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Pupal colour dimorphism in swallowtail butterflies: timing of the sensitive period and environmental control

ABSTRACT. Two North American swallowtail butterflies with pupal colour dimorphism, Eurytides marcellus (Cramer) and Papilio troilus L., use chiefly the colour of the pupation substrate to determine pupal colour, and are affected hardly (P.troilus) or not at all (E.marcellus) by substrate texture. The use of colour cues in these species is in contrast to the greater importance of texture in two other sympatric swallowtails (Hazel & West, 1979). E.marcellus larvae evacuate the gut and start prepupal wandering around mid‐day. If they have not reached the sensitive period for pupal colour determination by nightfall they will delay the sensitive period until the next day. Among other North American swallowtails with pupal colour dimorphism there is no tendency for those species that use textural cues for pupal colour determination to evacuate the gut later in the day than those using pupation site colour.