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Overview of Diabetic cardiomyopathy. Review article.

Diabetes mellitus may be a major health problem worldwide. Till the last decade, 285 million individuals already have that common disease, and this range is expected to markedly extend to virtually 700 million individuals by the end of 2040 (1). Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered one of the contributing risks for causing cardiac failure (2). Heart failure may be a complex disease in diabetic patients. It is caused by a rise in macrovascular and microvascular abnormalities, leading to ischemic events and a change in vascular permeability (3, 4). Atherosclerosis and high blood pressure that occur in patients with diabetes and share in causing ischemic heart disease (IHD) and peripheral arterial disease, that has a cardiac effect. However, in addition to those contributing triggers, diabetes can cause HF directly by multiple mechanisms, that are principally driven by increased blood glucose, increased insulin levels, metabolic abnormalities, and oxidative stress (5).