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Dialect and Identity: A Case Study of Javanese Use in WhatsApp and Line

Dialect is an identity of a speaker of a given language because based on the dialect, one can know and recognize from which part of the world the speakers are from. A dialect could be regarded as an identity because it has their own characteristics. Not only found in speech and conversation, a dialect can also be found in Netspeak, a language of the Internet, especially in social media. This paper presents our research on the dialect of Javanese in social media. In written language, especially in language of the Internet, a dialect can be recognized from the characteristic of phonetic, morphology, and words. For example, taktuku and tektuku are used by Javanese speakers. Taktuku shows the dialect of East Java and the Solo dialect, while tektuku shows the Banyumas dialect. Both examples show different dialects of Javanese based on their grapheme transcription. This case will be discussed with data in the form of nine conversations of the Javanese group on instant messenger Line and WhatsApp.


Introduction
Javanese is a regional language that has the largest number of speakers in Indonesia. This language is used not only in Java Island, but also in other islands in Indonesia. Due to its vast distribution of usage, Javanese has many variations, both geographically and socially. Geographically, there are three great dialects of Javanese, namely Solo dialect (standard dialect), East-Java, and Banyumas. The Javanese dialect of Banyumas includes the Residency of Banyumas, the Residency of Pekalongan, and the western part of the Residency of Kedu. Javanese dialect of East-Java covers almost all areas of East Java, except Banyuwangi. The standard dialect of Javanese includes Jogja and Solo.
The three dialects of the Javanese have distinctive features that distinguish one dialect to another. One of the differences that characterize the divergence of dialects above is the phonetic variations [a] and [ɔ]. The Javanese dialect of Banyumas has an allophone [a] which located in the open ultima syllable. It does not apply in the Javanese dialect of East Java and Solo because in both dialects, the realization of phoneme /a/ in open ultima syllable is [ɔ].
In the past, the use of Javanese dialects, especially the non-standard ones, is generally unknown to other speakers because it is only spoken in their respective areas. The position and the existence of non-standard dialects were being marginalized. Research and documentation of language is more often done toward the Javanese dialect of Solo dialect which is the standard language.
However, as the changes of technology that produce a new medium of communication, i.e social media, the speakers of Javanese tend to use their respective dialects in conversations in social media. As is known, the language used as a means of communication on social media is not included in the spoken and written language, but the combination of both. It triggers the emergence of new developments in the use of Javanese that previously did not exist, such as the variations of spelling. The difference comes from the phonetic differences that become the characteristic of certain dialects. The word aja 'do not' is written as aja by the speaker of Banyumas dialect because the pronunciation of the word in Banyumas dialect is [aja]. But, the word obove is written ojo by other dialects speakers because the pronunciation is [ɔjɔ]. The spelling variation arises because the language used in social media is the spoken language that written. Netizen tends to write down what they hear. In fact, the provision issued by the Language Center; the writing of aja is aja, not ojo. In addition, there is also a difference in the affix form that shown in the conversation data in social media. The word ngerungokna 'listening' shows the difference forms of affix which at the same time indicates the Banyumas dialect. The affixed-word comes from the word rungu 'hear' added by affix {N-+ -na} which in the standard Javanese is known as affix {N-+ -ake}.
Based on that background, this research aims to show the variation of Javanese through the conversations in Javanese that take place in social media. This research has novelty in terms of research data source, which is social media. The previous research related to Javanese dialect has already been done. However, the data source of the research above is not social media, but some informants who are considered to be eligible, and generally are the older generation. The novelty of this research data source is also related to the data update. The speakers of Javanese who use social media are the new generation of gadget users. Guiraud in said that the dialect of language has several levels that are described by five differences, namely the differences of phonology, semantics, onomasiology, semasiology, and morphology. The data of instant conversation in social media shows that the intensity of phonological, morphological, and vocabulary differences between one dialect and another are quite high. Therefore, this research aims to show the differences in phonological, morphological, and vocabulary features of Banyumas dialect, East Java dialect, and Solo dialect through social media conversations. Since the conversations in social media are using written media as a means of communication, phonological differences are expressed through spelling differences. It is a new feature that distinguishes one dialect from another that has never been discussed before. The morphological differences are shown by the different form of one affix which has the same function. The difference of form is also appearing through spelling differences. Vocabulary differences are observed from word variations used by any dialect which is not used by other dialects. The social media that are choosen as the data sources are Line and Whatsapp. Both are the most popular social media today in Indonesia.

Methodology
This research examines the differences in phonology, morphology, and vocabulary shown in the data of conversation in social media. The sound system of Javanese dialect that is considered as standard language is described in as follows. The vowel of Javanese consists of five vowel phonemes that have two allophones and one pěpět vowel phoneme which has only one allophone. In other words, Javanese has six vowels. The five vowels that have two allophones are divided into two variants, namely (i) a vowel with high sonority (series à) [a, ɛ, I, U, ɔ]; and (ii) vowels with low sonority (series á) [ɔ, e, i, u, o]. There are three factors that determine the presence of variant à and á, i.e the open or the close of syllables; the sound unit of language formed from syllables; and the position of syllables in sound units. Series à belongs to closed syllables; and Series á belongs to an open syllable. Besides using the vocal system of Javanese, this research also uses the consonant system of Javanese. There are twenty-one consonant phonemes of Javanese; they are /b/, /c/, /d/, /dh/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/, /q/, /l/, / m/, /n/, /ny/, /ng/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /th/, /w/, and /y/. The consonant is distinguished by their articulation, the place of articulation, positional relationships, and the movement of the vocal cords. As already mentioned, the researches that discussed the dialects of Javanese have been widely practiced. The results of the research conducted by shows that the process of affixation contained in Javavenese dialect of Malang consists of prefixation, suffix, and confix. There are four prefixes found A vocabulary list or complete dictionary which contains the vocabulary of every dialect has never been made. By far, the dictionary is the dictionary that has the largest number of vocabularies among numbers of existing dictionaries. The dictionary is utilized to discuss the vocabulary used in each dialect.

Data Analysis and Discussion
The data sources of this research are nine conversation groups in Line and WhatsApp consisting of three groups of Javanese dialect of Banyumas (The Alumni of SMANA 1, CLUBBAN UI, and SBS Familia), three groups of Javanese dialects of East Java (Aremakara UI, Imaba Rantau, and Cemewew), and three groups of Javanese dialects of Solo (SETU PAHING, JAMDA Kontingen Solo, and Himadiksan). The data were taken from December 2016 to February 2017. The data were classified based on differences in phonetic features depicted by grapheme transcription and grammatical elemental differences. The determination of these differences. In addition, the data are classified by specific vocabulary that characterizes a particular dialect. The exmined data show that the emergence of phonological features that distinguish Banyumas dialect from other dialects is quite high. These different phonological characteristics are observed from the differences in the gapheme transcription of phonemic allophonic of <a> in open ultima syllables. The phoneme /a/ has two allophones, namely [a] and [ɔ].
The grapheme convention which applicable to the vowel phoneme /a/ and its allophones based on the provisions issued by the Language Center is <a>. The grapheme convention applies to three Javanese dialects. Below is the example of official spelling that applies to all dialects for words bisa 'can' and nyata 'real'. As explained in the preceding chapters, the three dialects of Javanese have different phonetic features. Actually, these features are not shown by grapheme transcripts that officially established by Language Center as shown in table 1. However, the speakers of Javanese in social media have their own way of writing down the words they use according to the pronunciation they understand. Based on that case, it is observable the different way of writing (spelling) used by the speakers of Javanese according to its dialect.
Below is the example of Javanese dialect of Banyumas occured in instant messages group conversations Line and WhatsApp.
'What's the matter, Ngad?' The pronunciations of the words ana and apa by the speakers of Banyumas dialect are [ana] and [apa]. Therefore, the grapheme transcription of phoneme <a> in those two words corresponds to the official spelling rule. However, this does not apply to the Javanese dialect of East Java as seen in the following example.  Table 2 below.  The morphological features that distinguish the three dialects are primarily shown through the diverse use of {-ake} suffixes. The data of conversation on social media shows that the suffix {-ake} is only used by the speakers of Solo dialect which is the standard language. However, the frequency of occurrences of suffix {-ake} is very little. Below are the examples of Banyumas dialects (9), East-Java (10), and Solo (11).
The morphological features that distinguish the three dialects are primarily shown through the diverse use of {-ake} suffixes. The data of conversation on social media shows that the suffix {-ake} is only used by the speakers of Solo dialect which is the standard language. However, the frequency of occurrences of suffix {-ake} is very little. Below are the examples of Banyumas dialects (9), East-Java (10), and Solo (11).  Actually, the vocabularies above are already known as the characteristic of Banyumas dialect. The use of those words in social media does not show the difference with what is observed through spoken narrative. The change of communication media that presents social media as a new communication medium has enabled the speakers of Banyumas dialect to spread out their distinctive features. Social media also allows the speaker of other dialect to observe and recognize the use of Banyumas dialect through the vocabulary used. The dialect of East Java also has a different vocabulary from other dialects. Although some of the vocabularies used by speakers are the same as the vocabulary used by the speakers of Solo dialect, but the different pronunciation makes the spelling The data also show that East Java dialect can be recognized through the use of particle a in the sentence. This particle is not found in other dialects. Example: Wes turu kabeh a iki?
'5000 won't work, right?' From the examples above, it can be concluded that the identity of certain dialect speakers can be easily recognized through the vocabulary used in social media. The particular feature of dialect which was originally only recognizable through its oral narratives (pronunciation) is now easily recognizable through the spelling used in social media.

Conclusion
The results of the research of the Javanese dialect with the social media as the data sources show that social media as a new medium to communicate has provided new space for non-standard dialect language speakers who have been marginalized to have the same position with the dialect speakers of the standard one, i.e Solo dialect. The differences in phonetic features and vocabulary that have been characterized by the pronunciation of each dialect speakers are now also marked by the orthography required in communicating through social media. It is based on the character of language in social media which is a spoken-written language. The differences in morphological features which previously noted by previous researchers also appear in this research data. However, this research found a new form, the suffix {-ne} as the variant of {-ake} used by the speakers of East Java and Solo dialect that did not mentioned by previous research.
Finally, it can be conveyed that the netizen who is a new generation of Javanese speakers has created a new space for the use of Javanese dialect. They have moved the geographical area (as a dialect marker) into a new territory, namely social media, especially on instant messages Line and WhatsApp. The creation of the new territory is motivated by the role of the group conversation as a gathering place for Javanese speakers with the same dialect.