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The Politics of “Civil Society”

Ulrich Rödel, Günter Frankenberg and Helmut Dubiel, three members of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, re-excavated the concept of “civil society” during the disintegration of “really existing socialism.” This coincided with the rise of Dubiel as one of the Institute's directors and signaled a leftward shift of some of Habermas' former assistants. It coincided with the Institute for Social Research's move away from positivist sociology to older elements of Critical Theory and the increasing influence of Dubiel. This is why Die demokratische Frage has been characterized as a manifesto of the “third generation of the Frankfurt School.” By making a strong plea — and in the German context, a novel one — for rethinking radical democracy by resurrecting republican thought and by endorsing social movements as agents of reform, it generated considerable discussions within the German Left