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Bawns and Beliefs: Architecture, Commerce, and Conversion in Early New England

EW ENGLAND'S LANDSCAPE has always been in a state of transformation. From the intricate web of village streets in the seventeenth century, through the anxious freedom of eighteenth-century farmers living in houses at the fringes of settlement, to the commanding presence of textile mills and shoe factories that hardened the region's riverbanks in the decades before the Civil War, New England's material culture moved rapidly toward both visual and social complexity. For the young Henry David Thoreau, the rate of that transformation in the landscape accelerated amid the deafening clatter of textile machinery at Pawtucket, Lowell, Lawrence, and Manchester. And as did Thoreau, twentieth-century commentators have attributed to