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Race and Political Cleavage

A persistent and well identified cleavage in local politics is the "behavioral" or "act" cleavage activated by racial identification. ' Racial cleavages have been observed in those elections where either a candidate or an issue has been closely associated with racial concerns (Walton, 1972: 50-55). The observed cleavages have been normally identified in local elections with the appearance of cohesive or bloc voting patterns. Numerous studies have related these bloc voting patterns to a racial identification variable and have noted that such a variable will generally override both class and status variables in explanatory significance (Bacote, 1954; Pomper, 1960; Walker, 1959; Walton, 1972; Wilson, 1965). The emergence of racially motivated bloc voting patterns has been well established, for example, in those local elections where a Black candidate is running for the city's chief executive post (Bartley, 1970; Cho, 1974; Glantz, 1959; Hadden et al., 1967; Hahn and Almy, 1971; Miller, 1957; Pettigrew, 1972). Limited evidence also suggests that bloc voting among Blacks also emerges in local referendum voting (Cho, 1974; Bowman et al., 1972;