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Reclaiming public space in Avenida dos Aliados: an ethnographic approach in the way society perceptualize their ideal public space

The public space in Europe has been subjected to the major revitalizations in attempt to lifting the socio-economic value of the city centre as well as Avenida dos Aliados. In the urban planning concepts the interventions to achieve public space as medium has an specific terminology which is “ sense of place”. It is a design concepts for a place to ensure that every public space able to have identity and a distinctive character to the area and igniting the interactions among the people. Using ethnography as a method, This study give insights to the the definition of the public space according to the people perceptions, comparison of the quality of an Avenida dos Aliados as a public space after the revitalization and also highlighting what nowaday’s society expected for a public space in Avenida dos Aliados. In order to reclaimed the public space, the society highlighting there is need to include art components (like local artist and creative ornaments), historical information about the city, developing green space, involving technology to stimulate the interaction and prolonged stay, creating inclusive facilities (like games, facility for kids, etc.), and also develop local market in the Avenida dos Aliados.


Sense of place as a social interactions triggers
There a definite need of an public space to bridging the social interactions and communications and this is comes in many terminology from sense of place to the terms such as place attachment [11] [12][14] [15] and also community attachment [16] These terminologies have peculiar similarity in a way to perceive the relation between the individual and their surrounding environment. Sense of place means valuable and meaningful place where people are physically and socially engaged to that place. The important point to build the sense of place is physical and emotional connection, sense of belonging that will encourage people's behaviours to protect their place [17].
The concept sense of place is also closely related to psychological and physical concepts [18] The sentiment toward place were created based on three types of relationship: cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimension. Cognitive aspect are attributed to the spatial perception (geometry and form) of the space. Behavioral aspect refers to the functional relationship between space and activities. This relationship defines the utility of space that able to accommodate the people needs. Emotional aspect are attribute to the meaning of place to a person  3 and this can be different from one person to others, it depends on experiences, motivations, intelectual background and physical characteristics itself [11]. Furthermore, there are factors in forming sense of place. It is created from at least three different entities, setting of space, activity and interaction, and experience or emotion of individuals as a result of interacting with the surrounding environment, so it is obvious that social relations is crucial. Those factors are listed below: 1. Experience or emotion of individuals: • Social dimension in space is a generic prescription of an individual expression towards a positive place [19]. • Sense of place relies upon people engagement, community network, and environmental connection [20] These interdependent elements, if they are occurring in a particular setting of place, will create a vibrant and liveable place, which can be easily noticed and perceived by others.
• Cultural values (norm, ethnic group, families, society member) are common in inducing the sense of place by giving a distinctive character towards a place.

Interaction and activity features:
The diverse activity features like festival, celebration, cultural event, and gathering is a collective component of the society which have a substantial impact in attracting people, creating emotional feelings to a place and helping the construction of a sense of place [19].

Setting of Space:
The physical arrangement/ layout setting of elements can be divided into different aspects of positioning and layout-putting elements in particular places to maximize people's interaction among the people. Whyte have catalogued, in colorful, intricate detail the effects that the layouts and features of built environments have on people's behavior-why some areas become popular, others not so, with whom, and why, with recommendations for how to improve things, including some things below [21]; • Public furniture: including the facilities in the public space (bench, lamp street, sitting arrangement, etc.); • Path settings and traffic flows: including streets, pedestrians, etc; • Proximity to the other area: Whyte particularly mentioned that maximum from three block of the center of activities (like: offices, campus, etc); • Layouts that maximize the natural elements to be enjoyed: sun light, wind, temperature, etc.
Putting all the elements physical into spatial arrangements will creating greater sense of place in some particular public space.

The public space we idealized: an integrated approach in elaborating the revitalization elements of public space
Places are public spaces if they have some qualities that expected to be present, like: 1) Public interactive qualities, that mean the ideal public space would expect to have the quality to inspire and also dynamic quality; 2) Serve amplifies sociability, that mean the public space expected to be medium to connecting people. Community to community, community to strangers and strangers to strangers, allow convergence between space and action as minimum aggregate of social arrangements and; 3) Public territorialities, which mean the public space has: a.) pre-defined consensus, that it is own by the community b) convergence results of social process that create territorial possibilities of understanding c). express desire and mobilization (social and cultural link being together) [9].

Methods
This article is based on ethnography approach, which consist of observations, photography and videography and in depth interview. Ethnography is the recording and analysis of a culture or society, usually based on participant-observation and resulting in a written account of a people, place or institution, Traditionally, ethnographies have focused in depth on a bounded and definable group of people; such as the Dayan, Madurese or other ethnics in the world, that mostly isolated or uncommon to the modern society. Today, they are just as likely to focus on a particular aspect of contemporary social life; such as new reproductive technologies, the meanings of the veil or virtual communication. The concept of ethnography has been developed within social anthropology; but the term is now sometimes used in a looser way in for example opinion and market research. [5] The rationalistic approach use in these research instead of naturalistic approach, due to the short of the research. Focus on rationalistic allowed researcher to build deduction variable and also indicator to observe and as well as putting the induction results from the field to build local explanations. The main differentiation using the naturalistic is building the theme from the scratch that only viable if the research has much time. The data need to be captured including the demography, user behavioral, physical setting as well as quality of the public space in the perceptions of the user that elaborated in the Table - Perceptions and behavior toward public space -Participant Observation (weekendweekdays separtion and also day and night; -In -Depth Interview (differentiate between local and tourist based on early observation judgments).
Infrastructure of public space (capturing the physical layout and also facilities for people in society perceptions) In -Depth Interview (differentiate between local and tourist based on purposeful sampling: maximum variation).
Accessibility of public space (capturing the proximity and ease to access the public space) In -Depth Interview (differentiate between local and tourist based on purposeful sampling: maximum variation).
Dynamic quality of public space (capturing public interactive qualities and the ability to create sense of places) In -Depth Interview (differentiate between local and tourist based on purposeful sampling: maximum variation).
Public space's quality to inspire (serve amplify sociability and public territorialities) In -Depth Interview (differentiate between local and tourist based on purposeful sampling: maximum variation).

Space configuration in Aliados: physical element, human and activities dialogue in Aliados
Based on the preliminary survey and interview, researcher found the distinctive demographic characteristic, which are between tourist and local. The activities of users showing similar characteristic on young people and couple, but show contrast in family and groups. The following table resumes the user demography in the Avenida dos Aliados.  The behaviors between the tourists and local have some differentiation. They are including the differentiation: 1). The traffic flows, pit stops (between 3 areas of Aliados), 2). The length of stays, 3). Activities differentiation. The relationship between the human, activities and traffic flows can be seen in Table 2. Traffic flow: Tourist tend to have direction from the Hotel Interconintal leaving to Camara Municipal. On the opposite, local mostly use scatter directions that can be seen in the Figure -1; Pit stops: The pit stops is not different from the local, although mostly like to use the pit stops in the horse statue or near Camara Municipal. The pit stops usually, near fir the object atrraction like a statue or public furniture. This can be visualized in Figure -1.

Length of Stay:
It is quite obvious that the local have a longer length of stay comparing to the tourist. The local however still resemble Avenida dos Aliados a public space that they usually know, like having a green space, place to enjoying the sun, place to meet and greet a friend, while the tourist on the other hand, mostly do not consider Aliados as a place to stay longer than just opening the map, meeting point and enjoying the scenery. This can be visualized in Figure -

The public space: public perceptions, preferences and idealism
The way "people" or inhabitants see the public space is the most important thing in the terms of reclaiming the public space in Aliados. There are some perceptions where there is a need to be present in the every good public space, including in Avenida dos Aliados. The criteria are mentioned in the quotation below: • Place that to be historical/ sacred places of the city "Some place where it is like yours and simultaneously to be respectful the culture and the historic area or spirit of the space (Respondent-2 Comparing the theoretical board perspective about how public space define ideal and the idealization of the society, there are slightly differentiation in both perception but strongly affected the criteria. Most people will idealize the public space due to the "green" qualities of its public space. The respondents assumed "green quality" will bridge and igniting the social interactions in the public space due to the extended length of stay it might be created. There also strong value that people will have perceptions that all the historical space will be public space. This is because there a need to connect to the "human" memories, values that space been created in the past. The comparison between the theoretical and perceptional serves in table 4.

Aliados as an public space
There are certain expectations for the people for adequate public space. One of the outputs expected in this research is measuring the needs and perceptional quality of an Aliados as a public space comparing to the ideal public space. The assumption is, the ideal public space have the 5 scores for all the criteria (dynamic, social interaction, public facilities and quality to inspire). The figure 3 shows the comparison the score of Aliados as public space (perceptional) and the ideal public space. Overall, most respondents gave between 2-4 and mostly 3 point for Aliados. The emphasis point is Aliados has no consistency as a good public space. Some events help Aliados to be great Aliados like festival Sao Joao, valentine day, Camellia festival and some concerts, but respondents complaining that the quality they expected only happening in short and temporal time. Lost of green space also been tremendous issue, especially for local who has expected the "greener" Aliados like in the past. While this is being a local mindset, the tourist turn out seeking the same quality, they expected they can stay longer, connect with the residents and also want to remove perceptional that Aliados is just a street or an empty space. In the qualitative research, the quotation or also known as a verbatim has been used to describe and capture the diction/ vocabulary that has been use by the respondents to prevent misuse of the research and also bring the respondents "as the way it is". This also been used to check the validity and also credibility of the findings of the research (triangulation). Table 4 explaining that respondents give certain scores to the qualities that been measured by researcher and the reason why. Since they did not give the perfect score, the researcher elaborates the positive and negative perceptions toward Aliados.
Aliados dynamic quality mostly advantage by the dynamic of a Porto as a tourist destinations, events and also the historical building that has been perceived by respondents as a nice view and building, while on the contrary the negative qualities cause by the low activity that can be done in the place in regular day. The quality to inspire mostly advantage by the beautiful façade of the building and also connection with the history of the Oporto itself, while the negative quality comes from lack of the inspiring or maybe furthermore connection, information and any other else that can connect between visitor and the place. Most social interactions in Aliados are in-group connections, people judge that Aliados did not bridging the communication between the community and tourist, between strangers and also between group except for the special occasion, on the other hand it is quite good strategy for the government putting some efforts that left the good memories to connecting the people. Public furniture quality is one of the criteria that need to be considering in creating good public space. The respondents responding to the government efforts in putting some public furniture during some events, like box and ornaments during valentine or swinging chair for camellia festival and PORTO letters in some creative space, but on the regular day, most of the respondents think it is quite basic or regular.

Reclaiming public space in Avenida dos Aliados
Reclaiming public space in Avenida dos Aliados mean there is a need to optimize the Aliados to be a better public space. The questions asked to the respondent is "what the improvements needed in Aliados so you can give score 5?" The Table 5 giving the verbatim of the each aspects that need to be optimize. Putting something in a continuous period will be massive efforts, especially when the initiative could be from the community itself, like local artists, historical information about what was happened in the Avenida dos Aliados. The quality to inspire can be dramatically increase if the information about Oporto history can be available for public and green space to prolong the people to understand the value of its historical area itself. Local market, map, stuff about the city and also increasing quality of public furniture will benefit the social intearactions. Spesific infrastructure might be recommended like kids stuff and stimulating game, protections to kids during playing in Aliados while there are traffics, another canopy or something that can be use to avoid excess sun light also needed by the respondents. Table 6. What to improve in Avenida dos Aliados