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The Luther Betrayal: Luther’s Humanism Problem

In recent decades, the transformation of the naming and study of the period between 1450 and 1750 from the erstwhile “Renaissance and Reformation” into the broader classification of “Early Modern” has become almost complete. The narrower category of Renaissance and Reformation, with its almost stultifying focus on elite culture and its artifacts, has slowly but surely given way to the broader, more inclusive and globe-encompassing, perhaps even more exciting, Early Modern era. This transition in nomenclature has been rewarded with an avalanche of important studies and fascinating new adits of research. The remarkable yields resulting from this transition are too many to fully enumerate, but include the globalization of the scope of study, investigation into the experiences of women, exiles, and other marginalized groups, inquiry into the role of the environment in shaping human experience, and many other important avenues of research. One of the casualties of this new way of looking at this era, however, has been our scholarly attentiveness to the Renaissance, in general, and to humanism, in particular. Lack of attention has, in turn, affected how scholars have attended to several important areas of inquiry that have never been fully satisfied in the research. To my mind, one of the most important of these has to do with the relationship between the ideas of the Renaissance and the programs and theologies of the Reformation. As we near the quincentennial celebration of Luther’s theological debut, as it were, it might be worthwhile to revisit his theological debts, too. And perhaps the old-fashioned reminder implicit in the linking of “Renaissance” and “Reformation” is a good place to start. To be sure, Luther’s theological roots can be found, as Heiko Oberman, Alister McGrath, Steven Ozment and many others have clearly demonstrated, in the messy theological battles that punctuated the flowering of scholastic thought in the late Middle Ages. But his theological