{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.030577576443941108, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013023782559456399, 'mean_word_length': 5.135416666666667, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Hypertrophic stimuli induce transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression in rat ventricular myocytes.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a peptide growth factor that may play a role in the myocardial response to hypertrophic stimuli. However, the cellular distribution, mechanism of induction, and source of increased TGF-beta 1 in response to hypertrophic stimuli are not known. We tested the hypothesis that the cardiac myocyte responds to hypertrophic stimuli with the increased expression of TGF-beta 1. In adult rat ventricular myocardium freshly dissociated into myocyte and nonmyocyte cellular fractions, the preponderance of TGF-beta 1 mRNA visualized by Northern hybridization was in the nonmyocyte fraction. Abdominal aortic constriction (7 d) and subcutaneous norepinephrine infusion (36 h) each caused ventricular hypertrophy associated with 3.1-fold and 3.8-fold increases, respectively, in TGF-beta 1 mRNA in the myocyte fraction, but had no effect on the level of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in the nonmyocyte fraction. In ventricular myocytes, norepinephrine likewise caused a 4.1-fold increase in TGF-beta 1 mRNA associated with an increase in TGF-beta bioactivity. This induction of TGF-beta 1 mRNA occurred at norepinephrine concentrations as low as 1 nM and was blocked by prazosin, but not propranolol. NE did not increase the TGF-beta 1 mRNA level in nonmyocytes, primarily fibroblasts, cultured from neonatal rat ventricle. Thus, the cardiac myocyte responds to two hypertrophic stimuli, pressure overload and norepinephrine, with the induction of TGF-beta 1. These data support the view that TGF-beta 1, released by myocytes and acting in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner, is involved in myocardial remodeling by hypertrophic stimuli.