive combination.  However, significant improvements in performance are required, and increasing the thickness and sulfur content of the sulfur electrodes is critical to develop batteries with competitive values of specific energy. This work reports the development of sulfur electrodes with the highest sulfur content (60% wt.) reported to date for the Al-S battery system, and presents a systematic study of the effect of the sulfur electrode thickness on battery performance. When using low cost electrolytes made with acetamide or urea, the slow mass transport of electrolyte species is identified as the main cause of the poor sulfur utilisation when increasing the electrode thickness, whereas complete sulfur utilisation is achieved with a less viscous ionic liquid. In addition, the analysis of very thin electrodes reveals the occurrence of degradation reactions in the low cost electrolytes. In summary, the new method of analysis here developed is ideally suited to evaluate the stability and mass transport limitations of novel electrolytes for Al-S batteries.