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What Is Hope?

Chapter 3 turns to academic analyses of hope. The author largely adopts Adrian Martin’s account. She proposes what she calls the incorporation analysis of hope where hoping entails being attracted to an outcome, seeing it as possible, treating this attraction as licensing a reason for certain ways of feeling, thinking, and acting toward that outcome, and treating this attraction as giving sufficient reason for these feelings, thoughts, and actions. Hope can be false as derived from misinformation or failures in autonomous decision-making, but it need not be so. Fantasizing and planning for the hoped-for outcome is consistent with understanding the actual probabilities of this outcome, including in cases of hoping against all expectation, and active fantasizing about these outcomes can improve health and welfare. At the same time, false hope creates a vulnerability to exploitation, as does persevering in hope at the expense of other, more obtainable options.